title: Skin topography measurement by interference fringe projection: a technical validation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The quantitative analysis of skin topography is frequently used in cosmetology to evaluate the efficacy of hydrating or anti-wrinkle creams (micro-topography studies) or creams for slimming or to alleviate stretch marks (macro-topography studies). Numerous methods involving the three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of the topography from silicone replicas have been developed. Some of the main techniques applied include optical profilometry based on the reflection of oblique lighting or on transparency, and profilometry by laser focusing or triangulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We chose to test the Dermatop system developed by Eotech Co., which is based on interference fringe projection profilometry associated with the Toposurf surface processing software. Owing to the system's principle of operation, we first ran three experiments to evaluate the influence of ambient lighting on the 3-D reconstruction and the surface roughness parameters, the influence of the calibration device built into the acquisition system and the influence of calibration in terms of ambient lighting correction. We then evaluated the accuracy, the repeatability and the reproducibility of the measurements provided by the system from known metal topographic standards and skin replicas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was seen that external lighting can cause variations in the calculation of parameters SPa, SPt and SPtm which can reach error levels of about 5% if the operator does not almost systematically calibrate the apparatus between each measurement. These three experiments enabled us to standardise the protocol for the acquisition of 3-D information, in order to minimise the lighting problems and yet respect the requirements for routine studies. The correlation coefficient between the theoretical values and the mean of experimental values was 0.9955 for parameter SPa and 0.9983 for parameter SPtm. Repeatability presented variations of under 4%, irrespective of the parameters, and reproducibility of under 6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The technique provides very satisfactory results from the point of view of accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility. It is an excellent compromise between cost, accuracy and the time required.
authors.affiliation: Centre Jean-Louis Alibert, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lagarde
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rouvrais
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diridollou
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gall
mesh_terms: D003880:Dermatology / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D016628:Replica Techniques; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013499:Surface Properties