title: Epicatechin is the primary bioavailable form of the procyanidin dimers B2 and B5 after transfer across the small intestine.
abstract: Perfusion of isolated small intestine with the procyanidin dimers B2 and B5 extracted from cocoa indicated that both forms of dimer are transferred to the serosal side of enterocytes but only to a very small extent (<1% of the total transferred flavanol-like compounds). However, perfusion of dimer mainly resulted in large amounts of unmetabolised/unconjugated epicatechin monomer being detected on the serosal side (95.8%). The cleavage of dimer during transfer seemed to be energy-dependent, requiring an intact cell system, as incubation with jejunal homogenates failed to yield epicatechin. Low levels methylated dimer were also detected (3.2%), but no conjugates and metabolites of epicatechin indicating that metabolism of monomer and dimer is limited during dimer cleavage/translocation. The methylation of dimer may be by catechol-O-methyltransferase, however, at high concentrations of dimer COMT activity is reduced leading to an inhibition of both monomer and dimer O-methylation.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Age-Related Diseases, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schroeter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shenoy
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Srai
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Debnam
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rice-Evans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044946:Biflavonoids; D001682:Biological Availability; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D001711:Biotransformation; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry; D002392:Catechin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D019281:Dimerization; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010477:Perfusion; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D044946:Biflavonoids; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C017674:procyanidin; D002392:Catechin; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase