title: Adrenergic blockade reduces skeletal muscle glycolysis and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity during hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent evidence suggests that hyperlactatemia in shock may reflect accelerated aerobic glycolysis linked to activity of the Na(+), K(+)-ATPase rather than hypoxia. Epinephrine stimulates glycolysis in resting muscle largely by stimulating Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity. This study evaluates the effects of hemorrhagic shock, with and without combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, on lactate production, glycogenolysis, Na(+)-K(+) pump activity, and high-energy phosphates in rat skeletal muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats in four treatment groups were studied: unhemorrhaged control not receiving blockers (CN), controls receiving blockers (CB), shocked animals not receiving blockers (SN), and shocked rats receiving blockers (SB). Shocked rats (SN and SB) were bled to a MAP of 40 mm Hg, maintained for 60 min. Blocker groups (CB and SB) received propranolol and phenoxybenzamine. Arterial blood was drawn for plasma lactate, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and gas analysis. Lactate, glycogen, glucose 6-phosphate, ATP, phosphocreatine, and intracellular Na(+) and K(+) were determined in extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles. For comparison, muscles were exposed to epinephrine and/or ouabain in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the exception of P(a)CO(2), HCO(3), and base excess in the SN group, no significant differences in arterial blood gas parameters were noted. Adrenergic blockade significantly reduced plasma lactate concentration. In shocked rats, adrenergic blockade significantly reduced muscle lactate and glucose 6-phosphate accumulation. Intracellular Na(+):K(+) ratio was decreased in SN rats, implying increased Na(+)-K(+) pump activity. Adrenergic blockade raised the intracellular Na(+):K(+) ratio in shocked animals, implying decreased pump activity. Epinephrine exposure in vitro stimulated muscle lactate production, raised glucose 6-phosphate content, and significantly reduced soleus phosphocreatine stores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither hypoxia nor defective oxidative metabolism appeared responsible for increased glycolysis during hemorrhagic shock. Adrenergic blockade concurrently reduced plasma lactate, muscle levels of lactate and glucose 6-phosphate, and muscle Na(+)-K(+) pump activity during shock. Rapid skeletal muscle aerobic glycolysis in response to increased plasma epinephrine levels may be an important contributor to increased glycolysis in muscle and increased plasma lactate during hemorrhagic shock.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: McCarter
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Luchette
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Friend
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D019298:Glucose-6-Phosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D010042:Ouabain / Q000494:pharmacology; D010643:Phenoxybenzamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D010643:Phenoxybenzamine; D019344:Lactic Acid; D019298:Glucose-6-Phosphate; D010042:Ouabain; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D006003:Glycogen; D012964:Sodium; D011433:Propranolol; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D011188:Potassium; D004837:Epinephrine