title: A comparison of family functioning, temperament, and childhood conditions in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for lifetime bulimia nervosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors investigated differences between twins in nine pairs of female monozygotic twins in the Australian Twin Registry who were discordant for lifetime bulimia nervosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  The twins affected and unaffected by lifetime bulimia nervosa were compared on self-report measures, including a measure of parental bonding, four measures of temperament, and six early-childhood medical conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No twins had current bulimia nervosa, and there was no difference in weight or eating status between the affected and unaffected twins. The affected twins reported significantly lower self-esteem and less warmth but more overprotection by their mothers during childhood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although limited by the small number of discordant twin pairs and the inability to detect causal relationships, these results suggest that environmental influences that promote low self-esteem may also increase the risk for bulimia nervosa. These temperamental differences may explain the discrepancies in parenting or perceived parenting.
authors: School of Psychology, Flinders University of South Australia, Australia. tracey.wade@flinders.edu.au
authors: T D
authors: TD
authors: Wade
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Treloar
authors: N G
authors: NG
authors: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002032:Bulimia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012042:Registries; D012649:Self Concept; D013694:Temperament; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology