title: Contrast-enhanced gray-scale and color Doppler voiding urosonography versus voiding cystourethrography in the diagnosis and grading of vesicoureteral reflux.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare contrast-enhanced gray-scale voiding urosonography (CE-VUS) and contrast-enhanced color Doppler voiding urosonography (CE-CDVUS) with voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) to verify whether the use of color Doppler imaging improves the diagnosis and grading of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 74 patients, CE-VUS and CE-CDVUS were compared with VCUG, which was used as the gold standard. SHU 508 A (Levovist) was used as the echo-enhancing contrast agent. VUR was diagnosed if hyperechoic dots or color signals were visualized in the ureter on sonograms. VUR grading was based on morphologic and dynamic findings on CE-VUS and morphologic and color findings on CE-CDVUS. VCUG was performed conventionally, and grading by VCUG was in accordance with the international system of radiographic VUR grading. Patients who voided during 1 examination only (either CE-VUS and CE-CDVUS or VCUG) were excluded from the study. Agreement between the results of CE-VUS and VCUG and between those of CE-CDVUS and VCUG in diagnosing VUR was calculated by kappa statistics. CE-VUS and CE-CDVUS were compared for diagnostic accuracy by the McNemar test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The agreement between CE-VUS and VCUG in predicting VUR was 90% (kappa score, 0.77; p < 0.001). The agreement between CE-CDVUS and VCUG was 96% (kappa score, 0.91; p < 0.001). CE-CDVUS showed a significantly higher diagnostic accuracy than did CE-VUS (96% versus 90% of cases correctly classified; McNemar chi2 = 4; p < 0.05). This was mainly related to the lower number of false-negative results for grade I and grade II VUR when CE-CDVUS was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of color Doppler imaging significantly improves the accuracy of contrast voiding urosonography in the detection and grading of VUR.
authors: Department of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
authors: A L
authors: AL
authors: Valentini
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Salvaggio
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Manzoni
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Rendeli
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Destito
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Summaria
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Campioni
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Marano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011859:Radiography; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011134:Polysaccharides; C059891:SHU 508