title: Standardizing Chlamydia pneumoniae assays: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) and the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (Canada).
abstract: Chlamydia pneumoniae has been associated with atherosclerosis and several other chronic diseases, but reports from different laboratories are highly variable and "gold standards" are lacking, which has led to calls for more standardized approaches to diagnostic testing. Using leading researchers in the field, we reviewed the available approaches to serological testing, culture, DNA amplification, and tissue diagnostics to make specific recommendations. With regard to serological testing, only use of microimmunofluorescence is recommended, standardized definitions for "acute infection" and "past exposure" are proposed, and the use of single immunoglobulin (Ig) G titers for determining acute infection and IgA for determining chronic infection are discouraged. Confirmation of a positive culture result requires propagation of the isolate or confirmation by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Four of 18 PCR assays described in published reports met the proposed validation criteria. More consistent use of control antibodies and tissues and improvement in skill at identifying staining artifacts are necessary to avoid false-positive results of immunohistochemical staining. These standards should be applied in future investigations and periodically modified as indicated.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. sdowell@cdc.gov
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Dowell
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Peeling
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boman
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Carlone
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guarner
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hammerschlag
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maass
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Messmer
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Talkington
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tondella
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Zaki
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D023521:Chlamydophila Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D003470:Culture Media; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D006287:Health Planning Guidelines; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012698:Serologic Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004269:DNA, Bacterial