title: Sleep apnea, delirium, depressed mood, cognition, and ADL ability after stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of sleep apnea and stroke increases with age. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of sleep apnea after stroke and its relationship to delirium, depressed mood, cognitive functioning, ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs), and psychiatric and behavior symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Geriatric stroke rehabilitation unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  133 patients (78 women and 55 men, mean age 77.1 +/- 7.7 years) consecutively admitted to a geriatric stroke rehabilitation unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients underwent overnight respiratory sleep recordings at 23 +/- 7 days (range 11 to 41 days) after suffering a stroke. The patients were assessed using the Organic Brain Syndrome Scale, Montgomery-Asberg-Depression-Rating Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Barthel-ADL Index. Sleep apnea was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 10 or more.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median of the AHI for the studied sample (N = 133) was 13 (range 0-79; interquartile range 6-28). Fifty-nine percent fulfilled the criteria for sleep apnea; 52% with first-ever stroke had sleep apnea. More patients with sleep apnea than without were delirious, depressed, or more ADL-dependent. Sleep apnea patients also had a higher frequency of ischemic heart disease and had more often suffered from an earlier cerebral infarction. Multivariate analysis showed that obesity, low ADL scores, ischemic heart disease, and depressed mood were independently associated with sleep apnea. Low ADL scores, apnea-related hypoxemia, body mass index < or = 27, and impaired vision were independently associated with delirium. The presence of sleep apnea was not associated with any specific type of stroke or location of the brain lesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sleep apnea is common in stroke patients and is associated with delirium, depressed mood, latency in reaction and in response to verbal stimuli, and impaired ADL ability. We suggest a trial investigating whether delirium, depressed mood, and ADL ability improve with nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment of sleep apnea in stroke patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine and Rehabiltition, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sandberg
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bucht
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gustafson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003693:Delirium / Q000209:etiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000209:etiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*