title: Expiratory flow limitation and orthopnea in massively obese subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morbidly obese subjects, who often complain about breathlessness when lying down, breathe at low lung volume with a reduced expiratory reserve volume (ERV). Therefore, during tidal breathing the expiratory flow reserve is decreased, promoting expiratory flow limitation (EFL), which is more likely to occur in the supine position, when the relaxation volume of the respiratory system, and hence the functional residual capacity (FRC), decrease because of the gravitational effect of the abdominal contents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to assess EFL and orthopnea in massively obese subjects and to evaluate whether orthopnea was associated with the development of supine EFL.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 46 healthy obese subjects (18 men) with a mean (+/- SD) age of 44 +/- 11 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 51 +/- 9 kg/m(2), we assessed EFL in both the seated and the supine positions by the negative expiratory pressure method and assessed postural changes in FRC by measuring the variations in the inspiratory capacity (IC) with recumbency. Simultaneously, dyspnea was evaluated in either position using the Borg scale dyspnea index (BSDI) to determine the presence of orthopnea, which was defined as any increase of the BSDI in the supine position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Partial EFL was detected in 22% and 59%, respectively, of the overall population in seated and supine position. The mean increase in the supine IC amounted to 120 +/- 200 mL (4.1 +/- 6.4%), indicating a limited decrease in FRC with recumbency in these subjects. Orthopnea, although mild (mean BSDI, 1.7 +/- 1.3), was claimed by 20 subjects, and in 15 of them EFL occurred or worsened in the supine position. Orthopnea was associated with lower values of seated ERV (p < 0.05) and was marginally related to supine EFL values (p = 0.07). No significant effect of age, BMI, obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, FEV(1), and forced expiratory flow at 75% of vital capacity was found on either orthopnea or EFL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In morbidly obese subjects, EFL and dyspnea frequently occur with the subject in the supine position, and both supine EFL and low-seated ERV values are related to orthopnea, suggesting that dynamic pulmonary hyperinflation and intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure may be partly responsible for orthopnea in massively obese subjects.
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Pneumologia, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giampiccolo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavalli
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Milic-Emili
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tantucci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; D011187:Posture; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*