title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methadone enantiomers after a single oral dose of racemate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pharmacokinetics and dynamics of methadone are characterized by high interindividual variability. This study aimed to examine a number of factors that may contribute to this variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight healthy drug-free women were administered 0.2 mg/kg of R,S-methadone orally. The concentrations of methadone's enantiomers in plasma and urine were monitored for 96 hours. Vital signs, blood biochemical parameters, and pupillary diameter were monitored frequently during this period. Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) activity and alpha1-acid glycoprotein (alpha1-AGP) concentrations and phenotypes were determined. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling was used to assess the influence of the above-mentioned covariables on methadone enantiomer disposition and actions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pharmacokinetic profile of the active enantiomer of methadone, R -methadone, showed a relatively normal distribution with 38% to 90% of the interindividual variability in modeled pharmacokinetic parameters being explained by their individual variability in CYP3A activity, the cumulative amount of the main CYP3A4 metabolite, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrolidine, excreted in the urine, the fraction unbound in plasma, and the alpha1-AGP orosomucoid 2 (ORM2) variant plasma concentration. S-Methadone showed an idiosyncratic distribution with largely unpredictable pharmacokinetics. Pupillary constriction response was highly variable between individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The disposition of the active enantiomer, R -methadone, can be predicted in part by CYP3A activity and protein binding to alpha1-AGP (ORM2), whereas S-methadone disposition is not well explained by the factors examined in this study. Central nervous system effects were difficult to interpret on the basis of plasma R-methadone pharmacokinetics.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Boulton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arnaud
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: DeVane
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007536:Isomerism; D008691:Methadone / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D009294:Narcotics / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D009961:Orosomucoid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases; D008691:Methadone