title: Tracheal surgery in children: an 18-year review of four techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Review the short- and long-term outcomes of a single institution experience in infants with congenital tracheal stenosis, comparing four different operative techniques used from 1982 through 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital and clinic records of 50 infants and children who had surgical repair of congenital tracheal stenosis secondary to complete tracheal rings were reviewed. Age at surgery ranged from 7 days to 72 months (median, 5 months, mean 7.8+/-12 months). Techniques included pericardial patch tracheoplasty (n=28), tracheal autograft (n=12), tracheal resection (n=8), and slide tracheoplasty (n=2). All procedures were done through a median sternotomy with cardiopulmonary bypass. Seventeen patients had a pulmonary artery sling (35%), and 11 had an intracardiac anomaly (22%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were three early deaths (6% early mortality), two after pericardial tracheoplasty and one after autograft. There were six late deaths (12% late mortality), five after pericardial tracheoplasty and one after slide tracheoplasty. Length of stay (median) was 60 days (pericardial tracheoplasty), 28 days (autograft), 14 days (resection), and 18 days (slide). Reoperation and/or stent placement was required in seven patients (25%) after pericardial tracheoplasty, in two patients (17%) after autograft, in no patients after resection, and in one patient (50%) after slide tracheoplasty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our current procedures of choice for infants with congenital tracheal stenosis are resection with end-to-end anastomosis for short-segment stenoses (up to eight rings) and the autograft technique for long-segment stenoses. Associated pulmonary artery sling and intracardiac anomalies should be repaired simultaneously.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Children's Memorial Hospital: Department of Surgery and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA. c-backer@nwu.edu
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Backer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mavroudis
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Holinger
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D010496:Pericardium / Q000637:transplantation; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D014132:Trachea / Q000601:surgery*; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000151:congenital* / Q000601:surgery*; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous