title: A single-centre experience of retroperitoneoscopy using the balloon technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the experience in one centre of the efficacy and safety of retroperitoneal laparoscopic procedures (RLPs).
  
  
  METHODS
  During 1991-2000, 351 RLPs using the balloon technique were undertaken in 340 patients (mean age 34.9 years, range 4-74); the details and outcome were reviewed. Initial access was by the mini-open digital dissection technique in 152 and by the closed percutaneous technique in the remaining 199 procedures. Patients had not undergone previous retroperitoneal procedures, except for nine who had a percutaneous nephrostomy and eight ipsilateral abdominal surgery. There were 172 renal, seven adrenal, 97 ureteric, 50 gonadal, 13 lymphatic system, three vesical, two autonomic nervous system and seven vertebral RLPs. Nitrous oxide was used for pneumo-insufflation in 103 procedures, instead of CO2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RLP was successful in 318 of the 351 procedures (90.6%). The operative duration was 0.5-5.5 h, depending on the difficulty of the procedure and the presence or absence of adhesions. The overall incidence of complications was 12.9%, but decreased to 9% for the last 100 procedures. There were only five major complications, e.g. avulsion of the ureter, torn renal pelvis, colonic injury and severe hypotension, but none were related to balloon dissection. The mean blood loss was 37.7 mL and the reason for transfusion in three patients was not operative blood loss but displacement of the ligature in two and severe hypotension after removing a phaeochromocytoma in one. The mean duration of analgesic use was 2.5 days, the hospital stay 3 days and return to work 14 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retroperitoneal laparoscopy using the balloon technique is a reasonably safe, efficient and reliable minimally invasive procedure. The efficiency, efficacy and safety of RLPs depend more on experience than on the type of access technique, type of balloon or medium used to inflate the balloon. Balloon rupture causes no tissue damage, and expansion to approximately 800 mL in adults is safe if the retroperitoneal space has not previously been invaded. The use of nitrous oxide for pneumo-insufflation in the retroperitoneal space is safe if proper precautions are taken.
authors.affiliation: Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Bombay, India. ddgaur@vsnl.com
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Gaur
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rathi
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Ravandale
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gopichand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases; D008875:Middle Aged; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome