title: The human internal thoracic artery releases more nitric oxide in response to vascular endothelial growth factor than the human saphenous vein.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endothelial nitric oxide inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation, reducing the chance of vascular intimal thickening. In this study we investigated whether the superior long-term patency of the internal thoracic artery in human coronary bypass grafting compared with that of the saphenous vein could be explained by different levels of nitric oxide production.
  
  
  METHODS
  The baseline endogenous nitric oxide production appeared to be 50% higher in the internal thoracic artery than in the saphenous vein. Previously, it was shown that vascular endothelial growth factor and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors KDR (Flk-1) and Flt-1 are expressed in both internal thoracic arteries and saphenous veins and that vascular endothelial growth factor receptor density was higher in internal thoracic arteries than in saphenous veins. Therefore, we also investigated the influence of vascular endothelial growth factor on nitric oxide release in both the internal thoracic artery and the saphenous vein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vascular endothelial growth factor augmented nitric oxide production by approximately 50% in the saphenous vein and 100% in the internal thoracic artery. As shown by means of immunohistochemistry, expression of endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase was similar in the internal thoracic artery and the saphenous vein, and no inducible nitric oxide synthase was expressed in any of the vascular segments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vascular endothelial growth factor augments endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase-dependent nitric oxide release to a greater extent in the internal thoracic artery than in the saphenous vein. These findings may help to explain the long-term superiority of the internal thoracic artery versus the saphenous vein as a conduit for coronary artery bypass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Broeders
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Doevendans
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Maessen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Gorsel
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Egbrink
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Daemen
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tangelder
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Reneman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van der Zee
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D013895:Thoracic Arteries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase