title: Carotid endarterectomy in awake patients with contralateral carotid artery occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with severe stenosis of an internal carotid artery with contralateral occlusion (ICO) are at an increased risk for stroke, and therefore surgical treatment is usually recommended. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) under regional anesthesia enables constant monitoring of neurologic status and selective shunting in cases of clinically evident cerebral ischemia. In this study, we assess the selective use of shunts based solely on changes in neurological status in awake patients with ICO undergoing CEA as well as their complication rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 1996-1998, we studied intraoperative findings and results of CEA under regional anesthesia with clinical monitoring of neurological status in two groups: (1) patients with stenosis (> 70% by NASCET) and contralateral occlusion (n = 50) and (2) patients with stenosis and no contralateral occlusion (n = 94).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shunt insertion was required in 42% of group 1, and 6% in group 2. All of the patients in group 1 requiring shunts had stump pressures < 50 torr. The average stump pressure of group 1(40 torr) was significantly lower than that of group 2 (75 torr), and was also lower than that of patients with severe contralateral stenosis (35 patients, 76 torr). Perioperative stroke rates were identical in both groups (2.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since ICO patients are at a high risk for brain ischemia during ICA clamping, they require shunt insertion frequently. Patients with no contralateral occlusion require shunting at a much lower rate - even in the presence of severe contralateral stenosis. Regional anesthesia allows for early detection of brain ischemia and therefore, the perioperative results in both groups are similar.
authors: Vascular Surgery Department, Carmel Medical Center, Neurology Department, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Karmeli
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Lubezky
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Halak
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Loberman
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Weller
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Fajer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors