title: Bacterial translocation in clinical intestinal transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial translocation (BT) has been suggested to be responsible for the high incidence of infections occurring after small bowel transplantation (SBTx). Bacterial overgrowth, alteration of the mucosal barrier function as a consequence of preservation injury or acute rejection (AR), and potent immunosuppression are all associated with BT. The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the correlation of BT with these events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty pediatric SBTx recipients on tacrolimus and prednisone immunosuppression were analyzed. Blood, stool, and liver biopsies and peritoneal fluid were cultured (circa 4000 total specimens) when infection was clinically suspected or as part of follow-up. BT episodes were considered when microorganisms were found simultaneously in blood or liver biopsy and stool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BT (average of 2.0 episodes/patient) was evident in 44% of patients and was most frequently caused by Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella. The presence of a colon allograft was associated with a higher rate of BT (75% vs. 33.3%). Furthermore, the transplantation procedure (colon vs. no colon) affected the rate of BT: SBTx=40% vs. 25%, combined liver and SBTx=100% vs. 30%, multivisceral transplantation=25% vs. 50%. AR was associated with 39% of BT episodes. BT followed AR in 9.6% of the cases. In 5.2% of the cases, positive blood cultures without stool confirmation of the bacteria were seen. Prolonged cold ischemia time (CIT) affected BT rate significantly (CIT>9 hr 76% vs. CIT<9 hr 20.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that 1) a substantial percentage of, but not all, BT is associated with AR, 2) the presence of a colon allograft increases the risk for BT, and 3) a long CIT is associated with a high incidence of BT after SBTx.
authors.affiliation: Division of Transplant Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Room 402 Clinical Science Building, 840 South Wood Street (MC 958), Chicago, IL 60612, USA. cicalese@uic.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cicalese
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sileri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abu-Elmagd
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kocoshis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reyes
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000502:physiology*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D003106:Colon / Q000382:microbiology / Q000637:transplantation; D015925:Cryopreservation; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000637:transplantation*; D013997:Time Factors; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000150:complications