title: Disease pattern recognition testing for rheumatoid arthritis using infrared spectra of human serum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In view of the importance of the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, a novel diagnostic method based on spectroscopic pattern recognition in combination with laboratory parameters such as the rheumatoid factor is described in the paper. Results of a diagnostic study of rheumatoid arthritis employing this method are presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method uses classification of infrared (IR) spectra of serum samples by means of discriminant analysis. The spectroscopic pattern yielding the highest discriminatory power is found through a complex optimization procedure. In the study, IR spectra of 384 serum samples have been analyzed in this fashion with the objective of differentiating between rheumatoid arthritis and healthy subjects. In addition, the method integrates results from the classification with levels of the rheumatoid factor in the sample by optimized classifier weighting, in order to enhance classification accuracy, i.e. sensitivity and specificity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In independent validation, sensitivity and specificity of 84% and 88%, respectively, have been obtained purely on the basis of spectra classification employing a classifier designed specifically to provide robustness. Sensitivity and specificity are improved by 1% and 6%, respectively, upon inclusion of rheumatoid factor levels. Results for less robust methods are also presented and compared to the above numbers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The discrimination between RA and healthy by means of the pattern recognition approach presented here is feasible for IR spectra of serum samples. The method is sufficiently robust to be used in a clinical setting. A particular advantage of the method is its potential use in RA diagnosis at early stages of the disease.
authors: Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Sandhofer Strasse 116, 68305 Mannheim, Germany. arnulf.staib@roche.com
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Staib
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Dolenko
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Fink
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Früh
authors: A E
authors: AE
authors: Nikulin
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Otto
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Pessin-Minsley
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Quarder
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Somorjai
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Thienel
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Werner
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Petrich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003626:Data Display; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D012372:ROC Curve; D012016:Reference Values; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor / Q000097:blood*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D012217:Rheumatoid Factor