title: Amodiaquine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, and combination therapy for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda: a randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine in sub-Saharan Africa necessitates use of alternative antimalarial agents. Affordable alternative treatments include sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine and amodiaquine. Combination of antimalarial agents can increase therapeutic efficacy and delay emergence of drug resistance. We compared the efficacy of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, amodiaquine, and an amodiaquine/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine combination for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in a region of high chloroquine resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with symptoms of uncomplicated falciparum malaria and confirmed disease in Kampala, Uganda, were randomly assigned to receive sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (25 mg/kg sulfadoxine, and 1.25 mg/kg pyrimethamine) plus placebo; amodiaquine (25 mg/kg) plus placebo; or amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Patients were followed up for 14 days, and clinical and parasitological outcomes were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  90% (400/445) of patients enrolled in the study successfully completed 14 days of follow-up. Treatment failure based on clinical criteria occurred in 13 of 131 (10%) patients on sulfadoxine/ pyrimethamine, nine of 131 (7%) on amodiaquine, and four of 138 (3%) on amodiaquine/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Based on parasitological criteria, treatment failed in 26%, 16%, and 10% of these patients, respectively. Amodiaquine/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine was significantly more effective than sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine alone in children aged younger than 5 years (clinical failure in 3.5% vs 13.9%, respectively, risk difference 10.4% [95% CI, 1.6-19.3] p=0.021; parasitological failure in 12.8% vs 26.4%, risk difference 13.6% [1.2-26.0] p=0.041).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, amodiaquine, and amodiaquine/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine were all effective for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Uganda. The amodiaquine/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine combination was the most effective, and could be the optimum low-cost alternative to chloroquine in Africa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, Box 0811, 3rd and Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. staedke@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Staedke
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kamya
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dorsey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gasasira
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ndeezi
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Charlebois
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D000655:Amodiaquine; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D011739:Pyrimethamine