title: Prospective study of hallucinations and delusions in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of hallucinations and delusions in Parkinson's disease, to describe such symptoms phenomenologically, and possibly to determine factors associated with their development. In addition, the role of the visual system in relation to visual hallucinations was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  102 consecutive patients diagnosed with strictly defined Parkinson's disease were examined for the presence of hallucinations and delusions and assessed for visual acuity, cognition, depression using the geriatric depression scale, disease severity as measured by the UPDRS, and other clinical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 102 consecutive patients, 29.4% (n=30) had hallucinations or delusions, four (3.9%) were determined to be psychotic due solely to delirium and were excluded from further analysis. Of the 98 remaining patients, 26.5% (n=26) had visual hallucinations. Among these, one patient also had delusions, two had auditory hallucinations, and one had gustatory hallucinations. Visual hallucinations were significantly associated with worse visual acuity, lower cognitive score, higher depression score, and worse disease severity. Hallucinations were not associated with history of psychiatric disease, dose or duration of levodopa or other antiparkinsonian medication treatment, or duration of illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual hallucinations are common symptoms in Parkinson's disease and are most likely of multifactorial origin. Although higher doses of levodopa are known to be related clinically to hallucinations in individual patients, the results suggest that several underlying characteristics of patients with Parkinson's disease (disease severity, dementia, depression, worse visual acuity) may be more important determinants of which patients experience hallucinations. The data also provide preliminary evidence that abnormality of the visual system may be related to visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease, as has been found in other disorders with visual hallucinations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatric Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Box 880623, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. sh4s@virginia.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holroyd
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Wooten
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003702:Delusions / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology