title: Characteristics of immunoglobulin gene usage of the xenoantibody binding to gal-alpha(1,3)gal target antigens in the gal knockout mouse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Natural antibodies that react with galactose-alpha(1,3)galactose [galalpha(1,3)gal] carbohydrate epitopes exist in humans and Old World primates because of the inactivation of the alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT) gene in these species and the subsequent production of antibodies to environmental microbes that express the galalpha(1,3)gal antigen. The Gal knockout (Gal o/o) mouse, produced by homologous disruption of the alpha1,3GT gene, spontaneously makes anti-galalpha(1,3)gal antibodies and can be used to study the genetic control of humoral immune responses to this carbohydrate epitope.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hybridomas that produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to galalpha(1,3)gal were generated in Gal o/o mice. The mAbs were tested to characterize the binding activity with flow cytometry using pig aortic endothelial cells and ELISA with galalpha(1,3)gal carbohydrates. The VH and VK genes of these hybridomas were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mAbs showed distinct patterns of antibody binding to galalpha(1,3)gal antigens. The VH genes that encode the mAb binding activity were restricted to a small number of genes expressed in their germline configuration. Four of six clones used closely related progeny of the same VH germline gene (VH441). Comparison of the mouse gene VH441 to the human gene IGHV3-11, a gene that encodes antibody activity to galalpha(1,3)gal in humans, demonstrates that these two genes share a nonrandom distribution of amino acids used at canonical binding sites within the variable regions (complimentary determining regions 1 and 2) of their immunoglobulin VH genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the similarity of the Gal o/o mice and humans in their immune response to galalpha(1,3)gal epitopes. Gal o/o mouse can serve as a useful model for examining the genetic control of antibody/antigen interactions associated with the humoral response to pig xenografts in humans.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Biology Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90027, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nozawa
authors.forename: P X
authors.initials: PX
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gochi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kearns-Jonker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swensson
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Starnes
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sandrin
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Cramer
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D000910:Antibodies, Heterophile / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015478:Antigens, Heterophile / Q000276:immunology*; D001483:Base Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D000939:Epitopes / Q000235:genetics; D005700:Galactosyltransferases / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin / Q000502:physiology*; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics; D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains / Q000235:genetics; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000910:Antibodies, Heterophile; D015478:Antigens, Heterophile; D004187:Disaccharides; D000939:Epitopes; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region; C055075:galactosyl-(1-3)galactose; D005700:Galactosyltransferases; C047006:N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase