title: Tetraploid state induces p53-dependent arrest of nontransformed mammalian cells in G1.
abstract: A "spindle assembly" checkpoint has been described that arrests cells in G1 following inappropriate exit from mitosis in the presence of microtubule inhibitors. We have here addressed the question of whether the resulting tetraploid state itself, rather than failure of spindle function or induction of spindle damage, acts as a checkpoint to arrest cells in G1. Dihydrocytochalasin B induces cleavage failure in cells where spindle function and chromatid segregation are both normal. Notably, we show here that nontransformed REF-52 cells arrest indefinitely in tetraploid G1 following cleavage failure. The spindle assembly checkpoint and the tetraploidization checkpoint that we describe here are likely to be equivalent. Both involve arrest in G1 with inactive cdk2 kinase, hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma protein, and elevated levels of p21(WAF1) and cyclin E. Furthermore, both require p53. We show that failure to arrest in G1 following tetraploidization rapidly results in aneuploidy. Similar tetraploid G1 arrest results have been obtained with mouse NIH3T3 and human IMR-90 cells. Thus, we propose that a general checkpoint control acts in G1 to recognize tetraploid cells and induce their arrest and thereby prevents the propagation of errors of late mitosis and the generation of aneuploidy. As such, the tetraploidy checkpoint may be a critical activity of p53 in its role of ensuring genomic integrity.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), 38027 Grenoble Cedex 1, France.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.forename: O D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Lohez
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Lacroix
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Margolis
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002469:Cell Separation; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D003571:Cytochalasin B / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016193:G1 Phase; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D051379:Mice; D011123:Polyploidy; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; C493957:Cdkn1a protein, mouse; C493958:Cdkn1a protein, rat; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D014404:Tubulin; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C024794:dihydrocytochalasin B; D003571:Cytochalasin B; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; C495893:Cdk2 protein, mouse; C495892:Cdk2 protein, rat; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases