title: Atypical right atrial flutter patterns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of our study was to define the incidence and mechanisms of atypical right atrial flutter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 28 (8%) of 372 consecutive patients with atrial flutter (AFL) had 36 episodes of sustained atypical right AFL. Among 24 (67%) of 36 episodes of lower loop reentry (LLR), 13 (54%) of 24 episodes had early breakthrough at the lower lateral tricuspid annulus, whereas 11 (46%) of 24 episodes had early breakthrough at the high lateral tricuspid annulus, and 9 (38%) of 24 episodes showed multiple annular breaks. Bidirectional isthmus block resulted in elimination of LLR. A pattern of posterior breakthrough from the eustachian ridge to the septum was observed in 4 (14%) of 28 patients. Upper loop reentry was observed in 8 (22%) of 36 episodes and was defined as showing a clockwise orientation with early annular break and wave-front collision over the isthmus. Two patients had atypical right AFL around low voltage areas ("scars") in the posterolateral right atrium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atypical right AFL is most commonly associated with an isthmus-dependent mechanism (ie, LLR or subeustachian isthmus breaks). Non-isthmus-dependent circuits include upper loop reentry or scar-related circuits.
authors: Cardiovascular Research Institute and Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Yang
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Cheng
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Bochoeyer
authors: M H
authors: MH
authors: Hamdan
authors: R C
authors: RC
authors: Kowal
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Page
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: Lee
authors: P R
authors: PR
authors: Steiner
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: Saxon
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Lesh
authors: G W
authors: GW
authors: Modin
authors: M M
authors: MM
authors: Scheinman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000503:physiopathology