title: The bulk crystallization of alpha-lactose monohydrate from aqueous solution.
abstract: The bulk crystallization of alpha-lactose monohydrate from aqueous solution by primary nucleation has been studied under controlled conditions of supersaturation, temperature, and pH. The induction times to nucleation were extremely long compared with those generally observed for other materials, even at the high supersaturations used in the experiment. As a result, it was necessary to stir the supersaturated solution vigorously to induce nucleation in a reasonable but still lengthy working time. Even then, nucleation only occurred to a limited extent, following which growth ceased for 8-10 h before resuming. After this period, growth recommenced but again slowed to a low rate after another 8 h. At this stage, the yield of product was low and in most cases the particles had achieved sizes close to the maximum noted. The yields increased with further crystallization time (22-72 h total from the recommencement of growth) to give, under high initial supersaturation conditions, amounts of product close to the theoretical value. For the most part, however, the particle size did not increase with this later increase in yield, showing only significant changes after the extremely long total crystallization times. It is proposed that these extreme properties result from the formation in solution by mutarotation of the anomer alpha-lactose, which inhibits nucleation as well as its previously observed influence on growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Raghavan
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Ristic
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Sheen
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Sherwood
mesh_terms: D003460:Crystallization; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry*; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions; D007785:Lactose