title: Glycemic control and heart failure among adult patients with diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycemic control is associated with microvascular events, but its effect on the risk of heart failure is not well understood. We examined the association between hemoglobin (Hb) A(Ic) and the risk of heart failure hospitalization and/or death in a population-based sample of adult patients with diabetes and assessed whether this association differed by patient sex, heart failure pathogenesis, and hypertension status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cohort design was used with baseline between January 1, 1995, and June 30, 1996, and follow-up through December 31, 1997 (median 2.2 years). Participants were 25 958 men and 22 900 women with (predominantly type 2) diabetes, >/=19 years old, with no known history of heart failure. There were a total of 935 events (516 among men; 419 among women). After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, obesity, use of beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors, type and duration of diabetes, and incidence of interim myocardial infarction, each 1% increase in Hb A(Ic) was associated with an 8% increased risk of heart failure (95% CI 5% to 12%). An Hb A(Ic) >/=10, relative to Hb A(Ic) <7, was associated with 1.56-fold (95% CI 1.26 to 1.93) greater risk of heart failure. Although the association was stronger in men than in women, no differences existed by heart failure pathogenesis or hypertension status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm previous evidence that poor glycemic control may be associated with an increased risk of heart failure among adult patients with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA. cgi@dor.kaiser.org
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iribarren
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Karter
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Go
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sidney
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Selby
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin