title: Occurrence of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in tuberculous pleuritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) have been found in high concentrations in pleural effusions. Because MMP and TIMP may play a part in the causation of the fibrosis seen in tuberculous (TB) pleuritis their occurrence was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pleural effusion fluid and plasma concentrations of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were determined by ELISA in 21 patients with TB pleuritis. To adjust for the total protein content, respective ratios were calculated. Activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured by gelatine zymography and the MMP-9/MMP-2 ratios calculated. Pleural effusions and plasma of 15 patients with congestive heat failure (CHF) and plasma of 15 healthy persons (CON) served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunoreactive pleural fluid concentrations of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9 were higher in TB compared to CHF, but plasma concentrations were not different between the groups. TB pleural fluid concentrations of MMP-1, MMP-2, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 were higher compared to TB plasma. MMP-3 was found in trace amounts only. The MMP-9/total protein ratios in pleural fluid were higher in TB compared to CHF (0.4492+/-0.1633 vs 0.0364+/-0.0145, P<0.005) but the TIMP-1 ratios were lower (139.0+/-28.7 vs 517.8+/-183.7, P<0.0005). In TB pleural fluid vs TB plasma, the respective MMP-1, MMP-2, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 ratios were increased (0.46+/-0.10 vs 0.17+/-0.02; 25.2+/-2.8 vs 4.2+/-0.9; 139.0+/-28.7 vs 27.8+/-8.2; 0.67+/-0.13 vs 0.18+/-0.04, P<0.0005 each). Gelatine zymography demonstrated MMP-2 and MMP-9 bands of different brightness in TB effusions but in CHF effusions the MMP-9 band was barely visible. The MMP-9/MMP-2 effusion ratios were therefore higher in TB compared to CHF (0.46+/-0.15 vs 0.05+/-0.04, P<0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compartmentalized MMP-1, MMP-2, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 and, compared to CHF, a surplus of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9 in the pleural space obviously contribute to the fibrotic reactions in TB pleuritis.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary and Endocrinology Units, University of Leipzig, Germany. gerhard.hoheisel@t-online.de
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoheisel
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sack
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huse
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hartwig
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schauer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000032:analysis; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000032:analysis; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000032:analysis; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000032:analysis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000032:analysis*; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000032:analysis*; D014396:Tuberculosis, Pleural / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1