title: Craniofacial tissues including tooth buds in fetal hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) comprises defects in hair, teeth, and sweat glands. Disturbances in other ectodermal tissues have been associated with the condition. Our objective was to examine ectodermal craniofacial structures histologically in a fetus with HED and to compare the findings to similar structures in normal control fetuses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A male fetus diagnosed with HED was therapeutically aborted in the 15th week of gestation. One male and two female healthy fetuses were used as normal controls. All fetuses were examined with parental consent, and had comparable sizes. Their bone maturation stage in the hand was identical. Tissue blocks from the craniofacial region were excised from all fetuses and prepared for histological analysis (formalin fixed, stained with toluidine blue or Alcian blue). The tissues examined were: tooth buds, skin and skin appendages, oral mucosa including minor salivary glands, major salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and adenohypophysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fewer tooth buds, minor salivary glands, and hair follicles were observed in the HED fetus as compared to controls. The structures of the epidermal components in the developing HED organs were loose and disorganised. The adhesion between the ectodermal and mesenchymal organ components in the HED fetus seemed to be disturbed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nordgarden
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reintoft
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nolting
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fischer-Hansen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kjaer
mesh_terms: D004476:Ectodermal Dysplasia / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D010903:Pituitary Gland, Anterior / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D012867:Skin / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D014083:Tooth Germ / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology