title: Relatives of prostate cancer patients have an increased risk of prostate and stomach cancers: a population-based, cancer registry study in Finland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Five to ten percent of prostate cancers may be caused by inherited genetic defects. In order to explore the nature of inherited cancer risks in the genetically homogeneous Finnish population, we investigated the incidence of prostate cancer and other cancers in first-degree relatives of prostate cancer patients by linking the population-based parish records on relatives with the Finnish Cancer Registry (FCR) data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population was composed of first-degree relatives of two groups of prostate cancer patients diagnosed in Finland during 1988-1993: (1) all early-onset (<60 years) patients (n = 557) from the entire country, (2) a sample (n = 989) of prostate cancer patients diagnosed at an age of > 60 years. A total of 11,427 first-degree relatives were identified through parish records, and their cancer incidence was determined based on a total of 299,970 person-years. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were calculated based on expected cancer rates in the general population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SIR of prostate cancer was increased in both Cohort 1 (2.5, 95% CI 1.9-3.2) and Cohort 2 (1.7, 95% CI 1.4 2.1). The risk of prostate cancer was high for relatives of patients diagnosed at an early age, and then leveled off for patients in the median age of prostate cancer diagnosis (70-79 years). However, the prostate cancer risk for relatives of patients diagnosed > or = 80 years was again statistically significantly elevated (SIR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.6), suggesting a contribution of genetic factors to prostate cancer also at a late age of onset. Gastric cancer was the only other cancer type with a significantly elevated risk among the relatives. Increased risk of gastric cancer was seen only in male relatives of prostate cancer patients diagnosed at an early age, with the highest risk detected for the male relatives of prostate cancer patients diagnosed at an age of 55 years or less (SIR 5.0, 95% CI 2.8-8.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our population-based study indicates that hereditary factors may play an important role in the development of prostate cancer among the relatives of men diagnosed both at younger and older ages. This finding is relevant in the context of our observations that HPCX (hereditary prostate cancer susceptibility locus on Xq27-28) linkage in Finland is found exclusively among families with late age of onset. The association of gastric cancer with prostate cancer has not been reported previously, and may reflect the effects of a novel predisposition locus, which increases the risk to both of these common tumor types.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland. mika.matikainen@uta.fi
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Matikaine
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pukkala
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schleutker
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Tammela
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koivisto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sankila
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Kallioniemi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009386:Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010375:Pedigree; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*