title: Diagnosis of nut-cracker phenomenon using renal Doppler ultrasound in orthostatic proteinuria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the efficacy of non-invasive renal Doppler ultrasound (US) to detect the nut-cracker phenomenon (NCP) and we studied the prevalence of NCP in children with orthostatic proteinuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among a total 66 cases of orthostatic proteinuria, 39 cases of NCP were found, with 27 cases being detected in a normal control group. Using Doppler US, the anteroposterior (AP) diameter and peak velocity (PV) of the left renal vein (LRV) were measured at the hilar and aortomesenteric portion. We calculated the ratio of AP and PV diameters between the two portions. The parameters were analysed using Student's t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AP diameters and the ratio in the hilar and narrow portions were all significantly different between the two groups (P<0.01). The PV in the narrow portion and the ratio of PV were significantly different (P<0.01), but the PV in the hilar portion was not statistically different between the two groups (P>0.05). If the diagnostic criteria for NCP was that the ratio of PV was more than 5, then 22 subjects (56.4%) in the orthostatic proteinuria group and none in the control group could be diagnosed as NCP. If, however, the cut-off values for the diagnosis of NCP were set at the mean+/-2 SD of the ratio (PV ratio 3.98 and size ratio 4.16), then the orthostatic proteinuria group showed abnormal AP diameter in 25 (64.1%), peak velocity in 28 (71.8%), and both in 21 patients (53.8%), and the control group showed an abnormal AP diameter in one subject (3.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NCP may be one of the leading causes of orthostatic proteinuria, and non-invasive renal Doppler US may be a useful diagnostic tool in the screening of NCP. In the future, the diagnostic criteria of NCP must be redefined in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001011:Aorta; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008638:Mesenteric Arteries; D011187:Posture; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000209:etiology*; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*