title: Decreasing late mortality among five-year survivors of cancer in childhood and adolescence: a population-based study in the Nordic countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the risk of death in patients who survive more than 5 years after diagnosis of childhood cancer and to evaluate causes of death in fatal cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a population-based study in the five Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) using data of the nationwide cancer registries and the cause-of-death registries. The study cohort included 13,711 patients who were diagnosed with cancer before the age of 20 years between 1960 and 1989 and who survived at least 5 years from diagnosis. By December 31, 1995, 1,422 patients had died, and death certificates were assessed in 1,402. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for validated causes of death were calculated based on 156,046 patient-years at risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall SMR was 10.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.3 to 11.5), mainly due to high excess mortality from the primary cancer. SMR for second cancer was 4.9 (95% CI, 3.9 to 5.9) and was 3.1 (95% CI, 2.8 to 3.5) for noncancer death. The pattern of causes of death varied markedly between different groups of primary cancer diagnoses and was highly dependent on time passed since diagnosis. Overall late mortality was significantly lower in patients treated during the most recent period of time, 1980 to 1989, compared with those treated from 1960 to 1979 (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.70), and there was no increase in rates of death due to cancer treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term survivors of childhood cancer had an increased mortality rate, mainly dying from primary cancers. However, modern treatments have reduced late cancer mortality without increasing the rate of therapy-related deaths.
authors: Department of Cancer Epidemiology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. torgil.moller@cancerepid.lu.se
authors: T R
authors: TR
authors: Möller
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Garwicz
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Barlow
authors: J F
authors: JF
authors: Winther
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Glattre
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Olafsdottir
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Olsen
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Perfekt
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Ritvanen
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Sankila
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Tulinius
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors