title: Tobacco smoking and periodontal hemorrhagic responsiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The influence of smoking on the periodontal hemorrhagic responsiveness was investigated in 2 different populations, one exclusively consisting of patients with established periodontal disease, the other of dental hospital admissions in general.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hemorrhagic responsiveness of the patient was clinically found from "bleeding on gentle probing" expressed as the relative frequency of bleeding sites (%). In the periodontal patient population, gingival bleeding was assessed by 1 examiner with known probing force, whereas in the dental hospital admissions population assessments were done by a great number of non-calibrated examiners with unknown probing force.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers exhibited a significantly lower hemorrhagic responsiveness than non-smokers. This held principally true for both populations but the effect was much more clearly detectable in periodontal patients than in dental hospital patients in general. A dose-response effect was typically evident in the periodontal patient population. Accounting for the periodontal disease severity, however, the effect of smoking became clearly detectable also in the general patient population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tobacco smoking is associated with a clinically suppressed hemorrhagic responsiveness of the periodontium.
authors: Department of Periodontology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Bergström
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Boström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors