title: Retinoic acid dramatically enhances the arsenic trioxide-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in retinoic acid receptor alpha-positive human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I-transformed cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, caused by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I, is an aggressive neoplasm of mature activated T cells that is generally resistant to conventional therapy. While arsenic trioxide (As) inhibits the growth and induces apoptosis in HTLV-I-infected T cells, synergistically, when combined with interferon-alpha, variable effects on growth with all trans retinoic acid treatment have been reported in ATL-derived cell lines and fresh ATL cells. In this study, we investigate the effects of ATRA alone or in combination with As in HTLV-I-transformed cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four HTLV-I-transformed cell lines (HuT-102, MT2, C8166 and C91PL) were treated with different doses of ATRA alone or in combination with As for one to three days. Cell growth was assessed by cell count with 3H-thymidine incorporation. Cell cycle distribution was assessed by propidium iodine-labeled DNA content by flow cytometry. Apoptosis was evaluated by Hoechst nuclear staining and annexin-V binding assays. Expression of retinoid receptors, the viral transactivator Tax, and the proteins bcl-2 and IkappaB-alpha proteins, was analysed by Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only C8166 cells were sensitive to the ATRA-induced growth inhibitory effect while HuT-102, MT2, and C91PL were resistant to ATRA treatment (up to 10(-5) M). The retinoid X receptor alpha and the retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARgamma) proteins were expressed in all four cell lines, while RARalpha protein was only detected in the HuT-102 and C8166 cells. The combination ATRA/As showed a highly synergistic effect on HuT-102 cells, and, to a lesser extent, on C8166 cells and resulted in a dramatic inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of massive apoptosis in HuT-102 cells, associated with caspase activation. While ATRA alone had no effect on Tax and IkappaB-alpha protein levels, ATRA increased the As-induced Tax degradation and the up-regulation of IkappaB-alpha protein. In contrast, the expression of bcl-2 protein was not significantly affected by any of the treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data provide a rationale for combined ATRA and As-therapies in ATL patients refractory to conventional therapy and expressing RARalpha in their leukemic cells.
authors: Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. nd03@aub.edu.lb
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Darwiche
authors: M
authors: M
authors: El-Sabban
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Bazzi
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Nasr
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Al-Hashimi
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Hermine
authors: H
authors: H
authors: de Thé
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Bazarbachi
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D015368:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015459:Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001152:Arsenicals; D010087:Oxides; C000607071:RARA protein, human; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D014212:Tretinoin; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide