title: Induction of transplantation tolerance with a short course of tacrolimus (FK506): I. Rapid and stable tolerance to two-haplotype fully mhc-mismatched kidney allografts in miniature swine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inbred miniature swine provide a large animal model in which the effects of selective major histocompatibility complex (MHC) matching can be reproducibly studied. We have previously demonstrated that although a 12-day course of cyclosporine uniformly induces tolerance to class I-mismatched renal allografts, it does not induce tolerance across full MHC barriers. In this study, we assessed whether and at what dose tacrolimus might permit allografts to induce tolerance across different MHC barriers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recipients of MHC disparate renal allografts were treated with a 12-day course of tacrolimus by continuous intravenous infusion. Groups were divided as follows: (1) class I-mismatched kidneys with 0.3 mg/kg/day tacrolimus (n=3); (2) fully MHC-mismatched kidneys with 0.3 mg/kg/day tacrolimus (n=2); and (3) fully MHC-mismatched kidneys with 0.12-0.16 mg/kg/day tacrolimus (n=4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In groups 1 and 2, recipients with tacrolimus levels of 45-80 ng/ml accepted renal allografts long-term with stable renal function. Donor-specific hyporesponsiveness was demonstrated by cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity and mixed lymphocyte response, and subsequent donor-matched grafts were also accepted, without further immunosuppression (n=4), confirming systemic tolerance. In group 3, recipients that achieved tacrolimus levels of 35 ng/ml (n=2) accepted their grafts without chronic changes, whereas recipients with levels of 20-26 ng/ml (n=2) developed chronic allograft glomerulopathy, suggesting 35 ng/ml as the threshold blood level for tolerance induction. In vitro assays demonstrated that peripheral blood lymphocytes from tolerant animals produced inhibitory cytokines, suggesting the involvement of regulatory mechanisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this study represents the first demonstration of the induction of transplant tolerance across a two-haplotype full MHC barrier with a short course of immunosuppression in a large animal model. These studies may also have clinical applicability, because the time course required to induce tolerance was sufficiently short that the high drug levels required might be expected to be tolerated clinically with only transient toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Utsugi
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: LaMattina
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ambroz
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006239:Haplotypes; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000276:immunology; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000276:immunology; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D012086:Reoperation; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016559:Tacrolimus