title: Malnutrition alters the innate immune response and increases early visceralization following Leishmania donovani infection.
abstract: Malnutrition is a risk factor for the development of visceral leishmaniasis. However, the immunological basis for this susceptibility is unknown. We have developed a mouse model to study the effect of malnutrition on innate immunity and early visceralization following Leishmania donovani infection. Three deficient diets were studied, including 6, 3, or 1% protein; these diets were also deficient in iron, zinc, and calories. The control diet contained 17% protein, was zinc and iron sufficient, and was provided ab libitum. Three days after infection with L. donovani promastigotes, the total extradermal (lymph nodes, liver, and spleen) and skin parasite burdens were equivalent in the malnourished (3% protein) and control mice, but in the malnourished group, a greater percentage (39.8 and 4.0%, respectively; P = 0.009) of the extradermal parasite burden was contained in the spleen and liver. The comparable levels of parasites in the footpads in the two diet groups and the higher lymph node parasite burdens in the well-nourished mice indicated that the higher visceral parasite burdens in the malnourished mice were not due to a deficit in local parasite killing but to a failure of lymph node barrier function. Lymph node cells from the malnourished, infected mice produced increased levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and decreased levels of interleukin-10. Inducible nitric oxide synthase activity was significantly lower in the spleen and liver of the malnourished mice. Thus, malnutrition causes a failure of lymph node barrier function after L. donovani infection, which may be related to excessive production of PGE(2) and decreased levels of IL-10 and nitric oxide.
authors.affiliation: Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Anstead
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chandrasekar
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Melby
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000276:immunology*; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse