title: Prognostic value of CD4+ lymphocytes in pleural cavity of patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For patients with non-small cell lung cancer the TNM staging system and other conventional prognostic factors fail to predict accurately the outcome of treatment and survival. This study attempts to determine the prognostic value for survival of the proportions of CD4+ lymphocytes in the pleural cavity (PLY) of patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lymphocytes in the pleural cavity separated from 51 patients with non-small cell lung cancer were examined by flow cytometry to measure the proportions of CD4+ PLY. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the association between the proportion of CD4+ PLY and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5 year survival rate of patients with percentage CD4+ PLY of < or = 30% was 84% whereas that of patients with %CD4+ PLY > 30% was 26.9%. The difference in survival between the %CD4+ PLY < or = 30% and %CD4+ PLY > 30% groups was significant (p < 0.0001). The %CD4+ PLY in those who survived for 5 years was significantly lower than that in the patients who died within 5 years (p < 0.0001). The difference in survival between patients with stage IA and IB lung cancer with %CD4+ PLY < or = 30% and those with %CD4+ PLY > 30% was also significant (p = 0.015). Multivariate analysis showed that the proportion of CD4+ PLY (hazard ratio = 6.9, 95% CI 0.045 to 0.47) and nodal status (hazard ratio = 22.7, 95% CI 0.006 to 1.806) are significant and independent prognostic factors for the survival of patients with lung cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proportion of CD4+ PLY may help to select patients who are likely to have a poorer prognosis after surgery and therefore may be suitable for consideration of adjuvant treatments. These results need confirmation in a larger prospective study.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770, Japan. tkeiji@clin.med.tokushima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamamura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katakawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Monden
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count / Q000379:methods; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010994:Pleura / Q000276:immunology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome