title: Atrioventricular valve replacement in patients with a single ventricle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Significant atrioventricular valve (AVV) insufficiency has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity in patients with single ventricle. Although many patients can be managed with valvuloplasty alone, some patients require AVV replacement. The optimal timing, outcome, and risk factors for AVV replacement in this population have not been described.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed our experience with AVV replacement in patients with single ventricle from January 1984 to August 2000. Outcome variables included mortality and valve-related complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen patients required AVV replacement. Prosthetic valve types included: St. Jude's valve in 14, Bjork-Shiley in 1, Hall-Kaster in 1, and Carpentier-Edwards in 1. Valve size ranged from 17 to 33 mm, Median age at valve replacement was 3.0 years (range 7 days to 17.3 years). Of the 16 subjects with normal atrioventricular conduction preoperatively, 7 (44%) developed postoperative complete heart block. Hospital mortality was 29%. Hospital mortality decreased significantly from 56% in 1984 to 1993 to no deaths from 1994 to 2000 (p = 0.03). Younger age (less than 2 years) at operation was also a risk factor for hospital mortality (p = 0.03). There were four late deaths in this series and 1 patient underwent heart transplantation. Of the surviving patients, none has required replacement of the prosthetic valve. No patients have had cerebrovascular accident subsequent to AVV replacement. Functional status is New York Heart Association functional class I in 5, class II in 1, and Class III in 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atrioventricular valve replacement can be performed in patients with single ventricle with acceptable morbidity and mortality. The development of postoperative complete heart block is common. Survival after AVV replacement has improved in recent years, and intervention before patients develop ventricular dysfunction and atrial arrhythmias may further improve outcome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 19104, USA. mahle@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Mahle
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Spray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000151:congenital*