title: Influence of gender on the diurnal variation of urine production and micturition characteristics of the rat.
abstract: The diurnal variation in the frequency/volume characteristics of male and female conscious rats was evaluated with reference to fluid consumption and urine production. Baseline values of the micturition volume and frequency of nine male and 10 female SD adult rats were measured over a 24-hour time period. The level of initial hydration conditions was standardized with 5 ml of water administered orally. With animals in a metabolism chamber having free access to water, the total volume of water consumed, the frequency/volume characteristics during micturition and the urine production rate were derived from the measurements of voided volume as detected by a digital balance. To establish reliability of measurements two separate micturition studies were done per rat at an interval of 1 week. Mean frequency of micturition and mean volume voided per micturition and urine production rate were computed in 3-hour time bins and represented over the 24-hour period. In addition the mean values of the number of micturitions and mean micturated volumes during the day/dark cycle were evaluated. The results show significant gender specificity in water consumption, urine production, and diurnal variations in micturition frequency/volume characteristics. Females consistently consume significantly larger amounts of water (83%) than males while urine production rate was correspondingly higher in females. It is concluded that water consumption and urine production are gender-specific. Because higher volumes of water are imbibed by females than males, the frequency/volume characteristic of micturition in the rat is also gender-specific. Data suggest that the volume voided per micturition depends on the urine production rate.
authors.affiliation: lnstitute of Experimental Clinical Research, Skejby, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: R X
authors.initials: RX
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kneesel
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Constantinou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance