title: Tissue Doppler imaging consistently detects myocardial abnormalities in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and provides a novel means for an early diagnosis before and independently of hypertrophy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), the clinical hallmark of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHCM), is absent in a significant number of subjects with causal mutations. In transgenic rabbits that fully recapitulate the FHCM phenotype, reduced myocardial tissue Doppler (TD) velocities accurately identified the mutant rabbits, even in the absence of LVH. We tested whether humans with FHCM also consistently showed reduced myocardial TD velocities, irrespective of LVH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed 2D and Doppler echocardiography and TD imaging in 30 subjects with FHCM, 13 subjects who were positive for various mutations but did not have LVH, and 30 age- and sex-matched controls (all adults; 77% women). LV wall thickness and mass were significantly greater in FHCM subjects (P<0.01 versus those without LVH and controls). There were no significant differences in 2D echocardiographic, mitral, and pulmonary venous flow indices between mutation-positives without LVH and controls. In contrast, systolic and early diastolic TD velocities were significantly lower in both mutation-positives without LVH and in FHCM patients than in controls (P<0.001). Reduced TD velocities had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 93% for identifying mutation-positives without LVH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Myocardial contraction and relaxation velocities, detected by TD imaging, are reduced in FHCM, including in those without LVH. Before and independently of LVH, TD imaging is an accurate and sensitive method for identifying subjects who are positive for FHCM mutations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. sherifn@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Nagueh
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Bachinski
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Zoghbi
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quiñones
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Marian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000235:genetics; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D003971:Diastole; D004452:Echocardiography; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013599:Systole; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000235:genetics