title: Functional metabolic characteristics of intact pig livers during prolonged extracorporeal perfusion: potential for a unique biological liver-assist device.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical development of liver-support devices based on perfusion of either pig hepatocytes cartridges or whole pig livers has been hampered by the ability to use sufficient liver cell mass to provide adequate metabolic support, limited perfusion times, and the potential for patient exposure to pig zoonotic diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed an original system in which an isolated intact pig liver was perfused extracorporeally under physiological conditions in a closed loop circuit with allogeneic pig blood and constant monitoring of major physiological and functional parameters. The perfusion circuit further included an interface membrane to provide for separation of patient and liver perfusion circulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prolonged (6-21 hr) liver perfusion did not produce significant liver damage as reflected by modest rises in the levels of the serum transaminases, stability of main biochemical parameters (including potassium), and the maintenance of normal cellular morphology. Optimal liver function was documented as measured by lactate consumption, control of glycemia, and the results of clotting studies and functional assays. The perfused liver cleared 82% and 79% of peak bilirubin and ammonia concentrations with clearing kinetics identical throughout perfusion. Indocyanine green clearance was identical to that observed in the living donor before explant surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the extracorporeal pig liver perfusion apparatus described here allows optimal pig liver function for prolonged periods of time. The microporous membrane to provide separation of donor organ and recipient and the high level of functional activity suggest that this form of liver metabolic support may have important clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepato-Biliary Surgery, Laboratory of Biology and Biochemistry, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France. dborie@stanford.edu
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Borie
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eyraud
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boleslawski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lemoine
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sebagh
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roussi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Imbert-Bismut
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Germain
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hannoun
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000652:urine; D001769:Blood / Q000378:metabolism; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation; D007657:Ketone Bodies / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D010477:Perfusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D007657:Ketone Bodies; D000641:Ammonia; D014508:Urea; D001663:Bilirubin