title: Total plasma protein adducts of allergenic hexahydrophthalic and methylhexahydrophthalic anhydrides as biomarkers of long-term exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of total plasma protein adducts (TPPA) of 2 sensitizing low-molecular-weight allergens, hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA) and methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA), as biomarkers of long-term exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine samples from occupationally exposed workers were analyzed for the levels of urinary metabolites of HHPA and MHHPA, and the levels were used as the index of exposure. In addition, blood samples were obtained from the same persons, and the levels of TPPA were determined. Reversed solid phase extraction, derivatization using pentafluorobenzyl bromide, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis in the negative ion chemical ionization mode were used to quantify the exposure. To assess the suitability of TPPA as a biomarker of exposure to the anhydrides, the TPPA levels were correlated to urinary metabolite levels and hemoglobin (Hb) adducts. The toxicokinetics of TPPA were also studied to determine the elimination half-time of the adducts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of TPPA correlated exceptionally well with the metabolite levels in the urine sampled repeatedly, giving r=0.97 for HHPA and r=0.92 for MHHPA. The TPPA of HHPA correlated highly with the Hb adducts with r=0.86. There were also good correlations between single urinary determinations and the TPPA levels (r(s)=0.71 and 0.81, respectively, for HHPA and MHHPA). The in vivo decay of TPPA gave an elimination half-time of 22 days for HHPA and 24 days for MHHPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TPPA levels of HHPA and MHHPA are excellent biomarkers of long-term exposure to anhydrides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosqvist
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Johannesson
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lindh
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Jönsson
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002617:Chemical Industry; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010796:Phthalic Anhydrides / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D010796:Phthalic Anhydrides; C005752:araldite