title: Practical color vision tests for air traffic control applicants: en route center and terminal facilities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two practical color vision tests were developed and validated for use in screening Air Traffic Control Specialist (ATCS) applicants for work at en route center or terminal facilities. The development of the tests involved careful reproduction/simulation of color-coded materials from the most demanding, safety-critical color task performed in each type of facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tests were evaluated using 106 subjects with normal color vision and 85 with color vision deficiency. The en route center test, named the Flight Progress Strips Test (FPST), required the identification of critical red/black coding in computer printing and handwriting on flight progress strips. The terminal option test, named the Aviation Lights Test (ALT), simulated red/green/white aircraft lights that must be identified in night ATC tower operations. Color-coding is a non-redundant source of safety-critical information in both tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FPST was validated by direct comparison of responses to strip reproductions with responses to the original flight progress strips and a set of strips selected independently. Validity was high; Kappa = 0.91 with original strips as the validation criterion and 0.86 with different strips. The light point stimuli of the ALT were validated physically with a spectroradiometer. The reliabilities of the FPST and ALT were estimated with Chronbach's alpha as 0.93 and 0.98, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high job-relevance, validity, and reliability of these tests increases the effectiveness and fairness of ATCS color vision testing.
authors: FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute, P.O. Box 25082, AAM-510, Oklahoma City, OK 73125-5065, USA. henry_mertens@mmacmail.jccbi.gov
authors: H W
authors: HW
authors: Mertens
authors: N J
authors: NJ
authors: Milburn
authors: W E
authors: WE
authors: Collins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D001359:Aviation; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*