title: Is open-angle glaucoma associated with early menopause? The Rotterdam Study.
abstract: The authors examined the association between age at menopause and open-angle glaucoma among women aged > or = 55 years in the population-based Rotterdam Study (1990--1993). Information on age and type of menopause was obtained by interview. Subjects (n = 3,078) were stratified into three categories according to age at menopause: <45 years, 45--49 years, and > or = 50 years, with the last group serving as the reference group. Diagnosis of open-angle glaucoma was based on the presence of a glaucomatous visual field defect and glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Open-angle glaucoma was diagnosed in 78 women with a natural menopause and 15 women with an artificial menopause. In the category of natural menopause, women who went through menopause before reaching the age of 45 years had a higher risk of open-angle glaucoma than the reference group (odds ratio = 2.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.5, 4.8), after adjustment for age and use of hormone replacement therapy. Among women who went through menopause between the ages of 45 and 49 years, the odds ratio was 1.1 (95% confidence interval: 0.7, 2.0). These findings suggest that early menopause is associated with a higher risk of open-angle glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hulsman
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Westendorp
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ramrattan
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wolfs
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Witteman
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Vingerling
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: de Jong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000187:drug effects; D008594:Menopause, Premature / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D018881:Suburban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014794:Visual Fields