title: Hürthle cell carcinoma: a critical histopathologic appraisal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Controversy exists over the ability of morphology to predict the biologic behavior of Hürthle cell carcinoma. The aim of this study was to conduct a critical histopathologic review of Hürthle cell carcinoma and to correlate morphologic parameters with clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with histologically confirmed Hürthle cell carcinoma treated between 1940 and 2000 form the basis of this study. Adenomas were excluded. Tumors of unknown malignant behavior ([UMB] n = 17) had solid growth pattern, incomplete capsular invasion (Ci), or both but no vascular invasion (Vi). Minimally invasive carcinomas ([MIC] n = 23) had one focus of intra- or extracapsular Vi, one focus of complete Ci, or both. Widely invasive carcinomas ([WIC] n = 33) demonstrated more than one focus of Vi, more than one focus of Ci, or both. The primary end points were relapse-free survival (RFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). Rates of recurrence/death were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method. The univariate influence of prognostic factors on end points was analyzed by log-rank test, and multivariate analysis was performed by Cox regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up was 8 years. No patients with UMB or MIC relapsed or died of disease. Of WIC, 73% relapsed and 55% died of disease. Age, size, and extent of resection did not influence outcome. Adverse predictors of RFS and DSS among WIC were extrathyroidal extension, nodal metastasis, positive margin, and solid growth pattern (P <.05). Both Ci and Vi were associated with worse DSS (P <.05). On multivariate analysis, extrathyroidal extension and nodal metastases were independent predictors of outcome (P <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with Hürthle cell carcinoma have a prognosis that is predicted by well-defined histomorphologic characteristics. Unlike differentiated thyroid cancer, nodal metastases predict a worse outcome in widely invasive Hürthle cell carcinoma, as does extrathyroidal extension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stojadinovic
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ghossein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoos
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Urist
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Spiro
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shaha
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma / Q000145:classification / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy