title: Development of a radiofrequency based thermal therapy technique in an in vivo porcine model for the treatment of small renal masses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Incidentally detected small renal tumors appear to grow slowly and be localized to the kidney. Minimally invasive therapies are being investigated as alternatives to standard surgical techniques. Radiofrequency ablation has been reported for the treatment of small renal cell carcinomas. We developed a radiofrequency technique and established its efficacy and safety in a large animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 22 lesions were created in normal kidneys of 7 pigs. Radiofrequency energy was administered during open exposure of the kidneys or percutaneously under ultrasound guidance. Lesion development was monitored with gray-scale and power Doppler ultrasound. To avoid heating surrounding tissues new hydro-dissection and gas-dissection techniques were developed. Lesion sizes and characteristics were assessed by ultrasound and pathological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No complications were observed due to probe insertion and removal. Perirenal structures were thermally damaged before the development and application of the dissection techniques. Lesion size was accurately predicted by gray-scale ultrasound on day 7. Loss of perfusion in the ablated volume was confirmed by power Doppler ultrasound. Lesions were wedge-shaped, presumably due to the effects of heating on segmental blood flow distribution. Pathological examination revealed changes consistent with thermal injury and ischemic type infarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiofrequency thermal therapy is an effective and efficient method for ablating normal renal tissue in the pig. It may be applied percutaneously under ultrasound guidance with minimal complications provided that vital adjacent structures are protected from thermal damage. Further studies are required in humans before adopting this technique as definitive treatment for small renal cell carcinoma.
authors: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital and Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Rendon
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Gertner
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Sherar
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Asch
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Kachura
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Sweet
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Jewett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography