title: A comparison of single dose caudal tramadol, tramadol plus bupivacaine and bupivacaine administration for postoperative analgesia in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our aim was to compare the effect of single dose caudal tramadol, tramadol plus bupivacaine and bupivacaine on the management of postoperative pain in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three children in ASA groups I-II, between the ages of 1 and 5 were evaluated for postoperative pain randomly divided into three groups as follows: In group T, only tramadol was given caudally; in group TB, tramadol-bupivacaine was given caudally; in group B, bupivacaine was given alone. Pain was evaluated by using the paediatric objective pain scale (POPS). Sedation was evaluated with a 5-point test. There were no differences with age, weight, haemodynamic and respiratory parameters between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 24 h postoperatively, the POPS value showed no statistically significant difference among groups (P > 0.05). Postoperative analgesia was maintained for 24 h. Nausea and vomiting was found to be higher in the tramadol group than in the bupivacaine group and tramadol-bupivacaine group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tramadol used caudally is as effective as bupivacaine in the management of postoperative pain in children and the addition of tramadol to bupivacaine, when both drugs were administered caudally, did not prolong the duration of action of bupivacaine and is a safe agent in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, 01330 Balcali Adana, Turkey. hmurat@mail.cu.edu.tr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gunduz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ozcengiz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozbek
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Isik
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000187:drug effects; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014147:Tramadol; D002045:Bupivacaine