title: Primary renal artery stenting: characteristics and outcomes after 363 procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stenting improves the acute results of percutaneous balloon angioplasty for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Predictors of benefit and angiographic restenosis are not well understood. We describe the technical and clinical success of renal artery stenting in a large consecutive series of patients with hypertension or renal insufficiency. We identify clinical, procedural, and anatomic factors that might influence outcome, restenosis, and survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary renal artery stenting was performed in 300 consecutive patients who underwent 363 stent procedures in 358 arteries. Angiograms were analyzed quantitatively. Clinical and angiographic follow-up data are available after a median of 16.0 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 87% of patients had hypertension, and 37% had chronic renal insufficiency. The mean age was 70 years (interquartile range 63.1-74.6) years. The stenosis was unilateral in 49% and bilateral in 48% and involved a solitary functioning kidney in 3.6%. The stenting procedure was successful in all attempts. There were no procedural deaths or emergency renal surgical procedures. Postprocedure azotemia was seen in 45 of 363 (12%) procedures but persisted in only 6 patients (2%), all of whom had baseline renal insufficiency. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly reduced (systolic blood pressure from 164.0 +/- 28.7 to 142.4 +/- 19.1 mm Hg, P <.001). At follow-up, 70% of patients had improved blood pressure control regardless of renal function. In patients with baseline renal insufficiency, 19% had improvement in serum creatinine levels at follow-up, 54% had stabilization, and 27% had deterioration. Follow-up mortality was 10% and was predicted by baseline creatinine levels (odds ratio 1.72 for each 1 mg/dL creatinine increment, 95% confidence interval 1.13-2.49) and extent of coronary artery disease (odds ratio 1.66 for each diseased coronary artery, 95% confidence interval 1.03-2.67). Angiographic restenosis was found in 21% of 102 patients overall and was less common (12%) in arteries with a reference caliber >4.5 mm (P <.01 vs caliber <4.5 mm). Neither poststenotic dilation nor severity of angiographic stenosis predicted clinical outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary renal artery stenting can be performed safely with nearly uniform technical success. The majority of patients with hypertension or renal insufficiency derive benefit. Follow-up mortality is 5-fold higher in patients with baseline renal insufficiency. Clinical and angiographic features did not predict blood pressure or renal functional outcome. Restenosis is more common in renal arteries with a reference caliber less than 4.5 mm.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. Lederman@nih.gov
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lederman
authors.forename: F O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Mendelsohn
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Stack
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Crowley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D051437:Renal Insufficiency; D015607:Stents