title: The use of bispectral analysis to monitor outpatient sedation.
abstract: The bispectral (BIS) index has been used to interpret partial EEG recordings to predict the level of sedation and loss of consciousness in patients undergoing general anesthesia. The author has evaluated BIS technology in determining the level of sedation in patients undergoing outpatient deep sedation. These experiences are outlined in this review article. Initially, the correlation of the BIS index with traditional subjective patient evaluation using the Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation (OAA/S) scale was performed in 25 subjects. In a second study, the recovery profile of 39 patients where the BIS was used to monitor sedation was compared with a control group where the monitor was not used. A strong positive relationship between the BIS and OAA/S readings was found in the initial subjects. From the recovery study, it appears that use of the BIS monitor may help titrate the level of sedation so that less drugs are used to maintain the desired level of sedation. A trend to earlier return of motor function in BIS-monitored patients was also demonstrated. BIS technology offers an objective, ordinal means of assessing the depth of sedation. This can be invaluable in comparing studies of techniques. The BIS index provides additional information to standard monitoring techniques that helps guide the administration of sedative-hypnotic agents. The trend to earlier return of motor function in BIS-monitored patients warrants further investigation.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. sandl003@tc.umn.edu
authors: N A
authors: NA
authors: Sandler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000601:surgery; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol