title: Obstetric practice and faecal incontinence three months after delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether obstetric and maternal factors relate to faecal incontinence at three months postpartum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternity units in Aberdeen (Scotland), Birmingham (England) and Dunedin (New Zealand).
  
  
  METHODS
  All women who delivered during one year in the three maternity units.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postal questionnaire at three months postpartum, to obtain information on faecal incontinence, linked to obstetric casenote data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of faecal incontinence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  7879 questionnaires were returned, a 71.7% response rate. The prevalence of faecal incontinence was 9.6%, with 4.2% reporting this more often than rarely. Logistic regression, confined to primiparae, showed that forceps delivery was a predictor of an increased risk of symptoms (OR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.89) while vacuum extraction was not associated. Caesarean section was marginally associated with a reduced risk (OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.97). Older maternal age, Indian sub-continent ethnic origin and body mass index 'not known' also showed significant associations. No associations were found for induced labour, duration of second stage labour, episiotomy, laceration or birthweight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women delivered by forceps had almost twice the risk of developing faecal incontinence, whereas vacuum extraction was not associated with faecal incontinence at three months postpartum. Caesarean section appears to offer some protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacArthur
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Glazener
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Herbison
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lancashire
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors