title: An alternatively spliced HDM2 product increases p53 activity by inhibiting HDM2.
abstract: The human counterpart hdm2 of the murine double-minute 2 (mdm2) gene encodes a 90-kD protein (HDM2) that inhibits the function of the p53 tumor suppressor. Hdm2 is amplified in approximately 30% of sarcomas, leading to overproduction of HDM2 and inactivation of p53. Using immunohistochemistry to screen a panel of human tumors for HDM2 overproduction, we detected high levels of HDM2 in the cytoplasm in 25% of lung tumors as opposed to its normal localization in the nucleus. These samples contained full-length hdm2 and several alternate-splice forms of hdm2 mRNA. Sequence analysis revealed deletions in the alternate-splice forms of the p53 binding domain and absence of a nuclear localization signal. In transient transfection assays, one of the alternate-splice forms, HDM2(ALT1), bound and sequestered full-length HDM2 in the cytoplasm. In addition, the binding of HDM2(ALT1) to HDM2 inhibited the interaction of HDM2 with p53, thus enhancing p53 transcriptional activity. These data suggest the existence of another level of regulation of HDM2 which increases the activity of p53.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Grier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Narayana
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: El-Naggar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lozano
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000737:chemistry; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology; D005784:Gene Amplification; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; C497207:Mdm2 protein, mouse; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2