title: Impact of smoking on clinical and angiographic restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention: another smoker's paradox?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have suggested that smokers may require less frequent repeated revascularization after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared with nonsmokers. However, the mechanism of this phenomenon is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the association between smoking and restenosis using pooled data from 8671 patients treated with PCI in 9 multicenter clinical trials. Clinical restenosis was examined in the cohort of 5682 patients who were assigned to clinical follow-up only. Angiographic restenosis was evaluated in the subset of 2989 patients who were assigned to mandatory angiographic restudy. Among those patients assigned to clinical follow-up only, target lesion revascularization (TLR) occurred in 6.6% of smokers and 10.1% of nonsmokers (P<0.001). After adjustment for baseline clinical and angiographic differences, the rate of TLR remained significantly lower in smokers with an adjusted relative risk of 0.69 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.88). Among the angiographic cohort, there were no differences in the rates of angiographic restenosis or follow-up diameter stenosis in either univariate or multivariate analyses. This dissociation between clinical and angiographic restenosis was explained in part by reduced sensitivity to restenosis on the part of smokers and by the greater reluctance of smokers to seek medical attention despite recurrent angina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients undergoing contemporary PCI, cigarette smoking is associated with a lower rate of subsequent TLR without affecting angiographic restenosis. These findings have important implications for the follow-up of smokers after PCI and suggest that cross-study comparisons of rates of clinical restenosis must account for the potential confounding effect of smoking.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Clinical Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. djc@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doucet
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cutlip
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Popma
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Kuntz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015982:Bias; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015607:Stents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology