title: Fractures of the proximal third of the tibial shaft treated with intramedullary nails and blocking screws.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the technique and results of using blocking screws and intramedullary nails to treat patients with fractures of the proximal third of the tibial shaft.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level I trauma centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve consecutive patients treated with intramedullary nailing and blocking screws for fractures of the proximal third of the tibial shaft.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were treated with intramedullary nails and blocking screws.
  
  
  METHODS
  The alignment of fractures was determined using standard anteroposterior and lateral radiographs after surgery and at each follow-up examination. One patient was lost to follow-up. All other patients were followed at regular intervals until union or establishment of a nonunion. Changes in alignment and complications were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperatively, all patients had less than 5 degrees of angular deformity in the planes in which blocking screws were used to control alignment. One patient had postoperative malalignment (6 degrees of valgus), but a lateral blocking screw to control valgus deformity was not used in this patient. One patient was lost to follow-up. Eleven patients were followed up to union (n = 10) or establishment of a nonunion (n = 1). Ten of eleven patients maintained their postoperative fracture alignment at their last follow-up examination (average follow-up of thirty-three weeks). One patient progressed from 6 degrees of valgus immediately after surgery to 10 degrees of valgus at union. This patient did not have a blocking screw to control valgus angulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blocking screws are effective to help obtain and maintain alignment of fractures of the proximal third of the tibial shaft treated with intramedullary nails.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Boyle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borrelli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bellabarba
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sanders
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017760:Bone Malalignment / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D001858:Bone Nails; D001863:Bone Screws; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017102:Fracture Healing; D005599:Fractures, Ununited; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery*; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*