title: Laparoscopic hernia repair and bladder injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bladder injury is a complication of laparoscopic surgery with a reported incidence in the general surgery literature of 0.5% and in the gynecology literature of 2%. We describe how to recognize and treat the injury and how to avoid the problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report two cases of bladder injury repaired with a General Surgical Interventions (GSI) trocar and a balloon device used for laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair. One patient had a prior appendectomy; the other had a prior midline incision from a suprapubic prostatectomy. We repaired the bladder injury, and the patients made a good recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When using the obturator and balloon device, it is important to stay anterior to the preperitoneal space and bladder. Prior lower abdominal surgery can be considered a relative contraindication to extraperitoneal laparoscopic hernia repair. Signs of gas in the Foley bag or hematuria should alert the surgeon to a bladder injury. A one- or two-layer repair of the bladder injury can be performed either laparoscopically or openly and is recommended for a visible injury. Mesh repair of the hernia can be completed provided no evidence exists of urinary tract infection. A Foley catheter is placed until healing occurs.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, and Palo Alto VA HCS, Point Reyes Station, California 94956, USA. kmd@svn.net
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Dalessandri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhoyrul
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mulvihill
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002404:Catheterization; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000293:injuries*