title: Etanercept therapy in children with treatment-resistant uveitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the tumor necrosis factor fusion protein etanercept in children with treatment-resistant uveitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten children with chronic active uveitis (7 girls and 3 boys, mean age 7.5 years [range 3-12 years]) were enrolled in this prospective study. In 7 children, uveitis was associated with pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Five children were antinuclear antibody positive. All patients had failed previous therapy with topical steroids and methotrexate and/or cyclosporine. All were treated with etanercept at a dosage of 0.4 mg/kg twice weekly for the first 3 months, and then, if eyes did not improve, with 25 mg twice weekly (mean 1.1 mg/kg) for at least 3 additional months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the beginning of the trial, uveitis affected 18 eyes in the 10 children. Within 3 months, 10 of 16 affected eyes (63%; P = 0.017) showed a rapid decrease in anterior chamber cell density, including remission of uveitis in 4 eyes. In children with visual acuity of less than 20/25, 4 of 10 eyes (40%) improved. An exacerbation of uveitis during etanercept therapy occurred in only 1 child (1 of 14 eyes [7%]). Other ocular outcome parameters, such as intraocular pressure, synechia formation, and lens clarity, remained unchanged. Following a dosage increase to an average of 1.1 mg/kg after 3 months in 7 children, no further improvement was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that etanercept injected subcutaneously twice a week has a beneficial effect on treatment-resistant chronic uveitis in children. Further controlled studies with etanercept in systemic or topical form are necessary to confirm its efficacy and optimal mode of administration.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California 90027, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reiff
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takei
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shaham
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stout
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068800:Etanercept; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014606:Uveitis, Anterior / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016572:Cyclosporine; D000068800:Etanercept; D008727:Methotrexate