title: The dimerization domain of HNF-1alpha: structure and plasticity of an intertwined four-helix bundle with application to diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Maturity-onset diabetes mellitus of the young (MODY) is a human genetic syndrome most commonly due to mutations in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha (HNF-1alpha). Here, we describe the crystal structure of the HNF-1alpha dimerization domain at 1.7 A resolution and assess its structural plasticity. The crystal's low solvent content (23%, v/v) leads to tight packing of peptides in the lattice. Two independent dimers, similar in structure, are formed in the unit cell by a 2-fold crystallographic symmetry axis. The dimers define a novel intertwined four-helix bundle (4HB). Each protomer contains two alpha-helices separated by a sharp non-canonical turn. Dimer-related alpha-helices form anti-parallel coiled-coils, including an N-terminal "mini-zipper" complementary in structure, symmetry and surface characteristics to transcriptional coactivator dimerization cofactor of HNF-1 (DCoH). A confluence of ten leucine side-chains (five per protomer) forms a hydrophobic core. Isotope-assisted NMR studies demonstrate that a similar intertwined dimer exists in solution. Comparison of structures obtained in multiple independent crystal forms indicates that the mini-zipper is a stable structural element, whereas the C-terminal alpha-helix can adopt a broad range of orientations. Segmental alignment of the mini-zipper (mean pairwise root-mean-square difference (rmsd) in C(alpha) coordinates of 0.29 A) is associated with a 2.1 A mean C(alpha) rmsd displacement of the C-terminal coiled-coil. The greatest C-terminal structural variation (4.1 A C(alpha) rmsd displacement) is observed in the DCoH-bound peptide. Diabetes-associated mutations perturb distinct structural features of the HNF-1alpha domain. One mutation (L12H) destabilizes the domain but preserves structural specificity. Adjoining H12 side-chains in a native-like dimer are predicted to alter the functional surface of the mini-zipper involved in DCoH recognition. The other mutation (G20R), by contrast, leads to a dimeric molten globule, as indicated by its 1H-NMR features and fluorescent binding of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate. We propose that a glycine-specific turn configuration enables specific interactions between the mini-zipper and the C-terminal coiled-coil.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4935, USA.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Narayana
authors: Q
authors: Q
authors: Hua
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019281:Dimerization; D019791:Guanidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1; D051538:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha; D051539:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta; D016350:Leucine Zippers; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000235:genetics; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D018583:Pliability; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011489:Protein Denaturation / Q000187:drug effects; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary / Q000187:drug effects; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000187:drug effects; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012996:Solutions; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D055672:Static Electricity; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051538:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012996:Solutions; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1; D051539:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta; D019791:Guanidine