title: Indobufen: an updated review of its use in the management of atherothrombosis.
abstract: Indobufen inhibits platelet aggregation by reversibly inhibiting the platelet cyclooxygenase enzyme thereby suppressing thromboxane synthesis. Clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy of oral indobufen in the secondary prevention of thromboembolic complications in patients with or without atrial fibrillation, in the prevention of graft occlusion after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and in the treatment of intermittent claudication. In the secondary prevention of thromboembolic events indobufen 200 mg once or twice daily was significantly more effective than no treatment although not as effective as ticlopidine 250 mg once or twice daily, during 1-year nonblind clinical trials. Compared with placebo, indobufen 100 mg twice daily significantly reduced the risk of stroke in a small 28-month trial of patients at increased risk of systemic embolism (50% had atrial fibrillation). Furthermore, in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a recent cerebrovascular event enrolled in the 1-year Studio Italiano Fibrillazione Atriale (SIFA) trial, indobufen 100 or 200 mg twice daily was as effective as warfarin (titrated to produce an international normalised ratio of 2.0 to 3.5) in the secondary prevention of thromboembolic events; the incidences of the composite end-point of major vascular events (10.6 vs 9.0%) and recurrent stroke (5 vs 4%) were similar between treatments. In 2 large 12-month trials, the Studio Indobufene nel Bypass Aortocoronarico (SINBA) and the UK study, indobufen 200 mg twice daily was as effective as aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) 300 or 325 mg plus dipyridamole 75 mg 3 times daily in the prevention of early and late occlusion of saphenous grafts in patients after CABG surgery. Indobufen 200 mg twice daily for 6 months significantly improved walking capacity compared with placebo, and caused a more pronounced improvement in both pain-free and total walking distance than either pentoxifylline 300 mg or aspirin 500 mg twice daily in separate 6- and 12-month studies of patients with intermittent claudication. Oral indobufen up to 200 mg twice daily was generally well tolerated in >5000 patients with atherosclerotic disease. Adverse events (predominantly gastrointestinal), reported by 3.9% of patients, rarely required withdrawal from treatment. In the SINBA and UK studies, fewer adverse events and less gastrointestinal bleeding were seen with indobufen than with aspirin plus dipyridamole treatment, while in the SIFA trial, noncerebral bleeding events occurred significantly less frequently in indobufen than warfarin recipients (0.6 vs 5.1%) and major bleeding events occurred only in the warfarin group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indobufen is as effective as warfarin in the prophylaxis of thromboembolic events in at risk patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation, as aspirin plus dipyridamole in the prevention of CABG occlusion and may be more effective than aspirin or pentoxifylline in improving walking capacity in patients with intermittent claudication. The improved tolerability profile of indobufen (favourable gastric tolerance and reduced haemorrhagic complications) compared with aspirin 300 to 325 mg 3 times daily or warfarin, in addition to a similar antiplatelet effect, suggests indobufen can be considered a drug with a definite role in the management of atherothrombotic events. In particular, indobufen may be an effective alternative for at risk patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation in whom anticoagulant therapy is contraindicated or who are at higher risk of bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Adis International Limited, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, New Zealand. demail@adis.co.nz
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhana
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: McClellan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication; D054833:Isoindoles; D010654:Phenylbutyrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D054833:Isoindoles; D010654:Phenylbutyrates; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; C020371:indobufen