title: Salivary gland extract of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks inhibits in vitro transcription and secretion of cytokines and production of nitric oxide by LPS-stimulated JA-4 cells.
abstract: There is increasing evidence that compounds in tick saliva and salivary gland extract (SGE) have a suppressive effect on host immunity and that tick-borne pathogens exploit this situation to their benefit thus causing diseases. We have demonstrated that SGE derived from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks has a suppressive effect on a macrophage like cell line, JA-4, in terms of secretion as well as mRNA transcription of three cytokines. Percent suppression of cytokine secretion by JA-4 cells cultured in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and SGE in comparison to JA-4 cells cultured in the presence of LPS alone was 67.8, 89.1 and 82.0% for IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha and IL-10, respectively (P<0.05). A similar pattern of results was demonstrated in terms of mRNA transcription where SGE-induced suppression was 36.9% for IL-1alpha, 25.0% for TNF-alpha and 31.5% for IL-10 (P<0.05). In addition, we have demonstrated that SGE partially inhibited nitric oxide production by JA-4 activated with LPS. The results of the present study suggest that tick salivary gland compounds may exert their effect in vivo by blocking the functions of macrophages in the transcription of cytokines and production of nitric oxide. This SGE-induced immunomodulation may comprise a major gateway in the facilitation of tick feeding and transmission of pathogens in hosts.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Immunology, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-1 Kan-nondai, City 305-0856, Tsukuba, Japan. gwakisa@suanet.ac.tz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gwakisa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshihara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Long To
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gotoh
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Momotani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D018884:Ixodes / Q000276:immunology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000737:chemistry*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D009569:Nitric Oxide