title: In vitro visualization and quantification of oleic acid induced changes in transdermal transport using two-photon fluorescence microscopy.
abstract: In a novel application of two-photon scanning fluorescence microscopy, three-dimensional spatial distributions of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic fluorescent probes, sulforhodamine B and rhodamine B hexyl ester, in excised full-thickness human cadaver skin were visualized and quantified. Both sulforhodamine B and rhodamine B hexyl ester were observed to lie primarily in the lipid multilamellae region surrounding the corneocytes within the stratum corneum. From the two-photon scanning fluorescence microscopy scans, the changes in the concentration gradient and the vehicle to skin partition coefficient of each probe induced by the oleic acid enhancer action were calculated relative to the control sample (not exposed to oleic acid), and subsequently applied to theoretically derived mathematical expressions of transdermal transport to quantitatively characterize the oleic acid-induced relative changes in the skin diffusion coefficient and the skin barrier diffusion length of the permeant. For the hydrophobic probe rhodamine B hexyl ester, the permeability enhancement was primarily driven by an increase in the vehicle to skin partition coefficient, leading to an increase in the steepness of the concentration gradient across the skin. The primary oleic acid-induced changes in the transport properties of the hydrophilic probe sulforhodamine B included increases in the vehicle to skin partition coefficient and the skin diffusion coefficient. These findings utilizing the two-photon scanning fluorescence microscopy methodology and data analysis described here demonstrate that, in addition to providing three-dimensional images that clearly delineate probe distributions in the direction of increasing skin depth, the subsequent quantification of these images provides additional important insight into the mechanistic changes in transdermal transport underlying the visualized changes in probe distributions across the skin.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Chemical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blankschtein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Langer
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D004058:Diffusion; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007834:Lasers; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D017785:Photons; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D012235:Rhodamines; C022027:lissamine rhodamine B; D019301:Oleic Acid; C029773:rhodamine B