Natural history of Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the principal cause of dementia in the elderly, and affects about 15 million people worldwide. The earliest symptom is usually an insidious impairment of memory. As the disease progresses, there is increasing impairment of language and other cognitive functions. Problems occur with naming and word-finding, and later with verbal and written comprehension and expression. Visuospatial, analytic and abstract reasoning abilities, judgment, and insight become affected. Behavioral changes may include delusions, hallucinations, irritability, agitation, verbal or physical aggression, wandering, and disinhibition. Ultimately, there is loss of self-hygiene, eating, dressing, and ambulatory abilities, and incontinence and motor dysfunction. Before diagnosis of AD, individuals may have memory complaints, which represent a period of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Before MCI, there is a prodromal, ill-defined presymptomatic period of disease ('pre-MCI"). In this review, we particularly focus on these earliest stages. We also discuss the more advanced stages of AD, and address factors that may influence disease course. Understanding the natural history of AD will allow better targeting of the disease-modifying treatments that are on the horizon.
Honig
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LS
Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, and Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032-3795, USA. lh456@columbia.edu
Mayeux
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D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications; D004522:Educational Status; D015981:Epidemiologic Factors; D005006:Ethnicity; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009790:Occupations; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E