title: Influence of individual differences and chronic fluoxetine treatment on cocaine-seeking behavior in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical studies examining the efficacy of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, in decreasing craving and cocaine use have been inconsistent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To understand better the effects of fluoxetine treatment on incentive motivation for cocaine, the present study assessed the effects of chronic fluoxetine treatment on cocaine-seeking behavior in rats following exposure to a cocaine self-administration environment or a cocaine priming injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were trained to press a lever for a cocaine reinforcer (0.5 mg/kg per 0.1 ml, i.v.) or received yoked administration of saline. They were then withdrawn from this regimen and given 20 daily injections of saline or fluoxetine (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.). Twenty-four hours after the last injection, the rats were placed in the self-administration environment and cocaine-seeking behavior (i.e., non-reinforced lever pressing) was measured for 90 min. Reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior was then measured for 60 min following a saline injection and for 90 min following a cocaine priming injection (15 mg/kg, i.p.).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic fluoxetine treatment attenuated cocaine-seeking behavior following exposure to the self-administration environment in most rats (n = 16), but enhanced cocaine-seeking behavior in two rats. Furthermore, the treatment failed to alter cocaine-seeking behavior following a cocaine priming injection. Interestingly, the amount of cocaine intake during self-administration training correlated with cocaine-seeking behavior following the cocaine priming injection. In fact, the priming injection reinstated cocaine-seeking behavior only in rats with high, but not low, cocaine intake based on a median split.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that chronic fluoxetine treatment decreases motivation for cocaine when animals are in a cocaine-free state. Furthermore, individual differences in cocaine use are related to individual differences in sensitivity to the incentive motivational effects of cocaine priming.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Tran-Nguyen
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Neisewander
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D005473:Fluoxetine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors