title: PKC-delta inhibits anchorage-dependent and -independent growth, enhances differentiation, and increases apoptosis in CaCo-2 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies showed decreased protein kinase C (PKC)-delta expression in azoxymethane-induced rat and sporadic human colonic tumors. To elucidate the role of PKC-delta on the neoplastic phenotype of human colon cancer cells, we established stable transfectants of this isoenzyme in CaCo-2 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human PKC-delta complementary DNA was subcloned into 2 distinct metallothionein-regulated expression vectors. Polyclonal populations of PKC-delta transfectants were characterized by Western blotting. PKC-delta activity was measured in situ using a PKC-delta-specific substrate. Proliferation was determined by Coulter counter, and cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry. In vitro transformation was assessed by growth in soft agar and differentiation by changes in alkaline phosphatase and sucrase isomaltase. Apoptosis was evaluated by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the presence of Zn(2+), PKC-delta transfectants expressed a 4-fold increase in the protein and a 2-fold increase in activity of PKC-delta. PKC-delta transfectants exhibited a 30% decrease (P < 0.05) in cell growth and an enhanced differentiation phenotype. Increased PKC-delta expression induced a significant G0/G1 arrest, inhibited anchorage-independent growth (50%, P < 0.05), and caused a 2-fold increase in apoptosis (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our studies show that increased expression of PKC-delta inhibits anchorage-dependent and -independent growth, while inducing cellular differentiation and limiting survival of this human colon cancer cell line.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cerda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bissonnette
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Scaglione-Sewell
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khare
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mustafi
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Brasitus
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D016193:G1 Phase; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; C497258:PRKCD protein, human; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D015032:Zinc