title: Reversal of type 2 diabetes in mice by products of malaria parasites. II. Role of inositol phosphoglycans (IPGs).
abstract: We have previously shown that infection with Plasmodium yoelii malaria or injection of extracts from malaria-parasitized red cells induces hypoglycemia in normal mice and normalizes the hyperglycemia in mice made moderately diabetic with streptozotocin. Inositol phosphoglycans (IPGs) are released outside cells by hydrolysis of membrane-bound glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs), and act as second messengers mediating insulin action. The C57BL/Ks-db/db and C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice offer good models for studies on human obesity and Type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we show that a single iv injection of IPG-A or IPG-P extracted from P. yoelii significantly (P < 0.02) lowers the blood glucose in STZ-diabetic, db/db, and in ob/ob mice for at least 4--6 h. Using rat white adipocytes, IPG-P increased lipogenesis by 20--30% in the presence and absence of maximal concentrations of insulin (10(-8) M) (P < 0.01) and stimulated pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) phosphatase in a dose-related manner. Both IPG-A and IPG-P inhibited c-AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in a dose-related manner. Compositional analysis of IPGs after 24 h hydrolysis revealed the presence of myo-inositol, phosphorus, galactosamine, glucosamine, and glucose in both IPG-A and IPG-P. However, hydrolysis of IPGs for 4 h highlighted differences between IPG-A and IPG-P. There are some functional similarities between P. yoelii IPGs and those previously described for mammalian liver. However, this is the first report of the hypoglycemic effect of IPGs in murine models of Type 2 diabetes. We suggest that IPGs isolated from P. yoelii, when fully characterized, may provide structural information for the synthesis of new drugs for the management of diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Rademacher Group Ltd, Arthur Stanley House, 6th Floor, 40-50 Tottenham Street, London W1P 9PG, United Kingdom. Khalid.elased@rademacher.co.uk
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Elased
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gumaa
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rahmoune
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Playfair
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Rademacher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002845:Chromatography; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000628:therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000628:therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006595:Hexosamines / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007295:Inositol Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D008288:Malaria / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010967:Plasmodium yoelii / Q000378:metabolism*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011769:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)-Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006595:Hexosamines; D007295:Inositol Phosphates; D011134:Polysaccharides; C028039:inositol phosphate glycan; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D011769:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)-Phosphatase