title: Hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results of combined treatment with laser thermal ablation and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the potential long-term effectiveness of laser thermal ablation (LTA) followed by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the percutaneous ablation of large hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty large HCCs 3.5-9.6 cm in diameter (mean diameter, 5.2 cm) and 15 small HCCs 0.8-3.0 cm (mean diameter, 1.9 cm) were treated with ultrasonographically guided LTA with TACE and with LTA alone, respectively, in 30 patients: 19 with a solitary large HCC, and 11 with one to three additional synchronous small HCCS: A 1.064-microm neodymium yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Nd-YAG) laser at a power of 5.0 W was coupled with one to four quartz optic fibers that were advanced through 21-gauge needles. Segmental TACE was performed 30-90 days after LTA. All lesions were evaluated for change in size at computed tomography (CT), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, recurrence rates, and cumulative survival rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No major complications occurred in 127 LTA sessions. CT showed complete tumor necrosis in 27 (90%) of 30 large HCCS: Twenty-eight patients were followed up for 6-41 months (mean, 17.1 months). In 25 patients, all lesions appeared stable or smaller at CT. AFP levels decreased to the normal range in all patients with high pretreatment values. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year local recurrence rate was 7% in large HCCS: Complete tumor necrosis was achieved in all 15 (100%) small HCCs; none of them recurred locally. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year cumulative survival rates were 92%, 68%, and 40%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LTA followed by TACE is an effective palliative therapy in treating large HCCS:
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Via St Francesco 50, 00041 Albano Laziale, Rome, Italy. cmpacel@kat.it
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pacella
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bizzarri
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cecconi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Caspani
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Magnolfi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bianchini
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Anelli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pacella
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004317:Doxorubicin