title: Prognostic disclosure to patients with cancer near the end of life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients' understanding of their prognosis informs numerous medical and nonmedical decisions, but patients with cancer and their physicians often have disparate prognostic expectations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether physician behavior might contribute to the disparity between patients' and physicians' prognostic expectations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hospices in Chicago, Illinois.
  
  
  METHODS
  326 patients with cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physicians formulated survival estimates and also indicated the survival estimates that they would communicate to their patients if the patients insisted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of the formulated and communicated prognoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 300 of 311 evaluable patients (96.5%), physicians were able to formulate prognoses. Physicians reported that they would not communicate any survival estimate 22.7% (95% CI, 17.9% to 27.4%) of the time, would communicate the same survival estimate they formulated 37% (CI, 31.5% to 42.5%) of the time, and would communicate a survival estimate different from the one they formulated 40.3% (CI, 34.8% to 45.9%) of the time. Of the discrepant survival estimates, most (70.2%) were optimistically discrepant. Multivariate analysis revealed that older patients were more likely to receive frank survival estimates, that the most experienced physicians and the physicians who were least confident about their prognoses were more likely to favor no disclosure over frank disclosure, and that female physicians were less likely to favor frank disclosure over pessimistically discrepant disclosure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians reported that even if patients with cancer requested survival estimates, they would provide a frank estimate only 37% of the time and would provide no estimate, a conscious overestimate, or a conscious underestimate most of the time (63%). This pattern may contribute to the observed disparities between physicians' and patients' estimates of survival.
authors: University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2007, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors: E B
authors: EB
authors: Lamont
authors: N A
authors: NA
authors: Christakis
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms; D010819:Physician's Role; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019452:Terminally Ill; D014342:Truth Disclosure