title: Integrated biological and physiochemical treatment process for nitrate and fluoride removal.
abstract: The feasibility of an integrated biological and physiochemical water treatment process for nitrate and fluoride removal has been evaluated. It consisted of two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) in series. Performance of the process in the treatment of 24 synthetic water samples having nitrate concentrations of 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, and 250 mg/l (as N) and fluoride concentrations of 6, 10, 15, and 20 mg/l at different combinations was studied. Denitrification followed by defluoridation proved to be the best sequence of treatment. In all cases nitrate could be reduced to an acceptable level of less than 10 mg/l (as N) at 3, 5, and 7 h hydraulic retention times (HRTs) depending on its initial concentration. Fluoride concentrations up to 15 mg/l associated with nitrate concentrations up to 80 mg/l (as N) could be reduced acceptable 1.5 mg/l by alum-PAC slurry using alum doses up 850 mg/l [as Al2(SO4)3 x 16H2O] along with 100 mg/l of powdered activated carbon (PAC). Additional alkalinity produced during denitrification was used up during defluoridation for maintenance of pH avoiding the need for lime addition. On the other hand, residual organics, turbidity, and sulfide present in the denitrified water are removed by alum and PAC at the defluoridation stage along with fluoride, eliminating the need for an additional post-treatment step. At higher nitrate concentrations (> or = 120 mg/l as N), the alkalinity produced at the denitrification stage was in the range of 715-1175 mg/l as CaCO3. This excessive alkalinity inhibited reduction of fluoride to the level of 1.5 mg/l at the defluoridation stage, using alum doses up to 900 mg/l along with 100 mg/l of PAC. In all cases a fluoride concentration of 20 mg/l in water could not be reduced to the acceptable level of 1.5 mg/l.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Roorkee, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mekonen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000534:Alum Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D000535:Aluminum / Q000032:analysis; D019149:Bioreactors; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D002606:Charcoal / Q000378:metabolism; D005459:Fluorides / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D009566:Nitrates / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010087:Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D013431:Sulfates / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000534:Alum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D009566:Nitrates; D010087:Oxides; D013431:Sulfates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002606:Charcoal; C041524:aluminum sulfate; C016538:lime; D000535:Aluminum; D005459:Fluorides