title: Structure of Cry2Aa suggests an unexpected receptor binding epitope.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetically modified (GM) crops that express insecticidal protein toxins are an integral part of modern agriculture. Proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) during sporulation mediate the pathogenicity of Bt toward a spectrum of insect larvae whose breadth depends upon the Bt strain. These transmembrane channel-forming toxins are stored in Bt as crystalline inclusions called Cry proteins. These proteins are the active agents used in the majority of biorational pesticides and insect-resistant transgenic crops. Though Bt toxins are promising as a crop protection alternative and are ecologically friendlier than synthetic organic pesticides, resistance to Bt toxins by insects is recognized as a potential limitation to their application.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have determined the 2.2 A crystal structure of the Cry2Aa protoxin by multiple isomorphous replacement. This is the first crystal structure of a Cry toxin specific to Diptera (mosquitoes and flies) and the first structure of a Cry toxin with high activity against larvae from two insect orders, Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera. Cry2Aa also provides the first structure of the proregion of a Cry toxin that is cleaved to generate the membrane-active toxin in the larval gut.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The crystal structure of Cry2Aa reported here, together with chimeric-scanning and domain-swapping mutagenesis, defines the putative receptor binding epitope on the toxin and so may allow for alteration of specificity to combat resistance or to minimize collateral effects on nontarget species. The putative receptor binding epitope of Cry2Aa identified in this study differs from that inferred from previous structural studies of other Cry toxins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Stroud
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000235:genetics; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D001665:Binding Sites; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; C095416:Cry toxin receptors; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis