title: GRbeta expression in nasal polyp inflammatory cells and its relationship to the anti-inflammatory effects of intranasal fluticasone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nasal polyposis disease is an inflammatory disorder with intense eosinophilic infiltration of respiratory mucosa that is often difficult to control with topical steroids. Recent evidence suggests that overexpression of the glucocorticoid receptor splice variant GRbeta in inflammatory cells might contribute to steroid insensitivity in diseases such as asthma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this investigation were to determine whether nasal polyp (NP) inflammatory cells overexpress GRbeta and to examine whether GRbeta overexpression is associated with insensitivity to the potent topical steroid fluticasone propionate (FP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsies were obtained from 10 subjects with NPs before and 4 weeks after treatment with intranasal FP. Middle turbinates biopsies from 6 healthy, nonallergic subjects served as normal controls. Biopsies were immunostained for inflammatory cell markers as well as GRbeta and probed for various cytokine mRNA. The anti-inflammatory response to FP was examined in relation to pretreatment levels of GRbeta expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total numbers of inflammatory cells were increased in NPs. The percentage of inflammatory cells expressing GRbeta was also increased (40.5% +/- 19.2% vs 16.1% +/- 4.0%, P =.009). GRbeta expression in NPs was almost exclusive to T lymphocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages. An inverse correlation was observed between the baseline inflammatory cell GRbeta expression and the reduction after FP treatment in EG2-positive eosinophils, CD4-positive T lymphocytes, endothelial VCAM-1 expression, and IL-4 mRNA-positive cells. NPs that were "FP-insensitive" in terms of suppression of eosinophil numbers (major basic protein-positive) had a significantly greater percentage of GRbeta-positive inflammatory cells, a higher ratio of GRbeta-positive/GRalpha-positive cells, and increased numbers of GRbeta-positive eosinophils and macrophages in comparison with those that were "FP-sensitive." "FP-insensitive" NPs also demonstrated a higher percentage of IL-5-positive inflammatory cells expressing GRbeta before and after FP treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GRbeta expression appears to be a marker of steroid insensitivity in NPs. Expression of GRbeta by NP inflammatory cells, particularly T cells and eosinophils, might render them resistant to suppression by topical steroids and thereby contribute to persistent NP inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Otolaryngology, Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hamilos
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muro
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hamilos
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Thawley
authors.forename: Q A
authors.initials: QA
authors.lastname: Hamid
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D000068298:Fluticasone; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006801:Humans; D015848:Interleukin-5 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D015848:Interleukin-5; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; C121943:glucocorticoid receptor beta; D000068298:Fluticasone