title: Foot length, an accurate predictor of nasotracheal tube length in neonates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Existing guidelines for optimal positioning of endotracheal tubes in neonates are based on scanty data and relate to measurements that are either non-linear or poorly reproducible in sick infants. Foot length can be measured simply and rapidly and is related to a number of external body measurements.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relation of foot length to nasotracheal length in direct measurements at post mortem examinations, and then compare its clinical relevance with traditional weight based estimates in a randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dimensions of the upper airway were measured at autopsy in 39 infants with median (range) postmenstrual age and birth weight of 32 (24-43) weeks and 1630 (640-3530) g. The regression equations with 95% prediction intervals were calculated to estimate the optimal nasotracheal length from foot length. In a randomised trial, 59 neonates were nasally intubated according to foot length and body weight based estimates to assess the achievement of "optimal" and "satisfactory" tube placements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the direct measurements of the airway at autopsy, foot length was a better predictor of nasotracheal distances (r(2) = 0.79) than body weight, gestational age, and head circumference (r(2) = 0.67, 0.58, and 0.60 respectively). Measurement of foot length was easy and highly reproducible. In the randomised controlled trial, there were no significant differences between the foot length and body weight based estimates in the rates of optimal (44% v 56%) and satisfactory (83% v 72%) endotracheal tube placements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Foot length is a reliable and reproducible predictor of nasotracheal tube length and is at least as accurate as the conventional weight based estimation. This method may be particularly valuable in sick unstable infants.
authors: Newcastle Neonatal Service, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK.
authors: N D
authors: ND
authors: Embleton
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Deshpande
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Scott
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Wright
authors: D W
authors: DW
authors: Milligan
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001835:Body Weight; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014132:Trachea / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome