title: Use of labor economic theory to examine hours worked by male and female pharmacists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to develop a theoretically derived model of hours worked by pharmacists and estimate the model separately for male and female pharmacists.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic random sample of 1,600 pharmacists from four states was mailed a survey asking about current and past employment information. Two dependent variables were studied: weekly hours worked and annual hours worked. Independent variables were categorized as economic variables (hourly wage rate, other income, total debt) and demographic variables (employment position, age, degree earned, marital status, number of children at home). A two equation multiple regression model was estimated with two-stage least squares regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 541 pharmacists responded to the survey and data from 442 of the respondents were used in the analysis. Hourly wage rates were negatively associated with weekly hours worked for males. Other income and total debt were significantly negatively and positively associated, respectively, with annual hours worked by female pharmacists. The number of young children at home significantly reduced weekly and annual hours worked by female pharmacists. Female pharmacists earning a Pharm.D. degree worked significantly more hours weekly and annually. Age was significantly negatively associated with male pharmacists weekly and annual hours worked.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Economic variables had a relatively small effect on hours worked by male and female pharmacists suggesting that increased wage rates may not increase hours worked. Strategies to increase hours worked by females likely should focus on benefits to help females handle childcare issues.
authors.affiliation: Sonderegger Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA. damott@pharmacy.wisc.edu
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mott
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006280:Health Workforce / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018803:Models, Economic; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010604:Pharmacy; D012737:Sex Factors