title: Role of peripheral N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in visceral nociception in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that have an important role in long-term potentiation and memory processing in the central nervous system. The aims in this study were to determine whether NMDA receptors are expressed in the peripheral nervous system and identify their role in mediating behavioral pain responses to colonic distention in the normal gut.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical localization of the NR1 subunit showed that NMDA receptors are expressed on the cell bodies and peripheral terminals of primary afferent nerves innervating the colon. Dorsal root ganglia neurons retrogradely labeled from the colon in short-term culture responded to addition of NMDA with increased intracellular [Ca2+]. Activation of peripheral NMDA receptors in colonic tissue sections caused Ca2+-dependent release of the proinflammatory neuropeptides, calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P. Behavioral pain responses to noxious mechanical stimulation were inhibited in a reversible, dose-dependent manner by intravenous administration of memantine, a noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor. Single fiber recordings of decentralized pelvic nerves showed that colorectal distention responsive afferent nerve activity was inhibited by memantine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peripheral NMDA receptors are important in normal visceral pain transmission, and may provide a novel mechanism for development of peripheral sensitization and visceral hyperalgesia.
authors.affiliation: UCLA/CURE Neuroenteric Disease Program and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McRoberts
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Marvizón
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tognetto
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ennes
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Chaban
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amadesi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Creminon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lanthorn
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Geppetti
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Bunnett
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mayer
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003106:Colon / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000737:chemistry; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D013373:Substance P / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D013373:Substance P; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D002118:Calcium