title: Gamma probe-directed lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy in primary melanoma: Reliability of the procedure and analysis of failures after long-term follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some patients presenting with cutaneous malignant melanoma without palpable adenopathy have regional metastatic disease. The results of a prospective clinical study of gamma probe-directed sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy are presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 3-year period, 103 patients with a diagnosis of invasive primary cutaneous malignant melanoma (Breslow > 0.12 mm or > Clark level II) underwent preoperative lymphoscintigraphy with technetium sulfur colloid followed by gamma-probe-guided sentinel lymphadenectomy. There were 46 women and 57 men with a mean age of 55.7 years (range, 19-91).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean Breslow thickness was 2.3 mm (range, 0.12-10 mm). Primary locations were head and neck in 12, trunk 46, upper extremity 19, and lower extremity in 26. One hundred sixteen lymph node basins were mapped in 103 patients. Axillary, inguinal, and cervical nodal basins comprised 55, 34, and 11% of the total basins evaluated, respectively. Sixty-eight patients (66%) underwent lymphatic mapping of one regional nodal basin, 27 patients (26%) underwent synchronous lymphatic mapping of 2 regional nodal basins, 6 patients (6%) underwent synchronous lymphatic mapping of 3 regional nodal basins, and 2 patients (2%) underwent synchronous lymphatic mapping of 4 regional nodal basins. Seroma or infection did not occur in any patients. Micrometastatic disease was identified in 15 sentinel lymph node biopsy sites in 13 (10%) patients. Of 10 patients undergoing lymph node dissection, 9(90%) had no additional pathological lymph node involvement. We achieved 99% success rate, 1% rate of failed sentinel node procedure, and 8% false-negative rate after median follow-up for 2 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that gamma probe-directed sentinel lymph node biopsy is a straightforward procedure which can be done in the outpatient setting and facilitates management of patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. It allows the surgeon to identify all basins at risk for metastatic disease and the location of the sentinel node(s) in relation to the basin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Morristown Memorial Hospital, and Carol G. Simon Cancer Center, Morristown, New Jersey, USA. iraallenjacobs@aol.com
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Chevinsky
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Swayne
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Magidson
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Britto
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015902:Gamma Cameras; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid
chemical_list: D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid