title: Delayed dark-adaptation and lipofuscin accumulation in abcr+/- mice: implications for involvement of ABCR in age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the ocular phenotype in mice heterozygous for a null mutation in the abcr gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retinas and retinal pigment epithelia (RPE) were prepared from wild-type, abcr+/-, and abcr-/- mice. Fresh tissues were homogenized and analyzed by normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the presence of retinoids and phospholipids. In another study, fixed tissues were sectioned and analyzed by light and electron microscopy. Finally, anesthetized mice were studied by electroretinography (ERG) at different times after exposure to strong light.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A2E, the major fluorophore of lipofuscin, and its precursors, A2PE-H(2) and A2PE, were approximately fourfold more abundant in 8-month-old abcr+/- than in the wild-type retina and RPE. The levels of these substances in abcr+/- mice were approximately 40% those in abcr-/- mice. Lipofuscin pigment-granules were also visible in abcr+/- RPE cells by electron microscopy. Accumulation of A2PE-H(2) and A2E in abcr+/- retina and RPE, respectively, was strongly dependent on light exposure. Heterozygous mutants also exhibited delayed recovery of rod sensitivity by ERG. This delay was correlated with elevated levels of all-trans-retinaldehyde (all-trans-RAL) in retina after a photobleach and was not caused by a reduction in quantum-catch due to depletion of 11-cis-retinaldehyde (11-cis-RAL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Partial loss of the ABCR or rim protein is sufficient to cause a phenotype in mice similar to recessive Stargardt's disease (STGD) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in humans. These data are consistent with the suggestion that the STGD carrier-state may predispose to the development of AMD.
authors: Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7008, USA.
authors: N L
authors: NL
authors: Mata
authors: R T
authors: RT
authors: Tzekov
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Weng
authors: D G
authors: DG
authors: Birch
authors: G H
authors: GH
authors: Travis
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003623:Dark Adaptation; D004596:Electroretinography; D008062:Lipofuscin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D010641:Phenotype; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000378:metabolism; D012176:Retinoids / Q000378:metabolism; D012374:Rod Cell Outer Segment / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; C512841:Abca4 protein, mouse; D008062:Lipofuscin; D012176:Retinoids; C121835:retinylidene chromophore