title: Prospects for fertility in patients born with genitourinary anomalies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of congenital genitourinary anomalies on fertility and the impact of current therapies are reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature of each of the 2 components was used to define the present status and to make proposals for future management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infertility may be caused by gonadal failure (intersex states), failure of sperm transport (exstrophy) or both (bilateral undescended testes). In some conditions it is uncertain whether there are any fertility problems despite an identifiable genital problem. In cases of unilateral undescended testis the fertility rate may be unaffected by surgery and be no different from that in the normal population. Techniques of in vitro fertilization, particularly intracytoplasmic sperm injection, have allowed previously untreatable patients to become parents. Successful pregnancies in patients who had the prune belly syndrome and Klinefelter's syndrome have been reported in the last year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prospects for fertility with current techniques and those that might be discovered in the next 20 years should strongly influence decisions about the treatment of infants and children.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology and Nephrology, University College London, London, England.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Woodhouse
mesh_terms: D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000209:etiology*; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000150:complications; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000150:complications*; D014599:Uterus / Q000002:abnormalities