title: Biological monitoring the exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of coke oven workers in relation to smoking and genetic polymorphisms for GSTM1 and GSTT1.
abstract: Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) increases the risk of developing lung cancer. Human exposure is often demonstrated by increased internal levels of PAH metabolites and of markers for early biological effects, like DNA adducts and cytogenetic aberrations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to assess whether the current exposure to PAH of coke oven workers in a Dutch plant induced biological effects, and to determine if these effects are influenced by tobacco smoking and by genetic polymorphisms for the glutathione S-transferase genes GSTM1 and GSTT1.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHpyr) levels were used to monitor the internal dose, while the internal effective dose was assessed by monitoring PAH-DNA adducts, DNA strand breaks (Comet assay), sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) and cells with a high frequency of SCE (HFC) in lymphocytes together with micronuclei (MN) in exfoliated urothelial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Occupational exposure to PAH resulted in statistically significant increased 1-OHpyr levels (P<0.001), but it did not cause a significant induction of SCE, HFC, MN, DNA strand breaks or DNA adducts. Smoking caused a significant increase of 1-OHpyr (P<0.05), SCE (P<0.001), HFC (P<0.001) and DNA adducts (P<0.05), but not of MN or DNA strand breaks. Following correction for the smoking-related effects, no occupational induction of the effect biomarkers could be discerned. Multi-variate analysis did not show a significant influence of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms on any biomarker. Also no significant interactions were observed between the various biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that in the examined plant, the occupational exposure to PAH does not result in measurable early biological effects
authors: Toxicology Division, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands. j.vandelft@grat.unimaas.nl
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: van Delft
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Steenwinkel
authors: J G
authors: JG
authors: van Asten
authors: N
authors: N
authors: de Vogel
authors: T C
authors: TC
authors: Bruijntjes-Rozier
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Schouten
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Cramers
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Maas
authors: M H
authors: MH
authors: van Herwijnen
authors: F
authors: F
authors: van Schooten
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Hopmans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003077:Coke; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000097:blood; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012854:Sister Chromatid Exchange; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D003077:Coke; D018736:DNA Adducts; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1