title: Proposal for including what is valuable to ecosystems in environmental assessments.
abstract: Assessment scientists and managers depend on social values to identify the goals that will be used to guide environmental assessments. These goals are commonly identified by examining the vested interests of the various social groups that are stakeholders in a region. However, knowledge about what people value represents only part of the information needed to identify comprehensive assessment goals for environmental systems that include both economic and ecological components and processes. All parties also need to understand what is valuable to ecosystems because that determines the ecological patterns and processes that prevail in the long run. The competition among alternate system designs for available energy determines the viability of the choices that people make for their environment. Ecosystems that prevail in competition use the process of self-organization to create system designs that maximize the use of ever-changing sources of available energy. The efficacy of ecosystem designs can be evaluated using the maximum empower principle, which states that ecosystems evolve toward designs that maximize empower (energy use per unit time). Energy is an accounting quantity that normalizes the different kinds of energy developed in a system so that they may be compared. The counter-intuitive and sometimes controversial results that come from energy analyses are illustrated by examining three environmental problems on the interface between ecology and economics. A process for identifying and using social and ecosystem values to guide environmental assessments is proposed using a conceptual energy systems model that shows how these processes might interact within a region. The probability of realizing a given change in system empower production is suggested as a decision criterion that can be used by managers to evaluate the efficacy of alternatives.
authors.affiliation: National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA. campbell.dan@epa.gov
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003657:Decision Making; D017753:Ecosystem; D004736:Energy-Generating Resources; D006801:Humans; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011640:Public Policy; D012945:Social Values