title: Spontaneous activity as a contingency-controlled behavior within an operant context: alprazolam concentration-effect relations after subcutaneous administration in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Environmental factors affect serum drug concentration-effect relations. For example, after midazolam administration, longer pre-session delays imposed in experimental chambers produced differential concentration-effect relations compared to those of shorter delays.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the extent to which serum concentrations determine alprazolam's effects on spontaneous activity in the presence and absence of a differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL 45-s) contingency using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis. Serum concentrations reported here were simulated from our published pharmacokinetic parameters for alprazolam.
  
  
  METHODS
  One group (n=8) was used to investigate alprazolam's effects on spontaneous activity within the DRL contingency by placing an activity platform beneath each operant chamber to monitor concurrently both spontaneous activity (large and small movements) and DRL performance (shorter-response and reinforcement rates) in 3-h sessions; a parallel group (n=7) was used without the operant context. The concentration-effect relation of the reinforcement rate was compared and contrasted with those of spontaneous activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alprazolam decreased large and small movements within the DRL contingency, which corresponded to that of reinforcement rates under the DRL 45-s schedule. In contrast, without the DRL contingency, alprazolam's effects on small movements were short-lived (i.e., 30 min) and no effects on large movements were detected. Hence, the predicted concentration-effect relations for the reinforcement rate function described those of spontaneous activity well within the operant context, but not those without the operant context. Furthermore, the latter showed no correlation between serum alprazolam concentration and large movements; a significant, but low negative correlation for small movements was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The duration of alprazolam's action was dependent on not only dose size but also the behavioral measure examined. By imposing the DRL contingency, spontaneous activity behaves as an ideal pharmacodynamic measure (i.e., continuous, sensitive, and objective).
authors: Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854-8020, USA.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Simpao
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Sun
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Falk
authors: C E
authors: CE
authors: Lau
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000525:Alprazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000525:Alprazolam