title: Pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of phenylacetate and phenylbutyrate in the nonhuman primate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phenylbutyrate (PB) and its metabolite phenylacetate (PA) demonstrate anticancer activity in vitro through promotion of cell differentiation, induction of apoptosis through the p21 pathway, inhibition of histone deacetylase, and in the case of PB, direct cytotoxicity. We studied the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetration of PA and PB after intravenous (i.v.) administration in the nonhuman primate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three animals received 85 mg/kg PA and 130 mg/kg PB as a 30-min infusion. Blood and CSF samples were obtained at 15, 30, 35, 45, 60 or 75 min, and at 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 5.5, 6.5, 8.5, 10.5 and 24.5 h after the start of the infusion. Plasma was separated immediately, and plasma and CSF were frozen until HPLC analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After i.v. PA administration, the plasma area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of PA (median +/- SD) was 82 +/- 16 mg/ml.min, the CSF AUC was 24 +/- 7 mg/ml.min, clearance (Cl) was 1 +/- 0.3 ml/min per kg, and the AUCCSF:AUCplasma ratio was 28 +/- 19%. After i.v. PB administration, the plasma PB AUC was 19 +/- 3 mg/ml.min, the CSF PB AUC was 8 +/- 11 mg/ml.min, the PB Cl was 7 +/- 1 ml/min per kg, and the AUCCSF:AUCplasma ratio was 41 +/- 47%. The PA plasma AUC after i.v. PB administration was 50 +/- 9 mg/ml.min, the CSF AUC was 31 +/- 24 mg/ml.min, and the AUCCSF:AUCplasma ratio was 53 +/- 46%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that PA and PB penetrate well into the CSF after i.v. administration. There may be an advantage to administration of PB over PA, since the administration of PB results in significant exposure to both active compounds. Clinical trials to evaluate the activity of PA and PB in pediatric central nervous system tumors are in progress.
authors.affiliation: Texas Children's Cancer Center and Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. sberg@txccc.org
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Serabe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aleksic
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bomgaars
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McGuffey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dauser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Durfee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nuchtern
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blaney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019540:Area Under Curve; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010654:Phenylbutyrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D010648:Phenylacetates; D010654:Phenylbutyrates; C025136:phenylacetic acid