title: Management of grade IV renal injury in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conservative nonsurgical management of major renal trauma in children is well established. However, when blunt trauma is accompanied by significant urinary extravasation, options are less than clearly defined. Endoscopic techniques, such as stents and percutaneous drainage, have not been widely used because of small caliber. We present our experience with endoscopic management of grade IV renal trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1983 to 1996, 15 children satisfied the criteria for grade IV renal trauma. We retrospectively reviewed the charts to assess the mechanism of injury, associated injury, treatment, hospital stay and transfusion requirement. Patients were followed clinically with blood pressure and creatinine monitoring, and by radiograph with computerized tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine patients with isolated kidney injury were successfully treated with observation, 1 underwent early partial nephrectomy for persistent anemia and hypotension, and 5 had a urinoma, which was successfully treated with percutaneous drainage only in 2. The other 3 patients underwent cystoscopy and ureteral stent placement for high drainage output, leading to the resolution of urine leakage. In 1 patient who underwent percutaneous drainage only renovascular hypertension developed, requiring partial nephrectomy 3 months after the original injury. The remaining 13 patients had complete radiographic resolution of the injury and no evidence of hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the pediatric population grade IV blunt renal trauma usually resolves without intervention. When a symptomatic urinoma develops, percutaneous drainage, accompanied at times by ureteral stenting provides the complete resolution of persistent urine leakage.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology and Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gomelsky
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Nasrallah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007668:Kidney / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000601:surgery*