title: Infection-mediated early-onset periodontal disease in P/E-selectin-deficient mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retrospective and correlation studies suggest that early-onset periodontal disease may be due to a deficiency in phagocyte function, a pathogenic oral biofilm, and/or dysregulated gingival cytokine expression. Increased susceptibility to periodontal disease is therefore thought to result from multiple risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested this hypothesis prospectively using P/E-selectin adhesion molecule deficient mice that mimic the human syndrome leukocyte adhesion deficiency II.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our studies demonstrate that, in comparison to wild type animals, P/E-/- mice exhibit: spontaneous, early onset alveolar bone loss which is significant by 6 weeks of age; a 10-fold elevation in bacterial colonization of their oral cavities; and elevated gingival tissue levels of the bone resorptive cytokine IL-1alpha. Alveolar bone loss is completely prevented by prophylactic antibiotic therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These experiments provide the first prospective evidence for the multiple risk factor hypothesis of periodontal disease, and validate the first animal model for early onset periodontitis in which both the microbiota and host response can be systematically manipulated. P/E-/- animals should be useful in testing the virulence of putative periodontal pathogens, in determining the role of host resistance factors in periodontitis, in exploring the proposed relationship(s) between infection mediated alveolar bone loss and systemic health disorders, and exploring their genetic relationships.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytokine Biology, Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. rniederman@forsyth.org
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niederman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Westernoff
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ullman-Culler
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Dewhirst
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Paster
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mayadas
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Hynes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stashenko
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis; D018370:Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D019040:E-Selectin; D007375:Interleukin-1; D019007:P-Selectin