title: Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relation of midlife raised blood pressure and serum cholesterol concentrations to Alzheimer's disease in later life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, population based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Populations of Kuopio and Joensuu, eastern Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were derived from random, population based samples previously studied in a survey carried out in 1972, 1977, 1982, or 1987. After an average of 21 years' follow up, a total of 1449 (73%) participants aged 65-79 took part in the re-examination in 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Midlife blood pressure and cholesterol concentrations and development of Alzheimer's disease in later life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  People with raised systolic blood pressure (>/=160 mm Hg) or high serum cholesterol concentration (>/=6.5 mmol/l) in midlife had a significantly higher risk of Alzheimer's disease in later life, even after adjustment for age, body mass index, education, vascular events, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, than those with normal systolic blood pressure (odds ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.0 to 5.5) or serum cholesterol (odds ratio 2.1, 1.0 to 4.4). Participants with both of these risk factors in midlife had a significantly higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease than those with either of the risk factors alone (odds ratio 3.5, 1.6 to 7.9). Diastolic blood pressure in midlife had no significant effect on the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Raised systolic blood pressure and high serum cholesterol concentration, and in particular the combination of these risks, in midlife increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease in later life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland. miia.kivipelto@uku.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivipelto
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Helkala
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Laakso
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hänninen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallikainen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alhainen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soininen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nissinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D013599:Systole
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E