title: The performance of bonded vs. pin-retained complex amalgam restorations: a five-year clinical evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors compared the clinical performance of complex amalgam restorations, replacing at least one cusp--retained either mechanically with self-threading pins or bonded--with a filled, 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride, or 4-META-based resin designed for amalgam bonding.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors placed 60 amalgam restorations (28 pin-retained and 32 bonded), each restoration replacing at least one cusp. They used self-threading stainless steel pins in the pin-retained group and a filled, 4-META-based bonding resin in the bonded group. For both groups, the authors left in place any retention form remaining after removal of an old restoration but did not enhance it.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At four years, six restorations had failed. At five years, of the 40 restorations available for evaluation, three had failed, for a total of nine failed restorations; seven of those were pin-retained and two were bonded. Using the Fisher exact test to compare the groups at five years, the authors found no significant difference in failure rate, marginal adaptation, marginal discoloration, secondary caries, tooth sensitivity or tooth vitality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At five years, there was no difference in the performance of pin-retained amalgam restorations and bonded amalgam restorations. This study will be continued for at least a sixth year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bonding with a filled, 4-META-based bonding resin appears to be a satisfactory method of retaining large amalgam restorations replacing cusps.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Dental School, 78229-3900, USA. summitt@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Summitt
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Haveman
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001641:Bicuspid; D003116:Color; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000209:etiology; D003736:Dental Cavity Lining; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D003772:Dental Pins; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000502:physiology; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003807:Dentin Sensitivity / Q000209:etiology; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008963:Molar; D012008:Recurrence; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D012116:Resins, Plant; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; C070606:Amalgambond; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003764:Dental Materials; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D008689:Methacrylates; D019279:Resin Cements; D012116:Resins, Plant; D013193:Stainless Steel; C023806:Copalite; C036886:tytin; D003723:Dental Amalgam; C031172:4-META resin