title: Are coffee, tea, and total fluid consumption associated with bladder cancer risk? Results from the Netherlands Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coffee, tea, and fluid consumption have been thought to influence bladder cancer incidence. In a large prospective study, these associations were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1986, cohort members (55-69 years) completed a questionnaire on cancer risk factors. Follow-up was established by linkage to cancer registries until 1992. The multivariable case-cohort analysis was based on 569 bladder cancer cases and 3,123 subcohort members.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence rate ratios (RR) for men consuming <2 cups of coffee/day was 0.89 (95% CI 0.51-1.5) using the median consumption category (4-<5 cups/day) as reference. This RR increased to 1.3 (95% CI 0.94-1.9) for men consuming >7 cups/day, although no clear dose response association was found. The RRs decreased from 1.2 (95% CI 0.56-2.7) for women consuming <2 cups of coffee/day to 0.36 (95% CI 0.18-0.72) for women consuming >5 cups/day compared to the median consumption category (3-<4 cups/day). Men and women who abstained from drinking tea had a RR of 1.3 (95% Cl 0.97-1.8) compared to those consuming 2-<3 cups of tea per day (median consumption category). The RR for men and women comparing highest to lowest quintile of total fluid consumption was 0.87 (95% CI 0.63 1.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest a possible positive association between coffee consumption and bladder cancer risk in men and a probable inverse association in women. Tea consumption was inversely associated with bladder cancer. Total fluid consumption did not appear to be associated with bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. mpa.zeegers@epid.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Zeegers
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dorant
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Goldbohm
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van den Brandt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013662:Tea / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D013662:Tea