title: Cardiovascular effects of aging. Interrelationships of aortic, left ventricular, and left atrial function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown that elastic properties of the aorta decrease, while left atrial dimensions, the contribution of left atrial systole to left ventricular filling, and left ventricular mass increase with age. In most studies, however, aortic function, and ventricular and atrial parameters were performed in different populations, and thus, the earliest manifestation of aging in the cardiovascular system is not known. The present study was undertaken to define the earliest cardiovascular abnormality(ies) occurring in the cardiovascular system with age.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 181 normotensive subjects (147 females and 34 males) age 22-64 years, left ventricular mass, volumes, function and work (echocardiography and blood pressure), left atrial volumes and stroke volume (biplane area-length method by echo), pulse wave velocity (PWV) (carotid to femoral artery, Doppler), and left atrial kinetic energy were measured simultaneously: left atrial kinetic energy = 1/2 mv2, where m = left atrial stroke volume x 1.06 (blood specific gravity), v = transmitral A wave velocity. Regression analyses were performed to correlate all measured cardiovascular parameters with age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulse wave velocity (r = 0.51), left atrial kinetic energy (r = 0.42), and A wave velocity (r = 0.38) were correlated to age, while left ventricular mass, function and work were not. Multiple regression analysis among ten clinical and echocardiographic parameters demonstrated that only age contributed independently to pulse wave velocity; only age and pulse wave velocity were contributed independently to left atrial kinetic energy; and only age contributed independently to A wave velocity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data demonstrate that age-related alterations in aortic function and left atrial work (left atrial kinetic energy) can be defined prior to changes in left ventricular structure and systolic function. Simultaneous studies of left atrial, left ventricular, and aortic function are required to better understand the effect of aging on the cardiovascular system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Medical School University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kallaras
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osei
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wooley
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boudoulas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001011:Aorta / Q000502:physiology*; D016279:Atrial Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001830:Body Surface Area; D004452:Echocardiography; D004548:Elasticity; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D010701:Phonocardiography; D011674:Pulse; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*