title: Sacral bladder denervation for treatment of detrusor hyperreflexia and autonomic dysreflexia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Detrusor hyperreflexia after spinal cord injury may cause urinary incontinence and chronic renal failure. In patients refractory to conservative treatment and not eligible for ventral sacral root stimulation for electrically induced micturition, we investigated the therapeutic value of sacral bladder denervation as a stand-alone procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients (8 men and 1 woman) between 21 and 58 years old (mean 30.2) with traumatic suprasacral spinal cord lesions underwent sacral bladder denervation for treatment of detrusor hyperreflexia and/or autonomic dysreflexia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Detrusor hyperreflexia and autonomic dysreflexia were eliminated in all cases. Bladder capacity increased from 177.8 +/- 39.6 to 668.9 +/- 64.3 mL; intravesical pressure decreased from 89.3 +/- 19.1 to 20.2 +/- 2.7 cm H(2)O. For facilitating clean intermittent catheterization (CIC), 4 patients received a continent vesicostomy in a second-stage procedure; one of them in combination with bladder augmentation. Four patients empty their bladder by way of urethral CIC. One completely tetraplegic patient has an indwelling urethral catheter. In the 5 patients with autonomic dysreflexia, the systolic blood pressure was lowered from 196 +/- 16.9 to 124 +/- 9.3 mm Hg and the diastolic blood pressure from 114 +/- 5.1 to 76 +/- 5.1. The annual frequency of urinary tract infections decreased from 9 +/- 1.2 to 1.8 +/- 0.7. In all patients, renal function remained stable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In selected patients with detrusor hyperreflexia and/or autonomic dysreflexia, sacral bladder denervation is a valuable treatment option. It is only moderately invasive in nature, requires neither sophisticated nor expensive medical equipment, and is an attractive alternative to urinary diversion using intestinal segments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hohenfellner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pannek
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bötel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dahms
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pfitzenmaier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fichtner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hutschenreiter
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Thüroff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020211:Autonomic Dysreflexia / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D003559:Cystostomy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009122:Muscle Hypertonia / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000209:etiology; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000209:etiology; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal; D019051:Rhizotomy / Q000379:methods*; D012447:Sacrum; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control