title: Carrier-mediated processes in blood--brain barrier penetration and neural uptake of paraquat.
abstract: Due to the structural similarity to N-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium (MPP(+)), paraquat might induce dopaminergic toxicity in the brain. However, its blood--brain barrier (BBB) penetration has not been well documented. We studied the manner of BBB penetration and neural cell uptake of paraquat using a brain microdialysis technique with HPLC/UV detection in rats. After subcutaneous administration, paraquat appeared dose-dependently in the dialysate. In contrast, MPP(+) could not penetrate the BBB in either control or paraquat pre-treated rats. These data indicated that the penetration of paraquat into the brain would be mediated by a specific carrier process, not resulting from the destruction of BBB function by paraquat itself or a paraquat radical. To examine whether paraquat was carried across the BBB by a certain amino acid transporter, L-valine or L-lysine was pre-administered as a co-substrate. The pre-treatment of L-valine, which is a high affinity substrate for the neutral amino acid transporter, markedly reduced the BBB penetration of paraquat. When paraquat was administered to the striatum through a microdialysis probe, a significant amount of paraquat was detected in the striatal cells after a sequential 180-min washout with Ringer's solution. This uptake was significantly inhibited by a low Na(+) condition, but not by treatment with putrescine, a potent uptake inhibitor of paraquat into lung tissue. These findings indicated that paraquat is possibly taken up into the brain by the neutral amino acid transport system, then transported into striatal, possibly neuronal, cells in a Na(+)-dependent manner.
authors: Department of Legal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Shimizu
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Ohtaki
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Matsubara
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Aoyama
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Uezono
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Saito
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Suno
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Ogawa
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Hayase
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kimura
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Shiono
mesh_terms: D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D026923:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic; D026921:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006540:Herbicides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D008239:Lysine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010269:Paraquat / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D011700:Putrescine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014633:Valine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D026923:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic; D026921:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D006540:Herbicides; C081009:Slc3a1 protein, rat; D014633:Valine; D008239:Lysine; D010269:Paraquat; D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; D011700:Putrescine