title: Immunization to Porphyromonas gingivalis enhances the  local pro-inflammatory response to subcutaneous bacterial challenge.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human and animal studies have suggested that immunization to P. gingivalis might be beneficial for controlling periodontitis, by the induction of protective antibody response. The present study was designed to examine the effect of immunization on the local cellular, cytokine and antibody response to P. gingivalis in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subcutaneous chambers were implanted in 3 groups of mice. 2 groups were then immunized with P. gingivalis in either incomplete Freund's (IFA) or an Alum-based adjuvant. The 3rd group served as the control. At baseline, all mice were challenged with an intra-chamber injection of P. gingivalis. Chamber exudates were sampled at baseline, 1 and 7 days post-challenge, following by determination of leukocyte counts and the cytokines TNF-alpha, IFNgamma (pro-inflammatory) and IL-10 (anti-inflammatory). IgG levels to P. gingivalis were analyzed in both the exudates and serum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leukocyte accumulation increased in the chambers over the study period and was more marked in the immunized groups. P. gingivalis challenge induced the expression of the tested cytokines in all groups. Levels of IFNgamma showed a significantly greater increase in the immunized groups on day 1 post-challenge. By day 7, the levels in the controls had reached those of the immunized groups. IL-10 levels were significantly higher in the control group compared to the immunized groups on day 1 and by day 7 they were reduced significantly in all groups to barely detectable levels. While there were no significant differences in TNF-alpha levels between IFA and control groups, they were significantly higher in the Alum group on day 0 and 7. Both immunization protocols induced anti-P. gingivalis IgG. The Alum group achieved the highest antibody levels, which were due to the increased expression of IgG1, a marker of a Th2-response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that immunization to P. gingivalis results in enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory, tissue-destructive cytokines in the inflammatory site. The nature of the adjuvant used for immunization allows manipulation of the T-cell response, and alum was more effective in reducing the inflammatory response than IFA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Houri-Haddad
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Soskoine
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shapira
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000534:Alum Compounds; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D005122:Exudates and Transudates; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant / Q000276:immunology; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology; D007114:Immunization; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D051379:Mice; D009000:Monocytes / Q000473:pathology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000517:prevention & control; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000276:immunology*; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000534:Alum Compounds; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; C041524:aluminum sulfate; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant