title: Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) mutations identified by MS/MS-based prospective screening of newborns differ from those observed in patients with clinical symptoms: identification and characterization of a new, prevalent mutation that results in mild MCAD deficiency.
abstract: Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is the most frequently diagnosed mitochondrial beta-oxidation defect, and it is potentially fatal. Eighty percent of patients are homozygous for a common mutation, 985A-->G, and a further 18% have this mutation in only one disease allele. In addition, a large number of rare disease-causing mutations have been identified and characterized. There is no clear genotype-phenotype correlation. High 985A-->G carrier frequencies in populations of European descent and the usual avoidance of recurrent disease episodes by patients diagnosed with MCAD deficiency who comply with a simple dietary treatment suggest that MCAD deficiency is a candidate in prospective screening of newborns. Therefore, several such screening programs employing analysis of acylcarnitines in blood spots by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) are currently used worldwide. No validation of this method by mutation analysis has yet been reported. We investigated for MCAD mutations in newborns from US populations who had been identified by prospective MS/MS-based screening of 930,078 blood spots. An MCAD-deficiency frequency of 1/15,001 was observed. Our mutation analysis shows that the MS/MS-based method is excellent for detection of MCAD deficiency but that the frequency of the 985A-->G mutant allele in newborns with a positive acylcarnitine profile is much lower than that observed in clinically affected patients. Our identification of a new mutation, 199T-->C, which has never been observed in patients with clinically manifested disease but was present in a large proportion of the acylcarnitine-positive samples, may explain this skewed ratio. Overexpression experiments showed that this is a mild folding mutation that exhibits decreased levels of enzyme activity only under stringent conditions. A carrier frequency of 1/500 in the general population makes the 199T-->C mutation one of the three most prevalent mutations in the enzymes of fatty-acid oxidation.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Arhus University Hospital and Faculty of Health Science, Skejby Sygehus, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Arhus, Arhus, Denmark. brage@biobase.dk
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Andresen
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Dobrowolski
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muenzer
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McCandless
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Udvari
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bross
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Banas
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Chace
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gregersen
mesh_terms: D042964:Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase; D044944:Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000483:Alleles; D002331:Carnitine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood*; D018835:Chaperonin 10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018834:Chaperonin 60 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed / Q000235:genetics; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D017510:Protein Folding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D018835:Chaperonin 10; D018834:Chaperonin 60; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C116917:acylcarnitine; D044944:Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases; D042964:Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase; D002331:Carnitine