title: Cisplatin-induced apoptosis of mesothelioma cells is affected by potassium ion flux modulator amphotericin B and bumetanide.
abstract: Chemotherapeutic anti-cancer drugs induce cell death by the process of apoptosis. Efflux of potassium ions (K(+)) is necessary for cell volume reduction during apoptosis and increased inward pumping of K(+) thus counteracts apoptosis. Potassium flux modulation could therefore interact with apoptosis and affect the efficiency of cancer chemotherapeutics. We explored if the K(+) efflux stimulator amphotericin B, with or without the Na(+), K(+), 2Cl(-)-cotransport (K(+) influx) blocker bumetanide, could affect cisplatin- and carboplatin-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity in the pulmonary mesothelioma cell line (P31). Apoptosis was determined by quantifying free nucleosomes and caspase-3 activity, and cytotoxicity was determined by clone formation and a fluorometric assay. The pan-caspase enzyme inhibitor Boc-D-FMK was used to further determine the role of caspase activity in K(+)-flux-modulated cisplatin-/carboplatin-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity. Amphotericin B (3.2 micromol/L) combined with bumetanide (100 micromol/L) potentiated cisplatin-induced free nucleosome and caspase-3 activity. The combination of the K(+) modulators did not, however, increase cisplatin cytotoxicity. The caspase inhibitor Boc-D-FMK, but unexpectedly also bumetanide, markedly reduced cisplatin cytotoxicity and annihilated the augmented cytotoxicity of cisplatin in the presence of amphotericin B. Carboplatin cytotoxicity was reduced by bumetanide, but not affected by amphotericin B. Carboplatin and carboplatin/bumetanide cytotoxicity was further reduced by Boc-D-FMK. We conclude that the ability of cisplatin, and to a lesser extent carboplatin, to induce apoptosis is indeed influenced by cellular potassium flux modulators. We suggest that K(+) ionophores such as amphotericin B, and K(+) influx blockers such as bumetanide, alone or in combination, should be further evaluated for their potential clinical usefulness in influencing tumor cell apoptosis induced by cisplatin and other cancer chemotherapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marklund
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Henriksson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grankvist
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002034:Bumetanide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008654:Mesothelioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011188:Potassium / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D028021:Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004232:Diuretics; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels; D028021:Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters; D002034:Bumetanide; D000666:Amphotericin B; D016190:Carboplatin; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D002945:Cisplatin; D011188:Potassium