title: Comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: This paper describes the clinical manifestations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood, with particular emphasis placed on issues relating to comorbidity. Prospective and retrospective studies are reviewed to evaluate the degree to which adults with ADHD exhibit clinical features that mirror their childhood counterparts with analogous comorbid psychiatric (e.g., antisocial, mood, and anxiety) and/or cognitive (i.e., learning) disorders. We also address the question of whether comorbid disorders in adults represent independent diagnostic entities and whether the presence of psychiatric comorbidity varies as a function of ADHD subtype (i.e., inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, combined, and residual). As is the case for ADHD in childhood, comorbidity is not uncommon among adults with ADHD. However, the reported prevalence of comorbid conditions among adults with ADHD varies considerably depending upon whether the research used a prospective or retrospective design.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology Doctoral Program, Department of Psychology, Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Newcorn
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Halperin
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*