title: WHO antenatal care randomised trial for the evaluation of a new model of routine antenatal care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We undertook a multicentre randomised controlled trial that compared the standard model of antenatal care with a new model that emphasises actions known to be effective in improving maternal or neonatal outcomes and has fewer clinic visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinics in Argentina, Cuba, Saudi Arabia, and Thailand were randomly allocated to provide either the new model (27 clinics) or the standard model currently in use (26 clinics). All women presenting for antenatal care at these clinics over an average of 18 months were enrolled. Women enrolled in clinics offering the new model were classified on the basis of history of obstetric and clinical conditions. Those who did not require further specific assessment or treatment were offered the basic component of the new model, and those deemed at higher risk received the usual care for their conditions; however, all were included in the new-model group for the analyses, which were by intention to treat. The primary outcomes were low birthweight (<2500 g), pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, severe postpartum anaemia (<90 g/L haemoglobin), and treated urinary-tract infection. There was an assessment of quality of care and an economic evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women attending clinics assigned the new model (n=12568) had a median of five visits compared with eight within the standard model (n=11958). More women in the new model than in the standard model were referred to higher levels of care (13.4% vs 7.3%), but rates of hospital admission, diagnosis, and length of stay were similar. The groups had similar rates of low birthweight (new model 7.68% vs standard model 7.14%; stratified rate difference 0.96 [95% CI -0.01 to 1.92]), postpartum anaemia (7.59% vs 8.67%; 0.32), and urinary-tract infection (5.95% vs 7.41%; -0.42 [-1.65 to 0.80]). For pre-eclampsia/eclampsia the rate was slightly higher in the new model (1.69% vs 1.38%; 0.21 [-0.25 to 0.67]). Adjustment by several confounding variables did not modify this pattern. There were negligible differences between groups for several secondary outcomes. Women and providers in both groups were, in general, satisfied with the care received, although some women assigned the new model expressed concern about the timing of visits. There was no cost increase, and in some settings the new model decreased cost.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Provision of routine antenatal care by the new model seems not to affect maternal and perinatal outcomes. It could be implemented without major resistance from women and providers and may reduce cost.
authors.affiliation: UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland. villarj@who.int
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Villar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ba'aqeel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piaggio
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lumbiganon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miguel Belizán
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Farnot
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Al-Mazrou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carroli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pinol
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Donner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nigenda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mugford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fox-Rushby
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hutton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bergsjø
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bakketeig
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Berendes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001118:Argentina / Q000453:epidemiology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003462:Cuba / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008428:Maternal Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D017146:Models, Organizational; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014944:World Health Organization