title: [Clinical features and response to systemic treatment of primary and secondary episcleritis and scleritis resistant to local treatment].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scleritis and episcleritis may extend to adjacent ocular tissues with blinding consequences and may be associated with potentially lethal systemic disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ocular complications and systemic disease associations of the different types of scleritis and episcleritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty six patients with refractory scleritis and episcleritis were studied and treated during the period 1991 to 1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Necrotizing type was the most common and severe category in the scleritis group of patients. A decrease in vision occurred in 58.3% of patients with scleritis v/s a 23.5% of patients with epiescleritis (p < 0.05). Uveitis was present in 35.4% of patients with scleritis and scleromalacia was present in 33.3% (p < 0.05). A specific disease association was uncovered in 51% of scleritis and in 38% of episcleritis patients. Rheumatoid arthritis, primary systemic vasculitic disease and Sjögren syndrome with vasculitis were the most common associated systemic diseases. Three patients with scleritis had tuberculosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scleritis is more severe than episcleritis, and necrotizing scleritis is the most severe type of scleritis. Classification of scleritis and episcleritis provides valuable prognostic information. A meticulous approach for the detection of a specific associated disease must be undertaken. Scleritis associated with vasculitis has a worse ocular prognosis than other non infectious diseases. Cyclophosphamide is the most effective immunosuppressive treatment to control severe ocular involvement.
authors.affiliation: Sección Reumatología, Departamento de Medicina Interna y Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile Dr. José Joaquín Aguirre, Chile. mcuchaco@ns.hospital.uchile.cl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuchacovich T
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gallardo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gatica
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Valenzuela
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verdaguer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verdaguer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography; D012008:Recurrence; D015423:Scleritis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome