title: Foot pressures during gait: a comparison of techniques for reducing pressure points.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various methods have been used to redistribute plantar surface foot pressure in patients with foot ulcers. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of four modalities (fracture walker, fracture walker with insert, and open and closed toe total contact casts) in reducing plantar foot pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy, normal volunteer subjects had an F-scan sensor (ultra thin shoe insert pressure monitor) placed under the right foot. They then ambulated on a flat surface, maintaining their normal gait. Dynamic plantar pressures were averaged over 10 steps at four different sites (plantar surface of great toe, first metatarsal head, base of fifth metatarsal, and plantar heel). All subjects repeated this sequence under five different testing conditions (barefoot, with a fracture walker, fracture walker with arch support insert, open and closed toe total contact cast). Each subject's barefoot pressures were then compared with the pressures during the different modalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All four treatment modalities significantly reduced (p < 0.05) plantar pressure at the first metatarsal head (no method was superior). The fracture walker, fracture walker with insert, and open toe total contact cast significantly reduced pressure at the heel. Pressures at the base of the fifth metatarsal and great toe were not significantly reduced with any treatment form.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fracture walker, with and without arch support, and total contact cast can effectively reduce plantar pressure at the heel and first metatarsal head.
authors.affiliation: Wright State University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dayton, OH 45409, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Lawless
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Reveal
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Laughlin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009983:Orthopedic Equipment; D011312:Pressure