title: Particle size analysis of amalgam powder and handpiece generated specimens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increasing interest in the elimination of amalgam particles from the dental waste (DW) stream, requires efficient devices to remove these particles. The major objective of this project was to perform a comparative evaluation of five basic methods of particle size analysis in terms of the instrument's ability to quantify the size distribution of the various components within the DW stream.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analytical techniques chosen were image analysis via scanning electron microscopy, standard wire mesh sieves, X-ray sedigraphy, laser diffraction, and electrozone analysis. The DW particle stream components were represented by amalgam powders and handpiece/diamond bur generated specimens of enamel; dentin, whole tooth, and condensed amalgam.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each analytical method quantified the examined DW particle stream components. However, X-ray sedigraphy, electrozone, and laser diffraction particle analyses provided similar results for determining particle distributions of DW samples. These three methods were able to more clearly quantify the properties of the examined powder and condensed amalgam samples. Furthermore, these methods indicated that a significant fraction of the DW stream contains particles less than 20 microm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study indicated that the electrozone method is likely to be the most effective technique for quantifying the particle size distribution in the DW particle stream. This method required a relative small volume of sample, was not affected by density, shape factors or optical properties, and measured a sufficient number of particles to provide a reliable representation of the particle size distribution curve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. drummond@uic.edu
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Drummond
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hathorn
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cailas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karuhn
mesh_terms: D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000737:chemistry*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003748:Dental Equipment; D003754:Dental High-Speed Equipment; D018057:Dental Waste; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004563:Electrochemistry; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007834:Lasers; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D018057:Dental Waste; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal; D011208:Powders; D003723:Dental Amalgam