title: Diabetic retinopathy in childhood: long-term follow-up by fluorescein angiography beginning in the first months of disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about minimal retinal lesions occurring in the first months of disease in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To detect any early retinal change and to evaluate its progression in children diagnosed with type 1 DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1979 to 1997 we examined by fluorescein angiography at diagnosis or within 15 months from the onset of DM 130 young patients with type 1 DM (mean age at diagnosis 10.08 +/- 2.62 yr). In 112 patients follow-up by fluorescein angiography was performed every 1.26 years with a mean of 5.41 fluorescein angiographies/patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  The stage of retinopathy was graded to detect minimal lesions. We also considered sex, pubertal stage, HLA, family history of DM, disease duration and HbA1c levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At first examination, 14 out of 127 (11%) readable angiographies showed minimal retinal changes. There was no statistically significant difference between the patients with or without lesions for all parameters considered. The 112 patients examined during follow-up were divided as follows: Group A: no retinopathy at first examination; Group A1: no retinopathy during follow-up; Group A2: retinal changes during follow-up; Group B: retinal changes at the first examination. Mean HbA1c value evaluated during the whole follow-up was lower in group A1 than in group A2. HbA1c levels at onset of the disease were significantly different in the three groups: in group A1 it was lower than in group A2 and in group B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of early lesions in the first year of disease in 11% of patients is probably due to the method of examination, which may detect even minimal retinal changes. This may be correlated to the acute metabolic failure present at the onset of disease. The prolonged follow-up seems to demonstrate that the early changes are not necessarily a negative prognostic factor in the evolution of diabetic retinopathy. We confirm that duration of DM and metabolic control are the main factors influencing the course of retinopathy in these young patients. Early fluorescein angiography is not particularly useful in the management of children with DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salardi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rubbi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puglioli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brancaleoni
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bacchi-Reggiani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ragni
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cacciari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin