title: Original articles prognostic value of combined echocardiography and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in hypertensive patients at low or medium cardiovascular risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical value of echocardiography and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in hypertensive patients at low immediate risk of cardiovascular disease is still unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Echocardiography and ABPM were performed in 715 untreated subjects with essential hypertension World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension stage I or II and low or medium cardiovascular risk defined by the absence of diabetes, previous cardiovascular events, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy at electrocardiography, proteinuria, stages III-IV retinopathy and creatinine levels > 106.08 mmoll (1.2 mg/dl) and the presence of one or two traditional risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LV mass was increased in 26.5% of these subjects. Subjects with a limited blood pressure reduction from day to night (non-dippers) were 11.3%. Over 1-13 years of follow-up, 31 subjects developed a first major cardiovascular event. The event rate (per 100 person-years) was 0.60 in the subgroup with a normal LV mass vs 1.63 in that with an increased LV mass (p < 0.017), and 0.74 in dippers vs 3.75 in non-dippers (p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, the relative risk of cardiovascular events was 1.70 (95% confidence interval-CI 1.23-2.36) for each 11 g/m(2.7) increment in LV mass (p < 0.01), and 2.77 (95% CI 1.12-6.83) in non-dippers vs dippers (p < 0.05). Overall, on the basis of results of combined echocardiography and ABPM, 33% of subjects were at increased risk of future cardiovascular events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At standard first-line work-up performed on hypertensive subjects at low or medium cardiovascular risk, combined echocardiography and ABPM identify an increase in the risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease in one third of subjects.
authors.affiliation: University of Perugia, Italy. verdec@tin.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verdecchia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schillaci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reboldi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Simone
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Porcellati
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors