title: A comparison between bipedal and quadrupedal rats: do bipedal rats actually assume an upright posture?
abstract: METHODS
  A basic science animal investigation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if bipedal rats differ in upright posture compared with quadrupedal rats.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It has been reported that surgically induced bipedalism in the rat leads to habitual upright posture. Based on this finding, bipedal rats have been used to study the changes erect posture induces in bone, ligament, muscle, and intervertebral discs. Previous studies have used direct observation as a means to describe posture. This study is the first to quantify postural differences between bipedal and quadrupedal rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven bipedal rats were created by forelimb and tail amputation within 24 hours of birth. Eleven quadrupedal rats served as controls. Specialized cages were used with infrared sensors, and a computer program measured the total amount of time in the upright stance, the number of stands, and the amount of horizontal movement in the upright stance. Statistical comparisons were made between bipedal and quadrupedal rats hourly and over a 24-hour period of time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quadrupedal rats assumed an upright posture for a significantly greater amount of time than bipedal rats when monitored over 24 hours (P = 0.016). Quadrupedal and bipedal rats did not differ in the number of stands (P = 0.63) or in the amount of horizontal movement in the upright stance (P = 0.34) over 24 hours. Similar results were obtained when comparing hourly intervals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study quantifiably indicates that bipedal rats do not assume a more erect posture and spend no more time in an upright position compared with quadrupedal rats. The upright posture may not be the cause of some previously reported anatomic changes observed in the bipedal rat.
authors.affiliation: Kansas City Veterans Administration, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Min Lai
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Asher
mesh_terms: D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000601:surgery; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar