title: Primitive erythropoiesis in the Xenopus embryo: the synergistic role of LMO-2, SCL and GATA-binding proteins.
abstract: Hematopoietic stem cells are derived from ventral mesoderm during vertebrate development. Gene targeting experiments in the mouse have demonstrated key roles for the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor SCL and the GATA-binding protein GATA-1 in hematopoiesis. When overexpressed in Xenopus animal cap explants, SCL and GATA-1 are each capable of specifying mesoderm to become blood. Forced expression of either factor in whole embryos, however, does not lead to ectopic blood formation. This apparent paradox between animal cap assays and whole embryo phenotype has led to the hypothesis that additional factors are involved in specifying hematopoietic mesoderm. SCL and GATA-1 interact in a transcriptional complex with the LIM domain protein LMO-2. We have cloned the Xenopus homolog of LMO-2 and show that it is expressed in a similar pattern to SCL during development. LMO-2 can specify hematopoietic mesoderm in animal cap assays. SCL and LMO-2 act synergistically to expand the blood island when overexpressed in whole embryos. Furthermore, co-expression of GATA-1 with SCL and LMO-2 leads to embryos that are ventralized and have blood throughout the dorsal-ventral axis. The synergistic effect of SCL, LMO-2 and GATA-1, taken together with the findings that these factors can form a complex in vitro, suggests that this complex specifies mesoderm to become blood during embryogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Mead
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Deconinck
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Orkin
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Zon
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D050981:Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors; D004920:Erythropoiesis / Q000502:physiology*; D050982:GATA1 Transcription Factor; D015870:Gene Expression; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs; D006801:Humans; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; D008667:Metalloproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051785:Smad Proteins; D000073942:T-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Protein 1; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050981:Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors; D050982:GATA1 Transcription Factor; D005914:Globins; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; D008667:Metalloproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051785:Smad Proteins; D000073942:T-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Protein 1; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C525809:BMP4 protein, human; C525810:Bmp4 protein, mouse; C494688:GATA1 protein, human; C494689:Gata1 protein, mouse; C085117:LMO2 protein, human; C513188:Lmo2 protein, mouse; C489365:TAL1 protein, Xenopus; C489366:Tal1 protein, mouse; C525812:bmp4 protein, Xenopus; C067143:TAL1 protein, human