title: Gunshot wounds to the ureter: a 40-year experience at Grady Memorial Hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because of the morbidity associated with missed ureteral injuries, a high index of suspicion must be present to diagnose this type of injury. We reviewed our 40 years of trauma experience at Grady Memorial Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of 118 patients with ureteral injuries secondary to a gunshot wound to the ureter from 1960 to 1999. All cases were reviewed for the mechanism of injury, location, initial urinalysis, imaging modalities, associated injuries, operative procedures and complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our population consisted of patients 14 to 71 years old, of whom 66 had right ureteral, 51 had left ureteral and 1 had bilateral injury. Urinalysis revealed no evidence of blood in the urine in 15% of the patients in whom the test was performed. Excretory urography had a false-negative rate of 33%. The injury was located at the proximal, mid and distal ureter in 43, 38 and 37 cases, respectively. Multiple surgical approaches were used depending on the location and severity of the defect. Only 1 patient had an isolated ureteral injury, while the remainder had associated injuries. Complications were present in 24 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge this series of ureteral injuries is the largest reported to date. Because preoperative urinalysis and imaging studies are unreliable for ruling out injury, a high index of suspicion must be present. Furthermore, a predefined trauma protocol, as defined in our algorithm, decreases the number of missed ureteral injuries that may potentially complicate the outcome of an already critical case.
authors: Department of Urology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Perez-Brayfield
authors: T E
authors: TE
authors: Keane
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Krishnan
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Lafontaine
authors: D V
authors: DV
authors: Feliciano
authors: H S
authors: HS
authors: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries*; D016482:Urinalysis; D014567:Urography; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*