title: Glucosamine enhances platelet-derived growth factor-induced DNA synthesis via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in rat aortic smooth muscle cells.
abstract: Vascular smooth muscle cells play a key role in the development of atherosclerosis. Culture of vascular smooth muscle A10 cells with high glucose for 4 weeks enhanced platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced BrdU incorporation. Since a long period of high glucose incubation was required for the effect, and it was inhibited by co-incubation with azaserine, the role of hexosamine biosynthesis in the development of atherosclerosis in diabetes was studied in A10 cells. Addition of glucosamine to the culture media enhanced PDGF-stimulated BrdU incorporation, and PDGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the PDGF beta-receptor was increased by glucosamine treatment. Of the subsequent intracellular signaling pathways, PDGF-induced PDGF beta-receptor association with PLC gamma was not affected, whereas tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, subsequent association of Shc with Grb2, and MAP kinase activation were relatively decreased. In contrast, PDGF-induced PDGF beta-receptor association with the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3-kinase and PI3-kinase activation were increased by 20% (P<0.01) and 36% (P<0.01), respectively. The intracellular signaling molecules responsible for the glucosamine effect were further examined using pharmacological inhibitors. Pretreatment with PLC inhibitor (U73122) had negligible effects, and MEK1 inhibitor (PD98059) showed only a slight inhibitory effect on the PDGF-induced BrdU incorporation. In contrast, pretreatment with PI3-kinase inhibitor (LY294002) significantly inhibited glucosamine enhancement of PDGF-induced BrdU incorporation. These findings suggest that glucosamine is involved in the development of atherosclerosis by enhancing PDGF-induced mitogenesis specifically via the PI3-kinase pathway.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaoka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Temaru
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishiki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kishida
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urakaze
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001377:Azaserine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051380:GRB2 Adaptor Protein; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051966:Phospholipase C gamma; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020797:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D055765:Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D000071425:Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D051380:GRB2 Adaptor Protein; C495950:Grb2 protein, rat; D007527:Isoenzymes; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D011506:Proteins; D055765:Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins; C528035:Shc1 protein, rat; D000071425:Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1; D014443:Tyrosine; D001377:Azaserine; D004247:DNA; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D020797:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D051966:Phospholipase C gamma; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D005947:Glucose; D005944:Glucosamine