title: Select flavonoids and whole juice from purple grapes inhibit platelet function and enhance nitric oxide release.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moderate red wine consumption is inversely associated with coronary ischemia, and both red wine and purple grape juice (PGJ) contain flavonoids with antioxidant and antiplatelet properties believed to be protective against cardiovascular events. Acute cardiac events are also associated with decreased platelet-derived nitric oxide (NO) release. In this study, the effects of PGJ and PGJ-derived flavonoids on platelet function and platelet NO production were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of platelets with dilute PGJ led to inhibition of aggregation, enhanced release of platelet-derived NO, and decreased superoxide production. To confirm the in vivo relevance of these findings, 20 healthy subjects consumed 7 mL. kg(-1). d(-1) of PGJ for 14 days. Platelet aggregation was inhibited after PGJ supplementation, platelet-derived NO production increased from 3.5+/-1.2 to 6.0+/-1.5 pmol/10(8) platelets, and superoxide release decreased from 29.5+/-5.0 to 19.2+/-3.1 arbitrary units (P<0.007 and P<0.05, respectively). alpha-Tocopherol levels increased significantly after PGJ consumption (from 15.6+/-0.7 to 17.6+/-0.9 micromol/L; P<0.009), and the plasma protein-independent antioxidant activity increased by 50.0% (P<0.05). Last, incubation of platelets with select flavonoid fractions isolated from PGJ consistently attenuated superoxide levels but had variable effects on whole-blood aggregation, platelet aggregation, and NO release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both in vitro incubation and oral supplementation with PGJ decrease platelet aggregation, increase platelet-derived NO release, and decrease superoxide production. These findings may be a result of antioxidant-sparing and/or direct effects of select flavonoids found in PGJ. The suppression of platelet-mediated thrombosis represents a potential mechanism for the beneficial effects of purple grape products, independent of alcohol consumption, in cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA. freedmaj@gunet.georgetown.edu
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Perlman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frei
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Deak
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Iafrati
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Folts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D002469:Cell Separation; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008533:Megakaryocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D010979:Platelet Function Tests; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D019685:Rosales; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D013481:Superoxides; D014810:Vitamin E; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C496314:NOS3 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D011493:Protein Kinase C