title: Impaired compliance of the intracranial vessels in complicated childhood migraine. Demonstration by transcranial Doppler-sonography--a vascular model approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To increase the diagnostic value of Doppler sonography a uniform lumped parameter model of pulsatile blood flow in human arteries was derived from the serial and/or parallel connection of parallel oscillatory circuits.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this setting the current (I) in the ohmic resistor (R) represents the volume flow in the vessel, the voltage (V) the blood pressure. The vessel compliance corresponds to the capacitance (C), the inductivity (L) represents the accelerated mass. The flow velocity (v) which is assessable non-invasively is given by v = I/A, where A is the cross-sectional area of the vessel. Mathematically, the model represents a two-dimensional Fourier-series of the input signal by the segments. Thus it seems to be evident that almost all forms of flow and pressure pulses can be generated. The equations of the model were solved numerically. Doppler-sonographically measured flow velocities in the ascending aorta were used as input signal. The parameters for A, R, L and C were optimized to gain the measured flow spectrum in the target vessel as model response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Application in 14 children (aged 3-16 yrs.) with complicated migraine during a symptom-free interval revealed a significantly lowered cross sectional area of the middle cerebral artery on the side of the higher flow velocities. For both middle and posterior cerebral arteries, a decreased vessel compliance (C) (mean -30%) was found, whereas values for R and L were within normal limits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest an altered vascular compliance even between attacks. This may contribute to the pathogenesis of migraine through increased cerebral impedance resulting in impaired cerebral perfusion.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Universität Erlangen. thomas.rupprecht@kinder.med-uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rupprecht
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofbeck
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wenzel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003187:Compliance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology*