title: Machine washing or brushing of clothing and its influence on shooting distance estimation.
abstract: Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of machine washing or brushing of clothing items on Gunshot Residue (GSR) patterns (gunpowder residues, lead, and copper, deposits) around bullet entrance holes. Results show that those treatments decrease considerably the amount and density of GSR. However, for close shooting distances not all of the GSR deposits are removed. Remaining patterns may be visualized by specific color reactions and used for shooting distance estimation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Identification and Forensic Science, Israel Police, National Headquarters, Jerusalem.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vinokurov
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zeichner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glattstein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koffman
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosengarten