title: Using green fluorescent protein to study intracellular signalling.
abstract: Subcellular compartmentalisation of signalling molecules is an important phenomenon not only in defining how a signalling pathway is activated but also in influencing the desired physiological output of that pathway (e.g. cell growth or differentiation, regulation of metabolism, cytoskeletal changes etc.). Biochemical analyses of protein and lipid compartmentalisation by, for example, subcellular fractionation presents many technical difficulties. However, this aspect of cell signalling research has seen a major revolution thanks to the cloning and availability of a variety of mutant green fluorescent protein derivatives with distinct molecular properties. Mutants with increased brightness, altered excitation and emission maxima, altered stability and differential sensitivity to pH, are now in widespread use for following the trafficking and function of proteins in living cells and for monitoring the intracellular environment. In this review we focus on some of the recent developments in the use of green fluorescent proteins for studying intracellular signalling pathways often with special reference to the actions of insulin. We also discuss the future utility of these proteins to analyse protein--protein interactions in signalling pathways using fluorescence resonance energy transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. j.tavare@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tavaré
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Welsh
mesh_terms: D064413:3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002468:Cell Physiological Phenomena; D004735:Energy Transfer; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D064413:3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins