title: The calibre of the foramen of Panizza in Crocodylus porosus is variable and under adrenergic control.
abstract: The foramen of Panizza is located within the outflow tract of the crocodilian heart, between the left and right aortas. It has been suggested that the foramen of Panizza has a variable calibre, which could explain the profound changes in the distribution of flows and pressure profiles recorded in the right and left aortas. We investigated this possibility using a modified in-situ perfused heart preparation in combination with isolated strip preparations from the outflow tract. In the perfused heart preparation, bolus injections of adrenaline increased the resistance in the foramen of Panizza, indicating a decrease in its diameter. Isolated strip preparations from the outflow tract showed a concentration-dependent increase in tension in response to adrenaline, while vasoactive intestinal polypeptide caused a relaxation in adrenaline pre-contracted strip preparations. We propose that an increase in the diameter of the foramen of Panizza may be important during pulmonary to systemic shunts to allow blood to flow from the left to right aorta (reverse foramen flow) in order to supply the carotid and coronary arteries. During non-shunting conditions, a constricted foramen may prevent excess flow from the right to left aorta during diastole.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Göteborg, Sweden. m.axelsson@zool.gu.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Axelsson
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Franklin
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000494:pharmacology; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D004837:Epinephrine