title: Intraocular pressure in normal llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos).
abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the mean intraocular pressure in llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos) using applanation tonometry.Animals studied: Ten llamas and 10 alpacas.Procedures: Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured with a Tono-Pentrade mark XL (Mentor Ophthalmics, Inc., Norwell, MA, USA). Three values, with 5% variance, were recorded for each eye. Least-squares means were determined for IOP for each eye of llamas and alpacas. Controlling for age, differences between left and right eye were analyzed using ANOVA. Two age groups were established, less than 5 years and greater than 5 years. The effect of age on IOP within each group was analyzed by linear regression. Probability values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Comparison of mean IOP between right (n = 20) and left eyes (n = 20), independent of species type, showed no differences in IOPs for llamas and alpacas. Mean IOP declined with increasing age in llamas and alpacas. Mean IOPs for 20 eyes in 10 llamas was 16.96 +/- 3.51 mmHg. Mean IOP for 20 eyes in 10 alpacas was 16.14 +/- 3.74 mmHg. Mean IOP for all eyes (n = 40), independent of species, was 16.55 +/- 3.55 mmHg. The range of IOP in normal llamas and alpacas within 2 SD (95% of the population) was 14.89+/-18.21 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in IOP between alpacas and llamas. Mean IOP in both species decreased with increased age.
authors.affiliation: Colorado State University-VTH, Department of Clinical Sciences, 300 West Drake, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
authors.forename: M.T.
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nuhsbaum
authors.forename: J.R.
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gionfriddo
authors.forename: C.C.
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: M.L.
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Aubin