title: Urine analysis performed by flow cytometry: reference range determination and comparison to morphological findings, dipstick chemistry and bacterial culture results--a multicenter study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate whether quantitative flow-cytometric analysis of particulate matter in urine would allow for accurate and rapid enumeration of red blood cells (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), squamous epithelial cells (EC), casts, and bacteria, a Sysmex UF-100 analyzer was tested in a multicenter study.
  
  
  METHODS
  At first, reference values were established and found to be < 14 for RBC, < 16 for WBC, < 9 for EC, < 2 for casts and < 173 for bacteria, respectively (counts per microl; 97.5 percentile). Due to the wide use of dipstick and microscopic sediment analysis in routine urine diagnostics, comparative studies on 950 random urine samples were performed. Bacterial counting combined with WBC enumeration was further compared in 266 routine urinary microbiologic cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Good correlations were found comparing UF-100 results of RBC (r = 0.89), WBC (r = 0.94), and EC (r = 0.74) with Fuchs-Rosenthal Chamber (FRC) counts. However, some misclassification of casts (r = 0.32) could be observed. Correlations of UF-100 with dipstick and sediment testing was significant (p < 0.001), but the scatter of the latter two methods is too wide to consider them as quantitative methods. Promising results further revealed that the analyzer has a good negative predictive value (NPV) for microbiologically negative cultures, especially for cultures with bacterial counts of 10(5)/l (NPV = 95%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analyzer is capable of providing rapid and reliable urine analysis of cellular particles avoiding the known imprecision of dipstick and sediment methodology. Thus, when used in an algorithm, combined with dipstick or quantitative urine chemistry analysis (for hemoglobin, esterase, protein, glucose, etc.), this analyzer might serve as a rapid and accurate screening tool in routine urine analysis, thereby reducing manual reviewing rate as well as the number of missed samples, compared to screening with dipstick alone.
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, Kantonsspital, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Regeniter
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Haenni
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Risch
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Köchli
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frei
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Huber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001773:Blood Cells; D002648:Child; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine