title: In situ analysis of mineral content and crystallinity in bone using infrared micro-spectroscopy of the nu(4) PO(4)(3-) vibration.
abstract: Measurements of bone mineral content and composition in situ provide insight into the chemistry of bone mineral deposition. Infrared (IR) micro-spectroscopy is well suited for this purpose. To date, IR microscopic (including imaging) analyses of bone apatite have centered on the nu(1),nu(3) PO(4)(3-) contour. The nu(4) PO(4)(3-) contour (500-650 cm(-1)), which has been extensively used to monitor the crystallinity of hydroxyapatite in homogenized bone samples, falls in a frequency region below the cutoff of the mercury-cadmium-telluride detectors used in commercial IR microscopes, thereby rendering this vibration inaccessible for imaging studies. The current study reports the first IR micro-spectroscopy spectra of human iliac crest cross sections in the nu(4) PO(4)(3-) spectral regions, obtained with a synchrotron radiation source and a Cu-doped Ge detector coupled to an IR microscope. The acid phosphate (HPO(4)(2-)) content and mineral crystallite perfection (crystallinity) of a human osteon were mapped. To develop spectra-structure correlations, a combination of X-ray powder diffraction data and conventional Fourier transform IR spectra have been obtained from a series of synthetic hydroxyapatite crystals and natural bone powders of various species and ages. X-ray powder diffraction data demonstrate that there is an increase in average crystal size as bone matures, which correlates with an increase in the nu(4) PO(4)(3-) FTIR absorption peak ratio of two peaks (603/563 cm(-1)) within the nu(4) PO(4)(3-) contour. Additionally, the IR results reveal that a band near 540 cm(-1) may be assigned to acid phosphate. This band is present at high concentrations in new bone, and decreases as bone matures. Correlation of the nu(4) PO(4)(3-) contour with the nu(2) CO (3)(2-) contour also reveals that when acid phosphate content is high, type A carbonate content (i.e., carbonate occupying OH(-) sites in the hydroxyapatite lattice) is high. As crystallinity increases and acid phosphate content decreases, carbonate substitution shifts toward occupation of PO(4)(3-) sites in the hydroxyapatite lattice. Thus, IR microscopic analysis of the nu(4) PO(4)(3-) contour provides a straightforward index of both relative mineral crystallinity and acid phosphate concentration that can be applied to in situ IR micro-spectroscopic analysis of bone samples, which are of interest for understanding the chemical mechanisms of bone deposition in normal and pathological states.
authors: Albert Einstein Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA. lmiller@bnl.gov
authors: L M
authors: LM
authors: Miller
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Vairavamurthy
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Chance
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Mendelsohn
authors: E P
authors: EP
authors: Paschalis
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Betts
authors: A L
authors: AL
authors: Boskey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis*; D011817:Rabbits; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000379:methods; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals