title: Acute cardiac allograft rejection in nitric oxide synthase-2(-/-) and nitric oxide synthase-2(+/+) mice: effects of cellular chimeras on myocardial inflammation and cardiomyocyte damage and apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The contribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-2 to myocardial inflammation and cardiomyocyte necrosis and apoptosis during allograft rejection was investigated through heterotopic cardiac transplantation in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first experiments, hearts from C3H donor mice were transplanted into NOS-2(-/-) and NOS-2(+/+) C57BL/6J.129J recipients. A second series of experiments included NOS-2(-/-) donor hearts transplanted into NOS-2(-/-) recipients and wild-type NOS-2(+/+) donor hearts transplanted into wild-type NOS-2(+/+) recipients. (All donors were C57BL/6J and recipients were C57BL/6J.129J.) In the first series of experiments, no significant differences were observed in allograft survival, rejection score, total number of apoptotic nuclei (TUNEL), total number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes, or graft NOS-2 mRNA and protein. Positive NOS-2 immunostaining occurred in endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes in the allografts; the inflammatory infiltrate was NOS-2 positive only when recipients were NOS-2(+/+). In the second series of experiments, cardiac allograft survival was significantly increased in the NOS-2(-/-) mice (26+/-13 versus 17+/-8 days, P<0.05), along with significant reductions in inflammatory infiltrate, rejection score, and total number of apoptotic nuclei (23.5+/-9.5 versus 56.4+/-15.3, P<0.01) and of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (2.9+/-1.6 versus 6.9+/-2.7, P<0.05). No NOS-2 or nitrotyrosine, a marker of peroxynitrite exposure, was detected in NOS-2(-/-) allografts transplanted into NOS-2(-/-) recipients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that NO derived from NOS-2 contributes to the inflammatory response and to cardiomyocyte damage and apoptosis during acute cardiac allograft rejection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Szabolcs
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Athan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ming
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Sciacca
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Husemann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albala
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cannon
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013997:Time Factors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat