title: Atomic force microscopic study of commercially available implant abutments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical studies have reported a correlation between the surface roughness of implant abutments and the rate of supragingival and subgingival plaque formation. In order to maintain periimplant health, it is important to understand the relationship between abutment surface characteristics and plaque formation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to use high image resolution imaging techniques for analysis of implant abutment surface topography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five commercially available implant abutments (Brånemark, Nobel Biocide, AB, Goteborg, Sweden, Astra, Astra Tech AB, Mondal, Sweden, IMZ, Friatec AG, Mannheim, Germany, Steri-Oss, Denar Corp, Anaheim, Calif, USA, and POI, Kyocera Corp, Kyoto, Japan) were visually and quantitatively characterized using an atomic force microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis by analysis of variance and Fishers's Protected Least Significant Differences showed significant differences (p < .05) between arithmetic mean deviation values of surface relative to the center plane (Sa). Power spectral density analysis also was effective as a spacing parameter. Sectional profiles measured the exact length, depth, or height of the specific features on the images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limits of this study, the Brånemark, Astra and IMZ abutments displayed turning marks in x direction from the procedure. The Steri-Oss abutment showed smoothest surface among the five abutments tested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials/Handicap Research, Institute for Surgical Sciences, Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden. sawase@net.nagasaki-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawase
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wennerberg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hallgren
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Albrektsson
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000044:Dental Abutments; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants