title: The male rat carcinogens limonene and sodium saccharin are not mutagenic to male Big Blue rats.
abstract: Limonene and sodium saccharin are male rat specific carcinogens giving rise to renal and bladder tumours, respectively. Both compounds give negative results in genetic toxicity assays suggesting a non-genotoxic mode of action for their carcinogenicity. The alpha 2U-globulin accumulation theory has been invoked to explain the renal carcinogenicity of limonene: the accumulation of micro masses of calcium phosphate in the bladder, coupled with a high pH environment in the male rat bladder, has been suggested to be responsible for the bladder carcinogenicity of sodium saccharin. The implication of these proposed mechanisms is that limonene and sodium saccharin will not be mutagenic to the rat kidney and bladder, respectively. This proposal has been evaluated by assessing the mutagenic potential of the two chemicals to male lacI transgenic (Big Blue) rats. Male Big Blue rats were exposed for 10 consecutive days to either limonene in diet, at a dose level in excess of that used in the original National Toxicology Program gavage carcinogenicity bioassay, or to sodium saccharin in diet at the dose known to induce bladder tumours. The multi-site rat carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl was used as a positive control for the experiment. Limonene failed to increase the mutant frequency in the liver or kidney of the rats, and sodium saccharin failed to increase the mutant frequency in the liver or bladder of the rats. 4-Aminobiphenyl was mutagenic to all three of these tissues. These results add further support to a non-genotoxic mechanism of carcinogenic action for both limonene and sodium saccharin.
authors: Molecular Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham, Cambridgeshire CB24AT, UK.
authors: S D
authors: SD
authors: Turner
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Tinwell
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Piegorsch
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Schmezer
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Ashby
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000611:Aminobiphenyl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D000077222:Limonene; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D051381:Rats; D012439:Saccharin / Q000633:toxicity*; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000611:Aminobiphenyl Compounds; D002273:Carcinogens; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D013729:Terpenes; C006757:4-biphenylamine; D000077222:Limonene; D012439:Saccharin