title: 3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine deprivation affects phenotype and intracellular [Ca2+]i of human cardiomyocytes in culture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A decrease in plasma T3 concentration is a frequent finding in patients with heart failure. However, the role of this 'low T3 syndrome' on disease evolution has never been clarified. As phenotypic and functional cardiomyocyte impairments are alterations that correlate with the failing myocardium, we studied the long-term effects of T3 deprivation on human cardiomyocyte structure and calcium handling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Atrial cardiomyocytes and myocardial tissue were cultured with or without 3 nM T3. Microscopical examination of structural features was followed by analysis of alpha-sarcomeric actinin and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATP-ase (SERCA-2) content. Calcium handling was studied by [Ca2+](i) imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When stimulated with cyclopiazonic acid, a SERCA-2 inhibitor, T3-deprived cardiomyocytes showed significantly faster (P=0.03) and more transient (P=0.04) increases in [Ca(2+)](i) than T3-supplemented cells. Moreover, in the T3-free cultures a significantly lower number of cells (P=0.003) responded to caffeine, a typical activator of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-release channel. T3-deprived cardiomyocytes also presented altered morphology with larger dimensions than T3-supplemented cells (P < 0.0001). Additionally, in T3-deprived samples alpha-sarcomeric actinin and SERCA-2 protein levels were reduced to 65.6 +/- 3% (P < 0.0001) and 74.1 +/- 4% (P=0.005), respectively, when compared with the T3-supplemented group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that human cardiomyocyte calcium handling and phenotype are strongly influenced by T3 suggesting important implications of the 'low T3 syndrome' on the progression of heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica C.N.R., via Moruzzi 1, 56100, Pisa, Italy. simona@ifc.cnr.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paolicchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pizzorusso
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ratto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saviozzi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vanini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iervasi
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000172:deficiency; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D013974:Thyroxine; D002118:Calcium; C000543:cyclopiazonic acid