title: Titanium mesh repair of the severely comminuted frontal sinus fracture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severely comminuted frontal sinus fractures are difficult to contour and immobilize. Frequently, plates or wires are inadequate in fixating all fragments together, resulting in less than optimal outcomes. Advancements in the development of biomaterials have now made titanium mesh a new option for the repair of severely comminuted fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with severely comminuted frontal sinus fractures were treated with titanium mesh from 1994 to 1999. The fractures were reduced and immobilized using a simple algorithm: (1) Isolated anterior table fractures were repaired with reduced bony fragments attached to titanium mesh. (2) Anterior table fractures with nasofrontal duct involvement were repaired by sinus obliteration and anterior wall reconstruction with reduced bony fragments attached to titanium mesh. (3) Anterior and posterior table fractures with cerebrospinal fluid leak or displacement were treated with the cranialization of the sinus and anterior wall reconstruction with reduced bony fragments attached to titanium mesh.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 14 patients treated, 12 were available for postoperative evaluation. Parameters such as nasal function, cranial nerve V and VII function, cosmesis, and complications (hardware extrusions, sinusitis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, mucopyocele, brain abscess, pneumocephalus, and cerebrospinal fluid leak) were evaluated. All patients had good function of the superior division of cranial nerves V and VII. Two patients (16%) had minor wound infections, which resolved under treatment with antibiotics. All had excellent cosmetic results as measured by postreduction radiographs and personal and family perceptions of forehead contour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Titanium mesh reconstruction of severely comminuted frontal sinus fractures has few complications while providing excellent forehead contour and cosmesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California Irvine College of Medicine, 101 The City Drive South, Bldg 25, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lakhani
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Mathog
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Burgio
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Yoo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D018460:Fractures, Comminuted / Q000601:surgery*; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D014025:Titanium / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium