title: Folate status in women of childbearing age residing in Southern California after folic acid fortification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate folate status in healthy, nonpregnant women (18 to 45 years) following folic acid (FA) fortification of the food supply.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study design in which a fasting blood sample was obtained from socio-economically advantaged (n=85) and disadvantaged (n=50) women residing in Southern California who had not consumed supplemental FA within the past 12 months. Serum folate (SF), red cell folate (RCF) and plasma homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations were measured and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotype (C677T) was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SF and RCF concentrations (mean+/-SD) for socio-economically advantaged (54+/-18, 1387+/-329 nmol/L, respectively) and disadvantaged women (41+/-18, 1172+/-342 nmol/L, respectively) greatly exceeded the levels deemed acceptable for SF (> or = 13.6 nmol/L) and RCF (> or = 362 nmol/L). Moreover, 95% of socio-economically advantaged women and 78% of disadvantaged women achieved RCF concentrations > or = 906 nmol/L, which are associated with very low risk of neural tube defects (NTD). Plasma tHcy concentrations for both socio-economically advantaged (5.2+/-1.6 micromol/L) and disadvantaged women (6.1+/-1.6 micromol/L) were within the lower limit of normal range and indicative of adequate folate status. For the combined groups (n=135), the frequency of the C/C, C/T and T/T genotype was 56.0, 37.3 and 6.7%, respectively. MTHFR genotype was not associated with SF, RCF or tHcy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that women of childbearing age are achieving positive folate balance and RCF concentrations associated with reduced risk of NTD following FA fortification of the food supply.
authors.affiliation: Food, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona 91768, USA. macaudill@csupomona.edu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Caudill
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Moonie
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Esfahani
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Cogger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002140:California; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D005838:Genotype; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D008875:Middle Aged; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012923:Social Class
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)