title: Differential regulation of gelatinases by transforming growth factor beta-1 in normal equine chondrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with increased levels of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9. While increases in some MMPs may be destructive, up-regulation of others may result from increases in normal tissue turnover. The production of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by the anabolic transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta1) in normal equine chondrocytes was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Equine chondrocytes from clinically normal femoropatellar joints were maintained in alginate beads. After serum deprivation, cells were exposed to TGF-beta1 at several concentrations for varying times. Activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were estimated by gelatin zymography, while mRNA for MMP-2, MMP-9 and collagen type II were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulation with TGF-beta1 differentially regulated MMP-2 and MMP-9, with strong up-regulation of both MMP-9 mRNA and enzyme. Increases in MMP-9 enzyme were dose-dependent (0-49 h). There is some evidence suggesting a slight reduction in MMP-2 release following stimulation. Collagen type II mRNA was transiently increased following stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The different effects of TGF-beta1 on MMP-2 and MMP-9 production by normal chondrocytes suggests different roles for these enzymes. The increases in both MMP-9 and collagen type II mRNA following stimulation may suggest a role for MMP-9 in tissue maintenance. Therefore, increased MMP-9 may be secondary to, as distinct from a cause of, cartilage damage.
authors.affiliation: Connective Tissue Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Clegg
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage / Q000378:metabolism*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D006614:Hindlimb; D006736:Horses; D007596:Joints; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D003094:Collagen; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9