title: Combined assessment of myocardial perfusion and regional left ventricular function by analysis of contrast-enhanced power modulation images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Echocardiographic contrast media have been used to assess myocardial perfusion and to enhance endocardial definition for improved assessment of left ventricular (LV) function. These methodologies, however, have been qualitative or have required extensive offline image analysis. Power modulation is a recently developed imaging technique that provides selective enhancement of microbubble-generated reflections. Our goal was to test the feasibility of using power modulation for combined quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion and regional LV function in an animal model of acute ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coronary balloon occlusions were performed in 18 anesthetized pigs. Transthoracic power modulation images (Agilent 5500) were obtained during continuous intravenous infusion of the contrast agent Definity (DuPont) at baseline and during brief coronary occlusion and reperfusion and were analyzed with custom software. At each phase, myocardial perfusion was assessed by calculation, in 6 myocardial regions of interest, of mean pixel intensity and the rate of contrast replenishment after high-power ultrasound impulses. LV function was assessed by calculation of regional fractional area change from semiautomatically detected endocardial borders. All ischemic episodes caused detectable and reversible changes in perfusion and function. Perfusion defects, validated with fluorescent microspheres, were visualized in real time and confirmed by a significant decrease in pixel intensity in the left anterior descending coronary artery territory after balloon inflation and reduced rate of contrast replenishment. Fractional area change decreased significantly in ischemic segments and was restored with reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Power modulation allows simultaneous online assessment of myocardial perfusion and regional LV wall motion, which may improve the echocardiographic diagnosis of myocardial ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. vmoravi@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mor-Avi
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Caiani
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Korcarz
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bednarz
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021721:Balloon Occlusion; D003287:Contrast Media; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013552:Swine; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C042852:perflutren