title: Safety of perioperative minidose heparin in patients undergoing brain tumor surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thromboembolic phenomena (TEPs) continue to be a significant source of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing neurosurgery. Although the efficacy of low-dose heparin in preventing TEPs in neurosurgical patients is well established, neurosurgeons are reluctant to use it perioperatively because of concern for increased bleeding complications. To clarify this issue, the authors used a prospective, randomized, double-blind design to evaluate the safety of minidose heparin treatment in patients undergoing surgery for supratentorial brain tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred three patients, all 40 years of age or older, were treated with either 5000 U of heparin (55 patients) or placebo (48 patients) starting 2 hours before surgery and continuing until full mobilization or for 7 days. Both groups were well matched for sex, weight, duration of surgery, and tumor diagnosis. Subjective and objective parameters were used to estimate and calculate the perioperative bleeding tendency in all patients. Red blood cell mass loss was calculated by assessing the preoperative and postoperative hematocrit and the patient's weight. Intraoperative blood loss was determined by measuring the quantity of blood in the suction containers and subtracting the amount of irrigation fluids. Postoperative bleeding was measured by determining the amount of fluid in the subgaleal drain, and blood cell replacement was monitored during and after the procedure. Intracranial bleeding was graded according to findings on the postoperative computerized tomography scan obtained 48 to 72 hours after surgery. In addition, the senior surgeon in each case was asked to assess each patient's bleeding tendency during the operation. The results showed that perioperative administration of heparin did not significantly alter bleeding tendency by any measured parameter. The surgeon was blinded to which group individual patients had been allocated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perioperative minidose heparin is safe for use in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial tumors. This relatively simple and inexpensive measure is recommended as a routine regimen for the prevention of TEPs in patients undergoing neurosurgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Israel. sconsts@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Constantini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoshan
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Israel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ashkenazi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gertel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Even
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shevach
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shalit
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Umansky
authors.forename: Z H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Rappaport
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003399:Craniotomy; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D015173:Supratentorial Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin