title: Adenotonsillar hypertrophy and Epstein-Barr virus in pediatric organ transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epstein-Barr virus-related (EBV-related) lymphoid hyperplasia of the tonsils and adenoids is a precursor to post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). The incidence of post-transplantation adenotonsillar hypertrophy, a potential early sign of PTLD or EBV-related lymphoid hyperplasia, is not known. We sought to identify potential risk factors for adenotonsillar hypertrophy manifested as EBV-related hyperplasia and early PTLD in the pediatric solid organ transplant population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a 65-point questionnaire concerning obstructive sleep disorder and upper respiratory tract infections and an 8-point focused physical examination, to identify prevalence of and risk factors for adenotonsillar hypertrophy in the pediatric transplant population. We evaluated 120 pediatric solid organ transplant recipients by parental questionnaire and focused adenotonsillar physical examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 120 patients, 62 had undergone liver transplantation and 58 had undergone kidney transplantation. Overall, the mean questionnaire score was 8.36 (range, 0-40) and the mean physical examination score was 3.86 (range, 1-8). Patients whose EBV serological test result was negative at the time of transplant had higher scores for both the questionnaire (mean score, 10.24) and the physical examination (mean score, 4.56) than those whose EBV serological test result was positive at the time of transplantation (scores of 7.38 and 3.30 for questionnaire and physical examination, respectively). The difference in examination scores was statistically significant (P <.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epstein-Barr virus seronegativity at the time of organ transplantation is a known risk factor for PTLD, with associated risk of developing EBV-related lymphoid hyperplasia. Our results indicate a higher incidence of symptoms and signs consistent with adenotonsillar hypertrophy in the EBV seronegative population. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy may be a precursor to EBV-related lymphoid hyperplasia and PTLD and must be identified in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Strocker
mesh_terms: D000234:Adenoids / Q000473:pathology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D007223:Infant; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000473:pathology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis*