title: Clenbuterol in the horse: urinary concentrations determined by ELISA and GC/MS after clinical doses.
abstract: Clenbuterol is a beta2 agonist/antagonist bronchodilator marketed as Ventipulmin and is the only member of this group of drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in horses. Clenbuterol is a class 3 drug in the Association of Racing Commissioners International (ARCI) classification system; therefore, its identification in postrace samples may lead to sanctions. Recently, the sensitivity of postrace testing for clenbuterol has been substantially increased. The objective of this study was to determine the 'detection times' for clenbuterol after administration of an oral clinical dose (0.8 g/kg, b.i.d.) of Ventipulmin syrup. Five horses received oral clenbuterol (0.8 g/kg, b.i.d.) for 10 days, and urine concentrations of clenbuterol were determined by an enhanced enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) test and gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis by two different methods for 30 days after administration. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, urine concentrations of apparent clenbuterol, as measured by ELISA, averaged about 500 ng/mL, dropping to about 1 ng/mL by day 5 posttreatment. However, there was a later transient increase in the mean concentrations of apparent clenbuterol in urine, peaking at 7 ng/mL on day 10 postadministration. The urine samples were also analysed using mass spectral quantification of both the trimethylsilyl (TMS) and methane boronic acid (MBA) derivatives of clenbuterol. Analysis using the TMS method showed that, at 24 h after the last administration, the mean concentration of recovered clenbuterol was about 22 ng/mL. Thereafter, clenbuterol concentrations fell below the limit of detection of the TMS-method by day 5 after administration but became transiently detectable again at day 10, with a mean concentration of about 1 ng/mL. Derivatization with MBA offers significant advantages over TMS for the mass spectral detection of clenbuterol, primarily because MBA derivatization yields a high molecular weight base peak of 243 m/z, which is ideal for quantitative purposes. Therefore, mass spectral analyses of selected urine samples, including the transient peak on day 10, were repeated using MBA derivatization, and comparable results were obtained. The results show that clenbuterol was undetectable in horse urine by day 5 after administration. However, an unexpected secondary peak of clenbuterol was observed at day 10 after administration that averaged approximately 1 ng/mL. Because of this secondary peak, the detection time for clenbuterol (0.8 g/kg, b.i.d. x 10 days) is at least 11 days if the threshold for detection is set at 1 ng/mL.
authors.affiliation: Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center and the Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, KY 40506-0099, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Harkins
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Lehner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tobin
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D002976:Clenbuterol / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D004300:Doping in Sports; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D006736:Horses; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D002976:Clenbuterol