title: Determinants of serum enterolactone concentration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The lignan enterolactone, which is produced by the intestinal microflora from dietary precursors, may protect against hormone-dependent cancers and cardiovascular diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the cross-sectional associations between the serum enterolactone concentration and variables related to diet and health in Finnish adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum enterolactone was measured by using time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay in 2380 Finnish men and women aged 25-64 y who were participating in a cross-sectional national survey in 1997. Background information was collected with self-administered questionnaires and the diet was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median serum enterolactone concentration was 13.8 nmol/L (range: 0-95.6 nmol/L) in men and 16.6 nmol/L (range: 0-182.6 nmol/L) in women. Multiple regression analyses showed positive associations in men between the serum enterolactone concentration and constipation, consumption of whole-grain products, and intake of fruit and berries. In women, the serum enterolactone concentration was positively and independently associated with consumption of vegetables, subject age, and constipation and was negatively associated with smoking. Furthermore, female subjects of normal weight had significantly higher serum enterolactone concentrations than did their underweight or obese peers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The serum enterolactone concentration varies widely in the population. Of the variables we examined, the most important determinants of the serum enterolactone concentration were consumption of lignan-containing foods and constipation; however, these appeared to explain only a small part of the variation. Therefore, the role of gut microflora in the metabolism of lignans might be very important. Further studies will also be needed to determine the bioavailability and absorption rate of lignans.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Helsinki, Finland. annamari.kilkkinen@ktl.fi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kilkkinen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stumpf
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pietinen
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Valsta
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tapanainen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adlercreutz
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D015200:Fluoroimmunoassay; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D017705:Lignans / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D017705:Lignans; D015107:4-Butyrolactone; C029497:2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone