title: Role of the non-homologous DNA end joining pathway in the early steps of retroviral infection.
abstract: Early after infection, the retroviral RNA genome is reverse transcribed to generate a linear cDNA copy, then that copy is integrated into a chromosome of the host cell. We report that unintegrated viral cDNA is a substrate for the host cell non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) pathway, which normally repairs cellular double-strand breaks by end ligation. NHEJ activity was found to be required for an end-ligation reaction that circularizes a portion of the unintegrated viral cDNA in infected cells. Consistent with this, the NHEJ proteins Ku70 and Ku80 were found to be bound to purified retroviral replication intermediates. Cells defective in NHEJ are known to undergo apoptosis in response to retroviral infection, a response that we show requires reverse transcription to form the cDNA genome but not subsequent integration. We propose that the double-strand ends present in unintegrated cDNA promote apoptosis, as is known to be the case for chromosomal double-strand breaks, and cDNA circularization removes the pro-apoptotic signal.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Laboratory, The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Olvera
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Yoder
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lieber
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Bushman
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D017209:Apoptosis; D016466:CHO Cells; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D006224:Cricetinae; D004265:DNA Helicases; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D000072200:Ku Autoantigen; D051379:Mice; D008979:Moloney murine leukemia virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020079:Terminal Repeat Sequences; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016662:Virus Integration
chemical_list: D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D004279:DNA, Viral; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D004265:DNA Helicases; C106893:XRCC5 protein, human; C000606509:Xrcc6 protein, human; C000606510:Xrcc6 protein, mouse; D000072200:Ku Autoantigen