title: Protective gloves in Swedish dentistry: use and side-effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the 1980s routine wearing of gloves in dentistry was recommended by health authorities in several countries. However, prolonged glove use is associated with side-effects of irritant and allergic origin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the extent of glove use and self-reported glove intolerance reactions among Swedish dentists, and to examine how far IgE-mediated allergy to natural rubber latex (NRL) occurs in subjects who report rapid itching when in contact with protective gloves.
  
  
  METHODS
  A postal questionnaire was answered by 3083 of 3500 licensed dentists, a response rate of 88%. Of the dentists who reported rapidly occurring itching of the hands from gloves, 131 of 170 attended a clinical examination including a skin prick test (SPT) and a serological examination (RAST) for IgE-mediated allergy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-three per cent of the dentists reported daily glove use of more than 2 h, 48% more than 6 h a day, and 6% reported no use. NRL gloves were used most frequently (P < 0.001) and were the main material that elicited symptoms (P < 0.001). Female dentists reported more frequent glove use than males, as did young dentists (P < 0.001) compared with older ones. Females also preferred vinyl gloves. Glove intolerance reactions were reported by 723 (23%) dentists, [females 28%, males 21% (P < 0.001)] and were more common in younger dentists. Of the 417 dentists with reported hand eczema during the previous year, 54% reported glove intolerance, compared with 20% of the dentists without hand eczema (P < 0.001). A logistic regression analysis including hand eczema, age, sex and atopy showed that all these factors contributed significantly to the risk of glove intolerance, and that hand eczema was a stronger factor than atopy. In 15 of 131 (11%) dentists examined for reported glove-related itch, latex allergy was verified by SPT and/or RAST. Glove-related conjunctivitis, rhinitis and asthma, in contrast to skin symptoms, showed a significant association with IgE-mediated allergy to NRL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Swedish dentists show good compliance with the recommendations for routine glove use. Intolerance reactions are frequently reported, especially by dentists with hand eczema, which emphasizes the need for preventive skin care programmes. Glove-related symptoms from mucous membranes showed a higher association with IgE-mediated allergy to NRL than reported itching of the skin, a fact that should be considered when composing screening questionnaires for NRL sensitization
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Norrbacka, Karolinska Sjukhuset, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wrangsjö
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wallenhammar
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ortengren
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barregård
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Andreasson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Björkner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meding
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003813:Dentistry; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D017575:Gloves, Protective / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D020315:Latex Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007073:Immunoglobulin E