title: Gender-dependent enhanced adult neurotoxic response to methamphetamine following fetal exposure to the drug.
abstract: Methamphetamine use by females of child-bearing age has become a major public health concern in terms of the long-term risk to the exposed fetus. We examined the possibility of enhanced adult neurotoxic potential of the drug in offspring that had been exposed to methamphetamine in utero during gestational days 7 to 18. While basal levels of monoamines were not affected by prenatal exposure to methamphetamine, we observed an enhanced neurotoxicity in adult male offspring following drug challenge with effects localized primarily to the dopaminergic nigrostriatal projection. This was evidenced by greater methamphetamine-induced reductions of dopaminergic markers in the striatum [dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid (HVA), and 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT)] and ventral brainstem (DA) of prenatal methamphetamine-treated males compared with saline-treated animals. Some effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure were observed in female offspring, but these were limited to striatal levels of 3-MT and HVA. Differential gender sensitivity to the neurotoxic effect of methamphetamine was shown to be correlated with hyperthermic response. Hyperthermic effects, however, do not account for the increased susceptibility of prenatal methamphetamine-treated males to drug-induced striatal DA neurotoxicity since methamphetamine challenge did not evoke a significantly greater hyperthermic response in these animals compared with prenatal saline-treated males. The findings raise the concern that male methamphetamine abusers may be at risk for an enhanced neurotoxic risk if they were exposed to the drug in utero.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. effe@midway.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bubula
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lew
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Won
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015306:Biogenic Monoamines / Q000378:metabolism; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D015306:Biogenic Monoamines; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009498:Neurotoxins; D008694:Methamphetamine