title: New therapeutic targets revealed through investigations of innate immunity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review describes efforts to define new therapeutic targets by utilizing information derived from studies of the innate immune response to infection. These targets will provide new means to design novel therapeutics for the treatment of human disease caused by dysregulation of the innate immune response.
  The results were derived from model systems that reflect the cellular changes accompanying activation of the innate immune system. These model systems include the use of a rabbit model of endotoxin shock that requires multiple exposures to lipopolysaccharide to induce severe pathophysiological changes that result in death. The cellular systems range from primary explants of myeloid lineage cells to stably transfected lines bearing key receptors of the innate immune system, the latter of which includes the Toll-like receptors and CD14. Studies in animal models include blocking monoclonal antibodies to rabbit CD14 and rabbit tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Cellular studies use measurements of cell activation as defined by activation of nuclear factor-kappaB, MAP kinase, and gene expression. In some studies, direct measurements of secreted cytokine levels were performed. Standard approaches to data analysis have been used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence demonstrates the utility of anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody therapy in septic shock and the potential value of targeting intracellular kinases to modulate harmful cellular responses during sepsis. The key element to each of these approaches is to blunt, but not eliminate, the dysregulated inflammatory response that may occur in sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ulevitch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D011817:Rabbits; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases