title: Response surface modeling of alfentanil-sevoflurane interaction on cardiorespiratory control and bispectral index.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Respiratory depression is a serious side effect of anesthetics and opioids. The authors examined the influence of the combined administration of sevoflurane and alfentanil on ventilatory control, heart rate (HR), and Bispectral Index (BIS) in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Step decreases in end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen from normoxia into hypoxia (approximately 50 mmHg) at constant end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (approximately 48 mmHg) were performed in nine male volunteers at various concentrations of alfentanil and sevoflurane, ranging from 0 to 50 ng/ml for alfentanil and from 0 to 0.4 end-tidal concentration (ET%) for sevoflurane, and with various combinations of alfentanil and sevoflurane. The alfentanil-sevoflurane interactions on normoxic resting (hypercapnic) ventilation (Vi), HR, hypoxic Vi, and HR responses and BIS were assessed by construction of response surfaces that related alfentanil and sevoflurane to effect using a population analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentration-effect relations were linear for alfentanil and sevoflurane. Synergistic interactions were observed for resting Vi and resting HR. Depression of Vi by 25% occurred at 38 +/- 11 ng/ml alfentanil (population mean +/- SE) and at 0.7 +/- 0.4 ET% sevoflurane. One possibility for 25% reduction when alfentanil and sevoflurane are combined is 13.4 ng/ml alfentanil plus 0.12 ET% sevoflurane. Additive interactions were observed for hypoxic Vi and HR responses and BIS. Depression of the hypoxic Vi response by 25% occurred at 16 +/- 1 ng/ml alfentanil and 0.14 +/- 0.05 ET% sevoflurane. The effect of sevoflurane on the BIS (25% reduction of BIS occurred at 0.45 +/- 0.08 ET%) was independent of the alfentanil concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Response surface modeling was used successfully to analyze the effect of interactions between two drugs on respiration. The combination of alfentanil and sevoflurane causes more depression of Vi and HR than does the summed effect of each drug administered separately. The effects of combining alfentanil and sevoflurane on hypoxic Vi and HR responses and BIS could be predicted from the separate dose-response curves. Over the dose range tested, the hypoxic response is more sensitive to the effects of anesthetics and opioids relative to resting ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. anes.research.unit@worldmail.nl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dahan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuijs
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olofsen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sarton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romberg
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Teppema
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015760:Alfentanil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000465:Algorithms; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D015760:Alfentanil; D000077149:Sevoflurane