title: Lack of cross-species transmission of porcine endogenous retrovirus infection to nonhuman primate recipients of porcine cells, tissues, or organs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been widely used in different porcine xenograft procedures inevitably resulting in exposure to porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV). Surveillance for PERV infection in these NHPs may provide information on the risks of cross-species transmission of PERV, particularly for recipients of vascularized organ xenografts for whom data from human clinical trials is unavailable.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested 21 Old World and 2 New World primates exposed to a variety of porcine xenografts for evidence of PERV infection. These NHPs included six baboon recipients of pig hearts, six bonnet macaque recipients of transgenic pig skin grafts, and nine rhesus macaque and two capuchin recipients of encapsulated pig islet cells. Serologic screening for PERV antibody was done by a validated Western blot assay, and molecular detection of PERV sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma was performed using sensitive polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays, respectively. Spleen and lymph node tissues available from six bonnet macaques and three rhesus macaques were also tested for PERV sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All plasma samples were negative for PERV RNA suggesting the absence of viremia in these xenografted animals. Similarly, PERV sequences were not detectable in any PBMC and tissue samples, arguing for the lack of latent infection of these compartments. In addition, all plasma samples were negative for PERV antibodies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest the absence of PERV infection in all 23 NHPs despite exposure to vascularized porcine organs or tissue xenografts and the use of immunosuppressive therapies in some animals. These findings suggest that PERV is not easily transmitted to these NHP species through these types of xenografts.
authors.affiliation: Division of AIDS, STDs, and TB Research Laboratory, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Switzer
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Michler
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shanmugam
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sandstrom
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Safley
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Denny
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Norin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kwiatkowski
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heneine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002427:Cebidae / Q000821:virology*; D002428:Cebus; D017690:Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002520:Cercopithecidae / Q000821:virology*; D002678:Chimera; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000166:cytology; D008251:Macaca; D016377:Organ Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010215:Papio; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D012192:Retroviridae Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D013552:Swine / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral