title: Survivors with bad outcome after hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy: full-term neonates compare unfavourably with children.
abstract: Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) is of major importance in neonatal and paediatric intensive care with regard to mortality and long-term morbidity. Our aim was to analyse our data in full-term neonates and children with special regard to withdrawal of life support and bad outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with HIE admitted to our unit from 1992-96 were analysed. Criteria for HIE were presence of a hypoxic insult followed by coma or altered consciousness with or without convulsions. Severity of HIE was assessed in neonates using Sarnat stages, and in children the duration of coma. In the majority of cases staging was completed with electrophysiological studies. Outcome was described using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Bad outcome was defined as death, permanent vegetative state or severe disability, good outcome as moderate disability or good recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the neonatal group (n = 38) outcome was significantly associated with Sarnat stages, presence of convulsions, severely abnormal EEG, cardiovascular failure, and multiple organ dysfunction (MOD). A bad outcome was observed in 27 cases with 14 deaths and 13 survivors. Supportive treatment was withdrawn in 14 cases with 9 subsequent deaths. In the older age group (n = 45) outcome was related to persistent coma of 24-48 h, severely abnormal EEG, cardiovascular failure, liver dysfunction and MOD. A bad outcome was found in 36 cases with 33 deaths and 3 survivors. Supportive treatment was withdrawn in 15 instances, all followed by death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, neonates and older patients did not differ with regard to good or bad outcome. However, in the neonatal group there were significantly more survivors with bad outcome, either overall or after withdrawal of support. Possible explanations for this difference include variability of hypoxic insult, maturational and metabolic differences, and the more compliant neonatal skull, which prevents brainstem herniation.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pfenninger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bachmann
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008020:Life Support Care; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000209:etiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013557:Switzerland; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D028761:Withholding Treatment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data