title: Experimental and clinical results of Er:YAG laser stapedotomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  At the beginning of the 1980s, different laser types were used for stapes surgery to reduce potential harm to inner ear structures through manipulation with conventional instruments during stapedotomy. Most clinical studies were carried out with the CO2 or the argon laser. The Er:YAG laser has been used rarely in patients with otosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an experimental study on 54 human petrous bones, the optimal laser energy parameter for dissection of the posterior stapes crus and the footplate perforation were determined. With these parameters, stapedotomy was carried out with the Er:YAG laser in 29 patients with otosclerosis with a conventional dissection of the incudostapedial joint and the stapedius muscle tendon. The Er:YAG laser was used (60 or 100 mJ, 3-6 pulses) for dissection of the posterior stapes crus and footplate perforation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No intra- or postoperative complications were observed in all 29 patients. Vertigo and hearing loss were not observed intra- or postoperatively. The postoperative hearing results (improvement of the air-bone gap) was in all cases satisfactory (median remaining air bone gap, 8.1 dB). The median operation time was 29 minutes (15-42 minutes) and did not show a significant prolongation in comparison to the conventional technique. In 1 of the 29 patients, the footplate perforation needed to be carried out conventionally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, Er:YAG laser parameters have been optimized and refined in a human petrous bone model and were then used in a clinical setting. According to the presented results, the Er:YAG laser seemed to be a very suitable instrument for stapedotomy.
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Marburg, Germany. lippert@mailer.uni-marburg.de
authors: B M
authors: BM
authors: Lippert
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Gottschlich
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Külkens
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Folz
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Rudert
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Werner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008297:Male; D010040:Otosclerosis / Q000601:surgery*; D010579:Petrous Bone / Q000601:surgery; D013201:Stapes Surgery / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors