title: Late mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mortality within the first year after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) is usually due to infection or allograft failure. Late complications leading to death after OLTx have not been extensively evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of late mortality and to identify the most common causes and risk factors associated with late mortality after OLTx.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 479 OLTx were performed in 459 patients (320 males, 139 females; mean age 47 years, range 13 to 69) between September 1991 and April 2000. All patient deaths among liver transplant recipients who survived more than 1 year after transplantation (follow-up mean 3.4 years, median 3, range 1 to 8.6) were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 122 allografts (24%) were lost in 109 patients during the study period (24%). Seventy-five allografts were lost in 69 patients by 1 year (15%). Forty-seven allografts were lost in 40 patients who survived at least 1 year (9.6%). Actuarial survivals at 2 years, 5 years, and 9 years were 95%, 85%, and 80%, respectively (based on 100% survival at 1 year). The causes of the late mortality were malignancy (9 patients), disease recurrence (8), late infection (6), renal failure complications (5), cardiovascular complications (4), chronic rejection (3), gastrointestinal hemorrhage (2), medication noncompliance (1), and unknown (2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malignancy and disease recurrence are the major causes of late mortality among adult OLTx recipients. Pharmacologic immunosuppression is associated with many of the causes of late mortality. Advances in immunosuppression with less toxicity may improve long-term survival after OLTx.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Organ Transplantation, Oregon Health Sciences University and Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L590, Portland, OR 97201-3098, USA. rabkinj@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rabkin
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de La Melena
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Orloff
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Corless
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Olyaei
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015994:Incidence; D007239:Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012008:Recurrence; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents