title: Catecholamines decrease nitric oxide production by cytokine-stimulated hepatocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Catecholamines are significantly elevated in inflammatory responses and play a regulatory role in sepsis. Nitric oxide (NO), also a key inflammatory mediator in sepsis, is produced in large amounts by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the liver. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that catecholamines play a role in the regulation of NO production by hepatocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary hepatocytes were isolated from healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats and either cultured with normal medium or stimulated with cytomix (interleukin-1 beta, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) in the presence or absence of epinephrine or norepinephrine at varying concentrations. Total RNA was isolated 6 hours after treatment and analyzed by Northern blotting for iNOS mRNA. Protein extracts were obtained at 12 hours and were analyzed by Western immunoblotting for iNOS. Cell culture supernatants were analyzed for NO, determined as the stable end-product NO(2)(-), at 24 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epinephrine and norepinephrine significantly decreased NO(2)(-) levels in stimulated hepatocytes but had no effect on iNOS mRNA or protein levels. The decrease in NO(2)(-) was reproduced by the adenylate cyclase stimulator, forskolin. The catecholamine-induced decrease in NO(2)(-) was completely reversed by the protein kinase A inhibitor Rp-8-Br-cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Catecholamines decrease hepatocyte production of NO in response to cytokine stimulation. This effect seems to be due to post-translational events and appears to be mediated in part by cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vodovotz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoneyama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatakeyama
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Billiar
mesh_terms: D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001708:Biopterins / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054746:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C105593:8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007375:Interleukin-1; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013566:Sympathomimetics; D013873:Thionucleotides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D001708:Biopterins; D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D054746:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine