title: Doppler imaging of the ophthalmic vasculature of the normal dog: blood velocity measurements and reproducibility.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and reproducibility of color Doppler imaging (CDI) of the vasculature of the normal canine orbit and eye. Eight normal Beagles were evaluated by Doppler imaging. The goals of the study were to determine the location, spectral waveform morphology, specific blood velocity parameters, and reproducibility for the ophthalmic and orbital vessels most frequently identified in the normal dog. Vessels identified a majority of the time (> 50%) included: external ophthalmic artery, dorsal external ophthalmic vein, ventral external ophthalmic vein, internal ophthalmic artery, anterior ciliary artery and vein, short and long posterior ciliary arteries, primary retinal arteries, and vortex veins. Other vessels imaged less frequently included: external ethmoidal artery (50%), and primary retinal veins (25%). For each blood vessel the time averaged velocity, peak systolic velocity, minimum diastolic velocity, pulsatility index, and resistive index were determined. The ophthalmic and orbital vessels have unique spectral waveforms and velocities which serve as a basis for identification. Reproducibility of the most commonly imaged vessels of the canine eye and orbit with Doppler imaging was high (< 10% variation). Doppler imaging has the potential for determining noninvasively and consecutively the blood velocity parameters found in orbital and ocular diseases, including orbital inflammations and neoplasms; intraocular inflammations and neoplasms; vascular diseases including systemic vascular disease (hypertension), vasculopathies, and anemia; the glaucomas; and documentable follow-up after medical and/or surgical treatment of these diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: K.J.
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Gelatt-Nicholson
authors.forename: K.N.
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Gelatt
authors.forename: E.
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: MacKay
authors.forename: D.E.
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: S.M.
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Newell