title: The overlap of Inr and TATA elements sets the use of alternative transcriptional start sites in the mouse galectin-1 gene promoter.
abstract: In the mouse gene encoding the protein galectin-1, transcription initiation at the +1 site is directed by a TATA box. Here we show that a consensus Inr element (TCCAGTT), which spans residues -34 to -28 and overlaps the TATA box, directs RNA initiation also from a previously uncharacterized site located at position -31. Upstream transcripts are polyadenylated and contribute to more than half of the galectin-1 mRNA population in all tissues analyzed. The promoter architecture is evolutionarily conserved to man, and galectin-1 mRNA size variants accumulate also in human HeLa cells. The 5' end terminus of the transcripts initiated at residue -31 is extremely GC-rich, and may fold into a relative stable hairpin which could influence translation and thus modulate the intracellular levels of galectin-1. The interval -63/+45 contains sufficient information to ensure RNA initiation from both -31 and +1 sites, and a Sp1 site spanning residues -57 to -48 is crucial for promoter functioning. The unusual overlap of core promoter elements suggests that RNA initiation from the -31 and the +1 sites may take place in a sequential manner.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Gregorio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chiariotti
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Di Nocera
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D037483:Galectin 1; D006388:Hemagglutinins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D006163:Ribonuclease T1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016385:TATA Box; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D037483:Galectin 1; D006388:Hemagglutinins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D006163:Ribonuclease T1