title: Predictors of mortality and resource utilization in cirrhotic patients admitted to the medical ICU.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cirrhotic patients admitted to the medical ICU (MICU) are associated with high mortality rates and high resource utilization. This study identifies specific predictors of increased mortality and resource utilization and uses them to develop and validate prognostic models in cirrhotic patients admitted to the MICU.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cirrhotic patients admitted to the MICU were identified from the Critical Care Section database (January 1993 to October 1998). Clinical data were extracted from chart review including hospital course variables, mortality, and length of stay (LOS). Total cost per case (TCPC) was obtained from the Transition System INC: Multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses identified the independent predictors of increased mortality and resource utilization used for model building (MB) and model validation (MV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 582 cases were randomized to the MB and MV groups. Each group contained 240 cases after exclusion criteria were applied. The MICU mortality rate was 36.6%, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 49.0%. Acute physiology, age, and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) III score (odds ratio [OR], 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.70 to 8.16; p < 0.001), mechanical ventilation (OR, 4.57; 95% CI, 2.35 to 8.34); p < 0.001), and the use of pressors (OR, 7.57; 95% CI, 4.35 to 13.18; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of MICU mortality. APACHE III score (OR, 4.96; 95% CI, 2.97 to 8.29; p < 0.001), the use of pressors (OR, 6.55; 95% CI, 3.66 to 11.72; p < 0.001), and acute renal failure (ARF) (OR, 4.31; 95% CI, 2.41 to 7.71; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. Increased LOS in the MICU was associated with mechanical ventilation, ARF, bronchoscopy, bacteremia, use of pressors, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), and never received cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (p < 0.005). Source of admission, platelet transfusion, bacteremia, pneumonia, and never received CPR were independently associated with increased total LOS (p < 0.001). Mechanical ventilation, platelet transfusion, bronchoscopy, TIPS, sepsis, and never received CPR were independent predictors of increased TCPC (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simple prognostic models for mortality and resource utilization have been developed for cirrhotic patients admitted to the MICU.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Z M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Younossi
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hoffman-Hogg
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Arroliga
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis