title: Inhibitor binding to active and inactive CDK2: the crystal structure of CDK2-cyclin A/indirubin-5-sulphonate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) is an important target for structure-based design of antitumor agents. Monomeric CDK2 is inactive. Activation requires rearrangements to key structural elements of the enzyme's active site, which accompany cyclin binding and phosphorylation. To assess the validity of using monomeric CDK2 as a model for the active kinase in structure-based drug design, we have solved the structure of the inhibitor indirubin-5-sulphonate (E226) complexed with phospho-CDK2-cyclin A and compared it with the structure of E226 bound to inactive, monomeric CDK2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activation of monomeric CDK2 leads to a rotation of its N-terminal domain relative to the C-terminal lobe. The accompanying change in position of E226 follows that of the N-terminal domain, and its interactions with residues forming part of the adenine binding pocket are conserved. The environment of the ATP-ribose site, not explored by E226, is significantly different in the binary complex compared to the monomeric complex due to movement of the glycine loop. Conformational changes also result in subtle differences in hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between E226's sulphonate and CDK2's phosphate binding site. Affinities calculated by LUDI for the interaction of E226 with active or inactive CDK2 differ by a factor of approximately ten.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The accuracy of monomeric CDK2 as an inhibitor design template is restricted to the adenine binding site. The general flexibility observed for the glycine loop and subtle changes to the phosphate binding site suggest a need to study interactions between inhibitors and active CDK2 in structure-based drug design programs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rex Richards Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tunnah
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marko
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eisenbrand
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Endicott
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Noble
mesh_terms: D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000737:chemistry*; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry*; D015195:Drug Design; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry*; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry*; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D019925:Cyclin A; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C437986:indirubin-5-sulfonic acid; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases