title: Mitral valve replacement with mechanical prostheses in children: improved operative risk and survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the early and late outcome following mitral valve replacement (MVR) with mechanical prostheses in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1981 and 2000, 44 consecutive children (mean age 6.8+/-4.7 years, 2 months--16 years) underwent mechanical MVR in Southampton. Twenty-three children were less than 5-years-old and nine were infants. Disease aetiology was congenital in 37, rheumatic in four, infective in two and Marfan's syndrome in one. Mitral regurgitation was present in 36 and mitral stenosis in eight. Concomitant procedures were performed in 13, including aortic valve replacement (AVR) in seven. Follow-up was complete (mean 6.4+/-4.8 years, 1 month--18.1 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall operative mortality was 14% (six patients). Before and after 1990 operative mortality was 31 vs 3.6% (P=0.02). From 1990, operative mortality for infants was zero out of six, for children less than 5-years-old was one out of 16 (one death after emergency AVR and MVR) and for older children it was 0/12. Seven children experienced valve or anticoagulation treatment-related events and eight had a mitral valve re-operation. Ten-year freedom from thromboembolism, prosthetic valve infection, bleeding, paravalvular leak and a mitral valve re-operation was 92.8+/-5.2, 97.3+/-2.7, 97.7+/-2.3, 97.2+/-2.7 and 75+/-9.7%, respectively. Overall 10-year survival was 78+/-7% (four late deaths); for children under vs over 5 years it was 61+/-11 vs 95.2+/-4.6% (P=0.02), for atrio-ventricular septal defect (AVSD) vs other pathology 55+/-15 vs 89+/-6.1% (P=0.05) and for those operated before 1990 vs after 1990 it was 63+/-8.1 vs 86+/-8.2% (P=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mechanical MVR, in the current era, carries a low operative risk across the spectrum of paediatric age. Late survival is better for older children and those having no-AVSD pathology but it has improved substantially during the 1990s irrespective of age and disease aetiology.
authors: Department of Cardiac Surgery, The General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Alexiou
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Galogavrou
authors: Q
authors: Q
authors: Chen
authors: A
authors: A
authors: McDonald
authors: A P
authors: AP
authors: Salmon
authors: B K
authors: BK
authors: Keeton
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Haw
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Monro
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006343:Heart Septal Defects / Q000453:epidemiology; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants