title: Photosensitivity in relation to epileptic syndromes: asurvey from an epilepsy center in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the incidence and distribution of photosensitivity among the different age groups and different types of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Furthermore, we considered the influence of ethnic and geographic factors on the incidence of photoparoxysmal response (PPR) in epilepsy patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the responses to intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) by using a Grass PS22 or PS33 photic stimulator for in 2,187 unselected patients with epilepsy who were treated in our center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The classic PPR was elicited in 37 (1.7%) patients. The mean age of these 37 patients was 17.0 years. The subpopulation of patients having PPR included 2.0% of all patients with symptomatic generalized epilepsy. 5.6% (p < 0.01) of those with idiopathic generalized epilepsy, 0.7% of those with symptomatic localization-related epilepsy, and 2.9% of those with undetermined epilepsy. PPR accounted for 17.4% (p < 0.01) of the patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, 7.6% (p < 0.01) of those with grand mal on awakening, and 6.1% (p < 0.01) of those with symptomatic occipital lobe epilepsy. The incidence of PPR increased in patients up to age 15 years, and suddenly decreased after age 20 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study presents the first report from eastern Asia, analyzing the incidence of PPR with a restricted definition comparable to the other studies, and the rate of PPR was relatively low compared with the studies performed in the European countries. We could confirm the clear relation between age and positive PPR.
authors.affiliation: National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Higashi Hospital, Japan. shizuoka@szec.hosp.go.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yagi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D010787:Photosensitivity Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013577:Syndrome