title: Polymorphisms in the hANP (human atrial natriuretic peptide) gene, albuminuria, and hypertension.
abstract: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) jointly affects kidney function and blood pressure homeostasis and is a candidate susceptibility gene for both essential hypertension and kidney disease. We evaluated the relation between the ScaI and BstXI polymorphisms of the human ANP (hANP) gene, hypertension, and albuminuria in a clinical cohort of 1033 subjects, including type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients, nondiabetic subjects with essential hypertension, and nondiabetic normotensive control subjects. Microalbuminuria was present in 15%, 29%, and 2%, respectively, of type 1 diabetic, type 2 diabetic, and nondiabetic patients. Macroalbuminuria was present in 9% of type 1 diabetics, 21% of type 2 diabetics, and 31% of nondiabetics. Prevalence of hypertension was 31%, 58%, and 61% in normoalbuminuric, microalbuminuric, and macroalbuminuric subjects, respectively (P<0.0001). Genotype distributions were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all 4 patient subgroups. The frequency of the ScaI mutated allele (A(1)) was significantly lower in hypertensive than in control subjects (11% versus 19%, P=0.018) and in patients with macroalbuminuria (5%) as compared with normoalbuminuric subjects (16%; P<0.0001). In a nominal logistic model adjusting for gender, age, obesity, diabetes, micro/macroalbuminuria, and hypertension, the A(1) allele was independently associated with macroalbuminuria (odds ratio, 0.57; confidence interval, 1.39 to 3.59; P=0.003) but not with hypertension. In the same model, the frequency of the BstXI mutated allele (T(708)) was increased in the presence of microalbuminuria (odds ratio, 2.25; confidence interval, 1.39 to 3.59; P<0.001). We conclude that the mutated genotypes of the ScaI polymorphism are negatively associated with overt nephropathy, whereas the mutated genotypes of BstXI polymorphism are positively associated with microalbuminuria. hANP gene variants may exert a protective effect against the development and progression of kidney damage in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolism Unit of the CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Pisa School of Medicine, Pistoia, Italy. nannipi@ifc.pi.cnr.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nannipieri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manganiello
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pezzatini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Bellis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seghieri
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrannini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000235:genetics*; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific / Q000737:chemistry; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005796:Genes; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; C047020:endodeoxyribonuclease ScaI; C047564:CCANNNNNNTGG-specific type II deoxyribonucleases; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific