Novel methods for studying lipids and lipases and their mutual interaction at interfaces. Part II. Surface sensitive synchrotron X-ray scattering.
Monolayers of lipids have been studied for more than a century. During the past decade new insight into the field has resulted from the development of surface sensitive X-ray scattering methods utilizing synchrotron radiation: grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) and specular X-ray reflectivity (XR). These novel methods provide direct microscopic information about the systems in question and allow in situ investigations under near physiological conditions. GIXD gives information about the in-plane molecular structure, e.g., lattice symmetry and structural parameters; XR provides the electron density profile across the interface. The present review describes the theory, experimental procedures and sample requirements for surface sensitive X-ray scattering. An overview of recent results is presented as well, with special emphasis on biologically important systems, e.g., investigations by GIXD and/or XR of lipid and protein structures at interfaces and of lipid/protein interactions.
Jensen
T R
TR
Condensed Matter Physics and Chemistry Department, Risø National Laboratory, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark. trj@kemi.aau.dk
Balashev
K
K
Bjørnholm
T
T
Kjaer
K
K
D000388:Air; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D001671:Biochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D004583:Electrons; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008049:Lipase / Q000737:chemistry*; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D011485:Protein Binding; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D014965:X-Rays
D000596:Amino Acids; D008055:Lipids; D010455:Peptides; D014867:Water; D008049:Lipase