title: Post-operative pain in needlescopic versus conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Needlescopic cholecystectomy (NC) utilises instruments and ports smaller than 3 mm in diameter compared with the 5 mm ones used in conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Post-operative pain control and recovery has been thought to be superior in NC, when compared with historical controls with LC, but has not been proven in a prospective fashion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective randomised trial of NC versus LC for patients with symptomatic gallstone disease, with standardisation of post-operative analgesia and daily assessment of post-operative pain, using a 5-point visual analogue scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 64 eligible patients randomised into NC (28) and LC (36). Four patients who had NC were converted to LC due to technical problems. Another three and six patients from the NC and LC groups, respectively, had conversion to open surgery. Post-operative pain scores were low in both groups. Mean pain scores for those with successful NC and LC were: 1.24 versus 1.43 for the day of operation (P = 0.49), 0.86 versus 0.83 for the first day post-operatively (P = 0.92) and 0.75 versus 0.81 for the second post-operative day (P = 0.87). The mean number of intra-muscular analgesic injections required were 0.76 versus 0.83 after NC and LC, respectively (P = 0.93). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the time taken to return to feeding, eating a normal diet and discharge from hospital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no advantage of NC over LC in terms of post-operative pain or recovery. Nevertheless, NC can be performed safely and expediently and has an excellent cosmetic outcome and high patient acceptability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433. melvin_look@notes.ttsh.gov.sg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Look
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Liew
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cheong
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Wee
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Teh
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Low
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*