title: Determination of dichloroanilines in human urine by GC-MS, GC-MS-MS, and GC-ECD as markers of low-level pesticide exposure.
abstract: Methods for the determination of 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA) as common markers of eight non-persistent pesticides in human urine are presented. 3,5-DCA is a marker for the exposure to the fungicides vinclozolin, procymidone, iprodione, and chlozolinate. Furthermore the herbicides diuron, linuron, neburon, and propanil are covered using their common marker 3,4-DCA. The urine samples were treated by basic hydrolysis to degrade all pesticides, metabolites, and their conjugates containing the intact moieties completely to the corresponding dichloroanilines. After addition of the internal standard 4-chloro-2-methylaniline, simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE) followed by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was carried out to produce, concentrate and purify the dichloroaniline moieties. Gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometric (MS) and tandem mass spectrometric (MS-MS) detection and also detection with an electron-capture detector (ECD) after derivatisation with heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA) were employed for separation, detection, and identification. Limit of detection of the GC-MS-MS and the GC-ECD methods was 0.03 and 0.05 microg/l, respectively. Absolute recoveries obtained from a urine sample spiked with the internal standard, 3,5-, and 3,4-DCA, ranged from 93 to 103% with 9-18% coefficient of variation. The three detection techniques were compared concerning their performance, expenditure and suitability for their application in human biomonitoring studies. The described procedure has been successfully applied for the determination of 3,4- and 3,5-DCA in the urine of nonoccupationally exposed volunteers. The 3,4-DCA levels in these urine samples ranged between 0.13 and 0.34 microg/g creatinine or 0.11 and 0.56 microg/l, while those for 3,5-DCA were between 0.39 and 3.33 microg/g creatinine or 0.17 and 1.17 microg/l.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical Institute of Environmental Hygiene, Duesseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wittke
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hajimiragha
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dunemann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Begerow
mesh_terms: D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects; D002417:Cattle; D004237:Diuron / Q000009:adverse effects; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D006827:Hydantoins; D008044:Linuron / Q000009:adverse effects; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000009:adverse effects; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects; D011411:Propanil / Q000009:adverse effects; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D015415:Biomarkers; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D006540:Herbicides; D006827:Hydantoins; D010080:Oxazoles; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D008044:Linuron; C014464:3,4-dichloroaniline; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; C028818:neburon; D011411:Propanil; D004237:Diuron; C035988:procymidone; C025643:vinclozolin; C037267:3,5-dichloroaniline; C033148:iprodione