title: Middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion in primates monitored by microdialysis and sequential positron emission tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a previous investigation concerning the hemodynamic and metabolic changes over time displayed by sequential positron emission tomography (PET) in a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion/reperfusion primate model, a metabolic threshold for irreversible ischemia could be identified (reduction of metabolic rate of oxygen [CMRO(2)] to approximately 60% of the contralateral hemisphere). To evaluate the potential of microdialysis (MD) as an instrument for chemical brain monitoring, the aim of this subsequent study was to relate the chemical changes in MD levels directly to the regional metabolic status (CMRO(2) above or below the metabolic threshold) and the occurrence of reperfusion, as assessed by PET.
  
  
  METHODS
  Continuous MD (2 probes in each brain) and sequential PET measurements were performed during MCA occlusion (2 hours) and 18 hours (mean) of reperfusion in 8 monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Energy-related metabolites (lactate, pyruvate, and hypoxanthine) and glutamate were analyzed. The MD probe regions were divided into 3 categories on the basis of whether CMRO(2) was below or above 60% of the contralateral region (metabolic threshold level) during MCA occlusion and whether reperfusion was obtained: severe ischemia with reperfusion (n=4), severe ischemia without reperfusion (n=4), and penumbra with reperfusion (n=5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lactate/pyruvate ratio, hypoxanthine, and glutamate showed similar patterns. MD probe regions with severe ischemia and reperfusion and probe regions with severe ischemia and no reperfusion displayed high and broad peaks, respectively, during MCA occlusion, and the levels almost never decreased to baseline. Penumbra MD probe regions displayed only slight transient increases during MCA occlusion and returned to baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experimental study of focal ischemia showed that the extracellular changes of energy-related metabolites and glutamate differed depending on the ischemic state of the brain during MCA occlusion and depending on whether reperfusion occurred. If MD proves to be beneficial in clinical practice, it appears important to observe relative changes over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences/Neurosurgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Per.Enblad@neurokir.uu.se
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Enblad
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frykholm
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valtysson
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Silander
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Fasth
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Långström
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hillered
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Persson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D019271:Hypoxanthine / Q000378:metabolism; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D019271:Hypoxanthine; D019344:Lactic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid