Follow up of water use in a tin mining area affected with arsenic poisoning.
Ron Phibun district in southern Thailand has been known as an endemic area for arsenic contamination. The government has been trying to improve the situation by encouraging the use of rainwater and piped water. This study aimed to document the change of water use and to identify factors associated with safe water use in 1997 compared to that in 1994. Home visits and face-to-face questionnaire interviews were undertaken. Information on water use for drinking, cooking, washing food and washing utensils in 1994 and 1997 was obtained. Among 3,849 households from which data could be obtained (estimated 79% of total households), the percentages of using safe water (including water from bottled rain water, piped and artesian well water) for drinking and cooking rose from 72.5 and 57.9 in 1994 to 93.6 and 80.9 in 1997, respectively. The percentages for washing foods and for washing utensils rose from 28.6 and 20.5 to 59.1 and 53.8, respectively. In 1997, percentage of households using piped water for drinking and cooking was still low (3.6 and 12.3) compared to those using piped water for washing food and utensils (39.1 and 43.6). Multivariate analysis shows that independent factors of the household predicting safe water use are: high arsenic area, near main road and having piped water installed. The influence of these factors (as judged by the level of odds ratio) operates more or less equally on water use for all purposes, except that installation of piped water has more influence on washing water than drinking and cooking water. We conclude that safe water supply in the area is still inadequate. Even if piped water is installed, it is often not used for drinking and cooking. The reasons for not using piped water for drinking and cooking need to be identified.
Chongsuvivatwong
V
V
Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand. cvirasak@ratree.psu.ac.th
Lim
A
A
Dueravee
M
M
Geater
A
A
Ritsamitchai
S
S
Oshikawa
S
S
D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008906:Mining; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014001:Tin; D014881:Water Supply
D014001:Tin