title: Variations between countries in outcome after stroke in the International Stroke Trial (IST).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study describes the large variations in outcome after stroke between countries that participated in the International Stroke Trial and seeks to define whether they could be explained by variations in case mix or by other factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the 15 116 patients recruited in Argentina, Australia, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom: We compared crude case fatality and the proportion of patients dead or dependent at 6 months; we used logistic regression to adjust for age, sex, atrial fibrillation, systolic blood pressure, level of consciousness, and number of neurological deficits. We used the frequency of prerandomization head CT scan and prescription of aspirin at discharge to indicate quality of care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The differences in outcome (all treatment groups combined) between the "best" and "worst" countries were very large for death (171 cases per 1000 patients) and for death or dependency (375 cases per 1000 patients). The differences were somewhat smaller after adjustment for case mix (160 and 311 cases per 1000 patients, respectively). Process of care may have accounted for some but not all of the residual variation in outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adjustment for case mix explained only some of the variation in outcome between countries. The residual differences in outcome were too large to be explained by variations in care and most likely reflect differences in unmeasured baseline factors. These findings demonstrate the need to achieve balance of treatment and control within each country in multinational randomized controlled stroke trials and the need for caution in the interpretation of nonrandomized comparisons of outcome after stroke between countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: N U
authors.initials: NU
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Sandercock
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Signorini
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Warlow
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001118:Argentina / Q000453:epidemiology; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D011379:Prognosis; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012372:ROC Curve; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006493:Heparin; D001241:Aspirin