title: Characteristics of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer predict further involvement of higher-echelon nodes in the axilla: a study to evaluate the need for complete axillary lymph node dissection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy techniques provide accurate nodal staging for breast cancer. In the past, complete lymph node dissection (CLND) (levels 1 and 2) was performed for breast cancer staging, although the therapeutic benefit of this more extensive procedure has remained controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  It has been demonstrated that if the axillary SLN has no evidence of micrometastases, the nonsentinel lymph nodes (NSLNs) are unlikely to have metastases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine which variables predict the probability of NSLN involvement in patients with primary breast carcinoma and SLN metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  An analysis of 101 women with SLN metastases and subsequent CLND was performed. Variables included size of the primary tumor, tumor volume in the SLN, staining techniques used to initially identify the micrometastases (cytokeratin immunohistochemical vs hematoxylin-eosin), number of SLNs harvested, and number of NSLNs involved with the metastases. Tumor size was determined by the invasive component of the primary tumor. Patients with ductal carcinoma in situ who were upstaged with cytokeratin staining were considered to have stage T1a tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sentinel lymph node micrometastases (<2 mm) detected initially by cytokeratin staining were associated with a 7.6% (2/26) incidence of positive CLND compared with a 25% (5/20) incidence when micrometastases were detected initially by routine hematoxylin-eosin staining. Sentinel lymph node micrometastases, regardless of identification technique, inferred a risk of 15.2% (7/46) for NSLN involvement. As the volume of tumor in the SLN increased (ie, <2 mm, >2 mm, grossly visible tumor), so did the risk of NSLN metastases (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrated that patients with micrometastases detected initially by cytokeratin staining had low-volume disease in the SLN with a small chance of having metastases in higher-echelon nodes in the regional basin other than the SLN. Characteristics of the SLN can provide information to determine the need for a complete axillary CLND. Complete lymph node dissection may not be necessary in patients with micrometastases detected initially by cytokeratin staining since the disease is confined to the SLN 92.4% of the time. However, the therapeutic value of CLND in breast cancer remains to be determined by further investigation.
authors.affiliation: H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Kamath
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giuliano
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Dauway
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cantor
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Reintgen
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D001706:Biopsy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004801:Eosine Yellowish-(YS); D005260:Female; D006416:Hematoxylin; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D007633:Keratins; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007633:Keratins; D004801:Eosine Yellowish-(YS); D006416:Hematoxylin