title: Analysis of recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix after definitive radiation therapy alone: patterns of recurrence, latent periods, and prognosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A retrospective analysis was performed with emphasis on the patterns of recurrence, latent period, and prognosis in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma of the uterus treated with definitive radiation therapy alone. Late recurrence, which was observed more than 5 years after the initial radiation therapy, was finally focused on and discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1976 and 1994, 256 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix without hematogenous metastasis were treated with definitive radiation therapy alone. The patients were staged as follows according to the FIGO classification: 26 in Stage I, 56 in Stage II, 124 in Stage III, 28 in Stage IVa, and 22 in Stage IVb. All the patients were treated with external beam irradiation and low-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 74 patients had recurrence. The recurrence appeared in 67 cases (90.5%) within 5 years. Metastasis to para-aortic and/or supraclavicular nodes developed later than other types of recurrence. Among patients with lymphogenous metastasis, there were more 5-year survivors after recurrence than with other types of recurrence. Patients with early recurrence, within 2 years of the initial therapy, had a worse prognosis than those with recurrence more than 2 years after treatment. Seven patients (2.7%) in all developed late recurrence more than 5 years after the treatment. The first site of recurrence was an abdominal para-aortic or supraclavicular node in all patients, excluding one patient who developed intrapelvic lymph node metastasis. Six patients had pelvic node metastasis detected with lymphangiography at the initial treatment. Median survival after late recurrence was 16.0 months. Two of 7 patients survived more than 3 years after secondary radiation therapy, and the remainder died of recurrent disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with para-aortic and/or supraclavicular node metastasis that developed late after the initial treatment are more likely to survive due to secondary radiation therapy. Careful follow-up is emphasized for long-term survivors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan. hsakurai@med.gunma-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitsuhashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akimoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Muramatsu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamakawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niibe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015993:Life Tables; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; D011867:Radioisotope Teletherapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*