title: Pancreatic pseudocysts complicated by splenic parenchymal involvement: results of operative and percutaneous management.
abstract: Pancreatic pseudocysts are a common finding in acute and chronic pancreatitis, but most are small and uncomplicated, and do not require treatment. Pseudocysts with splenic parenchymal involvement are uncommon but have the potential for massive hemorrhage. Data on the clinical presentation and optimal treatment of this unusual complication of pseudocysts are lacking. The purpose of this review was to identify the clinical features of pancreatic pseudocysts complicated by splenic parenchymal involvement and to determine the outcome with nonoperative and operative therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the medical records of all patients with pancreatic pseudocysts from December 1984 to January 1999 revealed 238 patients, of whom 14 (6%) had splenic parenchymal involvement. These medical records were reviewed in detail and all pertinent radiographs were reviewed by the authors to confirm splenic parenchymal involvement by a pancreatic pseudocyst.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial treatment included observation (n = 2), percutaneous drainage (n = 8), and surgery (n = 4). Of the eight patients treated by percutaneous drainage, one died, three required repeated percutaneous drainage, and three required surgical intervention. None of the patients treated primarily by surgery required additional therapy for the pseudocyst. Overall, 11 patients had complications of the primary therapy, and 25% of patients treated by surgery had significant hemorrhage. Complications included infection (n = 5), pseudocyst persistence (n = 4), bleeding (n = 2), multisystem organ failure (n = 2), gastric outlet obstruction (n = 1), and splenic rupture (n = 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pancreatic pseudocysts complicated by splenic parenchymal involvement may have life-threatening clinical presentations and respond poorly to percutaneous drainage. Distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy are effective, but the complication rate is high.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7210, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heider
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Behrns
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004322:Drainage; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006465:Hemoperitoneum / Q000209:etiology; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010180:Pancreatectomy; D010183:Pancreatic Ducts / Q000473:pathology; D010185:Pancreatic Fistula / Q000209:etiology; D010192:Pancreatic Pseudocyst / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000150:complications; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012769:Shock / Q000209:etiology; D013154:Spleen / Q000473:pathology*; D013156:Splenectomy; D013161:Splenic Rupture / Q000209:etiology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications; D013270:Stomach / Q000473:pathology