title: Motor pattern of periodic limb movements during sleep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathophysiology of periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) in restless legs syndrome (RLS) is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors neurophysiologically investigated PLMS in patients with idiopathic RLS in order to obtain information on the origin and pathophysiology of the movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with idiopathic RLS underwent electromyography with nerve conduction velocity (EMG-CV), somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), nocturnal videopolysomnography, and multiple sleep latency test. The authors analyzed 100 consecutive PLMS for each patient to determine how frequently each muscle was involved in the PLMS; how frequently EMG activity started in a given muscle; and the time delay and pattern of activation between the first and the other activated muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EMG-CV, SEPs, and TMS findings were all normal; in PLMS, leg muscles were those more frequently involved, often with alternation of side. Axial muscles were rarely and upper limb muscles sometimes involved. The tibialis anterior was the most frequent starting muscle. There was no constant recruitment pattern from one PLMS episode to another, even in the same patient. There was no ordinate caudal or rostral spread of the EMG activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recruitment pattern indicates the engagement of different, independent, and sometimes unsynchronized generators for each PLMS. The authors hypothesize an abnormal hyperexcitability along the entire spinal cord, especially its lumbosacral and cervical segments, as the primary cause of PLMS, triggered by sleep-related factors located at a supraspinal but still unresolved level.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Provini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vetrugno
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meletti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Plazzi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Solieri
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lugaresi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coccagna
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montagna
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009132:Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D020189:Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017286:Polysomnography; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*