title: Ipsilateral shoulder pain after thoracotomy with epidural analgesia: the influence of phrenic nerve infiltration with lidocaine.
abstract: Patients receiving effective thoracic epidural analgesia for postthoracotomy pain may still complain of severe ipsilateral shoulder pain. The etiology of this pain is unclear. In this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, we investigated the effect of phrenic nerve infiltration with lidocaine or saline on postoperative shoulder pain in 48 patients. After completion of a lung resection, patients received either 10 mL of 1% lidocaine or 10 mL of 0.9% saline infiltrated into the periphrenic fat pad at the level of the diaphragm. Shoulder pain was experienced by 33% of patients receiving lidocaine, compared with 85% of patients receiving saline (P < 0.008). Overall pain scores were lower with lidocaine (P < 0.05). PaCO(2) values were not significantly higher with lidocaine in the first 2 h. We conclude that pain transmitted via the phrenic nerve and referred to the shoulder is the most likely explanation for the ipsilateral shoulder pain experienced by patients receiving epidural analgesia for postthoracotomy pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ipsilateral shoulder pain after thoracotomy is common and may be severe, even in the presence of a functioning thoracic epidural. We have shown that infiltration of the phrenic nerve with local anesthetic significantly and safely reduces this shoulder pain, potentially allowing the ideal goal of a pain-free thoracotomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, The Cardiothoracic Centre, Liverpool NHS Trust, Thomas Drive, Liverpool L14 3PE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Scawn
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Pennefather
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soorae
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine