title: Lifetime and novel psychiatric disorders after pediatric traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess lifetime and current psychiatric disorders at least 1 year after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six youths who sustained a TBI between the ages of 6 through 15 years were evaluated at least 1 year post-TBI to identify the presence of lifetime and/or novel psychiatric disorders. Semistructured interviews of the parent and child and standardized parent self-report rating instruments were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depressive disorders were the most common lifetime and novel diagnoses. A wide variety and high rate of novel psychiatric disorders were identified; 74% of these disorders persisted in 48% of the injured children. Internalizing disorders were more likely to resolve than externalizing disorders. Both interviews and parent ratings were sensitive to current externalizing behaviors; interviews more often detected internalizing disorders, whereas parent ratings also identified cognitive difficulties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings were generally consistent with previous research demonstrating the high rate of novel psychiatric disorders following pediatric TBI. Psychiatric interviews were sensitive in identifying both lifetime and novel disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas-Houston Health Sciences Center, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ewing-Cobbs
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kowatch
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013997:Time Factors