title: Resistance to moxifloxacin in toxigenic Clostridium difficile isolates is associated with mutations in gyrA.
abstract: Clostridium difficile is the etiological agent of antibiotic-associated colitis and the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea. Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin are associated with lower risks of C. difficile-associated diarrhea. In this study, we have analyzed 72 C. difficile isolates obtained from patients with different clinical courses of disease, such as toxic megacolon and relapses; the hospital environment; public places; and horses. They were investigated for their susceptibilities to moxifloxacin (MXF), metronidazole (MEO), and vancomycin (VAN). Mutants highly resistant to fluoroquinolones were selected in vitro by stepwise exposure to increasing concentrations of MXF. The resulting mutants were analyzed for the presence of mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of DNA gyrase (gyrA), the production of toxins A and B, and the epidemiological relationship of these isolates. These factors were also investigated using PCR-based methods. All strains tested were susceptible to MEO and VAN. Twenty-six percent of the clinical isolates (19 of 72) were highly resistant to MXF (MIC > or = 16 microg/ml). Fourteen of these 19 strains contained nucleotide changes resulting in amino acid substitutions at position 83 in the gyrA protein. Resistant strains selected in vitro did not contain mutations at that position. These findings indicate that resistance to MXF in a majority of cases may be due to amino acid substitution in the gyrA gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California-Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, California 95817, USA. grit.ackermann@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kueper
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heisig
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rodloff
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001372:Aza Compounds; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D027081:DNA Gyrase; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / Q000235:genetics*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011804:Quinolines; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001372:Aza Compounds; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004768:Enterotoxins; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D011804:Quinolines; C041348:tcdA protein, Clostridium difficile; C031815:toxB protein, Clostridium difficile; D027081:DNA Gyrase; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II; D000077266:Moxifloxacin