title: Biological freezing of human articular chondrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To preserve viable, metabolically active chondrocytes cultured in alginate beads at -196 degrees C for further use in in vitro and in vivo studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human articular chondrocytes were isolated from femoral condyles within 24 h post mortem. To optimize the biological freezing procedure, the chondrocytes were control-rate frozen in different concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in Dulbecco's MEM supplemented with 10% FCS before being thawed and the cell viability was determined by Trypan Blue exclusion test. To investigate the effect of control-rate freezing on chondrocyte metabolism, control-rate frozen chondrocytes in 5% DMSO were thawed and cultured in gelled agarose for 2 weeks. Non-frozen chondrocytes cultured in agarose served as controls. Furthermore, human articular chondrocytes were cultured in 2% alginate beads for 2 weeks after which the beads were incubated with 5% DMSO for 0 h, 2.5 h, 5 h and 10 h and frozen at -196 degrees C. Non-frozen alginate beads containing chondrocytes and incubated with 5% DMSO served as a control. After 2 weeks in culture, chondrocytes in agarose or in alginate were sulfated with 10 microCi(35)SO(4)/ml for 48 h. The total production of aggrecans, and the aggrecan subtypes, were subsequently determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five percent DMSO in the culture medium was the optimal condition to control-rate freeze and recover viable and functional isolated chondrocytes. Total aggrecan synthesis of control-rate frozen chondrocytes cultured in gelled agarose was not significantly reduced when compared with control cells. The proportion of aggrecan in the aggregate form of control-rate frozen chondrocytes kept in agarose remained unaltered. Chondrocytes, control-rate frozen in the alginate matrix, showed a 0-30% decrease in total aggrecan synthesis rates in culture when compared with the non-frozen chondrocytes. The optimal pre-incubation time of the alginate beads with 5% DMSO was 5 h, without any change in aggrecan synthesis rates when compared with the control situation. Shorter pre-incubation times resulted in an insufficient diffusion of DMSO into the beads and in cell death. There was no difference in the synthesis of the different aggrecan subtypes between frozen and non-frozen chondrocytes in alginate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human articular chondrocytes can be stored at -196 degrees C for 24 h without important decreases in their aggrecan synthesis rates when control-rate frozen as a cell suspension in 5% DMSO. Proportions of the aggrecan subtypes (monomers, aggregates) synthesized by chondrocytes cultured in agarose remained unchanged. The control-rate freezing procedure in the alginate beads pre-incubated with 5% DMSO for 5 h produced no decrease in total aggrecan synthesis rates and no change in the synthesized aggrecan subtypes. Further experiments have to confirm the suitability of this freezing method for long-term storage of chondrocytes allowing us to set up a 'chondrocyte' bank for further use in in vitro and in vivo manipulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Ghent, University Hospital, University of Ghent, Belgium. fredrik.almqvist@rug.ac.be
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Almqvist
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Broddelez
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Veys
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Verbruggen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053674:Aggrecans; D000464:Alginates; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005260:Female; D005615:Freezing; D006801:Humans; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D000464:Alginates; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D011509:Proteoglycans; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide