title: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is highly effective for ureteral calculi in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment of ureteral calculi in the pediatric population represents a unique challenge. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL*) and ureteroscopy have been advocated for the treatment of such stones. We present our experience with ESWL monotherapy for ureteral stones in children in the last decade.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1989 and 1999 we treated 21 boys and 17 girls with a mean age of 8 years (range 8 months to 14 years) with ureteral stones at our institution. Records were reviewed and analyzed for presentation, metabolic and anatomical anomalies, stone size and location, outcome and complications. Average stone size was 9.5 x 6.5 mm. (range 3 to 32). Stones were in the upper ureter in 17 cases, mid ureter in 2 and lower ureter in 19. All patients underwent ESWL with a Dornier HM3 lithotriptor under general anesthesia. Nephrostomies were placed in an anuric infant with bilateral ureteral obstruction and in 2 patients with nonfunctioning kidneys (4 renal units). Ureteral catheters were used in 15 patients for better identification and localization of the stone during ESWL. The catheters were removed immediately postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients 31 (81.5%) were free of stones after 1 session of ESWL, 5 (13.1%) after 2 and 1 after 3. One patient underwent ureteroscopy for residual fragments after 2 ESWL sessions. The stone-free rate following 1 ESWL session was 100% for ureteral calculi 10 mm. or smaller regardless of location. Of the 12 patients with stones larger than 10 mm. 8 (67%) were free of stones following 1 ESWL session. The overall success rate of ESWL was 97.3%. No child had postoperative urinary infection or ureteral obstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESWL is an efficient and safe modality for the treatment of pediatric ureteral stones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Landau
authors.forename: O N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Gofrit
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meretyk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: O Z
authors.initials: OZ
authors.lastname: Shenfeld
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Golijanin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pode
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy*