title: Noncovalent interactions between tetrazole and an N,N'-diethyl-substituted benzamidine.
abstract: Amidines have long been known to form strong noncovalent complexes with carboxylates and phosphates. However, their interaction with tetrazoles, which are acidic heterocycles and important bioisosteric replacements for carboxylic acids in medicinal chemistry, has remained unexplored so far. The binding of a tetrazole to an N,N'-diethyl-substituted benzamidine has been studied for the first time by X-ray crystallography, solution NMR methods, and electrospray mass spectrometry. The amidinium group of model complex 3 was found to prefer an E,Z configuration in the crystal. Benzamidinium and tetrazolate groups alternate along an infinite chain of hydrogen bonds and salt bridges between the amidine-NH groups and the two tetrazole-N atoms next to the ring carbon. In solution, a 1:1 complex was evident from Job's method of continuous variation, and an association constant of 4.0 x 10(3) +/- 1.6 x 10(3) M(-)(1) (in CDCl(3)/CD(3)CN, 6:1) could be determined by (1)H NMR dilution experiments. Tetrazolate was not only found to be a weaker ligand than carboxylates but, surprisingly, the binding mode also changed with concentration in neat CDCl(3). At low concentrations, the amidine group in complex 3 adapted an E,E configuration as it does in a related carboxylic acid complex 4. With increasing concentration, the E,Z isomer starts to predominate. A free activation enthalpy DeltaG(298)() of 64 +/- 1 kJ mol(-)(1) for the E,E to E,Z isomerization was determined by line shape analysis at different magnetic fields. Binding strength was further probed in a competition experiment between a bisamidine, a carboxylate, and a tetrazolate by electrospray mass spectrometry.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie II, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fröhlich
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kraft
mesh_terms: D001550:Benzamidines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D008024:Ligands; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D012997:Solvents / Q000494:pharmacology; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001550:Benzamidines; D008024:Ligands; D012997:Solvents; D013777:Tetrazoles