title: Blood use in lung resection for carcinoma: perioperative elective anaemia does not compromise the early outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Blood transfusion may adversely affect the prognosis following surgery for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Conventionally by most thoracic surgeons, a perioperative haemoglobin (Hb) less than 10 g/dl has been considered a transfusion trigger. In this prospective trial we have (a) evaluated the overall blood transfusion requirements and factors associated with an increased need for transfusion and (b) in a subsequent subset of patients, tested the hypothesis that elective anaemia after major lung resection may be safely tolerated in the early postoperative period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 198 (M/F 179/10, mean age 61.2, range 32--85 years) patients suffering from NSCLC were submitted to pneumonectomy (n = 89), bilobectomy (n = 19) and lobectomy (n = 90). A rather strict protocol was used as a transfusion strategy. The transfusion requirements were analyzed and seven parameters (gender, age > 65, preoperative Hb < 11.5 g/dl, chest wall resection, history of previous thoracotomy, pneumonectomy and total blood loss) were statistically evaluated by univariate and logistic regression analysis. Subsequently, according to the perioperative Hb level during the first 48 h, patients were divided into group A (n = 49, Hb = 8.5--10) and group B (n = 149, Hb > 10) with a view to estimate the risks of elective perioperative anaemia. Groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, type of operation performed, preoperative Hb, creatinine level, FEV1, arterial blood gases and history of heart disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall transfusion rate was 16%. Univariate analysis revealed that preoperative Hb < 11.5 g/dl (P < 0.01) and total blood loss (P < 0.0001) were associated with increased need for transfusion, but only the total blood loss was identified as an independent variable in multivariate analysis. Statistical analysis between groups A and B showed no significant difference regarding postoperative morbidity and mortality: atelectasis (3 vs. 6), chest infection (2 vs. 9), sputum retention requiring bronchoscopy (5 vs. 12), admission to intensive care unit (5 vs. 7), ARDS (0 vs. 3), postoperative hospital stay (7.7 +/- 2.6 vs. 9.1 +/- 3.8 days) and deaths (1 vs. 3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a strict transfusion strategy could help in reducing overall blood transfusion. Furthermore, a perioperative Hb of 8.5--10 g/dl could be considered safe in elective lung resections for carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Patras University School of Medicine, Patras 26500, Greece. ddougen@med.upatras.gr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dougenis
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patrinou
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Filos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Theodori
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vagianos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maniati
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications*; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000075202:Contraindications; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016896:Treatment Outcome