title: Effects of Linomide on immune cells and cytokines inhibit autoimmune pathologies of the central and peripheral nervous system.
abstract: Linomide (roquinimex, LS 2616) is a quinoline-3-carboxamide with pleiotropic immune modulating capacity and it has therapeutic effects in several experimental animal models of autoimmune diseases. Linomide has been evaluated in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis, and was indeed shown to have disease inhibitory effects. However, due to unexpected side effects recorded in patients treated with Linomide, premature termination of clinical trials was required. The basic mechanism(s) of action of Linomide in inducing beneficial effects in autoimmune diseases is still elusive. Some experimental evidence indicates that Linomide influences the regulation of the cytokine profile, resulting in the inhibition of autoimmune and inflammation pathologies. This review focuses on Linomide applied in models for autoimmune and inflammation pathologies of the central and the peripheral nervous system, and summarises its very encouraging disease inhibitory effects and their potential pharmacological basis. The beneficial effects recorded with Linomide in both experimental and clinical trials emphasise the possible value of substances with Linomide-like activity for clinical use in autoimmune and inflammation pathologies in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Active Biotech Research AB, Box 724, S-220 07 Lund, Sweden. gunnar.hedlund@activebiotech.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hedlund
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000473:pathology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D006912:Hydroxyquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D016207:Cytokines; D006912:Hydroxyquinolines; C045282:roquinimex