title: Determination of therapeutic doses of bisquaternary oximes in large animals.
abstract: This report presents a non-lethal method for estimating a range of therapeutic doses of bisquaternary oximes that serve as antidotes against organophosphorus poisoning. We have estimated therapeutic oxime doses that are equivalent in their relative toxicity rather than selecting arbitrary fractions of their LD(50). Thus, toxic signs of the oximes HI-6, HLö-7, Toxogonin, AB-8 and AB-13 were monitored quantitatively in baboon monkeys and beagle dogs. Using Toxogonin as a reference oxime, a calculated unit of equivalent dose (CED) was defined as the oxime dose equal to the ratio between its minimal toxic dose (MTD) and the therapeutic ratio (TR) of Toxogonin i.e. CED = MTD/TR. Assuming that the tails of dose-response curves of toxicity for bisquaternary oximes are shallow and similar to one another, one could substitute the ED(10) for the MTD. The ED(10) values for bisquaternary oximes were estimated using the log-log model following experimental observations and quantitative scoring of toxic signs in dogs and monkeys. The MTD values then were calculated using the ED(10) values and the experimental therapeutic dose of the reference oxime Toxogonin. The following CED values were obtained for AB-8, AB-13, Toxogonin, HI-6 and HLö-7 in dogs (d) and monkeys (m): 98.7, 74.2, 30.0, 14.5 and 12.1 (d) and 281.9, 232.1, 41.7, 192.9 and 92.9 (m) micromol kg(-1), respectively. The antidotal efficacy of these oximes against poisoning by the nerve agent tabun was determined in dogs and monkeys. These dose-dependent efficacy data were obtained at 0.3 x CED, 1 x CED and 3 x CED of oximes in combination with atropine. These data provide comparative therapeutic values using oxime doses based on their relative toxicity. The highest antidotal efficacy against tabun in dogs was obtained for toxogonin, whereas HLö-7 and AB-13 were most efficacious in monkeys.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Sciences, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Raveh
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zomber
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rabinovitz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Amitai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009768:Obidoxime Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D062025:Organophosphate Poisoning; D010091:Oximes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D010215:Papio; D011041:Poisoning / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013534:Survival; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010091:Oximes; D011725:Pyridines; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; C058577:HLo 7; D009768:Obidoxime Chloride; C022870:asoxime chloride