title: Replication timing of amplified genetic regions relates to intranuclear localization but not to genetic activity or G/R band.
abstract: Amplified genes in many human cancer cells usually localize at the extrachromosomal double minutes (DMs). In the present study, we show that multiple DMs in the human colorectal tumor COLO 320DM line replicated semisynchronously during the early S phase. On the other hand, during longer passage of the cells with DMs, cells with the amplified genes at the chromosomal homogeneously staining region (HSR) generally dominate the population. We currently report that HSR was composed of a tandem array of DM-derived sequences, which was shown using a unique DM-painting probe. Nevertheless, we found that HSR was replicated much later during the S phase, unless the amplified c-myc genes were expressed almost equally from DMs and HSR. Therefore, this provided a novel instance in which the cytogenetic localization affected replication timing without alteration of expression. Furthermore, we unexpectedly found that HSR had a distinctive band structure with respect to replication timing. The replication band structure was usually associated with the chromosomal G/R bands; however, HSR was homogeneous in the G/R band and in the distribution of highly repetitive sequences. We discuss the mechanism by which the replication band may arise, in relation to the folding of chromatin inside the nucleus.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan. shimizu@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ochi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Itonaga
mesh_terms: D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D002451:Cell Compartmentation; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D002871:Chromosome Banding; D002877:Chromosomes, Human / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms; D004261:DNA Replication; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005784:Gene Amplification; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D016196:S Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine