title: Principles of computer-assisted arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint with optoelectronic tracking technology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This preliminary clinical study evaluated the applicability, accuracy, and benefits of computer-assisted arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with optoelectronic tracking technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hybrid of reality and virtual reality is built as a composite-reality environment by extracting 3-dimensional anatomical structures through use of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, radiography, and other types of imaging procedures commonly used in clinical praxis. These various independent sources of imaging data of a particular patient can be combined with and complemented by complex graphic simulations. Intraoperatively they are merged with online position data of surgical instruments inside the patient's TMJ. This hybrid model of detailed anatomical structures, guidelines, and real-time instrument positions allows the surgeon to accurately plan the arthroscopic intervention as well as to navigate effectively intraoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first 10 cases of computer-assisted TMJ arthroscopy, composite reality environment technology permitted the online visualization of TMJ structures, puncture sites, instrument positions, and virtual pathways in relation to anatomical landmarks with high spatial accuracy (minimum, 0.0 mm; maximum, 2.5 mm; mean, 1.4 mm; SD, 0.6 mm) and high temporal resolution (100 ms). Past, present, and possible future instrument positions can be displayed. The application of computer-assisted arthroscopy caused little immobility for either surgeon or patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even experienced surgeons profit from improved precision in the handling of the arthroscope; thus this technology was found to be particularly useful in degenerative temporomandibular disorders and for triangulation procedures.
authors.affiliation: University Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical School, University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Undt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Watzinger
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wanschitz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schicho
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yerit
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kermer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Birkfellner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ewers
mesh_terms: D020679:Arthroscopes; D001182:Arthroscopy; D002138:Calibration; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004582:Electronics, Medical / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009862:Online Systems; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D011677:Punctures; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014741:Video Recording