title: Open-label dose-titration safety and efficacy study of tizanidine hydrochloride in the treatment of spasticity associated with chronic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spasticity is a frequently observed motor impairment that develops after stroke; it can cause pain and disability in those affected. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tizanidine, a centrally acting alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist, in the treatment of stroke-related spasticity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven patients, who were a minimum of 6 months poststroke and had significant spasticity, were studied at 4 centers. Tizanidine was administered in an open-label manner for 16 weeks, beginning at 2 mg/d and slowly titrated to a maximum of 36 mg/d. The Modified Ashworth Scale, muscle strength testing, functional assessments, and Pain and Functional Spasticity Questionnaires were administered at baseline and at 4, 8, 16, and 18 weeks (after 1 week off tizanidine).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spasticity was significantly improved between baseline and week 16, with a decrease in total upper extremity Modified Ashworth Scale score of 2.80+/-0.47 (P<0.0001). No decline in strength was noted. Treatment with tizanidine resulted in a significant improvement in pain intensity (P=0.0375), quality of life (P=0.0001), and physician assessment of disability (P=0.0001). The most frequent side effects were somnolence (62%) and dizziness (32%). No serious adverse events were considered to be drug related. Ten of 47 patients (21%) were able to reach the maximum daily dosage of 36 mg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the data suggest that tizanidine is safe and efficacious in the treatment of stroke-related spasticity, preserving muscle strength while reducing muscle tone and painful spasms in affected patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USA. Dgelber@springfieldclinic.com
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gelber
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Good
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dromerick
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sergay
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D003000:Clonidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; C023754:tizanidine; D003000:Clonidine