title: Radiation dose response in patients with favorable localized prostate cancer (Stage T1-T2, biopsy Gleason < or = 6, and pretreatment prostate-specific antigen < or = 10).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the radiation dose response as determined by biochemical relapse-free survival in patients with favorable localized prostate cancers, i.e., Stage T1-T2, biopsy Gleason score (bGS) < or = 6, and pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (iPSA) < or = 10 ng/mL.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 292 patients with favorable localized prostate cancer were treated with radiotherapy alone between 1986 and 1999. The median age was 69 years. Sixteen percent of cases (n = 46) were African-American. The distribution by clinical T stage was as follows: T1/T2A, 243 (83%); and T2B/T2C, 49 (17%). The distribution by iPSA was as follows: < or = 4 ng/mL, 49 (17%); and > 4 ng/mL, 243 (83%). The mean iPSA level was 6.2 (median, 6.4). The distribution by bGS was as follows: or = 5 in 89 cases (30%) and 6 in 203 cases (70%). The median radiation dose was 70.0 Gy (range, 63.0-78.0 Gy). Doses of < or = 70.0 Gy were delivered in 175 cases, 70.2-72.0 Gy in 24 cases, 74 Gy in 30 cases, and 78 Gy in 63 cases. For patients receiving < 72 Gy, the median dose was 68 Gy, vs. 78 Gy for patients receiving > or = 72 Gy. A conformal technique was used in 129 (44%) of cases. The median follow-up was 43 months (range, 3-153).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the entire cohort, the projected 5- and 8-year biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS) rates were both 81%. For patients receiving > or = 72 Gy, the 5- and 8-year bRFS rates were both 95% vs. only 77% for patients receiving < 72 Gy, p = 0.010. For patients receiving 74 Gy, the 4-year bRFS rate was 94% vs. 96% for patients receiving 78 Gy, p = 0.90. A multivariate analysis for factors affecting bRFS rates using Cox proportional hazards was performed for all cases using the following variables: age (continuous variable), race (black vs. white), iPSA (continuous variable), bGS (< or = 5 vs. 6), Stage (T1-2A vs. T2B-C), radiation dose (continuous variable), and radiation technique (conformal vs. standard). From the multivariate analysis, only iPSA (p = 0.017, chi(2) = 5.7), and radiation dose (p = 0.021, chi(2) = 5.3) were independent predictors of outcome. Age (p = 0.94), race (p = 0.89), stage (p = 0.45), biopsy GS (p = 0.40), and radiation technique (p = 0.45) were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a clear radiation dose response in patients with favorable localized prostate cancers (i.e., Stage T1-T2, biopsy Gleason score < or = 6, and iPSA < or = 10 ng/mL). At least 74 Gy should be delivered to the prostate and periprostatic tissues. With our cohort of patients, longer follow-up will be needed to assess the importance of doses exceeding 74 Gy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. kupelian@radonc.ccf.org
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kupelian
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Buchsbaum
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen