title: Weight-related differences in glucose metabolism and free fatty acid production in two South African population groups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of free fatty acids (FFA), leptin, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and body fat distribution on in vivo oxidation of a glucose load were studied in two South African ethnic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anthropometric and various metabolic indices were measured at fasting and during a 7 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis and subcutaneous and visceral fat mass was assessed using a five- and two-level CT-scan respectively. Glucose oxidation was evaluated by measuring the ratio of (13)CO(2) to (12)CO(2) in breath following ingestion of 1-(13)C-labelled glucose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten lean black women (LBW), ten obese black women (OBW), nine lean white women (LWW) and nine obese white women (OWW) were investigated after an overnight fast.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visceral fat levels were significantly higher (P<0.01) in obese white than black women, despite similar body mass indexes (BMIs). There were no ethnic differences in glucose oxidation however; in the lean subjects of both ethnic groups the area under the curve (AUC) was higher than in obese subjects (P<0.05 for both) and was found to correlate negatively with weight (r=-0.69, P<0.01) after correcting for age. Basal TNF alpha concentrations were similar in all groups. Percentage suppression of FFAs at 30 min of the OGTT was 24+/-12% in OWW and -38+/-23% (P<0.05) in OBW, ie the 30 min FFA level was higher than the fasting level in the latter group. AUC for FFAs during the late postprandial period (120--420 min) was significantly higher in OWW than OBW (P<0.01) and LWW (P<0.01) and correlated positively with visceral fat mass independent of age (r=0.78, P<0.05) in the OWW only. Leptin levels were higher (P<0.01) both at fasting and during the course of the OGTT in obese women from both ethnic groups compared to the lean women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucose oxidation is reduced in obese subjects of both ethnic groups; inter- and intra-ethnic differences were observed in visceral fat mass and FFA production and it is possible that such differences may play a role in the differing prevalences of obesity-related disorders that have been reported in these two populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Punyadeera
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: van der Merwe
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Crowther
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toman
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Immelman
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Schlaphoff
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D019540:Area Under Curve; D044383:Black People; D001823:Body Composition; D001835:Body Weight; D001944:Breath Tests; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005215:Fasting; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D020738:Leptin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005947:Glucose