title: Thalamic stimulation for essential tremor activates motor and deactivates vestibular cortex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The functional effects of deep brain stimulation in the nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM) of the thalamus on brain circuitry are not well understood. The connectivity of the VIM has so far not been studied functionally. It was hypothesized that VIM stimulation would exert an effect primarily on VIM projection areas, namely motor and parietoinsular vestibular cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients with essential tremor who had electrodes implanted in the VIM were studied with PET. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured during three experimental conditions: with 130 Hz (effective) and 50 Hz (ineffective) stimulation, and without stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Effective stimulation was associated with regional cerebral blood flow increases in motor cortex ipsilateral to the side of stimulation. Right retroinsular (parietoinsular vestibular) cortex showed regional cerebral blood flow decreases with stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Beneficial effects of VIM stimulation in essential tremor are associated with increased synaptic activity in motor cortex, possibly due to nonphysiologic activation of thalamofrontal projections or frequency-dependent neuroinhibition. Retroinsular regional cerebral blood flow decreases suggest an interaction of VIM stimulation on vestibular-thalamic-cortical projections that may explain dysequilibrium, a common and reversible stimulation-associated side effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. a.ceballos@lrz.tum.de
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Ceballos-Baumann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boecker
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fogel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alesch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bartenstein
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Diederich
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: von Falkenhayn
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Moringlane
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Tronnier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D020329:Essential Tremor / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020651:Ventral Thalamic Nuclei / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D014725:Vestibular Nerve / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology