title: Smoking and hematolymphopoietic malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tobacco use is the most prominent cause of respiratory cancers. Little is known, however, about the influence of smoking on hematolymphopoietic malignancies. To evaluate this relation, a population-based case-control study was carried out in 12 areas of Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed interviews on tobacco smoking habits were administered to 1450 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), 365 Hodgkin's disease (HD), 270 multiple myeloma (MM), and 649 leukemia (LEU) patients occurring from 1990 to 1993, and 1779 population controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a slightly increased risk for NHL in smokers (odds ratio 1.2, 95% confidence interval 1.0-1.4 for ever smokers), but a consistent positive association was shown only for follicular NHL. In this subtype, a significant excess risk was observed for ever versus never smokers, after adjustment for gender, age, geographic residence, education, and respondent (OR = 1.8, 95%, CI 1.3-2.7), with a positive exposure-response gradient for smoking duration (p < 0.01). The risk for follicular NHL was significantly elevated only among women, with ever smokers showing OR = 2.3 (CI 1.4-3.8), while for men we found OR = 1.3 (CI 0.69-2.3). No major differences were shown according to age. Female subjects also showed significant positive exposure-response trends for duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking could be a risk factor for follicular NHL among women. For HD, MM, or LEU, no clear association was observed.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit of National Cancer Research Institute, Genoa, Italy. stagnaro@hp380.ist.unige.it
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stagnaro
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramazzotti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crosignani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Masala
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Miligi
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nanni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodella
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Costantini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Viganò
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vindigni
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vineis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007938:Leukemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires