title: Electroconvulsive therapy in medication-nonresponsive patients with mixed mania and bipolar depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in medication-nonresponsive patients with mixed mania and bipolar depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one patients with mixed mania (DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, most recent episode mixed) and 23 patients with bipolar depression (DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, most recent episode depressed) consecutively assigned to ECT treatment were included in this study. Subjects were evaluated using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness scale (CGI-S). Assessments were carried out the day before starting ECT, 48 hours after completion of the third session (T1), and a week after the last session of ECT (T2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups received an equal number of ECT sessions (mean +/- SD = 7.2 +/- 1.7 vs. 7.3 +/- 1.6). In both groups, within-group comparisons showed that there was a significant reduction in CGI-S score (mixed mania, p <.0001 at T1 and T2; bipolar depression, p < .01 at T1, p < .0001 at T2), MADRS total score (both groups, p < .0001 at T1 and T2), BPRS total score (mixed mania, p < .0001 at T1 and T2; bipolar depression, p < .001 at T1, p < .0001 at T2), and BPRS activation factor score (mixed mania, p < .0001 at T1 and T2; bipolar depression, NS at T1, p < .01 at T2). Between-group comparisons revealed that patients with mixed mania showed significantly greater decrease in MADRS score (p < .001) and a greater proportion of responders (CGI-S) than patients with bipolar depression at endpoint (56% [N = 23] vs. 26% [N = 6], p = .02). Patients with mixed mania showed a greater reduction in suicidality, as measured by MADRS score, than patients with bipolar depression (p < .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, ECT was associated with a substantial reduction in symptomatology, in both patients with mixed mania and those with bipolar depression. However, the mixed mania group exhibited a more rapid and marked response as well as a greater reduction in suicidal ideation. Response to ECT was not influenced by the presence of delusions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciapparelli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dell'Osso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tundo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pini
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chiavacci
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Di Sacco
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Cassano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D008094:Lithium