title: Radiation therapy for superficial esophageal cancer: a comparison of radiotherapy methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A comparison of treatment outcomes in response to various methods of radiotherapy for superficial esophageal cancer (SEC) was carried out for a large series of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the period from March 1987 to November 1998, 147 patients with superficial esophageal cancer received definitive radiation therapy at nine radiotherapy institutions in Japan. Fifty-five patients were treated with external radiation therapy alone, 69 with high-dose-rate intracavitary radiation therapy with or without external radiation therapy, and 23 with low-dose-rate intracavitary radiation therapy and external radiation therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5-year survival rates for mucosal and submucosal cancer patients were 62% and 42%, respectively. The 5-year cause-specific survival rates for mucosal and submucosal cancer patients were 81% and 64%, respectively (p = 0.013). There was no statistically significant difference in the survival rates for either mucosal or submucosal cancer patients between treatment groups. Metastasis was observed only in submucosal cancer patients. Esophageal ulcers developed only in patients who received intracavitary radiation therapy, and were especially common in patients treated with a fraction size of 5 Gy or more.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of intracavitary radiation therapy does not influence the survival or local control rate of SEC. Optimal radiotherapy methods for SEC should be determined by a randomized clinical trial.
authors.affiliation: Study Group for Superficial Esophageal Cancer, Japanese Society of Therapeutic Radiation Oncology, Tokyo, Japan. knemoto@@rad.med.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nemoto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hareyama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagakura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirokawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome