title: Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beta-blocking agents reduce the risk of hospitalization and death in patients with mild-to-moderate heart failure, but little is known about their effects in severe heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 2289 patients who had symptoms of heart failure at rest or on minimal exertion, who were clinically euvolemic, and who had an ejection fraction of less than 25 percent. In a double-blind fashion, we randomly assigned 1133 patients to placebo and 1156 patients to treatment with carvedilol for a mean period of 10.4 months, during which standard therapy for heart failure was continued. Patients who required intensive care, had marked fluid retention, or were receiving intravenous vasodilators or positive inotropic drugs were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 190 deaths in the placebo group and 130 deaths in the carvedilol group. This difference reflected a 35 percent decrease in the risk of death with carvedilol (95 percent confidence interval, 19 to 48 percent; P=0.00013, unadjusted; P=0.0014, adjusted for interim analyses). A total of 507 patients died or were hospitalized in the placebo group, as compared with 425 in the carvedilol group. This difference reflected a 24 percent decrease in the combined risk of death or hospitalization with carvedilol (95 percent confidence interval, 13 to 33 percent; P<0.001). The favorable effects on both end points were seen consistently in all the subgroups we examined, including patients with a history of recent or recurrent cardiac decompensation. Fewer patients in the carvedilol group than in the placebo group withdrew because of adverse effects or for other reasons (P=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The previously reported benefits of carvedilol with regard to morbidity and mortality in patients with mild-to-moderate heart failure were also apparent in the patients with severe heart failure who were evaluated in this trial.
authors.affiliation: Division of Circulatory Physiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. mp65@columbia.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Coats
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Katus
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krum
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mohacsi
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rouleau
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tendera
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castaigne
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Roecker
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: DeMets
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol