title: Tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter polymorphisms influence the phenotypic expression of hereditary hemochromatosis.
abstract: Severe iron overload usually develops in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (HHC), but variability in the phenotypic expression of the disease has been reported. This study assessed whether tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a role in phenotypic expression of HHC. Sixty-four patients with HHC and 172 healthy volunteers (controls) were studied. Release of TNF-alpha from stimulated peripheral blood monocytes was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and 308 and 238 TNF-alpha polymorphisms were detected with polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis. The relation between TNF-alpha polymorphisms and clinical expression of HHC was evaluated. Patients with HHC released less TNF-alpha than controls, but the difference was significant only in homozygotes for the C282Y mutation. The prevalence of the 308 TNF-alpha polymorphism was similar in patients and controls, whereas the prevalence of the 238 polymorphic allele was significantly lower in patients (3% versus 16%; P =.002). A lower prevalence of cirrhosis was observed in patients with TNF-alpha polymorphism than in those without it (4 of 15 [27%] versus 28 of 49 [57%]), but the difference was not significant (P =.07). In nonhomozygotes for the C282Y mutation, severe liver siderosis was less prevalent in patients with the 308 polymorphism than in those without it (P =.05). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values were significantly lower in patients with TNF-alpha polymorphism (P =.006), even when patients with other hepatotoxic factors were excluded. Multivariate analysis showed that TNF-alpha polymorphism was independently associated with ALT values (P =.0008 and P =.045, respectively, in homozygotes and nonhomozygotes for the C282Y mutation) and siderosis in nonhomozygotes (P =.047). Thus, TNF-alpha appears to play a role in HHC by modulating the severity of liver damage. (Blood. 2001;97:3707-3712)
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università di Milano, Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, Pad Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy. silvia.fargion@unimi.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fargion
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valenti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dongiovanni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scaccabarozzi
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fracanzani
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taioli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mattioli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sampietro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fiorelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000494:pharmacology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C103673:HFE protein, human; D006680:HLA Antigens; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007501:Iron