title: Correlation between intestinal metaplasia of the gastric cardia and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  IMC (intestinal metaplasia of the cardia) has been a subject of great interest, given the rapidly increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma in this location, over the past two decades. Whether this histological alteration is a consequence of gastroesophageal reflux disease, or a manifestation of an H. pylori-related multifocal atrophic gastritis, is unclear. Furthermore, whether IMC should be considered a premalignant lesion of gastric cardia is still unknown. We performed a prospective study in order to determine the prevalence of IMC in patients presenting for elective esophagogastric-duodenal endoscopy and to evaluate a potential association between IMC and some clinical, endoscopic and histological variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsy specimens were taken from 105 unselected patients undergoing routine diagnostic endoscopy. Eight biopsies were taken from different sides, for histological evaluation: 1 above and 3 below the squamocolumnar junction, 2 from gastric fundus and 2 from gastric antrum. All specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin-Alcian blue and modified Giemsa to facilitate the detection of H. pylori.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-six patients (50 males, 36 females) with a mean age of 46.5 years (range: 23-75 years), were included in the study. Twenty-one (24.5%) were found to have IMC; 4 (19%) of these had concomitant low-grade dysplasia of the cardiac mucosa. IMC was associated with: males (P = 0.04), endoscopic diagnosis of esophagitis (P = 0.02), histological diagnosis of esophagitis (P = 0.008), mucosa of the cardiac type (P = 0.02), chronic carditis (P = 0.002) and dysplasia (P = 0.04). There was no correlation with: age, reflux symptoms, activity of carditis, H. pylori infection of the cardia and intestinal metaplasia of the distal gastric mucosa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IMC is common in our area. It is associated with endoscopic and histological changes of gastroesophageal reflux disease, but not with H. pylori infection of the cardia. Although 19% of patients presented concomitant dysplasia (of low grade), long-term follow-up studies will be necessary to assess the effective risk of IMC for cancer transformation.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Universitá di Catania, via Biblioteca 4, I-95124 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lanzafame
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torrisi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Favara
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Emmanuele
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002299:Cardia / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*