title: Early assessment of apoptosis in isolated islets of Langerhans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is substantial evidence to link early graft loss after islet transplantation to isolation-induced islet cell apoptosis. Measurement of caspase 3 activity and detection of the lost cell membrane asymmetry, revealed by annexin V binding, are newly available assays that allow the analysis of early events of apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we compared these tests with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and analysis of DNA fragmentation after gel electrophoresis in freshly isolated islets obtained from rats, before and after treatment with interleukin-1 beta, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor a, cytokines known to induce islet cell damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A measurable level of apoptosis was observed the day after isolation when caspase 3 activity and annexin V binding were used as assays, although no substantial DNA fragmentation was detected with TUNEL assay and DNA gel electrophoresis. Baseline caspase 3 activity was 0.8+/-0.3 U/100 islet equivalents and it increased to 1.4+/-0.45 U/100 islet equivalents 3 hr after cytokine stimulation (P<0.05 vs. unstimulated islets). The baseline level of apoptosis, as detected by annexin V binding, was 21.1%+/-5.8%, and it increased to 27.5%+/-8.1% 6 hr after addition of the cytokine cocktail (P<0.01 vs. unstimulated islets). An increase in the number of TUNEL-positive nuclei was detected 24 hr after stimulation and peaked at 48 hr. DNA laddering was also evident 24 hr after cytokine treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that measurement of caspase 3 activity and annexin V binding analysis might represent reliable markers of early events of islet cell apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Institute, and the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cattan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berney
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schena
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Molano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pileggi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vizzardelli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ricordi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Inverardi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D015415:Biomarkers; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D015415:Biomarkers; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases