title: Immunomodulatory effects of cold stress on mice infected intraperitoneally with a 50% lethal dose of Toxoplasma gondii.
abstract: Cofactors such as stress have been suspected to play a role in the susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Toxoplasma gondii is one of the major opportunistic infectious agents in immunocompromised individuals, and infection can be modulated by external factors such as stress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the in vivo and in vitro role of cold stress (CS) in the pathogenesis of T. gondii infection and its impact on regulatory cytokines in this model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice subjected to CS and control animals were infected intraperitoneally with an LD(50) of PD2 T. gondii tachyzoites, and the outcome of the infection was determined. In addition, peritoneal macrophages obtained from CS and non-stressed mice were infected in vitro with T. gondii. The number of infected macrophages, the number of intracellular parasites and the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CS applied before intraperitoneal inoculation increased susceptibility against T. gondii infection. Peritoneal cells from CS mice contained significantly higher numbers of intracellular parasites and infected macrophages compared to those from non-stressed animals. IFN-gamma production was initially high in the CS group but decreased significantly after 36 h. Opposite results were found in the non-stressed group. Macrophages from CS mice persistently produced high levels of TNF-alpha and IL-12 and peaked after 36 h. Levels of these cytokines were lower or absent in the non-stressed group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that CS increased the host susceptibility to intraperitoneal T. gondii infection by modulating the function of macrophages and the production of cytokines (IFN-gamma) involved in the early control of infection.
authors: Department of Life Sciences, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Ind., USA.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Aviles
authors: F P
authors: FP
authors: Monroy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D007101:Immersion; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014124:Toxoplasmosis, Animal / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma