title: Molecular mechanisms of human single-minded 2 (SIM2) gene expression: identification of a promoter site in the SIM2 genomic sequence.
abstract: We previously postulated that the single-minded 2 (SIM2) gene identified on the human chromosome 21q22.2 is a good candidate gene for the pathogenesis of mental retardation in Down syndrome because its mouse homolog exhibits preferential expression in the mouse diencephalon during early embryogenesis. We analyzed the genomic sequence of the entire SIM2 gene which consists of 11 exons and spans over 50 kb. As a step toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of SIM2 gene expression, we have analyzed the human SIM2 gene expression in nine established human cell lines. Three transcripts of 3.6, 4.4, and 6.0 kb were detected in the glioblastoma cell line, T98G, neuroblastoma cell line, TGW, and transformed embryonic kidney cell line, 293. The RACE analysis using SIM2-expressing human cell line T98G provided evidence for the transcription start site at approximately 1.2 kb upstream of the translation initiation site. The transfection assay using various deletion constructs with reporter gene suggested the presence of a presumptive promoter region. Transient transfection assay in T98G cell line revealed a significant promoter activity located in the 60 bp sequence between nt -1385 and -1325 upstream region of the translation initiation site. This 60 bp sequence contains cis-elements for c-myb, E47 and E2F transcription factors. Moreover, the gel retardation assay using oligo-DNA of various cis-element sequences indicated the presence of protein factor(s) which bind to the cis-element for c-myb. These results suggested that binding of a protein transcription factor(s) such as c-myb or that alike regulates transcription of the SIM2 gene by binding to a small upstream region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, School of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 476, Miyashita-cho, Hachioji, 192-8508, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamaki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tochigi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kudoh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minoshima
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimizu
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D004247:DNA; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D008156:Luciferases; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C417032:SIM2 protein, human; C089449:sim protein, Drosophila