title: Embryotoxicity of butyltin compounds to the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus.
abstract: Tributyltin (TBT) has been widely employed in marine anti-fouling paints as a biocide, although it represents a serious risk, particularly in estuarine and coastal water/sediment ecosystems. In this study, the embryotoxic effects of TBT and its degradation products, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), were analyzed during the development of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus from post-fertilization to the pluteus stage, to better clarify ecotoxicological impact. The embryotoxicity of butyltins is concentration-dependent and increases proportionally with number of butyl groups. Significant growth reduction was observed at TBT concentrations as low as 0.01 microgram l-1; 1 microgram l-1 was the maximum concentration allowing embryos to reach the pluteus stage at 48 h post-fertilization. Development was blocked at the morula or blastula stage with higher TBT concentrations. DBT and MBT are less toxic: slowed development and a decrease in pluteus size occurred at 10 micrograms l-1 DBT and 0.5 mg l-1 MBT. Effects on both skeletal deposition and blocked embryonic development are suggested to be due to the interference of organotin compounds with intracellular calcium homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moschino
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cima
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Celli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology*; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009947:Organotin Compounds; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; C056189:di-n-butyltin; C062120:n-butyltin; C011559:tributyltin