title: Muscle strength in knee varus and valgus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the lower-limb muscle strength in knee varus-valgus and its dependence on knee varus-valgus position. The hypothesis was that humans could differentially contract the medial and lateral muscles crossing the knee and generate significant moments in knee valgus-varus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects sat with the knee at full extension and secured from the medial, lateral, anterior, and posterior sides. Both hips were clamped from the lateral sides. The subjects adducted (abducted) the ipsilateral hip during the knee valgus (varus) maximal voluntary contraction with EMG signals recorded from muscles crossing the knee and knee joint moments measured using a six-axis force sensor. Frontal plane tibiofemoral movement was evaluated using a fluoroscope.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The subjects differentially contracted the medial and lateral muscles, and fluoroscope images showed the corresponding tibiofemoral movement. The subjects showed considerable strength in knee varus and valgus. The active knee varus strength increased significantly with increasing knee valgus angle, and the valgus strength was significantly higher when the knee was in varus position (P < 0.039). Active valgus muscle strength at 5 degrees knee varus was significantly higher than the active varus strength at 5 degrees valgus (P = 0.002). The passive resistance moment increased linearly with increasing knee valgus and varus angles, and it accounted for 28% and 35% of the total (active plus passive) moment at the 5 degrees varus and 5 degrees valgus, respectively. The significant varus-valgus muscle strength demonstrated in this study may play important roles in performing various functional tasks, maintaining joint stability, and preventing potential injuries, whether the major load and motion at the knee is in the frontal plane or not.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60611, USA. L-zhang@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: L Q
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hendrix
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005269:Femur / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology; D019415:Torque