title: Bladder exstrophy associated with complete urethral duplication: a rare malformation with excellent prognosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report the association of complete urethral duplication and bladder exstrophy in 5 males, and describe the main characteristics to achieve diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1983 to 2000, 5 males with single bladder exstrophy and complete urethral duplication were seen at 3 institutions. Although bladder exstrophy was obvious at birth, only 1 patient had the preoperative diagnosis of associated urethral duplication. All patients were evaluated with abdominal ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram after bladder closure and cystoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients were totally incontinent, including 4 after primary bladder exstrophy closure. Although it was initially unnoticed by the urologist, most patients had leakage from the tip of the penis during the Valsalva maneuver. In all cases bladder exstrophy was single and deeply situated in the pelvis with excellent elasticity. All patients had a normal sized penis with less severe dorsal chordee and conical shaped glans. The duplicate epispadiac urethra did not have a verumontanum. Only 1 of the 5 patients had the correct diagnosis made before primary closure of bladder exstrophy, while in the other 4 diagnosis of a duplicate ventral urethra was made at the time of epispadias or fistula repair. There were no other associated malformations. In all cases the dorsal epispadiac urethral plate was excised and bladder emptying occurred through the ventral urethra, which at cystoscopy had a normal verumontanum. Postoperatively, all patients became continent and voided with good flow through the ventral urethra and, as opposed to many cases of exstrophy and epispadias, had normal size and excellent cosmesis of the penis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete urethral duplication is a rare variant of the exstrophy-epispadias complex. Patients with this anomaly present with a larger and more deeply situated bladder plate than classical exstrophy and a larger penis. A high index of suspicion is necessary to make a preoperative diagnosis. Excision of the dorsal urethral plate and maintenance of the ventral urethra are the treatment of choice, resulting in a continence and normal voiding.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Pediatric Urology, Casablanca Children's Hospital, IbnRochd University Health Center, Casablanca, Morocco.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pippi Salle
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sibai
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fehri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brzezinski
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Homsy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000150:complications*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities*