title: The push-and-pull mechanism to scavenge redox-active transition metals: a novel concept in myocardial protection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traces of redox-active transition metals such as iron and copper play an important role in free radical formation during postischemic reperfusion of the heart. Two studies were conducted to assess the efficacy of the complexes of desferrioxamine with zinc or gallium to prevent this aspect of reperfusion injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  In study I, isolated working rat hearts (n = 96) were subjected to 2 hours of hypothermic arrest at 10 degrees C induced by use of St Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution II supplemented with desferrioxamine, zinc-histidinate, zinc-desferrioxamine, gallium-nitrate, or gallium-desferrioxamine. In study II, isolated nonworking rat hearts (n = 23) were subjected to normothermic regional (10 minutes) or global (35 minutes) unprotected ischemia. In this study, the perfusate was supplemented with gallium-desferrioxamine during preischemic and postischemic periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In study I, the addition of desferrioxamine, zinc-histidinate, or gallium-nitrate to St Thomas' Hospital solution II improved postischemic aortic flow recovery. When the binary complexes zinc-desferrioxamine or gallium-desferrioxamine were added, however, functional recovery was further enhanced significantly. In study II, high-performance liquid chromatography analyses of tissue from postischemic hearts exposed to unsupplemented perfusate revealed a marked increase of malondialdehydes. In hearts perfused with perfusate supplemented with gallium-desferrioxamine, however, tissue malondialdehyde concentrations were significantly smaller, indicating reduced free radical formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest synergistic protection by the complexes of the iron chelator desferrioxamine with zinc or gallium. The single components neutralize transition metals by 2 different but complementary push-and-pull mechanisms, thereby leading to an inhibition of metal-mediated site-specific free radical formation and improvement of postischemic cardiac function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Str 1, 30623 Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karck
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berenshtein
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haverich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chevion
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005708:Gallium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012016:Reference Values; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D017967:Zinc Compounds; D005708:Gallium; D003676:Deferoxamine; C027235:gallium nitrate