title: Tibia lead levels and methodological uncertainty in 12-year-old children.
abstract: In vivo bone lead measurements with 109Cd-based K-shell X-ray fluorescence (XRF) have been used to assess long-term lead exposure in adults. Tibia lead levels were measured in 210 children (106 boys, 104 girls) of 11-12(1/2) years of age in a lead smelter town and in a control (nonexposed) town. Tibia lead levels, methodological uncertainties, and models of some of the factors influencing them are presented. 109Cd-based K-shell XRF tibia lead methodological uncertainty in children is comparable to that in adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA. andrew.todd@mssm.edu
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Moshier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Popovac
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Slavkovich
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Graziano
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013977:Tibia / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007854:Lead