title: Adenosine analogues as selective inhibitors of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Trypanosomatidae via structure-based drug design.
abstract: In our continuation of the structure-based design of anti-trypanosomatid drugs, parasite-selective adenosine analogues were identified as low micromolar inhibitors of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Crystal structures of Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania mexicana, and human GAPDH's provided details of how the adenosyl moiety of NAD(+) interacts with the proteins, and this facilitated the understanding of the relative affinities of a series of adenosine analogues for the various GAPDH's. From exploration of modifications of the naphthalenemethyl and benzamide substituents of a lead compound, N(6)-(1-naphthalenemethyl)-2'-deoxy-2'-(3-methoxybenzamido)adenosine (6e), N(6)-(substituted-naphthalenemethyl)-2'-deoxy-2'-(substituted-benzamido)adenosine analogues were investigated. N(6)-(1-Naphthalenemethyl)-2'-deoxy-2'-(3,5-dimethoxybenzamido)adenosine (6m), N(6)-[1-(3-hydroxynaphthalene)methyl]-2'-deoxy-2'-(3,5-dimethoxybenzamido)adenosine (7m), N(6)-[1-(3-methoxynaphthalene)methyl]-2'-deoxy-2'-(3,5-dimethoxybenzamido)adenosine (9m), N(6)-(2-naphthalenemethyl)-2'-deoxy-2'-(3-methoxybenzamido)adenosine (11e), and N(6)-(2-naphthalenemethyl)-2'-deoxy-2'-(3,5-dimethoxybenzamido)adenosine (11m) demonstrated a 2- to 3-fold improvement over 6e and a 7100- to 25000-fold improvement over the adenosine template. IC(50)'s of these compounds were in the range 2-12 microM for T. brucei, T. cruzi, and L. mexicana GAPDH's, and these compounds did not inhibit mammalian GAPDH when tested at their solubility limit. To explore more thoroughly the structure-activity relationships of this class of compounds, a library of 240 N(6)-(substituted)-2'-deoxy-2'-(amido)adenosine analogues was generated using parallel solution-phase synthesis with N(6) and C2' substituents chosen on the basis of computational docking scores. This resulted in the identification of 40 additional compounds that inhibit parasite GAPDH's in the low micromolar range. We also explored adenosine analogues containing 5'-amido substituents and found that 2',5'-dideoxy-2'-(3,5-dimethoxybenzamido)-5'-(diphenylacetamido)adenosine (49) displays an IC(50) of 60-100 microM against the three parasite GAPDH's.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bressi
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Verlinde
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Aronov
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suresh
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Buckner
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Van Voorhis
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Kuntz
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Hol
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Gelb
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells / Q000469:parasitology; D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D020650:Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques; D015195:Drug Design; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry; D007894:Leishmania mexicana / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D051379:Mice; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014346:Trypanosoma brucei brucei / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014351:Trypanosomatina / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; D000241:Adenosine