title: Full face rejuvenation in three dimensions: a "face-lifting" for the new millennium.
abstract: Traditional facial rejuvenation techniques address the face by lifting the soft tissues in one or two dimensions. The face is a tri-dimensional structure and aging occurs in three dimensions, therefore, facial rejuvenation should be done in three dimensions. Sagging of facial soft tissues occurs inferiorly and inferomedially. The ideal reorientation during rejuvenation is in the opposite direction: vertically and supero-laterally. Two other elements not routinely addressed by traditional rejuvenative operations are reduction of skeletal framework and atrophy of soft tissues, particularly subcutaneous fat layer. These are the third dimension of facial aging. By principle, any technique that unfolds, pulls, or lifts produces a flattening effect of the structure being treated. They may give a false impression of augmentation if these tissues are advanced over bony prominences. These stretched out tissues also have a tendency to recoil. For that reason, the author suggests use of structures or methods less susceptible to a stretch relaxation or recoil. A prerequisite to 3-D facial rejuvenation is to perform a 2-D-(bi-dimensional) lift. A third dimension is integrated into it. There are four methods to provide the third dimension: (1) augmentation of the skeletal framework; (2) augmentation of subcutaneous layer with fat injection; (3) imbrication of soft tissues; (4) mobilization and repositioning of fat pockets as pedicle flaps. These methods are not exclusive to each other. One, a few, or all methods could be integrated according to the patient's needs and aesthetic goals. Tridimensional changes in facial rejuvenation can be assessed by a standard photographic comparison, using tools for in-vivo measurements or 3-D digital imaging. 3-D facial rejuvenation is an advanced concept in our pursuit to provide superior results with the more aesthetic, natural, and harmonious youthful look to our patients.
authors: Esthétique Internationale, Baltimore, Maryland 21093, USA. oscar@raminezmd.com
authors: O M
authors: OM
authors: Ramirez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods*