title: Clinical and molecular genetic features of pulmonary hypertension in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most patients with familial primary pulmonary hypertension have defects in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein receptor II (BMPR2), a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of receptors. Because patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia may have lung disease that is indistinguishable from primary pulmonary hypertension, we investigated the genetic basis of lung disease in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated members of five kindreds plus one individual patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and identified 10 cases of pulmonary hypertension. In the two largest families, we used microsatellite markers to test for linkage to genes encoding TGF-beta-receptor proteins, including endoglin and activin-receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1), and BMPR2. In subjects with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and pulmonary hypertension, we also scanned ALK1 and BMPR2 for mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified suggestive linkage of pulmonary hypertension with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia on chromosome 12q13, a region that includes ALK1. We identified amino acid changes in activin-receptor-like kinase 1 that were inherited in subjects who had a disorder with clinical and histologic features indistinguishable from those of primary pulmonary hypertension. Immunohistochemical analysis in four subjects and one control showed pulmonary vascular endothelial expression of activin-receptor-like kinase 1 in normal and diseased pulmonary arteries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonary hypertension in association with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia can involve mutations in ALK1. These mutations are associated with diverse effects, including the vascular dilatation characteristic of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and the occlusion of small pulmonary arteries that is typical of primary pulmonary hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Leicester, United Kingdom. rtrembat@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Trembath
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Winship
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simonneau
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Galie
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Loyd
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Humbert
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Morrell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGaughran
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pauciulo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wheeler
mesh_terms: D029404:Activin Receptors; D000328:Adult; D052006:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002881:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010375:Pedigree; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013683:Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D029404:Activin Receptors; C498218:BMPR2 protein, human; D052006:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II