title: Multidrug resistance in the embryos and larvae of the mussel Mytilus edulis.
abstract: Cells exhibiting the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype demonstrate a decreased intracellular drug accumulation due to an active outward transport and decreased intracellular flux. This study demonstrates the inhibition of MDR in mussel (Mytilus edulis) embryos and larvae based on a simple bioassay. The development of embryos was assessed and abnormalities identified at key stages of development, including gastrulation, trochophore and prodissoconch stages. The incidence of developmental abnormalities was significantly increased in the presence of vinblastine, MMS, chloroquine, mitomycin-C, cadmium chloride and colchicine, compared to clean seawater. Consistently, there was a further increase in the number and severity of deformities observed when each toxin was added in the presence of verapamil. Larval growth was also significantly impaired in the presence of verapamil. Increased accumulation of fluorescent MDR dyes, such as rhodamine B, has been measured and shown to be verapamil sensitive. This bioassay encompasses a period of intense cellular activity during which the impairment of a number of critical processes results in abnormal growth and development.
authors.affiliation: CCMS, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. irbm@wpo.nerc.ac.uk
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: McFadzen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eufemia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Epel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lowe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology*; D019256:Cadmium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000633:toxicity; D003078:Colchicine / Q000633:toxicity; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D004357:Drug Synergism; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008741:Methyl Methanesulfonate / Q000633:toxicity; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000633:toxicity; D010641:Phenotype; D012623:Seawater; D014700:Verapamil / Q000633:toxicity; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D016685:Mitomycin; D014747:Vinblastine; D002738:Chloroquine; D008741:Methyl Methanesulfonate; D014700:Verapamil; D019256:Cadmium Chloride; D003078:Colchicine