title: Telemetered electromyography of the supinators and pronators of the forearm in gibbons and chimpanzees: implications for the fundamental positional adaptation of hominoids.
abstract: Extant apes are similar to one another, and different from monkeys, in features granting them greater range of forearm rotation and greater size of the muscles that produce this motion. Although these traits may have been independently acquired by the various apes, the possibility arises that such features reflect adaptation to the stem behavior of the hominoid lineage. Anticipating that knowledge of forearm rotatory muscle recruitment during brachiation, vertical climbing, arm-hanging during feeding, and voluntary reaching might point to this stem behavior, we undertook telemetered electromyographic experiments on the supinator, pronator quadratus, ulnar head of pronator teres, and a variety of other upper limb muscles in two gibbons and four chimpanzees. The primary rotator muscles of the hominoid forearm were recruited at high levels in a variety of behaviors. As had been suspected by previous researchers, the supinator is usually active during the support phase of armswinging, but we observed numerous instances of this behavior during which the muscle was inactive. No other muscle took over its role. Kinetic analyses are required to determine how apes can execute body rotation of armswinging without active muscular effort. The one behavior that is common to most extant apes, is rare in monkeys, and which places a consistently great demand on the primary forearm rotatory muscles, is hang-feeding. The muscles of the supporting limb are essential to properly position the body; those of the free limb are essential for grasping food. Since the greater range of forearm rotation characterizing apes is also best explained by adaptation to this behavior, we join previous authors who assert that it lies at the very origin of the Hominoidea.
authors: Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8081, USA. jstern@mail.som.sunysb.edu
authors: J T
authors: JT
authors: Stern
authors: S G
authors: SG
authors: Larson
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D006922:Hylobates / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture