title: Child protective services' response to prenatal drug exposure: results from a nationwide survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This survey was conducted to: (1) document child protective services (CPS) agencies' actual practices regarding prenatal drug exposure; (2) examine urban and rural differences in CPS responses; (3) explore whether CPS practices varied as a function of county median income, birth rate, population size, or percent minority births; and (4) assess respondent satisfaction with their county's current responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected via a nationwide telephone survey of child welfare supervisors from two urban and two rural counties in every state (N = 200).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety percent of counties (100% of urban and 80% of rural) reported receiving referrals of infants with prenatal drug exposure. Among those receiving referrals, extreme variations in practice were found; all possible response options (from very inactive to very aggressive) were equally represented on key questions (e.g., filing court petitions, taking custody). Rural counties tended to have stronger responses than urban counties (t[175] = -2.26, p = .024). County response did not vary with county-level median family income, percent minority births, or birth rate. Despite wide variations in practice, the majority of respondents (69%) felt their county's response was appropriate. Of respondents who did indicate that their county's response was inappropriate, most (85%) felt that the county needed to do more to protect children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is currently tremendous variation across US counties in CPS responses to, and beliefs regarding, the issue of prenatal drug exposure. Some of this variation is due to differences between urban and rural counties, with little variation explained by differences in median income or percent minority births at the county level. There is a need for research-based guidance and consensus building in CPS practice in this area.
authors: Merrill-Palmer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Ondersma
authors: L H
authors: LH
authors: Malcoe
authors: S M
authors: SM
authors: Simpson
mesh_terms: D002649:Child Abuse / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002655:Child Custody; D002669:Child Welfare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012947:Social Work / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data