title: Intravenous itraconazole.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the pharmacology, mycology, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, tolerability, dosage, administration, and economic issues of intravenous itraconazole.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search from 1978 to June 2000 of the English-language literature and an extensive review of meeting abstracts was conducted. Due to the paucity of published information concerning the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of the intravenous formulation of intravenous itraconazole, additional information was obtained from the manufacturer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from in vitro and preclinical studies, as well as Phase II and III clinical trials, were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The triazole antifungal agent itraconazole is available in a cyclodextrin-based intravenous formulation. Intravenous itraconazole is indicated for the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary blastomycosis; histoplasmosis, including chronic cavitary pulmonary disease and disseminated, nonmeningeal histoplasmosis; and pulmonary and extrapulmonary aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of or who are refractory to amphotericin B. This formulation provides quicker and more consistent therapeutic concentrations than the oral formulations. Clinical data comparing the efficacy of intravenous itraconazole with that of amphotericin B are lacking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous itraconazole offers a less toxic alternative for patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and aspergillosis who cannot receive oral medications or who are intolerant of or refractory to amphotericin B.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Slain
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cleary
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D001759:Blastomycosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003505:Cyclodextrins / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D003505:Cyclodextrins; D017964:Itraconazole