title: Long-term effects of bilateral frontal brain lesion: 60 years after injury with an iron bar.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Harlow's report of the case of Phineas P. Gage in 1848 was one of the earliest description of the personality and behavioral changes following frontal lobe damage. Since Harlow's articles, a few more case reports of frontal lobe damage have been published. As standard neuropsychological and neurologic evaluations may reveal subtle defects, case reports have been particularly useful in characterizing the behavioral changes that follow frontal lobe damage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the long-term outcome of an 81-year-old patient who sustained a severe frontal brain lesion 60 years ago caused by the passage of an iron spike through his head.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient has bilateral damage affecting the orbital and dorsolateral frontal regions. He displays many of the typical frontal behavioral disturbances described in the literature. His conduct is characterized by dependence on others, cheerfulness, planning difficulties, problems establishing realistic goals, lack of drive, and difficulties in initiating, continuing, and finishing activities. Although gross cognitive functioning is intact, neuropsychological deficits are present in the executive functioning, memory, and visuoconstructive domains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast with the antisocial conduct pattern usually associated with frontal damage in the literature, this case suggests that large frontal lesions can produce behavioral and personality changes that are compatible with stable functioning in family, professional, and social settings. In addition to the localization of the lesion, many other factors should be considered in the long-term prognosis of frontal brain injured patients.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clínica, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain. mmataro@teleline.es
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mataró
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jurado
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Sánchez
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barraquer
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Costa-Jussà
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Junqué
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D020197:Head Injuries, Penetrating / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010551:Personality; D014888:Wechsler Scales