title: Late results of pediatric cardiac surgery in Finland: a population-based study with 96% follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This population-based study characterizes the history and progress of pediatric cardiac surgery in Finland. For the first time, all defects and procedures are included in an outcome study, reflecting the true effectiveness of operative treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All data relating to the operations were collected retrospectively from hospital records. Current patient status was obtained from the population registry. Survival was evaluated with the Kaplan-Meier method applied to all patients and separately to subgroups of patients with the most common defects. The survival rates were compared with those of an age- and sex-matched general population. During the 37 years (1953 to 1989), 6461 patients underwent surgery; 96% of them were traced. The number of operations and the constellation of defects treated increased dramatically over time. Actuarial survival for the 45 years ended October 28, 1998 (the ending date of this study) was 78% for patients versus 93% for the general population. Survival and the number of operations per patient varied widely with the defect. The survival of patients with a surgically closed atrial septal defect was comparable to that of the general population, and such patients rarely needed a reoperation, whereas only 15% of patients with univentricular heart survived for 34 years, and almost all needed at least 2 operations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall survival of patients with cardiac defects corrected surgically in childhood is good compared with their estimated natural course. The increasing number of surgically treatable defects and the growing number of operations per patient reflect the increasing ability to treat more difficult cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Nieminen
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Jokinen
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Sairanen
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate