title: Testicular microlithiasis, a premalignant condition: prevalence, histopathologic findings, and relation to testicular tumor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform a retrospective analysis concerning the prevalence of testicular microlithiasis (TM). In patients with TM, the association of TM with testicular tumor, histopathologic findings, and follow-up were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 6-year period at the Central Military Hospital or the University Medical Center in Utrecht, The Netherlands, ultrasonography of the testis was performed in 1535 patients. Patient records, ultrasound images, and histopathologic specimens were reviewed. Follow-up was performed in patients with TM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 63 patients (4.1%), with a mean age of 35.4 years (range 19 to 74), TM was diagnosed at ultrasonography. In 29 of these patients (46%), a concomitant testicular tumor was diagnosed. A statistically significant correlation was found between TM and the presence of a testicular tumor (P <0.001; chi-square test). No significant correlation was found concerning the respective positions of the TM and the tumor in the testis, type of calcification, and histologic type of the tumor. In 34 patients, TM was found without a malignancy at diagnosis (mean age 39.2 years; range 19 to 69). Follow-up was possible in 31 patients. During the follow-up period (median 61.8 months), 1 patient developed a testicular tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A correlation was found between TM and testicular tumor. Because an increasing number of studies have reported patients with TM who developed a testicular tumor, TM should be regarded as a premalignant condition, which necessitates follow-up. Urologists should consider testis biopsy in patients with TM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Central Military Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Derogee
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Bevers
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Jonges
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Elbers
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Boon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D020347:Lithiasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D013733:Testicular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D013737:Testis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography