title: Equity in access to exercise tolerance testing, coronary angiography, and coronary artery bypass grafting by age, sex and clinical indications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether patients with heart disease in a single UK hospital have equitable access to exercise testing, coronary angiography, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of patients' medical case notes (n = 1790), tracking each case back 12 months and forward 12 months from the patient's date of entry to the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single UK district hospital in the Thames Region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (elective and emergency) with a cardiac ICD inpatient code at discharge or death, or who were referred to cardiology or care of the elderly unit over a 12 month period in 1996-7 (new episodes) were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of 1790 hospital case notes revealed that, despite having indications for intervention identical to those of younger patients, older patients (that is, those aged > 75 years) and women, independently, were significantly less likely to undergo exercise tolerance testing (exercise ECG) and cardiac catheterisation. The similar trends for age and access to CABG did not achieve significance. While clinical priority scores also independently predicted access to cardiac catheterisation and CABG, considerable numbers of patients in high clinical priority groups were not referred for either procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The management and treatment of older patients and women with cardiac disease may be different from that of younger patients and men. Given the similarity of the indications for treatment and the lack of significant contraindications or comorbidities as a cause for these differences, one possible explanation is that these patients are being discriminated against principally because of their age and sex. Although clinical priority scores independently predicted access to catheterisation and CABG, large proportions of patients in high priority groups were not referred. This implies that the New Zealand priority scoring system may be more equitable than UK practice. The cost implications of redressing these inequities in service provision would be considerable.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ageing Population Studies, Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. rfpc0034@rfhsm.ac.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bowling
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McClay
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Banning
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dudley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Blackman
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016507:Cardiology Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D004739:England; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006767:Hospitals, District / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors