title: The effects of single or multiple injections on the volume of 0.5% ropivacaine required for femoral nerve blockade.
abstract: We compared the effects of using a single- or multiple-injection technique on the volume of 0.5% ropivacaine required to block the femoral nerve, in a prospective, randomized, blinded fashion in which 50 premedicated patients received a femoral nerve block with 0.5% ropivacaine by use of a nerve stimulator and either a single- (n = 25) or multiple- (n = 25) injection technique. Muscular twitches were elicited at < or =0.5 mA before anesthetic injection. The designated volume of local anesthetic was equally divided among contraction of the vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and vastus lateralis for the multiple injections, or it was injected at the contraction of the vastus intermedius with motion of the patella for the single injection. The local anesthetic volumes were varied for consecutive patients by using an up-and-down staircase method; a blinded observer determined the adequacy of nerve blockade (loss of pinprick sensation in the medial, patellar, and lateral portions of the knee, with concomitant block of the quadriceps muscle) 20 min after injection. The mean (95% confidence interval) volume required for blocking the femoral nerve with the multiple-injection technique (14 [12-16] mL) was significantly smaller than that observed with the single injection (23 [20-26] mL) (P = 0.001). According to logistic regression analyses, the 95% effective volumes of ropivacaine required to block the femoral nerve within 20 min after injection were 29 and 21 mL with a single or multiple injection, respectively. We conclude that searching for multiple muscular twitches reduces the volume of 0.5% ropivacaine required to produce blockade of the femoral nerve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We evaluated the effects of using a single- or multiple-injection technique on the volume of 0.5% ropivacaine required to block the femoral nerve. The 95%effective concentration values for producing the same degree of sensory and motor blockade of the femoral nerve within 20 min after injection were 29 mL after elicitation of a patella twitch and 21 mL when the three main branches of the femoral nerve were identified, potentially leading to an important benefit for patients receiving peripheral nerve blocks.
authors: University of Milan, Department of Anesthesiology, IRCCS H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. casati.andrea@hsr.it
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Casati
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Fanelli
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Beccaria
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Magistris
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Albertin
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Torri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005267:Femoral Nerve; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D000077212:Ropivacaine