title: Computer-aided 3-D simulation and prediction of craniofacial surgery: a new approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In plastic and reconstructive craniofacial surgery, careful preoperative planning is essential. In complex cases of craniofacial synostosis, rapid prototyping models are used to simulate the surgery and reduce operating time. Recently, 3-D CT model surgery has been introduced for presurgical planning and prediction of the postoperative result.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  For simulation of craniofacial surgery a computer-based system was developed that allows visualization and manipulation of CT-data using computer graphics techniques. Surgical procedures in all areas of the bony skull can be performed interactively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The case of a child with scaphocephalus is presented. Surgery is planned using the craniofacial surgery simulator described above.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The computer-based interactive surgery simulation systems presented here allow precise visualization of craniofacial surgery. The accurate computer-aided 3-D simulation of bone displacements is also the prerequisite for transfer of the simulated surgery using a navigation system for surgery. Thus the preoperatively planned procedure could be transferred directly to the operating table.
authors.affiliation: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and National Biocomputation Center, Stanford University, CA 94305-6605, USA. sgirod@stanford.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Girod
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teschner
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schrell
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kevekordes
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Girod
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D011379:Prognosis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods