title: Rapid multiserotype detection of human rhinoviruses on optically coated silicon surfaces.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than 100 immunologically distinct serotypes of human rhinoviruses (HRV) have been discovered, making detection of surface exposed capsid antigens impractical. However, the non-structural protein 3C protease (3Cpro) is essential for viral replication and is relatively highly conserved among serotypes, making it a potential target for diagnostic testing. The thin film biosensor is an assay platform that can be formatted into a sensitive immunoassay for viral proteins in clinical specimens. The technology utilizes an optically coated silicon surface to convert specific molecular binding events into visual color changes by altering the reflective properties of light through molecular thin films.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a rapid test for detection of HRV by developing broadly serotype reactive antibodies to 3Cpro and utilizing them in the thin film biosensor format.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polyclonal antibodies to 3Cpro were purified and incorporated into the thin film assay. The in vitro sensitivity, specificity and multiserotype cross-reactivity of the 3Cpro assay were tested. Nasal washes from naturally infected individuals were also tested to verify that 3Cpro was detectable in clinical specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3Cpro assay is a 28-min, non-instrumented room temperature test with a visual limit of detection of 12 pM (picomolar) 3Cpro. In terms of viral titer, as few as 1000 TCID(50) equivalents of HRV2 were detectable. The assay detected 45/52 (87%) of the HRV serotypes tested but showed no cross-reactivity to common respiratory viruses or bacteria. The thin film assay detected 3Cpro in HRV-infected cell culture supernatants coincident with first appearance of cytopathic effect. Data are also presented demonstrating 3Cpro detection from clinical samples collected from HRV-infected individuals. The assay detected 3Cpro in expelled nasal secretions from a symptomatic individual on the first day of illness. In addition, 9/11 (82%) concentrated nasal wash specimens from HRV infected children were positive in the 3Cpro test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have described a novel, sensitive thin film biosensor for rapid detection of HRV 3Cpro. This test may be suitable for the point of care setting, where rapid HRV diagnostic test results could contribute to clinical decisions regarding appropriate antibiotic or antiviral therapy.
authors.affiliation: Thermo BioStar, Inc. 6655 Lookout Rd, Boulder, CO 80301, USA. r_ostroff@biostar.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ostroff
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ettinger
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: La
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rihanek
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zalman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meador
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Patick
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Worland
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Polisky
mesh_terms: D000086042:3C Viral Proteases; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D003139:Common Cold / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology; D003429:Cross Reactions; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007106:Immune Sera; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000821:virology; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012703:Serotyping; D012825:Silicon; D014764:Viral Proteins; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007106:Immune Sera; D014764:Viral Proteins; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D000086042:3C Viral Proteases; D012825:Silicon