title: Analysis of the quality and efficiency in learning laparoscopic skills.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study demonstrates the application of time-action analysis to the evaluation of task performance of diagnostic laparoscopy with laparoscopic ultrasonography.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first 25 diagnostic laparoscopies with laparoscopic ultrasonography performed by a surgical resident were analyzed and compared with the outcomes of these procedures performed by an experienced surgeon. The time, actions, and correctness of task performance were evaluated. Furthermore, outcome correctness and postoperative complications were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No postoperative complications occurred. The resident made one wrong diagnosis, for which the cause was detected by peroperative analysis. Additionally, 1% of the subtasks were performed only partially, 4% not at all, and 2% using the wrong technique. The efficiency for most diagnostic tasks remained significantly lower than that of the experienced surgeon (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Time-action analysis can be used to provide detailed insight into the quality and efficiency of learning surgical skills. It enables objective measurement of correctness in task performance as well as time and action efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Design, Engineering and Production, Man-Machine Systems Group, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: den Boer
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Davids
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dankelman
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gouma
mesh_terms: D014670:Ampulla of Vater / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D003138:Common Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography