title: Hepatocellular carcinoma treated with radiofrequency ablation: comparison of pulse inversion contrast-enhanced harmonic sonography, contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography, and helical CT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of contrast-enhanced pulse inversion harmonic imaging with contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography and helical CT to determine incomplete local treatment after radiofrequency ablation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five consecutive patients (24 men and 11 women; mean age, 64 years) with 43 hepatocellular carcinomas (3.6 +/- 1.1 cm) were treated using internally cooled radiofrequency ablation therapy. Therapeutic response was evaluated at 4 months with dual-phase contrast-enhanced helical CT, conventional power Doppler Sonography, and pulse inversion harmonic imaging using a sonographic contrast agent (SH-508). CT and sonographic studies were reviewed separately in random order by four radiologists at different consensus conferences. Sensitivity and specificity of the sonographic methods were determined using CT as a gold standard and results were compared using the McNemar test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CT examinations identified residual tumor in 12 lesions (27.9%). Although conventional contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography identified residual viable tumor foci in four incompletely treated lesions (9.3%), contrast-enhanced pulse inversion harmonic imaging identified residual tumoral enhancement in 10 lesions (23.3%). Thus, the sensitivity of pulse inversion harmonic imaging (83.3%) was significantly greater (p < 0.05) for detecting residual nonablated tumor compared with conventional contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that contrast-enhanced pulse inversion harmonic imaging may enable the detection of residual nonablated tumor in more cases than contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography and may ultimately prove to be a useful adjunct for percutaneous ablation therapies. Nevertheless, contrast-enhanced axial imaging (CT or MR imaging) is currently the most sensitive test for managing thermal ablation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Servizio di Radiologia, Ospedale Civile via Cesare, Battisti 25, Vimercate, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Meloni
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Livraghi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Calliada
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pallavicini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Campani
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media