title: Effects of female and male smoking on success rates of IVF and gamete intra-Fallopian transfer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking by both male and female partners may play a significant role in the success rates of assisted reproductive technologies. The objective of this 5-year prospective study was to investigate the influence of cigarette smoking by the wife, husband, and couple at various time points (e.g. lifetime, week prior, or during the procedures) on different biological parameters of IVF and gamete intra-Fallopian transfer (GIFT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 221 couples, aged >20 years, of Caucasian, Black, Asian or Hispanic descent were recruited from seven infertility clinics located in Southern California. Couples (i.e. either female or male or both) who ever smoked compared with non-smokers, had adjusted relative risks (RR) of 2.41 (95% CI 1.07-5.45, P = 0.03) of not achieving a pregnancy, and 3.76 (95% CI 1.40-10.03, P < 0.01) of not having a live birth delivery, while adjusting for potential confounders. For couples who smoked for >5 years, there was an adjusted RR = 4.27 of not achieving a pregnancy (95% CI l.53-11.97, P = 0.01). The number of oocytes retrieved decreased by 40% for couples (smokers, n = 6) and by 46% for men who smoked during the week of the visit for IVF or GIFT. Women who smoked in their lifetime had adjusted risks of 2.71 of not achieving a pregnancy (95% CI 1.37-5.35, P < 0.01), and 2.51 (95% CI 1.11-5.67, P < 0.03) of not having a live birth delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is compelling evidence that couples should be made aware that smoking years before undergoing IVF and GIFT can impact treatment outcome. This study may also provide insight into the timing and effects of male and female smoking on natural reproduction.
authors: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0607, USA. hklonoffcohen@ucsd.edu
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Klonoff-Cohen
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Natarajan
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Marrs
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Yee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001724:Birth Weight; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D015181:Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009865:Oocytes; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome