title: Fruit and vegetable intake and population glycosylated haemoglobin levels: the EPIC-Norfolk Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether self-reported frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with HbA(1C) levels in individuals not known to have diabetes, and what dietary and lifestyle factors might explain this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The EPIC-Norfolk Study, a population-based cohort study of diet and chronic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2678 men and 3318 women (45-74 y) not known to have diabetes reported weekly consumption of fruit, green leafy vegetables and other vegetables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among men, 274 (10.2%) reported seldom or never eating fruit and 127 (4.7%) seldom or never eating green leafy vegetables. Corresponding numbers in women were 157 (4.7%) and 92 (2.8%), respectively. Participants who reported never or seldom having both fruit and green leafy vegetables had higher mean (s.d.) HbA(1C) measurements (5.43% (0.71)) than those who reported more frequent consumption (5.34% (0.67); P=0.046). Differences by category of fruit or green leafy vegetable consumption were not substantially changed after adjustment for saturated fat, dietary fibre and plasma vitamin C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the hypothesis that high intake of fruit and green leafy vegetables may influence glucose metabolism independent of dietary fibre or vitamin C alone and that increased consumption may contribute to the prevention of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sargeant
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Luben
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oakes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wareham
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000378:metabolism; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005947:Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin