title: Left-right asymmetry and cardiac looping: implications for cardiac development and congenital heart disease.
abstract: Proper morphogenesis and positioning of internal organs requires delivery and interpretation of precise signals along the anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and left-right axes. An elegant signaling cascade determines left- versus right-sided identity in visceral organs in a concordant fashion, resulting in a predictable left-right (LR) organ asymmetry in all vertebrates. The complex morphogenesis of the heart and its connections to the vasculature are particularly dependent upon coordinated LR signaling pathways. Disorganization of LR signals can result in myriad congenital heart defects that are a consequence of abnormal looping and remodeling of the primitive heart tube into a multi-chambered organ. A framework for understanding how LR asymmetric signals contribute to normal organogenesis has emerged and begins to explain the basis of many human diseases of LR asymmetry. Here we review the impact of LR signaling pathways on cardiac development and congenital heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 75390-9148, USA.
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kathiriya
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Srivastava
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000235:genetics; D002642:Chick Embryo; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005326:Fetal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D012857:Situs Inversus / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014781:Viscera / Q000002:abnormalities; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology; D000097577:Homeobox Protein PITX2
chemical_list: D005326:Fetal Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000097577:Homeobox Protein PITX2; C101485:homeobox protein PITX1; C433629:homeobox protein PITX3