title: Recording of subcutaneous glucose dynamics by a viscometric affinity sensor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a nonenzymatic sensor for glucose monitoring in subcutaneous tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  A continuously working affinity sensor based on the glucose-dependent viscosity of a sensitive liquid containing dextran and concanavalin A has been designed by arranging a microdialysis probe, two flow-resisting capillaries and two pressure transducers in a linear flow system. It allows synchronous processing of the viscosity of the sensitive liquid at the standard glucose concentration and the glucose concentration to be measured. In preliminary human trials the sensor was implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the forearm and its read-out was compared with capillary blood concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, the viscometric sensor shows a linear and long-term stable dependence on the glucose concentration without detectable drift. At the applied flow rate of the sensitive liquid (about 5 microliters/h) the technical delay is 5 to 10 min. The read-out of the implanted sensor followed the dynamics of the capillary blood glucose concentrations with a time-shift of 10 to 15 min but showed a systematic error when based on precalibration with polymer-free glucose solutions. After appropriate in vivo calibration, the read-out was in good or acceptable coincidence with capillary blood concentrations according to the error grid method and did not show any detectable reduction of sensitivity during the periods of measurement (up to 44 h). CONCLUSION/INTERPRETION: The viscometric-affinity sensor is an efficient tool for current research on glucose monitoring in the subcutaneous tissue and can potentially be further developed for routine clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Disetronic Medical Systems GmbH, Sulzbach/Ts., Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aulich
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Haueter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reihl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ehwald
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation; D002196:Capillaries; D003208:Concanavalin A; D003911:Dextrans; D005542:Forearm; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D017551:Microdialysis; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D012996:Solutions; D014160:Transducers, Pressure; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003911:Dextrans; D012996:Solutions; D003208:Concanavalin A