title: Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to investigate an outbreak of Serratia marcescens infection in a neonatal intensive care unit.
abstract: Serratia marcescens is a well-recognized hospital-acquired pathogen, which has been associated with a number of specific outbreaks, particularly in critically ill neonates. We used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PEGE) typing to analyse an outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). We included samples from nine patients, three handwashes and ten environmental isolates from an outbreak (February to August 1999) in addition to four patient isolates from different wards of our hospital during the same time period. The clinical presentations of the outbreak included bacteraemia (four cases), pneumonia (three cases), umbilical wound infection (one case) and conjunctivitis (one case). Nine outbreak isolates exhibited an identical PFGE fingerprint, while the epidemiologically unrelated strains demonstrated distinct patterns. Epidemiological investigation failed to reveal a common source of the outbreak, although the epidemic S. marcescens strain was isolated from hand-washes and doors of incubators. We concluded that cross-transmission via transient contamination of hands was the major route for this outbreak. Strict handwashing practices, the cohorting and isolation of colonized and infected patients, and the regular dis-infection of incubators are crucial steps for preventing the transmission of S. marcescens in an NICU. This PFGE method is highly discriminatory for the thorough epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of S. marcescens.
authors.affiliation: Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007186:Incubators, Infant / Q000382:microbiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017053:Infection Control; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000592:standards; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012703:Serotyping / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D016868:Serratia Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D012706:Serratia marcescens / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology