title: Reliable measurement of mouse intraocular pressure by a servo-null micropipette system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a reliable technique for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in the mouse.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electrophysiologic approach-the servo-null micropipette system (SNMS)-for measuring hydrostatic pressure was adapted for the mouse eye. Fine-tipped (5 microm in diameter) micropipettes were advanced across the cornea with a piezoelectric micromanipulator, and the IOP was continuously monitored for up to 46 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The micropipette tip was visualized in the anterior chamber. With the SNMS, the IOP of black Swiss outbred mice under ketamine anesthesia was 17.8 +/- 0.4 mm Hg, higher than values previously estimated in inbred mouse strains by a larger bore microneedle manometric technique. After withdrawal of the micropipette, a second penetration led to a similar level of IOP. Hypotonic solutions increased and hypertonic solutions decreased IOP. Drugs that decrease inflow (acetazolamide, timolol) or increase outflow facility (pilocarpine, latanoprost) in primates and humans lowered steady state IOP in the mouse. The transient initial increase in IOP produced by pilocarpine reported in other animals was also observed in the mouse. Xylazine-ketamine anesthesia lowered IOP substantially in comparison with systemic anesthesia with either ketamine or tribromoethanol alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SNMS is the first reliable, reproducible method for measuring mouse IOP. The mouse IOP is sensitive not only to drugs known to reduce aqueous humor inflow but also to drugs that increase aqueous humor outflow facility in the eyes of primates and humans. The development of the SNMS is an enabling step in the use of the mouse for glaucoma research, including molecular genetics, molecular pharmacology, and the search for novel antiglaucoma drugs.
authors: Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA.
authors: M Y
authors: MY
authors: Avila
authors: D A
authors: DA
authors: Carré
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Stone
authors: M M
authors: MM
authors: Civan
mesh_terms: D000086:Acetazolamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000187:drug effects; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D000077338:Latanoprost; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011461:Prostaglandins F, Synthetic / Q000494:pharmacology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013999:Timolol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D011461:Prostaglandins F, Synthetic; D010862:Pilocarpine; D000077338:Latanoprost; D013999:Timolol; D000086:Acetazolamide