title: Divergence of volatile anesthetic effects in inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanism of volatile anesthetic (VA) action is unknown. Inhibitory receptors for the neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine are typically positively modulated by VAs and may be important targets for their action. The existence of a GABA receptor subtype (p), which is uniquely inhibited by VAs, suggested a chimeric receptor approach to identify portions of these proteins that may be necessary for anesthetic effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A silent mutation resulting in the addition of a unique restriction enzyme recognition site was introduced in GABA receptor type A alpha2, glycine alpha1, and p subunit cDNAs. Chimeras were constructed by rejoining restriction digest fragments and were expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Modulation of submaximal agonist-evoked peak currents by the VAs chloroform, enflurane, halothane, or isoflurane was measured using two-electrode voltage clamp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four chimeras were constructed and designated glyrho, rhogly, alpha2rho, and rhoalpha2. Glyrho formed glycine-gated receptors with currents that were enhanced by chloroform or halothane but were inhibited by enflurane or isoflurane. Chimeras rhogly and rhoalpha2 each formed GABA-gated receptors with currents that were inhibited by chloroform or halothane but enhanced by enflurane or isoflurane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show, for the first time, functional divergence of VA action on a single protein target. The VAs in this study fall into two distinct groups with respect to their effects on these receptors. This grouping parallels the chemistry of these compounds. Our results support the involvement of multiple protein domains in the mechanism of VA modulation of GABA and glycine receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA. egreenbl@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Greenblatt
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D018075:RNA, Complementary / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D018009:Receptors, Glycine / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D018075:RNA, Complementary; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D018009:Receptors, Glycine; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D004247:DNA