title: Bioreductive metabolism of mitomycin C in EMT6 mouse mammary tumor cells: cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic pathways, leading to different types of DNA adducts. The effect of dicumarol.
abstract: The six DNA adducts formed in EMT6 mouse mammary tumor cells upon treatment with mitomycin C (MC) fall into two groups: (1) four guanine adducts of MC and (2) two guanine adducts derived from 2,7-diaminomitosene (2,7-DAM), the major reductive metabolite of MC. The two groups of adducts were proposed to originate from two pathways arising from reductive activation of MC: (a) direct alkylation of DNA and (b) formation of 2,7-DAM, which then alkylates DNA. The aim of this study was to test the validity of this proposal and to evaluate the significance of alkylation of DNA by 2,7-DAM. Treatment of the cells with 2,7-DAM itself yielded the same 2,7-DAM-guanine adducts as treatment with MC; however, 2,7-DAM was approximately 100-fold less cytotoxic than MC. The uptake and efflux of 2,7-DAM by EMT6 cells was comparable to that of MC, but 2,7-DAM alkylated DNA with higher efficiency than MC. These results validate the two proposed pathways and show that formation of 2,7-DAM-DNA adducts in MC-treated cells represents a relatively non-toxic pathway of reductive metabolism of MC. A selective stimulatory effect of dicumarol (DIC) on 2,7-DAM-DNA adduct formation in EMT6 cells treated with MC was also investigated. DIC had no effect on alkylation by MC in cell-free systems, nor did it have significant effects on adduct formation or cell survival for cells treated with 2,7-DAM. It is proposed that in the cell DIC stimulates a reductase enzyme located at subcellular sites where the activated MC species has no direct access to DNA and therefore is diverted into the non-cytotoxic pathway, which leads to the formation of 2,7-DAM and its adducts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Palom
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Belcourt
authors.forename: L Q
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sartorelli
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pritsos
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Pritsos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rockwell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomasz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002474:Cell-Free System; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000378:metabolism*; D001728:Dicumarol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal; D051379:Mice; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008937:Mitomycins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009245:NADH Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000378:metabolism*; D014316:Tritium; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014968:Xanthine Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018736:DNA Adducts; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008937:Mitomycins; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014316:Tritium; D016685:Mitomycin; C056707:2,7-diaminomitosene; D001728:Dicumarol; D014968:Xanthine Dehydrogenase; D009245:NADH Dehydrogenase