title: Is lung cancer surgery justified in patients with direct mediastinal invasion?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the results of the surgical treatment of patients with stage IIIB non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) invading the mediastinum (T4).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine patients were operated on from 1986 to 1999. Histology was squamous cell carcinoma in 17 patients, adenocarcinoma in eight, large cell carcinoma in two and neuroendocrinal carcinoma in two. Three patients received a preoperative chemotherapy (n = 2) or radiochemotherapy (n = 1). The lung resection consisted of a pneumonectomy in 25 patients and a lobectomy in four. The procedure was extended to one of the following structures: superior vena cava (SVC) (n = 17), aorta (n = 1), left atrium (n = 5) and carina (n = 6). Seventeen patients had a postoperative regimen including radiochemotherapy (n = 12), radiotherapy (n = 4), or chemotherapy (n = 1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete R0 resection was achieved in 25 patients, whereas four patients had a microscopically (n = 1) or macroscopically (n = 3) residual disease. The operative mortality rate was 7% (n = 2). Non-fatal major complications occurred in eight patients (28%). Overall 5-year survival rate was 28% (median 11 months), including the operative mortality. The median survival of the 18 patients with an N0 or N1 disease was 16 months whereas the median survival of the 11 patients with an N2 disease was 9 months. At completion of the study, 22 patients have died, two postoperatively and 10 from pulmonary causes without evidence of cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical management of T4 NSC lung cancer invading the mediastinum should be considered, in the absence of N2 disease, when a complete resection is achievable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France. cdoddoli@mail.ap-hm.fr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doddoli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rollet
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ghez
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Serée
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giudicelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fuentes
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D002423:Cause of Death; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008482:Mediastinum / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis