title: Botulinum toxin type A: history and current cosmetic use in the upper face.
abstract: This article reviews the cosmetic use of botulinum toxin in upper face from both the historic and clinical viewpoints. The published literature and our current experience are outlined. Botulinum toxin type A in the upper face has become an extremely poplular cosmetic procedure and is outstandingly safe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. alastair@carruthers.net
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carruthers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carruthers
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000266:history / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005145:Face; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000266:history / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A