title: Potentiation of 3-hydroxyglutarate neurotoxicity following induction of astrocytic iNOS in neonatal rat hippocampal cultures.
abstract: Neuronal damage in glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (GDD) has previously been addressed to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated neurotoxicity of the accumulating neurotoxic metabolite 3-hydroxyglutarate. However, acute encephalopathic crises in GDD patients are typically precipitated by febrile illness or even routine vaccinations, suggesting a potentiating role of inflammatory cytokines. In the present study we investigated the effect of interleukin-1beta and interferon-gamma on 3-hydroxyglutarate toxicity in rat cortical astrocyte cultures and neonatal rat hippocampal cultures. A cotreatment of both culture systems with interleukin-1beta and interferon-gamma induced the protein expression of astrocytic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), resulting in increased nitric oxide (NO) production. Cytokine pretreatment alone had no effect on cell viability but potentiated 3-hydroxyglutarate neurotoxicity. NOS inhibition by aminoguanidine and L-NAME prevented an iNOS-mediated potentiation of 3-hydroxyglutarate neurotoxicity but failed to protect neurons against 3-hydroxyglutarate alone. In contrast, superoxide dismutase/catalase as well as MK-801 prevented toxicity of 3-hydroxyglutarate alone as well as its potentiation by iNOS, supporting a central role of NMDA receptor stimulation with subsequently increased superoxide anion production. It is concluded that the potentiation of 3-hydroxyglutarate neurotoxicity is most probably due to an induction of astrocytic iNOS and concomitantly increased NO production, enabling enhanced peroxynitrite formation. Thus, we provide evidence for a neuroimmunological approach to the precipitation of acute encephalopathic crises in GDD by inflammatory cytokines.
authors: Division of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 150, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Stefan_Koelker@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kölker
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Ahlemeyer
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Hühne
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Mayatepek
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Krieglstein
authors: G F
authors: GF
authors: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D020739:Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004347:Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005977:Glutarates / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D050770:Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000187:drug effects; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000172:deficiency*; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; D051381:Rats; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C108959:3-hydroxyglutaric acid; D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005977:Glutarates; D007375:Interleukin-1; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; D050770:Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase