title: Bone mineral decrements in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: frequency of occurrence and risk factors for their development.
abstract: We assessed the clinical and treatment factors that predispose survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to low bone mineral density (BMD). Using quantitative computed tomography, we determined the frequency of low BMD (defined as >1.645 standard deviations (SD) below the mean) in leukemia survivors treated with multiagent chemotherapy including prednisone and antimetabolite. All participants had completed therapy at least 4 years earlier, remained in continuous complete remission, and had no second malignancies. We statistically correlated BMD results with patient characteristics and treatment histories. Among 141 survivors (median age, 15.9 years; median time after diagnosis, 11.5 years), median BMD z score was -0.78 SD (range, -3.23 to 3.61 SDs). Thirty participants (21%; 95% confidence interval, 15% to 29%) had abnormally low BMD, a proportion significantly (P < 0.0001) greater than the expected 5% in normal populations. Risk factors for BMD decrements included male sex (P = 0.038), Caucasian race (P < 0.0001), and cranial irradiation (P= 0.0087). BMD inversely correlated with cranial irradiation dose. BMD z scores of patients who received higher doses of antimetabolites were lower than those of other patients. Childhood ALL survivors are at risk to have low BMD, especially males, Caucasians, and those who received cranial irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kaste
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones-Wallace
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Boyett
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Lustig
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Pui
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hudson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects; D001827:Body Height; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016371:Cranial Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017741:Survivors
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic