Synthesis and reactivity of the catechol metabolites from the equine estrogen, 8,9-dehydroestrone.
The risk factors for women developing breast and endometrial cancers are all associated with a lifetime of estrogen exposure. Estrogen replacement therapy in particular has been correlated with an increased cancer risk. Previously, we showed that the equine estrogens equilin and equilenin, which are major components of the widely prescribed estrogen replacement formulation Premarin, are metabolized to highly cytotoxic quinoids which caused oxidative stress and alkylation of DNA in vitro [Bolton, J. L., Pisha, E., Zhang, F., and Qiu, S. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1998, 11, 1113-1127]. In this study, we have synthesized 8,9-dehydroestrone (a third equine estrogen component of Premarin) and its potential catechol metabolites, 4-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroestrone and 2-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroestrone. Both 2-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroestrone and 4-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroestrone were oxidized by tyrosinase or rat liver microsomes to o-quinones which reacted with GSH to give one mono-GSH conjugate and two di-GSH conjugates. Like endogenous estrogens, 8,9-dehydroestrone was primarily converted by rat liver microsomes to the 2-hydroxylated rather than the 4-hydroxylated o-quinone GSH conjugates; the ratio of 2-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroestrone versus 4-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroestrone was 6:1. Also in contrast to experiments with equilin, 4-hydroxyequilenin was not observed in microsomal incubations with 8,9-dehydroestrone or its catechols. The behavior of 2-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroestrone was found to be more complex than 4-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroestrone as GSH conjugates resulting from 2-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroestrone were detected even without oxidative enzyme catalysis. Under physiological conditions, 2-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroestrone isomerized to 2-hydroxyequilenin to form the very stable 2-hydroxyequilenin catechol; however, 4-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroestrone was found to be stable under similar conditions. Finally, preliminary studies conducted with the human breast tumor S-30 cell lines demonstrated that the catechol metabolites of 8,9-dehydroestrone were much less toxic than 4-hydroxyequilenin (20-40-fold). These results suggest that the catechol metabolites of 8,9-dehydroestrone may have the ability to cause cytotoxicity in vivo primarily through formation of o-quinones; however, most of the adverse effects of Premarin estrogens are likely due to formation of 4-hydroxyequilenin o-quinone from equilin and equilenin.
Zhang
F
F
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, USA.
Yao
D
D
Hua
Y
Y
van Breemen
R B
RB
Bolton
J L
JL
D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D002396:Catechols / Q000737:chemistry*; D018736:DNA Adducts; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D004970:Estrone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007536:Isomerism; D007700:Kinetics; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012307:Risk Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
C433366:2-hydroxy-1,3,5(10),8,9-estratetraen-17-one; C433367:4-hydroxy-1,3,5(10),8,9-estratetraen-17-one; D002396:Catechols; D018736:DNA Adducts; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D004970:Estrone; C433365:3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10),8,9-estratetraen-17-one; C034221:catechol