title: Probabilistic linkage of computerized ambulance and inpatient hospital discharge records: a potential tool for evaluation of emergency medical services.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Emergency medical services (EMS) is an important part of the health care system. The effect of EMS on morbidity, mortality, and costs of illness is difficult to evaluate because hospital information is not available in out-of-hospital databases. We used probabilistic linkage to create such a database from ambulance and inpatient data and demonstrate the potential for linkage to facilitate evaluation of EMS responses resulting in hospital admission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Statewide ambulance and inpatient hospital discharge records were available for 1994 through 1996. Ambulance records indicating admission to the emergency department or hospital (165,649 records) were linked to inpatient hospital records indicating emergency admission (146,292 records) by using probabilistic linkage. Out-of-hospital data (dispatch code, treatments rendered, and ages), linkage rates, and inpatient data (discharge status, charges, length of stay, and payer category) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We linked 24,299 (14.7%) ambulance events to inpatient hospital discharges. If we had used exact linkage methods, we would have only linked 14,621 record pairs, a loss of nearly 40%. Linkage rates were relatively constant between years (approximately 15%) but differed by ambulance dispatch codes. Out-of-hospital dispatch codes with high linkage rates included breathing problems (22.6%), chest pain (21.5%), diabetic problems (16.9%), drowning incidents (14.9%), falls (19.2%), strokes (32.8%), and unconsciousness or fainting episodes (16.1%). Linkage to the hospital record provided access to hospital outcome data. Inpatient mortality was 6.8%. Survivors were discharged home (60.7%), transferred to other acute-care facilities (3.6%) or intermediate-care facilities (23.3%), or discharged with home health care provision (4.9%). The median length of stay was 3 days, and median charges were $6,620; total inpatient charges were $286,737,067.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Probabilistic linkage enables ambulance and hospital discharge records to be linked together and potentially increases our ability to critically evaluate EMS by providing access to hospital-based outcomes. Such evaluation will be further improved by linking to ED, other outpatient, and other public health data sources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Intermountain Injury Control Research Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA. mike.dean@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Vernon
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nechodom
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reading
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suruda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000552:Ambulances / Q000458:organization & administration*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003628:Database Management Systems; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods*; D017722:Hospital Charges / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007256:Information Systems / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008498:Medical Record Linkage / Q000379:methods*; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011336:Probability; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014589:Utah / Q000453:epidemiology