title: Effects of different levels of hypercapnic hyperoxia on tumour R(2)* and arterial blood gases.
abstract: The hypercapnia induced by carbogen (95% O(2)/5% CO(2)) breathing, which is being re-evaluated as a clinical radiosensitiser, causes patient discomfort and hence poor compliance. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that the CO(2) content might be lowered without compromising increased tumour oxygenation and radiosensitisation. This preclinical study was designed to see if lower levels of hypercapnia could evoke similar decreases in the transverse relaxation rate R(2)* of rodent tumours to those seen with carbogen breathing. The response of rat GH3 prolactinomas to 1%, 212% and 5% CO(2) in oxygen, and 100% O(2) breathing, was monitored by non-invasive multi-gradient echo MRI to quantify R(2)*. As the oxygenation of haemoglobin is proportional to the blood p(a)O(2) and therefore in equilibrium with tissue pO(2), R(2)* is a sensitive indicator of tissue oxygenation. Hyperoxia alone decreased R(2)* by 13%, whilst all three hypercapnic hyperoxic gases decreased R(2)* by 29%. Breathing 1% CO(2) in oxygen evoked the same decrease in R(2)* as carbogen. The DeltaR(2)* response is primarily consistent with an increase in blood oxygenation, though localised increases in tumour blood flow were also identified in response to hypercapnia. The data support the concept that levels of hypercapnia can be reduced without loss of enhanced oxygenation and hence potential radiotherapeutic benefit.
authors.affiliation: CRC Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Division of Biochemistry and Immunology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK. s.robinson@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stubbs
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D005260:Female; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D015175:Prolactinoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011920:Rats, Inbred WF; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C011700:carbogen; D010100:Oxygen