title: p21 gene regulation during enterocyte differentiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enterocyte differentiation is associated with a withdrawal from the cell cycle and the transcriptional activation of the cell cycle inhibitor, p21. We sought to define the molecular mechanisms involved in p21 gene activation in an in vitro system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transient transfections were performed in HT-29 cells with plasmids containing various 5' deletions of the p21 promoter upstream of the luciferase reporter -/+ the histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) expression plasmid. After 24 h, cells were treated -/+ 5 mM sodium butyrate (NaBu) or another histone hyperacetylating agent, trichostatin A (TSA, 0.3 microM) for 24 h. After protein extraction, luciferase activity was measured. Acid/urea/triton gel electrophoresis was performed to examine histone acetylation in cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NaBu and TSA both caused histone H4 hyperacetylation. Both NaBu and TSA caused a marked increase in the transactivation of plasmids containing 291 bp of the p21 promoter upstream of the transcriptional start site, similar to that previously seen for a 2.4-kb construct. A decrease in reporter gene induction was seen between 173 and 153 bp. This was followed by a marked increase in promoter induction from 143 to 117 bp. Finally, only low basal activity was seen in the case of the 93-bp plasmid. HDAC1 blocked NaBu-mediated induction of all plasmids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  p21 gene activation during HT-29 cell differentiation occurs via at least two regions of cis-acting elements: one located between -93 and -117 bp, and the other between -173 and -291 bp. Histone hyperacetylation likely plays a role in this activation.
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. sarcher@caregroup.harvard.edu
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hodin
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D001483:Base Sequence; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000235:genetics*; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000502:physiology; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000502:physiology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000502:physiology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D007527:Isoenzymes; C012589:trichostatin A; D006655:Histone Deacetylases