title: Toxicity, bioaccumulation, and interactive effects of organotin, cadmium, and chromium on Artemia franciscana.
abstract: The effects of three organotin compounds-trimethyltin chloride, dimethyltin dichloride, and dibutyltin diacetate-and two heavy metals-cadmium and hexavalent chromium-on Artemia franciscana mortality are investigated in this study. Of all the compounds tested in this work, trimethyltin chloride was, by far, the most toxic. The toxicity order for the five compounds was trimethyltin chloride > potassium dichromate > dimethyltin dichloride > dibutyltin diacetate > cadmium chloride. The big difference in toxicity between dialkyltin and trialkyltin was not accompanied by an equally big difference in bioaccumulation. At a Sn concentration in water of 10 mg/L, the bioconcentration factor was 50 for dimethyltin dichloride and 75 for trimethyltin chloride. At a Sn concentration in water of 100 mg/L, the bioconcentration factor for 6 for dimethyltin dichloride and 9 for trimethyltin chloride. The interactive effect of trimethyltin chloride and cadmium, as well as that of trimethyltin chloride and chromium, was found to be synergistic. Also found to be synergistic was the interactive effect of trimethyltin chloride with cadmium and chromium applied together.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 540 06, Greece.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hadjispyrou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kungolos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anagnostopoulos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D002857:Chromium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008136:Longevity / Q000187:drug effects; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009947:Organotin Compounds; D002104:Cadmium; D002857:Chromium