Nonadherence is associated with late rejection in pediatric heart transplant recipients.
OBJECTIVE
The objective was to study the impact of nonadherence on late rejection after pediatric heart transplantation.


METHODS
This was a retrospective cohort study of cardiac transplant recipients surviving >6 months (n = 50). Patients were stratified by episodes of late rejection. End points were defined by cyclosporin A (CSA) level, CSA level variability, and patient admission of nonadherence.


RESULTS
In 15 patients there were 49 episodes of late rejection, and 37 (76%) were associated with nonadherence. Of these patients, 7 of 15 died, and 3 of 15 had transplant coronary artery disease. Risk factors for the rejection were single-parent home, non-white, older age, and higher CSA level variability. In 35 nonrejectors there were 4 deaths from sepsis, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, renal failure, and encephalomyelitis.


CONCLUSIONS
Late rejection after pediatric heart transplantation is associated with nonadherence, is common during adolescence, and is associated with poor outcome.
Ringewald
J M
JM
Department of Cardiology, Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Gidding
S S
SS
Crawford
S E
SE
Backer
C L
CL
Mavroudis
C
C
Pahl
E
E
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016312:Treatment Refusal
D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine