title: A randomized controlled trial of risperidone in the treatment of aggression in hospitalized adolescents with subaverage cognitive abilities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that blocks dopamine as well as serotonin receptor systems. The present study was designed to examine the efficacy and safety of risperidone in a 6-week double-blind, randomized, parallel-group design in the treatment of aggression in adolescents with a primary diagnosis of DSM-IV disruptive behavior disorders and with subaverage intelligence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 38 adolescents (33 boys; 10 subjects with slightly subaverage IQ, 14 with borderline IQ, and 14 with mild mental retardation), who were hospitalized for treatment of psychiatric disorders associated with severe aggression, to receive risperidone or placebo. The main efficacy measures were the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness scale (CGI-S), the modified Overt Aggression Scale (OAS-M), and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). Side effects were measured using the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean daily dose of risperidone at the end of treatment was 2.9 mg (range, 1.5-4 mg). Risperidone, compared with placebo, was associated with significant improvements on the CGI-S (p < .001) and the at-school ABC overall and hyperactivity scales (p < .05). During a 2-week washout following the 6-week trial, a statistically significant worsening was found in the risperidone group on the CGI-S scale, the OAS-M. and the ABC. Extrapyramidal symptoms were absent or very mild during risperidone treatment. Transient tiredness was present in 11 (58%) of 19 drug-treated subjects. Other untoward effects included sialorrhea, nausea, and slight weight gain (mean = 3.5% of body weight in the risperidone group). No clinically relevant changes were found in laboratory parameters, electrocardiogram, heart rate, or blood pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that risperidone may be effective for severe aggression in adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders and subaverage intelligence, and these results are consistent with reports suggesting its effectiveness for treating severe aggression in adolescents in general.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Psychiatry and Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. J.K.Buitelaar@psych.azu.nl
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van der Gaag
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cohen-Kettenis
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Melman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000523:psychology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D015897:Comorbidity; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010919:Placebos; D018967:Risperidone