title: Population pharmacokinetics of dapsone in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies of dapsone pharmacokinetics in children have been too small to allow assessment of the relationships between dapsone pharmacokinetic parameters and patient characteristics or markers of efficacy and toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used population analysis to estimate dapsone pharmacokinetic parameters in children participating in a phase I/II study of daily and weekly dapsone in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. With use of the program NONMEM and a 1-compartment open model, the influence of demographic and clinical characteristics on oral clearance (CL/F) and oral volume of distribution (V/F) were examined. Measures of drug exposure (area under the concentration-time curve [AUC] and predicted concentrations just before and 2 hours after administration) were estimated for each patient and correlated with markers of efficacy and toxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty children (median age, 3 years; age range, 2 months to 12 years) contributed 412 dapsone concentrations collected after 175 study doses. Final parameter estimates were 1.40 L/kg for V/F, 0.0283 L/kg/h for CL/F, and 2.66 for the absorption rate constant. Of the clinical characteristics evaluated, dapsone CL/F was significantly increased by 50% in children taking rifabutin, by 39% in black children, and by 38% in children younger than 2 years old. Although no significant correlations were found between any dapsone exposure parameter and markers of toxicity, increased AUC was associated with a decreased risk of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethnicity, age, and concomitant rifabutin use were associated with dapsone CL/F, with more rapid clearance observed in black children, children younger than 2 years old, and children receiving rifabutin. Dapsone pharmacokinetic parameters were not associated with toxicity, but higher dapsone AUC was associated with decreased risk of PCP. Monitoring of serum dapsone levels may be needed for optimal management of dapsone for PCP prophylaxis in children.
authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. markm@bu.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mirochnick
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Capparelli
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindsey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jacobus
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mofenson
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Bonagura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nachman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yogev
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Spector
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000293:Adolescent; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000494:pharmacology; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003622:Dapsone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D017828:Rifabutin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012306:Risk; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D017828:Rifabutin; D003622:Dapsone