title: Intra-abdominal pressure monitoring as a guideline in the nonoperative management of blunt hepatic trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonoperative management has been validated as a standard of care for patients with blunt hepatic trauma. We herein study the correlation of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and other clinical parameters to predict the failure of nonoperative management, and attempt to use IAP to determine further therapeutic options.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 9-month period, 25 hemodynamically stable patients sustaining grades III to V blunt hepatic injuries were prospectively studied. They were admitted to the intensive care unit for clinical reevaluation, and hemodynamic and IAP monitoring. If the patient developed an IAP greater than 25 cm H(2)O, then an emergent laparotomy or laparoscopy was performed to achieve hemostasis and decompression of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH). On the basis of an IAP of 25 cm H(2)O, the correlation between the IAP and an estimated amount of liver-related transfusion, the Pao(2)/Fio(2) ratio and peritoneal signs were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 25 patients being studied, 20 (80%) had an IAP below 25 cm H(2)O, 1 of whom was found to have a pelvic abscess from an amputated segment of liver. On the other hand, five other patients with an IAP greater than 25 cm H(2)O received decompression and laparoscopic examinations, and one needed an open hepatorrhaphy. In general, though, 19 patients (76%) were successfully treated without operation. All recovered well after different therapeutic regimens; however, two developed liver abscesses, for a morbidity rate of 8% (2 of 25). This analysis revealed a strong association between the IAP value and the presence of peritoneal signs (Phi coefficient = 0.890, p < 0.001), but not in the estimated amount of liver-related transfusion and Pao(2)/Fio(2) ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary investigation suggests that IAH or abdominal compartment syndrome can develop while patients receive nonoperative management for grade III to V blunt hepatic injuries. There were no parameters that precisely reflected ongoing hepatic hemorrhage or predicted hemodynamic instability. Although the amount of hepatic hemorrhage was not accurately measured by the IAP, it could be reflected by an increased IAP. During nonoperative management, IAP monitoring may be a simple and objective guideline to suggest further intervention for patients with blunt hepatic trauma. Laparoscopic hepatic evaluation and abdominal decompression may be helpful in this situation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. 4531@cgmh.org.tw
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D005260:Female; D006465:Hemoperitoneum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*