title: Factors correlating with lymph node metastases in patients with T1 breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identification of reliable predictors of axillary metastases (ALNM) may be useful in selecting appropriate management for patients with T1-size breast cancer. This study was undertaken to determine the degree of correlation between ALNM and several variables, including age, race, menopausal status, palpability, tumor size, positive margin on initial excision, histology, grade, lymphatic invasion (LI), estrogen receptor status (ER), progesterone receptor status, S-phase, and ploidy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 1416 patients with T1 breast cancers treated at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center between 1989 and 1998 was reviewed. Patients with multifocal tumors were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean patient age was 57.5 years (SD = 12.0); 65% of the patients were postmenopausal. One hundred thirty-one patients with Tla (< or =0.5 cm), 435 with T1b (0.6-1.0 cm), and 850 patients with T1c (1.1-2.0 cm) lesions were studied. The overall rate of ALNM was 23%. AM was identified in 11% of T1a, 15% of T1b, and 29% of T1c patients. Statistically significant factors from univariate analysis were age, palpability, skin changes, tumor size, LI, histology, grade, ER status, and positive margin on initial excision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Axillary staging by either sentinel lymph node biopsy or level I/II axillary dissection is indicated for most T1 breast cancer patients. Omission of axillary staging can be considered for highly selected patients with T1a cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA. db403@columbia.edu
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Brenin
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Manasseh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Tamer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Troxel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schnabel
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ditkoff
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kinne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000473:pathology*; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis