title: Construction of female urethra using buccal mucosa graft.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed our experience with buccal mucosa grafts for reconstructing difficult female urethral problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1994, we have used a buccal mucosa graft to reconstruct the urethra in 7 girls 3 to 13 years old. The underlying pathological condition was a fibrotic urethra after previous operations for cloacal exstrophy, cloacal malformation, iatrogenic urethral stricture, and multiple false passages in a previously reconstructed urethra of vaginal mucosa that made clean intermittent catheterization difficult. A full-thickness buccal mucosa graft was tubularized in situ as the neourethra to the base of the clitoris. In patients with cloacal exstrophy and cloacal malformation the bladder neck and urethra were widely exposed transabdominally by splitting the pubic symphysis. The fibrotic mucosa was excised and the tubularized buccal mucosa graft was wrapped with periurethral tissues. Other patients underwent transvaginal surgery in the prone position and the graft was covered with a buttock flap.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were followed for 12 to 58 months (mean 34.7). Those with cloacal exstrophy and cloacal malformation had been completely incontinent before urethral reconstruction but all attained complete continence postoperatively. They and the girl who underwent urethral reconstruction for difficult catheterization performed clean intermittent catheterization easily. The patient with urethral stricture voided via the urethra without difficulty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In select female patients with difficult urethral reconstructive problems a tubularized free graft obtained from the buccal mucosa may be effectively used when local tissue is fibrotic and unsuitable for creating a supple new urethra.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hendren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002988:Cloaca / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000637:transplantation*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D014521:Urethra / Q000601:surgery*