title: Effect of altering conditions of the sequence method on baroreflex sensitivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sequence method is widely used as a simple, non-invasive measure of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). This technique, originally described in anaesthetized cats, has been transferred virtually unchanged to humans, without evidence that the optimal values in cats are the same as those in patients with cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of altering the components of the sequence method on the measured BRS in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and in normal individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients with CHF [aged 62 +/- 12 years (mean +/- SD)] and 40 normal control individuals [aged 38 +/- 15 years (mean +/- SD)] underwent measurement of heart rate and non-invasive blood pressure. Altering only the shift between blood pressure and R-R interval and the required correlation coefficient of the regression line had no effect on the value of BRS, but had a significant effect on the number of valid sequences. Alteration of the blood pressure or R-R interval thresholds, however, affected not only the number of valid sequences, but also the value of BRS in both groups. In normal controls, agreement with the bolus phenylephrine method was improved by increasing the blood pressure threshold, although this led to a reduction in the number of valid sequences. In patients with CHF, agreement was optimized by decreasing both the blood pressure and R-R interval thresholds. This also had the effect of increasing the number of valid sequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes should be made to this technique, to optimize its validity in conscious humans, particularly when applied to patients with attenuated BRS.
authors.affiliation: National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK. ceri@davies151.freeserve.co.uk
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ponikowski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piepoli
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Coats
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002309:Cardiology / Q000379:methods*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004056:Differential Threshold; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values