title: Treatment of depression is associated with suppression of nonspecific and antigen-specific T(H)1 responses in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between depression, treatment of depression, and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with comorbid diagnoses of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and major depressive disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized comparative outcome trial of three 16-week treatments for depression. Assessments were conducted at baseline, week 8, and treatment cessation.
  
  
  METHODS
  An academic outpatient treatment and clinical research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients who met the criteria for relapsing-remitting MS and major depressive disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual cognitive behavioral therapy, group psychotherapy, or sertraline therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. Interferon gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured following stimulation with OKT3 or recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Variability in immune assays was controlled using 8 nondepressed healthy subjects who were enrolled at times corresponding with the enrollment of MS patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results of the Beck Depression Inventory were significantly related to IFN-gamma production stimulated with OKT3 or MOG at baseline (P< or = .03 for all). Level of depression, OKT3-stimulated IFN-gamma production, and MOG-stimulated IFN-gamma production all declined significantly over the 16-week treatment period (P< or = .03 for all). Among controls, there were no significant changes over time in OKT3- or MOG-stimulated IFN-gamma, or in depression (P> or = .25 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-gamma by autoaggressive T cells in relapsing-remitting MS is related to depression and that treatment of depression may decrease IFN-gamma production. Thus, treatment of depression may provide a novel disease-modifying therapeutic strategy as well as a symptomatic treatment for patients with MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA. dmohr@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Goodkin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Islar
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Genain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D016853:Muromonab-CD3 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009185:Myelin Proteins; D018992:Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C571326:MOG protein, human; D016853:Muromonab-CD3; D009185:Myelin Proteins; D018992:Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein; D007371:Interferon-gamma