title: Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microalbuminuria is a risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) events. The relationship between the degree of albuminuria and CV risk is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the risk of CV events in high-risk individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) and without DM who have microalbuminuria and to determine whether levels of albuminuria below the microalbuminuria threshold increase CV risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation study, a cohort study conducted between 1994 and 1999 with a median 4.5 years of follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community and academic practices in North and South America and Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals aged 55 years or more with a history of CV disease (n = 5545) or DM and at least 1 CV risk factor (n = 3498) and a baseline urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or CV death); all-cause death; and hospitalization for congestive heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microalbuminuria was detected in 1140 (32.6%) of those with DM and 823 (14.8%) of those without DM at baseline. Microalbuminuria increased the adjusted relative risk (RR) of major CV events (RR, 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64-2.05), all-cause death (RR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.84-2.38), and hospitalization for congestive heart failure (RR, 3.23; 95% CI, 2.54-4.10). Similar RRs were seen for participants with or without DM, even after adjusting for other CV risk factors (eg, the adjusted RR of the primary aggregate end point was 1.97 [95% CI, 1.68-2.31] in those with DM and 1.61 [95% CI, 1.36-1.90] in those without DM). Compared with the lowest quartile of ACR (<0.22 mg/mmol), the RRs of the primary aggregate end point in the second quartile (ie, ACR range, 0.22-0.57 mg/mmol) was 1.11 (95% CI, 0.95-1.30); third quartile, 1.38 (95% CI, 1.19-1.60; ACR range, 0.58-1.62 mg/mmol); and fourth quartile, 1.97 (95% CI, 1.73-2.25; ACR range, >1.62 mg/mmol) (P for trend <.001, even after excluding those with microalbuminuria). For every 0.4-mg/mmol increase in ACR level, the adjusted hazard of major CV events increased by 5.9% (95% CI, 4.9%-7.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that any degree of albuminuria is a risk factor for CV events in individuals with or without DM; the risk increases with the ACR, starting well below the microalbuminuria cutoff. Screening for albuminuria identifies people at high risk for CV events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Room 3V38, 1200 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5. gerstein@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gerstein
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zinman
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Dinneen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoogwerf
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hallé
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rashkow
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nawaz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine