Analysis of parathyroid hormone (PTH)/secretin receptor chimeras differentiates the role of functional domains in the pth/ pth-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor on hormone binding and receptor activation.
The type 1 parathyroid hormore receptor (PTH1r) belongs to the class II family of G protein-coupled receptors. To delineate the sites in the PTH1r's N-terminal region, and the carboxy-core domain (transmembrane segments + extracellular loops) involved in PTH binding, we have evaluated the functional properties of 27 PTH1-secretin chimeras receptors stably expressed in HEK-293 cells. The wild type and chimeric receptors were analyzed for cell surface expression, binding for PTH and secretin, and functional responsiveness (cAMP induction) toward secretin and PTH. The expression levels of the chimeric receptors were comparable to that of the PTH1r (60-100%). The N-terminal region of PTH1r was divided into three segments that were replaced either singly or in various combinations with the homologous region of the secretin receptor (SECr). Substitution of the carboxy-terminal half (residues 105-186) of the N-terminal region of PTH1r for a SECr homologous segment did not reduced affinity for PTH but abolished signaling in response to PTH. This data indicate that receptor activation is dissociable from high affinity hormone binding in the PTH1r, and that the N-terminal region might play a critical role in the activation process. Further segment replacements in the N-termini focus on residues 105-186 and particularly residues 146-186 of PTH1r as providing critical segments for receptor activation. The data obtained suggest the existence of two distinct PTH binding sites in the PTH1r's N-terminal region: one site in the amino-terminal half (residues 1-62) (site 1) that participates in high-affinity PTH binding; and a second site of lower affinity constituted by amino acid residues scattered throughout the carboxy-terminal half (residues 105-186) (site 2). In the absence of PTH binding to site 1, higher concentrations of hormone are required to promote receptor activation. In addition, elimination of the interaction of PTH with site 2 results in a loss of signal transduction without loss of high-affinity PTH binding. Divers substitutions of the extracellular loops of the PTH1r highlight the differential role of the first- and third extracellular loop in the process of PTH1r activation after hormone binding. A chimera containing the entire extracellular domains of the PTH1r and the transmembrane + cytoplasmic domains of SECr had very low PTH binding affinity and did not signal in response to PTH. Further substitution of helix 5 of PTH1r in this chimera increased affinity for PTH that is close to the PTH affinity for the wild-type PTH1r but surprisingly, did not mediate signaling response. Additional substitutions of PTH1r's helices in various combinations emphasize the fundamental role of helix 3 and helix 6 on the activation process of the PTH1r. Overall, our studies demonstrated that several PTH1r domains contribute differentially to PTH binding affinity and signal transduction mechanism and highlight the role of the N-terminal domain and helix 3 and helix 6 on receptor activation.
Vilardaga
J P
JP
Endocrine Research Unit Veterans' Affairs Medical Center and Departments of Medicine and Physiology University of California San Francisco, California 94121, USA. vilardaga@toxi.uni-wuerzburg.de
Lin
I
I
Nissenson
R A
RA
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002460:Cell Line; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009893:Opossums; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D051381:Rats; D044168:Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D011964:Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018016:Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014162:Transfection
D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D044168:Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D011964:Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone; D018016:Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C029937:secretin receptor