title: Treatment of neonatal thrombus formation with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: six years experience and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thrombosis is a relatively rare event in children. However, many conditions in the neonatal period result in an increased risk of thrombus formation. The major risk factor is the indwelling intravascular catheter. Numerous small studies have reported experience of thrombolytic treatment for neonatal thrombotic disease with a wide range of different thrombolytic agents in various forms of administration, dosage, and duration, but no conclusions on the most effective treatment for neonates has been reached.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and safety of thrombolytic treatment of neonatal catheter related thrombus (CRT) formation with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a six year period, 14 neonates with CRT were treated with the same rt-PA protocol (an initial bolus of 0.7 mg/kg over 30-60 minutes followed by infusion of 0.2 mg/kg/h).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete clot dissolution was documented in 11 patients, and partial clot lysis in two patients, leading to a patency rate of 94%. In two cases, local bleeding occurred, resulting in treatment failure in one case. Finally, antithrombin III substitution was required in one case. No other complications such as severe bleeding were recognised.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the use of close clinical and haematological monitoring on a neonatal intensive care unit combined with serial two dimensional colour echocardiography, the present rt-PA protocol was shown to be a safe and effective method of clot dissolution in neonates.
authors: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Vestische Kinderklinik, University of Witten-Herdecke, Dr-Friedrich-Steiner-Str 5, 45711-Datteln, NRW, Germany. jhartmann@hdz-nrw.de
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Hartmann
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Hussein
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Trowitzsch
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Becker
authors: K H
authors: KH
authors: Hennecke
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D006493:Heparin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator