title: Bone anchor infections in female pelvic reconstructive procedures: a literature review of series and case reports.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the reported prevalence of infectious osseous complications due to the use of bone anchors for suture fixation in female pelvic reconstructive procedures. In addition, the type and method of bone anchors as well as the reported pathogens associated with osseous infections were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary reported series of female pelvic reconstructive procedures involving bone anchor suture fixation referenced in Index Medicus from January 1990 to July 2000 were extracted using the MEDLINE bibliographic database on English language articles involving humans. All case reports of infectious osseous complications due to bone anchor use in female reconstructive procedures were also reviewed during this period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since the inception of bone anchor suture fixation for female pelvic reconstructive procedures 10 years ago, the overall prevalence of related infectious complications has been 6 cases in 1,018 procedures (0.6%). This type of adverse event developed between followup weeks 1 and 24. The prevalence of suprapubic bone anchors has been 6 cases in 698 procedures (0.86%). For transvaginal bone anchor procedures no infectious cases have been reported in the combined series of 314 procedures and the same is true for 1 reported case of sacral bone anchor placement in 6 procedures. No statistical difference was noted in regard to the prevalence of infection in procedures involving suprapubic bone anchors and transvaginal bone anchor combined with sacral bone anchor placement (Fisher's exact test p = 0.19). The organisms reported in case reports suggest a coliform, skin or hematogenous source for contamination of the bone anchor site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An infectious bone anchor complication in female pelvic reconstructive procedures is an uncommon event with a reported prevalence of 0.6%. Currently there is no evidence of differences in the prevalence of osseous complications after transvaginal versus suprapubic bone anchor fixation. Preoperative broad-spectrum antibiotics are recommended to decrease the potential of infectious bone anchor complications.
authors.affiliation: Section of Voiding Dysfunction and Female Urology, Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Rackley
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Abdelmalak
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madjar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yanilmaz
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Appell
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Tchetgen
mesh_terms: D001850:Bone Diseases, Infectious / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000209:etiology; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies