title: Infection with Sin Nombre hantavirus: clinical presentation and outcome in children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sin Nombre hantavirus (SNV) is the leading causative agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the United States and Canada. Relatively few cases of HCPS have involved children. This report describes the clinical characteristics of a series of pediatric cases of SNV infection in the United States and Canada from 1993 through March 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed clinical and laboratory data on 13 patients who were </=16 years old with SNV infection from 1993 through March 2000 identified from a database at the University of New Mexico.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients ranged from 10 to 16 years of age, with a median of 14. Fifty-four percent were female. Fifty-four percent were Native American. The most common prodromal symptoms were fever, headache, and cough or dyspnea (100%); nausea or vomiting (90%); and myalgia (80%). The most common physical findings at admission were tachypnea (67%) and fever (56%); hypotension was seen in 33% of patients. On admission, all patients manifested thrombocytopenia (median platelet count: 67 000/mm(3)) and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (median level: 1243 IU/L), and >85% of patients had elevated levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and hypoalbuminemia. Leukocytosis and hemoconcentration were seen in less than one third of patients at admission. HCPS developed in 12 of the 13 patients (92%), and 4 of those 12 died (33% case-fatality ratio). The majority of HCPS patients (8 of 12 [67%]) were critically ill and required mechanical ventilation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was used in 2 patients, 1 of whom survived. An elevated prothrombin time (>/=14 seconds) at admission was predictive of mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infection with SNV in children and adolescents causes HCPS with a clinical course and mortality rate similar to that described in adults. We believe that early recognition of HCPS in children and adolescents and appropriate referral to tertiary care centers that are experienced with HCPS are important in reducing mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Overturf
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hjelle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D018804:Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D012698:Serologic Tests; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology