title: Long-term treatment related complications of brachytherapy for early prostate cancer: a survey of patients previously treated.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined long-term symptoms in patients after brachytherapy (radioactive seed implantation) for early (nonmetastatic) prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional survey of 105 (80% of those contacted) men treated at least 2 years 9 months (median 5.2 years) previously with brachytherapy alone (72 patients) or brachytherapy plus external beam radiation therapy (33) at a pioneering referral center for ultrasound guided brachytherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median patient age was 70 years at treatment and 75 years when surveyed. Bowel symptoms were uncommon (range 4% to 9%) unless patient had also received external beam radiation therapy. Urinary incontinence occurred in 45% of men, although leakage of more than a few drops, daily leakage and wearing absorptive pads occurred in 11%, 11% and 16%, respectively. Men who underwent documented transurethral prostatic resection were much more likely to report incontinence (83% versus 39%, p = 0.005) and those who underwent implantation less than 5 years earlier were less likely (33% versus 53%, respectively, p = 0.04). Complete impotence was common (50%) but impaired erections were more so (73%). Patients who received combined radiation treatment had more frequent erectile dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term bowel symptoms are infrequent after brachytherapy alone. Urinary incontinence is common, although usually only a few drops and not daily. Erectile dysfunction, prevalent in populations of older men, was found in most men. However, because our study design precluded documenting baseline symptoms before treatment and subsequent clinical interventions, the contribution of factors other than brachytherapy is unclear. The morbidity of patients receiving more recent brachytherapy may be less.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Talcott
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology