title: Approaches to solving the rigid receptor problem by identifying a minimal set of flexible residues during ligand docking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using fixed receptor sites derived from high-resolution crystal structures in structure-based drug design does not properly account for ligand-induced enzyme conformational change and imparts a bias into the discovery and design of novel ligands. We sought to facilitate the design of improved drug leads by defining residues most likely to change conformation, and then defining a minimal manifold of possible conformations of a target site for drug design based on a small number of identified flexible residues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The crystal structure of thymidylate synthase from an important pathogenic target Pneumocystis carinii (PcTS) bound to its substrate and the inhibitor, BW1843U89, is reported here and reveals a new conformation with respect to the structure of PcTS bound to substrate and the more conventional antifolate inhibitor, CB3717. We developed an algorithm for determining which residues provide 'soft spots' in the protein, regions where conformational adaptation suggests possible modifications for a drug lead that may yield higher affinity. Remodeling the active site of thymidylate synthase with new conformations for only three residues that were identified with this algorithm yields scores for ligands that are compatible with experimental kinetic data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the examination of many protein/ligand complexes, we develop an algorithm (SOFTSPOTS) for identifying regions of a protein target that are more likely to accommodate plastically to regions of a drug molecule. Using these indicators we develop a second algorithm (PLASTIC) that provides a minimal manifold of possible conformations of a protein target for drug design, reducing the bias in structure-based drug design imparted by structures of enzymes co-crystallized with inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, Box 0448, 94143-0448, USA. amy.c.anderson@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Surti
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Stroud
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs / Q000502:physiology; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000502:physiology; D003461:Crystallography / Q000379:methods; D003856:Deoxyuracil Nucleotides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015195:Drug Design; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008024:Ligands; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D018583:Pliability; D011010:Pneumocystis / Q000201:enzymology; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D011487:Protein Conformation / Q000187:drug effects; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003856:Deoxyuracil Nucleotides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists; D008024:Ligands; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C007267:2'-deoxyuridylic acid; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase