title: Remote verification in radiotherapy using digitally reconstructed radiography (DRR) and portal images: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use digitally reconstructed radiography (DRR) and digitally compressed portal images in distant consultation using a telecommunications network, the verification performance of DRR and digitally compressed portal images on the image console was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A human thoracic phantom was scanned with computed tomography (CT). Radiotherapy was planned at 5 different anatomic locations. A digitally reconstructed radiograph was made; verification films of the phantom were then taken with 6-MV X-rays. The treatment center was intentionally dislocated. Fifty sets of DRR and portal images were seen by 7 doctors on a conventional view-box (view-box method) to judge whether the treatment center was dislocated. These image sets were digitalized by a film scanner, compressed to 1/10 Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) format, and compared on an image console by the same physicians (image-console method). The verification performance of the image console method was compared with that of the view-box method by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Clinically, 159 portal-image-sets were verified with the image-console method and the appropriateness of the decision was later assessed by the view-box method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accuracy of the treatment verification was estimated to be 88.8% by the conventional view-box method and 88.3% by the image-console method. There was no statistically significant difference in the verification performances of the conventional method (Az = 0.86+/-0.02) and the image console method (Az = 0.84+/-0.07). Frequent digital image-processing modification was positively related to the accuracy of verification. Clinically, there were 3 (1.8%) major corrections, 31 (19.5%) minor corrections, and 123 cases with no correction. No further correction was called for by the re-evaluation using the view-box method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The verification performance of DRR and digitally compressed portal images on the image console was as accurate as the conventional method. Distant consultation using DRR and portal images through telecommunication is usable in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. seiko@radi.med.hokudai.ac.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shirato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishioka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kagei
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyasaka
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008168:Lung / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D013909:Thorax / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed