title: Comparison of perceived pain with different immobilization techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the locations and severities of pain generated by a hard wooden spine board vs a soft vacuum mattress splint on immobilized volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective randomized crossover study conducted in an emergency medical services (EMS) classroom within a university teaching hospital. Participants were 18 healthy volunteers with no history of acute or chronic back pain, pregnancy, or recent analgesic use. The subjects were placed in one of three immobilization boards (hard spine board and two different vacuum splint models, identified as red and blue) for 60 minutes. At 0, 30, and 60 minutes the subjects rated their pain at multiple locations on their body using a visual analog scale (VAS). After a two-day washout period, this procedure was repeated on a different board and later a third board until all the subjects had been tested on all three boards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although many pressure point locations were studied, only three had results that appeared statistically significant: the occiput, lower back, and sacrum. The hard spine board had higher mean pain scores as well as a higher percentage of subjects who reported any pain when compared with the two vacuum mattress splints. Mean scores for the 30- and 60-minute times were: occiput 2.06 and 2.78 for the hard board compared with 0.78 and 0.56 for red and 0.44 and 0.67 for blue; lower back 1.39 and 1.44 for the hard board compared with 0.28 and 1.11 for red and 0.06 and 0.17 for blue; and sacrum 1.56 and 2.06 for the hard board compared with 0.33 and 0.39 for red and 0.89 and 1.06 for blue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hard-board method of spinal immobilization generates higher self-reported pain scale scores than the two vacuum mattresses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Scott & White Clinic and Memorial Hospital, Texas A & M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple 76508, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baskerville
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002140:California; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017288:Pain Threshold; D011897:Random Allocation; D013997:Time Factors