title: Clonidine as adjuvant for mepivacaine, ropivacaine and bupivacaine in axillary, perivascular brachial plexus block.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of clonidine on three local anesthetics (mepivacaine 1%, ropivacaine 0.75% and bupivacaine 0.5%) with comparable potency and almost the same concentration-response relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty trauma-patients were randomly allocated into six groups. In the control-groups (Mo/Ro/Bo) brachial plexus was performed using 40 mL of local anesthetic plus 1 mL of NaCL 0.9%. In the clonidine-groups (Mc/Rc/Bc) brachial plexus was performed using each 40 mL of drug plus 1 mL (0.150 mg) of clonidine. Onset-time and the duration of the sensory block were recorded. Data are expressed as mean +/- SD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the average sensory block determined by a visual analog scale in the median, ulnar and radial nerve distributions and ranging from 100 (no sensory blockade) to 0 (complete sensory blockade), both mepi-groups showed a rapid onset (at 10 min: -Mo 20 +/- 15/Mc 19 +/- 14; at 30 min: -Mo 3 +/- 4/Mc 5 +/- 4). The ropi-and bupi- groups both had a longer onset time (at 10 min: -Ro 23 +/- 19/Rc 25 +/- 22/Bo 24 +/- 15; at 30 min -Ro 10 +/- 6/ Rc 11 +/- 6 /Bo 12 +/- 4). The onset time in group-Bc was significantly prolonged (at 10 min: -45 +/- 21; at 30 min: -20 +/- 6). Duration of motor blockade was prolonged by clonidine only in the mepivacaine and bupivacaine groups; (in minutes: Mo 212 +/- 47 -Mc 468 +/- 62; Ro 702 +/- 52 -Rc 712 +/- 82; Bo 728 +/- 36 -Bc 972 +/- 72).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that the addition of clonidine has a different impact on each of the three local anesthetics investigated in terms of onset and duration of block.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Hospital Lainz, Vienna, Austria. Wolfgang.Erlacher@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Erlacher
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schuschnig
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koinig
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marhofer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melischek
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapral
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001917:Brachial Plexus; D002045:Bupivacaine; D003000:Clonidine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000601:surgery; D006225:Hand / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008619:Mepivacaine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009407:Nerve Block; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D008619:Mepivacaine; D003000:Clonidine; D002045:Bupivacaine