title: Occupational exposure to volatile anaesthetics: epidemiology and approaches to reducing the problem.
abstract: Long term occupational exposure to trace concentrations of volatile anaesthetics is thought to have adverse effects on the health of exposed personnel. In contrast with halothane--an agent likely to cause mutagenic effects and proven to be teratogenic--isoflurane and enflurane have not so far been proved to have adverse effects on the health of personnel exposed long term. Data on the newer agents sevoflurane and desflurane are limited. Since possible health hazards from long term exposure to inhalational anaesthetics cannot yet be definitively excluded, many Western countries have established limits for exposure. These usually range from 2 to 10 ppm as a time-weighted average over the time of exposure. A number of investigations have demonstrated that, in operating theatres with modern climate control and waste anaesthetic gas scavenging systems, occupational exposure is unlikely to exceed threshold limits. However, occupational exposure from the use of volatile agents in operating theatres with poor air control--especially during bronchoscopy procedures in paediatric patients--remains a source of concern. This also holds true for both postanaesthesia care units (PACU) and intensive care units (ICU) lacking proper air conditioning and waste gas scavengers. To minimise occupational exposure to volatile anaesthetics, all measures must be taken to provide climate control and properly working scavenging devices, and ensure sufficient personal skill of the anaesthetist, e.g. during inhalational mask induction. Furthermore, low-flow anaesthesia should be used whenever possible. The sole use of intravenous drugs such as propofol instead of volatile agents, were this possible, would eliminate occupational exposure, but may result in environmental pollution by toxic metabolites (e.g. phenol).
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Control, J.W. Goethe-University Hospital Center, Frankfurt, Germany. c.byhahn@em.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Byhahn
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Westpphal
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D004780:Environment, Controlled; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation