title: High prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in Mexican males: comparative study of penile-urethral swabs and urine samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although extensive information has been gathered about the prevalence and determinants of human papillomavirus infection among women, little is known about the prevalence and natural history of this infection among males.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the potential usefulness of urine specimens to assess the presence of genital human papillomavirus DNA infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a study of 120 healthy men from Cuernavaca, Mexico. A urine specimen and urethral and coronal sulcus swab samples were collected and tested for human papillomavirus using the GP5+/6+ polymerase chain reaction enzyme immunoassay method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 95% of the urethral-coronal sulcus samples, the beta-globin gene was detectable, indicating adequacy of the specimen for DNA amplification; however, only 14% of the urine specimens had detectable beta-globin. Removal of inhibitors by DNA purification in a sample of subjects produced beta-globin amplification, but no increase in human papillomavirus DNA positivity was detected. Human papillomavirus DNA was not detectable in penile-urethral swab samples in any of the subjects who reported not having engaged in sexual activity but was present in 43% of men who reported sexual activity, a strong indication of the sexual transmission of human papillomavirus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human papillomavirus is a common sexually transmitted infection among Mexican males, and urine sample specimens cannot adequately detect the presence of this infection in males.
authors.affiliation: Center for Population Health Research-National Institute of Public Health of Cuernavaca Morelos, Mexico. elazcano@insp3.insp.mx
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lazcano-Ponce
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herrero
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Avila
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salmerón
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leyva
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Walboomers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D010413:Penis / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D014521:Urethra / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D005914:Globins