title: Usefulness of histological examination for the diagnosis of onychomycosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  [corrected] Direct microscopy and culture tests currently used in the diagnosis of nail mycosis can yield false-negative results, and confirmation of the pathogenic agent, especially in non-dermatophyte infections, is often a lengthy process.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of the histological examination of nail clipping samples in supplementing the standard microscopic and culture techniques for the diagnosis of onychomycosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and seventy-two subjects affected by nail alterations suggestive of onychomycosis were evaluated. Nail specimens were studied with 3 different techniques: direct microscopic examination of a 40% KOH clarified preparation, fungal culture and histological examination. Patients positive for fungal infection were re-evaluated with the same techniques after treatment with oral terbinafine, fluconazole or itraconazole and topical application of bifonazole or ciclopirox for 2 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Direct microscopy was positive in 102 (59.3%) nail specimens. The culture test was positive in 90 cases (52.9%), showing a dermatophyte in 45, a yeast in 23 and a mould in 22 samples. The histological examination was positive in 94 (54.6%) samples. In 4 cases, it was the only investigation confirming the clinical diagnosis of nail mycosis. In most of the cases, the morphological aspect of the hyphae and/or spores suggested also to which group of pathogens (dermatophytes, yeasts or moulds) the mycetes observed in the histological sections could be ascribed. The concurrent presence of a dermatophyte and a mould was evidenced in a few specimens. The control histological examination at the end of the treatment showed negative results or residual non-vital hyphae and/or spores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the present study indicate that the histological examination of nail clipping specimens is a relatively inexpensive, rapid and easily performed procedure. It is useful to confirm or refute the results of routine microscopy and culture tests. Moreover, nail histopathological observation may help in ascribing a pathogenic role of non-dermatophyte isolates and evaluating the effectiveness of antifungal treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, S. Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Italy. claudiagianni@tiscalinet.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gianni
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cerri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rossini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guiducci
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Braidotti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calcaterra
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005533:Foot Dermatoses / Q000175:diagnosis; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009262:Nails / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests