title: Strategies for risk assessment and control in welding: challenges for developing countries.
abstract: Metal arc welding ranges from primitive (manual) to increasingly complex automated welding processes. Welding occupies 1% of the labour force in some industrialised countries and increasing knowledge of health risks, necessitating improved assessment strategies and controls have been identified by the International Institute of Welding (IIW), ILO, WHO and other authoritative bodies. Challenges for developing countries need to be addressed. For small scale production and repair work, predominantly by manual metal arc on mild steel, the focus in developing economies has correctly been on control of obvious physical and acute health affects. Development introduces more sophisticated processes and hazards. Work pieces of stainless steel and consumables with chromium, nickel and manganese constituents are used with increasingly complex semi-manual or automated systems involving variety of fluxes or gasses. Uncritical adoption of new welding technologies by developing countries potentiates future health problems. Control should be integral at the design stage, otherwise substantive detriments and later costs can ensue. Developing countries need particular guidance on selection of the optimised welding consumables and processes to minimise such detriments. The role of the IIW and the MFRU are described. Applications of occupational hygiene principals of prevention and control of welding fume at source by process modification are presented.
authors.affiliation: Metal Fume Research Unit (MFRU), Environmental Science, University of BD7 1DP, Bradford, UK.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hewitt
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D003906:Developing Countries; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D007391:International Cooperation; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012308:Risk Management; D014896:Welding
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational