title: Clinicopathologic factors related to metastasis in retinoblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the orbital invasion and metastatic pattern in retinoblastoma, and to analyze the correlation with other pathologic and prognostic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pathologic and admission records of 45 patients with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of retinoblastoma during the past 20 years were reviewed. Clinical risk factors and pathologic findings were analyzed for association with tumor invasion/metastasis using chi-square, Fisher's exact, and Student's t tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical risk factors such as exophthalmos, cataract, and pseudohypopyon were significantly correlated with tumor invasion/metastasis. The pathologic finding of choroid involvement was highly predictive of tumor invasion/metastasis. Delayed enucleation (>3 months) also was significantly correlated with tumor invasion/metastasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tumor invasion/metastasis is strongly associated with various ocular, pathologic, and treatment outcome factors. Identification of these risk factors may help plan treatment regimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taiwan.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hsia
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Yen
mesh_terms: D002386:Cataract / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005094:Exophthalmos / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary*; D011379:Prognosis; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000556:secondary*; D012307:Risk Factors