title: Clinical and molecular analysis of three Mexican families with Pendred's syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The autosomal recessive Pendred's syndrome is defined by congenital sensorineural deafness, goiter, and impaired iodide organification. It is caused by mutations in the Pendred's syndrome (PDS) gene that encodes pendrin, a chloride/iodide transporter expressed in the thyroid, the inner ear, and the kidney.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform a detailed clinical and molecular analysis of patients with Pendred's syndrome from four patients from three unrelated Mexican families.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thyroid function tests, perchlorate test, thyroid scintigraphy, audiometry, computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were performed in all affected individuals. Haplotype analyses were performed using microsatellite markers flanking the PDS locus, and the PDS gene was submitted to direct sequence analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients presented with sensorineural deafness, Mondini malformations of the cochlea, an enlarged vestibular aqueduct, goiter, and a positive perchlorate test. Two patients were hypothyroid, two individuals were euthyroid. Sequence analysis revealed a complex homozygous deletion/insertion mutation at the end of exon 4 in the index patient of family 1 resulting in a premature stop codon at position 138. In family 2, the affected individuals were compound heterozygous for a splice acceptor mutation (IVS2 -1G>A) and a 1231G>C transversion substituting alanine 411 by proline (A411P). In family 3, the index patient was found to be homozygous for a transversion 412G>T in exon 4 replacing valine 138 by phenylalanine (V138F).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All patients included in this study presented with the classic Pendred syndrome triad and molecular analysis revealed pendrin mutations as the underlying cause. The identification of three novel mutations, one of them of complex structure, expands the spectrum of mutations in the PDS gene and emphasizes that they display marked allelic heterogeneity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Clinic, Instituto Nacional Nutrition S. Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gonzalez Trevino
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Karamanoglu Arseven
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ceballos
authors.forename: V I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Vives
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Medeiros-Neto
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kopp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006042:Goiter / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007454:Iodides / Q000378:metabolism*; D007455:Iodine / Q000097:blood; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010375:Pedigree; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013577:Syndrome; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D007454:Iodides; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D007455:Iodine