title: Cardiac-specific LIM protein FHL2 modifies the hypertrophic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A deficiency of muscle LIM protein results in dilated cardiomyopathy, but the function of other LIM proteins in the heart has not been assessed previously. We have characterized the expression and function of FHL2, a heart-specific member of the LIM domain gene family.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of FHL2 mRNA and protein was examined by Northern blot, in situ hybridization, and Western blot analyses of fetal and adult mice. FHL2 transcripts are present at embryonic day (E) 7.5 within the cardiac crescent in a pattern that resembles that of Nkx2.5 mRNA. During later stages of cardiac development and in adult animals, FHL2 expression is localized to the myocardium and absent from endocardium, cardiac cushion, outflow tract, or coronary vasculature. The gene encoding FHL2 was disrupted by homologous recombination, and knockout mice devoid of FHL2 were found to undergo normal cardiovascular development. In the absence of FHL2, however, cardiac hypertrophy resulting from chronic infusion of isoproterenol is exaggerated (59% versus 20% increase in heart weight/body weight in FHL null versus wild-type mice; P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FHL2 is an early marker of cardiogenic cells and a cardiac-specific LIM protein in the adult. FHL2 is not required for normal cardiac development but modifies the hypertrophic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rothermel
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bassel-Duby
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; C105987:FHL2 protein, human; C491382:Fhl2 protein, mouse; D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; C095552:NKX2-5 protein, human; C484469:Nkx2-5 protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; D007545:Isoproterenol