title: Pro-survival function of Akt/protein kinase B in prostate cancer cells. Relationship with TRAIL resistance.
abstract: Tumor necrosis factor superfamily member TRAIL/Apo-2L has recently been shown to induce apoptosis in transformed and cancer cells. Some prostate cancer cells express constitutively active Akt/protein kinase B due to a complete loss of lipid phosphatase PTEN gene, a negative regulator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Constitutively active Akt promotes cellular survival and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. We have recently noticed that some human prostate cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL. We therefore examined the intracellular mechanisms of cellular resistance to TRAIL. The cell lines expressing the highest level of constitutively active Akt were more resistant to undergo apoptosis by TRAIL than those expressing the lowest level. Down-regulation of constitutively active Akt by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002, reversed cellular resistance to TRAIL. Treatment of resistant cells with cycloheximide (a protein synthesis inhibitor) rendered cells sensitive to TRAIL. Transfecting dominant negative Akt decreased Akt activity and increased TRAIL-induced apoptosis in cells with high Akt activity. Conversely, transfecting constitutively active Akt into cells with low Akt activity increased Akt activity and attenuated TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of TRAIL sensitivity occurs at the level of BID cleavage, as caspase-8 activity was not affected. Enforced expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 or Bcl-X(L) inhibited TRAIL-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. We therefore identify Akt as a constitutively active kinase that promotes survival of prostate cancer cells and demonstrate that modulation of Akt activity, by pharmacological or genetic approaches, alters the cellular responsiveness to TRAIL. Thus, TRAIL in combination with agents that down-regulate Akt activity can be used to treat prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1180, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thakkar
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tyan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gim
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nwokorie
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Onwudiwe
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Srivastava
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077191:Wortmannin; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009025:Morpholines; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C505530:CASP8 protein, human; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases; D000077191:Wortmannin