title: The ABC transporter BcatrB from Botrytis cinerea is a determinant of the activity of the phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil.
abstract: This study demonstrates that the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter BcatrB from Botrytis cinerea influences the activity of phenlpyrrole fungicides against the pathogen. This conclusion is based on toxicity assays and northern analysis experiments which show that BcatrB replacement mutants, which do not express the BcatrB gene, show an increased sensitivity to the phenylpyrrole fungicides fludioxonil and fenpiclonil. Mutants overexpressing BcatrB exhibit a decreased sensitivity to these fungicides. In addition, accumulation of fludioxonil by BcatrB replacement mutants was higher than by wild-type isolates. For mutants overexpressing BcatrB the reverse was observed. Additional ABC and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter genes were identified in an expressed sequence tag (EST) database, suggesting that B cinerea has gene families of ABC and MFS transporters. Corresponding fragments of ten ABC (BcatrC-BcatrN) and three MFS transporter genes (Bcmfs1-4) were cloned and characterised. Fludioxonil affected the transcript level of some members of these gene families in germlings during a short treatment with the fungicide at sub-lethal concentrations. Hence, other ABC and MFS transporters may affect the activity of phenylpyrrole fungicides as well. Other fungicides such as the anilinopyrimidine fungicide cyprodinil, the azole fungicide tebuconazole, the dicarboximide fungicide iprodione and the strobilurin fungicide trifloxystrobin also induced transcription of some of the ABC and MFS transporter genes identified. Therefore, we propose that various ABC and MFS transporters function in protection of the fungus against fungicides and are involved in multi-drug resistance development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schoonbeek
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: De Waard
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D020171:Botrytis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D020459:Genes, rRNA; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009154:Mutation; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D004149:Dioxoles; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D011758:Pyrroles; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C108339:fludioxonil