title: Is lymphatic mapping in breast cancer adequate and safe?
abstract: Lymphatic mapping with selective lymphadenectomy requires a concerted effort from the nuclear medicine physician, surgeon, and pathologist. Application of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, and intraoperative use of both a gamma detection probe and a vital dye are recommended. This combined approach increases the likelihood of finding all sentinel nodes without removing nonsentinel nodes. A literature review of current experience reveals that the sentinel node can be found in more than 90% of the patients. When confirmatory lymphadenectomy follows, the false-negative rate can be kept down to about 5% after a certain learning phase. The sensitivity of this novel approach to detect lymphatic dissemination is currently overestimated because lymph node metastases in patients with a tumor-free sentinel node are probably overlooked. This shortcoming will be compensated by the more accurate pathologic evaluation of a sentinel node and the finding of sentinel nodes outside the axilla. Therefore the procedure is probably adequate and safe in patients at low risk of having disseminated disease. Lymphatic mapping with sentinel node biopsy is rapidly becoming the standard of care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: O E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Nieweg
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rutgers
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Valdés Olmos
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Peterse
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hoefnagel
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Kroon
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods