title: The growing commercial value of the male body: a longitudinal survey of advertising in women's magazines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the advances of feminism, men have gradually relinquished their once-exclusive 'masculine' roles as fighters and breadwinners. In response to this change, the male body may have gained in relative importance as one of the few surviving marks of masculinity. We hypothesized that these trends might be quantified by using a commercial measure such as advertising.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the proportion of exposed male and female bodies portrayed in advertisements between 1958 and 1998 in two leading American women's magazines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both magazines, the proportion of undressed women in the advertisements has changed little over the last 40 years, whereas the proportion of undressed men has increased dramatically, especially since the early 1980s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trends in commercial advertising offer tentative support for the hypothesis that the male body is increasing in importance as a mark of masculinity--at least as judged from the actions of advertisers seeking to influence women's attitudes.
authors.affiliation: Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass., USA. biopsych@mclean.org
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olivardia
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Borowiecki
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Cohane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising / Q000639:trends*; D001828:Body Image; D003132:Commerce / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D019513:Feminism; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014481:United States