title: Urinary iodine and thyroid status of New Zealand residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this project was to assess the clinical significance of our low iodine excretions in terms of thyroid hormone status and thyroid volume in an adult population in a low soil iodine area of the South Island of New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-hundred and thirty-three residents of Otago, New Zealand collected two 24 h urine samples for assessment of iodine status. Thyroid status was determined from serum total T(4), TSH and thyroglobulin, and thyroid volumes. Relationships between urinary iodide excretion and measures of thyroid status were determined and subjects were allocated to one of three groups according to low, medium and high iodide excretion, for comparison of thyroid hormones and thyroid volumes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant correlations were found for relationships between measures of urinary iodide excretion and thyroid volume and thyroglobulin. Multiple regression analysis of data for subjects divided into three groups according to 24 h urinary iodide excretion (<60, 60-90; >90 microg iodide/day) or iodide/creatinine ratio (<40; 40-60; >60 microg/g Cr) showed significant differences in thyroid volume (P=0.029; P=0.035, respectively) and thyroglobulin (P=0.019; P=0.005, respectively) among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study confirm the low iodide excretions of Otago residents, and indicate that the fall in iodine status is being reflected in clinical measures of thyroid status, including enlarged thyroid glands and elevated thyroglobulin. Our observations suggest the possible re-emergence of mild iodine deficiency and goitres in New Zealand. This situation is likely to worsen should iodine intakes continue to fall and continued monitoring of the situation is imperative.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woodruffe
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Colls
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Doyle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine; D005260:Female; D006042:Goiter / Q000453:epidemiology; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007454:Iodides / Q000652:urine*; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012987:Soil; D013954:Thyroglobulin / Q000097:blood; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007454:Iodides; D012987:Soil; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013954:Thyroglobulin; D007455:Iodine; D003404:Creatinine; D013974:Thyroxine