title: Immunostimulatory sequence DNA linked to the Amb a 1 allergen promotes T(H)1 cytokine expression while downregulating T(H)2 cytokine expression in PBMCs from human patients with ragweed allergy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have demonstrated that bacterially derived immunostimulatory sequences (ISSs) of DNA can activate the mammalian innate immune system and promote the development of T(H)1 cells. Promotion of T(H)1 immunity by means of immunotherapy in allergic patients has led to the alleviation of symptoms that result from allergen-specific T(H)2 responses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to investigate whether the T(H)1-enhancing properties of ISSs could be used to alter the T(H)2-dominated immune response of allergic PBMCs in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ragweed protein-linked ISS (PLI) was generated from a specific, highly active 22-base ISS and Amb a 1, the immunodominant allergen in ragweed pollen, to combine the T(H)1-enhancing properties of ISSs with allergen selectivity, and its activity was investigated in PBMC cultures from subjects with ragweed allergy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PLI was markedly successful at reversing the dominant allergen-induced T(H)2 profile while greatly enhancing IFN-gamma production. Delivering ISSs in a linked form proved to be much more effective at modulating the resulting cytokine profile than delivering free ISSs in a mixture with unlinked Amb a 1. PLI also demonstrated cytokine-modulating properties, even when used to stimulate cells that had already been primed for 6 days with Amb a 1. The antigen specificity of the action of PLI was confirmed by the observations that PLI enhances Amb a 1--specific T-cell proliferation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that delivery of ISSs within an antigen-specific context exhibits potent cytokine-modulating activity and, combined with its reduced allergenicity, makes this molecule a strong candidate for use in improved immunotherapy applications.
authors.affiliation: Dynavax Technologies Corporation, Berkeley, California 94710, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abtahi
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Eiden
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tuck
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Milley
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haycock
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kagey-Sobotka
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Creticos
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Nest
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D052179:Antigens, Plant; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004247:DNA / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000485:Allergens; C026967:Amb a I protein, Ambrosia artemisiifolia; D052179:Antigens, Plant; D016207:Cytokines; D010940:Plant Proteins; D004247:DNA