title: Use of oral creatine as an ergogenic aid for increased sports performance: perceptions of adolescent athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Competitive athletes, including adolescents, seek ways to gain advantage over competitors. One ergogenic aid is creatine, a naturally occurring nitrogen compound found primarily in skeletal muscle. Increasing creatine levels may prolong skeletal muscle activity, enhancing work output.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire assessing awareness and use of creatine supplementation was completed by 674 athletes from 11 high schools. Data were statistically analyzed to determine variation among groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of those surveyed, 75% had knowledge of creatine supplements, and 16% used creatine to enhance athletic performance. Percentage of use increased with age and grade level. Awareness and use were greater among boys than girls. Adverse effects were reported by 26%. Most athletes consumed creatine using a method inconsistent with scientific recommendations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of creatine by adolescent athletes is significant and inconsistent with optimal dosing. Physicians, athletic trainers, and coaches should disseminate proper information and advise these adolescent athletes.
authors: Center for Sports Medicine and Orthopaedics Foundation for Research, Chattanooga, Tenn, USA.
authors: T R
authors: TR
authors: Ray
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Eck
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: Covington
authors: R B
authors: RB
authors: Murphy
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Williams
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Knudtson
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D003401:Creatine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004300:Doping in Sports; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010807:Physical Endurance; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D003401:Creatine