title: Symptomatic mechanical heart valve thrombosis: high morbidity and mortality despite successful treatment options.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recommendations for treatment of mechanical prosthetic heart valve thrombosis (PVT) include systemic thrombolysis and/or reoperation. Data on complications and outcome are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and echocardiographic findings of 17 patients with mechanical PVT were reviewed. Complications and outcome of surgery and/or thrombolysis were analysed. Prospective follow-up was obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptomatic PVT occurred 8.4 +/- 7.2 years after mechanical valve replacement at mean age 55 +/- 15 years. Thrombosis involved the mitral valve in 12 patients (71%), the aortic valve in 4 (24%) and the tricuspid valve in one (6%). The reason for PVT was inadequate anticoagulation in 11 patients (65%), endomyocardial fibrosis in 2 (12%) and unknown in 4 (24%). Prior to diagnosis, systemic emboli occurred in 6 patients (35%). Thirteen patients (76%) presented in functional class NYHA IV. Haemodynamic valve obstruction was documented by echocardiography in 15 patients (88%). Treatment included primary reoperation in 12 patients (71%), thrombolysis with urokinase in 3 (18%) (with reoperation in 1), reinstitution of adequate anticoagulation in one (6%); death occurred before treatment in one (6%). Intraoperatively, both pannus and thrombus were found in 5 of 13 patients (38%). Treatment-related emboli occurred in 5 patients (29%), to the brain in 3, to the legs in one and to a coronary artery in one. Five patients died (mortality 29%) within 30 days due to multiorgan failure/septicaemia (3 patients), congestive heart failure (1), or cerebral emboli (1). Follow-up after 28 +/- 28 months in the 12 surviving patients was unremarkable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most common aetiology for obstructive PVT is thrombus formation due to inadequate anticoagulation. PVT remains a serious complication with high morbidity and mortality despite aggressive treatment by thrombolysis and/or surgery. Surgery is often needed due to the frequent presence of pannus and/or large thrombi. However, long-term prognosis after successful treatment of PVT is excellent.
authors: Division of Cardiology and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Bollag
authors: C H
authors: CH
authors: Attenhofer Jost
authors: P R
authors: PR
authors: Vogt
authors: A Z
authors: AZ
authors: Linka
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Rickli
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Oechslin
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Prêtre
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Dubach
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Turina
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Jenni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001021:Aortic Valve; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014261:Tricuspid Valve