title: Truncating mutations in FOXC2 cause multiple lymphedema syndromes.
abstract: Hereditary lymphedemas are developmental disorders of the lymphatics resulting in edema of the extremities due to altered lymphatic flow. One such disorder, the lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome, has been reported to be caused by mutations in the forkhead transcription factor, FOXC2. We sequenced the FOXC2 gene in 86 lymphedema families to identify mutations. Eleven families were identified with mutations predicted to disrupt the DNA binding domain and/or C-terminal alpha-helices essential for transcription activation by FOXC2. Broad phenotypic heterogeneity was observed within these families. The phenotypes observed overlapped four phenotypically defined lymphedema syndromes. FOXC2 appears to be the primary cause of lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome and is also a cause of lymphedema in families displaying phenotypes attributed to other lymphedema syndromes. Our data demonstrates that the phenotypic classification of autosomal dominant lymphedema does not reflect the underlying genetic causation of these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. dnf@mars.upmc.edu
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Finegold
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kimak
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Levinson
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Cherniske
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Pober
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Dunlap
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ferrell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D002885:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 / Q000235:genetics; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D013577:Syndrome; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C082078:mesenchyme fork head 1 protein