title: Causal influence of car mass and size on driver fatality risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study estimated how adding mass, in the form of a passenger, to a car crashing head-on into another car affects fatality risks to both drivers. The study distinguished the causal roles of mass and size.
  
  
  METHODS
  Head-on crashes between 2 cars, one with a right-front passenger and the other with only a driver, were examined with Fatality Analysis Reporting System data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adding a passenger to a car led to a 14.5% reduction in driver risk ratio (risk to one driver divided by risk to the other). To divide this effect between the individual drivers, the author developed equations that express each driver's risk as a function of causal contributions from the mass and size of both involved cars. Adding a passenger reduced a driver's frontal crash fatality risk by 7.5% but increased the risk to the other driver by 8.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of a passenger reduces a driver's frontal crash fatality risk but increases the risk to the driver of the other car. The findings are applicable to some single-car crashes, in which the driver risk decrease is not offset by any increase in harm to others. When all cars carry the same additional cargo, total population risk is reduced.
authors.affiliation: Vehicle Analysis and Dynamics Laboratory, General Motors Research and Development Center, Warren, Mich., USA. le@scienceservingsociety.com
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001336:Automobiles / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015984:Causality; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data