title: In vitro toxicities of experimental jet fuel system ice-inhibiting agents.
abstract: One research emphasis within the Department of Defense has been to seek the replacement of operational compounds with alternatives that pose less potential risk to human and ecological systems. Alternatives to glycol ethers, such as diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (M-DE), were investigated for use as jet fuel system ice-inhibiting agents (FSIIs). This group of chemicals includes three derivatives of 1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol (M-1, M-2, and M-3) and a 1,3-dioxane (M-27). In addition, M-DE was evaluated as a reference compound. Our approach was to implement an in vitro test battery based on primary rat hepatocyte cultures to perform initial toxicity evaluations. Hepatocytes were exposed to experimental chemicals (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 mM dosages) for periods up to 24 h. Samples were assayed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, MTT dye reduction activity, glutathione level, and rate of protein synthesis as indicators of toxicity. Of the compounds tested, M-1, especially at the 10-mM dose, appeared to be more potent than the other chemicals, as measured by these toxicity assays. M-DE, the current FSII, elicited little response in the toxicity assays. Although some variations in toxicity were observed at the 10-mM dose, the in vitro toxicities of the chemicals tested (except for M-1) were not considerably greater than that of M-DE.
authors.affiliation: Geo-Centers, Inc, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Geiss
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Frazier
mesh_terms: D000401:Aircraft; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D004146:Dioxanes / Q000633:toxicity; D004148:Dioxolanes / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D004987:Ethers / Q000633:toxicity; D005648:Fuel Oils / Q000633:toxicity*; D006018:Glycols / Q000633:toxicity; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007053:Ice; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D004146:Dioxanes; D004148:Dioxolanes; D004987:Ethers; D005648:Fuel Oils; D006018:Glycols; D007053:Ice; C024356:2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase