title: Examination of Alternaria alternata mutagenicity and effects of nitrosylation using the Ames Salmonella test.
abstract: Molds of the genus Alternaria are common food pathogens responsible for the spoilage of fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. Although consumption of Alternaria alternata-contaminated foodstuffs has been implicated in an elevated incidence of esophageal carcinogenesis, the mutagenic potencies of several A. alternata toxins seem unable to account for the levels of activity found using crude mycelial extracts. In this study, the mutagenic effects of nitrosylation were examined with the major Alternaria metabolites Altenuene (ALT), Alternariol (AOH), Alternariol Monomethyl Ether (AME), Altertoxin I (ATX I), Tentoxin (TENT), Tenuazonic Acid (TA), and Radicinin (RAD) using the Ames Salmonella strains TA98 and TA100. In the absence of nitrosylation, ATX I was mutagenic when tested from 1 to 100 microg/plate in TA98 with rat liver S9 for activation, while AOH and ATX I were weakly mutagenic +/- S9 in TA100. Incubation with nitrite generally increased mutagenic potencies with ATX I strongly mutagenic +/- S9 in both TA98 and TA100, while ALT, AOH, AME, and RAD responses were enhanced in TA100 + S9. However, subsequent examination of three extracts made from A. alternata culture broth, acetone-washed mycelia, and the acetone washes showed a different mutagenic response with both broth and acetone washes directly mutagenic in TA98 and TA100 but with a reduced response + S9. The acetone-washed mycelial extract was found to have the lowest mutagenic activity of the three extracts tested. Nitrosylation had little effect on the mutagenicity of any of the extracts. Thus, while nitrosylation increases the mutagenicity of ATX I, and to a lesser extent that of several other Alternaria toxins, the results demonstrate that Alternaria produces a major mutagenic activity with a S. typhimurium response different from that found with the purified toxins. Efforts are currently underway to chemically identify this mutagenic species. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. tim_schrader@hc-sc.gc.ca
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Schrader
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cherry
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soper
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Langlois
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Vijay
mesh_terms: D000528:Alternaria / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001551:Benz(a)Anthracenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology; D010569:Perylene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D011753:Pyrones / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics; D012977:Sodium Nitrite / Q000494:pharmacology; D013720:Tenuazonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001551:Benz(a)Anthracenes; D007783:Lactones; D009153:Mutagens; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D011753:Pyrones; C040005:altenuene; C050233:altertoxin I; D010569:Perylene; D013720:Tenuazonic Acid; C003384:tentoxin; C009157:radicinin; C005197:alternariol; D012977:Sodium Nitrite; C018206:alternariol monomethyl ether