State programs for medical diagnosis of child abuse and neglect: case studies of five established or fledgling programs.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the programs for medical diagnosis of child abuse and neglect in three states and efforts to establish state-wide programs in two states. To describe common themes and issues that emerged related to the establishment and maintenance of these programs.


METHODS
Five states were selected as case studies to represent a range of experience and type of function embodied in programs that address medical diagnosis of child abuse and neglect. Individuals knowledgeable about the programs or efforts to establish state-wide programs in their home states described these in detail. Inductive analysis was used to identify themes and issues that emerged across the states studied.


RESULTS
Themes emerged in three general areas: funding, services, and training. Findings related to funding were: 1) State funding was vital for initiation of statewide programs; 2) Alliances with other groups with parallel interests were successfully used to garner support for child abuse programs; 3) Services needed to be adequately reimbursed to be sustained; 4) Political climate often affected funding. With regard to services we found: 1) There was no optimal way to organize services, but rather many ways that worked well; 2) It was critical to address local service needs; 3) Provision of standardized quality services was essential. With regard to training: 1) Professional training was an integral part of all statewide programs; 2) New technologies, including televideo, have been explored and implemented to assist in training in statewide programs.


CONCLUSIONS
Each state has taken a unique approach to programs for the medical diagnosis of child abuse and neglect. However, there are commonalities, particularly among the states that have been successful in establishing and maintaining comprehensive services and/or training.
Socolar
R R
RR
Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA.
Fredrickson
D D
DD
Block
R
R
Moore
J K
JK
Tropez-Sims
S
S
Whitworth
J M
JM
D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D002669:Child Welfare; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D013221:State Health Plans / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013663:Teaching / Q000458:organization & administration; D014481:United States