title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiulcer agents in llama.
abstract: Plasma concentration time curves following intravenous (i.v.) administration of 1.5 mg/kg of ranitidine, 0.2 mg/kg, 0.4 mg/kg and 0.8 mg/kg of omeprazole, respectively, were analysed in six llamas. Plasma profiles after i.v. administration of both drugs showed plasma concentrations declining in a biexponential manner with a rapid distribution phase. Pharmacokinetics parameters after ranitidine administration to six llamas showed a mean elimination half-life of 1.53 +/- 0.26 h. The mean volume of distribution (Vdss) in llamas was 1.77 +/- 0.31 L/kg, and mean body clearance in llamas was 0.778 +/- 0.109 L/kg/h. Ranitidine produced only a small transitory (<1 h) decline in acid production when administered i.v. at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg. Omeprazole showed dose-dependent nonlinear pharmacokinetics. The mean half-life of 0.2 mg/kg i.v. omeprazole was shorter than that of 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg i.v. omeprazole, i.e. 0.61, 0.72 and 1.07 h, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) and mean residence time (MRT) increased with increasing dose, while clearance decreased as dose increased. The decline in acid production following 0.2 mg/kg i.v. omeprazole was highly variable and did not produce a clinically useful suppression of third compartment acid production. In contrast, both 0.4 mg/kg and 0.8 mg/kg omeprazole i.v. administration significantly reduced third compartment acid production. The reduction in acid production following 0.8 mg/kg omeprazole was not significantly greater than the reduction observed following 0.4 mg/kg dosage. Misoprostol (10 microg/kg) was administered i.v. in an absolute alcohol solution. Two animals collapsed following drug administration. While the side-effects could have been produced by either misoprostol or the alcohol vehicle, the clinical changes were more consistent with an adverse drug reaction. Unfortunately, the limitation of UV detection did not provide the sensitivity needed to quantify the amount of misoprostol in llama plasma, and the pharmacokinetics could not be evaluated.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Limsakun
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hollingshead
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002161:Camelids, New World; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005745:Gastric Acidity Determination; D006207:Half-Life; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011899:Ranitidine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014456:Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D011899:Ranitidine; D009853:Omeprazole