title: Effects of ketamine and its isomers on ischemic preconditioning in the isolated rat heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemic preconditioning protects the heart against subsequent ischemia. Opening of the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel is a key mechanism of preconditioning. Ketamine blocks KATP channels of isolated cardiomyocytes. The authors investigated the effects of ketamine and its stereoisomers on preconditioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated rat hearts (n = 80) underwent 30 min of no-flow ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion. Two groups with eight hearts each underwent the protocol without intervention (control-1 and control-2), and, in eight hearts, preconditioning was elicited by two 5-min periods of ischemia before the 30 min ischemia. In the six treatment groups (each n = 8), ketamine, R(-)- or S(+)-ketamine were administered at concentrations of 2 or 20 microg/ml before preconditioning. Eight hearts received 20 microg/ml R(-)-ketamine before ischemia. Left ventricular (LV) developed pressure and creatine kinase (CK) release during reperfusion were determined as variables of ventricular function and cellular injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline LV developed pressure was similar in all groups: 104 +/- 28 mmHg (mean +/- SD). Controls showed a poor recovery of LV developed pressure (17 +/- 8% of baseline) and a high CK release (70 +/- 17 IU/g). Ischemic preconditioning improved recovery of LV developed pressure (46 +/- 14%) and reduced CK release (47 +/- 17 IU/g, both P < 0.05 vs. control-1). Ketamine (2 microg/ml) and 2 or 20 microg/ml S(+)-ketamine had no influence on recovery of LV developed pressure compared with preconditioning (47 +/- 18, 43 +/- 8, 49 +/- 36%) and CK release (39 +/- 8, 30 +/- 14, 41 +/- 25 IU/g). After administration of 20 microg/ml ketamine and 2 or 20 microg/ml R(-)-ketamine, the protective effects of preconditioning were abolished (LV developed pressure-recovery, 16 +/- 14, 22 +/- 21, 18 +/- 11%; CK release, 67 +/- 11, 80 +/- 21, 82 +/- 41 IU/g; each P < 0.05 vs. preconditioning). Preischemic treatment with R(-)-ketamine had no effect on CK release (74 +/- 8 vs. 69 +/- 9 IU/g in control-2, P = 0.6) and functional recovery (LV developed pressure 12 +/- 4 vs. 9 +/- 2 mmHg in control-2, P = 0.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine can block the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning. This effect is caused by the R(-)-isomer.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Klinische Anaesthesiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molojavyi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Preckel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Comfère
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Müllenheim
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thämer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schlack
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D015221:Potassium Channels; D007649:Ketamine; D003402:Creatine Kinase