title: Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of extended-release clarithromycin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clarithromycin is a semisynthetic macrolide that exhibits broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive, gram-negative, and atypical respiratory tract and skin/skin structure pathogens, Mycobacterium species, and Helicobacter pylori. It is indicated for the treatment of a wide variety of respiratory and dermatologic infections in children and adults as well as prophylaxis and treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex infection and peptic ulcers due to H. pylori.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this article, we review the results of 3 studies of the steady-state pharmacokinetic profiles of clarithromycin and 14(R)-hydroxy-clarithromycin after multiple oral once-daily doses of 500-mg extended-release (ER) clarithromycin tablets. We also review the drug tolerability in 2 phase III comparative clinical trials of immediate-release (IR) and ER clarithromycin conducted in adults with acute maxillary sinusitis (AMS) and acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB).
  
  
  METHODS
  In the 3 pharmacokinetic studies, multiple-dose regimens of clarithromycin IR (one 250-mg or 500-mg tablet twice daily) and clarithromycin ER (one or two 500-mg tablets once daily), administered to healthy male and female volunteers, were evaluated. The effect of administration in nonfasting versus fasting conditions was assessed as well. Tolerability information was collected from each adult patient enrolled in phase III efficacy studies conducted to support the application for US Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of AMS and AECB. Regimens evaluated were 500 mg IR clarithromycin tablets twice daily or 1000 mg (2 x 500 mg) ER clarithromycin tablets once daily for 7 days (AECB) or 14 days (AMS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bioavailability of the ER clarithromyin tablet administered with food was equivalent to that of the reference IR tablet, based on area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for both parent compound and active metabolite. The bioavailability of the ER tablet was 30% lower (based on clarithromycin AUC) when administered under fasting versus nonfasting conditions. Compared with the IR tablet, administration of the ER tablet resulted in significantly lower (P < 0.05) clarithromycin peak plasma concentration (Cmax), delayed time to Cmax, and lower degree of concentration fluctuation, confirming its in vivo extended-release characteristics. The most frequently reported adverse events (AEs) in the phase III clinical trials were diarrhea, abnormal taste, and nausea and were generally mild or moderate. The incidence of AEs was comparable for the 2 formulations. The severity of gastrointestinal AEs was significantly less for the ER formulation than for the IR formulation (P = 0.018), as was the frequency of premature study discontinuation due to gastrointestinal AEs or abnormal taste (P = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from the 3 pharmacokinetic studies reviewed demonstrate the bioequivalence of the ER and IR formulations and support the use of this clarithromycin ER formulation in a once-daily dosing regimen in phase III clinical trials. The ER tablet should be taken with food to maximize bioavailability. The results of 2 phase III comparative clinical efficacy and safety trials of clarithromycin ER tablets versus IR tablets in AMS and AECB confirm the good tolerability of the ER formulation.
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Study of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA. guayx100@tc.umn.edu
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Guay
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Gustavson
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Devcich
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001835:Body Weight; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000188:drug therapy; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015523:Maxillary Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D044469:Racial Groups
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D017291:Clarithromycin