title: Outlet strut fracture of Björk-Shiley convexo-concave valves: can valve-manufacturing characteristics explain the risk?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Björk-Shiley 60 degrees convexo-concave prosthetic heart valves (Shiley, Inc, Irvine, Calif, a subsidiary of Pfizer, Inc) continue to be a concern for approximately 35,000 nonexplanted patients worldwide, with approximately 600 events reported to the manufacturer to date. Fractures of the outlet struts of the valves began to appear in the early 1980s and have continued to the present, but their causes are only partially understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A matched case-control study was conducted evaluating manufacturing records for 52 valves with outlet strut fractures and 248 control subjects matched for age at implantation, valve size, and valve position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to the risk factors recognized as determinants of outlet strut fracture, the United Kingdom case-control study has observed 7- to 9-fold increased risk with performance of multiple hook deflection tests. This test was performed more than once, usually after rework on the valve. Six valves in this study underwent multiple hook deflection tests, of which 4 experienced an outlet strut fracture. Cracks and further rework were noted for these valves. Significant associations were also observed between outlet strut fracture and disc-to-strut gap measurements taken before the attachment of the sewing ring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is our view that a combination of factors related to valve design, manufacturing process, and patient characteristics are responsible for outlet strut fractures of Björk-Shiley convexo-concave valves. Multiple hook deflection tests have emerged as a potential new risk factor for outlet strut fracture in both The Netherlands and the United Kingdom. This factor appears to be correlated with the presence of other abnormalities. A further study is needed to investigate the factors correlated with multiple hook deflection tests. On confirmation of risk, the presence of multiple hook deflection tests may be added to equations, quantifying the risk of outlet strut fracture for comparison against risk of mortality and serious morbidity from explant operations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd., London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beirne
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Blot
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Lawford
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hose
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D001705:Bioprosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology