title: Angiogenic effect of thymidine phosphorylase on macrophages in glioblastoma multiforme.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are known angiogenic factors; however, there are few reports in which the relationship between these two factors is addressed. The authors compared expression patterns of TP and VEGF and investigated their role in the angiogenesis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical specimens from 41 cases of GBM were immunohistochemically stained for TP, VEGF, CD68 (a macrophage marker), and CD31 (an endothelial cell marker). Both TP labeling indices and VEGF immunoreactivity displayed significant correlations with vascular density. Although VEGF was diffusely distributed in the tumor, TP was strongly expressed around blood vessels and in vascular proliferation. Double labeling for TP and CD68 in 10 cases indicated that cells that reacted strongly positive for TP were almost always macrophages, and only small numbers of CD68-negative cells weakly expressed TP. The TP messenger (m)RNA expression was investigated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in six GBMs. All six specimens expressed TP mRNA. In addition, TP mRNA was detected in two of three groups of cultured GBM cells derived from surgical specimens. Macrophages, the production of which was induced from two volunteers' peripheral blood monocytes by applying macrophage colony-stimulating factor, also expressed TP mRNA. The glioma cell lines U251MG and U87MG, which barely express TP mRNA under normal conditions, expressed TP mRNA in response to interferon-beta stimulation or while in an anoxic condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although it is feasible that GBM cells can express TP depending on their growing conditions, the majority of TP-expressing cells present in GBMs appear to be infiltrating macrophages. Coexistence of VEGF and TP may indicate a synergistic upregulation for angiogenesis because VEGF exerts a chemotactic activity on macrophages that express TP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, and Institute for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan. hirahira@m2.kufm.kagoshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanioka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuratsu
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology*; D013939:Thymidine Phosphorylase / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013939:Thymidine Phosphorylase