title: Sanglifehrin A, a novel cyclophilin-binding compound showing immunosuppressive activity with a new mechanism of action.
abstract: We report here on the characterization of the novel immunosuppressant Sanglifehrin A (SFA). SFA is a representative of a class of macrolides produced by actinomycetes that bind to cyclophilin A (CypA), the binding protein of the fungal cyclic peptide cyclosporin A (CsA). SFA interacts with high affinity with the CsA binding side of CypA and inhibits its peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity. The mode of action of SFA is different from known immunosuppressive drugs. It has no effect on the phosphatase activity of calcineurin, the target of the immunosuppressants CsA and FK506 when complexed to their binding proteins CypA and FK binding protein, respectively. Moreover, its effects are independent of binding of cyclophilin. SFA inhibits alloantigen-stimulated T cell proliferation but acts at a later stage than CsA and FK506. In contrast to these drugs, SFA does not affect IL-2 transcription or secretion. However, it blocks IL-2-dependent proliferation and cytokine production of T cells, in this respect resembling rapamycin. SFA inhibits the proliferation of mitogen-activated B cells, but, unlike rapamycin, it has no effect on CD154/IL-4-induced Ab synthesis. The activity of SFA is also different from that of other known late-acting immunosuppressants, e.g., mycophenolate mofetil or brequinar, as it does not affect de novo purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis. In summary, we have identified a novel immunosuppressant, which represents, in addition to CsA, FK506 and rapamycin, a fourth class of immunophilin-binding metabolites with a new, yet undefined mechanism of action.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Research, Core Technology, and Nervous System Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland. gerhard.zenke@pharma.novartis.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zenke
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Strittmatter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Quesniaux
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brinkmann
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zurini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Enz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Billich
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sanglier
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fehr
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002999:Clone Cells; D021984:Cyclophilin A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004080:Dihydroorotase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007168:IMP Dehydrogenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D007783:Lactones / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000276:immunology; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D022061:Tacrolimus Binding Protein 1A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007783:Lactones; D013141:Spiro Compounds; C121329:sanglifehrin A; D007168:IMP Dehydrogenase; D004080:Dihydroorotase; D021984:Cyclophilin A; D022061:Tacrolimus Binding Protein 1A