title: Noninvasive quantification of left-to-right shunt in pediatric patients: phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging compared with invasive oximetry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood flow can be quantified noninvasively by phase-contrast cine MRI (PC-MRI) in adults. Little is known about the feasibility of the method in children with congenital heart disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 50 children (mean age 6.2 years, range 1.1 to 17.7 years) with an atrial- or ventricular-level shunt, blood flow rate in the great vessels was determined by PC-MRI, and the ratio of pulmonary to aortic flow (Qp/Qs) was compared with Qp/Qs by oximetry. We found a difference of 2% and a range of -20% to +26% (limits of agreement, mean +/-2 SD). In another 7 children with congenital heart disease but no cardiac shunting (mean age 7.9 years, range 1.3 to 13.5 years), Qp/Qs by PC-MRI was 1.02 (SD +/-0.06). No difference between systemic venous and aortic flow volumes was found (range -17% to +20%, n=37). Blood flow through a secundum atrial septal defect as assessed by PC-MRI (n=24) overestimated the shunt compared with the difference between pulmonary and aortic flows. The mean difference between 3 repeated PC-MRI measurements in each location was 5.3% (SD +/-4.0%, n=522), demonstrating good precision. The interobserver variability was low. The accuracy of PC-MRI was confirmed by in vitro experiments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Determination of Qp/Qs by PC-MRI in children is quick, safe, and reliable compared with oximetry. Systemic venous flow can be quantified by PC-MRI, whereas through-plane shunt measurement within an atrial septal defect is inaccurate.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Congenital Heart Disease, Heart and Diabetes Center, North Rhine-Westfalia, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany. pbeerbaum@hdz-nrw.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beerbaum
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Körperich
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Esdorn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gieseke
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D008297:Male; D010092:Oximetry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity