title: N-methylcarbamoylated valine of hemoglobin in humans after exposure to N,N-dimethylformamide: evidence for the formation of methyl isocyanate?
abstract: N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is reported to cause testicular germ-cell tumors in exposed workers. The reports, however, are not in line with results obtained in animal and in vitro experiments, where DMF was shown not to be mutagenic and also not to be carcinogenic. Considerable interest raised on the formation of a reactive intermediate, presumably methyl isocyanate (MIC), during metabolism of DMF in humans over the last years. We report the formation of N-methylcarbamoylated valine of hemoglobin (Hb) in blood samples from workers exposed to DMF in the polyacrylic fiber industry. N-Methylcarbamoylated Hb was formed by the reaction of MIC with Hb. For this purpose, Hb adducts were monitored by means of a modified Edman degradation involving the release of the N-terminal valine adduct in form of 3-methyl-5-isopropylhydantoin (MIH). For internal standardization of the method, 3-ethyl-5-isopropylhydantoin (EIH) was used. Separation and analysis of MIH and EIH were carried out by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization (GC/EI-MS). Hb adducts in form of MIH were quantified in blood samples from exposed persons in concentrations between 26.1 and 412.0 nmol of MIH/g of globin. The observed adducts were proven to be identical to those derived from the in situ reaction between Hb and MIC. Taken together with the fact that only N-methylcarbamoylated Hb can undergo ring closure to the corresponding hydantoin, the reaction is indirect evidence for the occurrence of MIC in vivo. The formation of MIC directly in the cell and its possible distribution through the human body may lead to critical effects after exposure to DMF. Adducts were determined not to be totally specific for exposure to DMF since an identical adduct was also found in blood samples from the general population. However, concentrations were lower by a factor of about 100. The sources for background adducts are currently unknown.
authors.affiliation: Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits-, Sozial-, und Umweltmedizin, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schillerstrasse-25/29, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. hkaefferlein@ciit.org
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Käfferlein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angerer
mesh_terms: D000986:Antisickling Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D002219:Carbamates / Q000378:metabolism; D004126:Dimethylformamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006827:Hydantoins / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D017953:Isocyanates / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D014633:Valine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C043517:2-(4-isothiocyanatophenoxy)-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinene 2-oxide; D000986:Antisickling Agents; D002219:Carbamates; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006827:Hydantoins; D017953:Isocyanates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; C020401:N-methylcarbamate; D004126:Dimethylformamide; C008461:methyl isocyanate; D014633:Valine