title: Inter-segment foot motion and ground reaction forces over the stance phase of walking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the magnitude and patterns of motion of the rearfoot segment relative to the leg, forefoot segment relative to the rearfoot, height change in the medial longitudinal arch and ground reaction forces of normal adult males during the stance phase of walking.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of normal motion of the rearfoot and forefoot segments and of the arch during stance phase is important in clinical management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Motion data were obtained from surface markers, and force data from a force plate, from the right limb of participants while walking at a self-selected pace.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stance phase range of motion across sagittal, frontal and transverse planes was 12 degrees, 4 degrees and 10 degrees for the forefoot, compared to 22 degrees, 8 degrees and 10 degrees for the rearfoot. Most motion occurred at the beginning and end of stance phase when support was via only the rearfoot or forefoot, and when forces were maximal. Arch height decreased from heel contact and increased after heel rise to its maximum at toe-off.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extent of forefoot segment motion confirms the significance of midfoot joints to normal foot function. Between foot flat and heel rise, the forefoot pattern of motion is indicative of foot stability. Typical foot motion does not obey descriptions of triplanar motion such as 'pronation' and 'supination'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Typical stance phase foot motion has been described according to a forefoot:rearfoot model and rearfoot:leg model of motion, together with profiles of medial longitudinal arch height and ground reaction forces. This information can be applied in the management of foot dysfunction and should stimulate research into midfoot motion and overall control of the foot.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiotherapy, The University of Sydney, P.O. Box 170, Lidcombe, 1825, NSW, Australia. a.hunt@cchs.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torode
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Keenan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*