title: Astroglial protein S-100 is an early and sensitive marker of hypoxic brain damage and outcome after cardiac arrest in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The results of early conventional tests do not correlate with cerebral outcome after cardiac arrest. We investigated the serum levels of astroglial protein S-100 as an early marker of brain damage and outcome after cardiac arrest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 66 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation after nontraumatic cardiac arrest, blood samples for the evaluation of S-100 were drawn immediately after and 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes; 2, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours; and 7 days after initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Moreover, the serum levels of neuron-specific enolase were determined between 2 hours and 7 days. If patients survived for >48 hours, brain damage was assessed by a combination of neurological, cranial CT, and electrophysiological examinations. Overall, 343 blood samples were taken for the determination of S-100. Maximum S-100 levels within 2 hours after cardiac arrest were significantly higher in patients with documented brain damage (survivors and nonsurvivors, 3.70+/-0.77 microg/L) than in patients without brain damage (0.90+/-0.29 microg/L). Significant differences between these 2 groups were observed from 30 minutes until 7 days after cardiac arrest. In addition, the positive predictive value of the S-100 test at 24 hours for fatal outcome within 14 days was 87%, and the negative predictive value was 100% (P<0.001). With regard to neuron-specific enolase, significant differences between patients with documented brain damage and those with no brain damage were found at 24, 48, and 72 hours and 7 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Astroglial protein S-100 is an early and sensitive marker of hypoxic brain damage and short-term outcome after cardiac arrest in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Böttiger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Möbes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Glätzer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gries
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bärtsch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Motsch
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009418:S100 Proteins; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase