title: Clinical features and prognosis of nonepileptic seizures in a developing country.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the predictive value of clinical features and medical history in patients with nonepileptic seizures (NESs).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixty-one consecutive ictal video-EEGs were reviewed, and 17 patients with 41 NESs identified. NES diagnosis was defined as paroxysmal behavioral changes suggestive of epileptic seizures recorded during video-EEC without any electrographic ictal activity. Clinical features, age, sex, coexisting epilepsy, associated psychiatric disorder, social and economic factors, delay in reaching the diagnosis of NES, previous treatment, and correlation with outcome on follow-up were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population included 70% female patients with a mean age of 33 years. Mean duration of NESs before diagnosis was 9 years. Forty-one percent had coexisting epilepsy. The most frequent NES clinical features were tonic-clonic mimicking movements and fear/anxiety/hyperventilation. The most common psychiatric diagnosis was conversion disorder and dependent and borderline personality disorder. Seventy-three percent of patients with pure NESs received antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and 63.5% of this group received new AEDs. Fifty-nine percent of the patients received psychological/psychiatric therapy. At follow-up, 23.5% were free of NESs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All seizure-free patients had two good prognostic factors: having an independent lifestyle and the acceptance of the nonepileptic nature of the episodes. Video-EEG monitoring continues to be the diagnostic method to ensure accurate seizure classification. Establishing adequate health care programs to facilitate access to new technology in public hospitals as well as the implementation of continuous education programs for general practitioners and neurologists could eventually improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients with NESs.
authors.affiliation: Municipal Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ramos Mejía Hospital, and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina. skochen@mail.retina.ar
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giagante
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saizar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: D'Alessio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oddo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Consalvo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saidón
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kochen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001118:Argentina / Q000453:epidemiology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants