title: Image-guided endoscopic spine surgery: Part I. A feasibility study.
abstract: METHODS
  A feasibility study was performed to determine the efficacy of computer assistance in endoscopic spine surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess a new method for computer assistance based on image guidance during thoracoscopic or any endoscopic spine procedure. To evaluate the reproducibility, the sensitivity and the reliability of the technique first in vitro and second in clinical use.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The computer-based, image-guided surgery is now a routine tool used in open spine surgery. Exposure of the anatomy of the vertebra is needed for registration. This methodology is inapplicable in endoscopic approach. Fluoroscopic-based navigation combines the technology of image-guided surgery and C-arm fluoroscopy. The navigation is based on the fluoroscopic images acquired before surgery. This technology is applicable to endoscopic surgery but the navigation is based on fluoroscopic image. The computed tomography images are not exploited. There are no published data on a technique that allows image-guided surgery based on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  A laboratory study was performed on a thoracic human spine. One vertebra was marked on the right lateral side of the body with five titanium marks. A percutaneous reference frame was specifically designed to be placed in the pedicle of the same marked vertebrae. The reference frame acted as a 3D localizer and a registration tool. The spine model was scanned including the reference frame. A standard Stealth station treatment guidance platform (Medtronic, Sofamor Danek, Memphis, TN) was used for simulation. The registration was obtained using the reference frame. Twenty navigation procedure trials were done and the error was recorded based on the distance between the anatomical point and the corresponding virtual one.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Registration was always possible using the stealth station and a standard spine navigational software (spine 3, Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Memphis, TN). The mean error after registration given by the computer was 0.96 mm. The mean error recorded during the navigation simulation was 1.6 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This technique allows the possibility of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging-based, image-guided endoscopic surgery. It is probable that in the near future, as image fusion technology improves, the fluoronavigation based on fluoroscopic images would enable to navigate on multimodal images. Otherwise the technique described in this article is the only reproducible one that allows computed-tomography-based computer assistance during endoscopic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lille, France. rassaker@chru-lille.fr
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Assaker
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cinquin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cotten
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lejeune
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed