Effects of rice seed surface sterilization with hypochlorite on inoculated Burkholderia vietnamiensis.
When a combination of hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite was used to surface sterilize rice seeds, a 10(2)- to 10(4)-fold decrease in CFU was observed during the first 15 h after inoculation of the rice rhizosphere organism Burkholderia vietnamiensis TVV75. This artifact could not be eliminated simply by rinsing the seeds, even thoroughly, with sterile distilled water. When growth resumed, a significant increase in the frequency of rifampin- and nalidixic acid-resistant mutants in the population was observed compared to the control without seeds. This phenomenon was a specific effect of hypochlorite; it was not observed with hydrogen peroxide alone. It was also not observed when the effect of hypochlorite was counteracted by sodium thiosulfate. We hypothesized that the hypochlorite used for disinfection reacted with the rice seed surface, forming a chlorine cover which was not removed by rinsing and generated mutagenic chloramines. We studied a set of rifampin- and nalidixic acid-resistant mutants obtained after seed surface sterilization. The corresponding rpoB and gyrA genes were amplified and sequenced to characterize the induced mutations. The mutations in five of seven nalidixic acid-resistant mutants and all of the rifampin-resistant mutants studied were found to correspond to single amino acid substitutions. Hypochlorite surface sterilization can thus be a source of artifacts when the initial bacterial colonization of a plant is studied.
Miché
L
L
Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR 5557 CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France.
Balandreau
J
J
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019117:Burkholderia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D027081:DNA Gyrase; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / Q000235:genetics; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000235:genetics; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009268:Nalidixic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D012275:Oryza / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods*
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009268:Nalidixic Acid; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; C105078:RNA polymerase beta subunit; D027081:DNA Gyrase; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II; D012293:Rifampin