title: Evidence supporting WNT2 as an autism susceptibility gene.
abstract: We examined WNT2 as a candidate disease gene for autism for the following reasons. First, the WNT family of genes influences the development of numerous organs and systems, including the central nervous system. Second, WNT2 is located in the region of chromosome 7q31-33 linked to autism and is adjacent to a chromosomal breakpoint in an individual with autism. Third, a mouse knockout of Dvl1, a member of a gene family essential for the function of the WNT pathway, exhibits a behavioral phenotype characterized primarily by diminished social interaction. We screened the WNT2 coding sequence for mutations in a large number of autistic probands and found two families containing nonconservative coding sequence variants that segregated with autism in those families. We also identified linkage disequilibrium (LD) between a WNT2 3'UTR SNP and our sample of autism-affected sibling pair (ASP) families and trios. The LD arose almost exclusively from a subgroup of our ASP families defined by the presence of severe language abnormalities and was also found to be associated with the evidence for linkage to 7q from our previously published genomewide linkage screen. Furthermore, expression analysis demonstrated WNT2 expression in the human thalamus. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that rare mutations occur in the WNT2 gene that significantly increase susceptibility to autism even when present in single copies, while a more common WNT2 allele (or alleles) not yet identified may exist that contributes to the disorder to a lesser degree.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. thomas-wassink@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Wassink
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piven
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Vieland
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Swiderski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pietila
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Folstein
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Sheffield
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D017354:Point Mutation; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D051154:Wnt2 Protein
chemical_list: D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051154:Wnt2 Protein; D004247:DNA