title: Adrenomedullin is a regulated modulator of neonatal cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adrenomedullin is a potent hypotensive, natriuretic and diuretic peptide that is coexpressed in the heart with its receptor, suggesting that it may have localized actions as a modulator of cardiac function. Although expression of adrenomedullin is upregulated in the pathological heart, its cardiac function has not been clearly elucidated and it is not known whether this represents a common feature of cardiac hypertrophy, nor whether this is restricted to cardiac myocytes. We have determined the direct effects of hypertrophic agents on cardiomyocyte adrenomedullin gene expression and peptide secretion and have examined the effects of adrenomedullin on biochemical markers of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regulation of adrenomedullin expression and its effects on the hypertrophic response were studied in cultured rat neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation with phenylephrine or endothelin for 48 h led to a hypertrophic response with an associated fivefold stimulation of ANP gene expression. In contrast, adrenomedullin mRNA was inhibited by 30-50% in response to phenylephrine or endothelin-mediated hypertrophy, and this was associated with a 35-45% reduction in secretion of immunoreactive adrenomedullin. Phorbol ester mediated activation of protein kinase C and increasing intracellular Ca(2+) with ionomycin led to significant downregulation of adrenomedullin gene expression in cardiomyocytes. Co-incubation with 100 nM adrenomedullin for 48 h inhibited phenylephrine-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy as determined by protein:DNA ratio. Adrenomedullin partially blocked phenylephrine-mediated transcriptional activation of ANP and MLC-2 reporter gene expression in cardiomyocytes and this effect was mimicked by 2 microM forskolin, suggesting that this response was mediated via the activation of adenylate cyclase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that the cardiomyocyte adrenomedullin gene is repressed by phenylephrine or endothelin-mediated hypertrophy. The inhibitory effects of adrenomedullin on the cardiomyocyte hypertrophic response suggests that this peptide acts as a regulated autocrine or paracrine modulator of cardiomyocyte function and that downregulation of adrenomedullin expression may play a role in induction and maintenance of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Baker Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 6492 St. Kilda Rd. Central, VIC 8008, Melbourne, Australia. dominic.autelitano@baker.edu.au
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Autelitano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ridings
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D053607:Adrenomedullin; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000235:genetics; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D019332:Endothelin-1; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010656:Phenylephrine; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D010455:Peptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D053607:Adrenomedullin; D005576:Colforsin; D010656:Phenylephrine; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D002118:Calcium