title: Facial fractures in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the pattern of injury of facial fractures in children, the relative contribution of plain radiography and CT scanning in the diagnosis of these injuries, and factors leading to delayed diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case note review.
  
  
  METHODS
  All children with facial fractures identified using the trauma and medical record databases at our institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six children with 59 facial fractures presented over a 4-year, 2-month period from November 1995 to December 1999. The median age was 10 years, with a range from 1 to 14. There was a 2-to-1 male-to-female sex ratio. A motor vehicle accident (MVA) involving a child as passenger, pedestrian, or cyclist accounted for 63% of cases. In seven of these, the child was either a front seat passenger or inappropriately restrained for their age and size. In all but one case, the presence of a fracture was associated with an overlying laceration, abrasion, or significant soft tissue edema. Initial examination and plain radiologic assessment by a pediatric clinician led to diagnostic delay in nine children. Facial CT was performed in 38 children, and all results were positive. Twenty-six patients required operative intervention for their facial fracture. Associated injuries, particularly of the head and limbs, were present in all but six patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facial fractures were uncommon overall but occurred more frequently in children with major trauma. Plain facial radiographs provided limited additional diagnostic information to careful clinical examination and often fail to detect or clearly define a facial fracture in children. In the correct clinical setting, a facial CT scan allows accurate diagnosis of the injury and can reveal previously unsuspected additional fractures.
authors: Department of Surgical Research, The New Children's Hospital, Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Holland
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Broome
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Steinberg
authors: D T
authors: DT
authors: Cass
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed