title: Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients who have atrial fibrillation (AF) have an increased risk of stroke, but their absolute rate of stroke depends on age and comorbid conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the predictive value of classification schemes that estimate stroke risk in patients with AF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two existing classification schemes were combined into a new stroke-risk scheme, the CHADS( 2) index, and all 3 classification schemes were validated. The CHADS( 2) was formed by assigning 1 point each for the presence of congestive heart failure, hypertension, age 75 years or older, and diabetes mellitus and by assigning 2 points for history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. Data from peer review organizations representing 7 states were used to assemble a National Registry of AF (NRAF) consisting of 1733 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 to 95 years who had nonrheumatic AF and were not prescribed warfarin at hospital discharge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitalization for ischemic stroke, determined by Medicare claims data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 2121 patient-years of follow-up, 94 patients were readmitted to the hospital for ischemic stroke (stroke rate, 4.4 per 100 patient-years). As indicated by a c statistic greater than 0.5, the 2 existing classification schemes predicted stroke better than chance: c of 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65-0.71) for the scheme developed by the Atrial Fibrillation Investigators (AFI) and c of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.71-0.76) for the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (SPAF) III scheme. However, with a c statistic of 0.82 (95% CI, 0.80-0.84), the CHADS( 2) index was the most accurate predictor of stroke. The stroke rate per 100 patient-years without antithrombotic therapy increased by a factor of 1.5 (95% CI, 1.3-1.7) for each 1-point increase in the CHADS( 2) score: 1.9 (95% CI, 1.2-3.0) for a score of 0; 2.8 (95% CI, 2.0-3.8) for 1; 4.0 (95% CI, 3.1-5.1) for 2; 5.9 (95% CI, 4.6-7.3) for 3; 8.5 (95% CI, 6.3-11.1) for 4; 12.5 (95% CI, 8.2-17.5) for 5; and 18.2 (95% CI, 10.5-27.4) for 6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 2 existing classification schemes and especially a new stroke risk index, CHADS( 2), can quantify risk of stroke for patients who have AF and may aid in selection of antithrombotic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine Campus, Box 8005, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. bgage@im.wustl.edu
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Gage
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Waterman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boechler
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Radford
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016019:Survival Analysis