title: The acute antihyperalgesic action of nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs and release of spinal prostaglandin E2 is mediated by the inhibition of constitutive spinal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) but not COX-1.
abstract: Western blots show the constitutive expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in the rat spinal dorsal and ventral horns and in the dorsal root ganglia. Using selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) isozymes, we show that in rats with chronic indwelling intrathecal catheters the acute thermal hyperalgesia evoked by the spinal delivery of substance P (SP; 20 nmol) or NMDA (2 nmol) and the thermal hyperalgesia induced by the injection of carrageenan into the paw are suppressed by intrathecal and systemic COX-2 inhibitors. The intrathecal effects are dose-dependent and stereospecific. In contrast, a COX-1 inhibitor given systemically, but not spinally, reduced carrageenan-evoked thermal hyperalgesia but had no effect by any route with spinal SP hyperalgesia. Using intrathecal loop dialysis catheters, we showed that intrathecal SP would enhance the release of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). This intrathecally evoked release of spinal PGE(2) was diminished by systemic delivery of nonspecific COX and COX-2-selective inhibitors, but not a COX-1-selective inhibitor. Given at systemic doses that block SP- and carrageenan-evoked hyperalgesia, COX-2, but not COX-1, inhibitors reduced spinal SP-evoked PGE(2) release. Thus, constitutive spinal COX-2, but not COX-1, is an important contributor to the acute antihyperalgesic effects of spinal as well as systemic COX-2 inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0818, USA. tyaksh@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Yaksh
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dirig
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Z D
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Isakson
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002351:Carrageenan; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013373:Substance P
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011720:Pyrazoles; C115461:SC 560; C090859:1-((4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole; D013373:Substance P; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D002351:Carrageenan; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496513:Ptgs1 protein, rat; D015232:Dinoprostone; D007052:Ibuprofen