title: The effect of exposure to 35,000 ft on incidence of altitude decompression sickness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to 35,000 ft without preoxygenation (breathing 100% oxygen prior to decompression) can result in severe decompression sickness (DCS). Exercise while decompressed increases the incidence and severity of symptoms. Clarification of the level of activity vs. time to symptom onset is needed to refine recommendations for current operations requiring 35,000-ft exposures. Currently, the U.S. Air Force limits these operations to 30 min following 75 min of preoxygenation. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of exercise intensity on DCS incidence and severity at 35,000 ft.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following 75 or 90 min of ground-level preoxygenation, 54 male and 38 female subjects were exposed to 35,000 ft for 3 h while performing strenuous exercise, mild exercise, or seated rest. The subjects were monitored for venous gas emboli (VGE) with an echo-imaging system and observed for signs and symptoms of DCS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposures involving strenuous and mild exercise resulted in higher incidence (p < 0.05) and earlier onset of symptoms (p < 0.05) of DCS than exposure at rest. Mild and strenuous exercise during exposure did not differ in incidence or rate of onset. Incidence at 30 min of exposure was 8% at rest and 23% while exercising.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that current guidelines for 35,000-ft exposures keep DCS risk below 10% at rest. Exercise, even at mild levels, greatly increases the incidence and rate of onset of DCS.
authors.affiliation: Air Force Research Laboratory, High Altitude Protection Research at Brooks AFB, San Antonio, TX, USA. james.webb@brooks.af.mil
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pilmanis
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000531:Altitude; D000532:Altitude Sickness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012146:Rest; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology