title: Development and reliability of a Telephone-Administered Perceived Racism Scale (TPRS): a tool for epidemiological use.
abstract: The conceptualization of perceived racism as a chronic stressor is relatively new to epidemiology. The Telephone-Administered Perceived Racism Scale (TPRS) captures the complexity of racism within five scales: Experience of Racism (by Blacks as a group and by the respondent), Emotional Responses, Behavioral Responses, Concern for Child(ren), and Past Experiences of Racism. The TPRS was developed for employed Black women. Exploratory factor analyses and tests of internal consistency were completed with 476 Black women, aged 36-53. Factor analyses on their responses to racism yielded five factors: passive emotions, active emotions, passive behaviors, internal active behaviors, and external active behaviors. Alpha reliability values ranged from 0.75 to 0.80 for the active and passive emotions subscales, from 0.59 to 0.69 for the passive behaviors subscale, and greater than 0.76 for both active behaviors subscales. Alpha reliabilities were 0.82, 0.90, 0.88, and 0.82 for Past Experiences, Concern for Child(ren), Experience of Racism--Personal, and Experience of Racism--Group, respectively. Another 30 Black women were queried for test-retest reliability, with values ranging from 0.61 to 0.82. The TPRS was found to be reliable and should serve as a useful epidemiological tool in the examination of the effects of perceived racism on Black women's health.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Epidemiology Branch, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. vines@niehs.nih.gov
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Vines
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: McNeilly
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hertz-Picciotto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Baird
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011287:Prejudice; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013689:Telephone; D014481:United States