title: Depressive symptoms and risk of functional decline and death in patients with heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine whether depressive symptoms are associated with poorer prognosis in patients with heart failure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Depression is an established risk factor for poor outcome in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Little is known of its role in patients with heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively followed 391 patients > or =50 years of age who met criteria for decompensated heart failure on hospital admission. The outcome of the study was death or decline in activities of daily living (ADL) at six months, relative to baseline. Depressive symptoms were measured at baseline by means of the Geriatric Depression Scale, Short-Form, with 6 to 7 symptoms, 8 to 10 symptoms and > or =11 symptoms indicating mild, moderate and severe levels of depressive symptoms, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a strong and graded association between the severity of depressive symptoms at baseline and the rate of the combined end point of either functional decline or death at six months. After adjustment for demographic factors, medical history, baseline functional status and clinical severity, patients with > or =11 depressive symptoms, compared with those with <6 depressive symptoms, had an 82% higher risk of either functional decline or death, whereas the intermediate levels of depressive symptoms showed intermediate risk (p = 0.003 for trend). A similar graded association was found for functional decline and death separately; however, after multivariate analysis, the association with mortality was less strong and no longer statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increasing number of depressive symptoms is a negative prognostic factor for patients with heart failure, just as it is for patients with CHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, USA. lvaccar@ecor.cardio.emory.edu
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaccarino
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Kasl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Krumholz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies