title: [French validation of a Minor Morphologic Anomalies Scale in schizophrenic patients and their parents].
abstract: Minor Physical Anomalies represent valuable indices of disturbance in early neurodevelopment. They are frequently observed in individuals with various brain disorders, including mental retardation, autism, epilepsy, hyperactivity, foetal alcohol syndrome and schizophrenia. The high prevalence of Minor Physical Anomalies in schizophrenia provides considerable support for a neurodevelopmental model in this disorder. However, studies in large sample using standardised scale are lacking. Such studies are needed in order to confirm their actual frequency and study the clinical correlates or morphological anomalies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to revise and validate a French version of a scale designed for the evaluation of Minor Physical Anomalies in adult psychiatric patients and notably in patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The scale was revised from the Waldrop scale. The choice of items was done on the basis of frequency, reliability in the adult, reliability of rating. Some new items, related to know syndroms with comportmental symptoms were added. Both raters had previously had a short initiation to the rating of the scale. Interrater reliability between two examiners, blind with regards to the diagnosis was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The interrater reliability was good, with an intraclass correlation coefficient at 0.97. Patients had significantly more minor physical anomalies than comparison subjects, and also more Minor Physical Anomalies than their parents. Fathers and mothers of these schizophrenic patients had significantly more Minor Physical Anomalies than normal comparison subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the evaluation of physical anomalies relies on subjective appreciation of normal vs abnormal, the revised version of minor physical anomalies scale (French version) was found to be a reliable tool, provided that a short initiation to the rating is performed. The scale differentiated schizophrenic patients from their parents, and the latter from the normal controls. A lot of questions remains unanswered concerning the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. This scale appeared as a useful complementary tool to help in the determination of the developmental phenotypic status of the patients enrolled in pathophysiological studies aiming the identification of developmental factors in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: SHU, Laboratoire Universitaire de Psychiatrie Biologique (EA 2501), UP V, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, 7, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gourion
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Viot
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goldberger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cartier
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bourdel
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Poirier
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Olié
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lôo
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Krebs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010641:Phenotype; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*