title: Organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and metals in water, sediment, and green frogs from southwestern Michigan.
abstract: In an attempt to explain the etiology of frog deformities and population declines, many possible causative factors have been examined, including the input of synthetic chemicals into aquatic systems, where frogs spend much of their lives, including their entire developmental stages. Deformities in populations of green frogs in wetlands of southwestern Michigan that are influenced by agricultural, urban, or industrial inputs were assessed in this study. Of the 1445 green frogs (Rana clamitans) examined, only four (0.3%) exhibited morphological deformities. This deformity rate is less than the recognized background level of deformities for this species, which is approximately 1%. Concentrations of organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and metals were determined in water, sediment, frog eggs, tadpoles, and adult green frog tissues. Concentrations of all individual organochlorine insecticides in tissue were less than 6 ng/g, wet wt. Concentrations of sigmaPCBs in tissue did not exceed 100 ng/g, wet wt. Concentrations of toxic metals were less than the limits of detection. Because no significant numbers of green frog deformities were observed in this region, it can be assumed that at these low concentrations, physical malformations in green frogs should not be observed. Significance of study. This study provides information on the incidence of deformities in green frog populations in southwestern Michigan and offers background data on chemical residues in green frogs and their environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA. dudacaro@msu.edu
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Gillilland
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Summer
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gillilland
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Villeneuve
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Coady
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muzzall
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mehne
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Giesy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D015994:Incidence; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D008824:Michigan; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011898:Ranidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls