title: Genitourinary complications of sickle cell disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the last half century the molecular biology, pathophysiology and natural history of sickle cell disease have been well defined. Sickle cell disease causes microvascular occlusion, which is manifested in most organ systems. The genitourinary tract is most commonly affected by hematuria, urinary tract infection and priapism but other more serious sequelae have been identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a computerized MEDLINE search from 1965 to the present and a bibliographic review of cross references. These references were analyzed for meaningful findings and case reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diagnosis and management of sickle cell disease have advanced rapidly with a significant increase in the life expectancy of affected patients and recognition of a greater number of genitourinary complications. Renal function may be mildly altered or lost completely. Patients with sickle cell disease are at increased risk for urinary tract infection. Priapism is a painful complication of sickle cell disease that is poorly understood and challenging to treat and prevent. Testicular infarction has also been noted. Furthermore, renal medullary carcinoma, a highly lethal tumor, develops almost exclusively in young patients with sickle cell trait.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heightened awareness of the genitourinary complications of sickle cell disease may prevent end stage disease, including renal failure and impotence. New forms of therapy for sickle cell disease, such as hydroxyurea, may prevent these complications in the future.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Wigfall
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rosoff
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wiener
mesh_terms: D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007238:Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D011317:Priapism / Q000209:etiology; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology