title: Role of matrix metalloproteinases in colorectal carcinogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure coexpression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 genes by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in benign and malignant phases of colorectal carcinogenesis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Matrix metalloproteinases degrade and remodel the extracellular matrix and have been implicated in facilitating carcinoma cells to invade and metastasize. MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 have been shown to be overexpressed in various carcinomas; however, simultaneous examination of these enzymes in human normal mucosa, adenoma, and carcinoma has not been performed to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1, 1998, and June 15, 2000, 40 patients underwent colectomy and harvest and snap-freezing of normal mucosa, adenoma, and carcinoma. Five patients had adenoma and carcinoma in the same specimen; 35 had either adenoma (n = 6) or carcinoma (n = 29). Taqman qRT-PCR methodology was used to measure MMP gene copy number and normalized to beta-actin RNA expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 62 +/- 4 years, with 22 men and 18 women. One fifth of the adenomas exhibited severe dysplasia. MMP-7 gene expression was significantly increased in adenomas (43 times normal mucosa) but did not increase further in carcinomas (50 times normal mucosa). MMP-2 and MMP-9 were not different in adenomas (1.8 and 1.4 times normal mucosa, respectively) but were elevated in carcinomas (2.2 and 1.8 times normal mucosa, respectively). There was no correlation between size or dysplasia in adenomas or AJCC stage in carcinomas and MMP gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overexpression of MMP-7 is an early event in the adenoma-to-carcinoma pathway, and expression does not appear to increase further in carcinomas. MMP-2 and MMP-9 appear to be primarily overexpressed in carcinomas. This may be one mechanism by which adenoma cells gain the ability to invade and carcinoma cells to metastasize.
authors.affiliation: Section of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama 35243, USA. marty.heslin@ccc.uab.edu
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Heslin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Diasio
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Urist
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020783:Matrix Metalloproteinase 7 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; D020783:Matrix Metalloproteinase 7; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9