title: Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate an instrument for use in the intensive care unit to accurately diagnose delirium in critically ill patients who are often nonverbal because of mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The adult medical and coronary intensive care units of a tertiary care, university-based medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight patients admitted to the intensive care units.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We designed and tested a modified version of the Confusion Assessment Method for use in intensive care unit patients and called it the CAM-ICU. Daily ratings from intensive care unit admission to hospital discharge by two study nurses and an intensivist who used the CAM-ICU were compared against the reference standard, a delirium expert who used delirium criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition). A total of 293 daily, paired evaluations were completed, with reference standard diagnoses of delirium in 42% and coma in 27% of all observations. To include only interactive patient evaluations and avoid repeat-observer bias for patients studied on multiple days, we used only the first-alert or lethargic comparison evaluation in each patient. Thirty-three of 38 patients (87%) developed delirium during their intensive care unit stay, mean duration of 4.2 +/- 1.7 days. Excluding evaluations of comatose patients because of lack of characteristic delirium features, the two critical care study nurses and intensivist demonstrated high interrater reliability for their CAM-ICU ratings with kappa statistics of 0.84, 0.79, and 0.95, respectively (p <.001). The two nurses' and intensivist's sensitivities when using the CAM-ICU compared with the reference standard were 95%, 96%, and 100%, respectively, whereas their specificities were 93%, 93%, and 89%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CAM-ICU demonstrated excellent reliability and validity when used by nurses and physicians to identify delirium in intensive care unit patients. The CAM-ICU may be a useful instrument for both clinical and research purposes to monitor delirium in this challenging patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. wes.ely@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Ely
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Margolin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Truman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dittus
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Speroff
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gautam
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Inouye
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003693:Delirium / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015588:Observer Variation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity