title: Resistance to antiretroviral therapy among patients in Uganda.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize HIV-1 phenotypic resistance patterns and genotypic mutations among patients taking antiretroviral medications in Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed charts and retrieved archived plasma specimens from patients at an AIDS specialty center in Uganda where antiretroviral therapy has been used since 1996. Phenotypic and genotypic resistance testing was done on specimens associated with a viral load of 1000 copies/ml.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resistance testing of specimens was completed for 16 patients. Among 11 specimens collected before initiation of antiretroviral therapy, no phenotypic resistance or primary genotypic mutations were found. Among 8 patients taking lamivudine, phenotypic resistance was found for 9 (90%) of 10 specimens and was associated with an M184V mutation in all nine cases. Among 12 patients taking zidovudine, no phenotypic resistance and few primary mutations were found. For 6 patients who were receiving protease inhibitors, we observed no phenotypic resistance and only one primary genotypic mutation associated with resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absence of apparent resistance among samples collected before antiretroviral therapy supports the notion that a similar approach to selection of antiretroviral therapy can generally be used against non-B subtypes. A genotypic marker of antiretroviral resistance to lamivudine in HIV-1 subtypes A, C, and D was similar to those in subtype B infections. These results suggest that the methods used for monitoring for the emergence of drug resistance in antiretroviral programs in Africa may be similar to those used in developed settings.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Tuberculosis Prevention, U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. pwiedle@cdc.gov
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Weidle
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kityo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mugyenyi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Downing
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kebba
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pieniazek
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Respess
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hertogs
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Vroey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dehertogh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bloor
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larder
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lackritz
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease