title: The biomechanics of vertebroplasty. The effect of cement volume on mechanical behavior.
abstract: METHODS
  Ex vivo biomechanical study using osteoporotic cadaveric vertebral bodies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between the volume of cement injected during percutaneous vertebroplasty and the restoration of strength and stiffness in osteoporotic vertebral bodies, two investigational cements were studied: Orthocomp (Orthovita, Malvern, PA) and Simplex 20 (Simplex P with 20% by weight barium sulfate content; Stryker-Howmedica-Osteonics, Rutherford, NJ).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous biomechanical studies have shown that injections of 8-10 mL of cement during vertebroplasty restore or increase vertebral body strength and stiffness; however, the dose-response association between cement volume and restoration of strength and stiffness is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Compression fractures were experimentally created in 144 vertebral bodies (T6-L5) obtained from 12 osteoporotic spines harvested from female cadavers. After initial strength and stiffness were determined, the vertebral bodies were stabilized using bipedicular injections of cement totaling 2, 4, 6, or 8 mL and recompressed, after which post-treatment strength and stiffness were measured. Strength and stiffness were considered restored when post-treatment values were not significantly different from initial values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strength was restored for all regions when 2 mL of either cement was injected. To restore stiffness with Orthocomp, the thoracic and thoracolumbar regions required 4 mL, but the lumbar region required 6 mL. To restore stiffness with Simplex 20, the thoracic and lumbar regions required 4 mL, but the thoracolumbar region required 8 mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide guidance on the cement volumes needed to restore biomechanical integrity to compressed osteoporotic vertebral bodies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. ebulson@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Belkoff
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mathis
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Jasper
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deramond
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D002102:Cadaver; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D008422:Materials Testing; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000601:surgery*; D018583:Pliability / Q000187:drug effects; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011859:Radiography; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate