A stoichiometric complex of neurexins and dystroglycan in brain.
In nonneuronal cells, the cell surface protein dystroglycan links the intracellular cytoskeleton (via dystrophin or utrophin) to the extracellular matrix (via laminin, agrin, or perlecan). Impairment of this linkage is instrumental in the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophies. In brain, dystroglycan and dystrophin are expressed on neurons and astrocytes, and some muscular dystrophies cause cognitive dysfunction; however, no extracellular binding partner for neuronal dystroglycan is known. Regular components of the extracellular matrix, such as laminin, agrin, and perlecan, are not abundant in brain except in the perivascular space that is contacted by astrocytes but not by neurons, suggesting that other ligands for neuronal dystroglycan must exist. We have now identified alpha- and beta-neurexins, polymorphic neuron-specific cell surface proteins, as neuronal dystroglycan receptors. The extracellular sequences of alpha- and beta-neurexins are largely composed of laminin-neurexin-sex hormone-binding globulin (LNS)/laminin G domains, which are also found in laminin, agrin, and perlecan, that are dystroglycan ligands. Dystroglycan binds specifically to a subset of the LNS domains of neurexins in a tight interaction that requires glycosylation of dystroglycan and is regulated by alternative splicing of neurexins. Neurexins are receptors for the excitatory neurotoxin alpha-latrotoxin; this toxin competes with dystroglycan for binding, suggesting overlapping binding sites on neurexins for dystroglycan and alpha-latrotoxin. Our data indicate that dystroglycan is a physiological ligand for neurexins and that neurexins' tightly regulated interaction could mediate cell adhesion between brain cells.
Sugita
S
S
Center for Basic Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Genetics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
Saito
F
F
Tang
J
J
Satz
J
J
Campbell
K
K
Südhof
T C
TC
D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D019556:COS Cells; D015816:Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D049030:Dystroglycans; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006031:Glycosylation; D007141:Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments / Q000235:genetics; D008024:Ligands; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009479:Neuropeptides; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells; D014162:Transfection
D015816:Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D007141:Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments; D008024:Ligands; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C112162:neurexophilin; C093438:neuroligin 1; D049030:Dystroglycans; D005982:Glutathione Transferase