title: Growth and development in preterm infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a prospective, randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A randomized, masked, controlled trial was conducted to assess effects of supplementing premature infant formulas with oils containing the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4 n6), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n3) on growth, visual acuity, and multiple indices of development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants (N = 470) with birth weights 750 to 1800 g were assigned within 72 hours of the first enteral feeding to 1 of 3 formula groups with or without long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: 1) control (N = 144), 2) AA+DHA from fish/fungal oil (N = 140), and 3) AA+DHA from egg-derived triglyceride (egg-TG)/fish oil (N = 143). Infants were fed human milk and/or Similac Special Care with or without 0.42% AA and 0.26% DHA to term corrected age (CA), then fed human milk or NeoSure with or without 0.42% AA and 0.16% DHA to 12 months' CA. Infants fed exclusively human milk to term CA (EHM-T; N = 43) served as a reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visual acuity measured by acuity cards at 2, 4, and 6 months' CA was not different among groups. Visual acuity measured by swept-parameter visual-evoked potentials in a subgroup from 3 sites (45 control, 50 AA+DHA [fish/fungal]; 39 AA+DHA [egg-TG/fish]; and 23 EHM-T) was better in both the AA+DHA (fish/fungal; least square [LS] means [cycle/degree] +/- standard error [SE; octaves] 11.4 +/- 0.1) and AA+DHA (egg-TG/fish; 12.5 +/- 0.1) than control (8.4 +/- 0.1) and closer to that of the EHM-T group (16.0 +/- 0.2) at 6 months' CA. Visual acuity improved from 4 to 6 months' CA in all but the control group. Scores on the Fagan test of novelty preference were greater in AA+DHA (egg-TG/fish; LS means +/- SE, 59.4 +/- 7.7) than AA+DHA (fish/fungal; 57.0 +/- 7.5) and control (57.5 +/- 7.4) at 6 months' CA, but not at 9 months' CA. There were no differences in the Bayley Mental Development Index at 12 months' CA. However, the Bayley motor development index was higher for AA+DHA (fish/fungal; LS means +/- SE, 90.6 +/- 4.4) than control (81.8 +/- 4.3) for infants </=1250 g. When Spanish-speaking infants and twins were excluded from the analyses, the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory revealed that control infants (LS means +/- SE, 94.1 +/- 2.9) had lower vocabulary comprehension at 14 months' CA than AA+DHA (fish/fungal) infants (100.6 +/- 2.9) or AA+DHA (egg-TG/fish) infants (102.2 +/- 2.8). There were no consistent differences in weight, length, head circumference, or anthropometric gains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results showed a benefit of supplementing formulas for premature infants with AA and DHA from either a fish/fungal or an egg-TG/fish source from the time of first enteral feeding to 12 months' CA.
authors.affiliation: Ross Products Division, Abbott Labs, Columbus, Ohio, USA. deborah_l.o'connor@sickkids.on.ca
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adamkin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Auestad
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Groh-Wargo
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janowsky
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Margeson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mena
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neuringer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nesin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szabo
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zemon
mesh_terms: D001034:Apgar Score; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001724:Birth Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D016718:Arachidonic Acid