title: Plasma drug levels compared with DNA incorporation of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) in adult cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys.
abstract: Zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, AZT), widely used for the therapy of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1), is a nucleoside analog of thymidine that becomes phosphorylated and incorporated into nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Levels of AZT incorporation into DNA of humans, monkeys, and mice are highly variable and suggest interindividual variability in phosphorylation pathways. In addition, studies in rhesus monkeys (1) have shown a lack of correlation between levels of unbound AZT in plasma and tissue AZT-DNA. However, the correlation between plasma AZT and tissue AZT-DNA has not been previously examined in the same primate. Here we examine the relationship between AZT-DNA incorporation in leukocytes and multiple organs, and levels of the drug circulating in plasma of adult female cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys. Three monkeys were dosed with 40.0 mg of AZT/day for 30 days by naso-gastric intubation. The average daily dose of 9.9 mg of AZT/kg/body wt was similar to the approximately 8.6 mg of AZT/kg/body wt (600 mg/day) given to adult HIV-1-infected patients. In all three monkeys, at the time of sampling, values for AZT concentrations in plasma were similar and values for AZT incorporation into leukocyte DNA (86.1, 100.0, and 114.1 molecules of AZT/10(6) nucleotides) were also similar. AZT-DNA incorporation was detected in liver, uterus, spleen, and kidney from the three AZT-exposed animals, with values for positive samples ranging from 5.8 to 97.4 molecules of AZT/10(6) nucleotides. In brain cortex and lung DNA from AZT-exposed animals, AZT incorporation was undetectable. The data suggest that organ-specific differences in AZT uptake and/or metabolism may contribute to AZT phosphorylation and subsequent drug incorporation into DNA. In addition, AZT-DNA levels in monkey organs were similar to or lower than values observed in peripheral leukocytes of adult AIDS patients.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, USA.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Olivero
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pietras
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Poirier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008252:Macaca fascicularis / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015215:Zidovudine; D004247:DNA