title: In vivo and in vitro effects of benzothiazole on sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus).
abstract: Benzothiazole, a common chemical associated with tire manufacturing and industrial wastewater, is a principal component of both fresh water and estuarine tire leachate, a neurotoxicant to larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) in in vivo estuarine studies. The neurotoxic potential of benzothiazole was investigated following in vivo and in vitro exposure of sheepshead minnows to 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30 and 60 mg/l benzothiazole. Following benzothiazole exposure, fish were evaluated for survival, growth and histological alterations. Fish mortality occurred after 5 days of exposure to 60 mg/l (LC50 = 41.9). Significant decreases in larval growth were noted at all concentrations. Histologically, gills had cellular alterations but the central nervous system lacked the severe cellular damage seen in previous tire leachate exposure studies. Benzothiazole cytotoxicity to primary cultures of brain cells from sheepshead minnow and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and two epithelial cell lines was evaluated using a tetrazolium salt assay (MTT) at 1 and 4 days. In vitro results indicate primary cultures of brain cells are less sensitive to benzothiazole than epithelial cell lines. Significant cytotoxicity to the epithelial cell lines was noted at 30 and 60 mg/l concentrations. Histologically and cytotoxicologically, the present study indicates that benzothiazole is a gill toxicant and not a neurotoxicant.
authors.affiliation: Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Service, Oxford Laboratory, Oxford, MD 21654, USA. joyce.evans@washcoll.edu
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Klesius
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D005618:Fresh Water; D007220:Industrial Waste; D007695:Killifishes / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D017210:Tilapia / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D052160:Benzothiazoles; D007220:Industrial Waste; D013844:Thiazoles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C005465:benzothiazole