title: Incidence and inheritance of resistance to METI-acaricides in European strains of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) (Acari: Tetranychidae).
abstract: A strain of Tetranychus urticae (Koch; Acari: Tetranychidae), collected from hops (Humulus humuli L; Cannabaceae) in England with a short history of tebufenpyrad use, exhibited resistance to four METI (mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor)-acaricides; tebufenpyrad, pyridaben, fenazaquin and fenpyroximate. Resistance factors for these compounds in a microimmersion assay were 46, 346, 168 and 77 respectively, and corresponded to those exhibited by a Japanese METI-acaricide-resistant reference strain. Levels of resistance remained stable without further selection, and selection with tebufenpyrad did not increase them. The UK strain was also resistant (c 6-fold) to bifenthrin. Crosses of homozygous, diploid females with hemizygous, haploid males showed that, in the UK strain, METI-acaricide resistance was paternally and maternally inherited, and was an incompletely dominant trait. Another tebufenpyrad-resistant strain from the UK, originating from a chrysanthemum nursery (Chrysanthemum foeniculaceum Giseke; Asteraceae) was collected eight months later at a site c 210 km distant from the first. These are the first published incidences of METI-acaricide resistance in Europe and implications for the future use of these compounds are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Biological and Ecological Chemistry Department, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK. greg.devine@bbsrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Devine
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Denholm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001565:Benzoates / Q000494:pharmacology; D001681:Biological Assay; D002188:Cannabis; D011723:Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D005060:Europe; D005111:Extrachromosomal Inheritance; D007887:Fabaceae; D005260:Female; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008925:Mites / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012098:Reproduction
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D007306:Insecticides; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D011724:Pyridazines; D011799:Quinazolines; C429623:4-chloro-N-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3-ethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide; C428725:pyridaben; C099952:bifenthrin; C415144:fenpyroximate; C087876:fenazaquin