title: Increased expression of iNOS and c-fos via regulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and MEK1/ERK2 proteins in terminal bronchiole lesions in the lungs of rats exposed to cigarette smoke.
abstract: Epidemiological evidence suggests that smoking is a major cause of human lung cancer. However, the mechanism by which cigarette smoke induces the cancer remains unestablished. To evaluate the effects of cigarette smoke on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear protooncogenes and related mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in rat lung tissue, a histopathological study of the effects of gas-phase cigarette smoke on rat lung tissue were carried out. The terminal bronchioles were found to be infiltrated predominantly by lymphocytes in the peribronchiolar region and a mild to moderate degree of emphysema was noted in the alveolar spaces. The terminal bronchioles also showed marked lipid peroxidation, dilatation, and peribronchiolar fibrosis. Immunohistochemical evaluation showed that the expression of iNOS, NF-kappa B, MAPKs (MEK1, ERK2), phosphotyrosine protein and c-fos was increased in the terminal bronchioles but protein kinase C (PKC), MEKK-1, c-jun, p38 and c-myc showed no change. These results provide evidence to suggest that exposure to cigarette smoke results in oxidant stress which leads to the stimulation of iNOS and c-fos together with the induction of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and MEK1/ERK2 which in turn may promote lung pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Technology, Chung Hwa Institute of Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001980:Bronchi / Q000378:metabolism; D020536:Enzyme Activators / Q000494:pharmacology; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D008297:Male; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D019000:Phosphotyrosine / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D020536:Enzyme Activators; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D012906:Smoke; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; C482125:MAP2K1 protein, human; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases