title: Vascular repair processes mediated by transforming growth factor-beta.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to determine the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family members in arterial repair processes related to vascular injury.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  TGF-beta plays important roles in many tissues including calcifying tissues and blood vessels. The family members of TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 have overlapping functions and signal via the same receptor complex. To examine the role of TGF-beta in vascular remodeling and intimal hyperplasia we disrupted this signaling pathway using recombinant soluble TGF-beta receptor II (TGF-beta R:Fc).
  
  
  METHODS
  The balloon catheter injury model of the rat carotid artery was used and TGF-beta R:Fc was injected every other day for a period of two weeks after which the vessels were harvested for analysis by histology, morphometry, and Northern blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In situ hybridization showed TGF-beta receptor II expression in smooth muscle cells (SMC) of the injured vessel wall while the same cells also revealed abundant expression of all three TGF-beta ligands. Injection of TGF-beta R:Fc localized to the adventitia and developing neointima in the injured carotid artery, causing a reduction in intimal lesion formation (65%) and an increase in lumen area (88%). The increase in lumen area was largely due to inhibition of negative remodeling which coincided with reduced adventitial fibrosis and collagen synthesis. Four days after injury, TGF-beta R:Fc treatment almost completely inhibited the induction of smooth muscle alpha-actin expression in adventitial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results identify TGF-beta isoforms as the major mediators of adventitial fibrosis and negative remodeling after arterial injury, which is a major cause for restenosis following angioplasty.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074. lindnv@mmc.org
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lindner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000473:pathology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000473:pathology*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D005352:Fibromuscular Dysplasia / Q000473:pathology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta