Patient safety in end-stage renal disease: How do we create a safe environment?
The Institute of Medicine estimated that 44,000 to 98,000 hospitalized patients die annually as a direct result of preventable medical errors. Errors occur because competent practitioners are human, and the systems we design are imperfect. Improving patient safety requires acknowledging medical errors, encouraging the reporting of errors, and improving systems to reduce the likelihood of future errors. Several challenges must be addressed to accomplish this goal. The definition of medical errors must be widely agreed on and accepted. Adverse outcomes are often the result of multiple systems failures. Therefore systems analysis, not blaming an individual, should be the focus of error reduction. A "culture of safety" should be created, which encourages reporting errors and "near-misses." An effective reporting system has 2 components, one for public accountability for errors that result in serious injury and another for confidential reporting of mistakes that have the potential for serious injury. Regulatory protection from discovery must be established for voluntary error and near-miss reporting systems. In the nephrology community, novel uses of technology should be sought to prevent errors, human factors leading to errors should be identified and anticipated, and patterns of interaction at the machine-human interface should be studied. Progress in improving patient safety has occurred in some areas, such as pharmacy services. Such known and tested patient safety practices should be deployed in dialysis facilities. Success in improving patient safety will require leadership, collaborative efforts among the many stakeholders in the ESRD program, and adequate allocation of resources.
Kliger
A S
AS
Yale University School of Medicine, Renal Research Institute, New Haven, CT, USA. Akliger@compuserve.com
Diamond
L H
LH
D000328:Adult; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012449:Safety