title: Electrical stimulation for propelling endoscopes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methods are needed for propulsion of endoscopes and wireless video capsules along the small intestine. This work aims to test the hypothesis that electrical stimulation could propel an endoscope by stimulating muscular contraction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prototype acrylic ovoid-shaped devices were constructed with 2 stainless steel electrodes mounted on the tapered section. Five devices 15 to 23 mm diameter with a taper of 28 degrees to 40 degrees (included angle) were tested. When these devices were in contact with the bowel wall, electrostimulation was applied causing circular muscle contraction, which when applied to the taper of the ovoid resulted in forward propulsion of the device. The method does not induce peristalsis but works by stimulating local contraction. The device was tested in the small intestine and esophagus of anesthetized pigs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrostimulation caused the ovoid to advance rapidly (6 mm/sec) up and down the esophagus by inducing circular esophageal muscle contraction. When stimulated at 15 Hz with 30-ms pulses, the threshold for movement in the small intestine was 12 mA; at 20 mA the device moved reliably in either direction in the small intestine at speeds of up to 4.5 mm/sec and negotiated tight curves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrostimulation can move endoscopes in the small intestine.
authors: Department of Medical Physics, University College, and Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Mosse
authors: T N
authors: TN
authors: Mills
authors: M N
authors: MN
authors: Appleyard
authors: S S
authors: SS
authors: Kadirkamanathan
authors: C P
authors: CP
authors: Swain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D020776:Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000502:physiology*; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000502:physiology; D010528:Peristalsis / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine