title: Phosphorus losses in furrow irrigation runoff.
abstract: Phosphorus (P) often limits the eutrophication of streams, rivers, and lakes receiving surface runoff. We evaluated the relationships among selected soil P availability indices and runoff P fractions where manure, whey, or commercial fertilizer applications had previously established a range of soil P availabilities on a Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid) surface-irrigated with Snake River water. Water-soluble P, Olsen P (inorganic and organic P), and iron-oxide impregnated paper-extractable P (FeO-Ps) were determined on a 0.03-m soil sample taken from the bottom of each furrow before each irrigation in fall 1998 and spring 1999. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in a 0.45-microm filtered runoff sample, and iron-oxide impregnated paper-extractable P (FeO-Pw), total P, and sediment in an unfiltered runoff sample were determined at selected intervals during a 4-h irrigation on 18.3-m field plots. The 1998 and 1999 data sets were combined because there were no significant differences. Flow-weighted average runoff DRP and FeO-Pw concentrations increased linearly as all three soil P test concentrations increased. The average runoff total P concentration was not related to any soil P test but was linearly related to sediment concentration. Stepwise regression selected the independent variables of sediment, soil lime concentration, and soil organic P extracted by the Olsen method as related to average runoff total P concentration. The average runoff total P concentration was 1.08 mg L(-1) at a soil Olsen P concentration of 10 mg kg(-1). Soil erosion control will be necessary to reduce P losses in surface irrigation runoff.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341, USA. dtw@kimberly.ars.pn.usbr.gov
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Westermann
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bjorneberg
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Aase
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Robbins
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005068:Eutrophication; D005308:Fertilizers; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D008372:Manure; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D010087:Oxides; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014872:Water Movements; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D010087:Oxides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014873:Water Pollutants; D010758:Phosphorus; C016538:lime