title: Controlled ribozyme targeting demonstrates an antiapoptotic effect of carcinoembryonic antigen in HT29 colon cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical studies suggest that carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is associated with metastatic progression of colon cancer. However, the biological function of CEA is not well understood. We have established an approach that allows studying of CEA function within the intact pathophysiological context of human colon cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We expressed CEA-targeted ribozymes under control of a tet-off promoter system in human HT29 colon cancer cells. This approach allows regulation of CEA levels on the mRNA and protein level by 50% and enables screening analysis of CEA-mediated changes of gene expression by cDNA microarray analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comprehensive analysis of 273 genes revealed that CEA affects expression of various groups of cancer-related genes, in particular cell cycle and apoptotic genes. Although cell cycle gene expression showed a balanced bidirectional dysregulation, apoptotic genes were unidirectionally down-regulated by CEA. In parallel phenotypic studies, CEA did not affect cell cycle or proliferation rate. However, CEA significantly protected HT29 cells from undergoing apoptosis under various conditions, including confluent growth, UV light, IFN-gamma treatment, and treatment with 5-fluorouracil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that CEA has an important regulatory role in apoptosis, and we propose that CEA is a survival factor for colon cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology and Surgery, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Soeth
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: List
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumbhani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neumaier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Czubayko
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Juhl
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002452:Cell Count; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000494:pharmacology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D016337:RNA, Catalytic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D016337:RNA, Catalytic; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015534:Trans-Activators; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D013752:Tetracycline; D005472:Fluorouracil