title: Propanil (3,4-dichloropropionanilide) particulate concentrations within and near the residences of families living adjacent to aerially sprayed rice fields.
abstract: Propanil is widely used as a postemergence herbicide in rice. Because it is typically applied aerially, there is a potential for propanil to drift into and around homes of those living adjacent to rice fields. Propanil has been shown to be immunotoxic in rodent models. The objective of this study was to measure the levels of propanil to which families living adjacent to aerially sprayed rice fields may be exposed. Air levels were sampled by actively and passively collecting propanil in and around the homes of volunteer families living in close proximity to rice fields sprayed with propanil. Homes ranged from 73 m to 113 m from treated rice fields. Sampling was conducted in the home, adjacent to the home (within 5 m of the home), 30 m from the home, and at the edge of the rice field. Concentrations were determined via gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Propanil levels adjacent to the homes ranged from nondetectable to 1,106.4 microg per 400 cm2 collection surface (2.0 microg detection limit). Wind direction and wind velocity were the primary determinants of propanil drift. At sites where the prevailing wind was blowing away from the home, no propanil was detected except at the edge of the field. Distance from the edge of the rice field also influenced the amount of drift with higher levels measured at 30 m from the house than adjacent to the house. No propanil vapor was detected on absorbent media sampled in and around the homes. The results indicate that individuals living adjacent to rice fields aerially sprayed with propanil are potentially exposed to variable amounts of propanil, and wind speed and direction are the most important factors that influence the concentration of aerially applied pesticide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. #638, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: G Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lavy
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Mattice
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gandy
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D012275:Oryza; D011411:Propanil / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011634:Public Health; D014919:Wind
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D011411:Propanil