title: Temperature regulation in emperor penguins foraging under sea ice.
abstract: Inferior vena caval (IVC) and anterior abdominal (AA) temperatures were recorded in seven emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) foraging under sea ice in order to evaluate the hypothesis that hypothermia-induced metabolic suppression might extend aerobic diving time. Diving durations ranged from 1 to 12.5 min, with 39% of dives greater than the measured aerobic dive limit of 5.6 min. Anterior abdominal temperature decreased progressively throughout dives, and partially returned to pre-dive values during surface intervals. The lowest AA temperature was 19 degrees C. However, mean AA temperatures during dives did not correlate with diving durations. In six of seven penguins, only minor fluctuations in IVC temperatures occurred during diving. These changes were often elevations in temperature. In the one exception, although IVC temperatures decreased, the reductions were less than those in the anterior abdomen and did not correlate with diving durations. Because of these findings, we consider it unlikely that regional hypothermia in emperor penguins leads to a significant reduction in oxygen consumption of the major organs within the abdominal core. Rather, temperature profiles during dives are consistent with a model of regional heterothermy with conservation of core temperature, peripheral vasoconstriction, and cooling of an outer body shell.
authors: Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA. pponganis@ucsd.edu
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Ponganis
authors: R P
authors: RP
authors: Van Dam
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Knower
authors: D H
authors: DH
authors: Levenson
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000818:Animals; D001481:Basal Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D001831:Body Temperature; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D007053:Ice; D012623:Seawater; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior
chemical_list: D007053:Ice