title: Mechanical load on the low back and shoulders during pushing and pulling of two-wheeled waste containers compared with lifting and carrying of bags and bins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Compare the mechanical load on the low back and shoulders during pushing and pulling a two-wheeled container with the load during lifting and carrying the same amount of waste.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Only little is known about risk factors and mechanical loads during push/pull operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A complete 2(3) factor push/pull experiment. A two-wheeled container with 25 or 50 kg was pushed in front of and pulled behind the body by seven waste collectors. Further, the same subjects lifted and carried a paper bag and a dustbin both loaded with 7 and 25 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  All operations were video recorded and the push/pull force was measured by means of a three-dimensional force transducer. Peak Motus and Watbak software were used for digitising and calculation of torque at L4/L5 and the shoulder joints and compression and shear forces at L4/L5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During pushing and pulling the compression at L4/L5 is from 605 to 1445 N. The extension torque at L4/L5 produced by the push/pull force is counteracted by the forward leaning of the upper body. The shear force is below 202 N in all situations. The torque at the shoulders is between 1 and 38 Nm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present experiments the torques at the low back and the shoulders are low during pushing and pulling. No relation exists between the size of the external force and the torque at the low back and the shoulder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pushing and pulling are common in many workplaces and have often replaced lifting and carrying situations. This has emphasised the need for more knowledge of the internal mechanical load on the body during these activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, LersøParkalle 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. bs@ami.dk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schibye
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Søgaard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martinsen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klausen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001415:Back / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D017770:Lifting; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019415:Torque; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*; D014938:Work Capacity Evaluation