title: Penetration of cranial inner table with Gardner-Wells tongs.
abstract: The compression force exerted by Gardner-Wells tongs was compared with the force necessary to penetrate the cranial inner table with a Gardner-Wells tong pin. Load cells measured the force exerted by the spring-loaded Gardner-Wells tong pin on fresh cadaveric skull samples. Increasing forces were exerted until penetration of the inner table occurred. At the manufacturer's recommended, 1 mm indicator stem protrusion an average of 30 pounds of compressive force was exerted by the spring-loaded pin. The average force necessary to penetrate the inner table with the cadaveric specimens with the tong pin was 162 pounds. The force necessary to penetrate the inner table of the skull well exceeds that exerted by properly applied tongs, suggesting that the risk of inner table penetration is low.
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospital for Children-Houston, 6977 Main Street, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dickman
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Haynes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012886:Skull / Q000601:surgery*; D013525:Surgical Instruments / Q000592:standards*