title: Amphetamine distorts stimulation-dependent dopamine overflow: effects on D2 autoreceptors, transporters, and synaptic vesicle stores.
abstract: Amphetamine (AMPH) is known to raise extracellular dopamine (DA) levels by inducing stimulation-independent DA efflux via reverse transport through the DA transporter and by inhibiting DA re-uptake. In contrast, recent studies indicate that AMPH decreases stimulation-dependent vesicular DA release. One candidate mechanism for this effect is the AMPH-mediated redistribution of DA from vesicles to the cytosol. In addition, the inhibition of stimulation-dependent release may occur because of D2 autoreceptor activation by DA that is released via reverse transport. We used the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride and mice lacking the D2 receptor to address this issue. To evaluate carefully AMPH effects on release and uptake, we recorded stimulated DA overflow in striatal slices by using continuous amperometry and cyclic voltammetry. Recordings were fit by a random walk simulation of DA diffusion, including uptake with Michaelis-Menten kinetics, that provided estimates of DA concentration and uptake parameters. AMPH (10 microm) promoted the overflow of synaptically released DA by decreasing the apparent affinity for DA uptake (K(m) increase from 0.8 to 32 microm). The amount of DA released per pulse, however, was decreased by 82%. This release inhibition was prevented partly by superfusion with sulpiride (47% inhibition) and was reduced in D2 mutant mice (23% inhibition). When D2 autoreceptor activation was minimal, the combined effects of AMPH on DA release and uptake resulted in an enhanced overflow of exocytically released DA. Such enhancement of stimulation-dependent DA overflow may occur under conditions of low D2 receptor activity or expression, for example as a result of AMPH sensitization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmauss
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gonon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sulzer
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D013469:Sulpiride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D013469:Sulpiride; D000661:Amphetamine; D004298:Dopamine