title: Spatial working memory deficits in schizophrenia: relationship with tardive dyskinesia and negative symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the interrelationship between negative symptoms, orofacial tardive dyskinesia, and specific neurocognitive processes, particularly those involved in memory and executive function, in patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A set of computerized neurocognitive tasks, the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, was used to assess executive and memory function in 54 hospitalized patients with chronic schizophrenia. Analysis of covariance was used to examine differences between groups with or without the topographical syndromes of orofacial tardive dyskinesia and between groups with high or low negative symptom scores. Principal-components and path analyses were used to examine further the influence of negative symptoms and orofacial tardive dyskinesia on performance on tests of memory and executive function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both orofacial tardive dyskinesia and negative symptoms were significantly and independently associated with deficits on measures of spatial working memory span derived from principal-components analysis, but only orofacial tardive dyskinesia was associated with deficits on measures of spatial working memory strategy. Both were also associated with impairment on the delayed-matching-to-sample task, a test of memory. These associations were not explained by deficits in global intellectual function. Path analysis suggested that the relationships between the clinical symptoms and performance on the delayed-matching-to-sample task were mediated entirely through their relationship with the spatial working memory measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In schizophrenia, orofacial tardive dyskinesia and evident negative symptoms are relatively independent markers of compromise of the cerebral systems that mediate spatial working memory. Candidate neural circuits include the frontal-striatal-thalamic systems, particularly those involving the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Research and Academic Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Sunshine Hospital, St. Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia. cpant@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pantelis
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Barnes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005556:Form Perception; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013028:Space Perception
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents