title: Design, synthesis, computational prediction, and biological evaluation of ester soft drugs as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase from Pneumocystis carinii.
abstract: A series of lipophilic soft drugs structurally related to the nonclassical dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors trimetrexate and piritrexim have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated in DHFR assays, with special emphasis on the inhibition of P. carinii DHFR. The best inhibitors, encompassing an ester bond in the bridge connecting the two aromatic systems, were approximately 10 times less potent than trimetrexate and piritrexim. The metabolites were designed to be poor inhibitors. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations of three ligands in complex with DHFR from Pneumocystis carinii and from the human enzyme were conducted in order to better understand the factors determining the selectivity. A correct ranking of the relative inhibition of DHFR was achieved utilizing the linear interaction energy method. The soft drugs are intended for local administration. One representative ester was selected for a pharmacokinetic study in rats where it was found to undergo fast metabolic degradation to the predicted inactive metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graffner-Nordberg
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kolmodin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aqvist
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Queener
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hallberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004952:Esters; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011010:Pneumocystis / Q000201:enzymology*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; D016597:Trimetrexate / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004952:Esters; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists; D008024:Ligands; D011743:Pyrimidines; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; C024530:piritrexim; D016597:Trimetrexate