title: Botulinum toxin: evidence-based medicine criteria in blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm.
abstract: Botulinum A toxin is recognized and approved for symptomatic treatment of hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm. The state of trials is good, although double-blind placebo-controlled studies have been carried out involving only a small number of cases. Open case control studies have been done with large patient collectives. In both indications, treatment with botulinum toxin reaches the highest EBM degree in a critical evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik Aukammallee 33 65191 Wiesbaden, Germany. jost@botulinumtoxin.de
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Jost
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kohl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019569:Hemifacial Spasm / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A