title: [Costs of type 2 diabetes in Germany. Results of the CODE-2 study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes is an increasing and widespread chronic disease causing considerable costs for the health care system. In the CODE-2 Study (Costs of Diabetes in Europe-Type 2) the total expenses for type 2 diabetics in Germany were evaluated and analyzed for the first time.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CODE-2-study has been performed in eight European countries. In the German arm of the study, medical, demographic, and economic data of 809 patients were obtained retrospectively for a one year period, using face-to-face interviews with 135 physicians. These results were projected for the overall population of type 2 diabetes patients in Germany.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual costs caused by type 2 diabetes patients in Germany in 1998 amount to 31.4 billion DM. The majority of these costs (61%) were covered by statuatory and private health insurance. The annual expenses of the statuatory Health Insurance (SHI) for these patients amounted to 18.5 billion DM. These costs divided in 50% spent for inpatient treatment, 13% for ambulatory care, and 27% for medication. Diabetes medication (insulin, oral antidiabetic drugs) accounted for only 7% of total SHI costs. Only 26% of all diabetic patients were adjusted to HbA1c values < 6.5% according to the therapeutic targets of the European Diabetes policy group. 50% of the type 2 diabetic patients exhibited severe macro- and/or microvascular complications. The costs per patient--compared to the average expenses for SHI insured patients--increased with complication state from the 1.3-fold (no complications) up to the 4.1-fold (macro- and microvascular complications).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall costs for patients with type 2 diabetes are higher than expected from previous estimates. Diabetes related complications and concomitant diseases are the predominant reasons for these high costs. Control of blood glucose is inadequate for the majority of diabetic patients. To prevent long-term complications, an optimized treatment of type 2 diabetes is imperative not only from a medical but also from a health economics point of view.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes und Stoffwechselzentrum Tegernsee, Wallberg Klinik, Rottach-Egern.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liebl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neiss
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spannheimer
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Reitberger
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Görtz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics*; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents