title: Clomiphene, an ovulation-inducing agent, mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ and causes extracellular Ca2+ influx in bladder female transitional carcinoma cells.
abstract: METHODS
  The effect of clomiphene, an ovulation-inducing agent, on cytosolic free Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i) in populations of BFTC human bladder cancer cells was explored by using fura-2 as a Ca2+ indicator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clomiphene at concentrations between 10 and 75 microM increased [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner and the signal saturated at 50 microM. The [Ca2+]i signal was biphasic with an initial rise and a slow decay. Ca2+ removal inhibited the Ca2+ signal by about 40-50% in maximum [Ca2+]i. Adding 3 mM Ca2+ increased [Ca2+]i in cells pretreated with 50 microM clomiphene in Ca2+-free medium, suggesting that clomiphene induced capacitative Ca2+ entry. In Ca2+-free medium, pretreatment with 50 microM brefeldin A (to disrupt the Golgi complex Ca2+ store), 1 microM thapsigargin (to inhibit the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump), and CCCP (to uncouple mitochondria) inhibited 85% of clomiphene-induced intracellular Ca2+ release. Conversely, pretreatment with 50 microM clomiphene in Ca2+-free medium abolished the [Ca2+]i increase induced by brefeldin, thapsigargin or CCCP. The intracellular Ca2+ release was unaltered by inhibiting formation of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) with 2 mM 1-(6-((17beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U73122; a phospholipase C inhibitor).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The [Ca2+]i increase induced by 50 microM clomiphene was not affected by 10 microM of nifedipine, verapamil or diltiazem. Collectively, the results suggest that clomiphene releases intracellular Ca2+ in an IP3-independent manner and also activates extracellular Ca2+ influx.
authors.affiliation: Medical Education and Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Jan
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002258:Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone / Q000494:pharmacology; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004963:Estrenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010062:Ovulation Induction; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D019284:Thapsigargin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014475:Uncoupling Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004963:Estrenes; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D014475:Uncoupling Agents; C060229:1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione; D002996:Clomiphene; D002258:Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone; D019284:Thapsigargin; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D002118:Calcium