title: Genetic association analysis of behavioral inhibition using candidate loci from mouse models.
abstract: Genes influence the development of anxiety disorders, but the specific loci involved are not known. Genetic association studies of anxiety disorders are complicated by the complexity of the phenotypes and the difficulty in identifying appropriate candidate loci. We have begun to examine the genetics of behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar (BI), a heritable temperamental predisposition that is a developmental and familial risk factor for panic and phobic disorders. Specific loci associated with homologous phenotypes in mouse models provide compelling candidate genes for human BI. We conducted family-based association analyses of BI using four genes derived from genetic studies of mouse models with features of behavioral inhibition. The sample included families of 72 children classified as inhibited by structured behavioral assessments. We observed modest evidence of association (P = 0.05) between BI and the glutamic acid decarboxylase gene (65 kDA isoform), which encodes an enzyme involved in GABA synthesis. No significant evidence of association was observed for the genes encoding the adenosine A(1A) receptor, the adenosine A(2A) receptor, or preproenkephalin. This study illustrates the potential utility of using candidate genes derived from mouse models to dissect the genetic basis of BI, a possible intermediate phenotype for panic and phobic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. jordan_smoller@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Smoller
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Susswein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kagan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Snidman
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Laird
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tsuang
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Slaugenhaupt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000235:genetics; D005192:Family Health; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D009679:Nuclear Family; D010641:Phenotype; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004745:Enkephalins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; C033660:preproenkephalin; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase