title: Methylmercury and H(2)O(2) provoke lysosomal damage in human astrocytoma D384 cells followed by apoptosis.
abstract: Methylmercury (MeHg) is a neurotoxic agent acting via diverse mechanisms, including oxidative stress. MeHg also induces astrocytic dysfunction, which can contribute to neuronal damage. The cellular effects of MeHg were investigated in human astrocytoma D384 cells, with special reference to the induction of oxidative-stress-related events. Lysosomal rupture was detected after short MeHg-exposure (1 microM, 1 h) in cells maintaining plasma membrane integrity. Disruption of lysosomes was also observed after hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) exposure (100 microM, 1 h), supporting the hypothesis that lysosomal membranes represent a possible target of agents causing oxidative stress. The lysosomal alterations induced by MeHg and H(2)O(2) preceded a decrease of the mitochondrial potential. At later time points, both toxic agents caused the appearance of cells with apoptotic morphology, chromatin condensation, and regular DNA fragmentation. However, MeHg and H(2)O(2) stimulated divergent pathways, with caspases being activated only by H(2)O(2). The caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk did not prevent DNA fragmentation induced by H(2)O(2), suggesting that the formation of high-molecular-weight DNA fragments was caspase independent with both MeHg and H(2)O(2). The data point to the possibility that lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes act as executor factors in D384 cell death induced by oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: The National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology and Neurotoxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. elisabetta.dare@imm.ki.se
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Daré
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhivotovsky
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ceccatelli
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000473:pathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D003851:Deoxyribonucleases / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; D016572:Cyclosporine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D003851:Deoxyribonucleases; D020169:Caspases; C020771:methylmercury hydroxide