title: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related nucleic acids and papillomavirus DNA in cervicovaginal secretions of immunodeficiency virus-infected women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate simultaneous human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related nucleic acids and human papillomavirus (HPV)-DNA in cervicovaginal secretions of HIV-seropositive women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected 47 paired blood and cervicovaginal lavage samples from 124 known HIV-1-seropositive women. Proviral HIV-1 DNA, cell-associated, and cell-free HIV-1 RNA in cervicovaginal secretions were quantitatively evaluated by competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR. Polymerase chain reaction and subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR products were used to detect HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, and 56.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proviral HIV-1 DNA, cell-associated, and cell-free HIV-1 RNA were detected in 52.4% (65 of 124), 38.7% (48 of 124), and 33.9% (42 of 124) of lavage samples, respectively. Human papillomavirus-DNA in cervicovaginal secretions was detected in 64% (79 of 124) of participants. The rate of detection of HPV types of intermediate to high oncogenic risk was higher in HIV-positive women who tested positive for cell-associated (odds ratio [OR] 3.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17, 11.12) or cell-free (OR 4.63, 95% CI 1.42, 15.51) HIV-1 RNA in cervicovaginal secretions than their counterparts who tested negative. Logistic regression analysis showed that the association between HPV infection and the detection of HIV-1 RNA in cervicovaginal secretions persisted after adjustment for potential confounders such as CD4+ cell counts, HIV-1 RNA in plasma, use of antiretroviral drugs, vaginal infection, and regular condom use. In univariable and multivariable analysis, HPV-DNA detection was associated with amounts of cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1 RNA in cervicovaginal secretions (chi(2) for trend 10.35, and 9.84, P =.001 and.002, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of HPV detection in the genital tract of HIV-1-seropositive women is associated with the amount of cell-associated and cell-free HIV-1 RNA present in cervicovaginal secretions. The association does not appear to be attributable entirely to the effect of HIV-related immunodepression.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Microbiology and Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Policlinico S. Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. spinillo@smatteo.pv.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spinillo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Debiaggi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Santolo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Polatti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Filice
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral