title: Aligning gene expression time series with time warping algorithms.
abstract: motivation: Increasingly, biological processes are being studied through time series of RNA expression data collected for large numbers of genes. Because common processes may unfold at varying rates in different experiments or individuals, methods are needed that will allow corresponding expression states in different time series to be mapped to one another.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present implementations of time warping algorithms applicable to RNA and protein expression data and demonstrate their application to published yeast RNA expression time series. Programs executing two warping algorithms are described, a simple warping algorithm and an interpolative algorithm, along with programs that generate graphics that visually present alignment information. We show time warping to be superior to simple clustering at mapping corresponding time states. We document the impact of statistical measurement noise and sample size on the quality of time alignments, and present issues related to statistical assessment of alignment quality through alignment scores. We also discuss directions for algorithm improvement including development of multiple time series alignments and possible applications to causality searches and non-temporal processes ('concentration warping').
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Lipper Center for Computational Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aach
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Church
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012313:RNA