title: Validity of applying TRISS analysis to paediatric blunt trauma patients managed in a French paediatric level I trauma centre.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using a weighted combination of the Revised Trauma Score (RTS), the Injury Severity Score (ISS), the type of injury (blunt or penetrating) and patient age, the TRISS method is used to calculate the probability of survival (ps) in trauma patients. The goal of this study was to compare the ability of the American Major Trauma Outcome Study (MTOS) norm for adult blunt trauma patients (ADULT) and the specific norm for paediatric patients (PED) to estimate the ps of injured children using TRISS methodology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis using a paediatric trauma patient database.
  
  
  METHODS
  A French level 1 paediatric trauma centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred seven consecutive paediatric blunt trauma patients, treated over a 3-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The observed and expected survivals were compared, using the M, W and Z scores, with both ADULT and PED. The W score is the number of survivors more or less than expected from the MTOS predictions for 100 patients. A Z score, which measures the significance of W, between -1.96 and +1.96, indicates no significant difference between observed and expected survivors. A value of M less than 0.88 indicates a disparity in the severity match between the study group and the MTOS group. We calculated the standardised W score (Ws), which represents the W score that would have been observed if the case mix of severity was identical to that of the MTOS group. Accordingly, a standardised Z score (Zs) was also calculated. In addition, we calculated the area under the receiver operating curve (aROC) using both norms, while calibration was also assessed by calculation of the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using PED, the number of actual survivors (n = 364) was not significantly different from the MTOS (n = 358). The value of M, 0.65, indicated a disparity in the severity match between the study group and the MTOS group, due to a higher proportion of patients with lower ps (TRISS < 0.95, 52 vs 27%). We was +1.06% (95% confidence interval -0.34 to 2.08) and Zs was 1.48, indicating no significant difference from the MTOS. Using ADULT, the number of observed survivors (n = 364) was significantly higher than that expected (n = 354), with a W score of +2.70% (Z = +1.98, p < 0.05). There was a disparity in the severity match (M = 0.67) between the study group and the MTOS group, due to a higher proportion of patients with lower ps. Ws was +1.32% (95% confidence interval -0.12 to 2.37) and Zs = +1.79 (NS), indicating no significant difference from the MTOS. The Hosmer-Lemeshow statistics indicated that ADULT (Cg = 7.24, p = 0.51; Hg = 4.45, p = 0.81) and PED (Cg = 6.08, p = 0.64; Hg = 3.55, p = 0.90) provided sufficient goodness-of-fit. There was no significant difference in the aROC of the TRISS between the two norms (0.935 +/- 0.050 vs 0.936 +/- 0.050; NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both adult and paediatric norms were equally good predictors of the probability of survival of injured children, provided that Ws and Zs are used when there is a disparity in the severity match between the study group and the MTOS group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France. gorlia@club-internet.fr
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orliaguet
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blanot
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schmautz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Charron
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Riou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000145:classification* / Q000401:mortality*