title: Assessing exposure to disinfection by-products in women of reproductive age living in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb county, Georgia: descriptive results and methods.
abstract: We conducted a field study in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb County, Georgia, to evaluate exposure measures for disinfection by-products, with special emphasis on trihalomethanes (THMs). Participants were mothers living in either geographic area who had given birth to healthy infants from June 1998 through May 1999. We assessed exposure by sampling blood and water and obtaining information about water use habits and tap water characteristics. Two 10-mL whole blood samples were collected from each participant before and immediately after her shower. Levels of individual THM species (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform) were measured in whole blood [parts per trillion (pptr)] and in water samples (parts per billion). In the Corpus Christi water samples, brominated compounds accounted for 71% of the total THM concentration by weight; in Cobb County, chloroform accounted for 88%. Significant differences in blood THM levels were observed between study locations. For example, the median baseline blood level of bromoform was 0.3 pptr and 3.5 pptr for participants in Cobb County and Corpus Christi, respectively (p = 0.0001). Differences were most striking in blood obtained after showering. For bromoform, the median blood levels were 0.5 pptr and 17 pptr for participants in Cobb County and Corpus Christi, respectively (p = 0.0001). These results suggest that blood levels of THM species vary substantially across populations, depending on both water quality characteristics and water use activities. Such variation has important implications for epidemiologic studies of the potential health effects of disinfection by-products.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Environmental Health-Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, and Division of Environmental Health Laboratory, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. mcl2@cdc.gov
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lynberg
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Nuckols
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Langlois
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ashley
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mendola
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilkes
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krapfl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Speight
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zeitz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tadkod
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Forrester
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003625:Data Collection; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004202:Disinfectants; D022882:Trihalomethanes