title: Dipole localization for identification of neuronal generators in independent neighboring interictal EEG spike foci.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated dipole localizations of independent neighboring interictal spike foci using scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) to identify neuronal generators of epileptic discharges.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three pediatric patients with extratemporal lobe epilepsy who had two independent neighboring interictal spike foci on scalp EEG were studied. Prolonged video EEG was digitally recorded from 19 scalp electrodes, whose positions were registered using a three-dimensional digitizer. Interictal spikes were visually selected based on negative phase reversals on bipolar montages. We analyzed the dipole position and moment of each spike using a single moving dipole and three-shell spherical head model. The dipoles were overlaid onto magnetic resonance (MR) images and divided into two groups based on two spike foci.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dipoles of the two groups were oriented either tangentially or radially to the scalp in close proximity to each other. The dipoles oriented radially were located underneath the electrode with a negative peak; those oriented tangentially were between electrodes with a negative and positive peak. The positions of tangential dipoles were more concentrated than those of radial dipoles. The epileptogenic regions corresponded to the dipole localizations. Surgical excisions were performed based on the results of electrocorticography. After surgery, two patients were seizure free, and one had rare seizures (follow-up period, 13-31 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed that dipoles in close proximity but with different orientations projected two negative maxima on scalp EEG in three patients with extratemporal localization-related epilepsy. Equivalent current dipole analysis of individual interictal spikes can provide useful information about the epileptogenic zone in these patients.
authors: Bloorview Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 713643@ican.net
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Ochi
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Otsubo
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Chitoku
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Hunjan
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Sharma
authors: J T
authors: JT
authors: Rutka
authors: S H
authors: SH
authors: Chuang
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kamijo
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Yamazaki
authors: O C
authors: OC
authors: Snead
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014743:Videotape Recording