title: Factors affecting the fate of prolonged forgotten 'J' stents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of age and presence or absence of renal impairment at the time of 'J' stent insertion on the subsequent fate of prolonged forgotten stents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A patient was described as having a prolonged forgotten 'J' stent, if the patient's 'J' stent was removed more than 12 months after it had been inserted. We compared the effect of age at insertion and presence or absence of renal impairment on the complications encountered in such patients. We describe briefly the management of the complications. We defined a patient as having moderate renal impairment if the patient has serum creatinine >200 < 500 micromol/l and is not on dialysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We treated 17 patients with forgotten 'J' stents between 1994 and 2000. Fifteen were adults, mean age 25 (range 18-72) years, and 2 were children 9 and 10 years respectively at the time the stents were inserted. The mean duration of stent retention was 24.30 (range 12-60) months. In 12 patients the stents were forgotten for between 12 and 18 months. In these, the stents had varying degrees of calcification but were easily removed intact endoscopically in 11 out of 12 cases. One 10-year-old boy in this group required open surgical removal of the stent. In one 35-year-old patient, the stent was forgotten for 36 months. It had fractured spontaneously in 7 places and required endoscopic and open removal of stent fragments. In 2 cases, a growing 9-year-old boy, and a 30-year-old man the stents were forgotten for 46 and 48 months respectively. After 46 months of retaining the stent, the stent spontaneously fractured in 11 places in the growing child, while in the adult it became heavily calcified and fractured during attempts to remove it endoscopically. Two adult patients with moderate renal failure at the time of stent insertion retained the stents for 40 and 60 months respectively. One of these 2 stents had a minor calcification at the tip of the stent in the renal pelvis. Both stents were removed intact endoscopically and showed no sign of fracture or calcification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a growing child a prolonged forgotten 'J' stent is very likely to undergo spontaneous fracture due to the stress exerted on it as a result of cranio-caudal growth of the child. In adults, prolonged forgotten stents become calcified, brittle and lose tensile strength after more than one year of placement and may fracture either spontaneously or during attempts to remove them endoscopically. In patients producing hypotonic urine such as patients with moderate renal failure, a prolonged forgotten stent may remain little affected by the passage of time.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Teaching Hospital, Kuwait University, Safat. ekehinde@kems.net
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Kehinde
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Al-Awadi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tawheed
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Hunayan
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005547:Foreign Bodies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors; D008875:Middle Aged; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors