Severe impairment of primary but not memory responses to influenza viral antigens in aged mice: costimulation in vivo partially reverses impaired primary immune responses.
Profound alterations in humoral and cellular immune responses are a hallmark of aging, and understanding the immunobiology of aging is key to the success of preventive vaccination strategies. With aging, while recall or memory responses to influenza viral antigens for the most part remained unaltered, primary immune responses are severely impaired. The impaired primary responses are partly due to a lack of costimulation, as providing costimulation at the time of induction of primary immune responses against influenza virus vaccine partially reversed aged-related immune dysfunction and conferred enhanced protection. Inclusion of immunomodulators that up-regulate the expression of costimulatory molecules must be considered to improve the efficacy of vaccination in the elderly, particularly to novel immunogens.
Sambhara
S
S
Aventis Pasteur Canada, Ltd., Research Center, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, North York, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Canada.
Kurichh
A
A
Miranda
R
R
James
O
O
Underdown
B
B
Klein
M
M
Tartaglia
J
J
Burt
D
D
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000235:genetics
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; C497965:Cd86 protein, mouse; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins