title: Low potentiality of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism as a useful predictive marker for carotid atherogenesis in a large general population of a Japanese city: the Suita study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some previous studies, almost all western, have investigated whether there is a relationship between the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and carotid atherosclerosis. The results, however, have not been consistently positive. Further, there have been few investigations based on a large, general population. Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify whether ACE gene deletion polymorphism was associated with carotid atherosclerosis in a large Japanese general population with a more homogeneous genetic background than Caucasian populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects aged 30 to 86 years were randomly selected from Suita City, located in Osaka, the second largest urban area of Japan, and included 1894 men and 2137 women. With the aid of high-resolution ultrasonography, carotid atherosclerosis was evaluated using our atherosclerotic indexes of intimal-medial thickness (IMT), plaque number (PN), plaque score (PS), and percentage of stenosis of the carotid artery assessed using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. ACE gene I/D polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences among the ACE genotypes for age and conventional cardiovascular risk factors, except for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the percentage of hypertension in men. The values of IMT, PN, and PS as carotid atherosclerotic indexes were not significantly different among genotypes for either sex. After adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking habit, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, presence of hypertension, presence of diabetes mellitus, and presence of hyperlipidemia, the estimated ORs for the presence of IMT >/=1.10 mm (defined as thickened IMT), according to ACE genotype (DD versus II, DD+ID versus II, and DD versus ID+II), for men were 0.80 (95% CI 0.60 to 1.23), 0.89 (0.62 to 1.29), and 0.89 (0.70 to 1.28), respectively. On the other hand, the ORs for women after the same adjustment were 0.92 (95% CI 0.58 to 1.35), 0.93 (0.59 to 1.45), and 0.91 (0.59 to 1.27), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our present data suggest that ACE I/D polymorphism is not potentially a useful predictive marker for carotid atherogenesis when investigated in a large and homogeneous general Japanese population of 4031 subjects, a finding similar to that in a Caucasian population study, the Perth Carotid Ultrasound Disease Assessment Study, an Australian study based on a general population using 1111 subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan. mtoshi@hsp.ncvc.go.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mannami
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katsuya
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inamoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogihara
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ogata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D016017:Odds Ratio; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A