title: Modulation of bovine articular chondrocyte gene expression in vitro by oxygen tension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adult articular cartilage is a physiologically hypoxic tissue with a proposed gradient of oxygen tension ranging from <10% oxygen at the cartilage surface to <1% in the deepest layers. This gradient may be disturbed during diseases of the joint, for example in rheumatoid arthritis when synovial fluid pO(2)falls. We investigated whether changes in oxygen tension modulate gene expression in articular chondrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine articular chondrocytes were cultured in alginate beads in medium maintained at <0.1, 5, 10 or 20% oxygen. A modified RNA arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (RAP-PCR) technique was used to identify several genes whose mRNA abundance in articular chondrocytes was dependent upon oxygen tension. Northern hybridization slot blots were used to quantify changes in mRNA level relative to a housekeeping gene, beta-actin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genes found by RAP-PCR to undergo up-regulation in hypoxia included TIMP-1 and integrin-linked kinase. Collagen V mRNA levels were down-regulated in hypoxic chondrocytes. This led us to examine mRNA levels for various cytokines, matrix structural molecules and beta1 integrin. Interleukin 1beta, transforming growth factor beta and connective tissue growth factor were all up-regulated by low oxygen tensions, as was beta1 integrin. Collagen II (COL2A1) was down-regulated by hypoxia but aggrecan mRNA levels remained unchanged. The mRNA levels for GAPDH, the archetypal hypoxia responsive gene, were not modulated in articular chondrocytes by changes in oxygen tension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxygen tension modulates the abundance of mRNAs encoding structural molecules, several cytokines, beta1 integrin and integrin-linked kinase in articular chondrocytes. This may be important during disease progression. Chondrocytes are unusual in their response to hypoxia, presumably because they exist physiologically in a low oxygen environment.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pathology Section, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College School of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Grimshaw
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006614:Hindlimb; D016023:Integrins / Q000378:metabolism; D007596:Joints; D010100:Oxygen / Q000502:physiology*; D010313:Partial Pressure; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D016023:Integrins; D010100:Oxygen