Biology of human papillomaviruses.
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause squamous cancers of epithelial surfaces, of which genital cancers are the most common. In this article we have attempted to describe the properties and functions of the viral proteins of HPV type 16, a common cause of genital cancers, and have tried to suggest how their expression may lead to a dysregulated cell which may become malignant. These viruses are attempting to replicate in terminally differentiating keratinocytes and must stimulate G1 to S-phase progression for the replication of their genome. As part of the successful completion of replication and assembly of infectious virus particles, the virus needs at least partial differentiation to occur. Therefore, at the same time as differentiation is occurring, the nuclei of infected cells are in S-phase. While the mechanisms of action of the viral proteins are not completely understood, researchers are making progress and this article strives to bring together the conclusions from some of this work.
McMurray
H R
HR
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
Nguyen
D
D
Westbrook
T F
TF
McAnce
D J
DJ
D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D016923:Cell Death; D002472:Cell Transformation, Viral; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D005834:Genital Neoplasms, Male / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000502:physiology*; D050725:Papillomavirus E7 Proteins; D011485:Protein Binding; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D014779:Virus Replication; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D016213:Cyclins; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D050725:Papillomavirus E7 Proteins; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; C068651:E6 protein, Human papillomavirus type 16; C054859:oncogene protein E5, Human papillomavirus type 16; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins; C059731:oncogene protein E7, Human papillomavirus type 16