title: Response of the bacteria and fungi of two soils to the sulfonylurea herbicide cinosulfuron.
abstract: Changes in aerobic bacteria and autotrophic nitrifier numbers, and in respiration and nitrification in two soils treated with cinosulfuron at 42 (field rate) and 4200 microg/kg were studied after 1 and 4 weeks of incubation under laboratory conditions. Only nitrification at 1 week was slightly inhibited by the cinosulfuron treatment, even at the field rate. In vitro toxicity tests carried out in agar media on representative aerobic bacteria, fungi and Azotobacter strains isolated from the two soils, as well as on nine collection soil bacteria, showed that only a very high cinosulfuron concentration (100 mg/l) can have negative effects on the growth of a limited number of soil heterotrophic microorganisms, under conditions similar to those of soil environment. The absence of three branched-chain amino acids increased bacterial sensitivity, thus showing the importance of the chemical conditions and suggesting acetolactate synthase enzyme blockage as the toxicity mechanism. It is concluded that cinosulfuron has a negative effect on only a few aspects of the microbial community in soil ecosystems, even at concentrations higher that those currently in use.
authors.affiliation: DISTAM, Sezione Microbiologia Agraria, Alimentare, Ecologica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Allievi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gigliotti
mesh_terms: D000095:Acetolactate Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D000095:Acetolactate Synthase