title: School smoking policies and smoking prevalence among adolescents: multilevel analysis of cross-sectional data from Wales.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between school smoking policies and smoking prevalence among pupils.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multilevel analysis of cross-sectional data from surveys of schools and pupils.
  
  
  METHODS
  55 secondary schools in Wales.
  
  
  METHODS
  55 teachers and 1375 pupils in year 11 (aged 15-16).
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported smoking behaviour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of daily smoking in schools with a written policy on smoking for pupils, teachers, and other adults, with no pupils or teachers allowed to smoke anywhere on the school premises, was 9.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.1% to 12.9%). In schools with no policy on pupils' or teachers' smoking, 30.1% (95% CI 23.6% to 36.6%) of pupils reported daily smoking. In schools with an intermediate level of smoking policy, 21.0% (95% CI 17.8% to 24.2%) smoked every day. School smoking policy was associated with school level variation in daily smoking (p = 0.002). In multilevel analysis, after adjusting for pupils' sex, parents' and best friends' smoking status, parental expectations, and alienation from school, there was less unexplained school level variation, but school smoking policy remained significant (p = 0.041). The association of smoking policy with weekly smoking was weaker than for daily smoking, and not significant after adjustment for pupil level variables. Both daily and weekly smoking prevalence were lower in schools where pupils' smoking restrictions were always enforced. Enforcement of teacher smoking restrictions was not significantly associated with pupils' smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates an association between policy strength, policy enforcement, and the prevalence of smoking among pupils, after having adjusted for pupil level characteristics. These findings suggest that the wider introduction of comprehensive school smoking policies may help reduce teenage smoking.
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. MooreLl@cf.ac.uk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tudor-Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016134:Organizational Policy; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012306:Risk; D012574:Schools; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology