title: Familial gonadotropin-releasing hormone resistance and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in a family with multiple affected individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the phenotype of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to compound heterozygous GnRHR gene mutations (Arg262Gln/Tyr284Cys).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family containing four siblings (three female and one male) with complete idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline and stimulated laboratory studies. One patient received GnRH treatment and one received human menopausal gonadotropins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical phenotype vs. genotype is assessed by endocrine studies, karyotype, pedigree, and review of pathology slides of ovarian neoplasm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With GnRH stimulation, two patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism had maximum LH < 10 mIU/mL, and two others had peak LH > 10 mIU/mL. With repeated GnRH stimulation 24 hours later, gonadotropin levels in all patients were increased. Stimulation of thyroid-releasing hormone and tests for insulin-induced hypoglycemia were normal. One affected patient did not ovulate after GnRH treatment, but her sister ovulated with gonadotropin treatment. Another affected sibling had bilateral oophorectomy for seromucinous cystadenomas, and her hypogonadotropic state remained after castration. The man with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and his unaffected brother had a ring chromosome 21.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All patients with complete idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism had the same GnRHR mutations, but clinical presentations and endocrinologic responses were heterogeneous. Gonadotropin levels remained low in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism after castration, and ring chromosome 21 was present, suggesting that sequences from this chromosome could affect the idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-3360, USA. llayman@mail.mcg.edu
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Layman
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: McDonough
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maddox
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Tho
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Reindollar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D017354:Point Mutation; D011966:Receptors, LHRH / Q000235:genetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D011966:Receptors, LHRH; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone