title: Physical factors affecting the production of carbon monoxide from anesthetic breakdown.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parameters determining carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations produced by anesthetic breakdown have not been adequately studied in clinical situations. The authors hypothesized that these data will identify modifiable risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Carbon monoxide concentrations were measured when partially desiccated barium hydroxide lime was reacted with isoflurane (1.5%) and desflurane (7.5%) in a Draeger Narkomed 2 anesthesia machine with a latex breathing bag substituting for a patient. Additional experiments determined the effects of carbon dioxide (0 or 350 ml/min), fresh gas flow rates (1 or 4 l/min), minute ventilation (6 or 18 l/min), or absorbent quantity (1 or 2 canisters). End-tidal anesthetic concentrations were adjusted according to a monochromatic infrared monitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Desflurane produced approximately 20 times more CO than isoflurane when completely dried absorbents were used. Peak CO concentrations approached 100,000 ppm with desflurane. Traces of water remaining after a 66-h drying time (one weekend) markedly reduced the generation of CO compared with 2 weeks of drying. Reducing the quantity of desiccated absorbent by 50% reduced the total CO production by 40% in the first hour. Increasing the fresh gas flow rate from 1 to 4 l/min increased CO production by 67% in the first hour but simultaneously decreased average inspiratory concentrations by 53%. Carbon dioxide decreased CO production by 12% in completely desiccated absorbents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anesthetic identity, fresh gas flow rates, absorbent quantity, and water content are the most important factors determining patient exposures. Minute ventilation and carbon dioxide production by the patient are relatively unimportant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin and Froedtert Memorial Lutheran Hospital, Milwaukee 53226, USA. hwoehlck@mcw.edu
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Woehlck
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dunning
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bolla
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zink
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000737:chemistry*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane