title: Randomized adjuvant chemotherapy trial in high-risk, lymph node-negative breast cancer patients identified by urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most patients with lymph node-negative breast cancer are cured by locoregional treatment; however, about 30% relapse. Because traditional histomorphologic and clinical factors fail to identify the high-risk patients who may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, other prognostic factors are needed. In a unicenter study, we have found that levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) in the primary tumor are predictive of disease recurrence. Thus, we designed the Chemo N(0) prospective randomized multicenter therapy trial to investigate further whether uPA and PAI-1 are such prognostic factors and whether high-risk patients identified by these factors benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. After 4.5 years, we present results of the first interim analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 556 patients with lymph node-negative breast cancer. The median follow-up was 32 months. All patients with low tumor levels of uPA (< or = 3 ng/mg of protein) and of PAI-1 (< or = 14 ng/mg of protein) were observed. Patients with high tumor levels of uPA (> 3 ng/mg of protein) and/or of PAI-1 (> 14 ng/mg of protein) were randomly assigned to combination chemotherapy or subjected to observation only. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 241 patients had low levels of uPA and PAI-1, and 315 had elevated levels of uPA and/or PAI-1. The estimated 3-year recurrence rate for patients with low tumor levels of uPA and PAI-1 (low-risk group) was 6.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.5% to 10.8%). This rate for patients with high tumor levels of uPA and/or PAI-1 (high-risk group) was 14.7% (95% CI = 8.5% to 20.9%) (P = 0.006). First interim analysis suggests that high-risk patients in the chemotherapy group benefit, with a 43.8% lower estimated probability of disease recurrence at 3 years than high-risk patients in the observation group (intention-to-treat analysis: relative risk = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.25 to 1.28), but further follow-up is needed for confirmation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using uPA and PAI-1, we have been able to classify about half of the patients with lymph node-negative breast cancer as low risk, for whom adjuvant chemotherapy may be avoided, and half as high risk, who appear to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
authors: Universitäts-Frauenklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Jänicke
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Prechtl
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Thomssen
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Harbeck
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Meisner
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Untch
authors: C G
authors: CG
authors: Sweep
authors: H K
authors: HK
authors: Selbmann
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Graeff
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Schmitt
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008593:Menopause; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D005472:Fluorouracil; D008727:Methotrexate