title: [Fiberoptic intubation during remifentanil propofol sedation].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fiberoptic intubation for the management of the difficult airway is usually achieved with the patient under light sedation. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the combination of propofol and remifentanil for sedation during fiberoptic intubation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plans were made to use fiberoptic intubation in 40 patients with predictably difficult airways. After topical anaesthesia of the pharynx with lidocaine, oxygen was administered via nasal cannula. A capnograph was attached to determine the adequacy of ventilation and an infusion of remifentanil (0.05 microgram/kg/min) and propofol (2 mg/kg/h) was started. After the first signs of sedation, nasal fiberoptic intubation was carried out. The depth of sedation was guided by clinical observation and capnographic data and the remifentanil dose was adjusted as necessary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients, including some with very severe airway anomalies, were uneventfully intubated using the regimen we have described. Nasal capnography made it possible to monitor ventilation in all patients during bronchoscopy and intubation. The onset of hypoventilation was recognized in patients and appropriately treated by adjusting the narcotic dose. No subject became hypoxic or hypercarbic during the procedure. The changes of blood pressure and heart rate exceeded the 30% range in only one patient (a 37% blood pressure increase). Sedation was rated as good to very good in 35 patients. Coughing occurred only in 5 patients and 37 out of 40 patients had no recall that intubation had occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our combination of remifentanil and propofol was shown to be a safe sedation regimen for fiberoptic intubation. Monitoring ventilation via nasal capnography and arterial oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry provided sufficient patient safety.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt. G.Neidhart@em.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Neidhart
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Bremerich
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kessler
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000368:Aged; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D019296:Capnography; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D010092:Oximetry; D010880:Piperidines; D015742:Propofol; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol