title: Dual effects of ouabain on the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis in human prostatic smooth muscle cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the role of ouabain in the pathophysiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia we examined the effects of ouabain on the proliferation and apoptosis of human prostatic smooth muscle cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cultures of human prostatic smooth muscle cells were obtained from 7 patients with bladder outlet obstruction caused by benign prostatic enlargement. A cell proliferation study was performed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay method to examine the effects of different concentrations of ouabain and various inhibitors. Western blot analysis was done to determine mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling reaction method and caspase-3 activity assay were also performed to examine the apoptotic mechanism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ouabain exhibited a modest but significant proliferative effect in nanomolar concentrations; whereas it induced cell apoptosis at higher concentrations. Ouabain caused rapid activation of p42/44 MAPKs. The proliferative effect of ouabain was completely flattened by W-7 and MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, suggesting the requirement of Ca(2+) mobilization and the involvement of the MEK-p42/44 MAPK cascade. The cytotoxic effect by ouabain was defined as apoptosis and necrosis using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling reaction technique and lactate dehydrogenase release assay, respectively. In addition, ouabain induced profound caspase-3 activity in the cytotoxic concentrations and DEVD-CHO reversed the cytotoxic action to ouabain, demonstrating the involvement of caspase-3 activation in the cytotoxic action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ouabain at different concentrations caused dual effects on proliferation and apoptosis in human prostatic smooth muscle cells. At low concentrations ouabain promoted cell proliferation via a Ca(2+) dependent mechanism and activation of the MEK-p42/44 MAPK pathway; whereas it induced cell apoptosis via the activation of caspase-3 activity at higher concentrations.
authors: Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Chueh
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Guh
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Chen
authors: M K
authors: MK
authors: Lai
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Teng
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016252:Microscopy, Scanning Tunneling; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D010042:Ouabain / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011336:Probability; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D010042:Ouabain