title: Psychological distress in chronic craniomandibular and cervical spinal pain patients.
abstract: Recent studies to chronic pain have shown that the number of painful body areas is related to the level of psychological distress. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to analyse differences in level of psychological distress between craniomandibular pain patients with or without cervical spinal pain. In this analysis, the number of painful body areas below the cervical spine was also taken into account. The second aim was to determine psychological differences between subgroups of craniomandibular pain patients. In this study, 103 out of 250 persons with or without craniomandibular pain were included in the final analyses. Patients who suffered from both craniomandibular and cervical spinal pain showed higher levels of psychological distress, as measured with the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) than patients with local craniomandibular pain and persons without pain. Further, a positive relationship was found between the number of painful body areas below the cervical spine, as measured on a body drawing, and the SCL-90 scores. No psychological differences were found between myogenous and arthrogenous craniomandibular pain patients. In conclusion, chronic craniomandibular pain patients with a coexistent cervical spinal pain showed more psychological distress compared to patients with only a local craniomandibular pain and asymptomatic persons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Function, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Visscher
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lobbezoo
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Meulen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naeije
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017271:Craniomandibular Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000523:psychology; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000145:classification*