title: Human angiopoietin gene expression is a marker for severity of pulmonary hypertension in patients undergoing pulmonary thromboendarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A consistent pathologic feature seen in lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension from thromboembolic disease is hyperplasia of the media of pulmonary arterioles. The molecular factors responsible for these vessel wall changes are unknown. Angiopoietin-1 is a gene responsible for the formation of the media of blood vessels in utero. We hypothesized that aberrant expression of the angiopoietin-1 gene in the adult lung would be a major contributing factor in the development of pulmonary hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 1999 to March 2000, a total of 35 patients (18 men, 17 women, mean age 52 years) with pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular resistance ranging from 407 to 2006 dynes x sec x cm(-5) underwent pulmonary endarterectomy at our institution. Before cardiopulmonary bypass, lung biopsy specimens were taken from each patient. Biopsy specimens were also obtained from 10 patients (5 women, 5 men, mean age 55 years) undergoing lung resection for causes other than pulmonary hypertension. All specimens were blindly scored by a pathologist for degree of medial hyperplasia. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to quantitate angiopoietin-1 messenger RNA and protein in each sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lung specimens from all patients with pulmonary hypertension demonstrated up-regulation of angiopoietin-1 at the messenger RNA level. The degree of angiopoietin-1 transcription was directly proportional to the preoperative pulmonary vascular resistance and medial wall hyperplasia/hypertrophy in each patient. By immunohistochemistry, angiopoietin-1 protein was confined to the media of pulmonary arterioles. Lung biopsy specimens from patients without pulmonary hypertension had no detectable expression of angiopoietin-1 at the messenger RNA or protein level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Angiopoietin-1, a gene responsible for vessel development in the embryonic lung, is up-regulated in the lung parenchyma of patients with pulmonary hypertension. The level of expression of angiopoietin-1 at messenger RNA and protein levels correlates to the severity of pulmonary hypertension in patients with thromboembolic disease and serves as a target for strategies to treat this disease.
authors: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103-8892, USA. pthistlethwaite@ucsd.edu
authors: P A
authors: PA
authors: Thistlethwaite
authors: S H
authors: SH
authors: Lee
authors: L L
authors: LL
authors: Du
authors: P L
authors: PL
authors: Wolf
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Sullivan
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Pradhan
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Deutsch
authors: S W
authors: SW
authors: Jamieson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D042683:Angiopoietin-1; D004691:Endarterectomy; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016014:Linear Models; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017131:Thrombectomy; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C467630:ANGPT1 protein, human; D042683:Angiopoietin-1; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger