title: Excessive urinary albumin levels are associated with future cardiovascular mortality in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microalbuminuria is an early predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, in both diabetic patients and hypertensive patients. Little is known about the relation of microalbuminuria to cardiovascular disease in women of the general population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have studied the relation of urinary albumin levels to cardiovascular mortality in a cohort study of 12 239 postmenopausal women living in Utrecht, the Netherlands. The initial age was between 52 and 67 years. Women were followed on vital status between 1976 and 1995 (168 513 women-years). Albumin was determined in the urine of 561 cases and 557 controls. Data were analyzed by using a nested case-control design. The cardiovascular mortality rate (95% CI) for women who were in the highest quintile of urinary albumin levels was 13.2/1000 years (8.1 to 20.9) compared with 2.6/1000 years (2.3 to 3.1) in women without detectable urinary albumin. The age-adjusted rate ratio (95% CI) between these groups was 4.4 (2.6 to 7.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first large cohort study that confirms a predictive role of urinary albumin for the risk of future cardiovascular mortality independent of hypertension and diabetes. Our findings support the hypothesis that microalbuminuria is a reflection of vascular damage and a marker of early arterial disease in women from the general population.
authors: Julius Center for Patient Oriented Research, Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Biomembranes, Utrecht University Medical School, Utrecht, the Netherlands. M.Roest@LAB.AZU.NL
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Roest
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Banga
authors: W M
authors: WM
authors: Janssen
authors: D E
authors: DE
authors: Grobbee
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Sixma
authors: P E
authors: PE
authors: de Jong
authors: D
authors: D
authors: de Zeeuw
authors: Y T
authors: YT
authors: van Der Schouw
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000652:urine*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000652:urine; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine