title: Surgical anatomy of the nasofrontal duct: anatomical and computed tomographic analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although complete anatomical knowledge of the nasofrontal duct has been of great importance, little is known about it. The aim of this study is to examine the drainage site of the nasofrontal duct and to investigate the anatomical boundaries of the nasofrontal duct according to the drainage site.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sagittally divided adult head specimens were analyzed by computed tomography and dissection under the surgical microscope.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computed tomography scans of 50 adult cadaver heads were taken sagittally at 1-mm intervals and coronally at 3-mm intervals to find the nasofrontal duct. One hundred specimens, made up of sagittally divided adult cadaver heads, were dissected under the microscope to study the structure of the nasofrontal duct.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified the anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral boundaries of the nasofrontal duct. In the most common type, the superior portion of the uncinate process formed the anterior border and the superior portion of the bulla ethmoidalis formed the posterior border of the nasofrontal duct. The conchal plate formed the medial border and the suprainfundibular plate formed the lateral border of the nasofrontal duct. Other variations are described in detail.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To widen the nasofrontal communication, removing the upper portion of the ground lamella of the ethmoid bulla, which is the posterior boundary of the nasofrontal duct, with cutting forceps seems to be a safe and easy method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: I Y
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed