title: Expression of cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase in inflamed gingival tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontopathic bacteria induce inflammation of periodontal tissues. The cytokines and nitric oxide released in periodontal lesions have been reported to play a protective role in bacterial infection and to relate to the process of inflammation. To clarify the relationship between colonization of periodontopathic bacteria and cytokines, we evaluated profiles of inflammatory cytokines, chemokine, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and colonization by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, which are major pathogens of periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  mRNA expression of cytokines and iNOS in inflamed and healthy gingival tissue was determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the relationship between their profiles and the detection of specific bacteria was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and iNOS mRNAs in periodontal lesions was significantly higher than those in healthy individuals. IL-6 mRNA expression was also significantly higher at bleeding on probing (BOP)-positive sites than at BOP-negative sites. The expressions of IL-1alpha and IL-8 increased, but IL-10 expression decreased at sites where A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected. We found no correlation between the expression of cytokine and iNOS mRNA and infection by P. gingivalis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of IL-6 may reflect inflammation in gingival tissue, and iNOS may be involved in the inflammatory process in periodontitis. The presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis might relate to the different cytokine profiles of IL-1alpha, IL-8, and IL-10.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Japan. mhirose@tdc.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okuda
mesh_terms: D000189:Actinobacillus Infections / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000502:physiology; D016866:Bacteroidaceae Infections / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D018925:Chemokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016753:Interleukin-10; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase