title: Charging for port reception facilities in North Sea ports: putting theory into practice.
abstract: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the charging systems for the use of port reception facilities for waste oil, and to examine the potential impact of the charging elements of the new (late 2000) EU Directive on port reception facilities for ship-generated waste and cargo residues. Experience to date with alternative models for charging is considered. Conclusions are drawn about the effectiveness of the EU Directive as a means of controlling pollution in the North Sea and producing a 'level playing field' between ports.
authors.affiliation: School of the Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. a.carpenter@env.leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Macgill
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005060:Europe; D007221:Industry; D010578:Petroleum; D011640:Public Policy; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000191:economics*; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum