title: Cross talk among calcineurin, Sp1/Sp3, and NFAT in control of p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression in keratinocyte differentiation.
abstract: Calcium functions as a trigger for the switch between epithelial cell growth and differentiation. We report here that the calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin is involved in this process. Treatment of primary mouse keratinocytes with cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of calcineurin activity, suppresses the expression of terminal differentiation markers and of p21(WAF1/Cip1) and p27(KIP1), two cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors that are usually induced with differentiation. In parallel with down-modulation of the endogenous genes, suppression of calcineurin function blocks induction of the promoters for the p21(WAF1/Cip1) and loricrin differentiation marker genes, whereas activity of these promoters is enhanced by calcineurin overexpression. The calcineurin- responsive region of the p21 promoter maps to a 78-bp Sp1/Sp3-binding sequence next to the TATA box, and calcineurin induces activity of the p21 promoter through Sp1/Sp3-dependent transcription. We find that the endogenous NFAT-1 and -2 transcription factors, major downstream targets of calcineurin, associate with Sp1 in keratinocytes in a calcineurin-dependent manner, and calcineurin up-regulates Sp1/Sp3-dependent transcription and p21 promoter activity in synergism with NFAT1/2. Thus, our study reveals an important role for calcineurin in control of keratinocyte differentiation and p21 expression, and points to a so-far-unsuspected interconnection among this phosphatase, NFATs, and Sp1/Sp3-dependent transcription.
authors.affiliation: Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown 02129, USA.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Talora
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seki
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bolgan
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Dotto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D018632:Mice, Inbred SENCAR; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D021122:Protein Subunits; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: C493957:Cdkn1a protein, mouse; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D021122:Protein Subunits; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; C497122:Sp3 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; C064554:loricrin; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; D016572:Cyclosporine; D019703:Calcineurin