title: Indocyanine green staining and removal of internal limiting membrane in macular hole surgery: histology and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the surgical technique, outcome, and histologic findings involving indocyanine green staining and removal of internal limiting membrane in primary macular hole surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospectively, consecutive patients with idiopathic macular hole or myopic macular hole with retinal detachment were recruited. After pars plana vitrectomy and epiretinal membrane removal, the internal limiting membrane was stained and removed. The specimens were stained using hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff. Immunohistochemical staining was also performed for glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, type I and type IV collagen, and actin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 10 patients (10 eyes) in the study, nine eyes had stage 3 or 4 macular hole. Four of them had chronic macular hole. The tenth patient had retinal detachment resulting from a myopic macular hole. Postoperatively, all cases had closure of macular hole without an elevated edge and the retina was attached. Seven patients had improvement of 2 or more Snellen lines, whereas visual acuity remained the same for the other three patients. In six eyes in which complete histologic examinations were feasible, internal limiting membrane was confirmed and two eyes also had a small amount of epiretinal membrane. Myofibrocytes in internal limiting membrane, either scattered or as a single layer, were found in three cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Removal of indocyanine green--stained internal limiting membrane around idiopathic macular hole or myopic macular hole with retinal detachment is confirmed with histology and may contribute to macular hole closure and retinal reattachment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, the People's Republic of China. kwokkh@ha.org.hk
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Yam
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004396:Coloring Agents; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014746:Vimentin / Q000378:metabolism; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D014746:Vimentin; D003094:Collagen; D007208:Indocyanine Green