title: Ketamine, but not S(+)-ketamine, blocks ischemic preconditioning in rabbit hearts in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ketamine blocks KATP channels in isolated cells and abolishes the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning in vitro. The authors investigated the effects of ketamine and S(+)-ketamine on ischemic preconditioning in the rabbit heart in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 46 alpha-chloralose-anesthetized rabbits, left ventricular pressure (tip manometer), cardiac output (ultrasonic flow probe), and myocardial infarct size (triphenyltetrazolium staining) at the end of the experiment were measured. All rabbits were subjected to 30 min of occlusion of a major coronary artery and 2 h of subsequent reperfusion. The control group underwent the ischemia-reperfusion program without preconditioning. Ischemic preconditioning was elicited by 5-min coronary artery occlusion followed by 10 min of reperfusion before the 30 min period of myocardial ischemia (preconditioning group). To test whether ketamine or S(+)-ketamine blocks the preconditioning-induced cardioprotection, each (10 mg kg(-1)) was administered 5 min before the preconditioning ischemia. To test any effect of ketamine itself, ketamine was also administered without preconditioning at the corresponding time point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hemodynamic baseline values were not significantly different between groups [left ventricular pressure, 107 +/- 13 mmHg (mean +/- SD); cardiac output, 183 +/- 28 ml/min]. During coronary artery occlusion, left ventricular pressure was reduced to 83 +/- 14% of baseline and cardiac output to 84 +/- 19%. After 2 h of reperfusion, functional recovery was not significantly different among groups (left ventricular pressure, 77 +/- 19%; cardiac output, 86 +/- 18%). Infarct size was reduced from 45 +/- 16% of the area at risk in controls to 24 +/- 17% in the preconditioning group (P = 0.03). The administration of ketamine had no effect on infarct size in animals without preconditioning (48 +/- 18%), but abolished the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning (45 +/- 19%, P = 0.03). S(+)-ketamine did not affect ischemic preconditioning (25 +/- 11%, P = 1.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine, but not S(+)-ketamine blocks the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Klinische Anaesthesiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Müllenheim
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frässdorf
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Preckel
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thämer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schlack
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D005905:Glyburide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects*; D011817:Rabbits; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D015221:Potassium Channels; D007649:Ketamine; D005905:Glyburide