title: Interactions of halothane with isoproterenol and epinephrine on canine epicardial conduction velocity at normal and elevated potassium levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Halothane is known to potentiate catecholamine-induced depression of conduction velocity in Purkinje fibers but not endocardial muscle fibers. The purpose of this study was to examine the interactions of halothane with epinephrine and isoproterenol on canine epicardial conduction velocity at moderately elevated extracellular potassium concentration ([K]0).
  
  
  METHODS
  Epicardial muscle strips (10x10x2 mm) were superfused with Tyrode's solution containing 4 or 8 mM [K]0 in the presence of 5 microM epinephrine or 1 microM isoproterenol with or without 0.8 mM halothane. Conduction velocity in the longitudinal and transverse directions relative to epicardial fiber orientation was recorded during alternate stimulation in each direction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the presence of halothane, a change from 4 to 8 mM [K]0 decreased (P< or =0.05) longitudinal and transverse conduction velocities by 26% and 21%, respectively. Isoproterenol alone at 4 and 8 mM [K]0 depressed (P<0.05) both longitudinal and transverse conduction velocities. However, the depression of longitudinal conduction velocity by isoproterenol at 4 mM [K]0 was attenuated by halothane. Epinephrine with or without halothane depressed (P<0.05) both longitudinal and transverse conduction velocities at 8 but not at 4 mM [K]0.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results do not support a synergistic interaction between halothane and epinephrine on myocardial conduction but do demonstrate depression of conduction by epinephrine at 8 mM [K+]0, a potassium ion concentration comparable to those reported following epinephrine infusions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. aksc@mcw.edu
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Camara
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Z J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Bosnjak
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects*; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010496:Pericardium / Q000187:drug effects*; D011188:Potassium / Q000502:physiology*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D007545:Isoproterenol; D011188:Potassium; D006221:Halothane; D004837:Epinephrine