title: Patients' perceptions and responses to procedural pain: results from Thunder Project II.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the painfulness of procedures commonly performed in acute and critical care settings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe pain associated with turning, wound drain removal, tracheal suctioning, femoral catheter removal, placement of a central venous catheter, and nonburn wound dressing change and frequency of use of analgesics during procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comparative, descriptive design was used. Numeric rating scales were used to measure pain intensity and procedural distress; word lists, to measure pain quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were obtained from 6201 patients: 176 younger than 18 years and 5957 adults. Mean pain intensity scores for turning and tracheal suctioning were 2.80 and 3.00, respectively (scale, 0-5), for 4- to 7-year-olds and 52.0 and 28.1 (scale, 0-100) for 8- to 12-year-olds. For adolescents, mean pain intensity scores for wound dressing change, turning, tracheal suctioning, and wound drain removal were 5 to 7 (scale, 0-10); mean procedural distress scores were 4.83 to 6.00 (scale, 0-10). In adults, mean pain intensity scores for all procedures were 2.65 to 4.93 (scale, 0-10); mean procedural distress scores were 1.89 to 3.47 (scale, 0-10). The most painful and distressing procedures were turning for adults and wound care for adolescents. Procedural pain was often described as sharp, stinging, stabbing, shooting, and awful. Less than 20% of patients received opiates before procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Procedural pain varies considerably and is procedure specific. Because procedures are performed so often, more individualized attention to preparation for and control of procedural pain is warranted.
authors: Critical Care/Trauma Graduate Nursing Program, University of California, San Francisco, Calif., USA.
authors: K A
authors: KA
authors: Puntillo
authors: C
authors: C
authors: White
authors: A B
authors: AB
authors: Morris
authors: S T
authors: ST
authors: Perdue
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Stanik-Hutt
authors: C L
authors: CL
authors: Thompson
authors: L R
authors: LR
authors: Wild
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001315:Australia; D002170:Canada; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care / Q000145:classification / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010465:Perception; D013396:Suction / Q000009:adverse effects; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000451:nursing
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics