title: Prolonged inhibition of presynaptic catecholamine synthesis with alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine attenuates the circadian rhythm of human TSH secretion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Originating from the pituitary gland, TSH secretion is regulated predominantly by thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons located in the hypothalamus. Norepinephrine and dopamine have important effects in modulation of TSH secretion. An inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) has been used in several studies of the regulation of human TSH secretion. The short-term effects (<8 hours) of low doses of AMPT include stimulation of pituitary TSH secretion by selective lowering of brain dopamine levels. After prolonged administration of AMPT (>24 hours), theoretically both dopamine and norepinephrine levels are lowered significantly in the brain, although this has not been reported previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine subjects (five women and four men) received a total of five 1-g doses of AMPT or five 50-mg doses of promethazine (active placebo) over 28 hours in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design in which the active and control tests were separated by 4-6 weeks. Blood samples were obtained over 24 hours (18 time points) on day 2 of each condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in prolactin secretion and 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate excretion indirectly showed the effects of AMPT on dopamine and norepinephrine. The typical circadian rhythm of TSH secretion was blunted by AMPT throughout the night; at ten time points, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P <.01). The long-term effects of repeated doses of AMPT were inhibition of TSH secretion and significant attenuation of the circadian rhythm of TSH. Additionally, AMPT induced low norepinephrine levels, which counteracted the stimulatory effect of low dopamine levels on TSH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through its inhibitory effect on TRH, norepinephrine appeared to be involved in the regulation of TSH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Krahn
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Klee
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Ditkoff
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ory
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Sauer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D010919:Placebos; D011388:Prolactin / Q000378:metabolism; D011398:Promethazine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013569:Synapses; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D019805:alpha-Methyltyrosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010919:Placebos; D019805:alpha-Methyltyrosine; D011388:Prolactin; D013972:Thyrotropin; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D011398:Promethazine; D008550:Melatonin; C012365:6-hydroxymelatonin; D004298:Dopamine; D004837:Epinephrine