title: Therapeutic value and long-term safety of pulsed estrogen therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate equivalent efficacy for menopausal symptoms between Aerodiol nasal spray and reference oral estradiol therapy, and to investigate the endometrial safety and tolerability of Aerodiol in the long term.
  
  
  METHODS
  The efficacy of Aerodiol 300 microg, once daily, was compared with oral estradiol 2 mg/day in a randomized, double-blind trial. A statistical test of noninferiority was performed on the mean absolute Kupperman index (KI) obtained after 14 and 23 weeks of the two treatments. Long-term safety was assessed in a 1-year open-label study. The initial Aerodiol dose was 300 microg/day, and was adjusted if required. Endometrial biopsies were obtained at inclusion and at the end of the trial and examined independently by two pathologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the equivalence trial, the KI improved similarly in the Aerodiol group (n=317) and the oral estradiol group (n=342). Aerodiol was shown statistically to be at least as effective as oral therapy (P<0.001), but the incidences of mastalgia and withdrawal bleeding were significantly lower in the Aerodiol group (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). In the long-term safety trial (n=408), the rate of Aerodiol treatment continuation at 12 months was 85%, and there was no incidence of endometrial hyperplasia or cancer. Aerodiol dose adaptation was performed by 29% of women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aerodiol was shown to have equivalent efficacy to reference oral estradiol therapy, but with better gynaecological acceptability. The endometrial safety of Aerodiol was confirmed in the long term, and the ability to adjust the dosage easily was of benefit to a substantial proportion of women.
authors.affiliation: Free University of Berlin, Benjamin Franklin University Hospital, Clinical Research Center of Women's Health, Berlin, Germany. doeren@ukfb.fu-berlin.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dören
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Azzawi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Donnez
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Van der Mooren
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Villero
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gompel
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000336:Aerosols; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004714:Endometrial Hyperplasia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D012449:Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D004958:Estradiol