title: The effects of dowel design and load direction on dowel-and-core restorations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complications such as loosening of the dowel and core or fracture of the remaining tooth root can be influenced by many factors, including the amount of remaining dentin, direction of the occlusal load, and design of the dowel. Most stress analyses of dowel and cores were conducted without including all aspects of the restorations and supporting structures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of occlusal stresses on various dowel designs in a restored, endodontically treated maxillary incisor by using a 2-dimensional finite element analysis model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-dimensional finite element model was constructed in a labiolingual cross-sectional view of a maxillary central incisor, a dowel, a core, and the supporting tissues to investigate stresses in various dowel designs. As a control, a metal-ceramic crown on an endodontically treated tooth without a dowel and core was modeled. A 10-kg force was applied as follows: (1) in a vertical load on the incisal edge, (2) in a horizontal load on the labial surface, and (3) in a 20-degree diagonal load on the lingual surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of a dowel reduced the peak dentinal stress to 75% of the magnitude of the control. When a vertical force was applied, the magnitudes of stress of the various dowel designs were similar; however, when loaded horizontally, the short dowel produced the greatest dentinal stress concentration, and the tapered dowel showed the greatest stress concentration within the cement layer. Greater deflections and higher stresses were generated with horizontal loading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dowel and core provided little reinforcement to the remaining tooth. The direction of the functional load had a greater effect than dowel design on maximum stress and displacement. Parallel-sided dowel and cores with a length of 12 mm distributed the stress widely in the restoration and dentin, resulting in the smallest stresses.
authors.affiliation: College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Felton
mesh_terms: D001732:Bite Force; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003442:Crowns; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003804:Dentin / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006047:Gold Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D006171:Gutta-Percha / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000503:physiopathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000503:physiopathology; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D008954:Models, Biological; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000503:physiopathology; D011176:Post and Core Technique; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D012390:Root Canal Therapy; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014082:Tooth Fractures / Q000209:etiology; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000293:injuries; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006047:Gold Alloys; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement; D006171:Gutta-Percha