title: An extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-based approach to cardiogenic shock in an older population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the efficacy of an integrated system of advanced supportive care based on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in older patients with an estimated mortality of more than 90% to establish whether its use is justifiable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment was provided by cardiac surgeons and critical care physicians and included the following key elements: (1) ECMO, (2) early application of continuous venovenous hemofiltration, (3) inhaled nitric oxide, (4) maintenance of perfusion pressure with norepinephrine, (5) maintenance of pulmonary blood flow by ventricular filling with intravenous colloids, (6) avoidance of early postoperative anticoagulation, (7) frequent use of transesophageal echocardiography, and (8) low tidal volume ventilation. Demographic features, intraoperative details, postoperative course, ECMO weaning rate, morbidity, survival to hospital discharge, and the quality of life of survivors were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen consecutive patients (median age, 69 years) with refractory cardiogenic shock were studied. The median duration of ECMO was 86 hours (20 to 201 hours). Eleven patients (65%) were successfully weaned from ECMO. Seven patients (41%) survived to discharge. The major causes of morbidity were bleeding and leg ischemia. All patients who survived to discharge were alive and well at follow-up (median, 21 months) and reported a satisfactory quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An ECMO-based approach can be used with acceptable results in the treatment of refractory cardiogenic shock, even in older patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Austin & Repatriation Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellomo
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matalanis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosalion
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buckmaster
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Silvester
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gutteridge
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Doolan
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Buxton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003422:Critical Care; D004867:Equipment Design; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010348:Patient Care Team; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D015996:Survival Rate; D017211:Treatment Failure