title: The risk for congenital heart defects in offspring of individuals with congenital heart defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital heart defects (CHDs) occur in approximately 1% of all live births. Although most CHDs are of unknown etiology, a family history of CHDs is a known risk factor, and offspring of individuals with CHDs are at a higher risk of having CHDs. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative risk for CHDs to offspring of individuals with CHDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence rates of CHDs in offspring of 203 individuals with CHDs and 282 individuals without CHDs were investigated. The study participants completed a questionnaire that included information on medical and reproductive history, lifestyle indicators, and family history of CHDs and other congenital malformations. The prevalence rates of CHDs in offspring were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of CHDs was 3.1% (18/575) in offspring of individuals with CHDs and 1.3% (8/589) in offspring of individuals without CHDs. The adjusted odds ratio for CHDs to offspring of parents with CHDs was 1.73 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.89-2.44, p=0.02). The estimated relative risk for offspring to females with CHD was higher than for males [2.3 (95% CI 1.1-4.7, p=0.03) versus 1.31 (95% CI 0.48-4.30, p=0.66), respectively]. There was no suggestion of association between CHDs and maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, and use of medication during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Offspring of parents with CHDs are at a higher risk for CHDs compared with the general population. Couples where one member is affected with CHD should receive pre-conceptional or pre-natal genetic counseling and should be informed about the magnitude of the potential risk of CHDs to the offspring.
authors.affiliation: The Israel Center for Disease Control, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel. icdcmg@trendline.co.il
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Romano-Zelekha
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hirsh
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blieden
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shohat
mesh_terms: D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009679:Nuclear Family; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires