title: Improvements in target coverage and reduced spinal cord irradiation using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  External beam radiotherapy for thyroid carcinoma poses a significant technical challenge as the target volume lies close to or surrounds the spinal cord. The potential of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to improve the dose distributions was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A planning study was performed on patients with thyroid carcinoma. Plans were generated to irradiate the thyroid bed alone or to treat the thyroid bed and the loco-regional lymph nodes in two phases. Conventional plans with minimal beam shaping were compared to three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and inverse-planned IMRT plans to assess target coverage and normal tissue sparing. IMRT techniques were optimized to find the minimum number of equispaced beams required to achieve the clinical benefit and a concomitant boost technique was explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the thyroid bed alone and the thyroid bed plus loco-regional lymph nodes, conventional and conformal techniques produced low minimum doses to the planning target volume (PTV) if spinal cord tolerance was respected. 3DCRT reduced the irradiated volume of normal tissue (P=0.01). IMRT plans achieved the goal dose to the PTV (P<0.01) and also reduced the spinal cord maximum dose (P<0.01). IMRT, using a concomitant boost technique, produced better target coverage than a two-phase technique. For both the two-phase and concomitant boost techniques, IMRT plans with seven and five equispaced fields produced similar dose distributions to nine fields, but three fields were significantly worse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3DCRT reduced normal tissue irradiation compared to conventional techniques, but did not improve PTV or spinal cord doses. IMRT improved the PTV coverage and reduced the spinal cord dose. A simultaneous integrated boost technique with five equispaced fields produced the best dose distribution. IMRT should reduce the risk of myelopathy or may allow dose escalation in patients with thyroid cancer.
authors: Academic Department of Radiotherapy, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, SM2 5PT, Sutton, UK.
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Nutting
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Convery
authors: V P
authors: VP
authors: Cosgrove
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Rowbottom
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Vini
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Harmer
authors: D P
authors: DP
authors: Dearnaley
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Webb
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008198:Lymph Nodes; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*