title: Emergency department ultrasonography in the evaluation of hypotensive and normotensive children with blunt abdominal trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of emergency department (ED) ultrasound scan in identifying which children with blunt torso trauma have intraperitoneal fluid associated with intraabdominal injuries (IAI).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a prospective, observational study of children (< 16 years old) with blunt trauma who presented to a level 1 trauma center over a 29-month period and underwent abdominal ultrasound scan while in the ED. Ultrasound examinations were ordered at the discretion of the trauma surgeons or ED physicians caring for the patients, performed by trained sonographers, and interpreted at the time of the ultrasound. Ultrasound examinations were interpreted solely for the presence or absence of intraperitoneal fluid. Hypotension was defined as > or = 1 standard deviation below the age-adjusted mean. Patients underwent follow-up to identify those with intraperitoneal fluid and IAI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 224 pediatric blunt trauma patients had ultrasound scan performed and were enrolled. Thirty-three patients had IAI with intraperitoneal fluid, and ultrasound scan was positive in 27. The accuracy of abdominal ultrasound for detecting intraperitoneal fluid associated with IAI was sensitivity, 82% (95% confidence interval [CI] 65% to 93%); specificity, 95% (95% CI 91% to 97%); positive predictive value, 73% (95% CI 56% to 86%); and negative predictive value, 97% (95% CI 93% to 99%). In the 13 patients who were hypotensive, ultrasound scan correctly identified intraperitoneal fluid in all 7 patients (sensitivity 100%) with IAI, and hemoperitoneum and was negative in all 6 patients (specificity 100%) who did not have hemoperitoneum. Nine patients had IAI without intraperitoneal fluid, and ultrasound scan result was negative for fluid in all 9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ED abdominal ultrasound scan used solely for the detection of intraperitoneal fluid in pediatric blunt trauma patients has a modest accuracy. Ultrasonography has the best test performance in those children who are hypotensive and should be obtained early in the ED evaluation of these patients.
authors: Division of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817-2282, USA.
authors: J F
authors: JF
authors: Holmes
authors: W E
authors: WE
authors: Brant
authors: W F
authors: WF
authors: Bond
authors: P E
authors: PE
authors: Sokolove
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Kuppermann
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006465:Hemoperitoneum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery