title: Economic evaluation of a 2-dose hepatitis B vaccination regimen for adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the economic implications of a 2-dose hepatitis B virus vaccination regimen compared with the current 3-dose vaccination regimen for adolescents in 3 settings: public schools, public health clinics, and private sector settings in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  To measure resource utilization and costs associated with the administration of the 3-dose regimen and to assess vaccination compliance rates with this regimen, primary data were collected with the use of questionnaires tailored for each setting. Conservative modeling assumptions were used to derive 2-dose compliance rates from 3-dose compliance data. The results were incorporated into a decision analytic model, which was used to examine short-term and lifetime scenarios for an adolescent cohort receiving the 2-dose versus the 3-dose regimen. In the short-term analysis, the vaccination program costs were compared for the 2 regimens. In the lifetime analysis, the model also incorporated long-term disease costs for those individuals who contract hepatitis B.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Predicted increases in compliance with a 2-dose vaccination regimen contributed to a higher probability of seroprotection in each setting. In the lifetime analysis, this positive impact of improved compliance resulted in a lower infection rate and greater cost-effectiveness for the 2-dose regimen in all settings, including private sector settings, where it cost an average of only $964 per year of life gained, and in public schools, costing an average of $1246 per year of life gained. In public health clinics, the 2-dose regimen had both lower expected lifetime costs and better clinical outcomes than the 3-dose regimen. In the short-term analysis, costs were higher for the 2-dose regimen, reflecting higher total vaccine acquisition costs without the long-term offset of cost savings from reduced infection. Sensitivity analyses identified cost per dose of vaccine and the probability of completing the regimens as the most sensitive model variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved compliance with a 2-dose regimen would contribute to a higher probability of adolescents' achieving seroprotection. When the long-term consequences of hepatitis B virus infection are included, the 2-dose regimen would be cost-effective compared with the 3-dose regimen in all settings and cost saving in public health clinic settings.
authors.affiliation: The Lewin Group, San Francisco, California 94107, USA. hugh.levaux@lewin.com
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Levaux
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Schonfeld
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pellissier
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sheriff
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fitzsimon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016497:Adolescent Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000367:Age Factors; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D015438:Health Behavior; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D018803:Models, Economic; D012572:School Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines