title: Patterns of smoking in Delhi and comparison of chronic respiratory morbidity among beedi and cigarette smokers.
abstract: Tobacco smoking is common in developing countries including India with beedi and cigarette smoking being the main types. A community-based study carried out to study the chronic respiratory morbidity in the urban areas of Delhi was analyzed to determine the patterns of tobacco smoking and to compare the chronic respiratory morbidity among beedi and cigarette smokers. A random, stratified sample was selected from among the permanent residents, aged above 18 years, from nine clusters in Delhi. A standardized respiratory symptoms questionnaire was administered and clinical examination carried out followed by spirometry. The questionnaire included a detailed smoking history including type of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked per day and number of years the person had smoking. Chronic respiratory morbidity in beedi and cigarette smokers was measured in terms of prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms (chronic cough, phlegm, breathlessness and wheezing) and by lung function results. It was observed that nearly 40% of adult males were current smokers. Beedi smoking was overall the commonest type of smoking in the community. Cigarette smoking was more common in the higher income groups and among the graduates and postgraduates. Beedi smoking was the main form of smoking among the lower and middle-income groups and among the illiterates and the less educated people. Very few female subjects admitted to smoking. The prevalence of symptomatics (those having one or more of chronic chest symptoms) was significantly higher in beedi smokers as compared to cigarette smokers in those smoking greater than 2.5 pack years. Prevalence of wheezing was however not significantly different. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed type of smoking to be a significant independent determinant of occurrence of respiratory symptoms with the odds for occurrence of symptoms being 1.67 times greater in beedi smokers as compared to cigarette smokers. Lung function (FEV1/FVC and FEV1% predicted) showed significantly greater airways obstruction in beedi smokers as compared to cigarette smokers. It was concluded that the beedi smoking was as or more likely to cause clinical and functional impairment of lungs compared to cigarette smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiorespiratory Physiology, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007. skchhabra@mailcity.com
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chhabra
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajpal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution