title: Long-term results of metallic stents for benign biliary strictures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Historically, surgical correction has been the treatment of choice for benign biliary strictures (BBS). Self-expandable metallic stents (MSs) have been useful for inoperable malignant biliary strictures; however, their use for BBS is controversial and their natural history unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test our hypothesis that MSs provide only short-term benefit, we examined the long-term outcome of MSs for the treatment of BBS. Our goal was to develop a rational approach for treating BBS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 1990 and December 1995, 15 patients had MSs placed for BBS and have been followed up for a mean of 86.3 months (range, 55-120 months). The mean age of the patients was 66.6 years and 12 were women. Stents were placed for surgical injury in 5 patients and underlying disease in 10 patients (lithiasis, 7; pancreatitis, 2; and primary sclerosing cholangitis, 1). One or more MSs (Gianturco-Rosch "Z" for 4 patients and Wallstents for 11 patients) were placed by percutaneous, endoscopic, or combined approaches. We considered patients to have a good clinical outcome if the stent remained patent, they required 2 or fewer invasive interventions, and they had no biliary dilation on subsequent imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metallic stents were successfully placed in all 15 patients, and the mean patency rate was 30.6 months (range, 7-120 months). Five patients (33%) had a good clinical result with stent patency from 55 to 120 months. Ten patients (67%) required more than 2 radiologic and/or endoscopic procedures for recurrent cholangitis and/or obstruction (range, 7-120 months). Five of the 10 patients developed complete stent obstruction at 8, 9, 10, 15, and 120 months and underwent surgical removal of the stent and bilioenteric anastomosis. Four of these 5 patients had strictures from surgical injuries. The patient who had surgical removal 10 years after MS placement developed cholangiocarcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical repair remains the treatment of choice for BBS. Metallic stents should only be considered for poor surgical candidates, intrahepatic biliary strictures, or failed attempts at surgical repair. Most patients with MSs will develop recurrent cholangitis or stent obstruction and require intervention. Chronic inflammation and obstruction may predispose the patient to cholangiocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Liver Disease Center, St Vincent Medical Center, 2200 W Third St, Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cosenza
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lois
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Sher
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McMonigle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001659:Biliary Tract / Q000293:injuries; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D015209:Cholangitis, Sclerosing / Q000150:complications; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000150:complications; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000150:complications; D011859:Radiography; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome