title: Reliability, validity and psychometric properties of the Greek translation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the current study was to assess the reliability, validity and psychometric properties of the Greek translation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies- Depression Scale (CES-D).
  
  
  METHODS
  40 depressed patients 29.65 +/- 9.38 years old, and 120 normal controls 27.23 +/- 10.62 years old entered the study. In 20 of them (12 patients and 8 controls) the instrument was re-applied 1-2 days later. Translation and Back Translation was made. Clinical Diagnosis was reached by consensus of two examiners with the use of the SCAN v.2.0 and the IPDE. Statistical Analysis included ANOVA, the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, Principal Components Analysis and Discriminant Function Analysis and the calculation of Cronbach's alpha (alpha)
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both Sensitivity and specificity exceed 90.00 at 23/24, Chronbach's alpha for the total scale was equal to 0.95. Factor analysis revealed three factors (positive affect, irritability and interpersonal relationships, depressed affect and somatic complains). The test-retest reliability was satisfactory (Pearson's R between 0.45 and 0.95 for individual items and 0.71 for total score).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Greek translation of the CES-D scale is both reliable and valid and is suitable for clinical and research use with satisfactory properties. Its properties are similar to those reported in the international literature. However one should always have in mind the limitations inherent in the use of self-report scales.
authors.affiliation: 3rd Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GREECE. kfount@med.auth.gr
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fountoulakis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iacovides
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kleanthous
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samolis
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kaprinis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sitzoglou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: St Kaprinis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bech
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014177:Translations