title: Learning oral presentation skills: a rhetorical analysis with pedagogical and professional implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral presentation skills are central to physician-physician communication; however, little is known about how these skills are learned. Rhetoric is a social science which studies communication in terms of context and explores the action of language on knowledge, attitudes, and values. It has not previously been applied to medical discourse. We used rhetorical principles to qualitatively study how students learn oral presentation skills and what professional values are communicated in this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient general medicine service in a university-affiliated public hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve third-year medical students during their internal medicine clerkship and 14 teachers.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred sixty hours of ethnographic observation. including 73 oral presentations on rounds. Discoursed-based interviews of 8 students and 10 teachers. Data were qualitatively analyzed to uncover recurrent patterns of communication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Students and teachers had different perceptions of the purpose of oral presentation, and this was reflected in performance. Students described and conducted the presentation as a rule-based, data-storage activity governed by "order" and "structure." Teachers approached the presentation as a flexible means of "communication" and a method for "constructing" the details of a case into a diagnostic or therapeutic plan. Although most teachers viewed oral presentations rhetorically (sensitive to context), most feedback that students received was implicit and acontextual, with little guidance provided for determining relevant content. This led to dysfunctional generalizations by students, sometimes resulting in worse communication skills (e.g., comment "be brief" resulted in reading faster rather than editing) and unintended value acquisition (e.g., request for less social history interpreted as social history never relevant).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Students learn oral presentation by trial and error rather than through teaching of an explicit rhetorical model. This may delay development of effective communication skills and result in acquisition of unintended professional values. Teaching and learning of oral presentation skills may be improved by emphasizing that context determines content and by making explicit the tacit rules of presentation.
authors.affiliation: Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif 94143-0862, USA. rhaber@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Haber
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lingard
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D011361:Professional Competence; D012945:Social Values