title: In-use light-duty gasoline vehicle particulate matter emissions on three driving cycles.
abstract: Twenty-four properly functioning and six high carbon monoxide emission light-duty gasoline vehicles were emission tested in Denver, CO, using the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), a hot start Unified Cycle (UC), and the REP05 driving cycles at 35 degrees F. All were 1990-1997 model year vehicles tested on both an oxygenated and a nonoxygenated fuel. PM10 emission rates for the properly functioning vehicles using oxygenated fuel averaged 6.1, 3.6, and 12.7 mg/mi for the FTP, UC, and REP05, respectively. The corresponding values for the high emitters were 52, 28, and 24 mg/mi. Use of oxygenated fuel significantly reduces PM10 on the FTP, with all the reduction occurring during the cold start. MOUDI impactor samples showed that 33 and 69% of the PM mass was smaller than 0.1 microm for the FTP and REP05 cycles, respectively, when collected under standard laboratory conditions. Particle number counts were much higher on the REP05 than the FTP. Counts were obtained using secondary dilution of samples drawn from the standard dilution tunnel. FTP PM10 was mostly carbonaceous material, 36% of which was classified as organic. For the REP05, as much as 20% of the PM10 was sulfate and associated water. Forty-five percent of the REP05 PM carbon emissions was classified as organic. Driving cycle had a significant impact on the distribution of the emitted polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
authors.affiliation: General Motors R&D Center, Warren, Michigan 48090-9055, USA. steven.h.cadle@gm.com
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cadle
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mulawa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Groblicki
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laroo
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ragazzi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zielinska
mesh_terms: D001334:Automobile Driving; D003120:Colorado; D005742:Gasoline / Q000009:adverse effects; D010316:Particle Size; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D011634:Public Health; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005742:Gasoline; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions