title: Alcohol consumption is associated with reduced prevalence of goitre and solitary thyroid nodules.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Goitre prevalence is dependent on iodine intake and smoking habits, but further risk factors have only been examined briefly. We examined the association between alcohol consumption and the prevalence of thyroid enlargement and nodularity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional population study with ultrasonography of the thyroid gland and assessment of alcohol intake and smoking habits from questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four thousand six-hundred and forty-nine men and women aged 18-65 years, randomly selected from the Danish Civil Registration System.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thyroid volume and prevalence of thyroid enlargement, multiple nodules or a solitary nodule in the thyroid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abstainers and participants with a low alcohol consumption (< 7 drinks/week) had the same prevalence of thyroid enlargement and nodularity, but participants with moderate (8-28 drinks/week for women, 8-42 for men) or high (> 28/42 drinks/week) alcohol consumption had much lower prevalence of thyroid abnormalities. Possible confounding by sex, age, iodine status and smoking was considered in all models. Odds ratios compared to abstainers for thyroid enlargement were 0.74 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57-0.96] for moderate- and 0.44 (95% CI 0.22-0.88) for high alcohol consumption. Odds ratios compared to abstainers for a solitary nodule were 0.64 (95% CI 0.42-0.96) for moderate- and 0.41 (95% CI 0.12-1.37) for high alcohol consumption. Mean thyroid volume was 13.5 ml among abstainers compared to 10.9 ml among participants with high alcohol consumption (P < 0.001). Both wine- and beer consumption were associated to lower prevalence of thyroid abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing levels of alcohol consumption were associated to lower prevalence of thyroid enlargement and to lower prevalence of a solitary nodule in the thyroid, and indications of a causal relationship were found.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark. danthyr.bbh@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bülow
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laurberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Perrild
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ovesen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006042:Goiter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000172:deficiency; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D014284:Triiodothyronine; D013972:Thyrotropin; D007455:Iodine; D013974:Thyroxine