title: Rate dependence of acute PTH release and association between basal plasma calcium and set point of calcium-PTH curve in dialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In vivo, the control of calcium-mediated acute PTH release during induced hypo- or hypercalcaemia is linked not only to plasma calcium concentration per se but also to the rate and direction of calcium change. In fact, during induced hypocalcaemia, the predominant mechanism that causes PTH to be released is the reduction of plasma Ca(2+) irrespective of the absolute starting concentration of ionized calcium. This mechanism, which is rate-dependent and even activated in conditions of hypercalcaemia, may be involved in the association, reported in several papers, between the basal Ca(2+) and the set point of the calcium-PTH curve.
  
  
  METHODS
  The calcium-PTH relationship was studied in 12 dialysis patients under conditions of induced low and high predialysis plasma Ca(2+). At each level of basal Ca(2+), dynamic tests were conducted using two methodological approaches. In method A patients underwent low (0.5 mmol/l) calcium dialysis in the stimulation test and high (2 mmol/l) calcium dialysis in the inhibition test, while the dialysate calcium (CaD) was kept constant during each test. In this way a higher but variable rate of change in plasma Ca(2+) was achieved. In method B, CaD was progressively decreased (stimulation test) and increased (inhibition test) during the tests in order to obtain a lower but more constant rate of change in plasma Ca(2+). Consequently, for each patient, four calcium-PTH curves were produced: low basal Ca(2+) with methods A and B, and high basal Ca(2+) with methods A and B.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basal plasma Ca(2+) was similar in A and B at low (1.16+/-0.02 vs 1.15+/-0.02 mmol/l) and high (1.25+/-0.02 vs 1.26+/-0.02 mmol/l) basal plasma Ca(2+). The set point was higher in A than in B both at low (1.12+/-0.02 vs 1.10+/-0.02 mmol/l, P=0.01) and high (1.20+/-0.02 vs 1.16+/-0.02 mmol/l, P=0.03) basal Ca(2+) as was the slope (542+/-41 vs 426+/-44%/mmol, P=0.02; 615+/-73 vs 389+/-25%/mmol, P=0.01). No significant difference was found between A and B as regards minimal PTH and plasma Ca(2+) at minimal PTH (Camin) in both calcaemic states. Maximal PTH was slightly higher in B at low (510+/-97 vs 548+/-107 pg/ml, P=NS) and high basal plasma Ca(2+) (410+/-97 vs 464+/-108 pg/ml, P=0.02). Plasma calcium at maximal PTH (Camax) was significantly higher in A (1.1+/-0.03 vs 0.99+/-0.02 mmol/l, P=0.001) at high basal plasma Ca(2+). The set point was strictly related to basal plasma Ca(2+) in both methods, but the slope of the linear regression was significantly steeper with method A. The set point was predicted to increase by 0.881 (CI 0.772-0.990) mmol/l for each mmol/l of increase in basal plasma Ca(2+) with method A and by 0.641 (CI 0.546-0.737) mmol/l for each mmol/l of increase in basal plasma Ca(2+) with method B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (i) Higher and variable rates of change in plasma Ca(2+) produce a higher set point value and a steeper slope of the calcium-PTH curve when compared to lower and more constant rates of calcium change. (ii) The different slope of the linear correlations between basal plasma Ca(2+) and set point in the two methods suggests that the rate-dependent mechanism of acute PTH release plays a significant role in the association between set point and basal plasma Ca(2+). (iii) The significance of the set point is questionable when the calcium-PTH curve is carried out in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nephrology and Dialysis, Hospital of Sondrio, Via Stelvio 25, I-23100 Sondrio, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Cristofaro
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colturi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Comelli
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Pedrini
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D001786:Blood Glucose; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010710:Phosphates; D014807:Vitamin D; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium