title: Estimation of spinal deformity in scoliosis from torso surface cross sections.
abstract: METHODS
  Correlation of torso scan and three-dimensional radiographic data in 65 scans of 40 subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether full-torso surface laser scan images can be effectively used to estimate spinal deformity with the aid of an artificial neural network.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Quantification of torso surface asymmetry may aid diagnosis and monitoring of scoliosis and thereby minimize the use of radiographs. Artificial neural networks are computing tools designed to relate input and output data when the form of the relation is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-dimensional torso scan taken concurrently with a pair of radiographs was used to generate an integrated three-dimensional model of the spine and torso surface. Sixty-five scan-radiograph pairs were generated during 18 months in 40 patients (Cobb angles 0-58 degrees ): 34 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and six with juvenile scoliosis. Sixteen (25%) were randomly selected for testing and the remainder (n = 49) used to train the artificial neural network. Contours were cut through the torso model at each vertebral level, and the line joining the centroids of area of the torso contours was generated. Lateral deviations and angles of curvature of this line, and the relative rotations of the principal axes of each contour were computed. Artificial neural network estimations of maximal computer Cobb angle were made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Torso-spine correlations were generally weak (r < 0.5), although the range of torso rotation related moderately well to the maximal Cobb angle (r = 0.64). Deformity of the torso centroid line was minimal despite significant spinal deformity in the patients studied. Despite these limitations and the small data set, the artificial neural network estimated the maximal Cobb angle within 6 degrees in 63% of the test data set and was able to distinguish a Cobb angle greater than 30 degrees with a sensitivity of 1.0 and specificity of 0.75.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neural-network analysis of full-torso scan imaging shows promise to accurately estimate scoliotic spinal deformity in a variety of patients.
authors.affiliation: McCaig Centre for Joint Injury & Arthritis Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jaremko
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poncet
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ronsky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harder
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dansereau
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Labelle
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Zernicke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D001415:Back / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*