title: Presentation and outcome of incarcerated external hernias in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Incarcerated external hernias are the second most common cause of small-intestinal obstructions. The purpose of this study was to examine the presentation and management of incarcerated external hernia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 385 consecutive patients undergoing emergency surgical operation for incarcerated external hernias in a large volume teaching hospital between August 1996 and October 1999 were analyzed. The patients' ages ranged from 15 to 100 years (mean 55.1). There were more men than women (250 and 135, respectively), and 165 (42.9%) patients were over 60 years of age. Inguinal and umbilical hernias were encountered most frequently, in 291 (75.5%) and 48 (12.5%) patients, respectively. The intestine was resected in 53 patients, 31 of whom were over 60 years of age (58.5%). Two hundred fifty-two (84.9%) patients presented 48 hours or more from the onset of symptoms. Significant concomitant diseases were noted in 52 men and 19 women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall complication rate amounted to 19.5%, major complications 15.1%. The most serious postoperative complications were pulmonary and cardiovascular. Adult respiratory distress syndrome developed in 10 patients, and congestive heart failure developed in 14 patients. Postoperative mortality was 2.9%. Nine (81.8%) of the dead patients were older than 60. Nine (81.9%) of the dead patients were admitted to hospital more than 24 hours after incarceration. Mortality was high in patients with serious coexisting diseases whereas morbidity was linked with the duration of symptoms prior to admission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older age, severe coexisting diseases, and late hospitalization were the main causes of unfavorable outcomes of the management of incarcerated hernias.
authors: Ankara Numune Teaching and Research Hospital, 3rd Surgical Department, Bahçelievler, Turkey. bakula@altavista.com
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Kulah
authors: I H
authors: IH
authors: Kulacoglu
authors: M T
authors: MT
authors: Oruc
authors: A P
authors: AP
authors: Duzgun
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Moran
authors: M M
authors: MM
authors: Ozmen
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Coskun
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006550:Hernia, Femoral / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007415:Intestinal Obstruction / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome