title: Carotid endarterectomy: a new technique replacing internal shunts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carotid endarterectomy has been reported to increase the time free from cerebral ischemic events in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with a high grade of stenosis of the internal carotid artery. In cases in whom the compensatory circulation during the carotid clamp time is not sufficient, the use of intraluminal shunts has been proposed. However, the use of intraluminal shunts present several problems, such as the technical difficulties in positioning the shunt, the variability of time requested for the placement, the inconstancy of the blood flow during surgery, and the need to clamp off the carotid to introduce and remove the shunt. For these reasons, most operators prefer not to employ intraluminal shunts, while others do use them only in selected cases. The purpose of this work is to present, for the first time, a new type of temporary extraluminal shunt, connecting the femoral to the internal carotid artery with the interposition of a roller pump to regulate the blood flow. This method allows one to perform carotid endarterectomy without interrupting the blood flow to the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  407 consecutive patients, who underwent carotid endarterectomy between August 1992 and April 2000, were considered. 35 patients presented an absolutely insufficient collateral circulation, demonstrated by important modifications of the electroencephalographic monitoring during the carotid clamp time. In these patients the endarterectomy was performed using a new femoral-carotid extraluminal shunt.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all the cases in whom the femoral-carotid extraluminal shunt was positioned, the normalisation of electroencephalographic monitoring was achieved by regulating the blood flow with the interposed roller pump. The use and the placement of the shunt was simple and easy. None of the patients showed postoperative complications, except for one who had a stroke two days after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained, although to be confirmed by further studies, seem to demonstrate the effectiveness of our femoral-carotid extraluminal shunt, which was simple to use and safe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery Ospedale di Circolo, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fachinetti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bellocchi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramponi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sardella
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dorizzi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000601:surgery*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D004569:Electroencephalography; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome