title: Ossification in atherosclerotic carotid arteries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heterotopic ossification as newly formed bone in extraosseous tissue is an uncommon finding in atherosclerotic lesions. The exact mechanisms and development of bone formation in regard to late stage calcified atherosclerosis still remains under debate.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 400 autopsy carotid probes and 306 samples of atherosclerotic carotid endatherectomy. Radiographic analysis and classification of calcification was performed followed by light microscopy. In probes with detected ossifications further analysis using immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray micro-analysis (EDX) including calcium mapping was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ossification in atherosclerotic carotid arteries was a finding in only a minority of samples (5%) and occurred at sites of large calcific deposits. Histomorphology of bone formation equaled skeletal bone showing osteoblastic cells, osteocytes included in osteoid matrix, bone marrow and osteolytic giant multinucleated cells. Closely related to newly formed bone zones of neovascularization were found. Development of ossification seemed to occur in five stages (lipidous plaque, fibrous cellular plaque, fibrous acellular plaque, calcified plaque and osteogenesis). The environment of sites of ossification was characterized by a varying texture of extracellular fibrous matrix, foam cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and calcified deposits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterotopic ossifications of atherosclerotic plaques seem to be a specific differentiation of fibrous plaques. Components of atherosclerotic lesions like vascular wall cells, neovessels and matrix structures seem to be involved in the process of transformation to mature bone tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Kliniken, Bergmannsheil, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany. thomas.deneke@ruhr-uni-bochum.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deneke
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Langner
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Grewe
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Harrer
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000473:pathology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000473:pathology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000473:pathology*; D046508:Culture Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000473:pathology*