title: Renal vein and vena cava involvement does not affect prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prognostic value of tumor extension into the renal vein or vena cava is still a controversial issue. The aim of this study is to report our experience with radical surgery in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) extending into the renal vein or subdiaphragmatic vena cava.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 142 patients with RCC involving the renal vein or inferior subdiaphragmatic vena cava. RCC had extended into the renal vein in 118 patients and into the inferior vena cava in the remaining 24. Radical nephrectomy was performed in all cases with renal vein invasion. Radical nephrectomy with cavotomy and tumor thrombus removal was carried out in all cases with inferior subdiaphragmatic vena caval invasion. Cause-specific survival was calculated by means of the Kaplan-Meier method. The log rank test was used for survival comparisons and univariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5- and 10-year cause-specific survival rates were 51.5 and 39%, respectively, in the group of patients with tumor extension into the renal vein and 33.4% in those with inferior vena caval involvement. In 52 patients (44%), RCC extended only into the renal vein. In the remaining 66 patients, renal vein invasion was associated with other adverse prognostic factors. Life expectancy was lower for patients with other concurrent adverse prognostic factors than for those affected by renal vein involvement alone (p < 0.0001). In the latter group, survival expectancy was similar to those with stage T2N0M0 tumor. In 7 cases (29%), inferior vena caval invasion was not associated with other adverse prognostic factors. In the remaining 15 patients (71%), vena caval involvement was associated with other adverse prognostic factors. Concurrence of other adverse prognostic factors with vena caval invasion significantly decreased the disease-specific survival expectancy in comparison with the patients in whom vena caval involvement was the main prognostic factor (p = 0.008). In these patients, disease-specific survival was similar to those with stage T2N0M0 tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal vein or inferior subdiaphragmatic vena caval involvement does not significantly affect prognosis in patients with RCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Verona, Italy. vincenzoficarra@hotmail.com
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ficarra
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Righetti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rubilotta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Novella
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malossini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mobilio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009392:Nephrectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019043:Vascular Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery