title: Chronic donepezil treatment is associated with slowed cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare rates of cognitive decline between probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients treated with long-duration cholinesterase inhibitors (ChE-Is) and those who remained untreated.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ChE-Is, including donepezil and tracrine, have shown beneficial effects on cognition and global functioning in patients with AD. The duration of these benefits is unknown because the longest double-blind placebo-controlled studies reported were only approximately 6 months long. Ethical concerns regarding randomization of patients to placebo for long periods make it difficult to undertake trials of longer duration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified patients in 4 AD centers who were or were not consistently treated with ChE-Is and who had demographic, psychometric and follow-up data. We compared 205 ChE-I-treated and 218 untreated AD patients on baseline variables hypothesized to differ between these groups, on baseline Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) scores and on rates of MMSE change at 1 year. The analysis was performed initially with all ChE-I-treated patients as a single group versus untreated subjects, and then with donepezil versus untreated subjects and tacrine versus untreated subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, treated and untreated patients differed with respect to age, education, ethnicity, percentage of community dwelling and exact days of follow-up (ANOVA and chi2) in several comparisons, but did not differ on baseline MMSE score. These baseline variables were highly intercorrelated. MMSE scores declined significantly more slowly after 1 year of ChE-I treatment compared to untreated patients (p = 0.05) after controlling for baseline differences in age, education, ethnicity and percentage of community dwelling. Slowing of decline was significant in the donepezil-treated patients (p = 0.007) but not in the tacrine-treated group (p = 0.33).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study, utilizing concurrent, nonrandomized controls, suggests that donepezil continues to have efficacy over at least the first year of therapy. Other studies are needed to determine whether the benefits are maintained beyond 1 year.
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (AGO-8664), Houston, Tex 77030-3498, USA. rdoody@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Doody
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farlow
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Massman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077265:Donepezil; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007189:Indans / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013619:Tacrine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007189:Indans; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D013619:Tacrine; D000077265:Donepezil