title: Peptide mimetic HIV protease inhibitors are ligands for the orphan receptor SXR.
abstract: The orphan nuclear receptor SXR coordinately regulates drug clearance in response to a wide variety of xenobiotic compounds. This signaling system protects the body from exposure to toxic compounds; however, it can also pose a severe barrier to drug therapy. We now demonstrate that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor ritonavir binds SXR and activates its target genes. This represents an example of a commonly used therapeutic agent that effectively activates SXR. We also show that other protease inhibitors are weaker (saquinavir) or unable to activate SXR (nelfinavir, indinavir) thus defining analogs that fail to induce SXR-regulated clearance pathways. Interestingly, HIV protease inhibitors are distinct from previously known SXR ligands in that they are peptide mimetic compounds. This expands the ligand specificity of SXR to include this unique chemical class whose pharmaceutical significance is expanding. Finally, we show that SXR ligands activate expression of multiple resistance protein 2, a critical regulator of bile flow and biliary drug excretion. These findings have important implications for the role of SXR in regulating drug clearance and hepatic disorders associated with impaired bile flow.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Medicine, The Gonda Diabetes and Genetic Research Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dussault
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hollister
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Synold
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Forman
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015536:Down-Regulation; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D008024:Ligands; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D019438:Ritonavir; C421109:multidrug resistance-associated protein 1