title: 3D coronary reconstruction from routine single-plane coronary angiograms: clinical validation and quantitative analysis of the right coronary artery in 100 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current coronary angiographic techniques display complex three-dimensional (3D) coronary structures in two dimensions (2D). We have developed a 3D reconstruction (3DR) algorithm using standard single-plane angiographic images that allows for 3D display of coronary structures. The purpose of this study was to validate our 3DR algorithm and quantify anatomic characteristics of the right coronary artery (RCA) in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Accuracy and reproducibility studies were performed using 3DRs of a coronary phantom and in vivo following 3DRs in 40 patients. The anatomic features of the RCA were then quantified in 100 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison of length and bifurcation angles (BA) from the phantom to the 3DRs revealed good accuracy and correlation for both (r = 0.95 and 0.93 respectively), with diameter error of < 7%. In vivo, the average root mean square (RMS) error in the spatial coordinates of the vessel centerlines was 3.12 +/- 0.77 and 3.16 +/- 0.75 mm in 20 left coronary arteries (LCA) and 20 RCAs respectively. Interobserver average RMS error was 3.47 +/- 1.96 mm and intraobserver average RMS error was 3.02 +/- 1.07 and 3.44 +/- 1.57 mm for two different operators (p = NS). The average RCA length was 10.2 +/- 1.7 cm, average radius of curvature (ROC) was 52 +/- 9 degrees, and the average 3D bifurcation angle of the posterior descending artery (PDA) from the RCA was 55 +/- 22 degrees. Foreshortening (FS) of the segments of the RCA in three 'standard' projections ranged from 0-60, 0-75, and 0-82% respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using our 3DR algorithm patient-specific anatomic characteristics can be accurately displayed and quantified, expanding the information that can be derived from routine coronary angiography.
authors.affiliation: Denver VA Medical Center, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Messenger
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Burchenal
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kioussopoulos
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Groves
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity