title: Primary versus secondary insomnia in older adults: subjective sleep and daytime functioning.
abstract: Most psychological research on insomnia has centered on primary insomnia (PI). Secondary insomnia (SI), though more common than PI, has received little attention because of its presumed unresponsiveness to treatment. The present study recruited older adults with PI, SI, and a comparison group of older adults with no insomnia (NI). Self-report assessments of sleep revealed no significant difference between the 2 insomnia groups. Daytime functioning measures found significant differences in impairment between the 3 groups with SI having the worst daytime functioning, followed by PI, which was worse than NI. Further analyses found substantial independence between sleep and daytime functioning. Implications of these findings for the clinical management of SI are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3230, USA. lichstein@mail.psyc.memphis.edu
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lichstein
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Durrence
authors.forename: U J
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Bayen
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Riedel
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012890:Sleep; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology