title: Deaths attributed to pediatric complex chronic conditions: national trends and implications for supportive care services.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with complex chronic conditions (CCCs) might benefit from pediatric supportive care services, such as home nursing, palliative care, or hospice, especially those children whose conditions are severe enough to cause death. We do not know, however, the extent of this population or how it is changing over time.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify trends over the past 2 decades in the pattern of deaths attributable to pediatric CCCs, examining counts and rates of CCC-attributed deaths by cause and age (infancy: <1 year old, childhood: 1-9 years old, adolescence or young adulthood: 10-24 years old) at the time of death, and to determine the average number of children living within the last 6 months of their lives.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study using national death certificate data and census estimates from the National Center for Health Statistics. Participants included all people 0 to 24 years old in the United States from 1979 to 1997. CCCs comprised a broad array of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for cardiac, malignancy, neuromuscular, respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal, immunodeficiency, metabolic, genetic, and other congenital anomalies. Trends of counts and rates were tested using negative binomial regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1.75 million deaths that occurred in 0- to 24-year-olds from 1979 to 1997, 5% were attributed to cancer CCCs, 16% to noncancer CCCs, 43% to injuries, and 37% to all other causes of death. Overall, both counts and rates of CCC-attributed deaths have trended downward, with declines more pronounced and statistically significant for noncancer CCCs among infants and children, and for cancer CCCs among children, adolescents, and young adults. In 1997, deaths attributed to all CCCs accounted for 7242 infant deaths, 2835 childhood deaths, and 5109 adolescent deaths. Again, in 1997, the average numbers of children alive who would die because of a CCC within the ensuing 6-month period were 1097 infants, 1414 children, and 2548 adolescents or young adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Population-based planning of pediatric supportive care services should use measures that best inform our need to provide care for time-limited events (perideath or bereavement care) versus care for ongoing needs (home nursing or hospice). Pediatric supportive care services will need to serve patients with a broad range of CCCs from infancy into adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Child Health Institute, University of Washington, USA. feudtner@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feudtner
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hays
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Neff
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Koepsell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology