title: Mammographic image quality and exposure in South East Asia.
abstract: Generally there is a significant delay before optimized performance of mammography is fully realized in the developing countries. To evaluate the status of mammographic performance, a survey of mammographic image quality and exposure was performed in nine hospitals from four selected South East Asian countries. The entrance exposure on the surface of the American College of Radiology (ACR) mammographic phantom (ACR-RMI model 156) was made using both thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and an ionization chamber. The TLDs were mailed from the University of Wisconsin Radiation Calibration Laboratory (UWRCL) to the cooperating hospitals. The surveyed hospitals processed the images and returned them to the UWRCL for subsequent evaluation of the image quality of the mammographic phantom. Machine-specific data, technique factors and sensitometric data were also obtained. At 28 kVp, the mean entrance exposure is 0.91 R (0.46 to 2.6 R), mean glandular dose is 1.61 mGy (0.90 to 4.15 mGy), mean optical density is 1.37 (0.66 to 2.30), mean total phantom image score is 9.1(4-12). Only three of the nine hospitals tested achieved an acceptable score above the minimum 10. Results for 25 and 30 kVp showed similar trend. The variation between the ion chamber measurements and TLD measurements ranged from 4 to 24%. There is a wide variation in the image quality and entrance exposure among hospitals in South East Asia. There is a need for a quality assurance program. The factors that cause low score in the phantom images must be corrected. Calibration and the use of appropriate ionization chambers for mammography is important.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Malaya Medical Center, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ngkh@medicine.med.um.edu.my
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: DeWerd
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000592:standards; D011829:Radiation Dosage