title: A comparative study of caudal bupivacaine and midazolam-bupivacaine mixture for post-operative analgesia in children undergoing genitourinary surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of caudal midazolam-bupivacaine combination in providing post-operative pain relief in children undergoing genitourinary surgery and to study the occurrence of adverse effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty children, aged 2 to 8 years, scheduled for genitourinary surgery were allocated randomly to receive either 0.25% bupivacaine 0.5 ml/kg (group B; n = 15) or 0.25% bupivacaine 0.5 ml/kg with 50 microg/kg midazolam (group BM; n = 15) by the caudal route immediately after induction of general anesthesia. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and oxygen saturation were monitored throughout the study period. Postoperative pain was assessed at regular intervals for 12 hours using an objective pain score. Analgesia was supplemented whenever the pain score was > or = 4. Duration of analgesia, as well as the requirement of additional analgesics, were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lowest pain scores were observed with the addition of midazolam to caudal bupivacaine (p < 0.01). Duration of analgesia was longer in group BM (11 +/- 0.5 h) as compared to group B (7.4 +/- 2.1 hours) (p < 0.05). Fewer children (26.6%) required additional analgesia in the combination group whereas in group B, 60% of the children received analgesic supplements within 6 hours after surgery (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation in both groups. We observed no untoward event in either of the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caudal administration of bupivacaine-midazolam mixture prolongs post-operative analgesia compared to bupivacaine alone without causing any adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kajal
mesh_terms: D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D013519:Urogenital Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008874:Midazolam; D002045:Bupivacaine