title: Activated protein C versus protein C in severe sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To delineate critical differences between activated protein C (APC) and its precursor, protein C, with regard to plasma levels in health and in severe sepsis, and to discuss the implications of these differences as they relate to treatment strategies in patients with severe sepsis. DATA SOURCE/STUDY SELECTION: Published literature including abstracts, manuscripts, and review articles reporting studies in both experimental animal models and humans that provide an understanding of the relationship and the critical differences between circulating levels of APC and protein C.
  
  
  METHODS
  The protein C pathway represents one of the major regulatory systems of hemostasis, exhibiting antithrombotic, profibrinolytic and anti-inflammatory properties. This pathway also plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of severe sepsis. Central to this pathway is the vitamin K-dependent serine protease, APC, and its precursor, protein C. The conversion of protein C to APC is dependent on the complex of thrombin and thrombomodulin, an integral endothelial surface receptor. The conversion of protein C to APC is further augmented by another endothelial surface protein, the endothelial protein C receptor. There are limited published data on APC levels in health and disease, probably due to the complexity of the assay methodology for measuring APC and the absence of commercially available diagnostic kits. In animals and humans with normal functioning endothelium, circulating levels of APC (1-3 ng/mL) are positively correlated with protein C (4000-5000 ng/mL) concentration and the amount of thrombin generated. In patients with severe sepsis, there is a generalized endothelial dysfunction, contributing to multiple organ failure with increased morbidity and mortality. Persistently low protein C levels are related to poor prognosis. Key to understanding the treatment strategy with APC or protein C is knowledge of the functional status of the endothelium and, specifically, whether the microvasculature in patients with severe sepsis can support the conversion of protein C to APC. To date, only APC (drotrecogin alfa [activated]) has been shown to reduce mortality in severe sepsis in a large, phase 3, placebo-controlled, double-blind international trial. In contrast, no data, other than open-label case studies, are available for evaluation of the effects of protein C in the treatment of severe sepsis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The limited data available indicate that lower levels of protein C in sepsis occur in the absence of appreciable conversion to APC. These observations indicate that treatment with APC may be more efficacious than protein C in severe sepsis, where generalized endothelial dysfunction may impair conversion of protein C to APC. Additional research is required to confirm these observations.
authors.affiliation: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dhainaut
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000382:microbiology; D011486:Protein C / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017293:Protein S / Q000502:physiology; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013917:Thrombin / Q000502:physiology; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D013917:Thrombin