title: Retroviral constitutive transport element evolved from cellular TAP(NXF1)-binding sequences.
abstract: The constitutive transport element (CTE) of type D retroviruses serves as a signal of nuclear export of unspliced viral RNAs. The human TAP(NXF1) protein, a cellular mRNA export factor, directly binds to CTE and mediates nuclear export of CTE-containing RNAs. Here, we use genomic SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) to show that the human genome encodes a family of high-affinity TAP ligands. These TAP-binding elements (TBE) are 15-bp minisatellite repeats that are homologous to the core TAP-binding sites in CTE. The repeats are positioned similarly in the RNA secondary structures of CTE and TBE. Like CTE, TBE is an active nuclear export signal. CTE elements of different species share sequence similarities to TBE in the regions that are neutral for CTE function. This conservation points to a possible common ancestry of the two elements, and in fact, TBE has properties expected from a primordial CTE. Additionally, a molecular fossil of a TBE-like minisatellite is found in the genome of a modern retroelement. These findings constitute direct evidence of an evolutionary link between TBE-related minisatellites and CTE.
authors.affiliation: Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Zolotukhin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Michalowski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smulevitch
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Felber
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D001483:Base Sequence; D030121:Betaretrovirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D029543:Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: C122111:NXF1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D029543:Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins; D012367:RNA, Viral; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins