title: Analysis of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, codeine, and morphine in hair by supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide modified with methanol.
abstract: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO2 modified with methanol (10%) was employed for the extraction of cocaine from human hair. Extraction conditions were developed by using designed experiments to characterize the effects of pressure, temperature, and percent methanol on the recovery of cocaine from hair. When compared to the conventional acid hydrolysis method for hair analysis, SFE was faster and gave higher recoveries. Amounts of cocaine, benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite), codeine, and morphine in a hair standard reference material were determined by SFE-gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and found to be in agreement with reported levels. Analyses of hair from forensic case studies are also reported.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Department, South Carolina Law Enforcement Division, Columbia 29210, USA.
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Galipo
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Sellers
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002845:Chromatography / Q000379:methods*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis*; D003061:Codeine / Q000032:analysis*; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D009020:Morphine / Q000032:analysis*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C005618:benzoylecgonine; D009020:Morphine; D003042:Cocaine; D003061:Codeine; D000432:Methanol