Outbreak of Hepatitis B among injecting drug users in Denmark.
BACKGROUND
The incidence of hepatitis B is low in Denmark, but injecting drug users (IDUs) remains a high-risk group for this infection.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to describe a hepatitis B outbreak among IDUs by comparing existing registers. Additionally, we wanted to analyze the genetic variation of the hepatitis B virus involved in the outbreak.


METHODS
In the County of Funen, registers of laboratory diagnosis, hospital records and reports from clinicians to the Medical Officer of Health (MOH) were compared between 1992 and 1998. HBsAg positive sera recovered from the epidemic were sequenced and compared to known HBV strains.


RESULTS
We identified 648 cases of hepatitis B of which 51% (332) were acute infections. The laboratory database identified 96% (319/332) of these, 45% (150/332) were admitted to hospital and 38% (127/332) were reported to public health. By capture-recapture analysis based on MOH reports and hospital records the estimated total number of acute cases were 334 (95% C.I. 283-385). We sequenced 75 HBsAg positive samples and identified two very similar strains of genotype D (serotype ayw3) among IDUs involved in the outbreak.


CONCLUSIONS
The current surveillance system did not detect the majority of acute hepatitis B cases in County of Funen. We suggest laboratory-based surveillance of hepatitis B to be implemented at a national level as this may identify new outbreaks faster and more complete than the current surveillance system.
Christensen
P B
PB
Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, 500, Odense, Denmark. peer.christensen@dadlnet.dk
Krarup
H B
HB
Niesters
H G
HG
Norder
H
H
Schaffalitzky de Muckadell
O B
OB
Jeune
B
B
Georgsen
J
J
D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D012042:Registries; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology