title: A longitudinal study of the development of low back pain in an industrial population.
abstract: METHODS
  This is a longitudinal study in which industrial workers without chronic low back pain (LBP) were initially assessed with a comprehensive test battery and surveyed every 6 months thereafter for 2 years.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine factors that may predispose industrial workers who lift over 5000 kg per shift to LBP.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Prospective studies are small in number and often limited in breadth or depth of the test battery, methodologic issues, or investigator expertise. There are no prospective studies that focus on a homogeneous work sample of industrial employees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Production workers (n = 149) who volunteered for the 2-year study were assessed using physical measures (e.g., muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility), lifting kinematics (a sagittal plane box lift), and health, lifestyle, and work environment data (paper questionnaires). Follow-up questionnaires were distributed every 6 months for 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using self-report of LBP as the main outcome measure, eight variables predicted LBP in this sample with a 75% correct prediction rate. Predictor variables included age, thoracic acceleration during the trunk velocity test, median frequency intercept of electromyography of the right L3 erector spinae, quadriceps strength, quadriceps endurance, self-assessment of fitness, having a confidante, and number of medications currently taken.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results confirmed the multifactorial nature of low back pain and suggest that personal fitness is an important defense against low back pain, even in manual handling lifting tasks.
authors: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. stevensj@post.queensu.ca
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Stevenson
authors: C L
authors: CL
authors: Weber
authors: J T
authors: JT
authors: Smith
authors: G A
authors: GA
authors: Dumas
authors: W J
authors: WJ
authors: Albert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004576:Electromyography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D017770:Lifting; D016015:Logistic Models; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013783:Textile Industry