title: Amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping of metronidazole-resistant Helicobacter pylori infecting dyspeptics in England.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intra-specific diversity of Helicobacter pylori infecting stomachs of different individuals was investigated by numerical analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), to determine the existence of clones within the strain population and the effect that antibiotic treatment, particularly with metronidazole (Mtz), had on the balance of types/subtypes present before and after treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 92 cultures studied comprised 89 single or multiple (pre- and post-treatment) isolates from gastric biopsies from 35 dyspeptic patients at two geographical locations in England, and three reference strains. HindIII restriction fragments tagged with specific adaptors were used as template DNA for AFLP. Patterns were coded in binary format according to deduced sizes of amplified fragments, and numerical analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  H. pylori isolated from different individuals were highly diverse (43 AFLP types) with a continuum of similarities that included three putative strain clusters at the 55% similarity level. Twelve sets each comprised identical isolates but subclonal variants with similarities of 82-99% coexisted in isolate sets from 19 patients. Seven sets contained strains with different AFLP types which for several corresponded with vacA/cagA genotypic differences. Mtz resistance was a feature of clonal as well as unrelated isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AFLP profiling was a robust, reproducible and highly discriminatory means of indexing H. pylori strain diversity, and the numerical analysis enabled clonal/subclonal variants infecting an individual to be defined and contrasted with the general species diversity. The majority (65%) of patients had co-infections with different strain types/subtypes but antibiotic treatment apparently did not markedly modify H. pylori population diversity in individual stomachs. Mtz sensitivity was generally associated with greater strain diversity as several subtypes often coexisted in sensitive pretreatment strain sets. In contrast, Mtz-resistant strain populations were less diverse, which was attributed to selection by previous exposure to nitroimidazoles in the same or a different host.
authors: Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Central Public Health Laboratory, London, UK and Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidad Politecnica, Valencia, Spain. rowen@phls.nhsuk
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: Owen
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Ferrus
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Gibson
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D015247:Deoxyribonuclease HindIII; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000382:microbiology*; D004739:England; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D005784:Gene Amplification; D005838:Genotype; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D008795:Metronidazole; D015247:Deoxyribonuclease HindIII