Nisoxetine infusion into the olfactory bulb enhances the capacity for male rats to identify conspecifics.
In the present report, the norepinephrine uptake inhibitor nisoxetine as well as a cocktail of nisoxetine and the alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine were infused unilaterally into the olfactory bulb during microdialysis to assess their effects upon the capacity of male rats to identify conspecifics. A social discrimination test was conducted while simultaneously measuring olfactory bulb norepinephrine output in the dialysate before, during, and after behavioral testing. Nisoxetine significantly increased norepinephrine levels in the olfactory bulb compared with the Ringer's solution control group. Following such increases in olfactory bulb norepinephrine, identification responses were enhanced compared with that observed in the Ringer's control. In the presence of phentolamine, nisoxetine elevated olfactory bulb norepinephrine to levels similar to that obtained in the nisoxetine alone group, however, investigatory responses directed to the conspecifics indicated an absence of identification capacity similar to that observed in the Ringer's control group. These results reveal a direct link between norepinephrine transmission in the olfactory bulb and enhanced identification via its activation of postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptors. These results also show that inhibition of norepinephrine uptake may represent an important mechanism involved with the enhancement of social identification and suggest a possible novel effect for the antidepressant nisoxetine.
Shang
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Department of Anatomy, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, 4209 State Route 44, P.O. Box 95, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA.
Dluzen
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D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004347:Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006608:Hierarchy, Social; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010646:Phentolamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012903:Smell / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012932:Social Facilitation
D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; D005473:Fluoxetine; C011386:nisoxetine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D010646:Phentolamine