title: Comparison of exhaust emissions from Swedish environmental classified diesel fuel (MK1) and European Program on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies (EPEFE) reference fuel: a chemical and biological characterization, with viewpoints on cancer risk.
abstract: Diesel fuels, classified as environmentally friendly, have been available on the Swedish market since 1991. The Swedish diesel fuel classification is based upon the specification of selected fuel composition and physical properties to reduce potential environmental and health effects from direct human exposure to exhaust. The objective of the present investigation was to compare the most stringent, environmentally classified Swedish diesel fuel (MK1) to the reference diesel fuel used in the "European Program on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies" (EPEFE) program. The study compares measurements of regulated emissions, unregulated emissions, and biological tests from a Volvo truck using these fuels. The regulated emissions from these two fuels (MK1 vs EPEFE) were CO (-2.2%), HC (12%), NOx (-11%), and particulates (-11%). The emissions of aldehydes, alkenes, and carbon dioxide were basically equivalent. The emissions of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 1-nitropyrene were 88% and 98% lower than those of the EPEFE fuel, respectively. The emissions of semi-volatile PAHs and 1-nitropyrene were 77% and 80% lower than those from the EPEFE fuel, respectively. The reduction in mutagenicity of the particle extract varied from -75 to -90%, depending on the tester strain. The reduction of mutagenicity of the semi-volatile extract varied between -40 and -60%. Furthermore, the dioxin receptor binding activity was a factor of 8 times lower in the particle extracts and a factor of 4 times lower in the semi-volatile extract than that of the EPEFE fuel. In conclusion, the MK1 fuel was found to be more environmentally friendly than the EPEFE fuel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. roger.westerholm@anchem.su.se
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Westerholm
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Törnqvist
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ehrenberg
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rannug
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjögren
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rafter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soontjens
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Almén
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grägg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005060:Europe; D005742:Gasoline / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D005742:Gasoline; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D001335:Vehicle Emissions