title: Relationship between variations in estradiol and progesterone levels across the menstrual cycle and human performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies about whether or not the cognitive performance of women is influenced by changes in levels of sex steroid hormones across the menstrual cycle have produced ambiguous results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study tested whether flight simulator performance differs significantly between the menstrual and the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a within-subjects design, 24 female pilots were tested twice during their menstrual cycle: once during the menstrual and once during the luteal phase. On both test days they performed a 75-min simulator flight in a Frasca 141, a popular pilot training device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite highly significant differences in estradiol (E2) as well as progesterone (P) levels on the 2 test days, and despite excluding subjects with anovulatory cycles from the analyses, there were no significant differences in overall flight performance between the menstrual and luteal phases. We found no significant correlations between E2 or P levels and flight performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence that the tested menstrual cycle phases and their associated E2 and P levels significantly influence flight simulator performance. We consider these negative findings based on 24 subjects meaningful because previous studies on the influence of menstrual cycle on cognitive performance have not involved complex "real world" tasks such as piloting an aircraft and they obtained inconsistent results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5550, USA. msm@stanford.edu
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mumenthaler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Hara
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yesavage
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol