title: Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as subacute delirium in an 82-year-old woman.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe an older patient with delirium attributed to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to review the literature on neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE in older people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report and literature review. MEDLINE search using terms systemic lupus erythematosus, neurologic, psychiatric, neuropsychiatric, autoantibodies (anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), antiphospholipid, anticardiolipin, anti-double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (anti-dsDNA), anti-Smith), and elderly. Additional articles obtained from hand-searched references and through experts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital (case report).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report and literature cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SLE is increasingly diagnosed in older adults. Onset is insidious and diagnosis is delayed because of a different clinical spectrum and immunological profile than in younger adults. Autoantibodies have an important role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric manifestations, while vasculitis is less common. Aggressive immunosuppressive therapy is typically indicated, although recent case reports suggest that lower doses may suffice. The American College of Rheumatology 1982 revised criteria may be inadequate to diagnose neuropsychiatric lupus in older persons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuropsychiatric symptoms can be prominent in older people, presenting features of SLE. This case illustrates the lowest dose of corticosteroids shown to be effective in an older patient with delirium due to SLE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Heckman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papaioannou
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Denburg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003693:Delirium / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis