title: An epidemiological approach to assess the economic burden of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal events in The Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use the population attributable risk (PAR) to estimate the treatment costs resulting from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastrointestinal (GI) morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two case-control studies with the following outcomes: (i) the start of therapy with gastroprotective agents (GPAs) and (ii) hospitalisations for GI events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-dwelling inhabitants of defined areas in The Netherlands covering the period 1989 to 1998. All analyses were performed from the perspective of a third-party payer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Risk and exposure data were obtained from the Dutch PHARMO system, a population-based register of drug-dispensing records and hospital records. The PAR was estimated based on stratum-specific prevalence estimates of NSAID use and the corresponding odds ratios (ORs) obtained from the case-control studies. Cost data were obtained from Dutch national hospital discharge records and tariffs. Annual treatment costs of NSAID-induced GI events were calculated based on the PAR in the sample population and extrapolated to the total population using national demographic data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted ORs for starting GPA use and hospitalisation for GI events were 6.6 [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.5 to 7.8] and 5.0 (95% CI: 4.0 to 6.2), respectively, in NSAID users compared with controls. Variation of OR with age among NSAID users suggested that prevention of GI events is most efficient among the elderly. The total annual cost (1998 values) of GPA use and hospitalisations for GI events attributable to the use of NSAIDs was 59 million euro (EUR) [95% CI: EUR38.5 million to EUR98 million]. More than 65% of these NSAID-induced costs, EUR38 million, can be attributed to long term users of NSAIDs, representing only 9.3% of all users of NSAIDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PAR can be used to estimate the costs of drug-induced morbidity and changes in costs resulting from substitutions with other drugs. For each EUR1.00 spent on NSAIDs, an additional EUR0.68 (excluding costs for prophylactic treatment) can be added for the treatment of GI adverse events.
authors.affiliation: PHARMO Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Ron.Herings@PHARMO.NL
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Herings
authors.forename: O H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Klungel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal