title: Cochlear implantation in children with large vestibular aqueduct syndrome and a review of the syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children with Large Vestibular Aqueduct Syndrome (LVAS) frequently develop speech and language skills prior to deterioration of their hearing. Operations designed to halt the progression of hearing loss have largely failed so the question of Cochlear Implantation in these children has arisen. It had been suggested that there would be technical difficulties in implanting these patients and, therefore, there had been an initial reluctance to proceed to implantation. The aim of the present paper is to assess surgical and functional outcomes in implanted children with LVAS and review the related literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the 170 children assessed by MRI in the Nottingham Paediatric Cochlear Implant Programme, seven (4%) were identified as having LVAS. Four of these children were implanted and had at least 12 months follow up. Two of the children are on the waiting list for implantation and one child was not implanted because of absence of the cochlear nerve. Operative findings, complications and outcome measures were recorded. The auditory skills of the children were assessed before implantation and 1 year following implantation. A literature search was done to identify other series with experience in implanting children with LVAS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Full insertion of the electrode array was achieved in all our cases. After cochleostomy two patients experienced a mild CSF leak that was easily controlled by the muscle graft. On the first day post-operation two patients were nauseous and one had an episode of vomiting, however, all were discharged within 24 h of surgery. Initial outcome measures at 12 months post-implantation were encouraging showing significant progress in children's auditory skills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study and the review of the literature suggest that LVAS is not a contraindication to implantation as initial concerns about severe perilymph leaks and surgical complications have proved to be unfounded. The post-operative progress of these children in listening skills also suggest that these children are suitable for cochlear implantation
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, NG7-2UH, Nottingham, UK. thomas.nikoloulos@nottingam.ac.uk
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Fahy
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Nikolopoulos
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Ludman
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Gibbin
mesh_terms: D001309:Auditory Threshold; D002648:Child; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011859:Radiography; D013577:Syndrome; D014723:Vestibular Aqueduct / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*