title: Effects of phlebotomy on haemodynamic characteristics during exercise in standardbred trotters with red cell hypervolaemia.
abstract: Five Standardbred trotters with red cell hypervolaemia (RCHV) were compared before and after removal of approximately 22% (36 ml/kg bwt) of the total blood volume in order to evaluate the haemodynamic responses, haemorheological alterations and oxygen transport during exercise to fatigue. Data were recorded during submaximal exercise at 4 different speeds on a treadmill and then during continued running at the highest speed step until fatigue. Oxygen uptake (VO2), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), systemic artery pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR), haematocrit and haemoglobin concentrations (Hb) were measured. Arteriovenous O2 content difference (C(a-v)O2), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and total systemic resistance (TSR) were calculated. Whole blood and plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation tendency were determined with a rotational viscometer. Endoscopy was performed after exercise. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Phlebotomy resulted in a decrease in haematocrit and Hb during the course of exercise. Blood and plasma viscosity were lower and erythrocyte aggregation tendency was higher after phlebotomy. Throughout exercise, including submaximal work and continued running to fatigue, PAP, SAP, PVR, TSR and C(a-v)O2 were lower after phlebotomy. HR was higher after phlebotomy during submaximal exercise. Oxygen delivery and VO2 were lower after phlebotomy in the period from submaximal exercise to fatigue. Run time to fatigue was shorter after phlebotomy. Four horses showed exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) before phlebotomy and the degree of bleeding was diminished but not abolished after phlebotomy. The reductions in PVR, TSR, PAP and SAP after phlebotomy were probably a result of reduced blood viscosity. In conclusion, although a 22% reduction in blood volume improved the haemodynamic and haemorheological parameters and the degree of EIPH, it was found that RCHV trotters have to rely on high oxygen delivery to the working muscles for maintenance of maximal performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Funkquist
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sandhagen
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hedenstierna
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Essén-Gustavsson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nyman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001809:Blood Viscosity; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000662:veterinary*; D001947:Breeding; D004906:Erythrocyte Count / Q000662:veterinary; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006736:Horses; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D011086:Polycythemia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013177:Sports