title: Reappraisal of surgical risk and prognosis for periampullary lesions after pancreaticoduodenectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreaticoduodenectomy remains a high-risk and formidable challenge to many surgeons. This study reappraised the surgical risk and prognosis for periampullary lesions in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy before and after 1990.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on 308 patients with periampullary lesions undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy were analyzed. The surgical risk was assessed by a variety of factors. Prognoses for periampullary cancers were determined and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall surgical mortality, morbidity and pancreatic leakage were 12.7%, 47.7% and 14.9% respectively. Surgical morbidity (43.5% vs. 51.6%) and pancreatic leakage (12.9% vs. 16.8%) did not change significantly before 1990 and after 1990. Surgical mortality significantly decreased from 17.1% before 1990 to 8.7% after 1990 (p = 0.043). Surgeons having more experience in performing pancreaticoduodenectomy (count > 20) made significantly lowest rates of surgical mortality, pancreatic leakage and bile leakage, as compared with those having performed this surgery with medium count (10-20) or low count (< 10). Statistically, pancreatic leakage was highly associated with operative mortality, (p < 0.001). As analysed by multivariate logistic regression, the most independent risk factor of surgical mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy was pancreatic leakage (odds ratio = 12.1), followed by date of operation (odds ratio = 2.5). The 5-year survival rate for overall periampullary cancers was 23.0%, with the highest in ampulla of Vater cancer (32.7%), followed by duodenal cancer (18.0%), distal common bile duct cancer (12.3%) and pancreatic head cancer (5.5%) (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical morbidity following pancreaticoduodenectomy remains high and unchanged while surgical mortality has significantly reduced. Pancreatic leakage is the most independent risk factor of surgical mortality. Patients with periampullary lesions appear to benefit from the experience of surgeons. The overall 5-year survival is most favorable for ampulla of Vater cancer and worst for pancreatic head cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Shyr
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lui
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014670:Ampulla of Vater / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D012306:Risk; D015996:Survival Rate