title: A placebo-controlled clinical trial of regular monotherapy with short-acting and long-acting beta(2)-agonists in allergic asthmatic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some recent studies suggest that regular beta(2)-agonist use may result in inadequate control of asthma. It has been hypothesized that this occurs particularly in allergic asthmatic patients exposed to relevant allergens. Moreover, it is still unclear whether this occurs during the use of both short-acting and long-acting beta(2)-agonists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Asthmatic patients (n = 145) allergic to house dust mite (HDM) were randomly allocated to monotherapy with a short-acting beta(2)-agonist (SA; n = 48), a long-acting beta(2)-agonist (LA; n = 50), or placebo (n = 47), double blind, double dummy. The study covered three periods: (1) a 4-week run-in period, in which no changes took place; followed by (2) cessation of treatment with asthma medication including inhaled corticosteroids, introduction of allergen avoidance measures (active/placebo treatment) to lower HDM exposure in the active group, and an 8-week washout period to adjust patients to these changes; followed by (3) a 12-week study medication period. At the start of the 12-week medication period, and every 4 weeks thereafter, spirometric measurements (FEV(1) and provocative concentration of histamine causing a 20% fall in FEV(1) [PC(20)]) were performed. Peak flow and asthma symptoms were recorded daily. Additionally, at the start and every 6 weeks thereafter, dust samples were collected from mattresses and living room and bedroom floors to assess HDM (der p 1) concentrations. Effects on FEV(1), PC(20), peak flow, and asthma symptoms were analyzed with repeated-measurement analysis and corrected for the exposure to HDM allergens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences among the three medication groups after 12 weeks for FEV(1). However, a significant decrease in mean FEV(1) percent predicted (95% confidence interval [CI]) was observed within the SA group: - 6.6 (- 10.4 to - 2.8) (p = 0.0002). A decrease in geometric mean PC(20) (95% CI) of - 1.2 (- 1.96 to - 0.44) doubling concentration was observed within the SA group (p = 0.05). No significant changes in FEV(1) and PC(20) were observed > 12 weeks within the LA group or the placebo group. There were neither changes in peak flow and asthma symptom scores among the three medication groups nor within the groups. Moreover, none of the parameters showed interactive effects with allergen exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no significant differences among the three medication groups for FEV(1) and PC(20). The within-treatment group comparison showed a significant small decline in FEV(1) for the SA group (but not for the LA group), which could indicate that monotherapy with SAs might have negative effects on FEV(1). This was not seen during regular use of LAS: No clear pathophysiologic mechanism can explain these findings at the moment. Relatively high or low exposure to allergens did not alter these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Social Medicine, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. S.Cloosterman@hsv.kun.nl
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Cloosterman
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Bijl-Hofland
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: van Herwaarden
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Akkermans
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Den Elshout
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Folgering
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van Schayck
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000420:Albuterol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000485:Allergens; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004391:Dust; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008925:Mites; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000485:Allergens; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004391:Dust; D004983:Ethanolamines; D000420:Albuterol; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate