title: Adenovirus-mediated expression and packaging of tissue-type plasminogen activator in megakaryocytic cells.
abstract: Platelets release large quantities of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) that plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of fibrin-rich thrombi. In addition, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), a key physiological regulator of fibrinolysis, has been detected in platelet alpha-granules at low abundance. This information raises the possibility of enhancing t-PA expression in megakaryocytes as a means to enhance the fibrinolytic properties of platelet alpha-granules and target PAs directly to fibrin clots. This study was initiated to investigate adenovirus (Ad)-mediated expression and packaging of t-PA into alpha-granules-like structures in the megakaryocytic cell line MEG-01. Ad/t-PA infection of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-differentiated MEG-01 cells increased cellular t-PA levels by 120 fold (1580 +/- 130 ng/10(6) cells at 5 MOI) in comparison to non-or Ad/beta-gal-infected cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis indicates that Ad/t-PA-infected cells yielded a homogenous shift in the t-PA staining profile with a 4-fold shift in mean fluorescence in comparison to non- or Ad/beta-gal-infected cells. For the isolation of alpha-granule-like structures, MEG-01 cell homogenates were fractionated by differential centrifugation and two consecutive Percoll density gradients. Fibrin autography of storage granules revealed a prominent lytic zone at Mr 66 kD comigrating with free t-PA. Quantitative analyses indicate that a 16-fold elevation in t-PA antigen within storage granules in comparison to non- or Ad/beta-gal-infected cells. To document the ability of t-PA to be stored in a rapidly-releasable form in these cells, we isolated platelet-like particles from the supernatant of differentiated cells and determined that particles from Ad/t-PA-infected cells display a 4-8 fold enhanced secretion of t-PA following treatment with the clasical secretagogue calcium ionphore 23187, ADP, or thrombin. Confocal immunofluoresence microscopy analysis indicates that Ad/t-PA mediated productive expression of t-PA in murine megakaryocytes. These data provide support for the concept of increasing the expression of t-PA in megakaryocytes as a means to alter the hemostatic  properties of alpha-granules.
authors: Department of Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Chuang
authors: R R
authors: RR
authors: Schleef
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000378:metabolism; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D008533:Megakaryocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000032:analysis; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014161:Transduction, Genetic
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate