title: Natural history of twin-twin transfusion syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the natural history of pregnancies with twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).
  
  
  METHODS
  All cases of TTTS at our institution since 1991 and in a MED-LINE search since 1966 were retrospectively reviewed. The prenatal diagnosis of TTTS required the presence of monochorionic/diamniotic placentation (absence of twin-peak sign, thin membrane, single placenta, same sex) and of polyhydramnios (largest pocket > 8 cm) in one sac and oligohydramnios (largest pocket < 2 cm or stuck twin) in the other. Only cases diagnosed at < or = 28 weeks were included. Upon diagnosis, all patients were counseled as to the availability, risks and benefits of serial amniocentesis, laser therapy, septostomy, umbilical cord ligation, and other medical and surgical interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 29 pregnancies identified at our institution with the above strict criteria for TTTS, 5 (17%) declined in utero therapy and were managed expectantly. The mean gestational age at presentation was 19.2 weeks (range, 16-28) and at delivery, 33.8 weeks (range, 22-41). Four (40%) of the twins survived past the neonatal period, and of the three with follow-up, all are free of neurologic sequelae despite the death in utero of their cotwin. From the literature, 136 fetuses with TTTS as defined above and managed expectantly were identified; 37 (27%) survived; 75% (9/12) of survivors with follow-up are neurologically normal. The most recent four studies have reported survival of untreated cases of 50% (17/34) when diagnosed at < or = 26 weeks and of 63% (20/32) when diagnosed at < or = 28 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The perinatal survival of TTTS pregnancies managed without in utero procedures is approximately 30% overall and 63% in the four most recent series when diagnosed at < or = 28 weeks. The success of in utero therapeutic intervention should be assessed by randomized studies or at least compared to that in similar cases managed without such intervention.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. vincenzo.berghella@mail.tju.edu
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Berghella
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
mesh_terms: D000649:Amniocentesis; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death; D005330:Fetofetal Transfusion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053685:Laser Therapy; D016239:MEDLINE; D016104:Oligohydramnios; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D006831:Polyhydramnios; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000601:surgery