title: Halo size under distance and near conditions in refractive multifocal intraocular lenses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To calculate the diameter of halos perceived by patients with multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) and to stimulate halos in patients with refractive multifocal IOLs in a clinical experiment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Calculations were done to show the diameter of halos in the case of the bifocal intraocular lens. 24 patients with a refractive multifocal IOLs and five patients with a monofocal IOL were asked about their subjective observation of halos and were included in a clinical experiment using a computer program (Glare & Halo, FW Fitzke and C Lohmann, Tomey AG) which simulates a light source of 0.15 square degrees (sq deg) in order to stimulate and measure halos. Halo testing took place monoculary, under mesopic conditions through the distance and the near focus of the multifocal lens and through the focus of the monofocal lens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The halo diameter depends on the pupil diameter, the refractive power of the cornea, and distance focus of the multifocal IOL as well as the additional lens power for the near focus. 23 out of 24 patients with a refractive multifocal IOL described halos at night when looking at a bright light source. Only one patient was disturbed by the appearance of halos. Under test conditions, halos were detected in all patients with a refractive multifocal IOL. The halo area testing through the distance focus was 1.05 sq deg +/- 0.41, through the near focus 1.07 sq deg +/- 0.49 and in the monofocal lens 0.26 sq deg +/- 0.13.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under high contrast conditions halos can be stimulated in all patients with multifocal intraocular lenses. The halo size using the distance or the near focus is identical.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Vienna, Medical School, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria. stefan.pieh@univie.ac.at
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Pieh
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Lackner
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Hanselmayer
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Zöhrer
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Sticker
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Weghaupt
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Fercher
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Skorpik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D007910:Lenses, Intraocular; D008875:Middle Aged; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis*