title: The NF-kappaB inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) increases brain cell death in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemia.
abstract: A transient ischemic middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke was used to examine the role of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in cell death as measured by DNA fragmentation and infarction volume. The left middle cerebral artery was occluded for either 30 min or 2 h in rats. One set of animals was pretreated with diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), an inhibitor of NF-kappaB, 30 min prior to reperfusion. The animals were reperfused and allowed to survive for 2 or 7 days. DNA fragmentation was assayed by in situ end labeling in the stroke core and penumbral regions. Specific cortical and subcortical regions were measured using quantitative image analysis. DNA fragmentation was seen only on the ischemic side of the brains in all cases. Overall, the DDTC-treated groups showed significantly increased DNA fragmentation within the ischemic side compared to the saline control groups. DDTC treatment also caused an increase in stroke volume based on triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed NF-kappaB activation peaking 15 min following reperfusion and that this activation was blocked by the DDTC treatment. This study suggests that the use of NF-kappaB inhibitors to block cell death following stroke needs to be carefully examined because global inhibitors may not promote neuronal survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Alzheimer's Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. Whill@mail.mcg.edu
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Wakade
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin-Studdard
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Waller
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Beswick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016923:Cell Death; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004050:Ditiocarb / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D004050:Ditiocarb