title: Asthma and indoor environment in Nepal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of asthma seems to be influenced by the adoption of a Western lifestyle. A study was undertaken to assess the importance of indoor environmental factors in Nepal where the lifestyle and home environment differ from that in the West.
  
  
  METHODS
  The home environment of 121 schoolchildren with asthma and 126 controls aged 11-17 years was studied. The homes of all participants were investigated and the children and their mothers were interviewed using a standardised questionnaire. Cases and controls were identified from an ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood) based population study of 2330 schoolchildren in Kathmandu, Nepal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Keeping cattle inside the house during the night was related to a lower risk for having asthma (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.2 (95% CI 0.1 to 0.5)) while there was no association between asthma and cattle kept outside. Asthma was associated with cigarette smoking by two or more family members (OR 1.9 (95% CI 1.0 to 3.9)) and with the domestic use of smoky fuels (OR 2.2 (95% CI 1.0 to 4.5)). In analyses stratified by sex, passive smoking and the use of smoky fuels were significantly associated with asthma only in boys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of asthma in Nepalese children was lower in subjects exposed to cattle kept inside the house and higher in subjects exposed to passive smoking and indoor use of smoky fuels. Childhood exposure to microorganisms or allergens from cattle may protect against the development of atopic disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway. toralfm@hotmail.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Melsom
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brinch
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Hessen
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schei
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kolstrup
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svanes
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pandey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D001249:Asthma / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003296:Cooking; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009390:Nepal; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution