Induced mitochondrial failure in the feline brain: implications for understanding acute post-traumatic metabolic events.
OBJECTIVE
Recently, evidence has become available implicating mitochondrial failure as a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of acute brain damage following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, it remains unclear how mitochondrial dysfunction affects cerebral metabolism. Therefore the aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of 'isolated' mitochondrial failure on local cerebral metabolism.


METHODS
Cerebral mitochondrial metabolism was blocked by local microdialysis perfusion with cyanide in seven cats. Local brain tissue oxygen tension (p(tiO(2))), carbon dioxide tension (p(tiCO(2))) and pH, as well as extracellular cerebral fluid, glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glutamate were monitored, using a Neurotrend sensor and microdialysis, respectively. Tissue oxygen consumption was measured in a microrespirometric system, and ultrastructural changes evaluated via electron microscopy.


RESULTS
Brain tissue oxygen tension increased from a baseline of 31+/-9 mmHg to 84+/-30 mmHg after 60 min of cyanide perfusion (P<0.05), concomitant a decrease in oxygen consumption from 14.45+/-3.91 microl/h/mg to 10.83+/-1.74 microl/h/mg (P<0.05). Brain tissue pH was decreased after 60 min of cyanide perfusion (6.83+/-0.16) compared to baseline (7.07+/-0.39) (P<0.05), whereas p(tiCO(2)) did not show significant changes. Lactate massively increased from a baseline of 599+/-270 micromol/l to 2609+/-1188 micromol/l immediately after cyanide perfusion (P<0.05). The lactate:glucose ratio increased from 0.79+/-0.15 before cyanide perfusion to 6.40+/-1.44 at 40 min after cyanide perfusion (P<0.05), while no significant changes in the lactate:pyruvate ratio could be observed. Glutamate increased from a baseline of 11.6+/-7.2 micromol/l to 61.4+/-44.7 micromol/l after cyanide perfusion (P<0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study show that 'isolated' cerebral mitochondrial failure initiates changes in cerebral substrates and biochemistry, which are very similar to most of the changes seen after severe human head injury, except for the early fall in p(tiO(2)), further indicating a crucial involvement of mitochondrial impairment in the development of brain damage after TBI.
Clausen
T
T
Division of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980631, 23298-0631, Richmond, VA, USA.
Zauner
A
A
Levasseur
J E
JE
Rice
A C
AC
Bullock
R
R
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002415:Cats / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods; D011190:Potassium Cyanide / Q000494:pharmacology; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism
D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019344:Lactic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D005947:Glucose; D011190:Potassium Cyanide; D010100:Oxygen