title: Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Chandigarh: a community-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cholelithiasis is frequent in our country (India), and is a common cause for abdominal surgery. We studied the prevalence of gallstone disease and its association with various risk factors in the city of Chandigarh.
  
  
  METHODS
  A house-to-house survey of residents aged 15 years or above in a subsector of Chandigarh was conducted as a part of a pilot survey. All individuals with a history of gallstone disease, and equal or more number of asymptomatic individuals were asked to attend the outpatient department of the Postgraduate Medical Institute. On the basis of the pilot survey, the sample size to be studied was 2648 and we screened 2649 persons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and fifty-four individuals attended the outpatient services of the Institute, and 248 underwent an ultrasound. There were 37 symptomatic and 211 asymptomatic individuals (male: female, 93:155). Gallstone disease was seen in 24 out of 37 (64.9%) in the symptomatic, and seven out of 211 (3.3%) in the asymptomatic group. Out of these, 27 females and four males had gallstone disease (mean age: 48.30 +/- 16.03 years). Approximately 67% of patients were between 20 and 60 years of age. Gallstone disease was more frequently seen in those from high socioeconomic status as compared to middle socioeconomic status (chi2 = 8.9, d.f. = 1, P < 0.01), and in multiparous as compared to nulliparous females (chi2 = 4.8, d.f. = 1, P < 0.05). Body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, and a vegetarian/non-vegetarian diet did not influence the prevalence of gallstone disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gallstone disease is frequent in northern India. Gallstones were frequent in those belonging to high socioeconomic status and multiparous females. However, body mass index, smoking, alcohol or other dietary habits did not make a difference.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. virendrasingh100@hotmail.com
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Trikha
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nain
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bose
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors