title: Determination of guidance levels of dose for diagnostic radiography in Taiwan.
abstract: The International Atomic Energy Agency has recommended guidance levels of dose for diagnostic radiography for a typical adult patient. These levels were intended to act as thresholds to trigger investigations or corrective actions in ensuring optimized protection of patients and maintaining appropriate levels of good practice. Since guidance levels should be derived from wide scale surveys of exposure factors performed in individual hospitals, a national survey was conducted recently in Taiwan to collect these factors for the most frequent radiographic procedures. A total of 276 completed questionnaires were received and analyzed. In the questionnaire, respondents were asked to check those projections that were routinely performed in their department and to report machine data, patient data, output measurements, and technical factors including kVp, mAs, focus-to-film distance, table-to-film distance, aluminum filtration, and focal spot size. Based on the survey data, entrance skin exposures in air, i.e., free air exposures at the point of intersection of the x-ray central beam with the entrance surface of the patient, were estimated using the RADCOMP program. Entrance surface doses to air and tissue with backscatter were then evaluated by the application of the exposure-dose conversion factor and the backscatter factor obtained from TLD measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. Guidance levels were determined from survey results on the entrance surface dose based on optimization considerations involving the cost-effectiveness analysis. Except for chest PA and LAT and skull LAT procedures, all guidance levels derived in this work are less than those recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Survey data and guidance levels were provided to the national authorities to help them develop quality control and radiation protection programs for medical exposures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Y B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan