Smoking and quitting with the aid of nicotine replacement therapies in the English adult population. Results from the Health Education Monitoring Survey 1995.
BACKGROUND
Many clinical trials have shown the usefulness of nicotine replacement therapies, family physician advice and other cessation aids in enhancing smoking cessation. However, many trials have taken place amongst selected patients and doctors. This paper assesses cessation amongst a representative general adult population in England in order to see whether such aids are as successful amongst more typical smokers.


METHODS
Descriptive information on the pattern of smoking cessation aids use in the English population is presented for the first time. This is followed by multivariate probit analysis of the 'Health in England 1995' survey data set in order to predict successful smoking cessation as a function of several variables including use of nicotine gum and patches, willpower, advice from family physicians, social class, education, gender, marital status and family composition.


RESULTS
The results tend to confirm that lower social class and lower educational achievement are linked to continuing smoking status. However, users of nicotine gum and patches were found to be less likely to have given up smoking than non-users. This may be explained by the fact that only those who find it difficult to give up will go to the time and expense of considering such aids. These findings could also be explained by the fact that gum and patches have only been available recently in England. The pattern of results also suggests that 'willpower' is a marker for success in cessation as opposed to a determinant of giving up in its own right.


CONCLUSIONS
This research confirms a lot of other research on the determinants of smoking cessation and has for the first time looked at the use and impact of nicotine replacement therapy on giving up in a representative English adult population. More research is needed on observational data sets in order to tease out the true impact of nicotine replacement on cessation rates in representative smoking populations.
Buck
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Department of Dental Public Health & Oral Health Services Research, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' (GKT) Medical and Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Tower, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK. david.buck@kcl.ac.uk
Morgan
A
A
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009538:Nicotine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014836:Volition
D009538:Nicotine