title: Thermoradiotherapy for locally recurrent breast cancer with skin involvement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This retrospective analysis investigated the effectiveness and side-effects of combined hyperthermia and radiation therapy in locally recurrent breast cancer after primary modified radical mastectomy. The aim of the thermoradiotherapy was to reduce the substantial risk of symptomatic chest wall disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 1995-August 1998, 39 extensively pre-treated women with progressive locoregional chest wall tumours were treated with local radiofrequency hyperthermia, given twice a week immediately before radiotherapy. Sixty-two per cent of the patients had received previous radiotherapy, with a median dose of 50 Gy, 64% had received chemotherapy, 36% hormonal therapy, and 13% local therapy with miltefosin, respectively. Nine patients were treated for microscopic residual disease after local tumour excision (R1-resection) and 30 patients for gross macroscopic nodular recurrences. Twenty-seven patients had two adjacent hyperthermia fields at the ipsilateral chest wall to cover the whole irradiation area. Each field received a median of seven local hyperthermia sessions (range 2-12, average 5.6 sessions) just before radiation therapy, with a median dose of 60 Gy (range 30-68 Gy). The monitored maximum(average) and average(average) epicutaneous temperatures were 42.1 degrees C and 41.0 degrees C, respectively. Maximum(average) and average(average) intratumoural temperatures of 43.0 degrees C and 41.1 degrees C, respectively, were achieved in nine chest wall recurrences with intratumoural temperature probes. Concurrent hormonal therapy was administered in 48%, and concurrent chemotherapy in 10% of patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median overall survival time was 28 months (Kaplan Meier), with 71% and 54% of patients living 1 and 2 years after thermoradiotherapy. The median time to local failure has not been reached, local tumour control after 2 years being 53%. Actuarial 1 and 2 year local tumour controls for microscopic residual disease were 89%, and for macroscopic nodular recurrences 71% and 46%, respectively (p = 0.09). Actuarial 1 and 2 year local tumour controls after treatment with a total dose of less than 60 Gy were 51% and 38%, respectively, and, after a total dose greater than 60 Gy, 84% and 60% (p = 0.01), respectively. Actuarial 1 year local tumour control was 92% after complete tumour remission, versus 57% after partial remission (p = 0.002). Three of the 39 patients died of cancer en cuirasse, 13 patients due to distant metastases. Acute thermoradiotherapy related erythema, dry desquamation and moist desquamation were seen in 28.2%, 30.7%, and 30.7% of patients, respectively. Soft tissue necrosis occurred in two patients with previous post-operative delayed wound healing, and in one patient above a silicon implant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that, in extensively pre-treated patients with locally recurrent breast cancer, local tumour control after thermoradiotherapy depended on tumour resectability, response of macroscopic tumour to thermoradiotherapy, and total irradiation dose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Germany. thomas.hehr@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hehr
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lamprecht
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glocker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Classen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Budach
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bamberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary*; D016019:Survival Analysis