title: Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Working Group on Civilian Biodefense has developed consensus-based recommendations for measures to be taken by medical and public health professionals if tularemia is used as a biological weapon against a civilian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The working group included 25 representatives from academic medical centers, civilian and military governmental agencies, and other public health and emergency management institutions and agencies.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE databases were searched from January 1966 to October 2000, using the Medical Subject Headings Francisella tularensis, Pasteurella tularensis, biological weapon, biological terrorism, bioterrorism, biological warfare, and biowarfare. Review of these references led to identification of relevant materials published prior to 1966. In addition, participants identified other references and sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three formal drafts of the statement that synthesized information obtained in the formal evidence-gathering process were reviewed by members of the working group. Consensus was achieved on the final draft.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A weapon using airborne tularemia would likely result 3 to 5 days later in an outbreak of acute, undifferentiated febrile illness with incipient pneumonia, pleuritis, and hilar lymphadenopathy. Specific epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological findings should lead to early suspicion of intentional tularemia in an alert health system; laboratory confirmation of agent could be delayed. Without treatment, the clinical course could progress to respiratory failure, shock, and death. Prompt treatment with streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin is recommended. Prophylactic use of doxycycline or ciprofloxacin may be useful in the early postexposure period.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA. dtd1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Inglesby
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ascher
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eitzen
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hauer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Layton
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lillibridge
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McDade
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Osterholm
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Toole
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Perl
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tonat
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D001694:Biological Warfare; D023482:Bioterrorism; D002959:Civil Defense / Q000592:standards*; D003666:Decontamination; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005604:Francisella tularensis / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D014406:Tularemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014611:Vaccination; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated