title: The IGF system in thyroid cancer: new concepts.
abstract: In recent years, the activation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in cancer has emerged as a key factor for tumour progression and resistance to apoptosis. Therefore, a variety of strategies have been developed to block the type I IGF receptor (IGF-I-R), which is thought to mediate the biological effects of both IGF-I and IGF-II. However, recent data suggest that the IGF signalling system is complex and that other receptors are involved. To unravel the complexity of the IGF system in thyroid cancer, IGF-I and IGF-II production, and the expression and function of their cognate receptors were studied. Both IGFs were found to be locally produced in thyroid cancer: IGF-I by stromal cells and IGF-II by malignant thyrocytes. Values were significantly higher in malignant tissue than in normal tissue. IGF-I-Rs were overexpressed in differentiated papillary carcinomas but not in poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumours, whereas insulin receptors (IRs) were greatly overexpressed in all tumour hystotypes, with a trend for higher values in dedifferentiated tumours. As a consequence of IR overexpression, high amounts of IR/IGF-I-R hybrids (which bind IGF-I with high affinity) were present in all thyroid cancer histotypes. Because of recent evidence that isoform A of IR (IR-A) is a physiological receptor for IGF-II in fetal life, the relative abundance of IR-A in thyroid cancer was measured. Preliminary data indicate that overexpressed IRs mainly occur as IR-A in thyroid cancer. These data indicate that both IR/IGF-I-R hybrids and IR-A play an important role in the overactivation of the IGF system in thyroid cancer and in IGF-I mitogenic signalling in these tumours. J Clin PATHOL: Mol Pathol
authors.affiliation: Cattedra di Endocrinologia, Istituto di Medicina Interna, Malattie Endocrine e del Metabolismo, University of Catania, Ospedale Garibaldi, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vella
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sciacca
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pandini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mineo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Squatrito
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vigneri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belfiore
mesh_terms: D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000378:metabolism*; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000378:metabolism; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D017527:Receptor, IGF Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000473:pathology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D017527:Receptor, IGF Type 2; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1; D011972:Receptor, Insulin