title: Contributions of an adiabatic initial inversion pulse and K-space re-ordered by inversion-time at each slice position (KRISP) to control of CSF artifacts and visualization of the brain in FLAIR magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the performance of three fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) pulse sequences for control of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood flow artifacts in imaging of the brain. The first of these sequences had an initial sinc inversion pulse which was followed by conventional k-space mapping. The second had an initial sinc inversion pulse followed by k-space re-ordered by inversion time at each slice position (KRISP) and the third had an adiabatic initial inversion pulse followed by KRISP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with established disease were studied with all three pulse sequences. Seven were also studied with the adiabatic KRISP sequence after contrast enhancement. Their images were evaluated for patient motion artifact, CSF and blood flow artifact as well as conspicuity of the cortex, meninges, ventricular system, brainstem and cerebellum. The conspicuity of lesions and the degree of enhancement were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the sinc and adiabatic KRISP FLAIR sequences showed better control of CSF and blood flow artifacts than the conventional FLAIR sequence. In addition the adiabatic KRISP FLAIR sequence showed better control of CSF artifact at the inferior aspect of the posterior fossa. The lesion conspicuity was similar for each of the FLAIR sequences as was the degree of contrast enhancement to that shown with a T(1)weighted spin echo sequence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The KRISP FLAIR sequence controls high signal artifacts from CSF flow and blood flow and the adiabatic pulse controls high signal artifacts due to inadequate inversion of the CSF magnetization at the periphery of the head transmitter coil. The KRISP FLAIR sequence also improves cortical and meningeal definition as a result of an edge enhancement effect. The effects are synergistic and can be usefully combined in a single pulse sequence. Curati, W. L.et al. (2001)Clinical Radiology56, 375-384
authors.affiliation: The Robert Steiner Magnetic Resonance Unit, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, U.K.
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Curati
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oatridge
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Herlihy
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Hajnal
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Bydder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016477:Artifacts; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media