title: An assessment of the toxicity of phthalate esters to freshwater benthos. 1. Aqueous exposures.
abstract: Tests were performed with the freshwater invertebrates Hyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans, and Lumbriculus variegatus to determine the acute toxicity of six phthalate esters, including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). It was possible to derive 10-d LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% of the population) values only for the four lower molecular weight esters (DMP, DEP, DBP, and BBP), for which toxicity increased with increasing octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) and decreasing water solubility. The LC50 values for DMP, DEP, DBP, and BBP were 28.1, 4.21, 0.63, and 0.46 mg/L for H. azteca; 68.2, 31.0, 2.64, and > 1.76 mg/L for C. tentans; and 246, 102, 2.48, and 1.23 mg/L for L. variegatus, respectively. No significant survival reductions were observed when the three species were exposed to either DHP or DEHP at concentrations approximating their water solubilities.
authors.affiliation: Lake Superior Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Superior, 54880, USA. dcall@dbq.edu
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Call
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Markee
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Geiger
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Brooke
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: VandeVenter
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Genisot
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Robillard
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gorsuch
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Parkerton
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Reiley
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Ankley
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mount
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000845:Annelida; D002683:Chironomidae; D003445:Crustacea; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D012995:Solubility; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010795:Phthalic Acids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical