title: [Personal experience with computerized tomography of shock and death in emergency situations].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The wide availability of CT machines in hospitals specialising in emergency care has made it possible to observe CT features of severe shock and death of the patient during the CT examination. Unique radiological signs can be evaluated that testify to the state of shock or indicate arrest of the contrast medium in the cardiovascular system and parenchymatous organs, with different hemodynamic features from those found in living persons. This paper aims to report our personal experience with the role of CT in documenting states of shock or death. Our series, which is relatively large considering the infrequency of cases, seems to be of interest as it is one of the few to describe these rare CT findings, which have ethical implications for all healthcare providers and the field of diagnostic imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the last 5 years we have observed 16 cases (12 males and 4 females; mean age 41 years; range 17-79) of death during CT examinations. Of these, 9 were severely polytraumatized patients, 2 had ruptured aneurysms of the abdominal aorta, and one had a cardiac arrest due to cardiac infarction. Death occurred in 3 patients with head trauma, in whom the CT examination had shown signs of inoperability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequent CT signs of death observed in the patients who died of polytrauma were contusive-hemorrhagic foci in the lung associated with pneumomediastinum and hemothorax (9 cases), diffuse subcutaneous emphysema of the chest wall and pneumothorax (8 cases). CT revealed bilateral costal fractures and areas of pulmonary subatelectasia in 8 cases, and rupture of the diaphragm in one. Multiple lacerations of the liver and spleen with marked hemoperitoneum, incompatible with survival, were observed in 3 cases. Vertebral traumatic alterations were present in 2 cases. In 5 cases, the last CT scans of the heart and hepatic cupula revealed massive enhancement of contrast medium within the heart and great vessels due to contrast-medium hypostasis. The diaphragm was hypotonic, an indirect sign of death, with the left hemicardium and hemidiaphragm in a lower position than found in living persons; the abdominal aorta had a reduced caliber.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Such CT findings will probably become increasingly frequent in the future, because the need to avoid exploratory laparotomies or thoracotomies and unnecessary neurosurgical procedures will entail a greater demand for highly selective diagnostic examinations to be carried out on critical patients. This tendency is matched by the technological advances in diagnostic imaging, and particularly the availability of fast CT and spiral CT machines that give, in only a few seconds, an accurate diagnostic and clinical picture, on which immediate therapeutic decisions can be made.
authors.affiliation: Servizio di Radiologia, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio di Frattamaggiore, ASL NA 3, Napoli. antoniosalzano@libero.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salzano
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nocera
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Rosa
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012774:Shock, Traumatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed