title: Propofol increases myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and intracellular pH via activation of Na+-H+ exchange in rat ventricular myocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objectives were to determine the extent and mechanism of action by which propofol increases myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and intracellular pH (pHi) in ventricular myocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Freshly isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes were used for the study. Cardiac myofibrils were extracted for assessment of myofibrillar actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. Myocyte shortening (video edge detection) and pHi (2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6')-carboxyfluorescein, 500/440 ratio) were monitored simultaneously in individual cells field-stimulated (0.3 Hz) and superfused with HEPES-buffered solution (pH 7.4, 30 degrees C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Propofol (100 microM) reduced the Ca2+ concentration required for activation of myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase from pCa 5.7 +/- 0.01 to 6.6 +/- 0.01. Increasing pHi (7.05 +/- 0.03 to 7.39 +/- 0.04) with NH4Cl increased myocyte shortening by 35 +/- 12%. Washout of NH4Cl decreased pHi to 6.82 +/- 0.03 and decreased myocyte shortening to 52 +/- 10% of control. Propofol caused a dose-dependent increase in pHi but reduced myocyte shortening. The propofol-induced increase in pHi was attenuated, whereas the decrease in myocyte shortening was enhanced after pretreatment with ethylisopropyl amiloride, a Na+-H+ exchange inhibitor, or bisindolylmaleimide I, a protein kinase C inhibitor. Propofol also attenuated the NH4Cl-induced intracellular acidosis, increased the rate of recovery from acidosis, and attenuated the associated decrease in myocyte shortening. Propofol caused a leftward shift in the extracellular Ca2+-shortening relation, and this effect was attenuated by ethylisopropyl amiloride.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that propofol increases the sensitivity of myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase to Ca2+ (ie., increases myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity), at least in part by increasing pHi via protein kinase C-dependent activation of Na+-H+ exchange.
authors.affiliation: Center for Anesthesiology Research, Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanaya
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Damron
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects*; D000584:Amiloride / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009218:Myosins / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000378:metabolism*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D000643:Ammonium Chloride; D000584:Amiloride; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D009218:Myosins; D002118:Calcium; C039614:ethylisopropylamiloride; D015742:Propofol