title: Mitigation of bioprosthetic heart valve degeneration through biocompatibility: in vitro versus spontaneous endothelialization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glutaraldehyde-related cytotoxicity and transanastomotic ingrowth inhibition prevent the spontaneous endothelialization of bioprosthetic heart valves. In order to evaluate the ability of improved biocompatibility to reduce tissue degeneration, conventionally fixed aortic root prostheses were both glutaraldehyde-detoxified and in vitro endothelialized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Entire aortic roots were fixed in 0.2% glutaraldehyde (GA) (control group) and either detoxified in acetic acid-buffered urazole (0.1 M) or detoxified and in vitro lined with cultured, autologousjugular vein endothelial cells. The valved roots were inserted in the distal aortic arch of 15 juvenile Merino sheep for a period of 12 weeks. Upon explant, leaflets, sinuses and aortic wall of the prostheses were analysed by SEM to assess the surface endothelium, histologically regarding tissue inflammation, and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the content of tissue calcium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no endothelium on control grafts, except for a short anastomotic pannus. The detoxified group showed an incomplete patchy endothelium on the aortic wall but hardly any on the leaflets, whereas, the in vitro lined group had aortic wall, sinuses and most of the leaflets confluently endothelialized. Tissue inflammation was prominent in the control group and least expressed in the endothelialized group (p < 0.05). Detoxification significantly reduced leaflet calcification. In the aortic wall, both detoxification and endothelial lining were required to significantly mitigate calcification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the 12 week circulatory sheep model, the calcium mitigating effect of detoxification was more pronounced than that of in vitro endothelialization. Nevertheless, there was a distinct overall benefit if detoxification was combined with endothelialization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cape Heart Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School, South Africa.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Trantina-Yates
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Human
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bracher
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zilla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002455:Cell Division; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials