title: Factors influencing attachment of thermophilic bacilli to stainless steel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This project aimed to investigate the mechanism of attachment of the vegetative cells and spores of thermophilic bacilli to stainless steel with a view to devising strategies to limit biofilm development and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spores and vegetative cells of bacterial isolates were exposed to protein denaturing agents (sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and trypsin) and polysaccharide removing agents (sodium metaperiodate, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and lysozyme). Treatment with sodium metaperiodate, TCA and lysozyme increased the number of vegetative cells attaching in many of the strains studied, while SDS and trypsin decreased attachment. Spores attached to stainless steel in greater numbers than vegetative cells, and the various treatments had less effect on this attachment than for vegetative cells. Viability of the cells or spores was not an important factor in attachment, as cells and spores rendered non-viable also attached to stainless steel in similar numbers. Coating the stainless steel with skim milk proteins decreased the attachment of both vegetative cells and spores. There was no correlation between the degree of attachment and the amount of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) produced by each strain, surface hydrophobicity or zeta potential of vegetative cells or spores, though spores were found to be more hydrophobic than vegetative cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that biofilm formation by these thermophilic bacilli is probably a multifactorial process, and that cell-surface proteins play a very important role in the initial process of attachment during the formation of biofilms by these bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This information will provide direction for developing improved cleaning systems to control biofilms of thermophilic bacilli in dairy manufacturing plants.
authors: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors: S G
authors: SG
authors: Parkar
authors: S H
authors: SH
authors: Flint
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Palmer
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Brooks
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus / Q000502:physiology*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007218:Industrial Microbiology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D013193:Stainless Steel
chemical_list: D008894:Milk Proteins; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D013193:Stainless Steel