Intracellular location and nuclear targeting of the Spi-1, Spi-2 and Spi-3 gene-derived serine protease inhibitors in non-secretory cells.
Proteases and their inhibitors are indispensable for the regulated activation and/or degradation of structural and functional proteins involved in basic cellular processes, e.g. in cell cycle control, cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. In this context the serine protease inhibitors derived from the murine Spi-1, Spi-2 and Spi-3 genes, and their human homologs, deserve reconsideration. Microsequencing data indicate that a fraction of the three serpins has the capability to constitute a well characterized proteinase K, high salt and SDS-stable complex which coisolates with DNA under salting out conditions from various cell and tissue types. This tight association with DNA isolated under conditions designed to deproteinize DNA efficiently points to an in situ preformed chromatin complex. Accordingly, in addition to their well known functions as 'serum protease inhibitors' the Spi-1 and Spi-2 gene-derived proteins appear to have intracellular functions as well. The involvement of the three serpins in chromatin complexes requires their nuclear translocation. Application of (enhanced) green fluorescent protein technology and optical section microscopy reveals that truncation of the N-terminal signal sequences of the Spi-1 and Spi-2 gene-encoded proteins is a prerequisite for their nuclear translocation while non-truncated fusion proteins are enriched at the nuclear indentation which is the site of the Golgi apparatus and the centrosome. The identification of new species of intracellular serpins is of potential interest with respect to accumulating evidence for serine protease inhibitor-dependent inhibition or prevention of apoptosis.
Rothbarth
K
K
Division of Biochemistry of the Cell (B0300), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg.
Kempf
T
T
Juodka
B
B
Glaser
T
T
Stammer
H
H
Werner
D
D
D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002286:Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000378:metabolism; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008322:Mammals; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015843:Serpins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014764:Viral Proteins
D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D002843:Chromatin; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D010455:Peptides; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; C403317:Serpina3n protein, rat; D015843:Serpins; D014764:Viral Proteins; C086597:lambda Spi-1; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D004247:DNA; C074641:interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme inhibitor