title: Intestinal permeability in children: variation with age and reliability in the diagnosis of cow's milk allergy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse to what extent age may alter intestinal permeability (IP) in children and to assess its reliability according to clinical manifestations in cow's milk allergy (CMA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A routine prospective study was performed in 200 children (12.5+/-23 mo, 0.5-168 mo) presenting with clinical manifestations suggesting CMA. Controls (n = 105) were those with a negative cow's milk challenge, whereas CMA children (n = 95) fulfilled ESPGHAN criteria. Permeability was measured as a percentage of urinary excretion of lactitol (L, %) and mannitol (M, %) (0.1 g/kg for each, oral absorption after a 6 h fast, 5 h urine collection, analysis by gas chromatography) and determination of the L/M ratio (L/M, %).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In control children, L/M correlated negatively with age (r -0.33, p = 0.0006), whereas in those with CMA no correlation was found. Median L/M was significantly higher in CMA children (n = 95) than in controls (n = 105), 4.35+/-7.57% (95% CI 5.30-8.39%) vs 1.97+/-0.87% (95% CI 1.76-2.09%), (p = 0.0001). With a L/M cut-off value defined as mean + 2 SD of controls, in CMA IP exhibited a 68% sensitivity and a 77% negative predictive value. The highest sensitivity (70%) was seen at ages 6-12 mo and the lowest (58%) at age more than 3 y. An abnormal IP was seen in 80% of CMA children with digestive manifestations, in 43% with extra-digestive, 68% with mixed and 40% with anaphylactic manifestations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IP correlates negatively with age in control children and is altered in children with CMA. The test is at its most accurate in the diagnosis of CMA when done at ages 6-12 mo, when there are digestive manifestations.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Hĵpital Cochin St Vincent de Paul, Paris, France. christophe.dupont@svp.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Kalach
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Rocchiccioli
authors: D
authors: D
authors: de Boissieu
authors: P H
authors: PH
authors: Benhamou
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Dupont
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002417:Cattle; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000652:urine; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016269:Milk Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013402:Sugar Alcohols / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D013402:Sugar Alcohols; D008353:Mannitol; C014635:lactitol