title: Hormonal and barrier contraception and risk of upper genital tract disease in the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Among women diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease, we examined the associations between hormonal or barrier methods of contraception and upper genital tract infection or inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 563 patients from a treatment trial for pelvic inflammatory disease. All had pelvic pain; pelvic organ tenderness; and leukorrhea, mucopurulent cervicitis, or untreated cervicitis. Contraceptive use within the prior 4 weeks was compared among women with baseline upper genital tract gonorrhea or chlamydia, women with endometritis without upper genital tract gonorrhea or chlamydia, and women with neither upper genital tract gonorrhea or chlamydia nor endometritis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inconsistent condom use was significantly and independently associated with a 2 to 3 times elevated risk for upper genital tract infection. Upper genital tract gonorrhea or chlamydia was not significantly associated with use of oral contraceptives, use of medroxyprogesterone, condoms used consistently, nor other barrier methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No hormonal or barrier contraceptive method was related to a reduction in upper genital tract disease among women with clinical pelvic inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. repro@vms.cis.pitt.edu
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Soper
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Holley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peipert
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sweet
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sondheimer
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hendrix
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amortegui
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trucco
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Kelsey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017280:Condoms; D003274:Contraceptive Devices, Female; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D004716:Endometritis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections; D008525:Medroxyprogesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017699:Pelvic Pain; D044469:Racial Groups; D012907:Smoking; D002575:Uterine Cervicitis / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D008525:Medroxyprogesterone; D003042:Cocaine