title: Dual cell seeding and the use of zymogen tissue plasminogen activator to improve cell retention on polytetrafluoroethylene grafts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to enhance the retention of seeded endothelial cells (EC) on prosthetic vascular grafts. Dual-layer EC and smooth muscle cell (SMC) seeding and gene transfer of a zymogen tissue plasminogen activator gene (tPA) into seeded EC were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts were precoated with fibronectin, seeded with SMC followed by EC a day later, and then, 24 hours later, exposed to an in vitro flow system for 1 hour. Cell retention rates were determined for grafts seeded with EC only, a dual layer of EC on top of SMC, EC transduced with wild-type tPA, and EC transduced with zymogen tPA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seeding efficiency of PTFE pretreated with fibronectin was 260 +/- 8 cell/mm(2). After exposure to flow, only 39% +/- 14% of the EC were retained when EC were seeded alone, whereas 73% +/- 22% of EC remained on grafts when EC were seeded on top of SMC (P <.001, n = 10). The enzyme activity of a mutant zymogen tPA in absence of fibrin was 14 +/- 1 IU/mL, which is 3.6-fold lower than that in the presence of fibrin (50 +/- 19 IU/mL), whereas fibrin has no effect on the wild-type tPA activity. EC expressing a high level of wild-type tPA had a lower retention rate (37%) when compared with normal EC (45%). EC expressing the mutant zymogen tPA had an improved retention rate (54%, P =.001, n = 10) in absence of fibrin, whereas its retention rate was reduced to 43% when the cells were exposed to fibrin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SMC seeded between EC and PTFE improves EC retention in vitro. Transduction of zymogen tPA increases thrombolytic ability of seeded cells with less adverse impact on cell retention than wild-type tPA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery/Vascular Division, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA. hongy@hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eton
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Terramani
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Starnes
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Weaver
mesh_terms: D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002452:Cell Count; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator
chemical_list: D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator