title: Systemic and local effects of long-term exposure to alkaline drinking water in rats.
abstract: Alkaline conditions in the oral cavity may be caused by a variety of stimuli, including tobacco products, antacids, alkaline drinking water or bicarbonate toothpaste. The effects of alkaline pH on oral mucosa have not been systematically studied. To assess the systemic (organ) and local (oral mucosal) effects of alkalinity, drinking water supplemented with Ca(OH)2 or NaOH, with pH 11.2 or 12 was administered to rats (n = 36) for 52 weeks. Tissues were subjected to histopathological examination; oral mucosal biopsy samples were also subjected to immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses for pankeratin, CK19, CK5, CK4, PCNA, ICAM-1, CD44, CD68, S-100, HSP 60, HSP70, and HSP90. At completion of the study, animals in the study groups had lower body weights (up to 29% less) than controls despite equal food and water intake, suggesting a systemic response to the alkaline treatment. The lowest body weight was found in rats exposed to water with the highest pH value and starting the experiment when young (6 weeks). No histological changes attributable to alkaline exposure occurred in the oral mucosa or other tissues studied. Alkaline exposure did not affect cell proliferation in the oral epithelium, as shown by the equal expression of PCNA in groups. The up-regulation of HSP70 protein expression in the oral mucosa of rats exposed to alkaline water, especially Ca(OH)2 treated rats, may indicate a protective response. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) positivity was lost in 6/12 rats treated with Ca(OH)2 with pH 11.2, and loss of CD44 expression was seen in 3/6 rats in both study groups exposed to alkaline water with pH 12. The results suggest that the oral mucosa in rats is resistant to the effects of highly alkaline drinking water. However, high alkalinity may have some unknown systemic effects leading to growth retardation, the cause of which remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology and Radiology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland. marina.merne@utu.fi
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Merne
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Syrjänen
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Syrjänen
mesh_terms: D000468:Alkalies / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012737:Sex Factors; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000468:Alkalies; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D014867:Water; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D007633:Keratins; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide