title: Routine evaluation of the cervical spine in head-injured patients with dynamic fluoroscopy: a reappraisal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanism for clearing the cervical spine in patients with altered mental status remains controversial. Recommendations have ranged from removal of the cervical collar after 24 hours in patients with normal radiographs, to indefinite immobilization in a cervical collar, and recently cervical flexion-extension examinations using dynamic fluoroscopy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dynamic fluoroscopy flexion-extension examinations in identifying ligamentous cervical spine injury and clearing the cervical spine in patients with altered mental status after trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score < 13 for greater than 48 hours after admission and normal cervical spine radiographs were candidates for fluoroscopic evaluation. The protocol required visualization of the entire cervical spine, through T1, through full extension and flexion under the direct supervision of a radiologist. Oblique fluoroscopic views were obtained, as necessary, to visualize the cervicothoracic junction. Demographic data, fluoroscopy time, total time per study, true and false positives and negatives, and complications were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From July 1992 through December 1999, fluoroscopic examinations were performed on 301 patients. There were 297 true-negative examinations, 2 true-positive examinations (stable injuries), 1 false-negative examination, and 1 false-positive examination. The incidence of ligamentous injury identified by fluoroscopy in this study was 2 of 301 (0.7%). Unstable cervical spine ligamentous injuries were identified in only 0.02% of all trauma patients. One patient developed quadriplegia when fluoroscopic evaluation was performed after two protocol violations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unstable cervical spine ligamentous injury without fracture is a rare occurrence. The cervical spine may be cleared after a normal cervical spine series (plain radiograph and computed tomographic scan) as recommended in the 1998 Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma guidelines. If dynamic fluoroscopy is to be used, adherence to the protocol, including review of the cervical spine radiographs before fluoroscopy and visualization of the entire cervical spine, C1-T1, is mandatory to ensure patient safety.
authors: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center, UCSF/Fresno, 445 South Cedar Ave., Fresno, CA 93702, USA.
authors: J W
authors: JW
authors: Davis
authors: K L
authors: KL
authors: Kaups
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Cunningham
authors: S N
authors: SN
authors: Parks
authors: T P
authors: TP
authors: Nowak
authors: J F
authors: JF
authors: Bilello
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male