title: Role of endothelium in shear stress-induced constrictions in rat middle cerebral artery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Luminal shear stress has been reported to constrict cerebral arteries and arterioles of several species. Although the endothelium is not required for this response, it is not known whether the endothelium enhances or attenuates shear stress-induced constrictions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) were isolated from male Long-Evans rats, mounted in a tissue bath, and pressurized to 80 mm Hg in the absence of luminal flow. In some MCAs, the endothelium was selectively loaded with fura 2 for the measurement of endothelial Ca(2+) concentration. Luminal shear stress was increased by adjusting luminal flow while maintaining a constant intraluminal pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the development of spontaneous tone in MCAs without luminal flow, inside diameters were approximately 190 microm. MCAs constricted approximately 15% when luminal flow was increased to produce a shear stress of 50 dyne/cm(2). The shear stress-induced constrictions were more pronounced in vessels without intact endothelium. Scavenging reactive oxygen species with 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene disulfonic acid (Tiron) or superoxide dismutase/catalase significantly inhibited the shear stress-induced constrictions in vessels with intact endothelium and in vessels in which the endothelium had been removed. In intact vessels, endothelial Ca(2+) increased 33 nmol/L (from 133+/-11 to 166+/-12 nmol/L) when shear stress was increased to 50 dyne/cm(2). The presence of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), L-NAME+indomethacin, or L-NAME+indomethacin+charybdotoxin had no significant effect on the shear stress-induced constrictions in MCAs with intact endothelium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the endothelium plays a role in attenuating the shear stress-induced constrictions in rat MCAS: The attenuation does not appear to be by release of NO, prostacyclin, or endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. The endothelium apparently attenuates the constriction by an unknown dilating factor, by a dilating process, or simply by attenuating the mechanical force of the shear stress as it is transmitted to the abluminal side of the vessel.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. rbryan@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Steenberg
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Marrelli
mesh_terms: D014013:1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000494:pharmacology; D018999:Charybdotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D016257:Fura-2; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000494:pharmacology; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D018999:Charybdotoxin; D014013:1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D002118:Calcium; D016257:Fura-2; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester