title: Endstage renal disease owing to diabetic nephropathy in Mississippi: an examination of factors influencing renal survival in a population prone to late referral.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of endstage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States. We reviewed our experience with DN as a cause of ESRD in a predominantly poor, African American (AA) population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Charts of patients who entered the ESRD program through the University of Mississippi Medical Center with a primary diagnosis of DN from 1993 through 1998 were reviewed for factors that may affect renal survival. Time from initial clinic visit to entry into the ESRD program, or time to ESRD (TTE), was the primary end point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred sixty-two patients entered the ESRD program (85% AA), and 210 of them had DN as their primary ESRD diagnosis. DN accounted for 50.5% of ESRD cases among AA females, but for less than 20% among AA males. In contrast, hypertension was the ESRD diagnosis in 48% of AA males. Patients observed in our nephrology clinic were analyzed further (n=171). At presentation, patients had advanced disease (serum creatinine [Cr]=5.92 mg/dL), were hypertensive, obese, and not likely to be on an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Determinants of TTE in univariate analysis were race (AA did better), initial blood urea nitrogen and plasma serum Cr levels, starting an ACE inhibitor at the University of Mississippi Medical Center, and the level of mean arterial pressure (MAP) during the course of follow-up. On multivariate analysis only initial Cr and race remained significant The 142 AA diabetics (111 female) were analyzed separately. The only significant sex difference was body mass index (female, 33.6 vs male, 28.4 kg/m2; P=0.0069), but females tended to have relatively shorter TTE and higher blood pressure (BP). Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed the same factors as above as determinants of TTE; however, among AAs, presenting on a calcium channel blocker was negatively correlated with TTE in univariate analysis. Among the entire cohort and the AAs, patients who had MAP between 100 and 110 mm Hg during the course of follow-up did better in terms of renal survival than those who fell outside of that range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that AA females in Mississippi are significantly more predisposed to DN as a cause of ESRD than are AA males. Patients with DN in our population had poor BP control, presented to nephrologists with advanced disease, and often were not on an ACE inhibitor. The optimal level of BP control and which BP agents are best for this population need to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Miss 39216, USA. ecrook@medicine.umsmed.edu
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Crook
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fleischman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crenshaw
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008922:Mississippi / Q000453:epidemiology; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine