title: Verapamil inhibits proliferation of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells influencing K+ channel gating.
abstract: The mechanisms of verapamil and tetraethylammonium (TEA) inhibition of voltage-gated K+ channels in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells were studied in whole-cell and outside/inside-out patch-clamp configurations. Rapidly activating outward K+ currents (I(K)) exhibited neither C-type, nor rapid (human ether á go-go-related gene-type) inactivation. With 2 mM [Mg(2+)](o), I(K) activation kinetics was independent of holding potential, suggesting the absence of ether á go-go-type K+ channels. Extracellular applications of TEA and verapamil (IC(50) = 11 microM) rapidly (12 s) inhibited I(K) in LNCaP cells. Blocking was also rapidly reversible. Intracellular TEA (1 mM), verapamil (1 mM), and membrane-impermeable N-methyl-verapamil (25 microM) did not influence whole-cell I(K), although both phenylalkylamines inhibited single-channel currents in inside-out patches. Extracellular application of N-methyl-verapamil (25 microM) had no influence on I(K). Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that, in LNCaP cells expressing C-type inactivation-deficient voltage-activated K+ channels, phenylalkylamines interact with an intracellular binding site, and probably an additional hydrophobic binding site that does not bind charged phenylalkylamines. The inhibiting effects of verapamil and TEA on I(K) were additive, suggesting independent K+-channel blocking mechanisms. Indeed, TEA (1 mM) reduced a single-channel conductance (from 7.3 +/- 0.5 to 3.2 +/- 0.4 pA at a membrane potential of +50 mV, n = 6), whereas verapamil (10 microM) reduced an open-channel probability (from 0.45 +/- 0.1 in control to 0.1 +/- 0.09 in verapamil-treated cells, n = 9). The inhibiting effects of verapamil and TEA on LNCaP cell proliferation were not multiplicative, suggesting that both share a common antiproliferative mechanism initiated through a K+ channel block.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) EPI-9938, USTL, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rybalchenko
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Prevarskaya
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van Coppenolle
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Legrand
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lemonnier
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Le Bourhis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Skryma
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001665:Binding Sites; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D019789:Tetraethylammonium / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels; D019789:Tetraethylammonium; D014700:Verapamil