title: Higher intakes of fish protein are related to a lower risk of microalbuminuria in young Swedish type 1 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of dietary intake from various protein and fat sources on the occurrence of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this nested case control study, 1,150 patients with diabetes duration >5 years reported dietary habits for the previous 12 months and submitted urinary samples for the analysis of albumin excretion rate (AER). A total of 75 cases of albuminuria (overnight AER > or = 15 microg/min) were identified and compared with 225 duration-matched control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither mean protein, fat intake, average fish protein intake (control subjects 4.56 +/- 3.83 g/day and cases 3.82 +/- 2.87 g/day; P = 0.12), nor intake of meat and vegetable protein differed between the cases of albuminuria and the control subjects. High consumers of fish protein (greater than the 75th percentile) (12 cases and 63 control subjects, mean intake 9.35 g fish protein/day, i.e., approximately 53 g fish/day) had lower odds ratios (ORs) for microalbuminuria than individuals consuming less fish protein (mean 2.72 g/day) (crude OR 0.49 and 95% CI 0.25-0.97). When adjusted for known confounding factors, such as HbA1c, mean arterial pressure, diabetes duration, age, sex, smoking, BMI, country region, and total energy, individuals with a high intake of fish protein and fish fat showed a reduction in the risk for microalbuminuria (OR 0.22 and 0.31, respectively; 95% CI 0.09-0.56 and 0.13-0.76, respectively). When fish protein and fat were adjusted for each other, a high intake of fish protein but not of fish fat was still significantly associated with a decrease in the risk for microalbuminuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total protein and fat intake were not associated with the presence of microalbuminuria, but a diet including a high amount of fish protein seemed to lessen the risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics, Umeå University, Sweden.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Möllsten
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Dahlquist
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Stattin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rudberg
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008894:Milk Proteins; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008894:Milk Proteins; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary