title: Sustainable wastewater management for small communities in the Middle East and North Africa.
abstract: Accelerated expansion of wastewater services to small communities in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is essential in order to address serious concerns over water scarcity and pollution in addition to meeting the demand for convenience and protecting public health. Centralized and conventional wastewater systems are currently the preferred choice of planners and decision-makers in MENA. Water and funding are not available to provide these centralized conventional services to small communities. This paper presents an integrated approach to sustainable wastewater management for small communities in MENA under the severe water resources crisis. The approach calls for a paradigm shift from centralized conventional wastewater systems to decentralized wastewater systems. Management of wastewater in MENA should start at home. Wastewater generation should be reduced through a combination of domestic water conservation measures. On-site systems must be improved and monitored to control pollution and to recover water for non-potable water uses. Should the circumstances not allow the use of on-site systems, wastewater should be transported and managed through a community system applying the principles of decentralized wastewater management and using the settled sewers for wastewater transportation where appropriate. This approach will facilitate the accelerated and sustainable extension of environmentally responsible wastewater services to MENA's small communities. It offers great potential for cost reduction, accommodates the necessary domestic water conservation efforts, reduces freshwater inputs in wastewater transportation thus eliminating unnecessary demand on freshwater, reduces associated environmental risks and increases wastewater reuse opportunities.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Health Activities (CEHA), World Health Organization, P.O. Box 926967, Amman 11110, Jordan. bakirh@who-ceha.org.jo
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bakir
mesh_terms: D000352:Africa, Northern; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003906:Developing Countries; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007373:Interinstitutional Relations; D008877:Middle East; D011634:Public Health; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D018505:Waste Management; D014881:Water Supply