title: Preincisional intravenous low-dose ketamine and local infiltration with ropivacaine reduces postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The preincisional use of ketamine combined with local tissue infiltration with Ropivacaine may reduce noxious input during surgery. The goal of this study was to examine whether this combination improves postoperative pain control after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 55 patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Group 1 received placebos preincisional. Group 2 received preincisional saline IV and local infiltration with 20 ml ropivacaine (10 mg/ml). Group 3 received preincisional ketamine 1 mg/kg IV and local infiltration with 20 ml ropivacaine (10 mg/ml). Postoperative pain was rated at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h postoperatively by visual analogue scale scores (VAS). Cumulative analgesic consumption and time until first analgesic medication request were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 3 experienced significantly (p < 0.05) less pain than group 2 at 6 h and 12 h postoperatively. Groups 2 and 3 did not differ significantly by VAS at 0 h, 3 h, 24 h, and 48 h. Group 1 had significantly higher VAS scores than groups 2 and 3 at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h postoperatively. The consumption of analgesics was significantly higher in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3. Although the consumption of analgesics was higher in group 3 than in group 2, this difference did not reach statistical significance. The time to first request for analgesics was significantly longer in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1, with no statistical difference between groups 2 and 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preincisional treatment with low-dose IV ketamine and local infiltration with ropivacaine 1% reduces postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, "G. Gennimatas" University Hospital, Ethnikis Aminis 41, 546 35, Thessaloniki, Greece. papaziog@med.auth.gr
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Papaziogas
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Argiriadou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Papagiannopoulou
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pavlidis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sfyra
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Papaziogas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000453:epidemiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D014839:Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000700:Analgesics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D007649:Ketamine; D000077212:Ropivacaine