title: Effects of amniodistention with carbon dioxide on fetal acid-base status during fetoscopic surgery in a sheep model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because the data from previous experiments on the fetal effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) amniodistention in endoscopic fetal surgery are conflicting, we set out to evaluate the fetal acid-base status during CO2 amniodistention, with or without maternal hyperventilation, using a sheep model for endoscopic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assigned 26 pregnant ewes undergoing amniodistention with CO2 (4-5 mmHg intraamniotic pressure) to one of the following three groups: group I had fetal surgery + no maternal hyperventilation (n = 10); group II had fetal surgery + maternal hyperventilation (n = 10); group III had no fetal surgery + maternal hyperventilation (n = 6). Hyperventilation kept CO2 at 29-31 mmHg; in its absence, pCO2 ranged from 38 to 41. Fetal surgery consisted of fetoscopic tracheal clipping. Maternal blood pressure (mean, 98/69 mmHg) and heart rate (mean, 72 bpm) were kept at values comparable to human pregnancy. Fetal and maternal blood gas measurements were taken every 15 min during 1 h of amniodistention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ranges for baseline mean fetal pCO2 (mmHg) and pH were 51-55 and 7.24-7.25, respectively, in all study groups. After 1 h of amniodistention, mean +/- SEM values of fetal pCO2 and pH were 88 +/- 3 and 7.06 +/- 0.03 in group I, 69 +/- 4 and 7.13 +/- 0.02 in group II, and 71 +/- 5 and 7.14 +/- 0.04 in group III, respectively. Therefore, maternal hyperventilation attenuated but could not prevent significant fetal hypercarbia and acidosis. Fetal surgical manipulation had no effect on these observations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CO2 amniodistention should not be considered for clinical practice until ways of preventing its effects on the fetal acid-base status can be demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Center for Surgical Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gratacós
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Devlieger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van de Velde
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Deprest
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000138:Acidosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D000650:Amnion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D005332:Fetoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000139:chemically induced; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000378:metabolism; D007327:Insufflation / Q000379:methods*; D023421:Models, Animal; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000378:metabolism*; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide