title: The costs of childhood epilepsy in Italy: comparative findings from three health care settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the direct costs of epilepsy in a child neurology referral population, stratified by disease, duration, and severity, comparing three different health care settings [i.e., teaching or clinical research (CR) hospitals, general hospitals, and outpatient services].
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were accepted if they had confirmed epilepsy and were resident in the center catchment area. Eligible subjects were grouped in the following categories: (a) newly diagnosed patients; (b) patients with epilepsy in remission; (c) patients with active non-drug-resistant epilepsy; and (d) those with drug-resistant epilepsy. Over a 12-month period, data regarding the consuming of all resources (i.e., consultations, tests, hospital admissions, drugs), were collected for each patient. Using the Italian National Health Service tariffs, the unit cost of each resource was calculated and indicated in Euros, the European currency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 189 patients was enrolled by two teaching-CR hospitals, two general hospitals, and two outpatient services. The patients were evenly distributed across the four categories of epilepsy. The mean annual cost per person with epilepsy was 1,767 Euros. Drug-resistant epilepsy was the most expensive category (3,268 Euros) followed by newly diagnosed epilepsy (1,907 Euros), active non-drug-resistant epilepsy (1,112 Euros), and epilepsy in remission (844 Euros). Costs were generally highest in teaching-CR hospitals and lowest in outpatient services. Hospital services were the major cost in all epilepsy groups, followed by drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cost of epilepsy in children and adolescents in Italy tends to vary significantly depending on the severity and duration of the disease Hospitals services and drugs are the major sources of costs. The setting of health care plays a significant role in the variation of the costs, even for patients in the same category of epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: DUNPI Università di Pisa-IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guerrini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Battini
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veggiotti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Besana
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gobbi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pezzani
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tetto
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beghi
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Monticelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tediosi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garattini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rasmini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amadi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quarti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fabrizzi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics*; D006302:Health Services Research; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants