title: Efficacy and safety of thrombolytic therapy after initially unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), thrombolysis can help to stabilise patients with pulmonary embolism and myocardial infarction. Moreover, thrombolysis during CPR has beneficial effects on cerebral reperfusion after cardiac arrest. We investigated this new therapeutic approach in patients in whom conventional CPR had been unsuccessful.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed, in a prospective study, patients undergoing CPR after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest for cardiological reasons in whom return of spontaneous circulation was not achieved within 15 min. According to the Ustein criteria, our control group consisted of patients who were assessed during 1 year. After this year patients were treated with a bolus of 5000 U of heparin and 50mg, over 2 min, of tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA treated group). This intervention was repeated if return of spontaneous circulation was not achieved within the following 30 min. For controls only CPR was given.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 90 patients were included; heparin and rt-PA were given to 40 patients. There were no bleeding complications related to the CPR procedures. Of the rt-PA group, 68% (27) had return of spontaneous circulation and 58% (23) were admitted to a cardiac intensive care unit, compared with 44% (22; p=0.026) and 30% (15; p=0.009) of the controls, respectively. At 24 h after cardiac arrest a larger proportion of the rt-PA group than of the controls was alive (35% [14] vs 22% [11], p=0.171), and 15% (six) of rt-PA-treated patients and 8% (four) of controls could be discharged from hospital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After initially unsuccessful out-of-hospital CPR, thrombolytic therapy combined with heparin is safe and might improve patient outcome. On the basis of our data a randomised controlled trial might be regarded as ethical.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anaesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany. bernd_boettiger@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Böttiger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gries
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gust
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Glätzer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Motsch
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D012016:Reference Values; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006493:Heparin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator