title: Vascular localization of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in retinas of patients with diabetes mellitus and in VEGF-induced retinopathy using domain-specific antibodies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Steno hypothesis (Deckert et al. ) states that in diabetes mellitus (DM), changes in vascular heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) expression are involved in systemic endothelial dysfunction and increased capillary permeability. In diabetes-induced glomerular capillary leakage, loss of HSPG and its side chains has been documented. This study aimed to investigate whether microvascular leakage in diabetic retinopathy (DR) is also associated with altered expression of HSPG in retinal microvessels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serial cryosections of post-mortem eyes of 22 subjects with DM and 7 controls were stained with antibodies against the core proteins of the basement membrane HSPGs agrin (Abs Bl31 and JM72) and perlecan (Ab 1948), and four antibodies against heparan sulfate side chains (HS) (Abs JM403, HepSS1, JM13, 3G10). Moreover, we investigated Cynomolgus monkey eyes injected with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, as a model of retinal microvas-cular leakage. The endothelial antigen PAL-E was used to detect microvascular leakage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the retina of all controls and DM cases, agrin and perlecan core proteins and HS as recognized by JM403 and 3G10 were expressed in the walls of microvessels. Staining for JM13 was variable between cases, but unrelated to microvascular leakage as determined by PAL-E. Staining for HepSS1 was absent in all human retinal microvessels. In monkey retinas, HSPG staining was identical to that in human retinal tissues, except for the staining for HepSS1, which was found absent in control monkey eyes but which was positive in VEGF-injected eyes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased microvascular permeability in human DR is not associated with changes in expression of the HSPGs studied, whereas high amounts of VEGF may induce increased expression of the HS side chain epitope recognized by HepSS1. These results suggest that the mechanism underlying retinal leakage is different from diabetic glomerular capillary leakage.
authors.affiliation: Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Witmer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van den Born
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Vrensen
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Schlingemann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018171:Agrin / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D001813:Blood-Retinal Barrier; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000633:toxicity; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism*; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008875:Middle Aged; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
chemical_list: D018171:Agrin; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C071927:perlecan