title: Extracellular Surface Charges in Voltage-Gated Ion Channels.
abstract: A large number of charged amino acids are in the extracellularly located parts of the voltage-gated ion channels. Recent findings suggest that these surface charges contribute to the channel functions in the sensing of voltage, the binding of substances, and the sensing of H(+) concentration.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Physiology, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a D-48149 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madeja