title: Risk factors for posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in pediatric kidney transplantation: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is an important complication of transplantation. The North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS) database has documented 56 cases of PTLD, the largest such series to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the available longitudinal and multicenter data in the NAPRTCS database to evaluate the demographic and therapeutic risk factors and the temporal trends for PTLD in children after renal transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of PTLD was 1.2% of all patients or 298/100,000 posttransplantation years of follow-up. However, this incidence increased from 254/100,000 years between 1987 and 1991 to 395/100,000 years from 1992 onwards. In the same periods, the time to PTLD decreased from a median of 356 days (range 843048) to a median of 190 days (range 42-944). PTLD occurred with greater frequency in white children (P=0.003) and in cadaver donor transplants (P=0.019), but there was no significant predilection for gender, younger children (0-5 years), or primary diagnosis. No significant difference was found in the use of anti-T-cell antibodies or in doses of CsA, azathioprine, or prednisone at 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year. Between 1996 and 1997, 69 patients were initiated with tacrolimus. Eight cases of PTLD were identified in these recipients to date (prevalence rate 11.5%), compared with 46/4084 (1.1%) where cyclosporine was used (P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a trend towards increasing incidence and earlier occurrence of PTLD in the pediatric renal transplant population. White race and cadaver donor sources are risk factors not reported before. Continued monitoring of tacrolimus immunosuppression is important.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, USA. vikasmd@peds.ufl.edu
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Dharnidharka
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Stablein
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Tejani
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Harmon
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D002102:Cadaver; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D019520:Living Donors; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents