title: Diversity in the rhizobia associated with Phaseolus vulgaris L. in Ecuador, and comparisons with Mexican bean rhizobia.
abstract: Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have centers of origin in both Mesoamerica and Andean South America, and have been domesticated in each region for perhaps 5000 years. A third major gene pool may exist in Ecuador and Northern Peru. The diversity of the rhizobia associated with beans has also been studied, but to date with an emphasis on the Mesoamerican center of origin. In this study we compared bean rhizobia from Mexico and Andean South America using both phenotypic and phylogenetic approaches. When differences between the rhizobia of these two regions were shown, we then examined the influence of bean cultivar on the most probable number (MPN) count and biodiversity of rhizobia recovered from different soils. Three clusters of bean rhizobia were distinguished using phenotypic analysis and principal-component analysis of Box AIR-PCR banding patterns. They corresponded principally to isolates from Mexico, and the northern and southern Andean regions, with isolates from southern Ecuador exhibiting significant genetic diversity. Rhizobia from Dalea spp., which are infective and effective on beans, may have contributed to the apparent diversity of rhizobia recovered from the Mesoamerican region, while the rhizobia of wild Phaseolus aborigineus from Argentina showed only limited similarity to the other bean rhizobia tested. Use of P. vulgaris cultivars from the Mesoamerican and Andean Phaseolus gene pools as trap hosts did not significantly affect MPN counts of bean rhizobia from the soils of each region, but did influence the diversity of the rhizobia recovered. Such differences in compatibility of host and Rhizobium could be a factor in the poor reputation for nodulation and N2 fixation in this crop.
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004484:Ecuador; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D008800:Mexico; D027805:Phaseolus / Q000382:microbiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012988:Soil Microbiology