title: Antagonization of TNF attenuates systemic hemodynamic manifestations of envenomation in a rat model of Vipera aspis snakebite.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been reported as a mediator of local tissue injury following snake envenomation in an intact rat model. We investigated whether systemic release of TNF occurs following Vipera aspis envenomation. We further analyzed the possible connection between envenomation-related hemodynamic depression and TNF antagonization (TNF antibodies or soluble TNF receptor).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomized, controlled experimental study using a rat model for snake envenomation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A medical university hospital research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty rats (300-400 g) were divided into four groups (n = 20): control and three experimental groups. Intramuscular injection of V. asis 500 microg/kg was administered to the three experimental groups: venom only (group 1), venom and 40 microg anti-TNF antibodies (group 2), venom and 250 microg soluble TNF receptor (p55-R; group 3). Hemodynamic parameters were monitored up to 4 h following venom injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant hemodynamic deterioration (reduction in heart rate and blood pressure) occurred 30 min following venom injection in group 1 compared to groups 2 and 3, where hemodynamic parameters remained stable throughout the 4 h observation period. Serum levels of TNF were detected 15 min after venom injection and peaked after 2 h at 485+/-12 pg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hemodynamic consequences of intramuscular injection of V. aspis venom can be blunted in a rat by systemic antagonization of TNF activity prior to venom injection. The poisonous hemodynamic effects of the V. aspis venom might be caused by systemic release of TNF.
authors: General Intensive Care Unit, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. medphilo@netvision.net.il
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Szold
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Ben-Abraham
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Weinbroum
authors: T E
authors: TE
authors: Englender
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Ovadia
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Sorkine
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Bon
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Flaison
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Sorkine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014757:Viper Venoms / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017819:Viperidae
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014757:Viper Venoms