title: The American Brachytherapy Society recommendations for high-dose-rate brachytherapy for head-and-neck carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop recommendations for use of high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy in patients with head-and-neck cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A panel consisting of members of the American Brachytherapy Society (ABS) performed a literature review, added information based upon their clinical experience, and formulated recommendations for head-and-neck HDR brachytherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ABS recommends the use of brachytherapy as a component of the treatment of head-and-neck tumors. However, the ABS recognizes that some radiation oncologists are reluctant to employ brachytherapy in the head-and-neck region because of the complexity of the postoperative management and concerns about radiation safety. In this regard, HDR eliminates unwanted radiation exposure and thereby permits unrestricted delivery of clinical care to these brachytherapy patients. The ABS made specific recommendations for previously untreated and recurrent head-and-neck cancer patients on patient selection criteria, implant techniques, target volume definition, and HDR treatment parameters (such as time, dose, and fractionation schedules). Suggestions were provided for treatment with HDR alone and in combination with external beam radiation therapy. It should be recognized that only limited experiences exist with HDR brachytherapy in patients with head-and-neck cancers. Therefore, some of these suggested doses have not been extensively tested in clinical practice. Hence, these guidelines will be updated as significant new outcome data are available. Any clinician following these guidelines is expected to use clinical judgment to determine an individual patient's treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Little has been published in the clinical literature on HDR brachytherapy in head-and-neck cancer. Based upon the available information and the clinical experience of the panel members, general and site-specific recommendations were offered. Areas for further investigations were identified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. nag.1@osu.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nag
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Cano
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Demanes
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Puthawala
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vikram
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000532:radiotherapy; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000532:radiotherapy; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012449:Safety; D015996:Survival Rate