title: Post-marketing surveillance of Norplant contraceptive implants: I. Contraceptive efficacy and reproductive health.
abstract: The subject of this study to examine the safety and contraceptive efficacy of Norplant, we undertook a 5-year study of follow-up of women initiating use of Norplant, intrauterine device (IUD) or sterilization in eight developing countries. Women attending family clinics were enrolled if they consented and were medically eligible to use Norplant, IUD, or female sterilization. Women who chose to initiate use of IUDs or surgical sterilization served as controls and were frequency matched in 5-year age-bands with women who chose to use Norplant. At admission women had a physical examination, and their medical histories, demographic, and socio-economic characteristics were recorded. Follow-up visits were scheduled in the first 6 weeks after admission and semi-annually thereafter for 5 years irrespective of change of contraceptive method. Incidence rate ratios of health events were estimated for initial and current contraceptive method use. This paper reports reproductive health events and contraceptive efficacy. Altogether, 7,977 women initiating use of Norplant, 6,625 of IUD, and 1,419 of surgical sterilization were admitted. Their mean ages at initiation were 28.5, 28.5, and 29.6 years, respectively. More than 99% were married or cohabiting, and parous. Five-year follow-up was completed by 94.6% of the women. By the end of 5 years, the mean duration of first segment use per initiator was 4.16 years for Norplant, 4.10 years for IUDs, and 4.96 years for sterilization accounting for 39,337 woman-years for Norplant, 31,915 for IUDs, and 7,071 for sterilization. The study accumulated 78,323 woman-years of observation. Pearl pregnancy rates for Norplant, copper IUDs and female sterilization were 0.27, 0.88, and 0.17 per 100 woman-years, respectively. Users of Norplant, copper IUDs, and sterilization had rates of ectopic pregnancy of 0.30, 0.68, and 0.13 per 1,000 woman-years, respectively. Major health events related to the reproductive system were rare. Rates of acute PID were significantly lower among Norplant users than IUD users (p = 0.004). The rate of ovarian enlargement was significantly higher in Norplant users than controls (p <0.001), but not rates of hospitalization for this condition. Vaginitis and vaginal discharge, and low abdominal pain were significantly less frequent in Norplant users than in the other groups. Bleeding disturbances were more frequent among Norplant users than controls but not anemia. The study confirms the high contraceptive efficacy of Norplant, copper IUDs, and female sterilization. The incidence rates of major reproductive health problems were low. There was no significant excess of serious reproductive morbidity among users of Norplant compared to users of IUDs and sterilization.
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003906:Developing Countries; D004343:Drug Implants; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D006801:Humans; D007435:Intrauterine Devices, Copper / Q000009:adverse effects; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D017533:Marital Status; D010048:Ovarian Cysts / Q000453:epidemiology; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000453:epidemiology; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013246:Sterilization, Tubal; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D019522:Vaginal Discharge / Q000453:epidemiology; D014627:Vaginitis / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D004343:Drug Implants; D016912:Levonorgestrel