title: Food consumption patterns in Italy: the INN-CA Study 1994-1996.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was aimed at surveying the Italian food consumption patterns in the 90s. It represented the second nationwide food intake survey that was carried out by the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (INRAN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Free-living households.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sampled subjects: 1147 households randomly selected to be representative of the four main geographical areas (North-West, North-East, Centre, South). Analysed subjects: 1978 individuals out of 2734 initially collected in 15 Collaborative Centres strategically scattered through the national territory.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed 7-day based survey technique was applied in order to survey both individual and household consumption. At individual level, food intake was recorded by a self-compiled diary. At household level food data collection was by compilation of a food inventory by the dietician, a purchased/wasted foods diary and a recipes form both compiled by the person responsible for food related activities (decision of purchase, purchase, preparation of meals) in the household. All recorded data were monitored by the dieticians who visited the households participating in the study, at least three times. Household members were interviewed in order to collect socio-demographic, lifestyle and motivational information. Furthermore, field-workers performed the food coding and the input of data by an ad hoc developed software. The survey design allowed an internal quantitative check of food data. Several check steps were centrally performed
  
  
  RESULTS
  The complex methodology caused the 46.8% response rate and afterwards a reduction of the analysed units (72% of the surveyed individuals). However, the analysed sample provided sufficiently reliable data for outlining the most relevant aspects of dietary patterns in Italy. In order to better interpret the results, controversial aspects are also illustrated and discussed in the text. The disparity analysis found that traditional diversities among Italian regions are still alive. In general, males eat more than females. Analysis according to the age class (children: 1-9 years old; adolescents: 10-17; adults: 18-64; elderly: >64) showed differences especially between the group of children vs all the others, but also in the two groups of young individuals vs adults and the elderly, that could represent clues of an incorrect way of eating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taking into account the different methodology, the comparison with previous results showed changes in the Italian average diet complying with an increasing attention to healthy aspects by large sectors of the population, but also opposite tendencies that should be carefully monitored.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Minister delle Politiche Agricole e Forestali (Mi.P.A.F.).
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (INRAN), Rome, Italy. turrini@inn.ingrm.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turrini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saba
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perrone
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cialfa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Amicis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000639:trends*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires