title: Fusing of dental ceramics to titanium.
abstract: Titanium is known as a useful biometal because of its good biocompatibility and mechanical performance. However, titanium is chemically an exceptional metal, reacting strongly with gaseous elements like oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen and also dissolving them extensively. This high reactivity causes problems, for example, when dental ceramics are fused to titanium. Commercial ceramic-titanium systems are increasingly used in prosthetic dentistry, but little is known about the microstructure and composition of the system. Better understanding of chemical reactions between ceramics and titanium is necessary if mechanically more compatible ceramic-titanium bonds are to be developed. This review deals with titanium as a metal, titanium's affinity for nonmetallic elements (especially oxygen), and reactions with other elements. Different aspects are discussed relative to the fusing of dental ceramics to titanium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatognathic Physiology and Prosthetic Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Finland. Mauno.Kononen@Helsinki.Fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Könönen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kivilahti
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008669:Metallurgy; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D010100:Oxygen; D012825:Silicon