title: Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic diagnoses of left ventricular hypertrophy predict mortality independently of each other in a population of elderly men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increased risk associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) diagnosed echocardiographically (Echo-LVH) or electrocardiographically (ECG-LVH) is well known, but the clinically relevant question of how much additional prognostic information would be provided by echocardiographically assessing LVH if a subject's ECG-LVH and hypertension status are known has not been addressed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated whether Echo-LVH and ECG-LVH predicted total and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity independently of each other and of other cardiovascular risk factors by using a population-based sample of 475 men investigated at age 70 with a median follow-up time of 5.2 years. Echocardiographic left ventricular mass index (LVMI) predicted total mortality (hazards ratio [HR] 1.44, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.92, for a 1-SD increase in LVMI) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 2.38, 95% CI 1.52 to 3.73) independently of ECG-LVH and other cardiovascular risk factors. ECG-LVH, defined as Cornell product >244 microV. s, predicted total mortality (HR 2.89, 95% CI 1.41 to 5.96) independently of LVMI and other cardiovascular risk factors. Thus, Echo-LVH and ECG-LVH provided complementary prognostic information, especially in hypertensive subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Echo-LVH and ECG-LVH predict mortality independently of each other and of other cardiovascular risk factors, implying that Echo-LVH and ECG-LVH in part carry different prognostic information. Therefore, to fully assess the increased risk associated with these conditions, both ECG and echocardiography should be performed.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. johan.sundstrom@geriatrik.uu.se
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundström
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arnlöv
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zethelius
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Andrén
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Lithell
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity