title: Clinical experience with 5-aminolevulinic acid and photodynamic therapy for refractory superficial bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined whether photodynamic therapy after the oral administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid in patients with superficial bladder cancer that cannot be controlled by transurethral resection and intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy would preserve the bladder, while stopping tumor progression. Side effects of treatment were also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed photodynamic therapy after the oral administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid in 24 patients with rapidly recurring, multifocal, BCG refractory superficial pTa-pT1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and carcinoma in situ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a median followup of 36 months (range 12 to 51) 3 of the 5 patients with carcinoma in situ and 4 of the 19 with papillary tumors were free of recurrence. Three patients were rendered disease-free by repeat photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid and 3 underwent cystectomy. Tumor progression was stopped in 20 of our 24 cases. Immediately after the oral administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid hypotension and tachycardia occurred in 19 and 10 patients, respectively, with previously known severe cardiovascular disease. No phototoxic skin reaction or decreased bladder capacity was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These initial clinical results suggest that photodynamic therapy with orally administered 5-aminolevulinic acid is effective as an organ preserving procedure for treating superficial bladder cancer even in patients with bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory carcinoma. One should be aware of hemodynamic instability after the oral administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid, particularly in patients with cardiovascular co-morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waidelich
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stepp
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weninger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofstetter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kriegmair
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid