title: Treatment of metastatic carcinoid tumours, phaeochromocytoma, paraganglioma and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with (131)I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine [(131)I-mIBG].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Meta-iodo-benzyl-guanidine labelled with 131-iodine [(131)I-mIBG] has been used extensively for imaging tumours originating from the neural crest but experience with its therapeutic use is limited, particularly for non-catecholamine secreting tumours. In order to assess the therapeutic response and potential adverse effects of the therapeutic administration of (131)I-mIBG, we have reviewed all patients who had received this form of treatment in our department.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of the case notes of patients with neuroendocrine tumours who received treatment with (131)I-mIBG and were followed-up according to a defined protocol in a given time frame.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven patients (18 with metastatic carcinoid tumours, 8 metastatic phaeochromocytoma, 7 metastatic paraganglioma and 4 metastatic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid) treated with (131)I-mIBG over a 15-year period were included in this analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The symptomatic, hormonal and tumoural responses before and after (131)I-mIBG therapy over a median follow-up duration of 32 months (range 5-180 months) were recorded. Of the 37 patients (22 males; median age 51 years, range 18-81 years), 15 were treated with (131)I-mIBG alone whereas the other 22 received additional therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 116 therapeutic (131)I-mIBG doses were administered [mean cumulative dose 592 mCi (21.9 GBq); range 200-1592 mCi (7.4-58.9 GBq)]. None of the patients showed a complete tumour response. However, 82% of patients treated with (131)I-mIBG alone and 84% who received additional therapy showed stable disease over the period of follow-up. Overall survival during the period of the study was 71%. The overall 5-year survival rate was 85% (95% confidence interval, 72-99%) for all patients and 78% (95% confidence interval, 55-100%) for the carcinoid group alone, according to Kaplan-Meier analysis. Symptomatic control was achieved in all the patients treated with (131)I-mIBG alone, and in 72% of those receiving additional therapy. Hormonal control was noted in 50% and 57% of patients, respectively. (131)I-mIBG therapy was safe and well tolerated. Serious side-effects necessitating the termination of (131)I-mIBG therapy were seen in only 2 of our patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (131)I-mIBG therapy produces symptomatic and hormonal improvement and moderate tumour regression/stabilization in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumours with minimal adverse effects. It may be a valuable alternative or additional therapeutic option to the currently available conventional treatment modalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kaltsas
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Plowman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hikmat
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Britton
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Monson
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Besser
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Grossman
mesh_terms: D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D018276:Carcinoma, Medullary / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D010235:Paraganglioma / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D010673:Pheochromocytoma / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine