title: Severe blunt hepatic trauma in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe blunt hepatic injury in children is associated with a high mortality rate. Although nonoperative management has become the treatment of choice for mild to moderate liver trauma, there is no consensus as to the optimal treatment for the most severe hepatic injuries in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A statewide trauma registry was reviewed to identify children (age 18 years or less) treated for a severe blunt liver injury for the period 1993 to 1998. Only children with an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grade V (AIS code 541828.5) liver injury were included. Database records were reviewed for demographic information, associated injuries, survival rate, length of stay (LOS), intensive care days (ICUD), and treatment rendered after resuscitation in the emergency department.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty children with a grade V liver injury were identified. The mean age was 11.2 years (range, 1 to 18), and the overall survival rate was 56%. Data for 5 patients were excluded (4 patients died in the emergency department, and 1 patient was transferred to another institution after arrival). Survivors had a trend toward a lower injury severity score (ISS) (36.1 v 44.6; P <.1) and a significantly higher Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 12.5 v 6.6; P <.007). Patients with a decreased GCS had a lower overall survival rate (GCS < 8, 30% v GCS > 8, 76%). In the subset of 14 patients taken directly to the operating room, there was no difference between survivors (n = 6, 43%) and nonsurvivors (n = 8, 57%) in ISS (43 v 43; P value, not significant) or GCS (8.6 v 8.0; P value, not significant). Of the 11 patients treated nonoperatively, 10 (91%) survived with an average ISS of 33 and GCS of 13.8. Nonsurvivors more often had identified associated injuries to other abdominal and retroperitoneal organs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe hepatic injury is associated with a very high overall mortality rate in children. A low GCS is associated with a significant decrease in survival rate and may be the most important factor in outcome. Patients taken directly to the operating room have a slightly greater injury severity and a decreased survival rate compared with those treated nonoperatively. Thresholds and indications for laparotomy in these patients are not clear, and the need for operative management should be guided by the child's physiologic response to resuscitation. For those patients whose physiologic response to resuscitation permitted nonoperative management, a good outcome was achieved.
authors: Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and the Division of Traumatology and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: J P
authors: JP
authors: Pryor
authors: P W
authors: PW
authors: Stafford
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Nance
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D011859:Radiography; D015996:Survival Rate; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*