title: Health effects following chronic dosing with tungsten-iron and tungsten-polymer shot in adult game-farm mallards.
abstract: Permanent approval of shot composed of tungsten-iron and tungsten-polymer for waterfowl hunting by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was pending the results of the present study that examined the health and reproductive effects of the two shot types on mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) over a 150-day period. We collected data pertaining to the effects of tungsten-iron and tungsten-polymer shot on mortality, body weight, organ weight, tissue pathology, and shot erosion. Thirty-two bird groups (sexes equal) of adult mallards were dosed orally with eight #4 steel shot (control), eight #4 tungsten-iron shot, or eight #4 tungsten-polymer shot on days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 of a 150-day trial (26 January 1998 to 25 June 1998). An additional 12 mallards (sexes equal) were dosed orally with eight #4 lead shot (positive control) on day 0 of the study. All lead-dosed ducks died by day 25, whereas no ducks died in the other treatment groups. Significant liver hemosiderosis was present in all control and tungsten-iron-dosed males, in five of eight control and three of eight tungsten-iron-dosed females, and in one tungsten-polymer-dosed male examined. The rate of shot erosion was highest for tungsten-polymer shot (99%), followed by tungsten-iron (72%), and steel (55%) shot. Tungsten-iron or tungsten-polymer shot repeatedly administered to adult mallards did not have deleterious health effects during the 150-day trial based on mortality, body weights, organ weights, and histology of the liver and kidneys.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Aulerich
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Balander
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Tempelman
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Stickle
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bursian
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D001729:Bismuth / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002209:Caprolactam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004372:Ducks; D005260:Female; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011041:Poisoning / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011108:Polymers / Q000633:toxicity; D011897:Random Allocation; D013232:Steel / Q000633:toxicity; D014414:Tungsten / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D011108:Polymers; D013232:Steel; C009916:nylon 6; D002209:Caprolactam; D007501:Iron; D001729:Bismuth; D014414:Tungsten