title: Optimal teaching environment for laparoscopic splenectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditional surgical teaching depends on graduated acquisition of skill learned in residency. The introduction of minimal access techniques after residency training has created a new paradigm dependent on animate course experiences and limited preceptor training. The outcome of performance of a new skill "learned" in these settings has not been assessed. The purpose of this study was to test the benefit of an animate course compared with a precepted operating room experience in learning to perform a laparoscopic splenectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  All attending surgeons who had taken a 1-day course to learn laparoscopic splenectomy (n = 37) and those who had undergone an intraoperative preceptorship (in their hospital) by the lead author (n = 15) were polled to ascertain their previous experience with laparoscopy and with laparoscopic splenectomy since the intervention. The course included lectures, operative videos, and an animal lab. Statistical differences were measured using a t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two of the 37 (86.5%) taking the course and all 15 of the precepted surgeons responded. There was no difference between the groups regarding prior laparoscopic experience (P = 0.73), laparoscopic training during residency (P = 0.74), academic or private practice (P = 0.48), or follow-up since the intervention (P = 0.36). The participants graded the courses (1 to 5, 5 = excellent) at an average of 4.72. Fourteen of 15 precepted surgeons have performed laparoscopic splenectomy as compared with 2 of 32 taking courses (nonprecepted surgeons; P <0.0001). The number of laparoscopic splenectomies performed totaled 112 for precepted surgeons and 4 for nonprecepted surgeons (P = 0.0003). The nonprecepted surgeons performed significantly more open splenectomies than laparoscopic (95 versus 13 respectively, P = 0.02). Reasons quoted not to proceed with laparoscopic splenectomy included waiting for the perfect patient, concern of hilar management, and splenic size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeons precepted in their own operating room performed a laparoscopic splenectomy more readily than those gaining experience from a course only (93% versus 6%, respectively) despite no difference in their preintervention experience and having the opportunity to do so. The expectation of the eventual performance of advanced laparoscopic techniques depends on a precepted experience.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Carolinas Laparoscopic and Advanced Surgery Program, Carolinas Medical Center, P.O. Box 32861, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA. Theniford@carolinas.org
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Heniford
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Backus
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Teel
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Sing
mesh_terms: D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy; D011231:Preceptorship; D013156:Splenectomy