title: Up-regulation of carnitine transporters helps maintain tissue carnitine levels in carnitine deficiency induced by pivalic acid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pivalic acid (PVA) forms conjugates with endogenous carnitine and enhances its excretion. The purpose of this study is to determine whether tissue carnitine levels decrease in parallel with plasma levels in carnitine deficiency induced by PVA.
  
  
  METHODS
  PVA was orally administered to rats for 5 days. Carnitine levels in plasma, liver, kidney, muscle, and heart were monitored. The tissue uptake clearance (CLuptake) was determined in vivo by the integration plot method. Hepatocytes were prepared from control and PVA-treated rats, and the uptake of L-carnitine was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma concentrations of L-carnitine decreased as a result of the enhanced carnitine elimination as pivaloylcarnitine (PCN) when rats were treated with PVA. However, L-carnitine concentrations in liver, muscle, and heart remained relatively constant during the study. period. CLuptake increased in liver and muscle and, thus, the rate of carnitine uptake from plasma into these tissues did not change even at low plasma concentrations. This helps maintain carnitine levels in these tissues. Up-regulation of carnitine transporters is suggested to be a mechanism for the increased CLuptake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the carnitine deficiency state induced by PVA, increased CLuptake owing to up-regulation of carnitine transporters is suggested to help maintain carnitine levels in some tissues.
authors.affiliation: Meiji Seika Kaisha, LTD, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Yokohama, Japan. noriko-okudaira@meiji.co.jp
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okudaira
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujigaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakayoshi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Komiya
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002331:Carnitine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; D010421:Pentanoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000074058:Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; D014018:Tissue Distribution / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; D010421:Pentanoic Acids; C115441:Slc22a5 protein, rat; D000074058:Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; C005566:pivalic acid; C054040:pivaloylcarnitine; D002331:Carnitine