title: Clinical presentation and treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid gland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of the thyroid is a rare malignancy. The traditional approach to curative treatment of localized (stages I and II) NHL of the thyroid gland is surgical resection. The recent success of multimodality chemoradiotherapy suggests that surgery should be reserved for providing a tissue diagnosis or relief from acute airway obstruction. It is questionable whether this has made an impact on treatment approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review was conducted for all cases of localized NHL of the thyroid gland treated at Roswell Park Cancer Institute between January 1970 and January 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients (8 women, 2 men) with a mean age of 56.8 years were identified. Nine patients (90%) presented with a neck mass; seven patients (70%) had a history of Hashimoto's disease. Nine patients (90%) had extensive investigations to rule out extrathyroidal disease. All patients were treated with either a total thyroidectomy (eight patients) or a thyroid lobectomy (two patients). Nine (90%) were initially treated outside of Roswell Park Cancer Institute and referred secondarily for consideration of further therapy. Adjuvant therapy consisting of cyclophosphamide-based chemoradiotherapy was administered to nine patients. Overall survival was 80% at a mean follow-up of 8.6 years with a disease-specific survival rate of 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A review of the literature suggests that fine needle aspiration (FNA) with flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry can be used to accurately diagnose NHL of the thyroid gland. Open biopsy should be reserved for cases where this technique is not available or where the diagnosis can not be confirmed by FNA alone. Extrathyroidal NHL should be ruled out by chest x-ray, CT scan of the abdomen, and bone marrow biopsy. Further review suggests that the most efficacious therapy is systemic chemotherapy in combination with radiation for local control. Debulking surgery should be used only to provide relief from acute airway obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14263, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wirtzfeld
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Winston
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Loree
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy