title: Feasibility and potential benefit of maintenance endoscopic variceal ligation in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage: a controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with unresectable hepatoma and acute esophageal variceal bleeding have extremely high rates of recurrent bleeding and mortality. This controlled study evaluates the feasibility and potential benefit of maintenance endoscopic variceal ligation in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with unresectable hepatoma and acute esophageal variceal bleeding underwent emergent endoscopic variceal ligation. After hemostasis, patients were randomized to undergo maintenance or esophageal variceal ligation (EVL) as necessary (demand ligation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four patients underwent maintenance EVL and 55 demanded EVL. One or more subsequent EVL session could be performed in only 30 patients (55.6%) in the maintenance group (actual maintenance ligation). Logistic regression analysis found that hepatic function determines the feasibility of maintenance ligation (Child-Pugh's A+B vs. C, OR 23.00: 95% CI [5.26, 100.66]). The survival and recurrent bleeding rates were similar in both groups. A subgroup analysis of patients with Child-Pugh's A and B hepatic reserve in both the maintenance EVL group (n = 24) and demand EVL group (n = 25) was performed to assess the potential benefit of maintenance ligation. Maintenance ligation reduced the rate of recurrent bleeding compared with demand ligation (p = 0.043). Cox regression showed that portal vein thrombosis and tumors in both hepatic lobes were also factors together with EVL that determined recurrence of bleeding. Survival was similar in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maintenance ligation is feasible in patients with unresectable hepatoma and variceal hemorrhage if they have a good hepatic reserve. Maintenance ligation might lower the rate of recurrent bleeding in this subgroup of patients.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: W C
authors: WC
authors: Chen
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Hou
authors: H C
authors: HC
authors: Lin
authors: F Y
authors: FY
authors: Lee
authors: Y Y
authors: YY
authors: Yeh
authors: F Y
authors: FY
authors: Chang
authors: S D
authors: SD
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care; D012008:Recurrence; D015996:Survival Rate