title: Kinetics of azoreductase and assessment of toxicity of metabolic products from azo dyes by Pseudomonas luteola.
abstract: This is a continuous study on a decolorization strain, Pseudomonas luteola, which involves treating seven azo dyes with different structures. This study focuses mainly on determining both the mechanism of decolorization by P. luteola and the activity of azoreductase from P. luteola as well as identifying and assessing the toxicity of metabolic products of azo dyes. The growth of P. luteola reached the stationary phase after shaking incubation for 24 hours. Then, while being kept static, the color of seven tested azo dyes (100 mg/l) could be removed. The proportion of color removal was between 59-99%, which figure is related to the structure of the dye. Monoazo dyes (RP2B, V2RP and Red 22) showed the fastest rate of decolorization, i.e. from 0.23-0.44 mg dye-mg cell-1 hr-1. P. luteola could remove the color of V2RP and a leather dye at a concentration of 200 mg/l, and as to the rest of the azo dyes, it could remove at a concentration of up to 100 mg/l. Decolorization of RP2B and Red 22 required activation energy of 7.00 J/mol and 6.63 J/mole, respectively, indicating that it was easier for azoreductase to decolorize structurally simple dyes. The kinetics of azoreductase towards seven azo dyes suggested a competitive inhibition model be applied. Microtox was used to analyze the toxicity of the metabolic products of azo dyes. EC50 showed differences in toxicity before and after the azo dyes had been metabolized. Analysis revealed significant differences between the results obtained by EC50 with Blue 15 and those obtained with the leather dye, indicating that the toxicities of the metabolic products were increased. The differences obtained by EC50 with Red 22, RP2P and V2RP were small, and Black 22 showed no such difference. Sulfanic acid and orthanilic acid may be the intermediate products of Violet 9 and RP2B, respectively. However, according to FT-IR analysis, aromatic amines were present in the metabolic product.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D001681:Biological Assay; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D007700:Kinetics; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009601:Nitroreductases; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013783:Textile Industry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D009601:Nitroreductases; C021106:azoreductase