title: Postoperative epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl: hourly pain assessment in 348 paediatric cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this prospective study was the evaluation of the analgesia provided by an epidural infusion of bupivacaine and fentanyl after different types of surgery in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 348 epidural analgesia in 87 children below 2 years of age, in 80 children between 2 and 6 years and 181 above 6 years of age, for a median duration of 43 postoperative hours. Bupivacaine (mean concentration 0.185%) and fentanyl (5 microg.kg-1.day-1) were administered on the surgical ward.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain control was considered excellent in 86% of the 11 072 pain hourly assessments. Analgesia was found to be better for children older than 2 years, and the overall quality of their night's sleep was better than that of older children. Higher pain scores were noted for Nissen fundoplication surgery and club foot repairs. Early discontinuation rarely occurred, and only because of technical problems with the epidural catheter (4%) or insufficient analgesia (6%). Complications were minor (nausea/vomiting 14%, pruritus 0.6%, urinary retention 17%) and easily reversed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This combination of bupivacaine-fentanyl provides safe analgesia after major surgery in children with frequent clinical monitoring. Regular pain assessments of intensity and duration are useful to improve the quality of postoperative analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Anaesthésie et de Réanimation Chirurgicale, Hôtel Dieu, 44093 Nantes, Cedex 01, France. corinne.lejus@chu-nantes.fr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lejus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Surbled
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schwoerer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Renaudin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guillaud
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinaud
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine