title: Antifungal triazoles induce malformations in vitro.
abstract: Triazole-derivatives are antimycotics used in agriculture as well as in clinical and veterinary therapy. The aim of the present work is the in vitro comparative study of the teratogenic activity of triazole (the parental compound), flusilazole (an agricultural triazole mono-derivative fungicide), and fluconazole (a clinically used bis-triazole derivative). Rat embryos, 9.5 days old (1 to 3 somites) were exposed in vitro to triazole 500 to 5000 microM, flusilazole 3.125 to 250 microM, or fluconazole 62.5 to 500 microM. After 48 h in culture, the embryos were morphologically examined and processed for histologic and biochemical analysis. Flusilazole and fluconazole showed similar teratogenic effects (abnormalities at the branchial apparatus level and cell death at the level of the branchial mesenchyme) at concentration levels of 6.25 microM and higher for flusilazole and of 125 microM and higher for fluconazole. By contrast, only slight developmental retardation and blood discoloration were observed at the highest concentrations of triazole, suggesting no teratogenic activity for the triazole group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Menegola
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Broccia
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Renzo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giavini
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D001934:Branchial Region / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000633:toxicity*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012821:Silanes / Q000633:toxicity*; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D012821:Silanes; D013723:Teratogens; D014230:Triazoles; D015725:Fluconazole; C061365:flusilazole