title: Nasolacrimal stents in the management of epiphora: medium-term results of a multicenter prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate in a prospective multicenter setting the clinical utility of polyurethane stents in the percutaneous management of epiphora.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (N = 163; age range = 22-85 y, mean = 52 y; 29 men, 134 women) with severe epiphora had stents (n = 183) inserted under fluoroscopic guidance in 180 lacrimal systems (unilateral = 146; bilateral = 17) to treat complete (n = 172) or partial (n = 8) obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct or sac. The junction between sac and duct was the most frequent location (n = 102), followed by the sac alone (n = 48), and the duct alone (n = 30). The etiology of the obstruction was idiopathic in 113 cases (63%) and chronic dacryocystitis in 67 (37%). The set designed by Song was used in all patients and the original technique was slightly modified by the authors. All patients were treated on an outpatient basis. Average time of the procedure was 14 minutes (range = 3-70 min).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial technical success rate of stent placement was 97%. Resolution of epiphora was complete in 175 eyes and partial in five. On follow-up (mean = 450 d; range = 8-730 d), 157 of 183 stents remained patent (85.8%). Of the 24 obstructed, 19 were easily withdrawn and 17 of these patients remained asymptomatic for a mean of 15 months (secondary patency rate = 89.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The procedure is simple and safe. It can be performed on an outpatient basis and the original technique could be improved with some technical modifications. It is well tolerated by patients and may be considered as a valid alternative technique for the resolution of epiphora.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Interventional Radiology, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo, Spain. clanciego@eresmas.com
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lanciego
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Miguel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perea
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cano
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dávila
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ibarburen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Toledano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Merlo
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: García
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct / Q000601:surgery*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome