title: Subcutaneous emphysema associated with chest tube drainage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subcutaneous emphysema may complicate a pneumothorax, but may also occur as a consequence of its treatment by chest tube drainage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors involved in the association between subcutaneous emphysema and chest tube drainage, and the clinical outcomes in these cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and sixty-seven patients undergoing chest tube drainage within a 12-month period were evaluated retrospectively. There were 30 reported cases of subcutaneous emphysema (SE). Comparisons were made between those with subcutaneous emphysema and those who did not develop this complication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 134 patient notes were evaluated (25 SE and 109 non-SE). Subcutaneous emphysema was more commonly associated with trauma, bronchopleural fistulae, large and bilateral pneumothoraces, and mechanical ventilation. Subcutaneous emphysema was also associated with prolonged drainage, poor tube placement, tube blockage, side-port migration, and a greater number of chest tubes. Importantly, those with SE had a longer length of stay and increased mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subcutaneous emphysema can be spontaneous or traumatic, but is associated with avoidable causes such as inadequate chest tube drainage, particularly due to poor tube placement, anchorage and blockage, and also with side-port migration into the subcutaneous tissue. It is associated with an increased morbidity and mortality, and may indicate the need for urgent chest tube replacement.
authors: Departments of Respiratory Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia.
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Jones
authors: R D
authors: RD
authors: Hewer
authors: H D
authors: HD
authors: Wolfenden
authors: P S
authors: PS
authors: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015505:Chest Tubes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008477:Mediastinal Diseases / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000150:complications; D011030:Pneumothorax; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013352:Subcutaneous Emphysema / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013908:Thoracotomy