title: Transvenous embolization for vertebral arteriovenous fistula: report of two cases and technical notes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vertebral arteriovenous fistulas are relatively rare. Although the common treatment is transarterial embolization, it may be impossible to pass through the fistula (e.g. a microfistula created by a needle puncture). We report two patients with vertebral arteriovenous fistulas due to penetrating trauma who were successfully treated by transvenous embolization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present 2 patients with vertebral arteriovenous fistulas. One patient is presented to demonstrate complications following attempted internal jugular cannulation and the other is presented to demonstrate complications after surgery for a jugular foramen neurinoma. Both patients manifested the sign of a severe bruit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To identify the fistula point, simultaneous transarterial and transvenous angiography was performed. Using the transvenous approach, microcoils were applied to the fistula and the bruit completely disappeared. Interpretation. Transvenous embolization is a useful technique and a first-choice strategy to treat patients with the vertebral arteriovenous fistula due to penetrating trauma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kai
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kochi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ushio
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kitano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000601:surgery*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000150:complications*