title: The human but not the Xenopus RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 has an atypical nuclear localization signal and displays the characteristics of a shuttling protein.
abstract: The RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 (adenosine deaminase that acts on RNA) is a bona fide nuclear enzyme that has been cloned from several vertebrate species. Putative nuclear localization signals (NLSs) have been identified in the aminoterminal regions of both human and Xenopus ADAR1. Here we show that neither of these predicted NLSs is biologically active. Instead, we could identify a short basic region located upstream of the RNA-binding domains of Xenopus ADAR1 to be necessary and sufficient for nuclear import. In contrast, the homologous region in human ADAR1 does not display NLS activity. Instead, we could map an NLS in human ADAR1 that overlaps with its third double-stranded RNA-binding domain. Interestingly, the NLS activity displayed by this double-stranded RNA-binding domain does not depend on RNA binding, therefore showing a dual function for this domain. Furthermore, nuclear accumulation of human (hs) ADAR1 is transcription dependent and can be stimulated by LMB, an inhibitor of Crm1-dependent nuclear export, indicating that hsADAR1 can move between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Regulated nuclear import and export of hsADAR1 can provide an excellent mechanism to control nuclear concentration of this editing enzyme thereby preventing hyperediting of structured nuclear RNAs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytology and Genetics, Institute of Botany, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Eckmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neunteufl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pfaffstetter
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Jantsch
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D017393:RNA Editing; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000378:metabolism; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C567955:ADARB1 protein, human; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase