title: Periodontal infections and cardiovascular disease--how strong is the association?
abstract: In the past decade there has been renewed interest in the old hypothesis that infections increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and stroke. There is now a convincing body of evidence that atherosclerosis has a major inflammatory component and is much more than the simple vascular accumulation of lipids. Infectious agents that have been linked to an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) include Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpesviruses. The concept has emerged that each of these agents is an independent risk factor for CHD and that common chronic infections are important. In addition, periodontal infections have also been implicated as one of several factors contributing to the development of CHD. Evidence supporting a causative role of chronic infections in CHD is largely circumstantial. However, the evidence is sufficiently strong to warrant further examination of the possible link between chronic infections and CHD. In this review the lines of evidence for a causative role of C. pneumoniae in the development of CHD are summarized and contrasted with the lines of evidence suggesting a periodontal infection--CHD association. If common or widespread chronic infections are truly important risk factors for CHD, it is unlikely that a single infection will be shown to be causative. It is likely that the entire microbial burden of the patient from several simultaneous chronic infections is more important (e.g., H. pylori-caused gastric ulcers + C. pneumoniae-caused bronchitis + periodontitis). Increased cooperation between cardiologists and periodontists will be required to determine if, and what, combinations of common chronic infections are important in the pathogenesis of CHD and stroke.
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Stomatology, University of California, 521 Parnassus Avenue, C-628, Box 0650, UCSF School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94143-0650, USA. garmit@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Armitage
mesh_terms: D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000382:microbiology; D001424:Bacterial Infections; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000382:microbiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D002690:Chlamydia Infections; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000382:microbiology; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections; D016481:Helicobacter Infections; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections; D006801:Humans; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000382:microbiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000382:microbiology