title: Modeling and underwater characterization of cymbal transducers and arrays.
abstract: The cymbal is a miniaturized class V flextensional transducer that was developed for potential use as a shallow water sound projector and receiver. Single elements are characterized by high Q, low efficiency, and medium power output capability. Its low cost and thin profile allow the transducer to be assembled into large flexible arrays. Efforts were made to model both single element and transducer arrays by coupling finite element analysis (ATILA) and the integral equation formulation (EQI). The pressure and velocity distributions on the surface elements were calculated by ATILA and later used with EQI to calculate the far field properties of the transducer element and arrays. It eliminates the mesh of the fluid domain and makes the 3-D model of a transducer possible. Three-dimensional models of a cymbal transducer and a 3 x 3 cymbal array were developed in the modeling. Very good agreement was obtained between modeling and measurement for single element transducers. By coupling finite element analysis with the integral equation method using boundary elements, acoustic interaction effects were taken into account. Reasonable agreement was obtained between calculation and measurement for a 3 x 3 array.
authors.affiliation: Materials Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. jxz132@psu.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hladky-Hennion
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Newnham