title: RHD positive haplotypes in D negative Europeans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood group genotyping is increasingly utilized for prenatal diagnosis and after recent transfusions, but still lacks the specificity of serology. In whites, the presence of antigen D is predicted, if two or more properly selected RHD-specific polymorphism are detected. This prediction must fail, if an antigen D negative RHD positive allele is encountered. Excluding RHDpsi and CdeS frequent only in individuals of African descent, most of these alleles are unknown and the population frequency of any such allele has not been determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened 8,442 antigen D negative blood donations by RHD PCR-SSP. RHD PCR positive samples were further characterized by RHD exon specific PCR-SSP or sequencing. The phenotype of the identified alleles was checked and their frequencies in Germans were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected 50 RHD positive samples. Fifteen samples harbored one of three new Del alleles. Thirty samples were due to 14 different D negative alleles, only 5 of which were previously known. Nine of the 14 alleles may have been generated by gene conversion in cis, for which we proposed a mechanism triggered by hairpin formation of chromosomal DNA. The cumulative population frequency of the 14 D negative alleles was 1:1,500. Five samples represented a D+/- chimera, a weak D and three partial D, which had been missed by routine serology; two recipients transfused with blood of the D+/- chimera donor became anti-D immunized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study allowed to devise an improved RHD genotyping strategy, the false-positive rate of which was lower than 1:10,000. The number of characterized RHD positive antigen D negative and Del alleles was more than doubled and their population frequencies in Europe were defined.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Transfusionsmedizin, Universitatsklinikum Ulm and DRK-Blutspendedienst Baden-Württemberg, Institut Ulm, Ulm, Germany. franz.wagner@medizin.uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frohmajer
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Flegel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D001782:Blood Donors; D001787:Blood Group Incompatibility / Q000175:diagnosis; D002678:Chimera; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005060:Europe; D005091:Exons; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005785:Gene Conversion; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; C026410:Rho(D) antigen