title: Evaluation of endosulfan residues in vegetables grown in greenhouses.
abstract: The reduction in residue levels of endosulfan with time after treatment of tomatoes, green beans, peppers and cucumbers grown in different types of commercial greenhouses (flat- and asymmetric-roof greenhouses) in Almería (Spain) was investigated. A study of the major and minor degradation products of endosulfan in peppers and cucumbers (endosulfan-sulfate, -ether and -lactone) was carried out using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). To establish the influence of environmental conditions on the degradation of endosulfan, several field trials have been carried out in which crops were sprayed at different rates (full, half- and quarter- of those rates recommended) during two seasons (spring and winter). For statistical purposes, the disappearance of endosulfan with time was considered to follow a pseudo-first-order reaction. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been applied to the results obtained. Half-lives of residue disappearance were 4.03-4.68 days in green beans, 4.03-4.20 days in tomatoes, 8.22 days in peppers and 7.97 days in cucumbers. Half-lives in spring were shorter than in the winter season. The application rate and the type of greenhouse did not influence the half-lives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almería, 04071 Almería, Spain.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Arrebola
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Egea-González
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernández-Gutiérrez
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hernández-Torres
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Martínez-Vidal
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004780:Environment, Controlled; D006207:Half-Life; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008954:Models, Biological; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D013030:Spain; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D004726:Endosulfan