title: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine after intravenous administration in nonhuman primates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gemcitabine (dFdC) is a difluorine-substituted deoxycytidine analogue that has demonstrated antitumor activity against both leukemias and solid tumors. Pharmacokinetic studies of gemcitabine have been performed in both adults and children but to date there have been no detailed studies of its penetration into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The current study was performed in nonhuman primates to determine the plasma and CSF pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and its inactive metabolite, difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) following i.v. administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gemcitabine, 200 mg/kg, was administered i.v. over 45 min to four nonhuman primates. Serial plasma and CSF samples were obtained prior to, during, and after completion of the infusion for determination of gemcitabine and dFdU concentrations. Gemcitabine and dFdU concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and modeled with model-dependent and model-independent methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma elimination was rapid with a mean t1/2 of 8 +/- 4 min (mean +/- SD) for gemcitabine and 83 +/- 8 min for dFdU. Gemcitabine total body clearance (ClTB) was 177 +/- 40 ml/min per kg and the Vdss was 5.5 +/- 1.0 l/kg. The maximum concentrations (Cmax) and areas under the time concentration curves (AUC) for gemcitabine and dFdU in plasma were 194 +/- 64 microM and 63.8 +/- 14.6 microM.h, and 783 +/- 99 microM and 1725 +/- 186 microM.h, respectively. The peak CSF concentrations of gemcitabine and dFdU were 2.5 +/- 1.4 microM and 32 +/- 41 microM, respectively. The mean CSF:plasma ratio was 6.7% for gemcitabine and 23.8% for dFdU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is only modest penetration of gemcitabine into the CSF after i.v. administration. The relatively low CSF exposure to gemcitabine after i.v. administration suggests that systemic administration of this agent is not optimal for the treatment of overt leptomeningeal disease. However, the clinical spectrum of antitumor activity and lack of neurotoxicity after systemic administration of gemcitabine make this agent an excellent candidate for further studies to assess the safety and feasibility of intrathecal administration.
authors.affiliation: Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: J Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dauser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nuchtern
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Egorin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McGuffey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aleksic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blaney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine