title: Multimegapixel images in histopathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe methods and procedures for the assembly of very large scale microscopic image arrays.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microscopic imagery was recorded on different video microphotometers, equipped either with a three-chip CCD Sony MD 760 (Park-ridge, New Jersey, U.S.A.), a COHU vidicon (San Diego, California, U.S.A.) or a PROGRES camera (JenOptik, Jena, Germany), yielding image tiles of 512 x 470, 512 x 470 or 1,496 x 1,120 pixels, respectively. The slide was moved while mounted on a Maerzheuser scanning stage with 0.1-micron precision, under computer control. The MERGE software. (Optical Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.) was written in C and currently implemented on a Sun. Ultra Sparc 2 computer (Sun Microsystems, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A.).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MERGE program allows the assembly of very large scale digitized image arrays preserving exact tile alignment such that even within a single nucleus, highly precise registration is maintained. Images up to 150 megapixels have been assembled, although most practical applications required assembly of only 60-300 tiles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The single limiting effect of assembling very large image arrays is the problem of angular misalignment between CCD scan line orientation and scanning stage travel direction. For misalignment of even less than 1 degree, very large arrays need substantial tile overlap. For object areas extending over only 5-10 mm, the effects can be controlled.
authors.affiliation: Optical Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montironi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scarpelli
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Bartels
mesh_terms: D003201:Computers; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D010338:Pathology, Clinical / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000295:instrumentation; D012984:Software