title: Assessment of murine bladder permeability with fluorescein: validation with cyclophosphamide and protamine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bladder hyperpermeability should result in elevated blood levels of intravesically administered agents. Reabsorption from a hyperpermeable bladder should result in prolonged urinary excretion of an agent after parenteral administration. To test these hypotheses, urinary clearance and plasma levels of sodium fluorescein (NaF) were measured in mice before and during cyclophosphamide (CYP) and protamine-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To measure the plasma uptake of NaF from the bladder, 10 mg/mL NaF was instilled, either by catheter or retrograde urethral infusion, 15 minutes before retro-orbital or ventricular sampling. The plasma levels were measured 24 hours and 14 days after exposure to CYP 300 mg/kg or 15 minutes after instillation of protamine 10 mg/mL. Hourly urine concentrations were measured immediately after intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg NaF. Pretreatment samples were compared with those obtained 24 hours after intraperitoneal administration of 300 mg/kg CYP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary NaF excretion was delayed in CYP-exposed mice. A bi-exponential model provided an appropriate fit of the data, both before and after CYP administration. The plasma levels of NaF were significantly elevated at 24 hours and 14 days after CYP exposure when sampled by ventricular nick or retro-orbitally. The median concentration of fluorescein in the protamine-treated mice was significantly higher than in the control mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluorescein can be used to measure alterations in bladder permeability after bladder mucosal injury in mice. Urinary excretion of NaF is a bi-exponential process that is delayed after bladder mucosal injury, presumably because of increased mucosal permeability and resorption from the urine into the bloodstream.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eichel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Scheidweiler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kost
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shojaie
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Messing
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D003556:Cystitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006417:Hematuria / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D051379:Mice; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability; D011479:Protamines; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism*; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000652:urine*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011479:Protamines; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D019793:Fluorescein