title: Characterization of the immune response to valve bioprostheses and its role in primary tissue failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of an immune response in the failure of bioprosthetic heart valves is poorly understood and disregarded by many. To elucidate the nature of the immune response to glutaraldehyde-treated tissue and the possible role of graft-specific antibody in graft mineralization, we performed immune-calcification studies in the rabbit and correlated those results with the analysis of specific antibodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aortic wall buttons (6 mm) were punched from porcine aortic wall tissue fixed with 0.2% glutaraldehyde and detoxified with urazole and then subsequently perforated under sterile conditions. The perforated buttons were then incubated with either immune serum prepared by immunization of New Zealand White rabbits (n = 5) with Freund's incomplete adjuvant emulsions of tissue homogenates of similarly treated aortic wall tissue, or incubated with the corresponding control preimmune sera obtained before immunization of the same animals. The tissue was then implanted subdermally on the back of unrelated New Zealand White rabbits (n = 8) for a period of 3 weeks. After the buttons were explanted, tissue calcium levels were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tissue calcium was increased in all five immune serum-treated replicates (range, 61.8% to 431.2%; mean, 225.9%+/-73.2%) when compared with control samples treated with preimmune sera. Overall, the mean calcium level was significantly increased (p < 0.0001) when tissue was treated with immune sera (66.0+/-10.0 microg/mg versus 22.6+/-4.8 microg/mg in control tissue). Graft specificity of immune sera was confirmed by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results strongly suggest a role of circulating graft-specific antibody in the disease of bioprosthetic graft calcification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cape Heart Center, University of Cape Town Medical School, South Africa. ctshuman@samiot.uct.ac.za
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Human
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zilla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D015478:Antigens, Heterophile / Q000276:immunology*; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000276:immunology; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D011817:Rabbits; D013552:Swine; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic
chemical_list: D015478:Antigens, Heterophile