title: Occupational cancer genetics: infrequent ras oncogenes point mutations in lung cancer samples from chromate workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chromium carcinogenicity and mutagenicity are no longer disputed. However, although chromium has various genetic effects that induce cancer, its mechanism of inducing lung cancer in humans is still not fully understood. p53, a tumor suppressor gene, was found to be infrequently mutated in samples of lung cancer in workers with long occupational exposure to chromium, suggesting other cancer-related genes to be targeted in such tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess the contribution of the ras oncogenes in the pathogenesis of chromate-related lung cancer, we studied point mutations at the critical positions of codons 12, 13, and 61 of the Ha-ras and Ki-ras oncogenes in 38 lung cancer samples derived from Japanese patients who worked in the chromate industry for long periods. We used both radioactive isotope and non-radioisotope PCR-SSCP techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of this study demonstrated that activation of ras genes due to point mutations in chromate-related lung cancer is a rare event.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ras oncogenes activated by point mutations do not have a major role in the process of tumorigenesis of chromate-related lung cancer.
authors: Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima City, Japan.
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Ewis
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kondo
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Lee
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Tsuyuguchi
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Hashimoto
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Yokose
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Mukai
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Kodama
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Shinka
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Monden
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Nakahori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002840:Chromates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
chemical_list: D002840:Chromates