title: Buprenorphine added to the local anesthetic for brachial plexus block to provide postoperative analgesia in outpatients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over the past 10 years, several studies have suggested that the addition of certain opiates to the local anesthetic used for brachial block may provide effective, long-lasting postoperative analgesia. One of these studies indicated that the agonist-antagonist, buprenorphine, added to bupivacaine provided a longer period of postoperative analgesia than the traditional opiates, but in this study, it is impossible to determine the relative contributions of the local anesthetic and the opiate to the postoperative analgesia because of the extremely long duration of the anesthesia provided by the local anesthetic, bupivacaine. By repeating the study using a local anesthetic of a shorter duration, the present study delineates more clearly the contribution of the buprenorphine to postoperative analgesia when added to a shorter-acting local anesthetic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty, healthy, consenting adult patients scheduled for upper extremity surgery were enrolled in the study. Premedication was provided by intravenous midazolam 2 mg/70 kg and anesthesia by a subclavian perivascular brachial plexus block. The patients were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 equal groups based on the agents used for the blocks. The patients in group I received 40 mL of a local anesthetic alone, while those in group II received the same local anesthetic plus buprenorphine 0.3 mg. The study was kept double-blind by having 1 anesthesiologist prepare the solutions, a second anesthesiologist perform the blocks, and a third anesthesiologist monitor the anesthesia and analgesia thereafter, up to and including the time of the first request for an analgesic medication. The data were reported as means (+/- SEM), and differences between groups were determined using repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi(2), followed by the Fisher exact test for post hoc comparison. A P value of less than.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of postoperative pain relief following the injection of the local anesthetic alone was 5.3 (+/- 0.15) hours as compared with 17.4 (+/- 1.26) hours when buprenorphine was added, a difference that was statistically (and clinically) significant (P <.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of buprenorphine to the local anesthetic used for brachial plexus block in the present study provided a 3-fold increase in the duration of postoperative analgesia, with complete analgesia persisting 30 hours beyond the duration provided by the local anesthetic alone in 75% of the patients. This practice can be of particular benefit to patients undergoing ambulatory upper extremity surgery by providing prolonged analgesia after discharge from the hospital.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Candido
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Winnie
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Raja
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001917:Brachial Plexus; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002047:Buprenorphine