title: Characterization of murine monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor (TNF-MAb) formulation for freeze-drying cycle development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to characterize the formulation of protein pharmaceuticals for freeze-drying cycle development. Thermal properties of a protein formulation in a freezing temperature range are important in the development of freezing and primary drying phases. Moisture sorption properties and the relationship between moisture and stability are the bases for the design of the secondary drying phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have characterized the formulation of TNF-MAb for the purpose of freeze-drying cycle development. The methods include: DTA with ER probes, freeze-drying microscopy, isothermal water adsorption, and moisture optimization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DTA/ER work demonstrated the tendency to "noneutectic" freezing for the TNF-MAb formulation at cooling rates of -1 to -3 degrees C/min. The probability of glycine crystallization during freezing was quite low. A special treatment, either a high subzero temperature holding or annealing could promote the maximum crystallization of glycine, which could dramatically increase the Tg' of the remaining solution. The freeze-drying microscopy further indicated that, after the product was annealed, the cake structure was fully maintained at a Tp below -25 degrees C during primary drying. The moisture optimization study demonstrated that a drier TNF-MAb product had better stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An annealing treatment should be implemented in the freezing phase in order for TNF-MAb to be dried at a higher product temperature during primary drying. A secondary drying phase at an elevated temperature was necessary in order to achieve optimum moisture content in the final product.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Division, Bayer Corp., Berkeley, California 94701, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: D Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bouffard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D004355:Drug Stability; D005612:Freeze Drying / Q000379:methods; D013696:Temperature; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha