title: Increased numbers of caveolae in retinal endothelium and pericytes in hypertensive diabetic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Long-term clinical studies have now shown that tight control of blood pressure in type 2 diabetes reduces the risk of diabetes-related death and common diabetic complications, including diabetic retinopathy. However, the mechanisms by which hypertension enhances diabetic microvascular disease, especially diabetic retinopathy, are poorly understood. We developed an experimental model of hypertension in diabetic rats and studied the early ultrastructural changes in retinal capillaries under these conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypertension was induced in diabetic BioBreeding (BB) rats by unilateral nephrectomy, weekly subcutaneous mineralocorticoid and 0.9% oral saline. Serial blood pressures and ultrastructural features of retinal capillaries were recorded in four groups: normotensive Wistar rats, normotensive diabetic rats, hypertensive Wistar rats and hypertensive diabetic rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant and sustained increase in systolic blood pressure occurred in both groups of nephrectomised rats. There was a significant increase in the number of caveolae (i) in both pericytes and endothelial cells in animals with hypertension and diabetes together compared with all other groups and (ii) in pericytes in animals with diabetes alone. The number of direct contacts between pericytes and endothelial cells was reduced in diabetic and hypertensive diabetic animals. Hypertension and diabetes had an interactive effect in producing retinal capillary basement membrane thickening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the BB rat hypertension and diabetes have an interactive effect in increasing the number of caveolae in both endothelial cells and pericytes. We speculate that this may be a reflection of changes in calcium and nitric oxide metabolism in these animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hillman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Gallagher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002196:Capillaries / Q000648:ultrastructure; D021941:Caveolae / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000473:pathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000473:pathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D020286:Pericytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D011913:Rats, Inbred BB; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000648:ultrastructure*