title: BIS monitoring to prevent awareness during general anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unexpected awareness is a rare but well-described complication of general anesthesia that has received increased scientific and media attention in the past few years. Transformed electroencephalogram monitors, such as the Bispectral Index monitor, have been advocated as tools to prevent unexpected recall.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a power analysis to estimate how many patients would be needed in an appropriately powered study to demonstrate the Bispectral Index monitor reduces awareness, as well as a cost analysis to assess the cost of using the monitor for this purpose alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  If unexpected recall is rare (1 in 20,000), it will require a large study to demonstrate that the monitor reduces awareness (200,000-800,000 patients), and the cost of using it for this purpose alone would be high ($400,000 per case prevented). If awareness is common (1 in 100), then the number of patients needed in a study to demonstrate that the monitor works becomes tractable (1,000-4,000 patients), and the cost of using the monitor for this purpose alone becomes lower ($2,000 per case prevented). Because there are reported cases of awareness despite Bispectral Index monitoring, the authors are certain that the effectiveness of the monitor is less than 100%. As the performance of the monitor decreases from 100%, the size of the study needed to demonstrate that it works increases, as does the cost of using it to prevent awareness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The contention that Bispectral Index monitoring reduces the risk of awareness is unproven, and the cost of using it for this indication is currently unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Illinois, USA. mfoconno@miday.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Daves
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thisted
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Apfelbaum
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001364:Awareness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods