title: Proinflammatory cytokines regulate human glucocorticoid receptor gene expression and lead to the accumulation of the dominant negative beta isoform: a mechanism for the generation of glucocorticoid resistance.
abstract: Inflammatory responses in many cell types are coordinately regulated by the opposing actions of NF-kappaB and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) gene encodes two protein isoforms: a cytoplasmic alpha form (GRalpha), which binds hormone, translocates to the nucleus, and regulates gene transcription, and a nuclear localized beta isoform (GRbeta), which does not bind known ligands and attenuates GRalpha action. We report here the identification of a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-responsive NF-kappaB DNA binding site 5' to the hGR promoter that leads to a 1.5-fold increase in GRalpha mRNA and a 2.0-fold increase in GRbeta mRNA in HeLaS3 cells, which endogenously express both GR isoforms. However, TNF-alpha treatment disproportionately increased the steady-state levels of the GRbeta protein isoform over GRalpha, making GRbeta the predominant endogenous receptor isoform. Similar results were observed following treatment of human CEMC7 lymphoid cells with TNF-alpha or IL-1. The increase in GRbeta protein expression correlated with the development of glucocorticoid resistance.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Endocrinology Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Oakley
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Jewell
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cidlowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology*; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha