title: Evaluation of epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo).
abstract: We evaluated the analgesic efficacy of epidural morphine for relieving postoperative pain in domestic ferrets by evaluating behavior and fecal cortisol concentrations. The 12 laboratory-reared, intact, female, domestic ferrets were anesthetized then underwent ovariohysterectomy and bilateral anal sacculectomy. Using a double-blind procedure, we provided epidural morphine (0.1 mg/kg) to six ferrets and epidural saline (0.1 mL/ferret) to the remaining animals prior to surgery. Compared to the animals that received saline, the morphine-treated ferrets were more likely to have attenuated pain responses, and they returned more rapidly to preoperative behavior. Although fecal cortisol concentrations during the first 24 h after surgery increased in all animals, the increase was statistically significant only in the ferrets that received saline epidurals. These data suggest that morphine epidurals administered to ferrets prior to surgery may attenuate both the physiologic and behavioral manifestations of surgically induced pain.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Sladky
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Horne
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Goodrowe
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Stoskopf
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Loomis
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Harms
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005289:Ferrets; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine; D006854:Hydrocortisone