title: Reconstruction of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus.
abstract: Hypopharynx and cervical esophageal defects are challenging problems for the reconstructive surgeon. Prior surgery and radiation therapy contribute to the difficulty in managing these patients. The surgeon must possess a reconstructive algorithm that varies depending on the defect, available donor sites, and his or her experience. The free jejunal flap is the flap used for most of these defects. The radial forearm flap is reserved for partial defects measuring less than 50% of the circumference of the pharynx. The gastric pull-up is used when an intrathoracic esophagectomy is necessary. The pectoralis flap is reserved for situations when external coverage is necessary in addition to hypopharyngeal reconstruction or when a free-tissue transfer is not appropriate. Reconstruction can offer most patients successful swallowing while minimizing complications.
authors.affiliation: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Disa
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
mesh_terms: D004944:Esophagoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007012:Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D007013:Hypopharynx / Q000601:surgery*; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply