title: Oral pentoxifylline inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from human peripheral blood monocytes : a potential treatment for aseptic loosening of total joint components.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pentoxifylline (Trental) is a methylxanthine-derivative drug that has been used for more than twenty years in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease. Pentoxifylline is also a potent inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion, both in vitro and in vivo, and has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of certain animal and human inflammatory diseases. Pentoxifylline has a potential therapeutic role in the treatment of aseptic loosening of total joint replacement components because it inhibits TNF-alpha secretion by particle-stimulated human peripheral blood monocytes. The purpose of our study was to determine whether the particle-stimulated secretion of TNF-alpha by peripheral blood monocytes was inhibited in volunteers who had received pentoxifylline orally.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human peripheral blood monocytes were harvested from eight healthy volunteers and were exposed to three different concentrations of titanium particles or to 500 ng/mL of lipopolysaccharide as a positive control. The same volunteers were then given pentoxifylline (400 mg, five times per day) for seven days. Their peripheral blood monocytes were again isolated and exposed to experimental conditions, and the TNF-alpha levels were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The peripheral blood monocytes from all eight volunteers showed a significant reduction in TNF-alpha release following oral treatment with pentoxifylline. This reduction was observed at exposures of 10(7) and 10(6) titanium particles/mL and in the lipopolysaccharide-treated group, but not at 10(5) particles/mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the ability of an oral drug to decrease the release of TNF-alpha from human peripheral blood monocytes exposed ex vivo to particle debris. TNF-alpha is involved in the pathogenesis of osteolysis and subsequent loosening of total joint arthroplasty components. The ability to suppress the release of TNF-alpha in patients with a total joint replacement may help to control osteolysis and to reduce the development of aseptic loosening. This effect could increase implant longevity and decrease the need for revision arthroplasty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642, USA.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Pollice
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Rosier
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Looney
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Puzas
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007595:Joint Prosthesis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis* / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014025:Titanium; D010431:Pentoxifylline