title: Prevalence of clinical and isolated subclinical cardiovascular disease in older adults with glucose disorders: the Cardiovascular Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) is highly prevalent among people with diabetes. However, there is little information regarding the prevalence of subclinical CVD and its relation to clinical CVD in diabetes and in the glucose disorders that precede diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study, aged > or = 65 years (n = 5,888), underwent vascular and metabolic testing. Individuals with known disease in the coronary, cerebral, or peripheral circulations were considered to have clinical disease. Those without any clinical disease in whom CVD was detected by ultrasonography, electrocardiography, or ankle arm index in any of the three vascular beds were considered to have isolated subclinical disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 30% of the cohort had clinical disease, and approximately 60% of the remainder had isolated subclinical disease. In those with normal glucose status, isolated subclinical disease made up most of the total CVD. With increasing glucose severity, the proportion of total CVD that was clinical disease increased; 75% of men and 66% of women with normal fasting glucose status had either clinical or subclinical CVD. Among those with known diabetes, the prevalence was approximately 88% (odds ratio [OR] 2.46 for men and 4.22 for women, P < 0.0001). There were intermediate prevalences and ORs for those with impaired fasting glucose status and newly diagnosed diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isolated subclinical CVD is common among older adults. Glucose disorders are associated with an increased prevalence of total CVD and an increased proportion of clinical disease relative to subclinical disease.
authors: Division of Endocrinology, Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, and Division of Endocrinology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. joshua.barzilay@kp.org
authors: J I
authors: JI
authors: Barzilay
authors: C F
authors: CF
authors: Spiekerman
authors: L H
authors: LH
authors: Kuller
authors: G L
authors: GL
authors: Burke
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Bittner
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Gottdiener
authors: F L
authors: FL
authors: Brancati
authors: T J
authors: TJ
authors: Orchard
authors: D H
authors: DH
authors: O'Leary
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Savage
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology