title: Meconium staining and meconium aspiration syndrome. Is there seasonal variation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the incidence of pregnancies complicated by meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) or meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) differs with seasonal changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  An established perinatal database was used to identify all term (> or = 37 weeks) singleton gestations resulting in a live birth from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 1999. Patients were divided into groups based on the season of delivery: winter (December-February), spring (March-May), summer (June-August), and fall (September-November). Rates of MSAF (%MSAF/total deliveries) and MAS (%MAS/total deliveries) were calculated and compared among seasons. Local climatic data (average monthly temperature and monthly precipitation) were obtained from the National Weather Service. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to control for the effects of confounding variables and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. p < 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 3-year study period there were a total of 14,888 deliveries meeting the criteria. MSAF occurred in 3,206 (21.5%) deliveries and MAS developed in 92 (0.6% of total, 2.9% of MSAF). There were no differences in the rate of MSAF (p = 0.2) or MAS (p = 0.6) between seasons. By logistic regression neither season, temperature, nor precipitation were associated with MSAF or MAS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that over the period examined there were no significant seasonal variations in the incidence of MSAF or MAS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hutzel Hospital/Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich., USA. mfmboy@aol.com
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Carreno
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moldenhauer
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sorokin
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008470:Meconium; D008471:Meconium Aspiration Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012621:Seasons; D013194:Staining and Labeling