title: Near-infrared spectroscopy versus compartment pressure for the diagnosis of lower extremity compartmental syndrome using electromyography-determined measurements of neuromuscular function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Compartmental syndrome (CS) is difficult to diagnose in intensive care unit patients. Compartment perfusion pressure (CPP) is an invasive, indirect measure of ischemia. Near-infrared spectroscopy is noninvasive, and directly measures ischemia by transmitting light through tissues at wavelengths that react with hemoglobin to provide percent tissue oxygen saturation (Sto(2)). Animal studies demonstrate that Sto(2) is superior to CPP for detecting CS. However, there are no studies in humans comparing Sto(2) with CPP. We hypothesized that Sto(2) can reliably detect CS, and is superior to CPP.
  
  
  METHODS
  CS was induced in 15 human volunteers using a standard calf compression model. At 30-minute intervals, compression was increased to reduce Sto(2) from baseline (86% +/- 4%) to 60%, 40%, 20%, and < 10%, with simultaneous recording of CPP. Outcome variables included deep peroneal nerve conduction assessed by electromyography, cutaneous peroneal nerve sensitivity using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments, and pain (visual analog scale).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both Sto(2) and CPP significantly correlated with all ischemia outcome variables (p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curves of deep peroneal nerve conduction demonstrated that Sto(2) had higher sensitivity than CPP for detecting > 50% block. For example, when specificity was 83% for Sto(2) and 84% for CPP, sensitivity was 85% versus 56%, respectively (p = 0.02). When specificity for both was 72%, sensitivity was 94% for Sto(2) versus 76% for CPP (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In intensive care unit patients who cannot alert physicians to symptoms, near-infrared spectroscopy may help clinicians to avoid delayed or unnecessary prophylactic fasciotomy, and provides the benefits of a continuous, noninvasive monitoring technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA. larrygen@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gentilello
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanzone
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003161:Compartment Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003422:Critical Care; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010092:Oximetry; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D010543:Peroneal Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared