title: 226Ra and 228Ra activities associated with agricultural drainage ponds and wetland ponds in the Kankakee Watershed, Illinois-Indiana, USA.
abstract: Background radioactivity is elevated in many agricultural drainage ponds and also constructed wetland ponds in the Kankakee watershed. During 1995-1999, gross-alpha and -beta activities were measured up to 455 and 1650 mBq L-1, respectively. 226Ra and 228Ra averaged 139 and 192 mBq L-1 in controlled drainage ponds compared to 53 and 58 mBq L-1 for 226Ra and 228Ra, respectively, in native wetland ponds. Analyses of applied ammonium phosphate fertilizers near both native and controlled ponds indicate comparable 226Ra/228Ra and 228Ra/232Th activity ratios with only the surface waters in the controlled ponds. For example, 226Ra/228Ra activity ratios in controlled ponds ranged from 0.791 to 0.91 and group with a local fertilizer batch containing FL phosphate compounds with 226Ra/228Ra activity ratios of 0.831-1.04. Local soils of the Kankakee watershed have 226Ra/228Ra activity ratios of 0.541-0.70. Calculated Ra fluxes of waters, in drainage ditches associated with these controlled ponds, for 226Ra ranged from 0.77 to 9.00 mBq cm-2 d-1 and for 228Ra ranged from 1.22 to 8.43 mBq cm-2 d-1. Ra activity gradients were measured beneath these controlled ponds both in agricultural landscapes and in constructed wetlands, all being associated with drainage ditches. Ra had infiltrated to the local water table but was below regulatory maximum contaminant limits. Still, measurable Ra activity was measured downgradient of even the constructed wetlands in the Kankakee watershed, suggesting that the attenuation of Ra was low. However, no Ra excess was observed in the riparian zone or the Kankakee River downgradient of the native wetland ponds.
authors.affiliation: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Isotope Hydrology Laboratory, 5995 Center Hill Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA. william@epamail.epa.gov
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Sidle
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shanklin
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Roose
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000512:Alpha Particles; D001610:Beta Particles; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D007087:Illinois; D007196:Indiana; D007554:Isotopes; D011883:Radium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D007554:Isotopes; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D011883:Radium