title: Ketamine sedation for pediatric critical care procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe our experience using ketamine sedation to facilitate pediatric critical care procedures, and to document the safety profile of ketamine in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective consecutive case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children receiving ketamine for procedural sedation over a 5-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed patient records to determine indication, dosing, adverse events, inadequate sedation, and recovery time for each sedation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive features of sedation including adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, children in our pediatric intensive care unit received ketamine at total of 442 times to facilitate a wide variety of critical care procedures, most commonly central line placement, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and wound debridement. Most study children had substantial underlying illness (ASA > or = 3 in 88%; ASA > or = 4 in 39%). Inadequate sedation was noted in only nine (2%) procedures. Adverse effects included transient laryngospasm (n = 9), transient partial airway obstruction (n = 5), apnea with bradycardia (n = 1), emesis during the procedure (n = 2), emesis during recovery (n = 9), mild recovery agitation (n = 10), moderate-to-severe recovery agitation (n = 1), and excessive salivation (n = 4). There were no adverse outcomes attributable to ketamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric intensivists skilled in ketamine administration can safely and effectively administer this drug to facilitate critical care procedures. Despite the ill nature of our patient sample, adverse effects were uncommon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center & Children's Hospital, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA. stevegreen@tarascon.com
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Denmark
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cline
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roghair
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abd Allah
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Rothrock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000758:Anesthesia; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000139:chemically induced; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007826:Laryngismus / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007649:Ketamine