title: Vitamin supplement use and fatal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among US men and women.
abstract: The authors evaluated the association between use of individual supplements of vitamins A, C, and E only and multivitamins and fatal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a large prospective mortality study of US men and women. During 14 years of follow-up (1982-1996), 1,571 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma deaths among 508,351 men and 1,398 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma deaths among 676,306 women were documented. Long-term regular use of individual supplements of vitamins A, C, and E only and multivitamins was unrelated to fatal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among either men or women. The multivariate relative risks for men who used supplements for 10 or more years were 1.03 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.54, 2.00) for vitamin A supplements, 1.04 (95% CI: 0.78, 1.39) for vitamin C supplements, 1.06 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.51) for vitamin E supplements, and 1.14 (95% CI: 0.92, 1.40) for multivitamins. The multivariate relative risks for women who used supplements for 10 or more years were 1.40 (95% CI: 0.77, 2.54) for vitamin A supplements, 1.19 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.60) for vitamin C supplements, 1.27 (95% CI: 0.87, 1.84) for vitamin E supplements, and 1.21 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.50) for multivitamins. All associations became weaker when vitamin supplements were mutually adjusted. These findings do not support an important relation between long-term regular use of individual supplements of vitamins A, C, and E only and multivitamins and fatal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Shumin.Zhang@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Calle
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Petrelli
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thun
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D001205:Ascorbic Acid