title: Urine-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Serology and (13)C-urea breath test have been widely used as noninvasive tests to detect Helicobacter pylori infection. However, easier collection of samples and lower costs are desirable for diagnosis of the individual patient or for use in epidemiologic studies. Our aim was to study the diagnostic accuracy of a recently developed urine-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for the detection of H pylori-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens of serum and randomly voided urine were collected from 816 children (0-15 years old) and were analyzed using 2 serum-based ELISA kits and a urine-based ELISA kit, respectively. Based on results of serology, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the urine-based ELISA kit were evaluated. With regard to false-positive and false-negative results, urinary IgG concentrations and IgG/creatinine levels were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both serum-based ELISAs were positive in 41 children and were negative in 666, who were enrolled in this study. The remaining 109 children were excluded because of disagreement between the results of the 2 serum-based ELISAs, including indeterminate values. Overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of urine-based ELISA test compared with serology were 85.4%, 95.5%, and 94.9%, respectively. On positivity rates, the urine-based ELISA was closely coincident with the serum-based ELISA in each age group. There was no correlation between antibody levels detected by urine-based ELISA and each serum-based ELISA. Urinary IgG concentrations and IgG/creatinine levels were significantly higher in false-positives and were lower in false-negatives than in true-positives plus true-negatives for serology. Most of those with false-positive results had trace to moderate proteinuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The urine-based ELISA is an alternative to serum-based ELISA for diagnosis of H pylori infection in children and should be suitable for large-scale epidemiologic studies concerning the organism. In children with proteinuria, results of the test should be interpreted with caution. It is possible that the urine-based ELISA method would be applicable to diagnosis of other infectious diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. skato@ped.med.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tachikawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Konno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakazato
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tajiri
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iinuma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D003404:Creatinine