title: Chronic hypoxia modulates diaphragm function in the developing rat.
abstract: We studied the effect of chronic hypoxia on contractile properties and neuromuscular transmission in the developing rat diaphragm. We hypothesized that chronic hypoxia delays maturation of neuromuscular transmission. Phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm preparations were harvested from 3- to 26-day-old rats and littermates raised in 9.5% oxygen. Specific force, contraction time, and one-half relaxation time were measured. Each diaphragm was stimulated directly or via its nerve with 1-s trains at 10-100 Hz. Contraction time and one-half relaxation time decreased with advancing age in both groups, with a greater rate of decrease in hypoxic diaphragms. Specific force was lower for hypoxic diaphragms compared with controls. Diaphragms from the 3- to 10-day-old control and hypoxic groups generated less force in response to stimulation at frequencies >40 Hz but did so to a greater degree with nerve stimulation. Nerve stimulation of diaphragms from 11- to 18-day-old hypoxic rats showed a greater decrease in force with increasing frequency compared with age-matched controls. Diaphragms from 19- to 26-day-old rats showed no difference between the hypoxic and control groups. We conclude that chronic hypoxia leads to diaphragms that generate lower specific force as well as to a delayed maturation of mechanisms involved in neuromuscular transmission.
authors.affiliation: Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. lewis.kass@yale.edu
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kass
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bazzy
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology