title: [Depigmentation for cosmetic purposes: prevalence and side-effects in a female population in Senegal].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of depigmenting agents by black women for cosmetic purposes is a long-standing practice. Most depigmenting agents contain topical steroids and hydroquinone. The purpose of this study was to clarify prevalence data on use of depigmenting agents in a female population in Senegal and to report the incidence and main features of adverse skin reactions in addition to possible associations with diabetes, hypertension and renal insufficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was made in a representative sample of 147 hospitalized women aged from 15 to 60 years. The incidence of adverse skin reactions, diabetes, hypertension and serum creatinine in 41 women admitting use of depigmenting agents was compared to those found in 85 women who maintained they had never used depigmenting agents. Two patients who refused to participate in the study and 19 others who did use depigmenting products and had stopped their use for at least 3 months were excluded from the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of use of depigmenting agents was 27.9% (47/147). Adverse skin reactions were significantly more frequent among these patients. Effects observed were similar to those reported for prolonged use of topical steroids but also included periorbitary dyschromia, exogenous ochronosis, infectious dermatosis, and, in particular, extended dermatophytosis and necrotizing cellulitis, contact eczema, and certain hyperpigmentation when depigmenting agents were discontinued. Presence of relative hyperpigmentation of the dorsal phalanges identified use of depigmenting agents with a 100% specificity. Prevalence of diabetes and hypertension was significantly higher among the group of women using depigmenting agents (46.3% and 8.2%, versus 34.1% and 8.2% respectively). There was no difference for renal insufficiency. The risk increased independently of age depending on whether duration of use was less than 10 years or not with a relative risk that rose from 3.63 (1.2-10.47) to 6.47 (3.41-12.32) for diabetes and from 1.34 (0.45-3.96) to 2.65 (1.27-5.51) for hypertension, clearly suggesting a possible dose effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of use of depigmenting agents in this first published hospital series confirms the widespread nature of this phenomenon in Senegal. While certain patent skin signs are similar to those described in the literature, and excluding specific features related to the hospital setting, this is the first report of a dose-effect between use of depigmentation agents and diabetes and hypertension, probably via the effect of topical steroids.
authors.affiliation: Consultation de Dermatologie, Hôpital Principal de Dakar, Sénégal.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Raynaud
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cellier
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Perret
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D044383:Black People; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003875:Drug Eruptions / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006801:Humans; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010859:Pigmentation Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012675:Senegal; D012874:Skin Diseases, Infectious / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D003358:Cosmetics; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006873:Hydroquinones; C031927:hydroquinone