title: The effect of irrigation on peak temperatures in nerve root, dura, and intervertebral disc during laser-assisted foraminoplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Holmium: YAG (Ho: YAG) laser has been used for the ablation of prolapsed discs but alternative techniques are available, and this application remains controversial. It also has potential for the decompression of nerve roots within narrowed foraminae with the technique of endoscopic laser foraminoplasty. Traditional methods of decompression necessitate a major surgical procedure with potential destabilisation of the lumbar spinal segment. Nevertheless, minimally invasive techniques are attractive only if serious complications can be avoided. This study reports the peak temperatures reached in surrounding tissues with and without saline irrigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Investigation of the hypothesis was carried out in excised sheep lumbar spines. T-type thermocouples were used for the measurement of tissue temperatures during laser ablation of nerve root foraminae. The temperature was assessed in the nerve root, dura mater, and disc space.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Ho: YAG laser was effective in widening the foraminae by approximately 1.5 mm with a total energy of 4.60 kJ. This was statistically significant in both vertical and horizontal directions (P < 0.0003 and P < 0.00005, respectively). The mean temperature of the nerve root, dura, and disc space during the procedure was 44 +/- 3.1 degrees C, 42.8 +/- 4.7 degrees C, and 41 +/- 3.4 degrees C respectively. There were transient high peaks seen in the temperature profiles. Using saline irrigation at 27 ml/minutes these temperatures were reduced to 34.1 +/- 1.8 degrees C (P = 0.0002), 34.9 +/- 1.5 degrees C (P = 0.002), and 37.2 +/- 1.2 degrees C (P < 0.014), for nerve roots, dura, and disc space respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laser ablation of bone and ligament for nerve root decompression using the Ho: YAG laser may offer substantial advantages, but the risk of serious complication may only be avoided if the technique is combined with saline irrigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Imperial College School of Medicine, Charing Cross Campus, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF. m.hafez@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Hafez
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Coombs
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: McCarthy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000601:surgery*; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000601:surgery*; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D012756:Sheep; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000601:surgery*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride