Evaluation of endosulfan residues in vegetables grown in greenhouses.
The reduction in residue levels of endosulfan with time after treatment of tomatoes, green beans, peppers and cucumbers grown in different types of commercial greenhouses (flat- and asymmetric-roof greenhouses) in Almería (Spain) was investigated. A study of the major and minor degradation products of endosulfan in peppers and cucumbers (endosulfan-sulfate, -ether and -lactone) was carried out using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). To establish the influence of environmental conditions on the degradation of endosulfan, several field trials have been carried out in which crops were sprayed at different rates (full, half- and quarter- of those rates recommended) during two seasons (spring and winter). For statistical purposes, the disappearance of endosulfan with time was considered to follow a pseudo-first-order reaction. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been applied to the results obtained. Half-lives of residue disappearance were 4.03-4.68 days in green beans, 4.03-4.20 days in tomatoes, 8.22 days in peppers and 7.97 days in cucumbers. Half-lives in spring were shorter than in the winter season. The application rate and the type of greenhouse did not influence the half-lives.
Arrebola
F J
FJ
Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almería, 04071 Almería, Spain.
Egea-González
F J
FJ
Moreno
M
M
Fernández-Gutiérrez
A
A
Hernández-Torres
M E
ME
Martínez-Vidal
J L
JL
D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004780:Environment, Controlled; D006207:Half-Life; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008954:Models, Biological; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D013030:Spain; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects
D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D004726:Endosulfan