title: Cloning and characterization of a phosphopantetheinyl transferase from Streptomyces verticillus ATCC15003, the producer of the hybrid peptide-polyketide antitumor drug bleomycin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) catalyze the posttranslational modification of carrier proteins by the covalent attachment of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (P-pant) moiety of coenzyme A to a conserved serine residue, a reaction absolutely required for the biosynthesis of natural products including fatty acids, polyketides, and nonribosomal peptides. PPTases have been classified according to their carrier protein specificity. In organisms containing multiple P-pant-requiring pathways, each pathway has been suggested to have its own PPTase activity. However, sequence analysis of the bleomycin biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces verticillus ATCC15003 failed to reveal an associated PPTase gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A general approach for cloning PPTase genes by PCR was developed and applied to the cloning of the svp gene from S. verticillus. The svp gene is mapped to an independent locus not clustered with any of the known NRPS or PKS clusters. The Svp protein was overproduced in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, and shown to be a monomer in solution. Svp is a PPTase capable of modifying both type I and type II acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) and peptidyl carrier proteins (PCPs) from either S. verticillus or other Streptomyces species. As compared to Sfp, the only 'promiscuous' PPTase known previously, Svp displays a similar catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) for the BlmI PCP but a 346-fold increase in catalytic efficiency for the TcmM ACP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPTases have recently been re-classified on a structural basis into two subfamilies: ACPS-type and Sfp-type. The development of a PCR method for cloning Sfp-type PPTases from actinomycetes, the recognition of the Sfp-type PPTases to be associated with secondary metabolism with a relaxed carrier protein specificity, and the availability of Svp, in addition to Sfp, should facilitate future endeavors in engineered biosynthesis of peptide, polyketide, and, in particular, hybrid peptide-polyketide natural products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Toney
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D007700:Kinetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000201:enzymology*; D017855:Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups) / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D001761:Bleomycin; D017855:Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups); C021364:holo-(acyl-carrier-protein) synthase