title: Identification and effects of interaction phytotoxic compounds from exudate of Cistus ladanifer leaves.
abstract: Eleven allelochemicals (ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, methyl propionate, oxalic acid, methylmalonic acid, p-anisic acid, butyric acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, and azulene) were identified in the exudate of Cistus ladanifer L. We studied the effect of each on germination, cotyledon emergence, root length, and cotyledon length of Rumex crispus. Three groups were distinguished with respect to phytotoxic activity: compounds with low activity (ferulic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, oxalic acid, methylmalonic acid, p-anisic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, and azulene), with intermediate activity (cinnamic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid), and with high activity (methyl propionate and butyric acid). The effect of the interaction of the compounds was studied. When acting conjointly, all combinations tested produced a more negative effect on both germination and seedling growth than when acting alone. The interaction affected cotyledon emergence and root length more negatively than germination and cotyledon length. When hydroxycinnamic acid and cinnamic acid were added to these mixtures there was an enhancement in the phytotoxic activity, accentuating the effect of the other allelochemicals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sosa
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Alías
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Escudero
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D052176:Azulenes; D001681:Biological Assay; D020148:Butyric Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D029758:Cistus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D003508:Cycloheptanes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D004463:Ecology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D062425:Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D008764:Methylmalonic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D019815:Oxalic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D010226:Parabens / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D063245:Plant Development; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D052176:Azulenes; D002934:Cinnamates; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D003508:Cycloheptanes; D062425:Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010226:Parabens; D020148:Butyric Acid; C029010:cinnamic acid; C004520:4-anisic acid; C005525:azulene; D008764:Methylmalonic Acid; D019815:Oxalic Acid; C004999:ferulic acid; C038193:4-hydroxybenzoic acid; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid