title: Neuroprotective effect of sigma(1)-receptor ligand 4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl) piperidine (PPBP) is linked to reduced neuronal nitric oxide production.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The potent final sigma(1)-receptor ligand 4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl) piperidine (PPBP) provides neuroprotection in experimental stroke. We tested the hypothesis that PPBP attenuates striatal tissue damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by a mechanism involving reduction of ischemia-evoked nitric oxide (NO) production. Furthermore, we determined whether the agent fails to protect ischemic brain when neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is genetically deleted or pharmacologically inhibited (selective nNOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole [7-NI]).
  
  
  METHODS
  Halothane-anesthetized adult male Wistar rats were subjected to 2 hours of MCAO by the intraluminal filament occlusion technique. All physiological variables were controlled during the ischemic insult. In vivo striatal NO production was estimated via microdialysis by quantification of local, labeled citrulline recovery after labeled arginine infusion. In a second series of experiments, nNOS null mutants (nNOSKOs) and the genetically matched wild-type (WT) strain were treated with 90 minutes of MCAO. Brains were harvested at 22 hours of reperfusion for measurement of infarction volume by triphenyltetrazolium chloride histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PPBP attenuated infarction volume at 22 hours of reperfusion in cerebral cortex and striatum and markedly attenuated NO production in ischemic and nonischemic striatum during occlusion and early reperfusion. Treatment with 7-NI mimicked the effects of PPBP. In WT mice, infarction volume was robustly decreased by both PPBP and 7-NI, but the efficacy of PPBP was not altered by pharmacological nNOS inhibition in combined therapy. In contrast, PPBP did not decrease infarction volume in nNOSKO mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the mechanism of neuroprotection of PPBP in vivo is through attenuation of nNOS activity and ischemia-evoked NO production. Neuroprotective effects of PPBP are lost when nNOS is not present or is inhibited; therefore, PPBP likely acts upstream from NO generation and its subsequent neurotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goyagi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Hurn
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kirsch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D002956:Citrulline / Q000032:analysis; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017480:Receptors, sigma / Q000819:agonists*; D000097605:Sigma-1 Receptor
chemical_list: D002956:Citrulline; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006220:Haloperidol; D007191:Indazoles; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D017480:Receptors, sigma; D000097605:Sigma-1 Receptor; C094850:4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl)piperidine; C496321:Nos1 protein, mouse; C496322:Nos1 protein, rat; C080122:7-nitroindazole