title: Prospective evaluation of late cosmetic results following breast reconstruction: II. Tram flap reconstruction.
abstract: Although it is thought that transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction produces excellent cosmetic results that are maintained over the long term, there is little objective evidence in the literature to support this. One hundred seventy-one consecutive patients who underwent TRAM flap reconstruction were prospectively analyzed over an 8-year period to assess their morbidity and late cosmetic outcome.The early patient complication rate (< 2 months) was 37.4 percent, the late hernia and fat necrosis rates (> 2 months) were 8.8 and 13.5 percent, respectively, and the contralateral symmetrization rate was 33.9 percent. The cosmetic results were evaluated prospectively using an objective five-point global scale. Each patient was scored at each visit once surgery was completed. Follow-up continued until a flap was lost, a patient died, or the point of last patient contact was reached. Six patients died during the study. The actuarial percentage cosmetic outcome remained stable during the study period, with an acceptable result in 96.4 percent of patients at 2 years and in 94.2 percent of patients at 5 years. Only five patients in this series obtained poor cosmetic outcomes, with three due to substantial flap necrosis and two because of poor flap design. Two free TRAM flaps were also lost. Log-rank analysis revealed that neither patient age nor timing of surgery significantly affected the cosmetic outcome. Single pedicle and supercharged (single pedicle) TRAM flaps produced slightly better results than bipedicle and free TRAM flaps. In this prospective longitudinal study, TRAM flap reconstructions were shown to produce aesthetically pleasing results. Moreover, with long-term follow-up, it was demonstrated that these reconstructions maintained their stability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast Surgery, Institut Curie, Paris, France. krishna.clough@curie.net.
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Clough
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: O'Donoghue
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Fitoussi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vlastos
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Falcou
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019928:Breast Implantation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps