title: Accumulation and decay of chlorothalonil and selected metabolites in surface soil following foliar application to peanuts.
abstract: One of the principal uses of the fungicide, chlorothalonil, is control of foliar peanut diseases. Recent assessments indicate its runoff from treated fields in southeastern states presents risks to aquatic life. Two factors that control its runoff are how much reaches soil surfaces and degradation rates. To address these questions and to evaluate accumulation and decay of key metabolites, soil samples (0-2 cm) were collected after seven chlorothalonil applications on experimental peanut plots in south central Georgia during the 1999 growing season. At the start of and during laboratory incubations, samples were analyzed for the parent and degradates by HPLC-PDA-APCI-MS. The maximum observed residue levels were after the second application, after which canopy closure reduced soil deposition from later applications to 5-10% of applied amounts. After the last spray, < 5% of the cumulative chlorothalonil applied was detected in the soil. Foliar interception and dissipation and rapid soil degradation contributed to low residue levels. Soil half-lives were < 1-3.5 days for chlorothalonil and 10-22 days for its principal degradate, 4-hydroxychlorothalonil. Other daughter and granddaughter products were detected, some of which accumulated during the growing season. Results emphasize the plant canopy role in controlling the amount of fungicide sprays that reach soil surfaces and suggest concentration-dependent chlorothalonil degradation with degradation rates increasing as soil loading decreases. The study indicates that the 30-day field half-life often used for risk assessments of this pesticide is too long for one of its most important agronomic uses, i.e., in southeastern peanut production. It also indicates that the principal metabolites are more persistent than the parent, and more study is needed to identify and quantify their fate pathways.
authors.affiliation: USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 946, Tifton, Georgia 31793, USA. tpotter@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wauchope
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Culbreath
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006207:Half-Life; D009570:Nitriles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010944:Plants; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014872:Water Movements
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009570:Nitriles; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile