title: Medical management of patients with refractory carcinoma in situ of the bladder.
abstract: Bladder cancer is a common genitourinary malignancy and carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the bladder exists as a potentially aggressive variant of the superficial form of the disease. Treatment must reflect the unpredictable nature of this disease entity. In 1976, the use of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) was described for the management of early stage bladder cancer. A subsequent report demonstrated efficacy in a cohort of patients with CIS of the bladder. Since this time, intravesical BCG has been recognised as the initial therapy for CIS of the bladder. Although a 6-week treatment with intravesical BCG has been established as standard therapy in patients with CIS, there has been no consensus as to the subsequent treatment for patients in the setting of failure to initial management with BCG. In addition, a number of reports have demonstrated an increased potential of adverse effects after repeated treatment with intravesical BCG. A variety of alternative immunological and chemotherapeutic agents have been developed in response to the limitations of BCG for patients with refractory CIS of the bladder. At present, valrubicin remains the only agent that is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the specific indication of CIS of the bladder unresponsive to intravesical BCG. Although these agents appear promising, the most efficacious therapy remains to be determined. The specific treatment protocol for refractory CIS of the bladder remains elusive. It is ultimately the combined decision of the clinician and patient to determine which course of management is most beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001500:BCG Vaccine; C016163:valrubicin; D004317:Doxorubicin