title: Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I in adult male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): associations with serum testosterone, morphometrics and age during and after the breeding season.
abstract: Our understanding of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in cervids has been limited mostly to its effects on antler development in red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama), and pudu (Pudu puda). Although IGF-I has been found to play a critical role in reproductive function of other mammals, its role in reproduction of deer is unknown. The objectives of the present study were to determine if serum levels of IGF-I change during the breeding season, assess whether age influences serum IGF-I, compare levels of IGF-I measured during and following the breeding season, and determine if IGF-I is associated with body and antler characteristics in free-ranging adult, male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We collected serum and morphometric data from hunter-harvested and captured white-tailed deer to investigate these objectives. Mean level of serum IGF-I during the breeding season was 63.6 ng/ml and was greatest in deer between 2.5 and 5.5 years old (57.4-79.9 ng/ml). Levels of serum IGF-I decreased by approximately 40% as the breeding season progressed, but levels were less in deer following the breeding season (34.6 ng/ml). Both body and antler size were associated positively with IGF-I when controlling for age. Serum testosterone was also associated positively with IGF-I. Levels of serum testosterone during the breeding season generally increased with age from 4.82 (1.5 years old) to 18.79 ng/dl (5.5 years old), but decreased thereafter. These data suggest that IGF-I may be an important hormone in breeding, male white-tailed deer.
authors: Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. ditchkss@auburn.edu
authors: S S
authors: SS
authors: Ditchkoff
authors: L J
authors: LJ
authors: Spicer
authors: R E
authors: RE
authors: Masters
authors: R L
authors: RL
authors: Lochmiller
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D000999:Antlers / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight; D001947:Breeding; D003670:Deer / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I