title: Cohort study of depressed mood during pregnancy and after childbirth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To follow mothers' mood through pregnancy and after childbirth and compare reported symptoms of depression at each stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Avon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women resident within Avon with an expected date of delivery between 1 April 1991 and 31 December 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptom scores from the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale at 18 and 32 weeks of pregnancy and 8 weeks and 8 months postpartum. Proportion of women above a threshold indicating probable depressive disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depression scores were higher at 32 weeks of pregnancy than 8 weeks postpartum (difference in means 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.79 to 0.97). There was no difference in the distribution of total scores or scores for individual items at the four time points. 1222 (13.5%) women scored above threshold for probable depression at 32 weeks of pregnancy, 821 (9.1%) at 8 weeks postpartum, and 147 (1.6%) throughout. More mothers moved above the threshold for depression between 18 weeks and 32 weeks of pregnancy than between 32 weeks of pregnancy and 8 weeks postpartum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptoms of depression are not more common or severe after childbirth than during pregnancy. Research and clinical efforts need to be moved towards understanding, recognising, and treating antenatal depression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8DZ. j.evans@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heron
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Francomb
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Golding
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019052:Depression, Postpartum; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales