title: Experience and covariates of depressive symptoms among a cohort of HIV infected women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study are to assess (a) the level of depressive symptoms among a cohort of HIV infected women and comparable controls and (b) the relationship with covariates including socioeconomic status, substance use, social relations, disease status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD). Data from 1993 HIV seropositive and 551 seronegative women are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of HIV positive women 57.7% of HIV positive women scored 16 or higher on the CESD (ns) as compared to 55.0% of HIV negative women; at a cutoff of 23, the percents were 40.4% and 35.9% respectively (p = .06). The mean score was high 19.8 but not significantly different between groups. Scores were higher among women who had less education, lower income, were of Hispanic ethnicity, used alcohol or drugs, experienced domestic abuse, had more than one partner, or had less supportive relationships. Among infected women, higher CESD scores were not significantly associated with CD4 cell count but were elevated for self-reported Class C AIDS defining clinical conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The scores on the CESD were elevated for both HIV positive and HIV negative women and the differences between the groups were small. Lower socioeconomic status and social support and higher substance use and domestic abuse were associated with depressive symptoms similarly for both groups.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, USA. jeanr@hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barkan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Back
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: FitzGerald
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Palacio
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011287:Prejudice; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology