title: Thoracic epidural analgesia with morphine does not prevent postthoracotomy pain syndrome: a survey of 159 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This retrospective study sought to determine the incidence of postthoracotomy pain syndrome (PTPS), and whether epidural morphine for the postoperative analgesia could prevent the development of PTPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the charts of 372 patients who had undergone thoracotomy. The majority underwent general anesthesia (GA) combined with thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA). Of the 372 patients, only 159 (42%) were available for interview. Patients were divided into two groups based on the duration of pain, i.e., pain group (pain > 3 months, n = 65) and pain-free group (pain < 3 months, n = 94).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups were comparable regarding sex, age, weight, height, smoking, alcohol ingestion, education, marital status, duration of surgery, and the number of patients either receiving GA plus TEA or GA alone. About 41% of the patients experienced PTPS that persisted for 21 +/- 12 mon (follow-up: 28 +/- 12 mon). Most pain was mild or moderate and was usually described as being only a discomfort. Only 6.2% suffered severe pain with shooting, aching, burning or numbness. Patients with PTPS suffered more depression and insomnia. The incidence of PTPS was not different in patients who received GA alone or GA plus TEA (39% vs. 42%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia that continued for 3 days appeared to have no effect in the prevention of PTPS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Luk
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Tsou
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine