title: Immunophenotypic characterisation of carotid plaque: increased amount of inflammatory cells as an independent predictor for ischaemic symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the inflammatory response within intact carotid plaques from carotid eversion endarterectomy (CEE) to determine the relationship between immunohistological plaque morphology and ischaemic cerebrovascular symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intact CEE plaques from 71 patients with high-grade (>70%) stenosis undergoing CEE (group I, symptomatic, n=42; group II, asymptomatic, n =29) and 12 normal postmortem arteries (control group) were analysed with specific antibodies to inflammatory cells (T-Lymphocytes (CD3, CD4), cytotoxic T-cells (CD8), B-lymphocytes (CD20), natural killer cells (CD57), macrophages (CD68)), endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 (CD54), P-selectin (CD62P), E-selectin (CD62E), VCAM-1 (CD106) and T-lymphocyte co-stimulatory molecule (CD40)) and procoagulatory modulators (thrombomodulin (CD141), tissue factor (CD142)). Both groups were matched for gender, age, risk factors, degree of carotid artery stenosis. Plaques were measured using a semiquantitative score system in a blinded fashion by two observers. Statistical analysis of the group differences were performed by using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Multitest Procedure with Permutation-Testing. Significance was taken as a p<0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significantly more inflammatory cells, an overexpression of P-selectin and the procoagulatory markers thrombomodulin and tissue factor in symptomatic compared to both asymptomatic plaques and the ones of the control group. In both groups there was no significance for ICAM-1, VCAM-1, macrophages and co-stimulatory molecule CD40. There was also no significance for any factor between the asymptomatic and the control group. However, the differences between the symptomatic and the asymptomatic group were highly significant for all factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that structural changes and inflammatory damage within the individual plaque seems to be a critical step in promoting plaque rupture with embolic sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Schnabel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sykora
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Eckstein
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Allenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015415:Biomarkers; D017252:CD3 Complex; D019007:P-Selectin; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1