title: Fission yeast tor1 functions in response to various stresses including nitrogen starvation, high osmolarity, and high temperature.
abstract: A target of rapamycin (TOR) protein is a protein kinase that exerts cellular signal transduction to regulate cell growth in response to extracellular nutrient conditions. In the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome database, there are two genes encoding TOR-related proteins, but their functions have not been analyzed. Here we report that one of the genes, referred to as tor1+, is required for sexual development induced by nitrogen starvation. Ste11 is a key transcription factor for the initiation of sexual development. The expression of ste11+ is normally regulated in tor1- cells; and overexpression of ste11+ hardly rescues the defect in fertility in tor1-. Upon nitrogen starvation, tor1+ cells promote two rounds of the cell cycle to become arrested at the G1 phase before initiation of sexual development. The tor1- cells do not promote such a cell cycle, suggesting that Tor1 is necessary for the response to nitrogen starvation. The tor1- cells show no growth or very slow growth under various stress conditions, including external high pH, high concentrations of salts or sorbitol, and high temperature. These results suggest that Tor1 is necessary for any response to a wide range of stresses. The vegetative growth of tor1- cells is inhibited by rapamycin, although tor1+ cells are resistant to the drug. The tor1- cells are hypersensitive to fluphenazine and cyclosporin A, which specifically inhibit calmodulin and calcineurin, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Oya, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ushimaru
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aiba
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uritani
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000235:genetics*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000502:physiology; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D012568:Schizosaccharomyces / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D013696:Temperature; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D009584:Nitrogen; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C071596:ste11 protein, S pombe; C083324:TOR1 protein, S cerevisiae