title: All trans-retinoic acid selectively down-regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and up-regulates tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in human bronchoalveolar lavage cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The balance between proteinases and antiproteinases plays an important role in tissue destruction and remodelling. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema, an imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inhibitors of tissue metalloproteinase (TIMPs) has been reported. Alveolar macrophages are considered to be the main source of MMPs. We therefore have analyzed the effects of free and liposomal all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) on the expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from patients with COPD and patients with other lung diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  BAL cells were incubated 1-3 day with either liposomal or free ATRA. Supernatants were tested for MMP-9 and TIMP-1 protein in specific ELISA systems; mRNA analysis was performed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and by quantitative LightCycler PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that either liposomal or free ATRA selectively down-regulates MMP-9 and up-regulates TIMP-1. At the protein level, MMP-9 is decreased 3-fold and TIMP-1 is increased 3.5-fold compared to the base line with empty liposomes or untreated cells. The ratio of MMP-9 and its inhibitor TIMP-1, which may be crucial to the overall proteolytic potential decreased by factor 8. That this countercurrent effect of ATRA is not due to an altered protein stability but to transcriptional regulation could be demonstrated by RT-PCR. Quantitative LightCycler analysis revealed a 2.5-fold decrease of MMP-9 mRNA and a 4.5 fold increase of TIMP- 1 mRNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that ATRA treatment via its impact on the proteinase/antiproteinase ratio may become a new therapeutic strategy for patients with inflammatory destructive lung diseases.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Cooperation Group Aerosols in Medicine, GSF-Institute of Inhalation Biology and Asklepios Fachkliniken München-Gauting, Germany. frankenberger@gsf.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frankenberger
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hauck
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frankenberger
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Häussinger
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heyder
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Ziegler-Heitbrock
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D008081:Liposomes; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D014212:Tretinoin; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9