title: High prevalence of oncogenic human papillomavirus in the genital tract of women with human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases included women who were positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and accepted to participate. There were two control groups in this study: group A, heterosexual partners of HIV+ men; group B, commercial sex workers. Gynecologic examination was performed in all participants. Also, a cervical smear with colposcopy and a sample for detection of HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were obtained in all subjects, as were CD4+ counts. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence interval were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-five HIV+ women agreed to participate in this study; the route of HIV infection was heterosexual in 78.8%; transfusion in 8.2%; paid donors in 3.5%; and 9.4% unknown. A total of 9 controls were included: 4 from group A and 5 from group B. HPV DNA was detected by PCR in 57 (69%) cases and in 26 (29%) controls from both groups (P < 0.0001). The RR of HPV infection was 5.5 (2.7-11.5). Also, a significant difference in the prevalence of high-risk HPV types was observed between cases and controls, RR = 12.8 (4.07-42.9). These associations were independent of CD4+ counts and antiretroviral therapy. No association was observed between HIV infection and the risk for high-grade SIL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a high prevalence of oncogenic HPV types in HIV-positive women. These women should be screened regularly for early diagnosis of premalignant lesions and prevention of cervical cancer.
authors: Division of Research, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Volkow
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Rubí
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Lizano
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Carrillo
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Vilar-Compte
authors: A
authors: A
authors: García-Carrancá
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Sotelo
authors: B
authors: B
authors: García
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Sierra-Madero
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Mohar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D002577:Uterine Cervical Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral