title: Cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors/cdk4/cdk2 complexes in early stages of mouse mammary preneoplasia.
abstract: The level of circulating ovarian hormones (estrogen and progesterone) alone or in combination with pituitary hormones have a potent mitogenic impact in the normal mammary gland, and they also play a pivotal role in the development and progression of mammary carcinoma. The differential effects of hormones on the molecular components of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) complexes in mammary epithelium of the hormone-dependent ductal outgrowth line, EL11, and the hormone-independent alveolar outgrowth line, TM2L, were the focus of this study. The two outgrowth lines, which represent early stages in mammary hyperplasia, were compared with normal mammary gland at different hormonal conditions: control, hormone stimulated by pituitary isograft, and hormone depleted by ovariectomy. Hormonal stimulation by a pituitary isograft resulted in DNA synthesis and lobuloalveolar development of normal mammary ducts, DNA synthesis but no lobuloalveolar development in the EL11 ductal outgrowth, and no changes either in DNA synthesis or in lobuloalveolar morphology in the TM2L outgrowth. The levels of cdk4- and cyclin D1-associated kinase activities were correlated with cell proliferation in only the alveolar phenotypes (i.e., in only hormonally stimulated normal virgin gland and in alveolar mammary outgrowth), whereas cyclin D2-dependent kinase activity was correlated with cell proliferation in only the alveolar preneoplasia. p16(INK4a) and p21(Cip1) protein levels were decreased at the earliest stages of preneoplasia, i.e., at immortalization, and were independent from changes in cyclin D1, which occurred later in preneoplasia. Although all cdk inhibitors changed in concordance with hormonal status reflected by proliferation levels, p27(Kip1) was the only cdk inhibitor that was up-regulated at the earliest stages of preneoplasia and may have a unique role in blocking alveolar differentiation in response to the loss of one or more of the cell cycle-negative regulators. We hypothesize that up-regulation of p27(Kip1) prevents immortalized ductal outgrowths (EL11) from progressing to the neoplastic state, even under hormonal stimulation.
authors: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. tsaid@bcm.tmc.edu
authors: T K
authors: TK
authors: Said
authors: R C
authors: RC
authors: Moraes
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Singh
authors: F S
authors: FS
authors: Kittrell
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Medina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001940:Breast / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D056742:Cyclin D2; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000378:metabolism*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010052:Ovariectomy; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: C486196:Ccnd2 protein, mouse; C493957:Cdkn1a protein, mouse; C493961:Cdkn1b protein, mouse; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D056742:Cyclin D2; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D006728:Hormones; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D019938:Cyclin D1; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495893:Cdk2 protein, mouse; C495902:Cdk4 protein, mouse; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases