title: Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by percutaneous laser hyperthermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The majority of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are unsuitable for partial liver resection or transplantation because of unfavorable tumor characteristics or underlying severe liver disease. Techniques of in situ tumor ablation may be an alternative to resection and have the advantage of reduced morbidity and mortality. Percutaneous laser-induced hyperthermia produces predictable areas of tumor necrosis with minimal complications. This study assesses the effectiveness of percutaneous interstitial laser hyperthermia in eight patients with hepatocellular carcinoma occurring on a background of chronic liver disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with confirmed HCC with less than five tumor nodules of less than 7 cm maximum diameter were selected for treatment. Tumor response was monitored by dynamic CT, alpha-fetoprotein levels and liver function tests. Patients were discharged within 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were six males and two females, with liver disease of Child-Pugh grade C in five, and grade B in the others. Two patients had tumor recurrence following previous segmental resection. Four had solitary lesions, and individual lesion size ranged between 3 and 7 cm. Avascularity and significant necrosis of the tumor was achieved on all lesions less than 4 cm, but was unsuccessful in tumors greater than 5 cm despite repeated treatments. Survival of patients ranged from 3 to 18 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous laser hyperthermia produces significant tumor necrosis and has the advantage of low morbidity, and cost effectiveness. Further refinement is needed to achieve elimination of viable tumor cells at the tumor host interface by further knowledge of appropriate dosimetry levels, manipulation of blood flow and synergistic effects with other therapeutic modalities.
authors.affiliation: Monash University Department of Surgery, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia. Chris.Christophi@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christophi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Muralidharan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed