title: Carcinogenesis of cancer of the papilla and ampulla: pathophysiological facts and molecular biological mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ampullary cancer has one of the highest resectability rates and best prognoses among neoplasms arising in the periampullary region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early diagnosis due to early symptoms can partially explain the better prognosis as compared to other cancers of the periampullary region, but biologic factors should also be taken in account. In the past few years, the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease have been investigated and alterations of genes that regulate different cell functions have been described. Mutations of K-ras and of the tumor suppressor genes APC, p16 and p53 indicate a major disturbance in cell cycle regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If the molecular profile of ampullary cancer is examined in terms of rate and type of molecular changes, it seems to be more similar to intestinal than to pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, the fact that many ampullary carcinomas arise from adenomas and the frequent finding of ampullary tumors in patients affected by polyposis syndromes also suggest that ampullary and colon cancers share common molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Bern, Inselspital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Friess
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Büchler
mesh_terms: D014670:Ampulla of Vater; D002453:Cell Cycle; D003138:Common Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000235:genetics; D019942:Genes, p16 / Q000235:genetics; D016158:Genes, p53 / Q000235:genetics; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D011379:Prognosis