title: Stress distribution of the foot during mid-stance to push-off in barefoot gait: a 3-D finite element analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify stress distribution of the foot during mid-stance to push-off in barefoot gait using 3-D finite element analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To simulate the foot structure and facilitate later consideration of footwear. Finite element model was generated and loading condition simulating barefoot gait during mid-stance to push-off was used to quantify the stress distributions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A computational model can provide overall stress distributions of the foot subject to various loading conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A preliminary 3-D finite element foot model was generated based on the computed tomography data of a male subject and the bone and soft tissue structures were modeled. Analysis was performed for loading condition simulating barefoot gait during mid-stance to push-off.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The peak plantar pressure ranged from 374 to 1003 kPa and the peak von Mises stress in the bone ranged from 2.12 to 6.91 MPa at different instants. The plantar pressure patterns were similar to measurement result from previous literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides a preliminary computational model that is capable of estimating the overall plantar pressure and bone stress distributions. It can also provide quantitative analysis for normal and pathological foot motion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model can identify areas of increased pressure and correlate the pressure with foot pathology. Potential applications can be found in the study of foot deformities, footwear, surgical interventions. It may assist pre-treatment planning, design of pedorthotic appliances, and predict the treatment effect of foot orthosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, ROC, Chungli, Taiwan.
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ju
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology