Fate and effects of esfenvalerate in agricultural ponds.
The fate of esfenvalerate was investigated by sampling and chemical analysis after spraying of an artificial pond (25 g a.i./ha) and in the laboratory with [14C]esfenvalerate by trapping of 14CO2 and fractionation of the sediment. The effects were investigated on pelagic communities in enclosures in a natural lake and in the laboratory on surface (Cymatia coleoptrata) and sediment (Chironomus riparius) insects. The latter were used in sediment-plus-water and in water-only tests, measuring effects on emergence and mortality. The measurements in the artificial pond indicated exposure concentrations in the surface microlayer, water column, and sediment of 0.4 microgram/L, 0.05 microgram/L, and 9 micrograms/kg dry weight, respectively, two weeks after application. The degradation studies showed a limited mineralization (26.5%) of [chorophenyl-14C]esfenvalerate during 112 d. Part of the substance was transformed to water-soluble compounds (18.1%) or compounds attached to fulvic acids (26.2%), humic acids (14.2%), or nonextractable sediment constituents (8.8%). The formulated product Sumi-Alpha 5 FW caused 100% mortality to Cymatia coleoptrata after surface application of 0.13 g a.i/ha. Effects on zooplankton were recorded at 0.005 microgram/L of esfenvalerate. The 96-h median lethal concentration for first-instar larvae of Chironomus riparius was 0.13 microgram/L, whereas the delayed emergence lowest-observed-effect concentration was 0.8 microgram/L.
Samsøe-Petersen
L
L
DHI Water and Environment, Agern Alle 11, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark. lsp@dhi.dk
Gustavson
K
K
Madsen
T
T
Mogensen
B B
BB
Lassen
P
P
Skjernov
K
K
Christoffersen
K
K
Jørgensen
E
E
D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002683:Chironomidae; D001517:Coleoptera; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D009570:Nitriles; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D015048:Zooplankton
D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C017690:fenvalerate