title: Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2): structure-function study of receptor activation by diverse peptides related to tethered-ligand epitopes.
abstract: Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a tethered-ligand, G-protein-coupled receptor that is activated by proteolytic cleavage or by small peptides derived from its cleaved N-terminal sequence, such as SLIGRL-NH2. To assess specific PAR activity, we developed an immortalized murine PAR-1 (-/-) cell line transfected with either human PAR-2 or PAR-1. A "directed" library of more than 100 PAR agonist peptide analogues was synthesized and evaluated for PAR-2 and PAR-1 activity to establish an in-depth structure-function profile for specific action on PAR-2. The most potent agonist peptides (EC50 = 2-4 microM) had Lys at position 6, Ala at position 4, and pFPhe at position 2; however, these also exhibited potent PAR-1 activity (EC50 = 0.05-0.35 microM). We identified SLIARK-NH2 and SL-Cha-ARL-NH2 as relatively potent, highly selective PAR-2 agonists with EC50 values of 4 microM. Position 1 did not tolerate basic, acidic, or large hydrophobic amino acids. N-Terminal capping by acetyl eliminated PAR-2 activity, although removal of the amino group reduced potency by just 4-fold. At position 2, substitution of Leu by Cha or Phe gave equivalent PAR-2 potency, but this modification also activated PAR-1, whereas Ala, Asp, Lys, or Gln abolished PAR-2 activity; at position 3, Ile and Cha were optimal, although various amino acids were tolerated; at position 4, Ala or Cha increased PAR-2 potency 2-fold, although Cha introduced PAR-1 activity; at position 5, Arg or Lys could be replaced successfully by large hydrophobic amino acids. These results with hexapeptide C-terminal amides that mimic the native PAR-2 ligand indicate structural modes for obtaining optimal PAR-2 activity, which could be useful for the design of PAR-2 antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Drug Discovery, The R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA. bmaryano@prius.jnj.com
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Maryanoff
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Santulli
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: McComsey
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoey
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Addo
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Darrow
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andrade-Gordon
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D019020:Directed Molecular Evolution; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D019151:Peptide Library; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin / Q000819:agonists* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D019151:Peptide Library; D010455:Peptides; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin; D002118:Calcium