title: The long head of the triceps brachii as a free functioning muscle transfer.
abstract: This anatomic study investigates the possibility of using the long head of the triceps brachii muscle as a free functioning muscle transfer for the upper limb. It has been reported that the long head is not difficult to harvest and that its loss does not create significant donor-site morbidity. The muscle was studied in 23 fresh frozen upper limbs. The long head in all 23 specimens had a constant and proximal vascular pedicle from the profunda brachii artery and vein. The mean pedicle was long (4 cm) and had large-caliber vessels (diameter, 3-mm artery and 4-mm vein). Angiograms were carried out in five specimens and dye perfusion studies in six specimens. A single branch from the radial nerve of at least 7 cm in length innervated the muscle. Muscle architecture was studied in 12 specimens and revealed that the long head of the triceps is better suited for forearm reconstruction than either the gracilis or the latissimus dorsi muscles. The mean physiologic cross-sectional area (8.36 cm(2)) and fiber length (10.8 cm on the superficial surface and 8.2 cm on the deep surface) of the long head match more closely those of the flexor digitorum profundus and the extensor digitorum communis, the muscles most commonly replaced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery at the National University Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000637:transplantation*