Feasibility of the membrane bioreactor process for water reclamation.
The feasibility of the membrane bioreactor (MBR) process for water reclamation was studied. Process evaluation was based on the following: literature review of MBRs, worldwide survey of MBRs, and preliminary costs estimates. The literature review and the survey have shown that the MBR process offers several benefits over the conventional activated sludge process, including: smaller space and reactor requirements, better effluent water quality, disinfection, increased volumetric loading, and less sludge production. The MBR process can exist in two different configurations, one with the low-pressure membrane modules replacing the clarifier downstream the bioreactor (in series), and the second with the membranes submerged within the bioreactor. Four major companies are currently marketing MBRs while many other companies are also in the process of developing new MBRs. The MBR process operates in a considerably different range of parameters than the conventional activated sludge process. The preliminary cost evaluation has shown that the MBR process is cost competitive with other conventional wastewater treatment processes.
Adham
S
S
Metropolitan Wastewater Department, 600 B Street, Suite 500, San Diego, California 92101-4587, USA.
Gagliardo
P
P
Boulos
L
L
Oppenheimer
J
J
Trussell
R
R
D019149:Bioreactors; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002140:California; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008851:Micropore Filters; D011336:Probability; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards