title: A method for three-projection infant cephalometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess morphology and growth in infants and children with craniofacial anomalies based on comprehensive digitization of radiographic films in three, mutually orthogonal projections.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method consists of (1) acquisition of radiographic films in a highly standardized three-projection (lateral, frontal, and axial) cephalometer, (2) marking and digitization of a total of 279 anatomical landmarks in the three projections, and (3) computation and presentation (tabular and graphical) of 356 linear and angular variables describing the craniofacial morphology, including soft tissue. Computation of statistical entities describing a patient, a group of patients, the differences between patients or groups of patients was carried out. Error assessment of the method involved investigation of error distribution among a number of error sources. Duplicate digitization of radiographic films from 30 randomly selected patients, and from 10 dry skulls, was carried out to determine the errors contributed by the procedure of landmark digitization and the distribution of error among landmarks and variables, as well as between projections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average error due to landmark digitization, s(i), determined by duplicate digitization and calculated by use of Dahlberg's formula was 0.8 mm for linear variables and 1.6 degrees for angular variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method of infant cephalometry has been shown to be highly accurate and reproducible, and it adds significant new potential for, e.g., asymmetry detection, population comparison, and growth measurements compared to other cephalometric techniques due to its standardized acquisition and digitization protocol, inclusion of an axial projection, and the large number of well-defined landmarks and variables involved.
authors: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 20, DK 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark. nh@odont.ku.dk
authors: N V
authors: NV
authors: Hermann
authors: B L
authors: BL
authors: Jensen
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Dahl
authors: T A
authors: TA
authors: Darvann
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kreiborg
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000175:diagnosis; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital; D015203:Reproducibility of Results