title: Calcaneal bone mineral and ultrasound attenuation in male athletes exposed to weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing activity. A cross-sectional report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine if the expected differences in bone mineral content/density of the calcaneus among male athletic groups that undertake weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing activity are also apparent for bone quality as assessed by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) attenuation.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  a University research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  we studied 30 young men: 10 Finnish national level jumpers whose training incorporates repeated impacts to the heel, 10 aquatics athletes whose skeletons are exposed to nonweight-bearing activity, and 10 sedentary men matched for age and body weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  bone mineral content (BMC, g x cm(-1)), areal bone mineral density (BMDa; g x cm(-2)) and presumed volumetric BMD (BMDv, g x cm(-3)) was measured by single energy photon absorption (SPA). Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA using Fourier spectral estimation and UBI-4 using Burg spectral estimation, both in db/MHz) was assessed by a new QUS device (QUS-1TM, Metra Biosystems).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in years of sport specific training or total training time per week between athlete groups. BMC, BMDa and BMDv were significantly different among groups (p=0.0001) with jumpers being higher than aquatics athletes and controls. BMC of jumpers was 52% and 39% higher than controls and aquatics athletes, respectively, while the corresponding values for BMDv were 34% and 28%. However, BUA values were not significantly different (p=0.10) among groups nor was UBI-4 (p=0.03; jumpers values were 7% and 6% higher than aquatics athletes and controls, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These cross-sectional results indicate that bone mineral content and density of the calcaneus are substantially higher in jumpers than individuals engaged in nonweight-bearing or regular weight-bearing activity. However, parameters assessed by QUS attenuation are not markedly different, which suggests that bone quality properties may not be as responsive as that of bone mineral content/density to habitual skeletal loading.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Taaffe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suominen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ollikainen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D014142:Track and Field / Q000502:physiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography