title: Intraperitoneal blood exacerbates the remote inflammatory response to murine peritonitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated the effects of intra-abdominal blood on the systemic response to peritonitis using a murine model of hemorrhage, peritonitis, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The model used male ICR mice subjected to hemorrhage and intraperitoneal zymosan. Half of the mice received intraperitoneal blood. Outcome measures included lung myeloperoxidase, lung edema, lung injury score, and plasma and lung tissue chemokine production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peritoneal blood (in association with peritoneal inflammation) increased lung neutrophil sequestration (myeloperoxidase) (2.56 +/- 1.42 vs. 1.45 +/- 0.49 U/left lung, p = 0.04) and lung weight (0.11 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.07 +/- 0.02 g/left lung, p = 0.02), and was associated with significantly higher chemokine levels in plasma (KC and MCP-1) and lung tissue (KC, MIP-2, and MCP-1). Both plasma and lung tissue neutrophil chemoattractants KC and MIP-2 were significantly linearly correlated with myeloperoxidase (p < 0.009), and lung tissue KC (a neutrophil chemokine) and MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha (mononuclear cell chemokines) correlated with lung injury score (p < 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although blood alone in the peritoneal cavity was well tolerated, in conjunction with inflammation, it was synergistic in amplifying the systemic inflammatory response. The amplified lung injury in this model was associated with significant increases in circulating and lung tissue chemokine concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mareen
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Cone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D006465:Hemoperitoneum / Q000276:immunology*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000276:immunology*; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines