title: Variations of intracavitary applicator geometry during multiple HDR brachytherapy insertions in carcinoma cervix and its influence on reporting as per ICRU report 38.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper examines the extent of variation in the applicator geometry during multiple high dose rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) applications and its impact on reporting as per ICRU report 38.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty orthogonal radiographs from 20 consecutive patients of carcinoma cervix (FIGO stages, IIA-IIIB) having four HDR ICBT applications of 6 Gy each at weekly intervals following teletherapy were evaluated. The applicator consisted of a flexible intrauterine tandem (IUT) independent of the ovoid assembly. The applicator geometry was evaluated in terms of: alpha angle, beta angle, intrauterine length (IUTL), interovoid (IOV), os to right ovoid (ORT) and os to left ovoid (OLT) distances along with vertical (VDL) and anteroposterior displacements (ADL) of the os with respect to the ovoids. The Cartesian co-ordinates (X, Y, and Z) of the IUT tip, centre of both ovoids and os were also measured. Doses to right point A (ARD), left point A (ALD), along with a reference volume of 6 Gy for ICRU height (IRH), width (IRW), thickness (IRT) and volume (IRV) were estimated for each application.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Highly significant differences (P<0.001) between four insertions in any given patient across 20 patients for alpha angle, beta angle, IUTL, IOV, ORT, VDL, co-ordinates of the IUT, ovoids and os were observed, except for ADL (P=0.041) and OLT (P=0.247). As a consequence, variations were observed in ARD (P=0.027), ALD (P=0.017); IRH, IRW, IRT and IRV (all P<0.001). Applicator factors which influenced the various dose specification parameters were: beta angle and ORT for both ARD and ALD; UTLN, VDL and ORT for IRH; UTLN and IOV for IRW; UTLN for IRT and VDL for the 6 Gy IRV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant variation of the applicator geometry and its movement was observed in patients undergoing multiple HDR ICBT. This could have implications for reporting dose and volume specifications as required by ICRU report 38.
authors: Department of Radiotherapy, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India.
authors: N R
authors: NR
authors: Datta
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kumar
authors: K J
authors: KJ
authors: Das
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Pandey
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Halder
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Ayyagari
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010388:Pelvis / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage / Q000592:standards*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*