title: Prenatal exposure to nitrofen induces Fryns phenotype in mice.
abstract: Prenatal exposure to nitrofen is known to cause multiple malformations in mice. The reported malformations include lung hypoplasia, diaphragmatic hernia, cardiovascular defects, skeletal malformations, cleft palate, and renal abnormalities. The authors present detailed findings of craniofacial defects after prenatal exposure to nitrofen, and propose that together with the previously reported malformations, nitrofen exposure induces a Fryns phenotype in mice. Fryns syndrome is a rare human genetic syndrome that is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by lung hypoplasia, diaphragmatic hernia, craniofacial malformations, skeletal malformations, cardiovascular malformations, and genitourinary malformations. Timed-pregnant Swiss Webster mice were gavage-fed 25 mg of nitrofen on day 8 of gestation. Control animals received olive oil. Osteogenesis and chondrogenesis were studied in fetuses recovered on day 17 after Alcian blue-Alizarin red staining. Approximately 26% of the nitrofen-exposed embryos had severe craniofacial defects, and there was generalized delay in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis throughout the skeleton. No such defects were noted in the control group. The authors propose that prenatal exposure to nitrofen induces a Fryns phenotype in mice, and thus speculate that nitrofen may target similar molecular mechanisms to those that lead to Fryns syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles Research Institute, CA 90027, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Meara
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bringas
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Warburton
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D010647:Phenyl Ethers / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; C007350:nitrofen