title: A validity test of movie, television, and video-game ratings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have documented the potential effects on young audiences of violent content in media products, including movies, television programs, and computer and video games. Similar studies have evaluated the effects associated with sexual content and messages. Cumulatively, these effects represent a significant public health risk for increased aggressive and violent behavior, spread of sexually transmitted diseases, and pediatric pregnancy. In partial response to these risks and to public and legislative pressure, the movie, television, and gaming industries have implemented ratings systems intended to provide information about the content and appropriate audiences for different films, shows, and games.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the validity of the current movie-, television-, and video game-rating systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Panel study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants used the KidScore media evaluation tool, which evaluates films, television shows, and video games on 10 aspects, including the appropriateness of the media product for children based on age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When an entertainment industry rates a product as inappropriate for children, parent raters agree that it is inappropriate for children. However, parent raters disagree with industry usage of many of the ratings designating material suitable for children of different ages. Products rated as appropriate for adolescents are of the greatest concern. The level of disagreement varies from industry to industry and even from rating to rating. Analysis indicates that the amount of violent content and portrayals of violence are the primary markers for disagreement between parent raters and industry ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As 1 part of a solution to the complex public health problems posed by violent and sexually explicit media products, ratings can have value if used with caution. Parents and caregivers relying on the ratings systems to guide their children's use of media products should continue to monitor content independently. Industry ratings systems should be revised with input from the medical and scientific communities to improve their reliability and validity. A single ratings system, applied universally across industries, would greatly simplify the efforts of parents and caregivers to use the system as well as the efforts of outside parties to monitor the use and validity of the system.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Media and the Family, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gentile
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009040:Motion Pictures / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011786:Quality Control; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012941:Social Responsibility; D013690:Television / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards*; D018910:Video Games / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards*; D014754:Violence