title: Splanchnic perfusion during hemodialysis: evidence for marginal tissue perfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Splanchnic perfusion may be compromised during hemodialysis because of hypovolemia, inflammatory response, and blood flow redistribution. The aim of this study was to assess the response of splanchnic blood flow and oxygen transport to hemodialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients with acute renal failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 4-hr period of hemodialysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systemic (via a pulmonary artery catheter), hepatosplanchnic, and femoral (via dye dilution) blood flow and gastric mucosal Pco2 were measured before, during, and 2 hrs after hemodialysis. During hemodialysis, despite unchanged arterial blood pressure, cardiac output and stroke volume decreased from 3.0 +/- 1.0 L/m2/min (mean +/- sd) to 2.3 +/- 0.7 L/m2/min (p =.02), and from 38 +/- 16 mL/m2/min to 28 +/- 12 mL/m2/min (p =.01), respectively. Splanchnic but not femoral blood flow decreased from 0.9 +/- 0.3 L/m2/min to 0.7 +/- 0.2 L/m2/min (p =.02). The blood flows returned to baseline values after dialysis without need for therapeutic interventions. Gastric mucosal-arterial Pco2 gradients were high before dialysis (35 +/- 23 torr [4.6 +/- 3.1 kPa]) and did not change. Renin but not atrial natriuretic peptide concentration increased during hemodialysis from 13 +/- 13 microg/L to 35 +/- 40 microg/L and decreased afterward to baseline values (13 +/- 13 microg/L; p =.01). Whereas interleukin 6 tended to decrease, tumor necrosis factor alpha increased during hemodialysis from 74 +/- 24 pg/mL to 86 +/- 31 pg/mL and continued to increase after hemodialysis to 108 +/- 66 pg/mL (p =.022).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemodialysis and fluid removal in normotensive patients with acute renal failure may result in a reduction of systemic and splanchnic blood flow that is undetectable using traditional clinical signs. In contrast to what is observed in hypovolemia, the changes in regional blood flow are rapidly reversible after hemodialysis.
authors.affiliation: Critical Care Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. stephan.jakob@insel.ch
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruokonen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vuolteenaho
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lampainen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takala
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000628:therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood; D002302:Cardiac Output; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood; D005753:Gastric Mucosa; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013318:Stroke Volume; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D012083:Renin; D010100:Oxygen