title: Combined effects of heart rate and pulse pressure on cardiovascular mortality according to age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to assess the combined effects of pulse pressure (PP) and heart rate (HR) on cardiovascular mortality in a large French population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population was composed of 125,513 men and 96,301 women aged 16-95 years who had a health check-up at the IPC Center between January 1978 and December 1988. Subjects taking antihypertensive treatment were excluded. Mortality was assessed for an 8-year period. HR and PP were classified into three groups. HR groups were: < 60, 60-79 and > or = 80 beats per minute (bpm). PP groups were: < 50, 50-64 and > or = 65 mmHg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, PP and HR were both positively associated with cardiovascular mortality risk. In women, mean arterial pressure (MAP) but not PP or HR was associated with cardiovascular mortality. In men, a combined elevation of PP and HR was associated with an important increase of cardiovascular mortality risk. The group with the highest PP and the highest HR had a 4.8-fold increase in cardiovascular mortality risk as compared to the reference group (PP < 50 mmHg and HR < 60 bpm). This effect was more pronounced in younger men (5.4-fold increase) than in older men (3.7-fold increase), as compared to the reference groups of the same age. In women, the combined effects of PP and HR on cardiovascular mortality were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combined elevation of the two components of pulsatile arterial stress is associated with an important increase in cardiovascular mortality in men, especially in younger men. In women, steady-state stress (evaluated primarily by MAP), but not pulsatile stress, is an important determinant of cardiovascular mortality.
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Investigation Préventives et Cliniques, Paris, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bean
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Provost
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guize
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benetos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011674:Pulse