title: Pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the effect and timing of incisional and intraperitoneal bupivacaine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the combined preemptive effects of somatovisceral blockade during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-seven patients under general anesthesia receiving local infiltration and/or topical peritoneal local anesthesia were studied. Patients were randomized to receive a total of 150 mg (0.25% 60 mL) bupivacaine via periportal (20 mL) and intraperitoneal (40 mL with 1:200,000 epinephrine) administration of each. Group A received preoperative periportal bupivacaine before incision and intraperitoneal bupivacaine immediately after the pneumoperitoneum. Group B received periportal and intraperitoneal bupivacaine at the end of the operation. Group C (preoperative) and Group D (postoperative) received only periportal bupivacaine and Group E (preoperative) and Group F (post-operative) received only intraperitoneal bupivacaine. The control group received no treatment. Pain and nausea were recorded at one, two, three, six, nine, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hr postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Throughout the postoperative 48 hr, incisional somatic pain dominated over other pain localizations in the control group (P <0.05). The incisional pain of groups A, B, C and D was significantly lower than that of the control group in the first and second hours. The incisional pain of groups A and C was significantly lower than that of the control group in the first three hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incisional pain dominated during the first two post-operative days after LC. Preoperative somato-visceral or somatic local anesthesia reduced incisional pain during the first three post-operative hours. A combination of somato-visceral local anesthetic treatment did not reduce intraabdominal pain, shoulder pain or nausea more than somatic treatment alone. Preoperative incisional infiltration of local anesthetics is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul.
authors.forename: I O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine