title: Cross-sectional and prospective associations between proinsulin and cardiovascular disease risk factors in a population experiencing rapid cultural transition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine cross-sectional and prospective associations between proinsulin and cardiovascular disease risk factors using data from a population-based study of type 2 diabetes among Native Canadians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1993 and 1995, 72% of eligible members of a Native Canadian community participated in a baseline diabetes prevalence survey. Fasting samples were collected for glucose, C-peptide, proinsulin, lipids, and apolipoproteins. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was administered, and a second sample for glucose was drawn after 120 min. Blood pressure and waist circumference were determined. In the present study, subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (n = 505) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (n = 74) were included in cross-sectional analyses. In 1998, 95 individuals who had IGT or NGT at baseline with an elevated 2-h glucose concentration (> or = 7.0 mmol/l) participated in a follow-up evaluation using the protocol used at baseline. Cross-sectional and prospective associations between proinsulin and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed using correlation and multiple linear regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for covariates including age, sex, C-peptide, waist circumference, and glucose tolerance status, fasting proinsulin concentration was significantly associated with concurrently measured lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations (triglycerides: r = 0.18, P < 0.0001; total cholesterol: r = 0.10, P = 0.02; LDL cholesterol: r = 0.11, P = 0.01; HDL cholesterol: r = -0.16, P = 0.0002; apolipoprotein (apo) B: r = 0.17, P < 0.0001; apoAI: r = -0.11, P = 0.008). In the adjusted prospective analysis, baseline triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and apoB were associated with changes over time in proinsulin (r = 0.23, P = 0.04; r = -0.30, P = 0.01; r = 0.23, P = 0.04; respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm previously reported cross-sectional associations between proinsulin and lipid concentrations. In addition, an unexpected association between baseline lipids and proinsulin change was documented.
authors: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Hanley
authors: G
authors: G
authors: McKeown-Eyssen
authors: S B
authors: SB
authors: Harris
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Hegele
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: Wolever
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Kwan
authors: P W
authors: PW
authors: Connelly
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Zinman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002170:Canada; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011384:Proinsulin / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D002096:C-Peptide; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D011384:Proinsulin; D002784:Cholesterol