title: Is patent foramen ovale a family trait? A transcranial Doppler sonographic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a frequent finding in young patients with stroke. The aim of this study was to assess whether PFO is a family trait.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two consecutive patients younger than 60 years of age with ischemic stroke and 62 age and gender-matched control siblings were examined by means of contrast transcranial Doppler (TCD) of the middle cerebral artery, using a standardized protocol. The reliability of TCD examination in our laboratory was assessed against transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). All TCD recordings were reviewed by a blinded experienced observer from another center. Disagreements between readers were resolved by unblinded consensus review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Siblings of patients with PFO had a significantly higher prevalence of PFO than had siblings of patients without PFO (61.5% versus 30.6%; OR 3.64 [1.3 to 10.5]; P=0.015). The kappa statistics indicated that agreement of pairs (patients/control siblings) was not due to chance. The strength of the association was sex dependent. In women pairs, prevalence of a PFO was 76.5% in siblings of patients with PFO and 25% in siblings of patients without PFO, giving an OR of 9.8 (95% CI 2 to 47.9; P<0.01). In contrast, in men, no significant difference was observed in the prevalence of PFO between siblings of patients with or without PFO (respectively 33.3% and 35%), giving an OR of 0.9 (95% CI 0.2 to 4.9; P=0.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that, in women, PFO is a family trait.
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Paris, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arquizan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coste
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Touboul
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012015:Reference Standards; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000235:genetics; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods*