title: Globin-coupled sensors: a class of heme-containing sensors in Archaea and Bacteria.
abstract: The recently discovered prokaryotic signal transducer HemAT, which has been described in both Archaea and Bacteria, mediates aerotactic responses. The N-terminal regions of HemAT from the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum (HemAT-Hs) and from the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis (HemAT-Bs) contain a myoglobin-like motif, display characteristic heme-protein absorption spectra, and bind oxygen reversibly. Recombinant HemAT-Hs and HemAT-Bs shorter than 195 and 176 residues, respectively, do not bind heme effectively. Sequence homology comparisons and three-dimensional modeling predict that His-123 is the proximal heme-binding residue in HemAT from both species. The work described here used site-specific mutagenesis and spectroscopy to confirm this prediction, thereby providing direct evidence for a functional domain of prokaryotic signal transducers that bind heme in a globin fold. We postulate that this domain is part of a globin-coupled sensor (GCS) motif that exists as a two-domain transducer having no similarity to the PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS)-domain superfamily transducers. Using the GCS motif, we have identified several two-domain sensors in a variety of prokaryotes. We have cloned, expressed, and purified two potential globin-coupled sensors and performed spectral analysis on them. Both bind heme and show myoglobin-like spectra. This observation suggests that the general function of GCS-type transducers is to bind diatomic oxygen and perhaps other gaseous ligands, and to transmit a conformational signal through a linked signaling domain.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Microbiology and Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piatibratov
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sivozhelezov
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Meleshkevitch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Ordal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alam
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001105:Archaea / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D017931:DNA Primers; D005914:Globins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006418:Heme / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081062:Heme-Binding Proteins; D006420:Hemeproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D000081062:Heme-Binding Proteins; D006420:Hemeproteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C404449:heme protein, bacteria; D006418:Heme; D005914:Globins