title: Long-term risk stratification for survivors of acute coronary syndromes. Results from the Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) Study. LIPID Study Investigators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We developed a prognostic strategy for quantifying the long-term risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) events in survivors of acute coronary syndromes (ACS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Strategies for quantifying long-term risk of CHD events have generally been confined to primary prevention settings. The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) study, which demonstrated that pravastatin reduces CHD events in ACS survivors with a broad range of cholesterol levels, enabled assessment of long-term prognosis in a secondary prevention setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on outcomes in 8,557 patients in the LIPID study, a multivariate risk factor model was developed for prediction of CHD death or nonfatal myocardial infarction. Prognostic indexes were developed based on the model, and low-, medium-, high- and very high-risk groups were defined by categorizing the prognostic indexes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to pravastatin treatment, the independently significant risk factors included: total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, age, gender, smoking status, qualifying ACS, prior coronary revascularization, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and prior stroke. Pravastatin reduced coronary event rates in each risk level, and the relative risk reduction did not vary significantly between risk levels. The predicted five-year coronary event rates ranged from 5% to 19% for those assigned pravastatin and from 6.4% to 23.6% for those assigned placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term prognosis of ACS survivors varied substantially according to conventional risk factor profile. Pravastatin reduced coronary risk within all risk levels; however, absolute risk remained high in treated patients with unfavorable profiles. Our risk stratification strategy enables identification of ACS survivors who remain at very high risk despite statin therapy.
authors.affiliation: NHMRC Clinical Trials Center, University of Sydney, Australia. ian@ctc.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Marschner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Colquhoun
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Simes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glasziou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tonkin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017035:Pravastatin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011379:Prognosis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D017035:Pravastatin