title: Relative contributions of CYP2C9 and 2C19 to phenytoin 4-hydroxylation in vitro: inhibition by sulfaphenazole, omeprazole, and ticlopidine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relative contribution of cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2C9 and 2C19 to the formation of 5-(-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantion (HPPH) from phenytoin (PPH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hydroxylation of PPH to form HPPH was studied in vitro using human liver microsomes and microsomes from cDNA-transfected human lymphoblastoid cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Formation of HPPH from PPH in liver microsomes had a mean (+/- SEM) apparent Km [substrate concentration corresponding to 50% of maximal reaction velocity (Vmax)] of 23.6 +/- 1.8 mumol/l. Coincubation with the CYP2C9 inhibitor, sulfaphenazole (SPA), at 5 mumol/l reduced reaction velocity to less than 15% of control values. The mean inhibitor concentration at which 50% inhibition is achieved (IC50 value) for SPA versus PPH hydroxylation (0.49 microM) was similar to the SPA IC50 versus flurbiprofen hydroxylation (0.46 microM) and tolbutamide hydroxylation (0.7-1.5 microM). In contrast, the CYP2C19 inhibitor omeprazole (OME) at 10 mumol/l produced only a small degree of inhibition. Incubation of PPH with microsomes from cDNA-transfected human lymphoblastoid cells containing CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2D6, 2E1, or 3A4 yielded no detectable formation of HPPH. Only CYP2C9 and 2C19 had PPH hydroxylation activity, with apparent Km values for the high-affinity component of 14.6 mumol/l and 24.1 mumol/l, respectively. Based on Vmax values in liver microsomes, the Vmax and Km values in expressed CYPs and the relative abundance of the two isoforms in human liver, CYP2C9, and 2C19 were estimated to have relative contributions of 90% and 10%, respectively, to net intrinsic clearance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Formation of HPPH from PPH is mediated exclusively by CYP2C9 and 2C19, with CYP2C9 playing the major role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Giancarlo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venkatakrishnan
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Granda
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: von Moltke
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Greenblatt
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D013426:Sulfaphenazole / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D013426:Sulfaphenazole; D010672:Phenytoin; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C504573:CYP1A2 protein, human; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase; D009853:Omeprazole; D013988:Ticlopidine