title: Are there fitness advantages in being a rewardless orchid? Reward supplementation experiments with Barlia robertiana.
abstract: The Orchidaceae characteristically contain a very large number of species that attract pollinators but do not offer them any form of reward in return for visitation. Such a strategy is highly unusual in the plant kingdom. We conducted experiments in order to manipulate the reward strategy of the rewardless bumble-bee-pollinated orchid Barlia robertiana by adding sucrose solution to inflorescences. We found that supplementation decreased the probability of a pollinator removing pollinia by approximately ten times. Despite pollinators visiting many more flowers per inflorescence on supplemented plants, eight times fewer pollinia were removed from supplemented inflorescences during each visit. Pollinia deposition patterns were not significantly affected by supplementation and no geitonogamous deposition was recorded. In populations where inflorescences were supplemented for 20 days, pollinia removal was reduced by over half for supplemented inflorescences, whereas fruit set was unmodified by supplementation. We conclude that rewardlessness would increase total seed paternity, but not change either total seed maternity or the probability that offspring were outcrossed in this species. To the authors' knowledge this is the first time that there has been an unequivocal experimental demonstration of an evolutionary advantage for rewardlessness in the Orchidaceae.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK. a.smithson@exeter.ac.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smithson
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Gigord
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000254:growth & development; D011058:Pollen / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013395:Sucrose / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D013395:Sucrose