title: Incidence of the appearance of the red color sign on esophageal varices and its predictive factors: long-term observations of 359 patients with cirrhosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The red color sign observed by endoscopic examination is a reliable predictive factor for variceal bleeding. The aim of this study was to calculate the incidence of the appearance of the red color sign and to evaluate its predictive factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopic examination was repeatedly performed in 359 consecutive patients diagnosed as having liver cirrhosis with or without esophageal varices, during a median follow-up period of 2651 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of the appearance of the red color sign on esophageal varices at the end of the tenth year was compared among patients without varices (11.4%), those with small varices (45.4%), and those with mid-size varices (65.0%). The difference was significant (P < 0.0001). The number of varices (P = 0.0010), size of varices (P = 0.0064), platelet count (P = 0.0168), and alpha-fetoprotein level (P = 0.0207) were significantly correlated with the appearance of the red color sign, as estimated by the multivariate Cox hazard model. To exclude the influence of carcinogenesis, observation was stopped when hepatocellular carcinoma was discovered. Additive predictive factors with significance were: number of varices (P = 0.001), size of varices (P = 0.027), and platelet count (P = 0.0315).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic signs of esophageal varices and platelet count were significant predictors for the appearance of the red color sign.
authors: Department of Gastroenterology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Murachima
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Ikeda
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kobayashi
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Saitoh
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Chayama
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Tsubota
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Suzuki
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Suzuki
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Arase
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Kumada
mesh_terms: D003116:Color / Q000592:standards; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D019370:Observation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013995:Time; D013997:Time Factors