title: Improved hepatic microcirculation by human soluble urinary thrombomodulin in the xeno-perfused porcine liver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both the protein C/thrombomodulin system and the heparin/anti-thrombin III system are major physiological anticoagulant systems, which may also play a major role in preserving the hepatic microcirculation in xenogeneic liver transplantation. To compensate for the functional incompatibilities of the porcine thrombomodulin (TM)-cofactor activity beyond species for human thrombin, soluble human TM protein was tested in xenogeneic perfusion of the porcine liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  The livers were harvested from adult female pigs and perfused through the portal vein (PV) and hepatic artery (HA) for 2 hr, with fresh human blood in group 1 (n=5), fresh porcine blood (10 units/ml) in group 2 (n=5), and fresh human blood with TM (50,000 units/1.5 l) in group 3 (n=5). The tissue PO2 level, tissue blood flow, PV and HA pressures were all continuously monitored. Circulating perfusate and liver tissue samples were periodically obtained for blood chemistry and histologic analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The activated protein C (aPC) level was significantly elevated in the TM-treated group 3 (47.5%+/-3.5% at preperfusion and 51%+/-2.8% after 120 min of perfusion) in comparison to group 1 (32.3%+/-7.2% and 35.3+/-12.0%). The hepatocyte enzyme release of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was suppressed significantly more in group 3 (238.2+/-107 IU/l), than in group 1 (672.3+/-160 IU/l) at 2 hr after reperfusion. In group 3, the tissue PO2 levels and tissue blood flow also remained significantly higher throughout the perfusion. The platelet counts in the perfusate remained significantly higher in group 3 (37.1% to 74.3% of the preperfusion level) than in group 1 (4.4% to 14.7%), after 0 to 80 min of perfusion. According to the histologic findings, the degree of interlobular hemorrhaging and congestion decreased remarkably more in group 3 than in group 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings thus indicated that soluble thrombomodulin protein extracted from human urine remarkably improved hepatic microcirculation in the xenoperfused porcine liver. The thrombomodulin/protein C system might, thus, play an important role in restoring the physiological anticoagulant system in the xenoperfused porcine liver.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oshiro
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taira
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nozato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagahama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takushi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Muto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001769:Blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D006499:Hepatic Artery; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology*; D008102:Liver Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology*; D010477:Perfusion; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000502:physiology; D011486:Protein C / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013552:Swine; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000502:physiology*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011486:Protein C; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases