title: Measuring comfort in caregivers and patients during late end-of-life care.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to test several formats of end-of-life comfort instruments for patients and closely involved caregivers. Kolcaba's Comfort Theory was the theoretical framework utilized. Different response formats for two end-of-life (EOL) comfort questionnaires (for patients and caregivers, respectively), and horizontal and vertical visual analog scales for total comfort (TC) lines were compared in two phases. Evaluable data were collected from both members of 38 patient-caregiver dyads in each phase. Suitable dyads were recruited from two hospice agencies in northeastern Ohio. Cronbach's alpha for the EOL comfort questionnaire (six response Likert-type format) tested during phase I for patients was .98 and for caregivers was .97. Test-retest reliability for the vertical TC line tested during phase I for patients was .64 and for caregivers was .79. The implications of this study for nursing practice and research are derived from the American Nursing Association (ANA) position statement about EOL care, which states that comfort is the goal of nursing for this population. These instruments will be useful for assessing comfort in actively dying patients and comfort of their caregivers as well as for developing evidence-based practice for this population.
authors.affiliation: University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kolcaba
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dowd
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D017051:Hospice Care / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D009820:Ohio; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires