title: Molecular dynamics simulation reveals sequence-intrinsic and protein-induced geometrical features of the OL1 DNA operator.
abstract: We have carried out molecular dynamics simulation of the lambda OL1 DNA operator on the free and the protein-bound forms. Our results lead us to conclude that the binding of the repressor actually makes the N-7 atom of Gua8' more solvent exposed, thereby enhancing its reactivity to chemical methylation. This increase in solvent accessibility surface area occurs simultaneously with the formation of hydrogen bonds between Lys-4 of the nonconsensus flexible N-terminal arm and Gua6' of the nonconsensus half-site operator DNA. Calculations of protein--DNA interaction energies reveal that among the residues of the arm, Lys-4 contributes the most favorably to the interaction energies. This result is consistent with mutagenesis studies that established that lysine at position 4 is absolutely required for tight binding. We find that the nonconsensus arm and the nonconsensus monomer interacts less favorably with DNA than do their respective counterparts of the consensus monomer. Moreover, the six-residue flexible arm accounts for at least half the total protein--DNA interactions energy. These results are in agreement with previous experimental studies. In accord with the diffuse electron density map observed in crystallographic studies of the nonconsensus flexible arm, we find that our model built for this region is more flexible and exhibits more conformations than its consensus counterpart. The simulation also reveals that DNA bending observed near the outer edge of the operator site is an intrinsic sequence-dependent property. By contrast, the DNA-bending features observed toward the center of the operator are induced by the protein. On the whole, stepwise protein-induced bending is more pronounced in the consensus half-site operator. We also find that the unusually large helical twist (49 degrees ) observed in the protein-bound form near the center of the operator results from the binding of the protein at a base step with some propensity for high twists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Program, Hall-Atwater Laboratory, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Kombo
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Beveridge
mesh_terms: D010582:Bacteriophage lambda / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D008954:Models, Biological; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D009875:Operator Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C016649:phage repressor proteins