title: Thalidomide as an anti-angiogenic agent in relapsed gliomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thalidomide (alpha-phthalimidoglutarimide), a synthetic sedative drug, has anti-angiogenic properties due to inhibition of growth-factor mediated neovascularisation and has been shown to inhibit tumour growth in experimental solid tumour models.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess response of recurrent malignant gliomas to thalidomide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients with recurrent gliomas were enrolled to an open, non-randomised phase II trial between October 1997 and December 1999. All patients had failed following treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy with PCV and/or temozolomide regimens. Eleven patients had high-grade gliomas de novo and 7 high-grade gliomas following transformation of low-grade gliomas. Thalidomide was prescribed at 100 mg/day p.o. continuously. Response was assessed at 4-weekly intervals. Disease progression was defined as neurological deterioration and/or radiological evidence of increased tumour size. Treatment was discontinued at the time of disease progression, or if toxicity occurred, or at patients' request.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thalidomide was prescribed for a median of 42 days (range 7-244). Treatment was discontinued due to toxicity (peripheral sensory neuropathy) in 1 patient. Six patients died before response could be fully assessed and are classified as non-responders. Of 12 who continued treatment for more than 4 weeks, 1 patient had clinical and radiological response (PR), 2 patients had stable disease for 2 and 4 months respectively and 9 patients had disease progression. The median survival from the start of thalidomide was 2.5 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy of thalidomide in terms of response in recurrent gliomas is low, with a partial response rate of only 6%. Future studies should investigate thalidomide in combination with other agents and at an earlier stage of disease. Methods to assess anti-angiogenic properties such as changes in tumour vasculature could be employed as initial surrogate end-points in the investigation of efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK. susan.short@rmh.nthames.nhs.uk
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Traish
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dowe
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D018450:Disease Progression; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D013792:Thalidomide