title: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and HIV-1 prevalence among five populations of women in the Czech and Slovak Republics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Five populations at risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the Czech and Slovak Republics were sampled.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and HIV-1 infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine specimens were collected serially from women at a Prague prenatal clinic (n = 134), a Prague dermatovenerealogy clinic (n = 91), sex workers from northern and central Bohemia (n = 35), students from a northern Bohemian school (n = 217), and Gypsies from Jarovnice, Slovakia (n = 128). These specimens were tested for chlamydia and gonorrhea using a ligase chain reaction pooling algorithm, and for HIV using an enzyme immunoassay confirmed by Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of chlamydia was 2.2% (95% CI, 0.4-6.4) in the prenatal clinic, 5.5% (95% CI, 1.8-12.4) in the STD clinic, 22.9% (95% CI, 10.4-40.1) among street sex workers, 8.2% (95% CI, 3.6-15.6) among sexually active female high school students, and 3.9% (95% CI, 1.3-8.9) among Gypsy women. Gonorrhea was found in only two populations: 2.2% (95% CI, 0.3-7.7) in the STD clinic, and 2.9% (95% CI, 0.1-14.9) among sex workers. No HIV-1 infection was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urine screening was an efficient and accurate method for identifying groups at risk for STDs in the Czech Republic and Slovakia because sample collection was fast and noninvasive, and potential participation bias was reduced by high acceptability.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kacena
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dohnal
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Benesova
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grivna
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deliopolu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trýzna
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horák
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gaydos
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Quinn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D018153:Czech Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D022521:Ligase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D015995:Prevalence; D012372:ROC Curve; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D018154:Slovakia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires