title: Nursing older dying patients: findings from an ethnographic study of death and dying in elderly care wards.
abstract: Nursing older dying patients: findings from an ethnographic study of death and dying in elderly care wards Background and aim. The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of dying patients and nurses working in three elderly care wards focusing on the management of care for dying patients. The majority of patients who die in hospital are over the age of 65 and evidence suggests that three fifths are over the age of 75. Older patients pose tremendous problems and challenges to nurses and doctors regarding the provision of good terminal care, particularly in relation to developing effective communication.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ethnographic research design was chosen. The research sample consisted of 74 patients, 29 nurses and 8 physicians. The principle data collection methods were participant observation and semi-structured interviews. All respondents were interviewed following a period of observation on each of the ward areas. The data obtained from participant observation were then used to structure the interview questions. The purpose of asking questions about meanings associated with observational material was to evaluate the extent to which convergence or divergence of the data was taking place.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings demonstrate that the care of older dying patients was defined by a lack of 'emotional engagement' with the patient and the institutionalized nondisclosure of information about death and dying. The study raises issues concerning the lack of effective communication about terminal diagnosis and the strategies used by nurses and doctors for disclosing information about death and dying. The findings suggest that although nurses provide individual care to dying patients, much of this was aimed at meeting patients' physical needs. Nurses reported psychosocial aspects including spiritual and emotional care to be important, although there was little evidence of them being orientated towards this in practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The indicative conclusions from this study suggest that terminal care for some elderly patients remains hampered by a reluctance of nurses and doctors to be more open in their communication about death. It would appear that hospital culture and the mores, beliefs and ideologies that emanate from the biomedical model, significantly shape the experiences of older dying patients.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. john.costello@man.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Costello
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D001293:Attitude to Death; D003142:Communication; D004739:England; D006801:Humans; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D009732:Nursing Care; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D015279:Organizational Culture; D019555:Physician-Nurse Relations; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards; D014342:Truth Disclosure