title: Postmarketing reports of QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmia in association with cisapride and Food and Drug Administration regulatory actions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the postmarketing safety data used in the risk assessment of cisapride and to summarize the regulatory actions of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The FDA analyzed reports of patients who developed QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, and ventricular arrhythmia in association with the use of cisapride to assess probable etiology and risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While cisapride was being marketed from 1993-1999, the FDA received reports of the following patients: 117 who developed QT prolongation; 107, torsades de pointes; 16, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia; 18, ventricular fibrillation; 27, ventricular tachycardia; 25, cardiac arrest; 16, serious (unspecified) arrhythmia; and 15, sudden death; for a total of 341 individual patients affected, following use of cisapride. Eighty (23%) of the 341 patients died. Deaths were directly or indirectly associated with an arrhythmic event. Factors that suggested an association with cisapride included a temporal relationship between use of cisapride and arrhythmia, the absence of identified risk factors and other explanations for arrhythmia in some patients, and cases of positive dechallenge and rechallenge. In most individuals, the arrhythmia occurred in the presence of risk factors (other drugs and/or medical conditions).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postmarketing reports and pharmacokinetic and electrophysiological data provided evidence that cisapride is associated with the occurrence of QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. The risk of fatal arrhythmia with cisapride was believed to outweigh the benefit for the approved indication, treatment of nocturnal heartburn due to gastroesophageal reflux disease, leading to the drug's discontinuation in the United States.
authors: Office of Post-Marketing Drug Risk Assessment, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20857, USA.
authors: D K
authors: DK
authors: Wysowski
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Corken
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Gallo-Torres
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Talarico
authors: E M
authors: EM
authors: Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced*; D020117:Cisapride / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000075202:Contraindications; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D012307:Risk Factors; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000139:chemically induced; D013997:Time Factors; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000139:chemically induced; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D020117:Cisapride