title: Optimization of transcriptional regulatory elements for constructing plasmid vectors.
abstract: In studies regarding both gene therapy and gene function, transgene expression by plasmid vectors benefits from the use of transcriptional regulatory elements which permit high-level gene expression. Therefore, with respect to transgene (luciferase) expression activity both in vitro (using HeLa, HepG2, and ECV304 cells) and in vivo (mouse liver and skeletal muscle), we investigated the effective combination of commonly-used regulatory elements, such as the promoter/enhancer, intron, and polyadenylation signal (P(A)) sequence by constructing a series of plasmids that differed only in the particular sequence element being evaluated. Of the several promoter/enhancers that were tested, hybrid CA promoter/enhancer containing human cytomegalovirus immediate-early 1 gene (CMV) enhancer and chicken beta-actin promoter with the beta-actin intron sequence, and the improved CMV promoter/enhancer containing the largest intron of CMV (intron A) produced the highest levels of expression both in vitro and in vivo. P(A) sequences were found to have significant effects on transgene expression. The effect of a multiple enhancer was also examined. Optimized plasmids of this study were pCASL3 (composed of CMV enhancer, beta-actin promoter, beta-actin intron, Simian virus (SV40) P(A) sequence and SV40 enhancer) and pCMVSL3 (composed of CMV enhancer, CMV promoter, intron A, SV40 P(A) sequence and SV40 enhancer). These comparative analyses could provide a systematic reference for the development of vector construction for gene therapy, vaccine development, and gene transfer experiments.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Z L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizuguchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishii-Watabe
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mayumi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000235:genetics; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D011061:Poly A / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D011061:Poly A; D008156:Luciferases