title: Continuous measurement of breathlessness during exercise: validity, reliability, and responsiveness.
abstract: A continuous method for recording changes in breathlessness (dyspnea) during exercise is introduced and compared with the traditional discrete method. In study 1, a category-rating scale was presented on a computer screen, and 14 healthy, young female subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer until exhaustion. Two approaches were used to obtain ratings of breathlessness: a discrete method, in which subjects gave single judgments every minute, and a continuous method, in which subjects throughout exercise moved the mouse so that a bar on the screen extended to the desired location along the scale. Psychophysical results relating measures of breathlessness and the variables of work, oxygen consumption, and minute ventilation were statistically indistinguishable with the two methods, and both methods were highly reliable across test sessions. In study 2, both measurement methods were employed, and the subjects were 14 healthy, young males. In each of two sessions (discrete or continuous method), subjects first rated their breathlessness during an incremental test in which the workload was increased over time and levels of work, and minute ventilation were recorded. Subjects then exercised for 10 min at 60% of the maximal oxygen consumption achieved during the incremental test. At two points during steady-state exercise, a respiratory load was introduced that lasted for 1 min. It was possible to determine the responsiveness of subjects to onset and offset of the respiratory load for the continuous method but not for the discrete method. In study 3, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease employed both methods, and it was found that the continuous method was better at determining whether subjects showed a significant positive slope of the regression line between breathlessness ratings and physiological variables.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon 03756-0001, USA. donald.a.mahler@hitchock.org
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mahler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mejia-Alfaro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Baird
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*