title: Minimal model analyses of beta cell secretion, insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness in glucose tolerant, non-diabetic first-degree relatives of Ghanaian patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy control subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have examined the importance of positive family history of type 2 diabetes on serum glucose, insulin sensitivity, and beta cell secretion in native West Africans (Ghanaians) who reside in their native country.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the beta cell secretion, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity (Si), and glucose effectiveness (Sg) in 42 healthy non-diabetic first-degree relatives of Ghanaian patients with type 2 diabetes (26 females and 16 males) and in 22 healthy control subjects without a family history of type 2 diabetes (12 females and 10 males) living in Accra, Ghana, West Africa. A standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance (FSIGT) test were performed in each subject. Si and Sg were measured using Bergman's minimal model method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During oral glucose challenge, fasting and postprandial serum glucose levels were not significantly different between the relatives and healthy controls. Mean serum insulin and c-peptide responses after oral glucose tolerance test at t = 60, 90 and 120 minutes (P<.05) were significantly greater in the relatives than in the healthy controls. During the FSIGT, the mean serum glucose responses did not differ. Mean total and acute first and second phases of serum insulin and c-peptide responses were greater in the relatives than in the healthy controls. We found that the Si tended to be lower in the relatives than in the controls, but the mean difference did not vary significantly between the two groups. In addition, the glucose effectiveness at basal insulin level (Sg) was not significantly different in the relatives and healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that hyperinsulinemia and a tendency to lower insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance), but not altered glucose effectiveness, are found in healthy non-diabetic, first-degree relatives of Ghanaian patients with type 2 diabetes as compared to healthy subjects living in their native country. We conclude that genetic factors could play a significant role in the development of type 2 diabetes in indigenous Ghanaians residing in their native country.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Amoah
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Owusu
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Ayittey
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osei
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male