title: Anatomic review and topographic diagnosis.
abstract: Neuro-ophthalmologic disorders, affecting the afferent and efferent visual systems, are frequently encountered by ophthalmologists in clinical practice. This article focuses on aspects of ocular, orbital, and neuroanatomy that are most important to the diagnosis of afferent and efferent visual pathway lesions. The use of optic disc and fundus appearance, visual fields, and ocular motility and pupillary findings are emphasized in the discussions of topographical diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Division of Neuro-Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Balcer
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011681:Pupil Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012160:Retina / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology*