title: Reliability of intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring in selective posterior rhizotomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Selective posterior rhizotomy is a well-established treatment for spasticity associated with cerebral palsy. At most medical centers, responses of dorsal rootlets to electrical stimulation are used to determine ablation sites; however, there has been some controversy regarding the reliability of intraoperative stimulation. The authors analyzed data obtained from the McGill Rhizotomy Database to determine whether motor responses to dorsal root stimulation were reproducible.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 77 patients underwent selective dorsal rhizotomy at a single medical center. The dorsal roots from L-2 to S-2 were stimulated to determine the threshold amplitude. The roots were then stimulated at 2 to 4 times the highest threshold with a 1-second 50-Hz train. A second stimulation run of the entire dorsal root was performed before it was divided into rootlets. Rootlets were individually stimulated and sectioned according to the extent of abnormal electrophysiological propagation. Motor responses were recorded by electromyography and were also assessed by a physiotherapist, and grades of 0 to 4+ were assigned. The difference in grades between the first and second stimulation trains was determined for 752 roots. Statistical analysis demonstrated a clear consistency in motor responses between the two stimulation runs, both in the electromyographic readings and the physiotherapist's assessment. More than 93% of dorsal roots had either no change or a difference of only one grade between the two trials. Furthermore, the vast majority of dorsal roots assigned a grade of 4+ at the first trial maintained the same maximally abnormal electrophysiological response during the second stimulation run.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that currently used techniques are reproducible and reliable for selection of abnormal rootlets. Intraoperative electrophysiological stimulation can be valuable in achieving a balance between elimination of spasticity and preservation of underlying strength.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poulin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Silver
mesh_terms: D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019051:Rhizotomy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome