title: Needling therapies in the management of myofascial trigger point pain: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether there is evidence for or against the efficacy of needling as a treatment approach for myofascial trigger point pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, AMED, and CISCOM databases, searched from inception to July 999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled trials in which some form of needling therapy was used to treat myofascial pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently extracted data concerning trial methods, quality, and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three papers were included. No trials were of sufficient quality or design to test the efficacy of any needling technique beyond placebo in the treatment of myofascial pain. Eight of the 10 trials comparing injection of different substances and all 7 higher quality trials found that the effect was independent of the injected substance. All 3 trials that compared dry needling with injection found no difference in effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct needling of myofascial trigger points appears to be an effective treatment, but the hypothesis that needling therapies have efficacy beyond placebo is neither supported nor refuted by the evidence from clinical trials. Any effect of these therapies is likely because of the needle or placebo rather than the injection of either saline or active drug. Controlled trials are needed to investigate whether needling has an effect beyond placebo on myofascial trigger point pain.
authors.affiliation: British Medical Acupuncture Society, London, England. msjc@waitrose.com
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009209:Myofascial Pain Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013256:Steroids; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D013256:Steroids