title: [Percutaneous treatment of varicocele. 13-year experience with the transbrachial approach].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report our experience using the transbrachial approach, which is easily accepted by the patient, in the treatment of varicocele.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1986 and December 1998, 1490 patients with clinical or subclinical varicocele, but with seminal fluid alterations, underwent spermatic phlebography using the transbrachial approach. Since 1991 the procedure has also been adopted at the Unit of Pediatric Surgery of our hospital, which proposes it as a first choice treatment in adolescents with varicocele. The procedure consists in accessing the basilic vein at the elbow level percutaneously and using a hydrophile guidewire and multipurpose angiographic catheter to reach and catheterise the spermatic vein responsible for the varicocele. During the first years, we used sclerotherapy alone; subsequently, if the varicocele recurred or if the reflux was refractory to sclerotherapy or if the veins were large we adopted vein embolisation. Follow-up was one year and consisted of testicular ultrasound, Doppler flowmetry and/or color Doppler ultrasound at one, six and twelve months after the procedure. Patients were considered restored if they were free of symptoms, showed no venous reflux and/or had normal seminal fluid parameters and improved if they were free of symptoms but still presented venous reflux. Varicocele was considered persistent if the procedure failed to produce any beneficial effects, and recurrent if, although absent at the first follow up, it reappeared after the fifth month.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 1296 (86.9%) cases of left varicocele, 25 of right varicocele and 169 (11.3%) of bilateral varicocele. In all cases, the symptoms disappeared after the percutaneous procedure. Duration of radioscopy was reduced to 3.5'; the procedure lasted 90' for the monolateral varicoceles and 120' for the bilateral forms. 313 diagnostic procedures were performed (20.7%). The procedure could not be completed in 104 patients (6.8%) due to basilic vein spasms, difficulties encountered in catheterizing the spermatic vein and, particularly in pediatric patients, anatomic variations. A total of 1195 (79.2%) procedures were completed: sclerotherapy alone in 642 patients and sclerotherapy followed by scleroembolisation in 527. Sclerotherapy alone was sufficient to restore 524 patients (86.6%), while 384 (78.5%) required scleroembolization. A small number of patients underwent scleroembolization alone, which brings the success rate for the two procedures to 82% and 84%, respectively. No serious side-effects were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transbrachial approach in spermatic phlebography has proved to be a safe and effective technique for the treatment of both monolateral and bilateral varicocele. Furthermore, the procedure is well accepted by patients and can be performed in a day-care setting. In some cases, we only obtained partial results because of the large caliber of the spermatic vein; in other cases, we were unable to complete the procedure due to anatomic variations or to the spasm of the basilic vein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The safety and effectiveness of this procedure make it a valid alternative to traditional surgery, that should be considered as a possible first-choice treatment for varicocele in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo-Forlanini, Dipartimento di Cardioscienze, Unità Operativa di Radiologia Vascolare e Interventistica, Roma.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pieri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minucci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morucci
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Giuliani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De' Medici
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002404:Catheterization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010690:Phlebography; D014646:Varicocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*