title: Comparison of clearance of particles inhaled with bolus and extremely slow inhalation techniques.
abstract: Ten healthy nonsmokers inhaled 6-microm (aerodynamic diameter) Teflon particles labelled with 111In twice, once with the shallow bolus technique (volumetic lung depth 76+/-20 mL ([+/- SD]) and once with the extremely slow inhalation technique (0.05 L/s). The radioactivity in the lungs was measured at 1 and 24 hours as well as at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after both inhalations. The 24-hour lung retention a percentage of lung deposition was significantly lower for the bolus inhalation, 46%+/-9% (+/- SD) than for the extremely slow inhalation, 56%+/-11%. The retention after 21 days as a percentage of the 24-hour retention was 55%+/-9% for the shallow bolus inhalation and 56%+/-10% for the extremely slow inhalation. Also within the subjects, clearance was similar for the 2 modes of inhalation. Deposition of particles inhaled with the 2 modes of inhalation was calculated with 2 model, one being based on Monte (Carlo particle transport together with an asymmetric lung model. Deposition predicted with this model agreed well with the experimental data under the assumption that there are large retained fractions only in small ciliated airways (bronchioli) and not in large ones. For the bolus inhalation, the model predicted 43% to 50% deposition in the bronchial (BB) region of initial lung deposition, 33% to 38% in the bronchiolar (bb) region, and 16% to 22% in the alveolar region. For the extremely slow inhalation, the model predicted 31% to 34% deposition in the BB region, 45% to 47% in the bb region, and 21% to 22% in the alveolar region. In addition, it predicted about the same ratio between bb and alveolar depositions for the 2 modes of inhalation. Thus, both the experimental and theoretical data indicate that the shallow bolus particles to a considerable extent reach both the bb and the alveolar regions and that they do that at about the same extent as the particles inhaled extremely slow. This conclusion is concerning the experimental data based on the assumption that there are no large retained fractions in the BB region. Another interpretation of the similar clearance for the two modes of inhalation is that there are large retained fractions in both the BB and the bb regions and that individual charactristics of clearance of these fractions are of importance rather than the site of deposition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Magnus Svartengren@phs.ki.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Svartengren
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sommerer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scheuch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohlhaeufl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heyder
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Philipson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Camner
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D007700:Kinetics; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010316:Particle Size; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D007205:Indium Radioisotopes; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene