title: Dietary antioxidants and peripheral arterial disease : the Rotterdam Study.
abstract: This study examined cross-sectionally the association of dietary beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E with peripheral arterial disease in Rotterdam, the Netherlands (1990--1993). The 4,367 subjects from the Rotterdam Study were aged 55--94 years and had no previous cardiovascular disease at baseline. Diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Peripheral arterial disease was defined as an ankle-arm systolic blood pressure index (AAI) of < or = 0.9 and was present in 204 men and 370 women. In multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analyses, vitamin C intake was significantly inversely associated with peripheral arterial disease in women (highest vs. lowest quartile: relative risk = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48, 0.89; p(trend) = 0.006), and a 100-mg increase in intake was associated with a 0.013 AAI increase (95% CI: 0.001, 0.025). In men, vitamin E intake was inversely associated with peripheral arterial disease (relative risk = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.44, 1.03; p(trend) = 0.067); a 10-mg increase in intake was associated with a 0.015 AAI increase (95% CI: 0.001, 0.031). Whether these differences in antioxidant intake and the risk of a low AAI and of peripheral arterial disease between sexes are attributable to a different food pattern for men compared with women remains to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus University Medical School, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klipstein-Grobusch
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: den Breeijen
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Witteman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E; D001205:Ascorbic Acid