title: A mass spectrometry and electron paramagnetic resonance study of photochemical and thermal aging of triterpenoid varnishes.
abstract: Photochemical and thermal aging of triterpenoid dammar and mastic resins used as varnishes on paintings were studied using graphite-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. This extends an earlier study on similar materials (Zumbühl et al., Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 707-715) that focused on photoaging. Progressive aging results in development of groups of signals spaced by 14 and 16 Da, indicating incorporation of oxygen as well as simultaneous loss of hydrogen. Oligomers up to tetramers are formed, while cleavage reactions lead to increased signal intensities in the mass ranges between the oligomers and below the monomers. No major differences were found between the mass spectra of samples aged in light or darkness, except that deterioration was faster in light. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed similar and significant amounts of radicals in films of dammar stored either in light or in darkness. It is concluded that oxidative radical reactions also take place in darkness and that differences in light and dark aging pathways are minor, although rates may differ. These findings lead to a unified explanation for yellowing of natural resin varnishes, one of the major degenerative changes in the appearance of paintings. It is also shown that the commercially available, nominally fresh resins are already in an advanced stage of oxidation and degradation. Energy-rich substances are formed upon irradiation with sunlight and are believed to restart the autoxidative chain reactions, regardless of storage conditions. As a result, varnishes are oxidized quite quickly (months) even when kept in darkness.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zentrum, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dietemann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kälin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zumbühl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knochenmuss
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wülfert
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zenobi