title: Urinary composition and lithogenic risk in normal subjects following oligomineral versus bicarbonate-alkaline high calcium mineral water intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A normal dietary calcium intake to reduce intestinal oxalate absorption is essential to avoid recurrence of calcium oxalate stone formation. It is also important in the prevention of osteopenia in idiopathic hypercalciuria. The calcium content of waters used for hydration may vary from very low to relatively high and is an important factor in prevention or additional risk of stone formation. Therefore, the effect of drinking mineral waters of different calcium concentrations on lithogenic risk factors was studied in normal volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal subjects were divided into two groups of 11 and 10 individuals each. All followed a prescribed diet with an average calcium content of 800 mg/day. The water intake for hydration consisted of 2 liters of an oligomineral water with a low calcium content, <20 mg/l (group A) or of a bicarbonate alkaline water with a high calcium content, 370 mg/l (group B).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diuresis increased similarly in both groups; urine calcium increased by about 80 mg/day in group B. A rise in urine oxalate was observed in both groups, along with the increased urine volume. Osmolar excretion increased in group B; urine osmolality decreased significantly only in group A. In spite of the increase in calciuria in group B, Ca/citrate ratio was constant, due to an increase in citrate excretion. Inter-group differences in terms of activity products of calcium phosphate, calculated according with Tiselius's methods, were found. The differences in AP(CaP) index 1 and AP(CaP) index 2 were significant, with higher values in group B, who drank the bicarbonate alkaline mineral water.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased water intake between meals to prevent renal stone recurrence should preferably be achieved with a relatively low calcium water and calcium-rich mineral waters should be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Renal Pathophysiology and Hypertension Unit, 2nd Medical Faculty, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. coen.gf@flashnet.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sardella
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barbera
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrannini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Comegna
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferazzoli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dinnella
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: D'Anello
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simeoni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002118:Calcium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008900:Mineral Waters / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D008900:Mineral Waters; D002118:Calcium