title: Adaptive changes in dynamic properties of human disparity-induced vergence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vergence eye movements undergo adaptive recalibration in response to a training stimulus in which the initial disparity is changed just after vergence begins (the double-step paradigm). In the present study the changes in the dynamic properties of convergence, speed and acceleration, were examined by using this double-step paradigm, before and after adaptation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four normal subjects participated. Three-dimensional visual stimuli were provided by a head-mounted display with two liquid crystal diode (LCD) panels. To induce adaptation, a double step of disparity was used: an initial step from distances of 2 to 1 m was followed by a second step to distances of 0.7 m ("increasing paradigm") or 1.4 m ("decreasing paradigm") after a constant period of 0.2 seconds. The dynamic properties of vergence were compared before and after 30 minutes of training with these paradigms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak velocity of convergence became significantly greater (increasing paradigm) or smaller (decreasing paradigm) after 30 minutes' training. Changes in the dynamic properties of convergence were also obvious in phase-plane (velocity versus position) and main sequence (peak velocity versus amplitude) plots. Further analysis revealed that adaptive increases in vergence velocity were accomplished by an increase in the duration of the acceleration period, whereas adaptive decreases were induced by a decrease in the maximum value of acceleration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pattern of change in the dynamic characteristics of vergence after adaptation was similar to that of saccades and the initiation of pursuit eye movements, suggesting common neural mechanisms for adaptive changes in the open-loop control of eye movements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and. Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Japan. mtakagi@med.niigata-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oyamada
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Zee
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasebe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bando
mesh_terms: D000221:Adaptation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D003290:Convergence, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D005133:Eye Movements; D006801:Humans; D015357:Vision Disparity / Q000502:physiology*