title: Three-dimensional cephalometry using individual skeletal laser technology models.
abstract: When planning operations on the facial skull, transversal asymmetries of the maxillo-mandibular complex cannot be adequately assessed using conventional two-dimensional (2D) x-ray cephalometry. On eight patients who presented with facial skull asymmetries, a three-dimensional (3D) laser technology model (LTM) using CT data was fabricated. Five sagittal plane points and six symmetry points were marked on the LTM, measured with the FlashPoint 3-D Digitizer and then geometrically converted, such that using the sagittal plane points, sella, basion, and nasion, a method could be developed that allowed the localization of each spatial point in the three symmetry planes. Thus one could quantitatively record a patient's specific facial skull asymmetry in all three planes and a 3D measurement became feasible. Based on the measurements, the asymmetry could be assessed with respect to the sagittal, vertical, and horizontal planes. With the 3-D LTM Digitizer measuring system, the surgeon now had precise numerical information regarding the symmetry ratios of the skull at his disposal, information that would have been difficult to evaluate solely using a model analysis. The results from this study show that our measuring system is applicable and useful for complex maxillofacial asymmetries. The planning of surgical interventions was optimized because precise numerical values regarding the degree of the asymmetry were available. With the 3-D LTM Digitizer measuring system, cephalometric analysis of complex asymmetries in the three spatial planes can be pragmatically supported.
authors: Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Radiology, and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Basle, Switzerland.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Z'Graggen
authors: H J
authors: HJ
authors: Schiel
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Kunz
authors: J T
authors: JT
authors: Lambrecht
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005146:Facial Asymmetry; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D007834:Lasers