title: The vitamin A analogues: 13-cis retinoic acid, 9-cis retinoic acid, and Ro 13-6307 inhibit neuroblastoma tumour growth in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroblastoma, a childhood tumour of the sympathetic nervous system, may undergo spontaneous differentiation or regression due to apoptosis after no or minimal therapy. However, the majority of neuroblastomas are diagnosed as metastatic tumours with a poor prognosis in spite of intensive multimodal therapy. Vitamin A and its analogues (retinoic acid, RA) play an important role in normal cel lular differentiation and programmed cell death. RA regulates neuroblastoma growth and differentiation in vitro, and has shown activity against human neuroblastoma in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recently, 9-cis RA was shown to induce apoptosis in vitro in neuroblastoma using a 5 days short-term treatment and subsequent washout. In the present study, nude rats with human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y xenografts were treated with 13-cis RA (4 mg po daily), 9-cis RA (5 mg po daily) or the novel analogue Ro 13-6307 (0.3 mg po daily) using either a continuous or short-term schedule.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ALL three different retinoids decreased neuroblastoma growth significantly in terms of tumour weight after 8-12 days when compared to untreated controls (P < 0.05). Minor signs of toxicity in 13-cis RA treated rats were observed. However, severe toxicity with significant weight loss was seen in all rats treated with 9-cis RA and Ro 13-6307. Toxicity was more pronounced with the continuous regimen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that different retinoids reduce neuroblastoma tumour growth in vivo. Drug scheduling and dosage may affect both therapeutic efficacy and toxic side effects. Further in vivo studies are warranted, including pharmacokinetic and molecular analyses, before clinical trials with promising retinoids like 9-cis RA and Ro 13-6307 can be started in children with neuroblastoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. frida.ponthan@lab.ks.se
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ponthan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borgström
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wassberg
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Redfern
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kogner
mesh_terms: D000077556:Alitretinoin; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015474:Isotretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D011923:Rats, Nude; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000637:transplantation; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D014212:Tretinoin; C077135:Ro 13-6307; D015474:Isotretinoin