title: Risk analysis and long-term survival in patients undergoing resection of T4 lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to identify the risk group of patients with T4 lung cancer who could more likely benefit from surgical resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 1998, 77 patients underwent pulmonary resection for T4 lung cancer: lobectomy (n = 20), bilobectomy (n = 4) and pneumonectomy (n = 53). The T4 sites of mediastinal involvement were: Intrapericardiac portions of the pulmonary artery (n = 30), left atrium (n = 19), aorta (n = 8), superior vena cava (n = 8), carina (n = 7), the esophagus (n = 8) and the vertebral body (n = 6). Ten patients had multiple neoplastic nodules in the same lobe of the lung.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall survival rates at 1, 2 and 3 years were 46, 31 and 21%, respectively. Factors adversely affecting survival with univariate analysis included the localization of tumours in the lower lobe (P = 0.04) and both the involvement of superior and inferior mediastinal lymph nodes (P = 0.03). Multivariate analysis included two factors adversely affecting survival: the location of the primary tumour and the nodal stations involved. Regression tree analysis classified the patients into low-risk group (primary tumour in upper lobe or in main stem bronchus and pN0 or pN1 or superior or inferior mediastinal nodes involved), intermediate-risk group (primary tumour in upper lobe or in main stem bronchus and both superior and inferior mediastinal nodes involved, primary tumour in inferior lobe and pN0 or pN1 or inferior mediastinal nodes involved) and high-risk group (primary tumour in inferior lobe and both superior and inferior nodes involved). The 3-year survival rates were 36% for the low-risk group, 4% for the intermediate-risk group and 0% for the high-risk group (P = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with T4 lung cancer, the surgery can justify itself for tumours in the upper lobe or in the main stem bronchus and with pN0 or pN1.
authors.affiliation: Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Hôpital Universitaire, Dijon, France. alain.bernard@chu-dijon.fr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bouchot
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hagry
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Favre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008482:Mediastinum / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000473:pathology; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000473:pathology