title: Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the strength and consistency of the relationship between depression and diabetes complications in studies of type 1 and type 2 adult patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were searched for articles examining depression and diabetes complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes samples published between 1975 and 1999. Meta-analytic procedures were used. Studies were reviewed for diabetes type, sample size, statistical tests, and measures of diabetes complications and depression. Significance values, weighted effect sizes r, 95% confidence intervals (CI), and tests of homogeneity of variance were calculated for the overall sample (k = 27) and for subsets of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 27 studies (total combined N = 5374) met the inclusion criteria. A significant association was found between depression and complications of diabetes (p < .00001, z = 5.94). A moderate and significant weighted effect size (r = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.22-0.28) was calculated for all studies reporting sufficient data (k = 22). Depression was significantly associated with a variety of diabetes complications (diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, macrovascular complications, and sexual dysfunction). Effect sizes were in the small to moderate range (r = 0.17 to 0.32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate a significant and consistent association of diabetes complications and depressive symptoms. Prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to identify the pathways that mediate this association.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. mdegroot@im.wustl.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Freedland
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Clouse
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lustman
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D012803:Sick Role