title: Multiple rostral medullary nuclei can influence breathing in awake goats.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on breathing of neuronal dysfunction in the retrotrapezoid (RTN), facial (FN), gigantocellularis reticularis (RGN), or vestibular (VN) nuclei of adult awake goats. Microtubules were chronically implanted to induce neuronal dysfunction by microinjection of an excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor antagonist or a neurotoxin. The EAA receptor antagonist had minimal effect on eupneic breathing, but 8--10 days after injection of the neurotoxin, 7 of 10 goats hypoventilated (arterial PCO(2) increased 3.2 +/- 0.7 Torr). Overall there were no significant (P > 0.10) effects of the EAA receptor antagonist on CO(2) sensitivity. However, for all nuclei, > or =66% of the antagonist injections altered CO(2) sensitivity by more than the normal 12.7 +/- 1.6% day-to-day variation. These changes were not uniform, inasmuch as the antagonist increased (RTN, n = 2; FN, n = 7; RGN, n = 6; VN, n = 1) or decreased (RTN, n = 2; RGN, n = 3; VN, n = 2) CO(2) sensitivity. Ten days after injection of the neurotoxin into the FN (n = 3) or RGN (n = 5), CO(2) sensitivity was also reduced. Neuronal dysfunction also did not have a uniform effect on the exercise arterial PCO(2) response, and there was no correlation between effects on CO(2) sensitivity and the exercise hyperpnea. We conclude that there is a heterogeneous population of neurons in these rostral medullary nuclei (or adjacent tissue) that can affect breathing in the awake state, possibly through chemoreception or chemoreceptor-related mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wenninger
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Geiger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Feroah
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Forster
mesh_terms: D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004576:Electromyography; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D006339:Heart Rate; D007736:Kynurenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008845:Microinjections; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009919:Orchiectomy; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014726:Vestibular Nuclei / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D011810:Quinoxalines; C062865:2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; D007736:Kynurenic Acid