title: Isolation and identification of clozapine metabolites in patient urine.
abstract: Biotransformation products of the atypical neuroleptic clozapine were isolated from urine samples of three schizophrenic patients by solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction for the separation of unpolar and polar metabolites, and thin-layer chromatography followed by final purification by high-performance liquid chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry and (1)H NMR spectroscopy and in some cases by enzymatic deconjugation. Besides the known metabolites desmethylclozapine, clozapine N-oxide, 8-deschloro-8-hydroxyclozapine, and 8-deschloro-8-hydroxydesmethylclozapine, the unpolar fraction contained 7-hydroxyclozapine and a compound in which the piperazine ring of clozapine was partially degraded to an ethylenediamine derivative. Novel metabolites identified in the polar fraction were the sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of 7-hydroxyclozapine N-oxide, 8-deschloro-8-hydroxyclozapine-O-glucuronide, and the O-glucuronide of N-hydroxydesmethylclozapine; further conjugates were tentatively identified as 9-hydroxydesmethylclozapine-O-sulfate and 6-hydroxyclozapine-O-sulfate. In addition, the previously described conjugates 7-hydroxydesmethylclozapine-O-sulfate, 7-hydroxyclozapine-O-glucuronide and -O-sulfate, 8-deschloro-8-hydroxydesmethylclozapine-O-glucuronide, and the quaternary ammonium glucuronide of clozapine were detected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schaber
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wiatr
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wachsmuth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dachtler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gaertner
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Breyer-Pfaff
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000652:urine*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine