title: Acute angle-closure glaucoma resulting from spontaneous hemorrhagic retinal detachment in age-related macular degeneration: case reports and literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute angle-closure glaucoma resulting from massive subretinal hemorrhage is a rare and catastrophic complication in age-related macular degeneration. Anticoagulant usage had been strongly correlated with this complication in previously reported cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients (4 eyes), 3 men and 1 woman, developed angle-closure glaucoma with diffuse subretinal hemorrhage and total hemorrhagic retinal detachment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serial funduscopic examinations and echographic studies in 2 eyes showed that the blood gradually accumulated in the subretinal space. It took more than 10 days for the bleeding to build up to bullous hemorrhagic retinal detachment and secondary glaucoma. Anti-glaucomatous agents were given and sclerotomy was performed in 3 of the 4 patients. Phthisical changes were observed subsequently in these 3 eyes. The eye that received early drainage of blood was an exception, and a small degree of residual acuity was retained. Three of the 4 patients had diabetes mellitus, and hypertension and vascular diseases were also present in the same 3 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes mellitus might be a predisposing factor for the impaired hemostasis. Anti-glaucomatous agents were of no effect in the management of intraocular pressure. Sclerotomy and drainage of blood help control intraocular pressure and relieve ocular pain. Poor final visual acuity is inevitable. However, phthisical changes might be prevented with early sclerotomy and drainage of blood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, R.O.C, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D015812:Glaucoma, Angle-Closure / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D014463:Ultrasonography