title: Nitrosative stress by cyclosporin A in the endothelium: studies with the NO-sensitive probe diaminofluorescein-2/diacetate using flow cytometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have reported previously that exposure of endothelial cells to cyclosporin A (CsA) may result in the regulation of specific genes, such as the endothelial nitric oxide synthase. In the context of endothelial toxicity, whether this represents an adaptive response to injury at the physiological level or contributes further to the generation of nitrosative stress remains to be investigated. The precise reactive species potentially produced by CsA and their capacity to modify proteins functionally are not well known.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the possibility of detecting intracellular nitric oxide (NO) by flow cytometry with the cell-permeable probe diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate (DAF-2/DA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CsA increased the intracellular 2 h accumulation of DAF-2T, the oxidized form of DAF-2/DA, in an L-NAME-sensitive process. When CsA was re-added for 2 h to bovine aortic endothelial cells previously pre-incubated with CsA for 16 h, an additional increase in the accumulation of DAF-2T was achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this work, we provide data showing that intracellular NO can be detected by flow cytometry with DAF-2/DA and suggesting two potential mechanisms (transcriptional and post-translational) for the intracellular accumulation of NO in vascular endothelial cells exposed to the immunosuppressant CSA:
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Navarro-Antolin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lamas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D019793:Fluorescein; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007700:Kinetics; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C414689:4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D016572:Cyclosporine; D019793:Fluorescein; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester