title: Effect of mycophenolate mofetil on nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression during renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent animal data suggest that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) derived nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and that inhibition of iNOS ameliorates IRI. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), a lymphocyte selective anti-proliferative agent, has been shown to inhibit NO production in vitro. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of MMF on NO production and iNOS gene expression in vivo during renal IRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal IRI was induced by clamping the left renal pedicle of male BALB/c mice for 30 min, followed by 15 min of reperfusion. The mice received placebo or MMF at 40, 80 or 120 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for 5 days before the operation. Sham-operated mice served as the operation control. The amount of NO produced and the level of iNOS gene expression in the kidney tissue during IRI was assessed by spin trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the sham-operated kidneys, only low levels of NO and iNOS mRNA were detected. In mice with renal IRI, the amount of NO detected was significantly increased, which was reduced in a dose dependent fashion by pre-treatment with MMF. Pre-treatment with MMF also substantially reduced iNOS gene expression in the kidney tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that pre-treatment with MMF inhibits the production of NO and the induction of iNOS gene expression in the kidney during IRI. These results suggest that MMF might have the potential to ameliorate renal IRI.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: X H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D012079:Renal Circulation; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid