title: Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by membrane-targeted Raf chimeras is independent of raft localization.
abstract: Binding of proteins to the plasma membrane can be achieved with various membrane targeting motifs, including combinations of fatty acids, isoprenoids, and basic domains. In this study, we investigate whether attachment of different membrane targeting motifs influences the signaling capacity of membrane-bound signal transduction proteins by directing the proteins to different membrane microdomains. We used c-Raf-1 as a model for a signaling protein that is activated when membrane-bound. Three different membrane targeting motifs from K-Ras, Fyn, and Src proteins were fused to the N or C terminus of Raf-1. The ability of the modified Rafs to initiate MAPK signaling was then investigated. All three modified Raf-1 constructs activated MAPK to nearly equivalent levels. The extent of localization of the Raf-1 constructs to membrane microdomains known as rafts did not correlate with the level of MAPK activation. Moreover, treatment of cells with the raft disrupting drug methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaCD) caused activation of MAPK to levels equivalent to those achieved with membrane-targeted Raf constructs. The use of pharmacological agents as well as dominant negative mutants revealed that MAPK activation by MbetaCD proceeds via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent mechanism that is Ras/Raf-independent. We conclude that cholesterol depletion from the plasma membrane by MbetaCD constitutes an alternative pathway for activating MAPK.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Resh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D003505:Cyclodextrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011817:Rabbits; D015398:Signal Transduction; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D003505:Cyclodextrins; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; C108732:methyl-beta-cyclodextrin