title: Ethanol enhances the formation of endogenously and exogenously derived adducts in rat hepatic DNA.
abstract: To investigate the role of ethanol in chemically-induced carcinogenesis, we exposed Wistar rats to ethanol, either as an acute dose or for prolonged periods in a liquid diet and looked for effects on endogenously and exogenously derived DNA adducts. Changes in the cytochrome P450 protein (CYP 2E1) and its catalytic demethylase activity were also followed in order to provide a sequence of relatively well understood changes that are associated with free radical production and, therefore, potentially capable of affecting DNA. The exocyclic DNA adducts, ethenodeoxyadenosine (varepsilondA) and ethenodeoxycytidine (varepsilondC), known to arise from oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (LPO) sources, were detected in the liver DNA of Wistar rats at background concentrations of 4-6 (varepsilondA) and 25-35 (varepsilondC) adducts per 10(9) parent bases. When rats were given either an acute dose of ethanol (5g/kg, i.g.) or exposed for 1 week to ethanol in a liquid diet (5%, w/v), etheno adduct levels were increased approximately 2-fold and this was statistically significant for varepsilondC (P<0.05 and P<0.02, respectively) for the two separate treatments.In N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)-treated rats, acute ethanol treatment significantly increased the level of O(6)-methylguanine (O(6)-MeG) in hepatic DNA and this was paralleled by a decrease in O(6)-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (ATase) activity; immunohistochemistry confirmed this increase of O(6)-MeG in both hepatic and renal nuclei. When rats were given ethanol in the diet and treated with NDMA, O(6)-MeG levels in hepatic DNA increased at 1 week which coincided with the peak of CYP 2E1-dependent NDMA-demethylase activity. Single cell gel electrophoresis of liver cells showed that after 1 week of exposure to ethanol, there was a small but significant increase in the frequency of DNA strand breaks induced by NDMA (P<0.05); after 4 weeks the increase was 1.4-fold (P<0.01). Our results indicate that exposures to ethanol, which resulted in blood ethanol concentrations similar to those seen in chronic alcoholics and increased levels of expression of the CYP 2E1 protein can exacerbate the DNA damaging effects of endogenous and exogenous alkylating agents. These observations provide indications of possible mechanisms for the carcinogenic or co-carcinogenic action of ethanol.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Campaign Carcinogenesis Group, Christie (NHS) Trust, M20 4BX, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Navasumrit
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bartsch
mesh_terms: D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002273:Carcinogens; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 / Q000378:metabolism; D018736:DNA Adducts; D004249:DNA Damage; D003839:Deoxyadenosines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009153:Mutagens; D009603:Nitroso Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D019853:O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000477:Alkylating Agents; D002273:Carcinogens; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D018736:DNA Adducts; D003839:Deoxyadenosines; D009153:Mutagens; D009603:Nitroso Compounds; D003841:Deoxycytidine; C008651:4-nitrosodimethylaniline; D000431:Ethanol; D006147:Guanine; C032221:1,N(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine; C032222:3,N(4)-ethenodeoxycytidine; C008449:O-(6)-methylguanine; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; D019853:O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase