title: N-acetyl-L-cysteine exerts direct anti-aggregating effect on human platelets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a thiol compound, has been shown to potentiate the inhibition of platelet aggregation exerted by organic nitrates and to increase the anti-aggregating effect of L-arginine, which promotes endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) acting as substrate of platelet constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS). It is not known whether this thiol can exert direct effects on platelet aggregability.
  
  
  METHODS
  14 healthy male volunteers provided platelet samples to investigate whether N-acetyl-L-cysteine directly influences platelet function and intraplatelet levels of 3',5' cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which represents the second messenger involved in NO-induced antiaggregation. Some experiments were repeated in the presence of NOS inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), of nitric oxide-sensitive guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), of the selective cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor zaprinast and of calcium ionophores (A23187, ionomycin).
  
  
  RESULTS
  N-acetyl-L-cysteine at 3000-6000 micromol L-1 decreases the responses of human platelets both in platelet-rich plasma (aggregation induced by adenosine 5-diphosphate) and in whole blood (aggregation induced by collagen). The anti-aggregating effect was prevented by preincubation with L-NMMA and guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ. In resting platelets, N-acetyl-L-cysteine increased the levels of cGMP starting from a concentration of 3000 micromol L-1. Permeabilized platelets exhibited an increased sensitivity to the anti-aggregating effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Also, cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibition or the increase in calcium availability, enhanced N-acetyl-L-cysteine effects on platelets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  N-acetyl-L-cysteine exerts direct anti-aggregating effects through an increased bioavailability of platelet nitric oxide.
authors.affiliation: S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano (TO), Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anfossi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Massucco
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mattiello
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavalot
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trovati
mesh_terms: D015106:3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011688:Purinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C095284:1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010069:Oxadiazoles; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D011688:Purinones; D011810:Quinoxalines; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D000001:Calcimycin; D015759:Ionomycin; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D003094:Collagen; D015106:3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; C011145:zaprinast; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D000111:Acetylcysteine