title: [Focal cortical dysplasia and refractory epilepsy. Surgical treatment].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is an unusual cause of refractory epilepsy, in which the morbid anatomy is characterized by cortical laminar dysplasia and the presence of balloon like cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 36 year old woman who had had drug-resistant epilepsy since the age of 9 years old, with daily complex partial seizures and seizures in which she fell to the ground. After many therapeutic trials, at the age of 29 years she had a callostomy as palliative treatment for the seizures in which she fell and was completely cured of these. The complex partial seizures increased in frequency, in spite of high doses of multiple drugs, so the possibility of resective surgery was considered. A surface EEG with predominant lateralization and localization to the left temporal lobe, ictal and interictal cerebral SPECT, PET and MR were done. The findings were comparable with two foci of dysplasia in the left cerebral hemisphere, one superior parietal and the other posterior basal temporal in situation. Finally, video-EEG monitoring with foramen ovale electrodes showed ictal activity starting in the left posterior temporal regions and with rapid homolateral anteromesial diffusion. A left temporal lobectomy and amigdalohippocampectomy was done with resection of a posterior basal temporal lesion. This reduced the number of seizures by 90%, with minimal dysnomy as a sequel. The findings on morbid anatomical study were compatible with a FCD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FCD is a cause of refractory epilepsy which may benefit from surgical treatment, with excellent results, after suitable pre-operative surgical evaluation and planning, including hippocampal evaluation since there is a high incidence of associated mesial sclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, 18014, Spain. neuro2000@hvn.sas.cica.es
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Escamilla Sevilla
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galdón Castillo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pastor Pons
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altuzarra Corral
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chinchón Lara
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sánchez Alvarez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography