title: Effects of novel polymorphisms in the RAGE gene on transcriptional regulation and their association with diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: Interactions between advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the receptor for AGE (RAGE) are implicated in the vascular complications in diabetes. We have identified eight novel polymorphisms, of which the -1420 (GGT)n, -1393 G/T, -1390 G/T, and -1202 G/A were in the overlapping PBX2 3' untranslated region (UTR), and the -429 T/C (66.5% TT, 33.5% TC/CC), -407 to -345 deletion (99% I, 1% I/D, 0% D), -374 T/A (66.4% TT, 33.6% TA/AA), and +20 T/A were in the RAGE promoter. To evaluate the effects on transcriptional activity, we measured chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene expression, driven by variants of the -738 to +49 RAGE gene fragment containing the four polymorphisms identified close to the transcriptional start site. The -429 C, -374 A, and 63-bp deletion alleles resulted in a mean increase of CAT expression of twofold (P < 0.0001), threefold (P < 0.001), and fourfold (P < 0.05), respectively, with the -374 T and A alleles yielding highly differential binding of nuclear protein extract from both monocyte- and hepatocyte-derived cell lines. The prevalence of the functional polymorphisms were investigated in subjects with type 2 diabetes (106 with and 109 without retinopathy), with the -429 C allele showing an increase in the retinopathy group (P < 0.05). These data suggest that the polymorphisms involved in differences in RAGE gene regulation may influence the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Molecular Vascular Medicine, Research School of Medicine, Leeds General Infirmary, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS1 3EX, U.K. b.hudson@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Stickland
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Futers
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000235:genetics*; D004586:Electrophoresis; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase