title: Influence of poststenotic collateral pressure on blood flow velocities within high-grade carotid artery stenosis: differences between morphologic and functional measurements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The driving force for blood flow through a high-grade stenosis in the internal carotid artery can be expressed as the pressure gradient over the stenosis itself, which, however, might be reduced by the back pressure exerted by distal collateral vessels. Theoretically the maximum blood flow velocity as a measure of the functional grade of obstruction may therefore be lower than what is expected from morphologic gradations of the stenosis. This study was designed to test prospectively the influence of intracranial collateral vessels on blood flow velocities within high-grade internal carotid artery stenoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five consecutive patients (age 66 +/- 11) with high-grade internal carotid artery stenoses were investigated before and during carotid endarterectomy. The preoperative investigations included duplex ultrasound scanning of the neck vessels, transcranial Doppler scanning for assessment of collateral flow to the middle cerebral artery and angiography. Carotid endarterectomy was performed with patients under deep general anesthesia without a shunt. Systolic and diastolic internal carotid artery blood pressures were measured before and during intraoperative cross-clamping (ie, stump pressure) of the carotid arteries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within high-grade internal carotid artery stenoses, maximum systolic and end-diastolic blood flow velocities showed a significant inverse correlation to the corresponding systolic and diastolic stump blood internal carotid artery blood pressures. All patients with spontaneous collateral flow to the ipsilateral anterior part of the circle of Willis were divided into a group with relatively high and another one with low end-diastolic blood flow velocities. The stump pressure was significantly lower in patients with high end-diastolic blood flow velocities in spite of the fact that the mean angiographic grade of stenosis did not differ significantly between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flow velocities within a high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis are inversely dependent on the stump pressure, that is the poststenotic collateral perfusion pressure. This should be taken into consideration in case of discrepancies between angiography and ultrasound outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden. helene.zachrisson@sahlgreska.se
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zachrisson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berthelsen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blomstrand
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Volkmann
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index