title: Percutaneous video choledochoscopic treatment of retained biliary stones via dilated T-tube tract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retained biliary stones is a common clinical problem in patients after surgery for complicated gallstone disease. When postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic sphincterotomy are unsuccessful, several percutaneous procedures for stone removal can be applied as alternatives to relaparotomy. These procedures are performed either under fluoroscopic control or with the use of choledochoscopy, but it is also possible to combine these methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1994, we have used the percutaneous video choledochoscopic technique for the removal of difficult retained biliary stones via dilated T-tube tract in 17 patients, applying the technique of percutaneous stone extraction used in urology. While waiting for the T-tube tract to mature and after the removal of the T-tube, the dilatation of its tract was 26-30 Fr. Stone removal was carried out using a flexible video choledochoscope and a rigid renoscope under fluoroscopic control, with the aid of Dormia baskets, rigid forceps, and high-pressure irrigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed 23 operative procedures, and the clearance of the biliary ducts was successful in all cases. There were no major complications or deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous video choledochoscopic-assisted removal of large retained biliary stones via the T-tube tract is a highly effective and safe procedure. Its advantages over other procedures include the ability to visualize the stones and noncalculous filling defects; it also guarantees that the stones can be removed under visual video endoscopic control. It has no problems related to tract or stone size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Szabolcs u. 35, 1135 Budapest, Hungary. gamal@mail.hiete.hu
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gamal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szabó
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Szüle
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vörös
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kovács
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kovács
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oláh
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rózsa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kiss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic; D020535:Video-Assisted Surgery / Q000379:methods*