title: Regulation of limb patterning by extracellular microfibrils.
abstract: To elucidate the contribution of the extracellular microfibril-elastic fiber network to vertebrate organogenesis, we generated fibrillin 2 (Fbn2)-null mice by gene targeting and identified a limb-patterning defect in the form of bilateral syndactyly. Digit fusion involves both soft and hard tissues, and is associated with reduced apoptosis at affected sites. Two lines of evidence suggest that syndactily is primarily due to defective mesenchyme differentiation, rather than reduced apoptosis of interdigital tissue. First, fusion occurs before appearance of interdigital cell death; second, interdigital tissues having incomplete separation fail to respond to apoptotic clues from implanted BMP-4 beads. Syndactyly is associated with a disorganized matrix, but with normal BMP gene expression. On the other hand, mice double heterozygous for null Fbn2 and Bmp7 alleles display the combined digit phenotype of both nullizygotes. Together, these results imply functional interaction between Fbn2-rich microfibrils and BMP-7 signaling. As such, they uncover an unexpected relationship between the insoluble matrix and soluble factors during limb patterning. We also demonstrate that the Fbn2- null mutation is allelic to the recessive shaker-with-syndactyly (sy) locus on chromosome 18.
authors.affiliation: Brookdale Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arteaga-Solis
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gayraud
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shum
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ramirez
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics; D004343:Drug Implants; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071840:Fibrillin-2; D000071837:Fibrillins; D005552:Forelimb / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D018390:Gene Targeting; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020894:Microfibrils / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D013576:Syndactyly / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
chemical_list: C525810:Bmp4 protein, mouse; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004343:Drug Implants; C000605728:Fbn2 protein, mouse; D000071840:Fibrillin-2; D000071837:Fibrillins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta