title: The cost-effectiveness of fluoridating water supplies in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tooth decay has been substantially reduced in New Zealand, and the difference in caries rates between fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas has narrowed. We investigated whether it is cost-effective to fluoridate water supplies that are now non-fluoridated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The net cost of fluoridation was based on the cost of fluoridating a water supply minus the averted costs of treating decay. A range of population sizes was considered. The main analysis was conducted from a societal perspective, using a real discount rate of 5%. Fluoridation was assumed to occur continuously between the years 2000 and 2030. Other assumptions were a Maori population proportion of 15%, no new decay after age 34, and no further dental cost savings after age 45. Information on averted decay in 4 to 12 year old New Zealand children (29,000 receiving fluoridated water and 47,000 receiving non-fluoridated water) was available; information on averted decay in adults was obtained from a study in the United States. Sensitivity analyses investigated the effects of varying the Maori population proportion, the discount rate, and the number of fluoride injection sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluoridation was cost-saving (dental cost savings exceeded fluoridation costs) for communities above about a thousand people. The true break-even community size may be lower. For smaller communities, fluoridation may be considered cost-effective depending on the non-monetised value assigned to an averted decayed surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluoridation remains very cost-effective, and is particularly so for communities with high proportions of children, Maori, or people of low socio-economic status.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, New Zealand.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cutress
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005457:Fluoridation / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand; D014881:Water Supply / Q000191:economics