title: Controversies in the management of paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma: is staging retroperitoneal lymph node dissection necessary for adolescents with resected paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Use of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma (PTRMS) is controversial and has changed over the past 2 decades. The Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group (IRSG) required ipsilateral RPLND (IRPLND) for all patients with PTRMS treated on IRS-III (1984-91), but changed to clinical evaluation of RPLNs using computerized tomography (CT) in IRS-IV (1991 through 1997). In IRS-IV, only those patients with identified lymph node involvement on CT required surgical evaluation of the RPLNs. Nodal radiation therapy was administered only to patients with RPLNs recognized as positive; such patients received more intensive chemotherapy as well. Thus, they compared the incidence of recognized RPLN involvement using these 2 different approaches. They then analyzed patient outcome to determine whether this change in management affected outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible patients with group I or II PTRMS who were treated on IRS III (n = 100) or IRS IV (n = 134) were analyzed. Failure-free survival (FFS) and survival (S) rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant change in the distribution of patients with group I versus II tumors from IRS-III to IRS-IV (group I, 68% in IRS-III versus 82% in IRS-IV). This was the result of decreased node recognition when CT was used to stage RPLNs in IRS-IV and was most notable for adolescents (>10 years of age). Overall, 3-year FFS was 92% for patients treated on IRS-III and 86% for those treated on IRS-IV (P =.10), whereas survival estimates were 96% and 92%, respectively (P =.30). Adolescents were at higher risk of RPLN relapse than were children (<10 years of age) and their FFS and survival were worse, regardless of IRS protocol. Furthermore, adolescents with recognized group II tumors experienced better 3-year FFS than those with group I tumors on IRS-IV (100% versus 68%, P =.06), most likely as a result of receiving radiotherapy and intensified chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of only CT scan evaluation of RPLN in IRS-IV led to a decrease in identification of RPLN involvement in boys who present with localized PTRMS, and a higher rate of regional relapse as compared with IRS-III. Adolescents had much higher likelihood of RPLN disease, and they fared significantly worse than did younger children on both studies. Furthermore, adolescent boys with group I tumors experienced worse FFS than those with Group II tumors on IRS-IV, probably because some patients with group II tumors were not identified by CT imaging and thus received less effective therapy. These data suggest that adolescents should have ipsilateral RPLN dissection as part of their routine staging, and those with positive lymph nodes require intensified chemotherapy as well as nodal irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee of the Children's Oncology Group, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Wiener
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Ojimba
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Lobe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paidas
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Andrassy
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Raney
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Qualman
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Crist
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Grier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space / Q000601:surgery*; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms; D016896:Treatment Outcome