title: Venous augmentation of the free TRAM flap.
abstract: Venous congestion in a free TRAM or DIEP flap when the main pedicle is still patent (both the artery and the vein) is an occasional dire situation. Here, we describe ways of salvaging the free TRAM or DIEP flap from imminent loss. In the last 4 years, we have had three patients who developed venous congestion after the use of the TRAM or DIEP flap for breast reconstruction. This was detected as late as the third postoperative day in our first patient. On exploration, patent arterial and venous anastomoses were found. Fortunately, the opposite pedicle had been dissected and preserved with the flap. The patent congested vein in this pedicle was anastomosed to the cephalic vein using an interpositional vein graft, relieving the congestion. In the other two patients congestion was detected earlier and relieved using the superficial inferior epigastric vein. It has been our policy to dissect a length of the opposite pedicle and/or preserve a length of the superficial inferior epigastric vein or the superficial circumflex iliac vein. These can then be used to augment venous drainage if inadequacy is noted at the end of the operation or during the postoperative period.
authors.affiliation: St Andrew's Centre for Plastic Surgery, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, UK.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Niranjan
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Khandwala
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*