title: The relationship between hirudin and activated clotting time: implications for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing cardiac surgery.
abstract: Anticoagulation with recombinant hirudin (r-hirudin) (Refludan) has been suggested as an alternative to heparin for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring cardiac surgery. We sought to develop a modified activated coagulation time (ACT) that would allow quantification of the levels of r-hirudin required during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Twenty-one patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgical procedures requiring CPB were enrolled in this IRB-approved study. R-hirudin was added to blood specimens obtained before heparin administration (before CPB) and 30 min after heparin neutralization with protamine (after CPB) to result in concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 6, 7, or 8 microg/mL. Kaolin/ACT and complete blood count measurements were assayed in native specimens (first 10 patients, Phase I) or in specimens mixed with equal volumes of commercial normal plasma (second 11 patients, Phase II). In Phase I, good (r(2) = 0.83) linear relationships between ACT values and r-hirudin concentrations (< or =4 microg/mL) were observed in specimens obtained before CPB. However, ACT values were markedly prolonged (P < 0.0001) by r-hirudin in specimens obtained after CPB, with ACT values generally exceeding the ACT's detection limit (>999 s) at hirudin concentrations >2 microg/mL. In patient specimens mixed with normal plasma (Phase II), ACT/hirudin relationships (i.e., hirudin/ACT slope values obtained with hirudin concentration < or =4 microg/mL) in the post-CPB period (0.022 +/- 0.004 microg. mL(-1). s(-1)) were similar (P = 0.47) to those (0.019 +/- 0.004 microg. mL(-1). s(-1)) obtained in the pre-CPB period. Accordingly, a significant relationship between normal plasma-supplemented ACT values and predilution hirudin concentration was obtained in the post-CPB (hirudin = 0.039ACT - 4.34, r(2) = 0.91) period. Although our data demonstrate that the ACT test cannot be used to monitor hirudin during CPB, the addition of 50% normal plasma to post-CPB hemodiluted blood specimens yields a consistent linear relationship between hirudin concentration and ACT values up to a predilution concentration of 8 microg/mL. Plasma-modified ACT may be useful in monitoring hirudin anticoagulation during CPB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A modified activated clotting time test system that may be helpful in monitoring hirudin anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass is described.
authors: Departments of Anesthesiology, Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors: G J
authors: GJ
authors: Despotis
authors: C W
authors: CW
authors: Hogue
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Saleem
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Bigham
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Skubas
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Apostolidou
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Qayum
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Joist
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D006400:Hematocrit; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006629:Hirudins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007616:Kaolin; D010976:Platelet Count; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000097:blood* / Q000139:chemically induced*; D014914:Whole Blood Coagulation Time
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000991:Antithrombins; D006629:Hirudins; D007616:Kaolin; D006493:Heparin