title: Relation between cyclooxygenase-2 expression and tumor invasiveness and patient survival in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expression of the inducible form of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is known to correlate with development of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the human urinary bladder. However, the clinical significance of COX-2 expression with respect to clinicopathologic findings and patient survival is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  COX-2 expression was examined immunohistochemically in tumor tissues obtained from 108 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for TCCs, without knowledge of clinicopathologic findings. Correlation between COX-2 expression and clinicopathologic findings and patient survival was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  COX-2 expression was detected in 34 of 108 (31%) tumors but in none of 10 normal uroepithelial samples. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed a significant correlation between COX-2 expression and local invasion, infiltration pattern, lymphatic invasion, and venous invasion. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that only local invasion correlated significantly with COX-2 expression (P = 0.047). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that both local invasion (P = 0.008) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001) were independent prognostic factors; however, COX-2 expression (P = 0.16) was not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors showed that COX-2 overexpression plays a role in development and invasion of TCCs, but not prognosis of patients with TCC. COX-2 inhibitors may be useful for chemoprevention of TCCs and treatment of invasive disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan. tsu@m2.kufm.kagoshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shirahama
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arima
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akiba
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sakakura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011379:Prognosis; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016019:Survival Analysis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases