title: Simultaneous in utero assessment of AV nodal and ventricular electrophysiologic parameters in the fetal sheep heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fetal tachyarrhythmias are usually of supraventricular origin. To investigate whether specific electrophysiologic properties of the fetal heart contribute to this preponderance by either favoring supraventricular tachycardias or by rendering ventricular tachycardias unlikely, we measured fetal electrophysiologic parameters in utero using transuterine fetal transesophageal electrocardiograms in fetal sheep. Since overdrive pacing may help to establish the mechanism of an arrhythmia and may be used to treat fetal tachycardias, different modes of transesophageal pacing in utero were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decapolar electrophysiology catheters were fetoscopically inserted into the esophagus of 9 fetal sheep (pregnancy duration 94- 105 days, term = 145 days). Electrocardiograms were recorded simultaneously from all adjacent bipoles and from two pacing wires sutured onto the fetal shoulders. Pacing was attempted either via two adjacent electrodes of the intraesophageal catheter or via the most distal and most proximal electrode. Fetal cycle length, PQ, and QT intervals were close to (approx. 75 %), but fetal QRS duration was < 20 % of maternal values, thus shifting the relation between activation and repolarization towards longer excitation wave lengths. Fetal QT dispersion was small (< or = 10 ms). Atrial pacing was achieved in all fetuses using distant electrodes, and with lower thresholds when compared to closely spaced bipolar electrodes (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (I) An altered relation between ventricular activation and repolarization and a low dispersion of ventricular repolarization may protect the fetal heart against ventricular reentrant tachycardias. (II) Relatively normal fetal AV nodal conduction delay already provides one of the prerequisites for supraventricular reentrant tachycardias involving the AV node at this stage of fetal development. (III) High-rate esophageal pacing of the fetal atria is best achieved using widely spaced bipolar pacing electrodes.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Innere Medizin C, Kardiologie und Angiologie, Germany. kirchhp@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kirchhof
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kohl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eckardt
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gogarten
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Asfour
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Witteler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reckers
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: VanAken
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Scheld
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borggrefe
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breithardt
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haverkamp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000196:embryology*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000196:embryology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000196:embryology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep; D014599:Uterus / Q000196:embryology*