title: Lacrimal drainage system endoscopic examination and surgery through the lacrimal punctum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To describe an approach to restore the physiological tear passages of an obstructed lacrimal drainage system with instruments introduced through one of the lacrimal punctum.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a first step a miniature endoscope (Ø: 0.9, 1.1, 1.3 mm) is introduced in one of the lacrimal punctum to visualize the level, the extent, and the nature of an obstruction along the lacrimal drainage system. In a second step, the miniature endoscope is replaced by a lacrimal trephine (Ø: 0.9, 1.1, 1.3 mm) that holds an optic fiber in its lumen, and the obstruction is removed under endoscopic visual control. The entire procedure is performed under local anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With this approach it is possible to visualize and remove partial or total fibrous obstructions along the lacrimal drainage system (lacrimal canaliculus, nasolacrimal duct). Lacrimal sac lithiasis can also be fragmented and eliminate in the nose through the nasolacrimal duct. During or after the procedure only minor, and no major, complications can sometime occur, such as hematoma or edema (after lacrimal irrigation) of the surrounding soft tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The approach described here is straight forward, quick, and can be performed under visual endoscopic control and in local anesthesia. With this approach partial stenosis can easily be diagnosed and cured. This procedure might potentially change our current concepts regarding surgical indications for obstructive epiphora and dacryocystitis. However, the long-term results of this type of surgery need to be challenged.
authors: Oculoplastic Surgery Unit, University Eye Clinic Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, PO Box, CH-4012 Basel, Switzerland.
authors: I O
authors: IO
authors: Haefliger
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Piffaretti
mesh_terms: D003608:Dacryocystorhinostomy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004322:Drainage / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019723:Endoscopes; D006801:Humans; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013523:Surgical Equipment; D013525:Surgical Instruments