title: Release of Cr(III) from Cr(III) picolinate upon metabolic activation.
abstract: Hexavalent and trivalent chromium are released into the environment from a number of different industrial activities. It is known that Cr(VI) can be reduced and subsequently complexed by humic acids to produce Cr(III) humic acid complexes in the soil and aquatic environments. The metabolic fate of Cr(III) humic acid complexes and other Cr(III) organic complexes in mammalian systems is unknown. Therefore, Cr(III) picolinate was chosen as a model complex for Cr(III) humic acid complexes and other environmentally relevant Cr(III) complexes. Both human hepatocyte microsomes and primary cultures of chick hepatocytes were used to generate metabolites of Cr(III) picolinate. The results from both of these treatments show that a significant amount of Cr(III) is released (66 and 100%, respectively) and that N-1-methylpicotinamide is the primary organic metabolite from this compound. These data suggest that the populations of humans who are exposed Cr(III) picolinate or other environmentally relevant organic Cr(III) complexes, such as Cr(III) humic acid complexes, are potentially accumulating high levels of Cr(III) intracellularly. This intracellular accumulation of Cr(III) can result in the formation of covalent bonds between Cr(III) and DNA and/or other macromolecules, causing genotoxic effects. These data should be considered when assessing the risk of an area contaminated with chromium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5698, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kareus
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Sinclair
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002645:Chickens; D017608:Chromium Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000737:chemistry; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D008861:Microsomes; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D017608:Chromium Compounds; D006812:Humic Substances; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D010848:Picolinic Acids; C030614:picolinic acid