title: Soluble human leukocyte antigen--G serum level is elevated in melanoma patients and is further increased by interferon-alpha immunotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nonclassic human major histocompatibility complex class I antigens human leukocyte antigen (HLA)--G are proposed to protect tumor cells from natural killer cell lysis. In the current study, the authors measured soluble HLA-G molecules (sHLA-G) in serum from patients with malignant melanoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Soluble HLA-G was determined in serum samples of 190 melanoma patients with various stages of disease, with or without current therapy including interferon (IFN)-alpha and different cytostatics in comparison to 126 healthy controls by using a two-step enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum sHLA-G was significantly (P < 0.0005) elevated in melanoma patients (mean +/- standard error of the mean [SEM] = 41.95 +/- 2.15 ng/mL) compared with healthy controls (mean +/- SEM = 22.92 +/- 1.51 ng/mL). Univariate analysis revealed a correlation of sHLA-G serum level with advanced stages of disease (P < 0.001) and tumor load (P < 0.05). Patients undergoing immunotherapy with IFN-alpha (n = 31) showed an increased serum sHLA-G (mean +/- SEM = 62.05 +/- 7.58 ng/mL; P < 0.0005), whereas other treatment regimens (n = 24) did not influence sHLA-G serum concentrations. Multivariate analysis revealed treatment with IFN-alpha as the only impact factor for elevated serum sHLA-G, lacking any correlation with stage of disease or tumor burden. Furthermore, IFN-alpha was found to upregulate HLA-G cell surface expression on circulating monocytes. sHLA-G serum level was not associated with recurrence free or overall survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows increased sHLA-G serum concentrations in melanoma patients and additional enhancement upon treatment with IFN-alpha. The level of serum sHLA-G, however, had no negative impact on patients' prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ugurel
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rebmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrone
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tilgen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grosse-Wilde
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Reinhold
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D059951:HLA-G Antigens; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D006680:HLA Antigens; D059951:HLA-G Antigens; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D016898:Interferon-alpha