title: Adverse effects of oral naltrexone: analysis of data from two clinical trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Naltrexone treatment of alcohol dependence is associated with adverse events that may limit its effectiveness. Consequently, understanding the impact of adverse events on medication compliance and treatment retention may enhance naltrexone therapy of alcoholism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relations among adverse events, drinking behavior, medication compliance and study retention in alcoholics receiving naltrexone for relapse prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current report is based on analysis of data from 92 subjects who participated in two previously published studies. Moderate or severe adverse effects were monitored weekly and categorized as either neuropsychiatric (NP) or gastrointestinal (GI). Medication compliance was determined by weekly urinary riboflavin testing. Study retention was determined by the proportion of study weeks completed by the subject. The causal relations among adverse events, medication compliance and study retention were analyzed separately for NP and GI adverse events using regression-based recursive path models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the NP and GI models fit the data well [NP model: chi 2(4) = 0.59, P = 0.96; GI model: chi 2(4) = 2.81, P = 0.59]. NP adverse events exerted little influence on medication compliance (beta = -0.17, P = 0.071), but directly decreased the length of study retention (beta = -0.35, P < 0.001). In contrast, there was a significant impact of GI adverse events on medication compliance (beta = -0.29, P = 0.002), but not directly on study retention (beta = -0.14, P = 0.081).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future studies aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of naltrexone should examine ways of reducing both NP and GI adverse events, in order to enhance both medication compliance and treatment retention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oncken
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Kirk
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kranzler
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000139:chemically induced; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005221:Fatigue / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced*; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology; D055502:Secondary Prevention
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009271:Naltrexone