title: The Cardiff Depression Study: a sib-pair study of dysfunctional attitudes in depressed probands and healthy control subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current cognitive theories propose that depression develops as a result of the interaction between dysfunctional cognitive schemata and environmental stressors. There is also consistent evidence of a substantial genetic contribution to depression. This study examines the familiality and stability of dysfunctional attitudes and attempts to distinguish whether they reflect trait vulnerability to depression or the state of being depressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 24-item Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS-24) was completed by 108 depressed probands and their nearest-aged siblings and 105 healthy control probands and their nearest-age siblings, at the time of a semi-structured clinical interview and 10-12 months later. Subjects also completed self-report measures of depressed mood on both occasions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measures of clinical depression were significantly correlated with DAS scores. At retest, DAS scores remained elevated despite improvement in mood, giving support for earlier findings, that dysfunctional attitudes remain active following recovery. The dependency subscale (DAS-D) of the DAS showed modest familiality, although there were no significant differences for DAS-D scores between the two groups of siblings. In a multiple regression analysis, current mood-state was the overwhelming predictor of DAS scores. However for DAS-D, gender as well as current mood influenced scores on this subscale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there was modest evidence for temporal stability and familiality for some DAS-24 subscale scores, dysfunctional attitudes were predominantly influenced by current low mood, and therefore reflect the state of being depressed rather than a familial vulnerability trait underpinning depression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Redman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadler
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGuffin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D001290:Attitude; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009679:Nuclear Family; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index