title: [Lung base disease after orthotopic liver transplantation. Functional ultrasonography of the diaphragm and correlated alterations].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the greater accuracy of B- and M-probe ultrasound (US) compared to traditional examinations in the evaluation of diseases of the lung-base, a frequent localisation of pathology in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one patients, 13 males and 8 females aged 24 to 63, awaiting OLT were examined using the three modalities. B-mode US was performed as a preliminary study to identify the districts of interest and the profile of the diaphragm wall, searching for any related alterations. This was followed by M-mode US, with an approach along the left and right posterior axillary lines during spontaneous and forced maximal expiration, to calculate and document the curve representing diaphragm mobility. All patients were also studied pre- and postoperatively by standard chest X-ray double projections. The parameters evaluated by US were diaphragmatic inspiratory slant and diaphragm range while the standard chest X-ray was used to assess hypoventilation, diaphragm range and pleural effusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For each parameter considered we obtained the following results: presence or absence of pleural effusion (sensitivity: 100% with US vs 64% with chest X-ray) and diaphragmatic hypomobility with related hypoventilatory phenomena (sensitivity: 85% with US, with 15% false negatives). In 15 cases the chest X-ray revealed a clear elevation of the diaphragm, a finding supported by US in 11 cases. In 7 cases US showed a reduction in the diaphragm range curve without, however, any radiological evidence of any ventilatory dysfunction of the lung base and/or elevation of the corresponding hemidiaphragm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that radiology, B-mode US and color Doppler US, which are widely used for monitoring OLT patients, can be usefully integrated by M-mode US to evaluate diaphragmatic mobility both pre- and post-operatively. This method is fast, easy to use and widely available.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Clinico di Scienze Radiologiche e Istocitopatologiche, Radiodiagnostica III, Via Massarenti n 9, 40100 Bologna BO.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Albini Riccioli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pazienza
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coppola
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molinari
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nocco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fusari
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gavelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014463:Ultrasonography