title: Intellectual outcome after reduced-dose radiation therapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy for medulloblastoma: a Children's Cancer Group study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the intellectual outcomes of children with medulloblastomas/primitive neuroectodermal tumors (MB/PNET) treated with reduced-dose craniospinal radiotherapy (RT) plus adjuvant chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three children with average-risk posterior fossa MB/PNETs underwent longitudinal intelligence testing. All had been treated with a reduced-dose craniospinal RT regimen (23.4 Gy to the neuraxis, 32.4-Gy boost to the posterior fossa) and adjuvant chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated rate of change from baseline was significant for Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ), Verbal IQ (VIQ), and Nonverbal IQ (NVIQ) (P <.001 for all three outcomes). The rate of change was estimated to be -4.3 FSIQ points per year, -4.2 VIQ points per year, and -4.0 NVIQ points per year. Females were more subject to VIQ decline than were males (P =.008), and young children (< 7 years of age) were more negatively affected than were older children, with a significant decline in NVIQ (P =.016). Finally, patients with higher baseline evaluations suffered greater declines in IQ than did those with lower baseline scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study represents the largest series of patients with average-risk MB/PNETs treated with a combination of reduced-dose RT and adjuvant chemotherapy whose intellectual development has been followed prospectively. Intellectual loss was substantial but suggestive of some degree of intellectual preservation compared with effects associated with conventional RT doses. However, this conclusion remains provisional, pending further research.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. risd0@chmcc.org
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ris
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldwein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones-Wallace
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Boyett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016371:Cranial Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D018242:Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects