title: Propofol attenuates diaphragmatic dysfunction induced by septic peritonitis in hamsters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sepsis or peritonitis impairs diaphragmatic contractility and endurance capacity. Peroxynitrite, a powerful oxidant formed by superoxide and nitric oxide, has been implicated in the pathogenesis. Propofol scavenges this reactive molecule. The authors conducted the current study to evaluate whether propofol prevents diaphragmatic dysfunction induced by septic peritonitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty male Golden-Syrian hamsters (120-140 g) were randomly classified into five groups. Groups sham and sham-propofol 50 underwent sham laparotomy alone, whereas groups sepsis, sepsis-propofol 25, and sepsis-propofol 50 underwent cecal ligation with puncture. Groups sham and sepsis received infusion of intralipid, whereas groups sham-propofol 50, sepsis-propofol 25, and sepsis-propofol 50 received propofol at rates of 50, 25, and 50 mg.kg(-1).h(-1), respectively. Intralipid or propofol was subcutaneously infused from 3 h before surgery until 24 h after operation, when all hamsters were killed. Diaphragmatic contractility and fatigability were assessed in vitro using diaphragm muscle strips. Peroxynitrite formation in the diaphragm was assessed by nitrotyrosine immunostaining. Plasma nitrite-nitrate concentrations and diaphragmatic concentrations of malondialdehyde were determined. Using another set of animals, diaphragmatic inducible nitric oxide synthase activity was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twitch, tetanic tensions, and tensions during fatigue trials were reduced in group sepsis compared with group sham. In group SEPSIS, diaphragm malondialdehyde and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, and plasma nitrite-nitrate concentrations increased, and positive immunostaining for nitrotyrosine residues was found. Propofol attenuated these changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment with propofol attenuated diaphragmatic dysfunction induced by septic peritonitis in hamsters assessed by contractile profiles and endurance capacity. This beneficial effect of propofol may be caused, in part, by inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the diaphragm caused by the powerful oxidant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan. katz@med.kobe-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mikawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishina
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006224:Cricetinae; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015742:Propofol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D015742:Propofol