title: Standardized method for in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida albicans biofilms.
abstract: Candida albicans is implicated in many biomaterial-related infections. Typically, these infections are associated with biofilm formation. Cells in biofilms display phenotypic traits that are dramatically different from those of their free-floating planktonic counterparts and are notoriously resistant to antimicrobial agents. Consequently, biofilm-related infections are inherently difficult to treat and to fully eradicate with normal treatment regimens. Here, we report a rapid and highly reproducible microtiter-based colorimetric assay for the susceptibility testing of fungal biofilms, based on the measurement of metabolic activities of the sessile cells by using a formazan salt reduction assay. The assay was used for in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of several C. albicans strains grown as biofilms against amphotericin B and fluconazole and the increased resistance of C. albicans biofilms against these antifungal agents was demonstrated. Because of its simplicity, compatibility with a widely available 96-well microplate platform, high throughput, and automation potential, we believe this assay represents a promising tool for the standardization of in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of fungal biofilms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramage
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vande Walle
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Wickes
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: López-Ribot
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D002452:Cell Count; D003124:Colorimetry; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B; D015725:Fluconazole