title: Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of sarcoidosis: clinical spectrum, evaluation, and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To familiarize the reader with the neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of sarcoidosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients underwent systemic evaluations (chest radiograph, magnetic resonance imaging and/or computed tomography, serum angiotensin-converting enzyme level, and gallium scan). Histologic confirmation was preferred (11 of 15 patients underwent biopsy, ten of whom [82%] had positive biopsies, and four refused). Otherwise, the diagnosis of clinical sarcoidosis was based on laboratory evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report our experience with 15 patients who had neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of sarcoidosis other than optic neuropathy or chiasmal disease. Eight of 15 (53%) did not have known sarcoidosis at the time of presentation. Thirteen of 15 (87%) patients demonstrated lesions consistent with sarcoidosis on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Treatment with corticosteroids and/or other immunomodulatory agents was necessary in all cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of sarcoidosis are rare. They may be the presenting signs of otherwise occult disease. Suspicion and inclusion in the differential are a key to establishing the diagnosis. A strategy for the detection and evaluation of these cases is presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, UMD-New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103-2441, USA.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Frohman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grigorian
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bielory
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011241:Prednisone