title: Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in somatic and germ cells of mice exposed in vivo.
abstract: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the most widely used selective herbicides throughout the world; however, the studies that have been conducted to establish its genotoxic potential have given conflicting results. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether the herbicide increases the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in bone marrow and spermatogonial cells of mice exposed in vivo. The experiment included an oral administration of 2,4-D to three groups of mice (50,100 and 200 mg/kg), as well as to a control group of animals administered with distilled water, pH 10.5 and another group injected with cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg). In somatic cells, the results showed a significant SCE increase with the two high doses tested, a response that was manifested in a dose-dependent manner. With regard to the mitotic index and the cell proliferation kinetics, there were no modifications exerted by 2,4-D; however, cyclophosphamide induced cytotoxic damage and a cell-cycle delay. With respect to the germ cells, the genotoxic results were similar to those described earlier; that is, there was a significant SCE increase induced by the two high 2,4-D doses tested and a higher genotoxic damage was observed in the animals treated with cyclophosphamide. Our investigation established that 2,4-D is a moderate genotoxicant in mice treated in vivo with high doses, and suggests a minor hazard for humans in the present conditions of its use.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias biologias, IPN Carpio y Plan de Ayala, 11340 Mexico DF, Sto Tomas, Mexico. euduardo.madrigal@eudoramail.com
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Madrigal-Bujaidar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernández-Ceruelos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chamorro
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008938:Mitosis / Q000187:drug effects; D012854:Sister Chromatid Exchange / Q000187:drug effects*; D013093:Spermatogonia / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D003520:Cyclophosphamide