title: Pharmacokinetics and safety of amprenavir and ritonavir following multiple-dose, co-administration to healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir (APV) and ritonavir (RTV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three open-label, randomized, two-sequence, multiple-dose studies having the same design (7 days of APV or RTV alone followed by 7 days of both drugs together) used 450 or 900 mg APV with 100 or 300 mg RTV every 12 h with pharmacokinetic assessments on days 7 and 14. Safety was monitored as clinical adverse events (AEs) and laboratory abnormalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to APV alone, RTV co-administration resulted in a 3.3- to 4-fold and 10.84 to 14.25-fold increase in the geometric least-square (GLS) mean area under the plasma concentration--time curve (AUC(tau,ss)) and minimum concentration (C(min,ss)), respectively. APV 900 mg with RTV 100 mg resulted in a 2.09-fold and 6.85-fold increase in the GLS mean AUC(tau,ss) and C(min,ss), respectively. On day 14, the geometric mean (95% confidence interval) for 450 mg APV AUC(tau,ss) (micro x h/mL) was 23.49 (19.32--28.57) with 300 mg RTV and 35.42 (30.46--44.42) with 100 microg RTV, and for the 900 mg APV with 100 mg RTV 47.11 (39.47--61.24). The 450 mg APV C(min,ss) (microg/ml) were 1.32 (1.05--1.67) and 2.01 (1.70--2.61), and 2.47 (2.08--3.32) for 900 mg APV. The most common AEs were mild and included diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, oral parasthesias, and rash. The triglyceride and cholesterol increased significantly from RTV exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding RTV to APV resulted in clinically and statistically significant increases in APV AUC and C(min) with variable effects on maximum concentration. The two RTV doses had similar effects on APV but AEs were more frequent with 300 mg RTV.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Sadler
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Piliero
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002219:Carbamates; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005076:Exanthema / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D005663:Furans; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D005663:Furans; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; C095108:amprenavir; D019438:Ritonavir