title: Mitotic counting in surgical pathology: sampling bias, heterogeneity and statistical uncertainty.
abstract: Mitotic counting in surgical pathology: sampling bias, heterogeneity and statistical uncertainty Although several articles on the methodological aspects of mitotic counting have been published, the effects of macroscopic sampling and tumour heterogeneity have not been discussed in any detail. In this review the essential elements for a standardized mitotic counting protocol are described, including microscopic calibration, specific morphological criteria, macroscopic selection, counting procedure, effect of biological variation, threshold, and the setting of an area of uncertainty ('grey area'). We propose that the use of a standard area for mitotic quantification and of a grey area in mitotic counting protocols will facilitate the application of mitotic counting in diagnostic and prognostic pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Canisius Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. e.thunnissen@cwz.nl
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Thunnissen
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Ambergen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koss
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Travis
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: I O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Ellis
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006801:Humans; D008938:Mitosis; D008940:Mitotic Index / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D010340:Pathology, Surgical; D015983:Selection Bias