title: Safety of intra-arterial thrombolysis in the postoperative period.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Limited systemic fibrinolysis and reduced dosage are features of intra-arterial thrombolyis (IAT) that may be advantageous in the treatment of postoperative strokes. However, IAT may increase the risk of surgical bleeding. We sought to determine the safety of postoperative IAT.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective case series from 6 university hospitals. All cases of IAT within 2 weeks of surgery were identified. Demographics, stroke mechanism, stroke severity, imaging and angiographic findings, time between surgery and lysis, thrombolytic agent used, surgical site bleeding, intracranial bleeding, and mortality rates were determined. Death or complications directly related to IAT were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six patients (median age, 71.5 years; range, 45 to 85) were identified. Median time from surgery to stroke was 21.5 hours (range, 1 to 120). Open heart surgery was done in 18 (50%), carotid endarterectomy in 6 (17%), craniotomy in 3 (8%), ophthalmologic-ear, nose and throat surgery in 2 (6%), urologic-gynecologic surgery in 4 (11%), orthopedic surgery in 2 (6%), and plastic surgery in 1 (3%). The stroke causes were cardioembolism in 24 (67%), large-vessel atherosclerosis in 4 (11%), dissection in 3 (8%), postendarterectomy occlusion in 4 (11%), and radiation arteriopathy in 1 (3%). Median time to angiogram was 2.5 hours (0.1 to 5.5). Occlusion sites were M1 in 19 (53%), M2 in 9 (25%), internal carotid artery in 5 (14%), basilar artery in 2 (6%), and posterior communicating artery in 1 (3%). Thrombolysis was completed at a median of 4.5 hours (range, 1 to 8.0). Tissue plasminogen activator was used in 19 (53%) and urokinase in 17 (47%). Nine (26%) patients died. Surgical site bleeding occurred in 9 (25%) cases (minor in 6, major in 3). The major surgical bleeds were 2 post-craniotomy intracranial hemorrhages and 1 hemopericardium after coronary artery bypass grafting; all were fatal. Six deaths were non-IAT related: 3 caused by cerebral edema and 3 by systemic causes. Major bleeding complications were significantly more common among patients with craniotomy (P<0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postoperative IAT carries a risk of bleeding in up to 25% of patients but is usually minor surgical site bleeding. Avoiding IAT in intracranial surgery patients may reduce complications. Mortality rate in this series was similar to that reported in prior IAT trials. IAT remains a viable therapeutic option for postoperative strokes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. chalelaj@ninds.nih.gov
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Chalela
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Katzan
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Liebeskind
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zaidat
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Suarez
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Klucznick
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jauch
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Cucchiara
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saver
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kasner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator