title: Predictors of failure of Helicobacter pylori eradication with the standard 'Maastricht triple therapy'.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Triple therapy with proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and amoxicillin has recently been proposed in Maastricht as first-line treatment for H. pylori infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine predictors of unsuccessful eradication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and forty-eight patients underwent endoscopy with biopsies for rapid urease test, histology and culture with antibiotic susceptibility tests, and 13C-UBT. All infected patients were given pantoprazole (40 mg b.d.), clarithromycin (500 mg b.d.) and amoxicillin (1 g b.d.) for 1 week. Eradication was assessed by UBT at 4-6 weeks after therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and sixty-two of 248 patients (65%) were infected. Culture was positive in 144 (89%). Prevalence rates of metronidazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin resistance were 14, 8 and 3%, respectively. Eradication rates (95% CI) were 63% (54.7-70.6) by intention-to-treat analysis and 67% (59.4-75.4) by per protocol analysis. Drug compliance was excellent and side-effects were mild. Age > or = 45 years (OR: 2.35, CI: 1.30-4.25), smoking (OR: 1.37, CI 1.01-1.87) and high pre-treatment UBT results (OR: 1.36, CI: 1.08-1.72) were independent predictors of eradication failure. Gender, endoscopic findings, alcohol intake, and clarithromycin and amoxicillin resistance did not predict treatment failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the low prevalence of primary antibiotic resistance in our geographical area, triple therapy with pantoprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin achieves low eradication rates. Smoking, age and pre-treatment UBT results are predictors of potential eradication failure.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza' Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy. perrisgr@tin.it
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Perri
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Villani
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Festa
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Quitadamo
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Andriulli
mesh_terms: D053799:2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles; D000367:Age Factors; D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001706:Biopsy; D001944:Breath Tests; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004724:Endoscopy; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000077402:Pantoprazole; D010406:Penicillins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013454:Sulfoxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014508:Urea / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D053799:2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D010406:Penicillins; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D013454:Sulfoxides; D000658:Amoxicillin; D014508:Urea; D000077402:Pantoprazole; D017291:Clarithromycin; D009853:Omeprazole