title: Transforming growth factor beta1 mediates hypopigmentation of B16 mouse melanoma cells by inhibition of melanin formation and melanosome maturation.
abstract: Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) downregulates tyrosinase in B16 melanoma cells by decreasing gene expression and the intracellular half-life of the enzyme, but does not block tyrosinase stimulation by alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alphaMSH). In the presence of both agents, the enzymatic activity is intermediate between the one of cells treated with either agent alone. Here we show that TGFbeta1 equally inhibits the melanogenic activities of melan-a melanocytes and B16 melanoma cells, thus validating the B16 model. In both cell types, TGFbeta1 (10(-10) M, 48 h) inhibited to comparable levels tyrosine hydroxylation and melanin formation from L-tyrosine. Thus, the inhibitory effect is exerted mainly at the rate limiting step of the pathway. By means of quantitative image analysis techniques, we also studied the effects of TGFbeta1 and alphaMSH on melanosome number, volume density and maturation degree. alphaMSH (10(-7) M, 48 h) increased 7-fold melanosome volume density, whereas TGFbeta1 by itself had no significant effect. However, melanosomal volume density was intermediate in cells treated with both agents, as compared to control or alphaMSH-treated cells. Moreover, TGFbeta1 blocked the alphaMSH-elicited increase in the number of melanosomes. Control and alphaMSH-treated melanocytes contained more stage I+II premelanosomes and stage IV, fully melanized organelles than partially melanized stage III melanosomes. TGFbeta1 increased the percentage of stage III melanosomes. This trend was even more marked in cells treated with alphaMSH and TGFbeta1. The accumulation of incompletely melanized melanosomes is consistent with the inhibition of melanin formation activity by TGFbeta1 and with its hypopigmenting effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Esparza
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Castells
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: García-Borrón
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zuasti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D006207:Half-Life; D017496:Hypopigmentation; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007700:Kinetics; D008543:Melanins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020460:Melanosomes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000521:alpha-MSH / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D000521:alpha-MSH; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase