title: Depth- and strain-dependent mechanical and electromechanical properties of full-thickness bovine articular cartilage in confined compression.
abstract: Compression tests have often been performed to assess the biomechanical properties of full-thickness articular cartilage. We tested whether the apparent homogeneous strain-dependent properties, deduced from such tests, reflect both strain- and depth-dependent material properties. Full-thickness bovine articular cartilage was tested by oscillatory confined compression superimposed on a static offset up to 45%. and the data fit to estimate modulus, permeability, and electrokinetic coefficient assuming homogeneity. Additional tests on partial-thickness cartilage were then performed to assess depth- and strain-dependent properties in an inhomogeneous model, assuming three discrete layers (i = 1 starting from the articular surface, to i = 3 up to the subchondral bone). Estimates of the zero-strain equilibrium confined compression modulus (H(A0)), the zero-strain permeability (kp0) and deformation dependence constant (M), and the deformation-dependent electrokinetic coefficient (ke) differed among individual layers of cartilage and full-thickness cartilage. HiA0 increased from layer 1 to 3 (0.27 to 0.71 MPa), and bracketed the apparent homogeneous value (0.47 MPa). ki(p0) decreased from layer 1 to 3 (4.6 x 10(-15) to 0.50 x 10(-15) m2/Pa s) and was less than the homogeneous value (7.3 x 10(-15) m2/Pa s), while Mi increased from layer 1 to 3 (5.5 to 7.4) and became similar to the homogeneous value (8.4). The amplitude of ki(e) increased markedly with compressive strain, as did the homogeneous value: at low strain, it was lowest near the articular surface and increased to a peak in the middle-deep region. These results help to interpret the biomechanical assessment of full-thickness articular cartilage.
authors: Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0412, USA.
authors: A C
authors: AC
authors: Chen
authors: W C
authors: WC
authors: Bae
authors: R M
authors: RM
authors: Schinagl
authors: R L
authors: RL
authors: Sah
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D019245:Compressive Strength; D004594:Electrophysiology; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D010539:Permeability; D013314:Stress, Mechanical