title: Protein S-100B: a serum marker for ischemic and infectious injury of cerebral tissue.
abstract: The S-100B protein is released by injured astrocytes. After passage through a disintegrated blood-brain barrier (BBB) the molecule can be detected in the peripheral circulation. We investigated the association between the extent of brain injury and S-100B concentration in serum in cerebral injury caused by cerebral ischemia and cerebral fungal infection. Study I: The S-100B serum concentration was serially determined in 24 patients with ischemic stroke at 4, 8, 10, 24, 72 hours after the onset of symptoms. We observed that patients with brain lesions larger than 5 cm3 exhibited significantly increased serum levels of S-100B at 10, 24 and 72 hours compared to those with lesion volumes below 5 cm3. Furthermore, an association between S-100B serum concentration and neurological outcome was observed. Study II: In a mouse model of systemic fungal infection with Candida albicans we observed that serum levels of S-100B increased at day 1 after intravenous infection. At this time we could histologically demonstrate brain tissue injury by invading hyphae which had crossed the BBB. Furthermore, reactive astrogliosis was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. On day 7 we found a significant decrease of S-100B serum level compared to day 1 and 4. This was associated with a demarcation of the fungi with leukocytes in brain tissue at this late phase of infection. No further invasion through the BBB was seen on day 7. In conclusion, serum levels of S-100B reflect the time course of tissue injury in cerebral ischemia and cerebral infection to a similar extent. Thus, S-100B may be a useful marker to assess cerebral tissue injury.
authors.affiliation: Departmentof Clinical Chemistry, Clinic Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany. thomas.bertsch@ikc.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bertsch
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Casarin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kretschmar
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Muehlhauser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ragoschke
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuehl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Eden
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nassabi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nichterlein
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fassbender
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D013687:Telencephalon / Q000293:injuries* / Q000382:microbiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins