title: A meta-analysis of meausures of self-esteem for young children: a framework for future measures.
abstract: The objective of this study was to synthesize information from literature on measures of the self in young children to create an empirical framework for developing future methods for measuring this construct. For this meta-analysis, all available preschool and early elementary school self-esteem studies were reviewed. Reliability was used as the criterion variable and the predictor variables represented different aspects of methodology that are used in testing an instrument: study characteristics, method characteristics, subject characteristics, measure characteristics, and measure design characteristics. Using information from two analyses, the results indicate that the reliability of self-esteem measures for young children can be predicted by the setting of the study, number of items in the scale, the age of the children being studied, the method of data collection (questionnaires or pictures), and the socioeconomic status of the children. Age and number of items were found to be critical features in the development of reliable measures for young children. Future studies need to focus on the issues of age and developmental limitations on the complicated problem of how young children actually think about the self and what methods and techniques can aid in gathering this information more accurately.
authors.affiliation: Gender and Achievement Research Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1290, USA. pdakean@umich.edu
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Davis-Kean
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Sandler
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010553:Personality Development; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012931:Social Environment