title: Cardiovascular risk factors in Tanzania: a revisit.
abstract: In this assessment of cardiovascular risk factors, we examined the prevalence of selected risk factors according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) CARDIAC Study protocol and compared them with a similar study conducted more than a decade ago. The survey was carried out in Dar es Salaam (D, urban), Handeni (H, rural) and Monduli (Mo, semi-nomadic area). Subjects aged 47-57 were recruited randomly for blood pressure and anthropometrical measurements, 24 h urine collection and blood sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain dietary information. The 1998 survey studied 446 subjects, while the 1987 survey included 496 men and women. The measured weight, body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2)) increased significantly among women in the 1998 survey in rural Handeni and urban Dar. The overall prevalence of obesity was higher for women in the most recent survey (22.8%, P < 0.0001). Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was higher in the most recent survey for women in Handeni. The overall prevalence of hypertension (blood pressure > 160/95 mmHg, or antihypertensive drug use), rose to 41.1% in 1998, (P < 0.001) for men and to 38.7% (P < 0.05) for women. The mean total serum cholesterol and prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia increased significantly in the most recent survey in the three studied areas. The overall prevalence of hypercholestrolaemia (serum cholesterol > 5.2 mmol/l) was higher in the 1998 survey for both men (21.8%, P < 0.0001) and women (54.0%, P < 0.0001). The mean HDL cholesterol increased significantly in the most recent survey, with a significant reduction in the mean atherogenic index, though these were still at higher levels (men 5.8, P < 0.0001; women 5.1, P < 0.0001 vs. 1987). A strong positive correlation was observed between blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and body mass index, total serum cholesterol and sodium to potassium ratio. These data suggest that for the past decade there has been an increase in the mean levels and prevalence of selected cardiovascular risk factors in Tanzania.
authors: Department of Life Science, Environmental Conservation and Development, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan. mnjele@jp.media.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Njelekela
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Negishi
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Nara
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Tomohiro
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kuga
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Noguchi
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Kanda
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Yamori
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Mashalla
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Jian Liu
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Mtabaji
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Ikeda
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Yamori
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D002784:Cholesterol; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium