title: Transforming growth factor-beta induced collagenase-3 production in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes is triggered by Smad proteins: cooperation between activator protein-1 and PEA-3 binding sites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the signaling pathways leading to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) induced collagenase-3 production in human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes, as well as the transcription factors and their binding sites involved in the transcriptional control of collagenase-3 gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Identification of the TGF-beta signaling pathway was by Western immunoblotting using specific antibodies for the phosphorylated forms of p44/42 and p38 MAPK, SAPK/JNK, and the Smad2 protein. Electromobility shift assays (EMSA) were carried out for activator protein- (AP-1), polyomavirus enhancer A (PEA-3), activin-response-element-like, Smad-binding-element-like, and TGF-beta inhibitory element oligonucleotides. Supershift assays using antibodies to the Jun, Fos, and Smad families of proteins were used for identification of transcription factors. Chondrocyte transfections were also performed using the -133CAT collagenase-3 promoter plasmid (containing PEA-3, AP-1, and TATA sites) and mutated AP-1 and PEA-3 sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary target of TGF-beta induced collagenase-3 in OA chondrocytes was the Smad2 protein, with significant phosphorylation within 5 min. Contrasting with the Smad2, the untreated OA chondrocytes already had detectable levels of the phosphorylated forms of p38 and p44/42 MAPK. Of the oligonucleotides tested, EMSA revealed that TGF-beta treated OA chondrocyte proteins bound only to the AP-1 and PEA-3. Supershifts with the AP-1 oligonucleotide showed the presence of the Jun (c-Jun, JunB, JunD) and Fos (c-Fos, FosB, Fra-1, Fra-2) proteins in the untreated and TGF-beta treated OA chondrocytes, whereas only Smad proteins (Smad2, 3, 4) were present in the AP-1 binding proteins from the TGF-beta treated chondrocytes. The AP-1 mutation decreased both basal (95%) and TGF-beta induced (99%) collagenase-3 production, whereas the PEA-3 mutation decreased the basal (15%) but more significantly (50%) the TGF-beta induced transcription.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smad proteins are the main cytoplasmic signaling pathways in TGF-beta stimulated collagenase-3 in OA chondrocytes. The AP-1 site appears critical for upregulation of collagenase-3 production, but TGF-beta stimulation requires both AP-1 and PEA-3 sites for optimal response.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedics Department, Hĵpital Notre-Dame, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tardif
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reboul
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dupuis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duval
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martel-Pelletier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D017364:Collagenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; D008875:Middle Aged; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000502:physiology; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497782:SMAD2 protein, human; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C065788:transcription factor PEA3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D017364:Collagenases; C507079:MMP13 protein, human; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13