title: Association between the prevalence of antibodies to beta(2)-glycoprotein I, prothrombin, protein C, protein S, and annexin V in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and thrombotic and thrombocytopenic complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anti-phospholipid (aPL) antibodies (Abs) frequently found in the plasma of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been associated with thrombotic complications. Our aim was to clarify the roles in thrombosis of aPL Abs that react with complexes of phospholipids and plasma proteins such as beta(2)-glycoprotein I (beta(2)-GPI), prothrombin, protein C, protein S, and annexin V.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the prevalence of aPL Abs to various phospholipid-binding plasma proteins in SLE patients with arterial thrombosis (30 cases), venous thrombosis (19 cases), thrombocytopenia (14 cases), fetal loss (14 cases), and patients without complications (91 cases). The aPL Abs were measured by an ELISA system in which human plasma proteins (beta(2)-GPI, prothrombin, protein C, protein S, and annexin V) were immobilized on gamma-irradiated or plain polystyrene plates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All types of aPL Abs were frequently observed in the patients with SLE when gamma-irradiated polystyrene plates were used (51 of 168 cases positive for anti-beta(2)-GPI, 94 of 168 cases positive for anti-prothrombin, 36 of 168 cases positive for anti-protein C, 47 of 168 cases positive for anti-protein S, and 50 of 168 cases positive for anti-annexin V), whereas no Abs to these plasma proteins were detected when plain polystyrene plates were used. Multivariate analysis confirmed that both anti-beta(2)-GPI and anti-prothrombin Abs were significant risk factors for arterial thrombosis [odds ratios (ORs), 8.8 and 14.5, respectively; 95% confidence intervals (CIs), 3.2-25 and 1.8-116, respectively] but not for venous thrombosis. The presence of anti-protein S Abs was a significant risk factor for venous thrombosis (OR, 30.4; CI, 3.3-281) but not for arterial thrombosis. The only significant risk factor for fetal loss was the presence of anti-annexin V Abs (OR, 5.9; CI, 1.4-14.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with SLE frequently have some aPL Abs to beta(2)-GPI, prothrombin, protein C, protein S, and annexin V. Thrombotic complications in SLE may depend on the antigenic specificities of these Abs, alone or in combination.
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory for Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Hospital, 2-15 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. nojima@hp-lab.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nojima
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuratsune
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suehisa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Futsukaichi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamanishi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Machii
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwatani
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanakura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000276:immunology; D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000032:analysis; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor / Q000032:analysis; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011486:Protein C / Q000276:immunology; D017293:Protein S / Q000276:immunology; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000276:immunology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D006023:Glycoproteins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor; D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I; D011516:Prothrombin