title: Childbearing and child care in surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The responsibility for childbearing and child care has a major effect on general surgical residency and subsequent surgical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of all graduates from a university general surgical training program between 1989 and 2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven women and 44 men completed general surgical training at our university during the period, and 42 (59%) responded to our survey. The age at completion of the residency was 34.0 +/- 2.2 years for men and 33.9 +/- 2.8 years for women. During residency, 64% (14/22) of the men and 15% (3/20) of the women had children. At the time of the survey, 21 (95%) of the men and 8 (40%) of the women had children. Most residents (24 [57%] of 42) relied on their spouse for child care. During surgical practice, 18 (43%) indicated that they rely on their spouse; 19 (45%) use day care, home care, or both; and (8%) of 26 are unsatisfied with their current child care arrangement. During training, 38% (5/13) of men and 67% (2/3) of women took time off for maternity leave, paternity leave, or child care. Two of 3 surgeons would like to have had more time off during residency; most men (70%, or 7 of 10) recommended a leave of 1 to 3 months, and all women preferred a 3-month maternity or child care leave of absence. During surgical practice, only 12% (2/17) of men but 64% (7/11) of women have taken time off for either childbearing or child care. Half of the respondents (21/42) have a formal leave of absence policy at work, 52% (11/21) of which are paid leave programs. Although the workweek of our practicing graduates is 69 +/- 16 hours for men and 64 +/- 12 hours for women, 62% (26/42) spend more than 20 hours per week parenting. More than 80% (27/32) would consider a part-time surgical practice for more parenting involvement; one third of the responders suggested that 30 hours a week constitutes a reasonable part-time practice, one third preferred fewer than 30 hours, and one third favored more than 30 hours per week. Data are presented as mean +/- SD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childbearing and child care may have an enormous impact on one's decision to pursue a career in surgery. To attract and retain the best candidates for future surgeons, formal policies on the availability of child care services in the residency program and the workplace should be studied and implemented. Furthermore, national studies are needed to define appropriate, acceptable workweeks for part-time or flexible practices and the duration of leaves of absence for childbearing or child care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, 2221 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. kathrin.mayer@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Goodnight
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002321:Career Choice; D002648:Child; D002654:Child Care / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D016524:Parental Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010560:Personnel Selection; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000458:organization & administration; D011247:Pregnancy; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D000078329:Workforce; D016526:Workload