title: Prognostic factors and long-term results after surgery for gallbladder carcinoma: a retrospective study of 127 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The surgical management of gallbladder cancer is controversial, especially as to the indications for reoperation, extended resection, and aggressive treatment in advanced tumor stages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records and follow-ups of 127 patients with gallbladder carcinoma who underwent surgery between 1980 and 1997 were examined according to the pTNM and Nevin staging systems. Factors predictive for survival were obtained from histopathologic staging and surgical procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgery for gallbladder cancer was associated with an overall 5-year survival rate of 6.6%. Curative resection was possible in 35.5% of cases, which resulted in 5-year survival rates of 20%. Noncurative surgery revealed poor prognosis, with median survival time limited to 3.2 months, independently of macroscopic or microscopic tumor residues. None of the latter patients survived longer than 24 months. Surgery of stage I/II cancer showed a 5-year survival rate of 64.5%. In stage III/IV tumors, resectability was only 20.4%. However, curative surgery in advanced stages significantly increased median survival from 3.2 to 19.4 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only complete tumor resection can provide long-term survival, even in advanced stages. Because negative surgical margins and UICC stage are the strongest predictors for survival, reoperation is required with all incidental findings above the T1b stage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schauer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baretton
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Schildberg
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Rau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate