title: Prostate cancer detection in veterans with a history of Agent Orange exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Agent Orange, a chemical that was widely used in the Vietnam War as a defoliant, is widely accepted as a health hazard but its potential causative role in prostate cancer has been controversial. We evaluated the rate of prostate cancer in veterans referred for prostate biopsy who reported a history of Agent Orange exposure compared to the rate in veterans who denied such exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 400 consecutive veterans referred for prostate needle biopsy in a 30-month period completed a survey regarding Agent Orange exposure. Of these 400 patients 32 (8%) reported previous exposure to Agent Orange. From the remaining 368 patients who denied Agent Orange exposure 3 consecutive age matched controls were selected per each patient reporting exposure for a total of 96 age matched controls. Prostate specific antigen, prostate cancer, cancer grade and length of cancer in the biopsy cores were compared in Agent Orange exposed patients and unexposed controls. To determine whether the patient population referred for biopsy was skewed by proportionally more exposed and referred than unexposed patients those referred for biopsy were compared to the overall adult male veteran population followed at the outpatient clinics at our facility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 32 Agent Orange exposed patients 13 (41%) had prostate cancer, while 33 of the 96 controls (34.4%) had cancer. There was no correlation of Agent Orange exposure with cancer (r = 0.06). There was also no statistically significant difference in the 2 groups in regard to PSA (p = 0.90), cancer (p = 0.15), proportion of well differentiated cancers (p = 0.41) or length of cancer in the biopsy cores (p = 0.34). Compared with the total adult male veteran population followed on an outpatient basis at our facility an average of 1.07% of those with a history of Agent Orange exposure were referred for prostate biopsy yearly versus 1.33% of unexposed patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Agent Orange may have a role in the causation of some types of cancer but we identified no significant relationship of prostate cancer with Agent Orange exposure in patients referred for prostate biopsy.
authors: Section of Urology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors: M B
authors: MB
authors: Zafar
authors: M K
authors: MK
authors: Terris
mesh_terms: D015085:2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000075182:Agent Orange; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011336:Probability; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014728:Veterans
chemical_list: D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D000075182:Agent Orange; D015085:2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen