title: Further studies on the effects of topical lactate on amino acid efflux from the ischemic rat cortex.
abstract: A rat four-vessel cerebral occlusion model was used to examine the effects of D-lactate and oxamate, a lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor, on cortical window superfusate levels of amino acids, glucose and L-lactate. Superfusate levels of aspartate, glutamate, taurine, GABA and phosphoethanolamine rose during ischemia and then declined during reperfusion. Glycine and alanine levels tended to increase during reperfusion, whereas glutamine levels were lower. Serine levels were not altered. Glucose levels declined rapidly during ischemia and recovered during reperfusion. Lactate levels were sustained during ischemia and increased during reperfusion. Unlike L-lactate, which attenuated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) evoked amino acid release (J.W. Phillis, D. Song, L.L. Guyot, M.H. O'Regan, Lactate reduces amino acid release and fuels recovery of function in the ischemic brain, Neurosci. Lett. 272 (1999) 195-198), topical application of D-lactate (20 mM), which is not used as an energy substrate, enhanced the I/R release of aspartate, glutamate, GABA and taurine into cortical superfusates, and also elevated L-lactate levels above those in the controls. Glucose levels were not altered. Oxamate (20 mM) application elevated the pre-ischemia levels of alanine, glycine and GABA and those of GABA during ischemia. Levels of all amino acids, with the exception of phosphoethanolamine, were elevated during reperfusion. Oxamate, an inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenases 1 and 5, did not alter the pattern of efflux of glucose and L-lactate. In the presence of oxamate, L-lactate (20 mM) failed to inhibit amino acid release. The failure of D-lactate to attenuate amino acid release confirms the inability of this isomer to act as a metabolic substrate. The oxamate data indicate that inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase is detrimental to the viability of cortical cells during I/R, even though extracellular lactate levels are elevated. The pre-ischemia increases in alanine and glycine are suggestive of elevations in pyruvate as a result of the block of its conversion to lactate, with transamination reactions converting pyruvate to form these amino acids. In summary, the results further substantiate the concept of a role for L-lactate as a cerebral energy substrate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201-1928, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cassady
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Phillis
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: O'Regan
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004347:Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D010072:Oxamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D019344:Lactic Acid; D005947:Glucose; D010072:Oxamic Acid