title: Routine intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy minimizes unnecessary endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the necessity for intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) during pediatric laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 100 consecutive patients undergoing LC was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-eight children underwent successful LC. The average age was 11.3 years. IOC was successful in 55 of 63 studies. Operating time for patients with IOC averaged 91 minutes, and without IOC, 67 minutes. Twenty children had preoperative ultrasound, laboratory, or clinical evidence of common bile duct (CBD) stones. Fifteen of these 20 children actually had CBD stones. Three additional children who lacked any ultrasound, clinical, or laboratory evidence of choledocholithiasis had unsuspected CBD stones. Eight children, therefore, had ultrasound, clinical, or laboratory findings not predictive of the actual state of the CBD. Sixteen children underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), 9 preoperatively and 7 postoperatively. Four preoperative ERCP studies showed no CBD stones. There were no complications from performing IOC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) CBD stones are common in children with gallstones, (18 of 100 patients). (2) Preoperative studies and clinical findings may not predict accurately the presence or absence of CBD stones. (3) IOC should be routinely performed in children before the use of ERCP to avoid unnecessary ERCP unless CBD stones are specifically visualized by ultrasound scan. J Pediatr Surg 36:881-884.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Waldhausen
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tapper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000379:methods*; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome