title: [Iatrogenic effects of orthodontic therapy].
abstract: Iatrogenic effects of orthodontic treatment are root resorption, pulpal changes, decalcifications and white spots, gingival and periodontal changes, enamel surface changes, temporomandibular dysfunction, immunological reactions, pain and discomfort, and accidents. The authors discuss these items and give, if possible, tips to prevent or reduce these effects.
authors.affiliation: Afdeling Orthodontie en Orale Biologie van de Katholieke Universiteit te Nijmegen.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kiekens
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kuijpers-Jagtman
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents; D003788:Dental Pulp Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012391:Root Resorption / Q000209:etiology; D013706:Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*