title: Modeling population pharmacokinetics of lidocaine: should cardiac output be included as a patient factor?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inclusion of cardiac output and other physiologic parameters, in addition to or instead of, demographic variables might improve the population pharmacokinetic modeling of lidocaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one patients were included in a population pharmacokinetic study of lidocaine. After bolus injection of lidocaine (1 mg/kg), 22 or 10 blood samples per patient were taken from a radial artery. During the experiment, cardiac output was measured using a thoracic electrical bioimpedance method. The following four population pharmacokinetic models were constructed and their performances investigated: a model with no covariates, a model with cardiac output as covariate, a model with demographic covariates, and a model with both cardiac output and demographic characteristics as covariates. Model discrimination was performed with the likelihood ratio test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inclusion of cardiac output resulted in a significant improvement of the pharmacokinetic model, but inclusion of demographic covariates was even better. However, the best model was obtained by inclusion of both demographic covariates and cardiac output in the pharmacokinetic model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When population pharmacokinetic models are used for individualization of dosing schedules, physiologic covariates, e.g., cardiac output, can improve their ability to predict the individual kinetics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Roode
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olofsen
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bovill
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Burm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002302:Cardiac Output; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine