CPR-only survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: implications for out-of-hospital care and cardiac arrest research methodology.
OBJECTIVE
There is little evidence that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) alone may lead to the resuscitation of cardiac arrest victims with other than respiratory causes (eg, pediatric arrest, drowning, drug overdose). The objective of this study was to identify out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors resuscitated without defibrillation or advanced cardiac life support.


METHODS
This observational cohort included all adult survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of a cardiac cause from phases I and II of the Ontario Prehospital Advanced Life Support Study. During the study period, the system provided a basic life support/defibrillation level of care but no advanced life support. CPR-only patients were patients determined to be without vital signs by EMS personnel who regained a palpable pulse in the field with precordial thump or CPR only and then were admitted alive to the hospital. Six members of a 7-member expert review panel had to rate the patient as either probably or definitely having an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and a rhythm strip consistent with a cardiac arrest rhythm had to be present to be considered a patient. Criteria considered were witness status, citizen or first responder CPR, CPR duration, arrest rhythm and rate, and performance of precordial thump.


RESULTS
From January 1, 1991, to June 30, 1997, 9,667 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were treated. The overall survival rate to hospital discharge was 4.6%. There were 97 apparent CPR-only patients admitted to the hospital. Application of the inclusion criteria yielded 24 CPR-only patients who had true out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and 73 patients judged not to have cardiac arrest. Of the 24 true CPR-only patients admitted to the hospital, 15 patients were discharged alive, 10 patients were witnessed by bystanders, and 7 patients were witnessed by EMS personnel. The initial arrest rhythm was pulseless electrical activity in 9 patients, asystole in 12 patients, and ventricular tachycardia in 3 patients. One patient with ventricular tachycardia converted to sinus tachycardia with a single precordial thump.


CONCLUSIONS
CPR-only survivors of true out-of-hospital cardiac arrest do exist; some victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of primary cardiac cause can survive after provision of out-of-hospital basic life support care only. However, many patients found to be pulseless by means of out-of-hospital evaluation likely did not have a true cardiac arrest. This has implications for the survival rates of most, if not all, previous cardiac arrest reports. Survival rates from cardiac arrest may actually be lower if one excludes survivors who never had a true arrest. The absence of vital signs by out-of-hospital assessment alone is not adequate to include patients in research reports or quality evaluations for cardiac arrest.
De Maio
V J
VJ
Ottawa Hospital Ontario Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. vdemaio@home.com
Stiell
I G
IG
Spaite
D W
DW
Ward
R E
RE
Lyver
M B
MB
Field
B J
BJ
Munkley
D P
DP
Wells
G A
GA
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D010173:Palpation; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome