title: Controlled local delivery of interleukin-2 by biodegradable polymers protects animals from experimental brain tumors and liver tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of our study was to develop an injectable polymeric system for the long-term localized delivery of bioactive interleukin-2 for antitumor immunotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  IL-2 was encapsulated into gelatin and chondroitin-6-sulfate using an aqueous-based complex coacervation. CTLL-2 cells were used to measure the bioactivity of released IL-2 and radiolabeled IL-2 was used for release studies in the rat brain and mouse liver. Antitumor efficacy studies were carried out in primary (9L gliosarcoma) and metastatic (B16-F10 melanoma) brain tumor models in rats and mice, respectively, as well as a murine liver tumor model (CT26 carcinoma). Survivors of the metastatic brain tumor challenge were rechallenged with tumor in the opposite lobe of the brain to confirm that antitumor immunologic memory had developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bioactive IL-2 was released for over 2 weeks in vitro and in vivo IL-2 release showed significant IL-2 levels for up to 21 days. Polymeric IL-2 microspheres injected intratumorally were statistically more effective in protecting animals challenged with fatal tumor doses in the brain and the liver than placebo or autologous tumor cells genetically engineered to secrete IL-2. Immunologic memory was induced following IL-2 microsphere therapy in the B16-F10 brain tumor model that was capable of protecting 42% of animals from a subsequent intracranial tumor challenge, suggesting that tumor destruction was mediated by the immune system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local IL-2 therapy using novel polymeric carriers. aimed at stimulating long-lasting antitumor immunity, may provide an improved method of treating a variety of cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sills
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: DiMeco
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brat
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Choti
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Pardoll
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008863:Microspheres; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D007376:Interleukin-2; D011108:Polymers