title: CCR5 and CXCR4 expression on memory and naive T cells in HIV-1 infection and response to highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure CCR5 and CXCR4 chemokine receptor expression on CD4 and CD8 T cells in HIV-1 infection and to relate levels to the distribution of CD45RO memory and CD45RA-naive subsets, measures of disease activity, and response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen untreated HIV-1-infected patients, 18 patients at 3-to 4-weeks after beginning HAART, and 35 uninfected control subjects were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four-color cytofluorometry with appropriate conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was performed to define CD45RA and CD45RO subsets of CD4 and CD8 T cells and measure their expression of CCR5, CXCR4, and CD38.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV-1-infected patients had higher CCR5 levels and lower CXCR4 levels on CD4 and CD8 T cells and their CD45RO/CD45RA subsets than control subjects did. However, CCR5 elevation was statistically significant only for CD4 T cells and their subsets, and CXCR4 depression was significant for CD8 T cells and their subsets (and for CD4:CD45RO cells). The elevation of CCR5 and depression of CXCR4 were not due to shifts in CD45RO/CD45RA subset proportions but to upregulation or downregulation within the subsets. CCR5 elevation on CD4 T cells was significantly restored toward normal by HAART, but the CXCR4 depression was not. CCR5 expression but not CXCR4 expression correlated with other measures of immunodeficiency (CD4 T-cell levels), active infection (viral load), and cellular activation (CD38).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CCR5 elevation is a concomitant of immune activation and viral replication that occurs in HIV-1 infection, but the relation of CXCR4 depression to severity of infection, disease progression, and response to therapy remains undefined.
authors.affiliation: HIV Immunology and Diagnostics Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, U.S.A.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Browning
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hengel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lew
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rimland
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McDougal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000378:metabolism*; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens