title: A set of constitutive relationships accounting for residual NAPL in the unsaturated zone.
abstract: Although laboratory experiments show that non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is retained in the unsaturated zone, no existing multiphase flow model has been developed to account for residual NAPL after NAPL drainage in the unsaturated zone. We developed a static constitutive set of saturation-capillary pressure relationships for water, NAPL and air that accounts for both this residual NAPL and entrapped NAPL. The set of constitutive relationships is formulated similarly to the set of scaled relationships that is frequently applied in continuum models. The new set consists of three fluid-phase systems: a three-phase system and a two-phase system, that both comply with the original constitutive model, and a newly introduced residual NAPL system. The new system can be added relatively easily to the original two- and three-phase systems. Entrapment is included in the model. The constitutive relationships of the non-drainable residual NAPL system are based on qualitative fluid behavior derived from a pore scale model. The pore scale model reveals that the amount of residual NAPL depends on the spreading coefficient and the water saturation. Furthermore, residual NAPL is history-dependent. At the continuum scale, a critical NAPL pressure head defines the transition from free, mobile NAPL to residual NAPL. Although the Pc-S relationships for water and total liquid are not independent in case of residual NAPL, two two-phase Pc-S relations can represent a three-phase residual system of Pc-S relations. A newly introduced parameter, referred to as the residual oil pressure head, reflects the mutual dependency of water and oil. Example calculations show consistent behavior of the constitutive model. Entrapment and retention in the unsaturated zone cooperate to retain NAPL. Moreover, the results of our constitutive model are in agreement with experimental observations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8005, 6700 EC Wageningen, Netherlands. louise.wipfler@bodhyg.benp.wau.nl
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Wipfler
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: van der Zee
mesh_terms: D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011312:Pressure; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014872:Water Movements; D014873:Water Pollutants
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014873:Water Pollutants