title: Fragile-X carrier screening and the prevalence of premutation and full-mutation carriers in Israel.
abstract: Fragile-X syndrome is caused by an unstable CGG trinucleotide repeat in the FMR1 gene at Xq27. Intermediate alleles (51-200 repeats) can undergo expansion to the full mutation on transmission from mother to offspring. To evaluate the effectiveness of a fragile-X carrier-screening program, we tested 14,334 Israeli women of child-bearing age for fragile-X carrier status between 1992 and 2000. These women were either preconceptional or pregnant and had no family history of mental retardation. All those found to be carriers of premutation or full-mutation alleles were offered genetic counseling and also prenatal diagnosis, if applicable. We identified 207 carriers of an allele with >50 repeats, representing a prevalence of 1:69. There were 127 carriers with >54 repeats, representing a prevalence of 1:113. Three asymptomatic women carried the fully mutated allele. Among the premutation and full-mutation carriers, 177 prenatal diagnoses were performed. Expansion occurred in 30 fetuses, 5 of which had an expansion to the full mutation. On the basis of these results, the expected number of avoided patients born to women identified as carriers, the cost of the test in this study (U.S. $100), and the cost of lifetime care for a mentally retarded person (>$350,000), screening was calculated to be cost-effective. Because of the high prevalence of fragile-X premutation or full-mutation alleles, even in the general population, and because of the cost-effectiveness of the program, we recommend that screening to identify female carriers should be carried out on a wide scale.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Meir Hospital, Sapir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toledano-Alhadef
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Basel-Vanagaite
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Magal
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Davidov
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Drasinover
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taub
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Halpern
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ginott
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shohat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism; D051860:Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D018628:Gene Dosage; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics*; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000191:economics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D007585:Jews / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000191:economics; D015995:Prevalence; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D019680:Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051860:Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C497683:FMR1 protein, human