title: Risk factors resulting in conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the standard treatment for symptomatic gallbladder diseases. However, there still is a substantial proportion of patients in whom laparoscopic cholecystectomy cannot be successfully performed, and for whom conversion to open surgery is required.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 1,000 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed at Ankara Numune Hospital, Fourth Department of Surgery, from March 1992 to July 1999 were prospectively analyzed. The patients studied included 804 women (80.4%) and 196 men (19.6%) with a mean age of 43.8 years (range, 30-80 years). From the data collected, only factors available to the surgeon preoperatively were considered for analysis. These factors included age, gender, history of acute cholecystitis, jaundice or pancreatitis, previous abdominal surgery, obesity and concomitant disease, white blood cell (WBC) count, preoperative liver function tests, ultrasound findings of the gallbladder, preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and suspicion of common bile duct stones. Also we analyzed the case numbers as a measure of institutional experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1,000 patients in whom laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted, 48 (4.8%) required conversion to open surgery. The most common reason for conversion was inability to define anatomy in patients with inflamed contracted gallbladder (n = 34). Significantly independent predictive factors for conversion were male gender, previous abdominal surgery, acute cholecystitis, thickened gallbladder wall on preoperative ultrasonography, and suspicion of common bile duct stones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An appreciation for the aforementioned predictors of conversion will allow appropriate planning by the patient, the institution, and the surgeon.
authors.affiliation: Fourth Department of Surgery, Ankara Numune Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. nak4ceranur@superonline.com
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doganay
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dolapci
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kologlu
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000379:methods*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007565:Jaundice / Q000453:epidemiology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology