title: Strategies to accomplish targeted expression of transgenes in ovarian cancer for molecular therapeutic applications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to determine the capability of the midkine (MK) and cycooxygenase-2 (cox-2) gene promoter regions to function as tumor-specific promoters for use in targeted gene therapy of ovarian cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Established and primary ovarian cancer and mesothelial cells were transduced by adenoviral vectors containing a reporter or thymidine kinase gene expressed under the control of the MK, cox-2, or cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoters. SCID or C57BL/6 mice were injected i.p. with these same vectors. In vitro reporter gene expression and cellular cytotoxicity was determined using luciferase and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, respectively. Acute toxicity in vivo was assessed by histological evaluation of harvested tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent activation of the MK and cox-2 promoters was noted in all of the ovarian cancer cell lines in addition to primary ovarian cancer cells. In contrast, reduced reporter activity was reported in mesothelial cells transduced with adenoviruses containing the test promoters, which was especially apparent for the cox-2 promoter. Additionally, the cox-2 promoter exhibited significantly lower reporter gene levels in liver and peritoneum than the control promoter in in vivo experiments. Tumor-cell killing induced by Adcox-2 MTK was comparable to that observed with AdCMVTK. However, a clear differential toxicity pattern was observed in favor of animals treated with Adcox-2 MTK when compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data clearly demonstrate that the transcriptional control afforded by the cox-2 promoter is tumor-specific and is able to mitigate associated toxicity in normal tissue while maintaining therapeutic efficacy in the context of an ovarian cancer molecular chemotherapeutic approach.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Casado
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gomez-Navarro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Coolidge
authors.forename: W O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Arafat
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mahasreshti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hemminki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Baron
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Pustilnik
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Siegal
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Curiel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D016207:Cytokines; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015870:Gene Expression; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006505:Hepatitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016513:Mice, SCID; D000078792:Midkine; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D010957:Plasmids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics; D013937:Thymidine Kinase / Q000235:genetics; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D000078792:Midkine; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D013937:Thymidine Kinase; D015774:Ganciclovir