title: Antidepressants using active placebos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although there is a consensus that antidepressants are effective in depression, placebo effects are also thought to be substantial. Side effects of antidepressants may reveal the identity of medication to participants or investigators and thus may bias the results of conventional trials using inert placebos. Using an 'active' placebo which mimics some of the side effects of antidepressants may help to counteract this potential bias.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy of antidepressants when compared with 'active' placebos.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Collaboration Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis review groups's search strategy was used to search MEDLINE (1966-2000), PsychLIT (1980-2000) and EMBASE (1974-2000) and this was last done in July 2000. Reference lists from relevant articles and textbooks were searched and 12 specialist journals were handsearched up to 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised and quasi randomised controlled trials comparing antidepressants with active placebos in people with depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since many different outcome measures were used a standard measure of effect was calculated for each trial. A subgroup analysis of inpatient and outpatient trials was conducted. Two reviewers independently assessed whether each trial met inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine studies involving 751 participants were included. Two of them produced effect sizes which showed a consistent and statistically significant difference in favour of the active drug. Combining all studies produced a pooled estimate of effect of 0.39 standard deviations (confidence interval, 0.24 to 0.54) in favour of the antidepressant measured by improvement in mood. There was high heterogeneity due to one strongly positive trial. Sensitivity analysis omitting this trial reduced the pooled effect to 0.17 (0.00 to 0.34). The pooled effect for inpatient and outpatient trials was highly sensitive to decisions about which combination of data was included but inpatient trials produced the lowest effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The more conservative estimates from the present analysis found that differences between antidepressants and active placebos were small. This suggests that unblinding effects may inflate the efficacy of antidepressants in trials using inert placebos. Further research into unblinding is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Charing Cross Hospital, Gloucester House, 194, Hammersmith road, London, UK, W6 8BS. joannamoncrieff@compuserve.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moncrieff
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wessely
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hardy
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015982:Bias; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015990:Placebo Effect; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents