title: Oral bioaccessibility of trivalent and hexavalent chromium in soil by simulated gastric fluid.
abstract: Chromium is found in soil from natural sources and anthropogenic activities. The ingestion of soil contaminated with chromium especially by children can have toxic consequences. Therefore, it is important to quantify the oral bioaccessibility of chromium in chromium in contaminated soil. In this study, chromium-51 as chromic (III) chloride and sodium chromate (VI), was mixed with an Atsion sandy soil and a Keyport clay soil and stored for 4 mo at either 21-25 degrees C or 2-4 degrees C. Utilizing simulated gastric conditions, the oral bioaccessibility of chromium in soil was determined. When the effects of soil on the bioaccessibility of chromium were compared, the data revealed the the bioaccessibility of chromium (III) from the clay soil was significantly lower than from the sandy at 21-25 degrees C. However, at 2-4 degrees C, more chromium (III) was extracted by synthetic gastric fluid from the clay soil than from the sandy soil. Temperature was also a factor as evidenced by the higher bioaccessibility of chromium (IV) in the sandy soil at 2-4 degrees C and of both chromium species in the clay soil at the same temperature. Reduction of the soluble chromium (VI) chemical to the nonsoluble chromium (III) compound in the acidic soils by naturally occurring organic matter in soil would explain the lower bioaccessibilty of chromium (VI) at 21-25 degrees C. At 2-4 degrees C, the data indicate that the rate of chromium (VI) reduction to chromium (III) was slowed. Although the results of this study are limited to one low concentration of chromium (III) and chromium (VI)  and indicate that the bioaccessibility of chromium in soil can range between 18% and 72%, the data also suggest that there may be a potential health hazard from oral exposure to chromium in heavily contaminated sites. Therefore, more extensive research should be conducted to determine if thes findings can be extended to environmentally relevant concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology and Physiology Department, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103-2714, USA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Skowronski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seide
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Abdel-Rahman
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000032:analysis; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002857:Chromium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D017608:Chromium Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000077215:Clay; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000737:chemistry*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D017608:Chromium Compounds; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D000077215:Clay