title: Climbing the ladder: a step by step approach to international guidelines for water recycling.
abstract: Given the pressures on the world's freshwater resources, recycled water is a valuable resource. Recycled water can increase the reliability of water supply because it is an independent source of water. Water recycling requires effective measures to protect public health and the environment. In the absence of comprehensive international guidelines, different countries have developed different approaches to managing water recycling depending on the understanding of the health risks, their individual economic circumstances, and affordability. Approaches vary between high technology/high cost/low risk and low technology/low cost/controlled risk. Furthermore, differences occur between countries and within individual countries. Inconsistencies can often be traced to lack of a unified scientific position on health effects. These inconsistencies increase public concerns about health risks and may give rise to conservative controls on responses to water recycling projects that some countries may be unable to afford. In this paper, an international panel of authors discusses how the different water recycling approaches might be linked together into international water recycling guidelines. These guidelines would incorporate a uniform approach to assessing hazards and risks while providing flexibility for individual countries to vary requirements to suit local circumstances of affordability and risk. The authors propose a framework of guidelines in which individual countries can progressively improve recycled water quality as lower risk levels become more affordable. The authors argue that a uniform international approach will result in a number of benefits including a better focus on risk management, better targeted research and development efforts and greater public confidence in water recycling. The authors invite discussion on the concepts put forward in the paper.
authors: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Anderson
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Adin
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Crook
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Davis
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Hultquist
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Jimenez-Cisneros
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Kennedy
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Sheikh
authors: B
authors: B
authors: van der Merwe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D003657:Decision Making; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D011634:Public Health / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012307:Risk Factors; D013552:Swine; D018508:Water Purification / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*