title: Glycine attenuates hepatocellular depression during early sepsis and reduces sepsis-induced mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether administration of glycine, a nonessential amino acid, early after the onset of polymicrobial sepsis has any beneficial effects on hepatocellular function and the survivability of septic animals and, if so, whether the beneficial effects of glycine are associated with down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled, and randomized animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male adult rats were subjected to polymicrobial sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture or sham operation followed by the administration of normal saline solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1 hr after cecal ligation and puncture, glycine (0.6 mmol/kg) or vehicle (normal saline solution) was administered intravenously over 15 mins. At 5 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture (i.e., early stage of sepsis), hepatocellular function (i.e., the maximal velocity and efficiency of in vivo indocyanine green clearance) was determined and hepatocyte injury was assessed by measuring plasma concentrations of alpha-gluthathione S-transferase. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In additional animals, the necrotic cecum was excised at 20 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture, the peritoneal cavity was irrigated with saline, and the midline incision was closed in layers. Mortality was monitored for 10 days thereafter. The results indicate that hepatocellular function was depressed in the early stage of sepsis (i.e., 5 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture) as indicated by significant decreases in both maximal velocity and transport efficiency of in vivo indocyanine green clearance. Plasma concentrations of alpha-gluthathione S-transferase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were elevated significantly at that interval after cecal ligation and puncture. Administration of glycine 1 hr after cecal ligation and puncture, however, increased maximal velocity and maximal efficiency by 60% and 101% (p <.05), respectively. Glycine administration in septic animals decreased alpha-gluthathione S-transferase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by 43% and 80% (p <.05). In addition, glycine treatment decreased the mortality rate from 50% to 0% (p <.05) at 10 days after cecal ligation and puncture and cecal excision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It appears that the beneficial effect of glycine on hepatocyte function and integrity in sepsis may be mediated via down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Because administration of glycine attenuated hepatocellular depression and injury during early sepsis and decreased sepsis-induced mortality rates, this amino acid appears to be a useful adjunct for maintaining cellular functions and preventing lethality from polymicrobial sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chaudry
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002432:Cecum / Q000293:injuries; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000097:blood; D005998:Glycine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000378:metabolism; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011677:Punctures; D051381:Rats; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D002118:Calcium; D005998:Glycine