title: A UK trial-based cost--utility analysis of transmyocardial laser revascularization compared to continued medical therapy for treatment of refractory angina pectoris.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR) is used to treat patients with refractory angina considered unsuitable for conventional forms of revascularization. Using patient specific data from a single centre UK randomised-controlled trial, we aimed to determine whether, from a UK National Health Service (NHS) perspective, TMLR plus standard medical management is cost-effective when compared with standard medical management alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eighty-eight patients assessed as having refractory angina, and not suitable for conventional forms of revascularization were randomized to receive TMLR and medical management (94) or medical management alone (94). Costs to the UK NHS of TMLR (where appropriate), and all secondary sector health care contacts and cardiac-related medication in the 12 months following randomization, were collected. Patient utility as measured using the EuroQol EQ-5D questionnaire was combined with 12-month survival data to generate quality adjusted life years (QALYs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean cost per patient over the year from hospitalization for TMLR was 11,470 pounds sterling and for medical management alone was 2586 pounds sterling, giving a cost difference of 8901 pounds sterling (95% confidence interval (CI) 7502 pounds sterling--10,008 pounds sterling: P < 0.0001). The mean QALY difference, in favour of TMLR was 0.039 (95% CI -0.033 to 0.113: P = 0.268). This gives an incremental cost per QALY of over 228,000 pounds sterling. Analysis of stochastic uncertainty and of sensitivity to gross changes in key parameters consistently produces very high costs per QALY.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The policy implications are clear: for such patients TMLR is an inefficient use of UK health service resources. This conclusion would not be changed by considerable improvements in effectiveness or reductions in cost.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Buxton
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Sharples
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Caine
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Schofield
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wallwork
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D006113:United Kingdom