title: Small nodule detection in cirrhotic livers: evaluation with US, spiral CT, and MRI and correlation with pathologic examination of explanted liver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to evaluate the detection and characterization of nodules > or = 8 mm and small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in liver cirrhosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pathologic examination and results of US, helical CT, and dynamic MRI with gadolinium were compared after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) of 43 cirrhotic patients. Nodules were classified as macroregenerative nodules (MRNs), borderline nodules (BNs), and HCC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pathologic examination classified 69 nodules: 50 MRNs, 6 BNs, and 13 HCCs. Sensitivities of MRN, BN, and HCC detection were, respectively, for US imaging 2% (1/50), 33.3% (2/6), and 46.2% (6/13); for helical CT 2% (1/50), 50% (3/6), and 53.8% (7/13); and for MRI 42% (21/50), 50% (3/6), and 76.9% (10/13). MRI detected 21 MRNs. They presented on T1/T2-weighted images as hyperintense/hypointense (n = 8), hyperintense/isointense (n = 7), hypointense/hypointense (n = 4), hypointense/isointense (n = 1), and hypointense depicted only on echo planar imaging (n = 1). The three detected BNs were hyperintense/hypointense nodules. The 10 detected HCCs appeared hyperintense/isointense (n = 7), hyperintense/hypointense (n = 2), and hypointense/isointense (n = 1). None of the MRNs but eight HCCs and one BN were enhanced after gadolinium injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast-enhanced MRI is the most sensitive technique for detecting liver nodules. No MR signal intensity pattern characteristic of small HCCs enables differentiation from benign nodules, however. Gadolinium enhancement is the most sensitive and specific characteristic of HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rode
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bancel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Douek
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chevallier
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vilgrain
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Picaud
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bizollon
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gaudin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ducerf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA