title: Implementation of standing field treatment protocols in an urban EMS system.
abstract: The objective was to describe our experience with implementation of standing field treatment protocols (SFTP) in a large, urban EMS system. A prospective, consecutive observational study examining the first 21 days of implementation of SFTPs in the City of Los Angeles, California. SFTPs were developed for 7 medical chief complaints and all major trauma patients. There were 13,586 EMS incidents, of which 4,037 (30%) received ALS treatment. SFTPs were used on 2,177 of these incidents, representing 54% of all ALS runs and 16% of all EMS incidents. The most frequently used SFTPs were for altered level of consciousness (29%), and chest pain (25%). The most common errors found were failure to document reassessment of the patient after each medication administration (45% fallout rate), and failure to document and attach a copy of the ECG to the EMS report (40%). The mean fallout rate for failure to establish or attempt IV access, administer oxygen, or provide cardiac monitoring was 7%. Out of 1,450 incidents with outcome data provided by the receiving hospitals, only 3 cases (2%) involved incorrect treatment, with an additional 2 involving the unnecessary use of lidocaine. None of these instances resulted in adverse effects or complications. SFTPs were integrated into a large EMS system with few procedural errors or adverse outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. eckstein@hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eckstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003211:Concurrent Review; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000592:standards*; D015141:Los Angeles; D012189:Retrospective Studies