title: Paracellin-1 is critical for magnesium and calcium reabsorption in the human thick ascending limb of Henle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A new protein, named paracellin 1 (PCLN-1), expressed in human thick ascending limb (TAL) tight junctions, possibly plays a critical role in the control of magnesium and calcium reabsorption, since mutations of PCLN-1 are present in the hypomagnesemia hypercalciuria syndrome (HHS). However, no functional experiments have demonstrated that TAL magnesium and calcium reabsorption were actually impaired in patients with HHS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genetic studies were performed in the kindred of two unrelated patients with HHS. Renal magnesium and calcium reabsorption in TAL were analyzed in one homozygous affected patient of each family, one patient with extrarenal hypomagnesemia (ERH), and two control subjects (CSs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found two yet undescribed mutations of PCLN-1 (Gly 162 Val, Ala 139 Val). In patients with HHS, renal magnesium and calcium reabsorptions were impaired as expected; NaCl renal conservation during NaCl deprivation and NaCl tubular reabsorption in diluting segment were intact. Furosemide infusion in CS markedly increased NaCl, Mg, and Ca urinary excretion rates. In HHS patients, furosemide similarly increased NaCl excretion, but failed to increase Mg and Ca excretion. Acute MgCl(2) infusion in CS and ERH patient provoked a dramatic increase in urinary calcium excretion without change in NaCl excretion. When combined with MgCl(2) infusion, furosemide infusion remained able to induce normal natriuretic response, but was unable to increase urinary magnesium and calcium excretion further. In HHS patients, calciuric response to MgCl(2) infusion was blunted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to our knowledge to demonstrate that homozygous mutations of PCLN-1 result in a selective defect in paracellular Mg and Ca reabsorption in the TAL, with intact NaCl reabsorption ability at this site. In addition, the study supports a selective physiological effect of basolateral Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) concentration on TAL divalent cation paracellular permeability, that is, PCLN-1 activity.
authors.affiliation: Département de Physiologie et Radio-Isotopes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM U356, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 58, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Universitaire Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France. blanch@ccr.jussieu.fr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jeunemaitre
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coudol
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dechaux
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Froissart
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Demontis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paillard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Houillier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002413:Cations, Divalent / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D057167:Claudins; D004232:Diuretics; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005665:Furosemide; D005838:Genotype; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008138:Loop of Henle / Q000378:metabolism*; D015636:Magnesium Chloride / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009318:Natriuresis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009397:Nephrocalcinosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D017354:Point Mutation; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002413:Cations, Divalent; D057167:Claudins; D004232:Diuretics; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C502010:claudin 16; D015636:Magnesium Chloride; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D005665:Furosemide; D002118:Calcium