title: Residual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in lymphoid tissue during highly active antiretroviral therapy: quantitation and virus characterization.
abstract: HIV-1 can persist in infected patients despite undetectable plasma viremia. To characterize the residual viral load, repetitive blood and tonsillar samples were collected from 11 HIV-1-positive individuals before and during 96 weeks of therapy with zidovudine, lamivudine, and indinavir. HIV-1 RNA in tonsils was quantified by RT-PCR and infectious HIV-1 provirus by the limiting dilution assay. Genotypic resistance analyses and biological characterization were performed on plasma virus, blood, and tonsillar isolates. Tonsillar infectious HIV-1 provirus and HIV-1 RNA declined by 2 and 3 log(10), respectively, but 10(3)-10(4) cells, less than 0.5% of the total body CD4(+) T cell population carrying infectious HIV-1 provirus, remained involved in active viral replication of drug-sensitive R5 viruses. Thus, the dominant HIV-1 residual infection consists of < or = 10(6) latently infected CD4(+) cells. Plasma HIV-1 RNA decline of > 1.5 log(10) during the first 2 weeks of therapy may indicate low levels of this latent reservoir. Whereas the reservoir of latently infected cells remains stable, actively replicating HIV-1 continuously declines during prolonged antiretroviral therapy. Thus, although viral eradication seems unlikely, antiretroviral therapy may induce an extended period of virologic latency in HIV-1-positive individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gade Institute, Center for Research in Virology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. annema.riise@vir.uib.no
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dyrhol-Riise
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Voltersvik
authors.forename: O G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olofsson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kleivbo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Asjö
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018450:Disease Progression; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000821:virology*; D010641:Phenotype; D011533:Proviruses; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019562:Viral Load; D014766:Viremia; D014779:Virus Replication; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019259:Lamivudine; D015215:Zidovudine; D019469:Indinavir