title: Involvement of apoptosis and interferon-gamma in murine toxoplasmosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A murine toxoplasmosis model has been developed that results in central nervous system (CNS) and ocular inflammation characterized by encephalitis with numerous brain tissue cysts and milder inflammation with rare tissue cysts in the eye after 4 weeks of Toxoplasma gondii infection. In this model IFN gamma and inducible nitric oxide (iNO) are protective against T. gondii infection. In this study, the role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 (wild-type mice), B6MRL/lpr, and B6MRL/gld (defective Fas or FasL expression, respectively) mice were infected intraperitoneally with 20 to 30 tissue cysts of the ME-49 strain of T. gondii. Mice were killed at days 0, 14, or 28 after infection. The eyes and brains were harvested for histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular studies. Analysis included immunostaining for Fas, FasL, Bcl-2, and Bax; in situ apoptosis detection (TUNEL assay); RT-PCR amplification for IFN gamma; and measurement of ocular nitrite levels. The control mice were naïve mice of each strain that received no inoculation or injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wild-type mice appeared to constitutively express apoptotic molecules at higher levels in the eye than in the brain. Consequently, during T. gondii infection, apoptosis was greater in the eyes than in the brain. Untreated naïve lpr and gld mice showed no expression of Fas and FasL, respectively. After infection, a slightly higher number of tissue cysts (lpr, 11.8 +/- 2.4; gld, 10.3 +/- 3.4) were found in the brains of the mutants than in the control animals (8.8 +/- 2.9). However, no significant differences between the number of apoptotic cells, inflammatory scores, or number of tissue cysts were noted in the eyes. IFN gamma mRNA in control mice was detected at day 28 after infection, whereas in both mutants, mRNA production occurred earlier, at day 14. Ocular nitrite levels were higher in lpr and gld mice than in wild-type mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No significant difference in the degree of ocular inflammation and apoptosis was detected between the wild-type and Fas or FasL mutant mice. However, there was an earlier and subjectively greater expression of IFN gamma in the brain and eye and a higher level of nitrite in the ocular tissue of mutant strains than in the wild type. Multiple factors are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis.
authors.affiliation: Section of Immunopathology, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, USA.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Matteson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tuaillon
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Suedekum
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Buggage
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D019463:Mice, Inbred MRL lpr; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014124:Toxoplasmosis, Animal / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016781:Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014126:Toxoplasmosis, Ocular / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C494827:Bax protein, mouse; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; C505658:Fasl protein, mouse; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009573:Nitrites; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D019014:fas Receptor; D007371:Interferon-gamma