title: [Analgesic dosage with (S)-ketamine/propofol vs. (S)-ketamine/midazolam: sedation, stress response and hemodynamics--a controlled study of surgical intensive care patients].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was undertaken to investigate the influence of two different regimens of analgosedation on control and quality of sedation, stress response and haemodynamic parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  After ethical approval, 30 surgical intensive care patients were investigated in an open, controlled design. Patients with initial cardiocirculatory stability received 0.33-1.0 mg/kg BW/h (S)-ketamine together with 1-3 mg/kg BW/h propofol (SK/P-group), whereas patients with impaired cardiocirculatory stability received 0.33-1.0 mg/kg BW/h (S)-ketamine and 0.033-0.1 mg/kg BW/h midazolam (SK/M-group). Analgosedation was titrated until tolerance of respirator treatment was achieved and the patient was asleep, but able to respond to simple commands. At least 12 h after beginning of analgosedation, a simple neurological examination ("diagnostic window") was undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both groups, biometric data and diseases were altogether comparable, and tolerance of respirator treatment was excellent. About 16 h after start of analgosedation, 13 of 14 patients (93%) in the SK/P-group were immediately cooperative. In 2 of 16 patients of the SK/M-group, self extubation occurred, and 9 of 14 remaining patients (64%) were immediately cooperative (p = 0.065). Assessment of control and quality of analgosedation indicated slight advantages in SK/P-patients. SEF90 showed predominant beta-activity in both collectives, which increased in the course of time. Adrenaline, noradrenaline, ADH, ACTH and cortisol were measured at 7 time points. All endocrine stress parameters were consistently above normal range, but decreased during the observation period (p < 0.05). In the SK/M-group, ADH was significantly and noradrenaline initially higher than in controls. Systolic arterial pressure was comparable, whereas heart rate was significantly lower in the SK/P-group (p = 0.001). No relevant changes of endocrine or haemodynamic parameters were observed at neurological examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In surgical intensive care patients, analgosedation with SK/P showed some advantages over SK/M with respect to control and quality. The endocrine stress response was reduced by both regimens in course of time. Altogether higher levels of ADH and noradrenaline during SK/M-analgosedation let expect higher cardiocirculatory stability and possible reduction of catecholamine demand. Due to ketamine-typical beta-activity, a reliable assessment of sedation by the pEEG is not possible.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum Anästhesiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover. adams.ha@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brausch
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hecker
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D003422:Critical Care; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011182:Postoperative Care; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D014667:Vasopressins; D007649:Ketamine; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D008874:Midazolam; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D015742:Propofol; D004837:Epinephrine