title: Generation and pharmacological analysis of M2 and M4 muscarinic receptor knockout mice.
abstract: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1-M5) play important roles in the modulation of many key functions of the central and peripheral nervous system. To explore the physiological roles of the two Gi-coupled muscarinic receptors, we disrupted the M2 and M4 receptor genes in mice by using a gene targeting strategy. Pharmacological and behavioral analysis of the resulting mutant mice showed that the M2 receptor subtype is critically involved in mediating three of the most striking central muscarinic effects, tremor, hypothermia, and analgesia. These studies also indicated that M4 receptors are not critically involved in these central muscarinic responses. However, M4 receptor-deficient mice showed an increase in basal locomotor activity and greatly enhanced locomotor responses following drug-induced activation of D1 dopamine receptors. This observation is consistent with the concept that M4 receptors exert inhibitory control over D1 receptor-mediated locomotor stimulation, probably at the level of striatal projection neurons where the two receptors are known to be coexpressed. These findings emphasize the usefulness of gene targeting approaches to shed light on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the individual muscarinic receptor subtypes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gomeza
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kostenis
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Felder
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Bymaster
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brodkin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duttaroy
authors.forename: C X
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wess
mesh_terms: D015647:2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000698:Analgesia; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018390:Gene Targeting; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008954:Models, Biological; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010095:Oxotremorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D019257:Quinpirole / Q000494:pharmacology; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D043585:Receptor, Muscarinic M2; D043588:Receptor, Muscarinic M4; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D043585:Receptor, Muscarinic M2; D043588:Receptor, Muscarinic M4; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; D019257:Quinpirole; D010095:Oxotremorine; D015647:2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine; D001058:Apomorphine; D000109:Acetylcholine; D004298:Dopamine