title: Radiosurgery in the management of pediatric brain tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the outcome of pediatric brain tumor patients following stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and factors associated with progression-free survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the outcome of 90 children treated with SRS for recurrent (n = 62) or residual (n = 28) brain tumors over a 10-year period. Median follow-up from SRS was 24 months for all patients and 55.5 months for the 34 patients currently alive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median progression-free survival (PFS) for all patients was 13 months. Median PFS according to tumor histology was medulloblastoma = 11 months, ependymoma = 8.5 months, glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma = 12 months. Median PFS in patients treated to a single lesion was 15.4 months. No patient undergoing SRS to more than 1 lesion survived disease free beyond 2 years. After adjusting for histology and other clinical factors, SRS for tumor recurrence (RR = 2.49) and the presence of > 1 lesion (RR = 2.3) were associated with a significantly increased rate of progression (p < 0.05). Three-year actuarial local control (LC) was as follows: medulloblastoma = 57%, ependymoma = 29%, anaplastic astrocytoma/glioblastoma = 60%, other histologies = 56%. Nineteen patients with radionecrosis and progressive neurologic symptoms underwent reoperation after an interval of 0.6-62 months following SRS. Pathology revealed necrosis with no evidence of tumor in 9 of these cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SRS can be given safely to selected children with brain tumors. SRS appears to reduce the proportion of first failures occurring locally and is associated with better outcome when given as a part of initial management. Some patients with unresectable relapsed disease can be salvaged with SRS. SRS to multiple lesions does not appear to be curative. Serious neurologic symptoms requiring reoperation is infrequently caused by radionecrosis alone.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors: D C
authors: DC
authors: Hodgson
authors: L C
authors: LC
authors: Goumnerova
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Loeffler
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Dutton
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Black
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Alexander
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Xu
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Kooy
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Silver
authors: N J
authors: NJ
authors: Tarbell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004806:Ependymoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016634:Radiosurgery; D012086:Reoperation