title: Cost-effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in adults with mild-to-moderate asthma: results from the asthma policy model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhaled corticosteroids remain underused among United States-based clinicians in treating mild-to-moderate adult asthma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this investigation was to estimate the clinical impact, health-related quality of life, cost, and cost-effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroid therapy in a population of patients aged 18 years and over with FEV(1) = 60% to 100% of predicted normal.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of quick relievers (eg, short-acting beta-agonists) on an as-needed basis plus inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus quick relievers alone. A mathematical simulation model was developed to forecast symptoms, acute exacerbations, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), health care costs, and cost-effectiveness, measured in both dollars per QALY gained and dollars per symptom-free day gained. All evaluation outcomes were discounted at an annual rate of 3% and measured over a 10-year planning horizon. Data on the natural history of disease, drug efficacy, patient preferences, and economic costs were obtained from a variety of observational cohorts, randomized trials, and patient surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a 10-year period, use of inhaled corticosteroids increases total health costs from roughly $5,200 to $8,400 and improves QALYs from 6.8 to 7.0, implying an incremental cost of $13,500 per QALY gained. Costs per symptom-free day gained are $7.50. Both per-person acute exacerbations and hospitalizations are reduced by 33%. The cost-effectiveness findings are sensitive to the assumed efficacy and side-effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhaled corticosteroids appear to deliver good comparative value in adults with mild-to-moderate asthma. Although more research is needed to understand their impact on preferences regarding side effects and compliance, these findings might be useful for priority-setting in limited resource situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Paltiel
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fuhlbrigge
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Kitch
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liljas
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kuntz
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011788:Quality of Life; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones