title: Regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated apoptosis of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts by the protein kinase Akt.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-driven proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASF) is associated with up-regulation of the activity of serine/threonine kinase B/Akt and with survival of RASF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Staining of phosphorylated Akt was done using anti-phosphorylated Thr308 Akt antibody. Levels of phosphorylated Akt were analyzed by Western blot and Akt activity was analyzed using a kinase assay. TUNEL staining was used to analyze the cytotoxicity of TNFalpha treatment or TNFalpha combined with either the Akt activity inhibitor wortmannin, an adenovirus expressing dominant-negative mutant (AdAkt-DN), or an adenovirus expressing phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (AdPTEN).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of phosphorylated Akt were higher in RASF than in osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts (OASF), as demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining, immunoblot analysis, and an Akt kinase assay. The levels of phosphorylated Akt and Akt kinase activity were increased by stimulation of primary RASF with TNFalpha (10 ng/ml). Treatment of RASF with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin (50 nM) plus TNFalpha resulted in apoptosis of 60 +/- 8% (mean +/- SEM) of RASF within 24 hours. This proapoptosis effect was specific for Akt, since equivalent levels of apoptosis were observed upon TNFalpha treatment of RASF transfected with AdAkt-DN and with AdPTEN, which opposes the action of Akt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that phosphorylated Akt acts as a survival signal in RASF and contributes to the stimulatory effect of TNFalpha on these cells by inhibiting the apoptosis response. This effect was not observed in OASF and may reflect the pathophysiologic changes associated with the proliferating synovium in rheumatoid arthritis.
authors.affiliation: The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Mountz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000473:pathology*; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077191:Wortmannin
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D000077191:Wortmannin