title: Cost effectiveness analysis of a population based screening programme for asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women by means of home obtained urine specimens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cost effectiveness of a systematic screening programme for asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections in a female inner city population. To determine the sensitivity of the cost effectiveness analysis to variation in the probability of developing sequelae.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision tree was constructed to evaluate health effects of the programme, such as averted sequelae of chlamydial infection. Cost effectiveness from a societal perspective was estimated for screening by means of a ligase chain reaction on mailed, home obtained urine specimens, in a population with a C trachomatis test prevalence of 2.9%. An extensive sensitivity analysis was performed for the probability of sequelae, the percentage of preventable pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and the discount rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated net cost of curing one woman, aged 15-40 years, of a C trachomatis infection is US$1210. To prevent one major outcome (PID, tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, or neonatal pneumonia), 479 women would have to be screened. The net cost of preventing one major outcome is $15 800. Changing the probability of PID after chlamydial infection from 5% to 25% decreases the net cost per major outcome averted from $28 300 to $6380, a reduction of 78%. Results were less sensitive to variations in estimates for other sequelae. The breakeven prevalence of the programme ranges from 6.4% for the scenario with all probabilities for complications set at the maximum value to a prevalence of 100% for probabilities set at the minimum value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic screening of all women aged 15-40 years for asymptomatic C trachomatis infections is not cost effective. Although the results of the analyses are sensitive to variation in the assumptions, the costs exceed the benefits, even in the most optimistic scenario.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: van Valkengoed
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Morré
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van den Brule
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bouter
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Boeke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology; D022521:Ligase Chain Reaction / Q000191:economics; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology; D011177:Postal Service / Q000191:economics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology; D014504:Urban Health; D002575:Uterine Cervicitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics*