title: Methodological considerations when conducting direct observation in an outdoor environment: our experience in local parks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper discusses some of the inherent methodological limitations of gathering data via direct observation using local parks as a case study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct observation was carried out in five parks on seven non-consecutive days in 1998 and on matched days in 1999. Information recorded for each person included the time of park entry and exit, gender, age group, and activity/ies undertaken while in the park. METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS: The location of the observation point, observer reliability, recording and accuracy of data, and specific issues related to outdoor observation areas should all be considered when designing a study incorporating direct observation as a data collection method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct observation can provide valuable information. However, pilot testing is essential for minimising potential problems associated with this method and optimising data quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The issues discussed in this paper provide a useful guide for other researchers undertaking direct observation in outdoor environments.
authors.affiliation: Health Promotion, Western Sydney Area Health Service, Parramatta BC, New South Wales. susanne-engelhard@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Engelhard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stubbs
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weston
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giles-Corti
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Milat
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Honeysett
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D009517:New South Wales; D019370:Observation / Q000379:methods*; D011998:Recreation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results