title: Intraoperative clinical evaluation of lymph nodes in women with gynecologic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to determine the accuracy of systematic intraoperative clinical evaluation of lymph nodes in women with gynecologic cancers and to examine the factors affecting such accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The characteristics and overall intraoperative clinical impression of lymph node metastases were prospectively recorded for 178 consecutive women undergoing lymphadenectomy. The overall clinical impression and lymph node characteristics (enlargement, firmness, and adherence) were correlated with the final histopathologic diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall clinical impression showed excellent agreement with the final histopathologic diagnosis (kappa = 0.753) but had a high false-negative rate (25.8%). The combination of enlargement and firmness had the highest overall accuracy (93.3%). Accuracy of clinical evaluation varied significantly according to the type of cancer, node positivity, and the proportion of positive nodes with respect to the total number of nodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although systematic intraoperative clinical evaluation of lymph nodes by a trained surgeon has high overall accuracy and correlates well with the final histopathologic diagnosis, it has a high false-negative rate and cannot substitute for histopathologic examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington 05401, USA.
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Eltabbakh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies