title: Always flush the sampling port before flushing the arterial cannula in pediatric patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood sampling from arterial lines is a frequent event in anesthesia and critical care. To avoid clot formation, both the stopcock outlet and the cannula must be flushed after sampling. We investigated in a bench experiment whether fluid flow through the cannula is affected by the sequence of flushing procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Continuity of fluid delivery from a vascular cannula was gravimetrically determined using two different flushing techniques with either a syringe pump flush system or a bag flush system. The procedures comprised first flushing the stopcock towards the cannula and then towards the stopcock sampling outlet or the reverse order. Experiments were repeated in triplicate and two sets for each flushing system at hydrostatic pressures of 37 mm Hg and 74 mm Hg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main finding of the study was that flushing the stopcock towards the outlet after flushing the cannula resulted in considerable retrograde aspiration volumes and zero flow times, in particular in combination with syringe pump flush systems. At a hydrostatic pressure of 74 mm Hg, the observed zero flow time at the cannula tip amounted to (mean+/-SD) 0.1+/-0.01 min with the bag flush system and 7.7+/-0.5 min with the syringe pump flush system. The related retrograde aspiration volumes were 2.2+/-0.7 microl with the bag system and 30.0+/-2.0 microl with the syringe pump system. No backflow was recorded when the stopcock was first flushed to ambient pressure and then afterwards towards the cannula.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opening a flush system to ambient pressure affects the continuity of fluid delivery, particularly when using syringe pump flush systems. After blood sampling, the stopcock outlet should be flushed first followed by cannula flushing.
authors: Research Group, Department of Intensive Care and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. markus.weiss@kispi.unizh.ch
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Weiss
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Fischer
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Neff
authors: M I
authors: MI
authors: Hug
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Baenziger
mesh_terms: D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D011312:Pressure