title: Depression, pain, exposure to stressful life events, and long-term outcomes in temporomandibular disorder patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the role of psychological factors in temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Orofacial pain patients' pretreatment levels of depression, disability caused by pain, and exposure to stressful life events were measured, and differences on these variables between temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease patients and patients whose pain was of muscular origin (MPD) were evaluated. The use of these variables and patient diagnostic status in predicting response to treatment in a subsample of these patients was also evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before undergoing treatment, 258 patients were administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Pain Disability Index (PDI), and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). Follow-up data on pain disability, current level of pain, depression, and satisfaction with treatment were obtained on 48 of these patients who were contacted at varying intervals after completing treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BDI scores obtained at the outset of treatment were significantly elevated and were positively correlated with SRRS and PDI scores. MPD patients had higher SRRS, BDI depression, and PDI pain disability scores than TMJ patients, and differences between the 2 groups in pain disability were greatest in areas that are often sources of interpersonal stress. Among follow-up patients, PDI scores declined after treatment, with MPD patients showing greater decreases than TMJ patients. Independent of patients' diagnostic status, their pretreatment PDI scores were predictive of their pain level at follow-up and were inversely related to their degree of satisfaction with treatment at follow-up; their pretreatment BDI scores were predictive of their depression level at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings are consistent with previous research indicating a link between emotional dysfunction and TMD and are largely supportive of the conclusion that psychological factors play a more pronounced role when pain is of muscular origin. Promising behavioral interventions are available for TMD patients in whom psychological factors appear to be playing a significant role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. sauerbac@saturn.vcu.edu
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Auerbach
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Laskin
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Frantsve
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Orr
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010555:Personality Inventory; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D013706:Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome