title: Salicylates inhibit flavivirus replication independently of blocking nuclear factor kappa B activation.
abstract: Flaviviruses comprise a positive-sense RNA genome that replicates exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Whether flaviviruses require an activated nuclear factor(s) to complete their life cycle and trigger apoptosis in infected cells remains elusive. Flavivirus infections quickly activate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), and salicylates have been shown to inhibit NF-kappaB activation. In this study, we investigated whether salicylates suppress flavivirus replication and virus-induced apoptosis in cultured cells. In a dose-dependent inhibition, we found salicylates within a range of 1 to 5 mM not only restricted flavivirus replication but also abrogated flavivirus-triggered apoptosis. However, flavivirus replication was not affected by a specific NF-kappaB peptide inhibitor, SN50, and a proteosome inhibitor, lactacystin. Flaviviruses also replicated and triggered apoptosis in cells stably expressing IkappaBalpha-DeltaN, a dominant-negative mutant that antagonizes NF-kappaB activation, as readily as in wild-type BHK-21 cells, suggesting that NF-kappaB activation is not essential for either flavivirus replication or flavivirus-induced apoptosis. Salicylates still diminished flavivirus replication and blocked apoptosis in the same IkappaBalpha-DeltaN cells. This inhibition of flaviviruses by salicylates could be partially reversed by a specific p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor, SB203580. Together, these results show that the mechanism by which salicylates suppress flavivirus infection may involve p38 MAP kinase activity but is independent of blocking the NF-kappaB pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, Republic of China. chinglen@msl.hinet.net
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004664:Encephalitis Virus, Japanese / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012980:Sodium Salicylate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; C080628:glycoprotein E, Japanese encephalitis virus; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D001241:Aspirin; D012980:Sodium Salicylate