title: Impact of diabetic nephropathy on pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic properties of insulin in type 1 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of regular insulin and insulin lispro in type 1 diabetic patients with and without overt diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this double-blind, two-way cross-over, euglycemic (5 mmol/l) glucose clamp study, we investigated the metabolic response to subcutaneous injections of regular insulin and insulin lispro (0.2 U/kg) in 12 type 1 diabetic patients with overt diabetic nephropathy (proteinuria >500 mg/24 h and/or serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dl; NP group) and in a control group of 12 type 1 diabetic patients with normal renal function (DC group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak plasma free insulin levels with insulin lispro (359 [NP] vs. 254 pmol/l [DC]) were higher and time to maximal insulin concentrations (85 [NP] vs. 99 min [DC]) shorter than with regular insulin (213 [NP] vs. 144 pmol/l [DC]; 118 [NP] vs. 153 min [DC]) in both patient groups. Overall insulin levels for regular insulin and for insulin lispro were higher in patients with overt diabetic nephropathy compared with control patients. Time to maximal metabolic effect was shorter with insulin lispro than with regular insulin in both patient groups (102 vs. 191 min [NP]; 105 vs. 172 min [DC]). The overall metabolic effect of regular insulin but not of insulin lispro was lower in patients with diabetic nephropathy than in diabetic control patients (967 vs. 1,510 mg/kg, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although insulin levels are higher in patients with overt diabetic nephropathy, the metabolic response to regular insulin is reduced. Insulin lispro maintains its characteristic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties in patients with overt diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Profil Institute for Metabolic Research, Neuss, Germany. klaus.rave@profil-research.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rave
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heise
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pfützner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Heinemann
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Sawicki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D061268:Insulin Lispro