title: The relationship between intramuscular temperature, skin temperature, and adipose thickness during cryotherapy and rewarming.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the relationships among muscle temperature, skin temperature, room temperature, body core temperature, time, and subcutaneous adipose thickness during cryotherapy and rewarming.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multiple linear regression with 5 independent variables (skin temperature, body core temperature, subcutaneous adipose thickness, room temperature, time) predicting intramuscular (IM) temperature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sports injury research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen volunteers with thigh skinfold measurements smaller than 40 mm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-minute cryotherapy treatment (ice bag) followed by a 120-minute rewarming period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relationship between skin and IM temperature was described, and an equation predicting IM temperature by using room temperature, skin temperature, body core temperature, time, and adipose thickness was developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pearson's correlations between each predictor variable of IM temperature during cryotherapy were skin temperature, r = .46; skinfold, r = .37; time, r = -.59; core temperature, r =.21; and room temperature, r = -.47. During rewarming, the correlations were skin temperature, r = .71; skinfold, r = .27; time, r = .76; core temperature, r = - .05; and room temperature, r = - .21. A multiple regression equation (R(2) = .76) was developed to predict IM temperature during cryotherapy. A separate equation (R(2) =.81) was developed to predict muscle temperatures during rewarming.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During and after ice application, no single predictor adequately explained the change in IM temperature. Skin surface temperature was a weak predictor of IM temperature during cryotherapy and should not be used as the sole dependent measure in cryotherapy efficacy studies.
authors.affiliation: Exercise & Sport Sciences Department, Colby-Sawyer College, New London, NH, USA.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jutte
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Merrick
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Ingersoll
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012881:Skin Temperature; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors