title: Identification of a cis-acting element and a novel trans-acting factor of the glutamine synthetase gene in liver cells.
abstract: In the mammalian liver the expression of the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) is restricted to a small population of hepatocytes. In cells expressing the enzyme up to 3.5% of total cellular protein is GS. In order to identify enhancer elements contributing to this extraordinarily high level of expression we focused on a region roughly 2.5 kbp upstream of the GS promoter. Gel mobility shift assays revealed binding of an unknown protein within the most distal part of this region and reportergene assays demonstrated that roughly 60 bp downstream from position -2503 are indispensable for protein binding and the full effect of the enhancer. In UV cross-link analysis a 38 kDa nuclear protein that binds to the sequence was identified in rat hepatocytes. This nuclear protein, designated as upstream binding factor of the GS gene (UFGS) seems to play an important role in high-level expression of GS in liver.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 16, Leipzig, 04103, Germany. frank.gaunitz@medizin.uni-liepzig.de
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gaunitz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scheja
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gebhardt
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D001667:Binding, Competitive / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018197:Hepatoblastoma / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D015534:Trans-Activators; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase