title: The development and validation of a dysphagia-specific quality-of-life questionnaire for patients with head and neck cancer: the M. D. Anderson dysphagia inventory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design a reliable and validated self-administered questionnaire whose purpose is to assess dysphagia's effects on the quality of life (QOL) of patients with head and neck cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focus groups were convened for questionnaire development and design. The M. D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) included global, emotional, functional, and physical subscales. One hundred consecutive adult patients with a neoplasm of the upper aerodigestive tract who underwent evaluation by our Speech Pathology team completed the MDADI and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Speech pathologists completed the Performance Status Scale for each patient. Validity and reliability properties were calculated. Analysis of variance was used to assess how well the MDADI discriminated between groups of patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The internal consistency reliability of the MDADI was calculated using the Cronbach alpha coefficient. The Cronbach alpha coefficients of the MDADI subscales ranged from 0.85 to 0.93. Test-retest reliability coefficients of the subscales ranged from 0.69 to 0.88. Spearman correlation coefficients between the MDADI subscales and the SF-36 subscales demonstrated construct validity. Patients with primary tumors of the oral cavity and oropharynx had significantly greater swallowing disability with an adverse impact on their QOL compared with patients with primary tumors of the larynx and hypopharynx (P<.001). Patients with a malignant lesion also had significantly greater disability than patients with a benign lesion (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MDADI is the first validated and reliable self-administered questionnaire designed specifically for evaluating the impact of dysphagia on the QOL of patients with head and neck cancer. Standardized questionnaires that measure patients' QOL offer a means for demonstrating treatment impact and improving medical care. The development and validation of the MDADI and its use in prospective clinical trials allow for better understanding of the impact of treatment of head and neck cancer on swallowing and of swallowing difficulty on patients' QOL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Campus Box 441, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frankowski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bishop-Leone
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leyk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goepfert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010039:Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile