title: Impaired microvascular vasodilatory function in 3-month-old infants of low birth weight.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low birth weight has been linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adult life. The fetal insulin hypothesis proposed that a genetic predisposition to insulin resistance may also influence vascular development. Therefore, impaired vascular function may be an intrinsic abnormality in low-birth weight infants that antedates clinical features of the insulin resistance syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of 3-month-old term infants were included in the study: 17 infants of lowest quartile birth weight (LQBW) and 21 infants of highest quartile birth weight (HQBW). Three aspects of skin microvascular function were examined; response to local heating, response to acetylcholine iontophoresis, and capillary density.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median (interquartile ranges) birth weights of the LQBW and HQBW infants were 3,140 g (2,738-3,254) and 3,920 g (3,750-4,020), respectively. Skin maximal hyperemic response to local heating was 2.14 V (1.68-2.30) in the LQBW group vs. 2.44 V (1.96-2.90) in the HQBW group (P = 0.020), and the endothelium-dependent vasodilatory response was 1.03 V (0.62-1.32) in the LQBW group vs. 0.78 V (0.45-1.32) in the HQBW group (P = 0.297). Capillary density in the LQBW and HQBW groups were 46.3 mm(-2) (40.1-53.7) and 44.1 mm(-2) (41.7-56.0), respectively (P = 0.736).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skin maximal hyperemic response was lower in LQBW infants, although no reduction in capillary density or defect in endothelium-dependent vasodilatation was observed. Such a lower maximal hyperemic response in early life in LQBW subjects who are at risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease supports the hypothesis that impaired microvascular function is an early antecedent to diabetes in later life.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, School of Postgraduate Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Barrack Rd., Exeter, Devon EX2 5AX, U.K.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Shore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tooke
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002196:Capillaries / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D012881:Skin Temperature; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000109:Acetylcholine