title: Dose-volume histograms based on serial intravascular ultrasound: a calculation model for radioactive stents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radioactive stents are under investigation for reduction of coronary restenosis. However, the actual dose delivered to specific parts of the coronary artery wall based on the individual vessel anatomy has not been determined so far. Dose-volume histograms (DVHs) permit an estimation of the actual dose absorbed by the target volume. We present a method to calculate DVHs based on intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) measurements to determine the dose distribution within the vessel wall.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients were studied by intravascular ultrasound after radioactive stenting (BX Stent, P-32, 15-mm length) to obtain tomographic cross-sections of the treated segments. We developed a computer algorithm using the actual dose distribution of the stent to calculate differential and cumulative DVHs. The minimal target dose, the mean target dose, the minimal doses delivered to 10 and 90% of the adventitia (DV10, DV90), and the percentage of volume receiving a reference dose at 0.5 mm from the stent surface cumulated over 28 days were derived from the DVH plots. Results were expressed as mean+/-SD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean activity of the stents was 438+/-140 kBq at implantation. The mean reference dose was 111+/-35 Gy, whereas the calculated mean target dose within the adventitia along the stent was 68+/-20 Gy. On average, DV90 and DV10 were 33+/-9 Gy and 117+/-41 Gy, respectively. Expanding the target volume to include 2.5-mm-long segments at the proximal and distal ends of the stent, the calculated mean target dose decreased to 55+/-17 Gy, and DV 90 and DV 10 were 6.4+/-2.4 Gy and 107+/-36 Gy, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assessment of DVHs seems in principle to be a valuable tool for both prospective and retrospective analysis of dose-distribution of radioactive stents. It may provide the basis to adapt treatment planning in coronary brachytherapy to the common standards of radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirisits
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wexberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gottsauner-Wolf
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pokrajac
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ortmann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aiginger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glogar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pötter
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D015607:Stents; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*