title: Intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus is more severe in combination with procaine than with lidocaine or bupivacaine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fentanyl is used as an additive to prolong intrathecal anesthesia with both lidocaine and low-dose bupivacaine in the outpatient setting to minimize voiding or discharge delays. Pruritus is the most common side effect. When using procaine as a substitute for lidocaine, we perceived an increased frequency and severity of pruritus. We compared prospectively the frequency and severity of itching with combinations of fentanyl with lidocaine, bupivacaine, and procaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  After institutional review board approval, 135 patients requesting neuraxial anesthesia were asked to evaluate the presence and severity (using a 100 point verbal pruritus score [VPS]) of itching 30 minutes after injection of their spinal anesthetic, on arrival to the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), and at the time of resolution of their block. Choice of anesthetic drug and dose and the use of intravenous sedation was left to the discretion of the attending and resident anesthesiologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three patients received lidocaine and fentanyl, 47 received bupivacaine and fentanyl, and 55 received procaine and fentanyl. In the lidocaine group, 21% of patients experienced pruritus compared with 55% of the bupivacaine group and 55% of the procaine group (P =.003). The average VPS at 30 minutes postblock was 18.4 in the procaine group compared with 0 and 5.5 in the lidocaine and bupivacaine groups (P =.06). On admission to the PACU, it was 37 compared with 16 and 20 for lidocaine and bupivacaine, respectively (P =.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Procaine produces a higher frequency of pruritus than that seen with lidocaine-fentanyl combinations and a greater severity of pruritus than seen with lidocaine-fentanyl and bupivacaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001;26:252-256.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1100 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA 98111, USA. anemfm@vmmc.org
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mulroy
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D011343:Procaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011537:Pruritus / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D011343:Procaine; D008012:Lidocaine; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine