title: Human gingival fibroblast cytoskeleton is a target for volatile smoke components.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several in vitro investigations have indicated that the particulate phase of cigarette smoke as nicotine affects many cell types including gingival fibroblasts, but few studies have examined the effect of volatile fraction on cellular structures involved in cell functions such as adhesion and proliferation. Since gingival fibroblast survival and reproduction are fundamental to maintaining the oral connective tissue as well as to wound healing, the effects of acrolein and acetaldehyde, volatile fractions of cigarette smoke, on cytoskeleton were examined in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human gingival fibroblast (HGF) strains from healthy subjects with non-inflamed gingiva were utilized. The cells were incubated in different concentrations of acrolein and acetaldehyde. Cell adhesion was evaluated after 3 hours. The influence of both substances on cytoskeletal structures, tubulin and vimentin intermediate filaments (VIF), was investigated using indirect immunofluorescence technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that both substances produced similar effects, resulting in a dose-dependent inhibition of HGF adhesion. Disturbance of HGF cytoskeleton consisted of a disruption of microtubules and vimentin microfilaments with alterations in cell shape.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experimental findings suggest that volatile fractions of cigarette smoke such as acrolein and acetaldehyde, because their ability to bind and interact with the cytoskeleton, prevent HGF adhesion. Consequently the maintenance of the oral connective tissue and integrity and remodeling could be impaired. According to our morphological evidence, these findings confirm other clinical and epidemiological investigations reporting that volatile components of cigarette smoke could lead to the initiation and progression of periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rota
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poggi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boratto
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000171:Acrolein / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003239:Connective Tissue Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005881:Gingiva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D007382:Intermediate Filaments / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000187:drug effects; D014746:Vimentin / Q000187:drug effects; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke; D014404:Tubulin; D014746:Vimentin; D000171:Acrolein; D000079:Acetaldehyde