title: Use of overpressure to assess the role of bubbles in focused ultrasound lesion shape in vitro.
abstract: Overpressure--elevated hydrostatic pressure--was used to assess the role of gas or vapor bubbles in distorting the shape and position of a high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) lesion in tissue. The shift from a cigar-shaped lesion to a tadpole-shaped lesion can mean that the wrong area is treated. Overpressure minimizes bubbles and bubble activity by dissolving gas bubbles, restricting bubble oscillation and raising the boiling temperature. Therefore, comparison with and without overpressure is a tool to assess the role of bubbles. Dissolution rates, bubble dynamics and boiling temperatures were determined as functions of pressure. Experiments were made first in a low-overpressure chamber (0.7 MPa maximum) that permitted imaging by B-mode ultrasound (US). Pieces of excised beef liver (8 cm thick) were treated in the chamber with 3.5 MHz for 1 to 7 s (50% duty cycle). In situ intensities (I(SP)) were 600 to 3000 W/cm(2). B-mode US imaging detected a hyperechoic region at the HIFU treatment site. The dissipation of this hyperechoic region following HIFU cessation corresponded well with calculated bubble dissolution rates; thus, suggesting that bubbles were present. Lesion shape was then tested in a high-pressure chamber. Intensities were 1300 and 1750 W/cm(2) ( +/- 20%) at 1 MHz for 30 s. Hydrostatic pressures were 0.1 or 5.6 MPa. At 1300 W/cm(2), lesions were cigar-shaped, and no difference was observed between lesions formed with or without overpressure. At 1750 W/cm(2), lesions formed with no overpressure were tadpole-shaped, but lesions formed with high overpressure (5.6 MPa) remained cigar-shaped. Data support the hypothesis that bubbles contribute to the lesion distortion.
authors.affiliation: Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. bailey@apl.washington.edu
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Couret
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Sapozhnikov
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Khokhlova
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: ter Haar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaezy
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Crum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014835:Volatilization