title: Enhanced efficiency of electrostatically charged insecticide aerosols.
abstract: The bioefficacy of a standard domestic aerosol insecticide has been compared with that of a similar spray in which the droplets were electrostatically charged. The aerosol was charged without the need for an external power supply, by enhancing natural charge separation processes that occur during atomisation. The charge-to-mass ratio achieved was 1.1 x 10(-4) C kg-1, compared with 2.2 x 10(-5) C kg-1 for the standard aerosol. Efficiency was assessed for insects in free flight. A direct space-spray application method was used to study the bioefficacy of these aerosols on houseflies, Musca domestica, and an indirect space-spray method on houseflies and mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus. Two levels of concentration of active ingredients were compared. At low concentrations of 1.57 g kg-1 of bioallethrin and 0.29 g kg-1 of bioresmethrin, the charged aerosol achieved a significant reduction in KDT50 (time at which 50% of the flies were knocked down), compared with the standard aerosol. In the direct spray application to houseflies, the KDT50 was reduced by 50%, while in the indirect spray the KDT50 was reduced by 40%. In the indirect spray of mosquitoes, the KDT50 was reduced by 22%. With higher active ingredient concentrations of 2.09 g kg-1 for bioallethrin and 0.39 g kg-1 for bioresmethrin, the charged aerosol also demonstrated faster knockdown than the standard, but the improvement was less marked. In the direct spray application to houseflies, the KDT50 was reduced by 21% compared with the standard aerosol, while in the indirect spray the KDT50 was reduced by 16%. In the indirect spray of mosquitoes, the KDT50 was reduced by 24%. The percentage mortality after 24 h was also increased with the charged aerosol. Charge carried by the droplets results in increased interception of the insecticide, as the droplets are attracted to the insects in flight and space charge effects within the aerosol could cause improved dispersion in the test chamber.
authors.affiliation: Bioelectrostatics Research Centre, Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK. lfw1@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Whitmore
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abela
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Rourke
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000494:pharmacology; D000487:Allethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D003465:Culex; D006793:Houseflies; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009026:Mortality; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055672:Static Electricity
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000487:Allethrins; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C018465:bioallethrin; C002842:bioresmethrin