Resistance of feed enzymes to proteolytic inactivation by rumen microorganisms and gastrointestinal proteases.
Potential feed enzyme additives for ruminants were tested in vitro for their stability to ruminal microbial and gastrointestinal proteolysis. Four commercial preparations from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (A, B, C, and D) and one from an undisclosed source (E) were incubated up to 6 h with ruminal fluid taken from four lactating dairy cows before or 2 h after feeding. The stability of preparation B was also tested in the presence of pepsin at pH 3 and pancreatin at pH 7. Cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4), cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (EC 3.2.1.91), beta-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6), xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), and beta-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) activities were monitored throughout the incubations. Polysaccharidase activities of all enzyme preparations were remarkably stable in ruminal fluid taken after feeding. Ruminal fluid obtained before feeding inactivated the polysaccharidases in preparations B and D to a greater extent than ruminal fluid obtained after feeding. Cellulase and cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase activities were the least stable, declining (P < 0.05) by 35 and 60% for preparations B and D, respectively. Xylanase activity of preparation D decreased (P < 0.05) by up to 30% after 6 h of incubation, whereas beta-glucanase activity was not affected. The ability to degrade exogenous enzymes also differed among cows (P < 0.05). Pepsin and acid (pH 3.0) did not affect polysaccharidases in preparation B but decreased glycosidase activities by 10 to 15% (P < 0.05) after 1 h of incubation. Pancreatin, at the maximum concentration used, inactivated cellulase, cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase, and xylanase activities at a rate of 0.55, 1, and 0.45%/min, respectively. beta-Glucosidase and beta-xylosidase activities decreased by 1 and 0.75%/min, respectively. Partial proteolysis of cellulase, cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase, and xylanase by pancreatin produced a transient increase in activity. This twofold increase for cellulase and fourfold increase for cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase was directly proportional to pancreatin concentration. These results suggest that the enzyme feed additives tested were stable in the rumen of animals after feeding. Exogenous enzymes are likely to be more susceptible to the host gastrointestinal proteases in the abomasum and intestines than to ruminal proteases. However, exogenous polysaccharidases may survive for a considerable period of time in the small intestine and they probably maintain activity against target substrates in this environment.
Morgavi
D P
DP
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada, T1J 4B1. morgavid@em.agr.ca
Beauchemin
K A
KA
Nsereko
V L
VL
Rode
L M
LM
McAllister
T A
TA
Iwaasa
A D
AD
Wang
Y
Y
Yang
W Z
WZ
D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D002480:Cellulase / Q000378:metabolism; D004064:Digestive System / Q000201:enzymology*; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010194:Pancreatin / Q000378:metabolism; D010434:Pepsin A / Q000378:metabolism; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology*; D014242:Trichoderma; D043325:Xylan Endo-1,3-beta-Xylosidase; D014995:Xylosidases / Q000378:metabolism; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000378:metabolism
D010194:Pancreatin; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; D014995:Xylosidases; D001617:beta-Glucosidase; D043325:Xylan Endo-1,3-beta-Xylosidase; C026579:exo-1,4-beta-D-xylosidase; D002480:Cellulase; D010434:Pepsin A