title: Transabdominal sonography of the normal gastroesophageal junction in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because sonography identifies abnormalities of the gastroesophageal junction, it is essential to understand the normal sonographic anatomy. The aim of this study was to determine the normal sonographic appearance of the gastroesophageal junction and its variations and to provide measurements of the abdominal esophagus in asymptomatic, healthy children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, 124 healthy children (75 boys and 49 girls), aged 2 days-12 years, underwent abdominal sonography. With the patient in a supine position, the transducer was placed under the xiphoid and the ultrasound beam was directed cephalad through the window of the left lobe of the liver. The length of the abdominal esophagus was measured from the point at which it penetrated the diaphragm to the gastroesophageal junction. The thickness was measured on the anterior wall at the midpoint of the abdominal esophagus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gastroesophageal junction was identified by sonography in all of the children. The mean length of the abdominal portion of the esophagus ranged from 18 mm in the newborns to 34 mm in children older than 6 years. The wall thickness ranged from 2.4 mm to 5.7 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that visualization of the gastroesophageal junction and measurement of the abdominal esophagus are readily achievable with real-time sonography in healthy children.
authors: Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Federico II of Napoli, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Esposito
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Lombardi
authors: A C
authors: AC
authors: Grasso
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Dolezalova
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Sodano
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Tarantino
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Giorgio
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*