title: Bacterial etiology of acute myringitis in children less than two years of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute myringitis is an inflammation of the tympanic membrane that occurs alone or in association with external otitis or otitis media. The two clinical entities, based on physical examination, are bullous myringitis and hemorrhagic myringitis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of concomitant middle ear disease with acute myringitis and to analyze the bacteriologic findings of the middle ear fluid in children with acute myringitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective longitudinal cohort study of 2028 children age 7 to 24 months at primary care level in the Finnish Otitis Media Vaccine Trial. Matched case-control design for analysis of bacterial pathogen distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 82 children in whom 92 ears were diagnosed with acute bullous myringitis and 37 children in whom 40 ears were diagnosed with hemorrhagic myringitis during the follow-up. Middle ear disease was associated with bullous myringitis in 97% of ears and with hemorrhagic myringitis in 82% of ears. Bacterial pathogen distribution was similar to that of acute otitis media, although a higher proportion of Streptococcus pneumoniae was detected in both bullous and hemorrhagic acute myringitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Middle ear fluid was present in vast majority of ears with acute myringitis in young children. The same etiologic bacteria were found in acute myringitis as in acute otitis media, but S. pneumoniae was the major pathogen. Acute bullous myringitis should be treated as acute otitis media in children <2 years of age.
authors: National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Palmu
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Kotikoski
authors: T H
authors: TH
authors: Kaijalainen
authors: H J
authors: HJ
authors: Puhakka
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014432:Tympanic Membrane