title: Constructed wetland technology transfer to Nepal.
abstract: Constructed Wetland (CW) technology is still not wide spread in developing countries despite having great potential. This paper describes an approach carried out in Nepal to transfer CW technology for wastewater treatment. Three CWs (hospital wastewater treatment--20 m3/d, greywater treatment of a single household, septage treatment--40 m3/d) were built and two have been investigated so far. All systems are subsurface flow systems with at least one vertical flow stage. Their treatment efficiency turned out to be very high. Median load elimination rates of the hospital wastewater and greywater treatment plants were for TSS: 97 to 99%; BOD5: 97 to 99%; COD: 94 to 97%; NH4-N 80 to 99%; PO4-P: 5 to 69%; Total Coliforms: 99.87 to 99.999% (3-5 log steps). Beside the treatment task the plants play an important role as demonstration sites to make common people and especially decision makers aware of the existing environmental problems and one possible solution. Several recommendations are pointed out to promote the technology in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO), P.O. Box-4102, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haberl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laber
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D006761:Hospitals; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal / Q000379:methods; D009390:Nepal; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D017744:Medical Waste Disposal; D012722:Sewage; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014873:Water Pollutants