title: Fumigation with carbonyl sulfide: a model for the interaction of concentration, time and temperature.
abstract: The new fumigant carbonyl sulfide offers an alternative to both methyl bromide and phosphine as a grain fumigant. Separate mathematical models for levels of kill, based on quantitative toxicological studies were developed for adults and eggs of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.). These models suggest that fumigation exposure times for carbonyl sulfide will be a compromise between those of methyl bromide (typically 24h) and phosphine (7-10d) to achieve a very high kill of all developmental stages. S. oryzae eggs were more difficult to kill with carbonyl sulfide fumigation than the adults. At 30 degrees C, a 25gm(-3) fumigation killed 99.9% of adults in less than 1d, but took 4d to kill the same percentage of eggs. Models were generated to describe the mortality of adults at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 degrees C. From these models it is predicted that fumigation with carbonyl sulfide for 1-2d at 30gm(-3) will kill 99.9% of adults. Furthermore the models illustrate that fumigations with concentrations below 10gm(-3) are unlikely to kill all adult S. oryzae. Significant variation was observed in the response of eggs to the fumigant over the temperature range of 10 to 30 degrees C. Models were generated to describe the mortality of eggs at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 degrees C. As the temperature was reduced below 25 degrees C, the time taken to achieve an effective fumigation increased. Extrapolating from the models, a 25gm(-3) fumigation to control 99.9% of S. oryzae eggs will take 95h (4d) at 30 degrees C, 77h (3.2d) at 25 degrees C, 120h (5d) at 20 degrees C, 174h (7.5d) at 15 degrees C and about 290h (11d) at 10 degrees C. The role of temperature in the time taken to kill eggs with carbonyl sulfide cannot be ignored. In order to achieve the desired level of kill of all developmental stages, the fumigation rates need to be set according to the most difficult life stage to kill, in this instance, the egg stage.
authors.affiliation: Stored Grain Research Laboratory, CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia
authors.forename: G L.
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morton