title: Molecular determinants of atrial and ventricular septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus.
abstract: Septation defects and patent ductus arteriosus are the most common human cardiovascular malformations (CVMs). Genetic factors play a major part in the origin of these malformations. Recent molecular analyses have shed light on several mendelian forms. In the autosomal dominant Holt-Oram syndrome, both atrial and ventricular septal defects are inherited in association with limb deformity as a result of mutations in the gene encoding the TBX5 transcription factor. Mutations in the NKX2.5 transcription factor gene cause autosomal dominant familial atrial septal defects in association with progressive atrioventricular block as well as complex congenital heart disease. Common atrial syndromes in autosomal dominant Ellis-van Creveld syndrome arise in the context of axial skeletal and limb malformation as a result of mutations in the EVC gene, whose function is unknown. Patent ductus arteriosus occurs in several syndromic forms of congenital heart disease, including Holt-Oram syndrome. Recent analyses of autosomal dominant Char syndrome, which includes, with variable penetrance, patent ductus arteriosus as well as craniofacial and hand malformations, have shown that the syndrome is caused by mutations in the TFAP2B transcription factor gene. Ongoing analyses are poised to determine the contribution of these genes as well as others yet to be identified to common, sporadic forms of congenital heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Basson
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000473:pathology; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000196:embryology / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D004613:Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D004694:Endocardial Cushion Defects / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000473:pathology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000166:cytology; D010375:Pedigree; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D013577:Syndrome; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D029867:Xenopus Proteins
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C406058:EVC protein, human; D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C095552:NKX2-5 protein, human; C484469:Nkx2-5 protein, mouse; D011506:Proteins; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; C103172:T-box transcription factor 5; C493677:TFAP2B protein, human; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins