title: Post-traumatic cerebral infarction. Neuroimaging findings, etiology and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the radiological characteristics of post-traumatic cerebral infarctions (PTCIs), the etiology and site of infarction, and to provide neuroimaging indicators of a poor clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 16 patients with the neuroimaging-based diagnosis of PTCI was carried out. All CT, MR examinations, cerebral angiograms and medical records of the patients were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infarcts were diagnosed in the territory of the posterior cerebral artery in 9 patients, in the middle cerebral artery in 5, in the anterior cerebral artery in 3, lenticulostriate-thalamoperforating in 2, vertebrobasilar in 3, and cortical infarcts in 2 patients. Neuroimaging studies suggested focal mass effect and/or acquired intracranial herniations as the cause of infarction in 13/16 patients (81.2%). In 3/16 patients (18.8%), PTCI was due to vascular injury of which 2 were angiographically documented (carotid artery dissection). Eight of the 16 patients in this study died or were left in a persistent vegetative state. Patients with associated subdural hematoma, brain swelling/edema and traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (tSAH) exhibited the worst outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gross mechanical shift of the brain and herniation across the falx and/or tentorium accounted for infarction in a majority of cases in our study. The overall death rate was 43.8% and this result suggests that PTCI is an indication of a poor clinical outcome, especially among patients with associated subdural hematoma, brain swelling/edema and tSAH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Division of Radiology, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Server
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dullerud
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haakonsen
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Nakstad
authors.forename: U L
authors.initials: UL
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Magnaes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000150:complications; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications*; D004677:Encephalocele / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed