title: Frontal and lateral cephalometry in patients with sleep-disordered breathing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The traditional lateral-view cephalometric analysis is limited because it provides only two-dimensional analysis of the three-dimensional craniofacial structure. The objectives were to analyze lateral and frontal cephalometric radiographs in a series of normal patients and those with varying degrees of sleep-disordered breathing and to define the degrees of narrowing or other unfavorable anatomical changes that might differentiate the patients with sleep-disordered breathing from normal subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of 100 adult patients with sleep-disordered breathing and 60 age-matched normal subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  An analysis of the lateral and frontal cephalometric measurements was performed to assess velopharyngeal anatomical features. A comparison was made between the patients' polysomnographic and cephalometric analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The compromised cephalometric parameters that may be found in patients with sleep-disordered breathing include acute skull-base and bony nasopharynx angles, inferior hyoid position, thickening of the velum, reduced retrovelar posterior air space along with thickening of the velum, thickening of the posterior pharyngeal wall, and narrowing of the velopharyngeal lumen. Worsening of sleep-disordered breathing was generally associated with increased numbers of compromised cephalometric parameters. As body mass index increases, there is reduced velopharyngeal width, the velum thickness is increased, and the posterior pharyngeal wall thickness is increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sleep-disordered breathing is associated with statistically significant changes in a number of cephalometric measurements. Frontal cephalometric analysis adds further information regarding the anatomical assessment of patients with upper airway obstruction, enhancing the traditional lateral cephalometric view.
authors.affiliation: Palate Surgery Unit, Meir Hospital, Sapir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wexler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Horowitz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nachmani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shapiro-Feinberg
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ophir
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging