title: Location preference related to smoked heroin self-administration by rhesus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although common in humans, little is known about the reinforcing efficacy of smoked heroin in laboratory animals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the reinforcing efficacy of smoked heroin in non-opioid dependent, non-human primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-administration and location-preference measures were obtained by having monkeys live in two chambers with heroin self-administration (0, 0.3, 0.6 mg/kg; eight dosings available per day) specific to one chamber and no commodity available in the other chamber. Operant responding reinforced by smoked heroin provided a self-administration measure of reinforcement, and the length of time monkeys spent in the heroin-associated chamber provided a location preference estimate of reinforcing efficacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four of six monkeys acquired heroin self-administration: these monkeys completed six to eight smoking trials each day when either of the active heroin doses was available. Urine toxicology confirmed that monkeys were absorbing the smoked heroin. The number of completed smoking trials rapidly decreased under extinction conditions, indicating that smoked heroin was an efficacious reinforcer using the self-administration measure. Monkeys developed a location preference for the chamber where heroin was self-administered, indicating that smoked heroin was an efficacious reinforcer using the location-preference measure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoked heroin is an efficacious reinforcer in non-opioid dependent rhesus monkeys as measured using a self-administration procedure and estimated using a location-preference procedure.
authors.affiliation: Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 120, New York, NY 10032, USA. rwf2@columbia.edu
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Foltin
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D003932:Heroin