title: Quantification of left atrial appendage spontaneous echo contrast in patients with chronic nonalvular atrial fibrillation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The left atrial (LA) appendage is the most common site of thrombus formation in patients with atrial fibrillation, and integrated backscatter allows the quantiative assessment of LA spontaneous echo contrast (SEC). Integrated backscatter was used to examine the significance of measuring appendage SEC, specifically in relation to echocardiographic variables implying thromboembolism, in patients with chronic nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two patients with chronic nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and no prior anticoagulant therapy (35 men, 17 women, mean age 66 +/- 7 years) underwent transesophageal echocardiography with integrated backscatter analysis. The LA and LA appendage integrated backscatter intensity were measured with the regions of interest placed in the LA cavity and the appendage, respectively. The integrated backscatter intensity values for these two chambers (corrected "LA" and "LA appendage" integrated backscatter intensity, respectively) were corrected using values from the left ventricular cavity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LA appendage integrated backscatter intensity values were available in 44 patients (85%). Overall, the corrected LA appendage integrated backscatter intensity was significantly increased compared with the corrected LA integrated backscatter intensity (2.8 +/- 2.2 vs 2.0 +/- 1.8 dB, p < 0.001). The corrected LA appendage integrated backscatter intensity was inversely correlated with the LA appendage velocity (r = -0.37, p < 0.05), but not with the LA dimension, appendage size, or left ventricular function. The corrected appendage integrated backscatter intensity (4.5 +/- 2.3 vs 2.4 +/- 1.9 dB, p < 0.01) and LA integrated backscatter intensity (3.2 +/- 2.1 vs 1.7 +/- 1.7 dB, p < 0.05) were higher in patients who had LA appendage thrombus (n = 8) than those who did not. With the corrected appendage integrated backscatter intensity set at > or = 2.5 dB, the sensitivity for the presence of appendage thrombus was 88% and the specificity was 64%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with chronic nonvalvular atrial fibrillation had a denser SEC in the LA appendage compared with SEC in the main LA cavity. The severity of the appendage SEC was influenced by the LA appendage function rather than its size. Quantification of SEC in the appendage, rather than main LA cavity, was more valuable for assessing embolic potential.
authors: Third Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Daigaku-cho 2-7, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Ito
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Suwa
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Nakamura
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Miyazaki
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Kobashi
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Kitaura
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D020517:Atrial Appendage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging