title: [Normal tension glaucoma, sleep apnea syndrome and nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy--case report with a review of literature].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the pathogenesis of glaucoma, besides an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), cardiovascular risk factors, such as arterial hypotension and hypertension, vasospasms, autoregulatory defects, atherosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus are of increasing importance, especially in normal tension glaucoma. Recently, there have been several reports of an additional risk factor: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review (Medline) and case report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors report on a 8 1/2 years follow-up of a 60-year-old patient with normal tension glaucoma. Despite successful pharmacological and surgical lowering of intraocular pressure a progressive glaucomatous damage with optic nerve atrophy and increasing visual field defects occurred. As a result of intensive investigations of possible cardiovascular risk factors, an obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was diagnosed. Since the beginning of therapy with nCPAP (nasal continuous positive airway pressure) more than 3 1/2 years ago, no further progression of glaucomatous optic nerve damage or visual field defects have been observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In clinical practice, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome often is underdiagnosed. In patients suffering from glaucoma and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, intraocular pressure lowering therapy may not be enough, whereas an additional nCPAP-therapy potentially could prevent the beginning/progression of glaucomatous optic nerve damage.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Augenheilkunde, Abt. für Erkrankungen des vorderen Augenabschnitts, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen. stephan.kremmer@uni-essen.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kremmer
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Selbach
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Ayertey
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Steuhl
mesh_terms: D005901:Glaucoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007384:Intermittent Positive-Pressure Breathing; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D017214:Laryngeal Masks; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D012307:Risk Factors; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome