title: Delayed multidose treatment with nicotinamide extends the degree and duration of neuroprotection by reducing infarction and improving behavioral scores up to two weeks following transient focal cerebral ischemia in Wistar rats.
abstract: A single, delayed dose of nicotinamide (NAm) was shown to be protective against focal cerebral ischemia in rats, but the protection was limited to three to seven days following stroke. The investigation reported here was conducted to examine if the use of multiple doses of NAm, administered after the onset of focal cerebral ischemia, would extend the duration of neuroprotection compared with a single dose treatment regimen. Male Wistar rats were subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia by occluding the right middle cerebral artery (MCAo) for two hours. Following MCAo, motor and sensory behavioral tests were performed daily and the cerebral infarct volumes were measured at two weeks after sacrifice. Each animal was placed into one of four groups that received either normal saline alone (Group S), one (Group A), two (Group B), or three (Group C) doses of NAm (500 mg/kg). Each animal, therefore, received three treatments over two weeks, with the first dose administered intravenously two hours after the onset of MCAo. Single and multiple doses of NAm reduced the infarction (p < 0.01) and improved (p < 0.05) the neurologic sensory and motor behavior when compared with the saline-treated animals up to two weeks after stroke. Moreover, animals that received multiple doses of NAm recuperated full motor function not different from normal, preoperative motor behavior. Delayed treatment with NAm given as multiple doses, therefore, further enhances the extent and duration of neuroprotection by significantly reducing cerebral infarct volumes, improving neurologic behavioral scores, and confers a complete motor recovery up to two weeks from the onset of focal cerebral ischemia in Wistar rats.
authors.affiliation: Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. maynard@helix.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Maynard
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Ayoub
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009536:Niacinamide