title: Injuries in whitewater kayaking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide epidemiological data on whitewater kayaking injuries using a descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective survey was distributed at whitewater events and club meetings, and made available and advertised on the world wide web, through postings and announcements to newsgroups, related sites, and search engines. Data on sex, age, experience, and ability were collected. Injury data collected included mechanism, activity, difficulty of rapid, and self reported severity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 392 kayaking respondents included in the final analysis, 219 suffered 282 distinct injury events. The number of days spent kayaking per season was the only independent predictor of injury. The overwhelming majority of injuries occurred while the kayaker was still in the boat (87%). Striking an object was the most common mechanism of injury (44%), followed by traumatic stress and overuse (25% each). The most common types of injury were abrasion (25%), tendinitis (25%), contusion (22%), and dislocation (17%). The upper extremity, especially the shoulder, was the most commonly injured area of the body. Although half of injured kayakers sought medical care for their injury, and almost one third missed more than one month of kayaking because of the injury, almost all (96%) reported a complete or good recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Factors relating to likelihood of injury appear to be connected with exposure, namely the number of days a year that the sport was pursued. Except for class V (extreme) kayakers, reports of injuries paralleled the number of participants. Kayakers reported injuries predominantly on rivers that they assessed to be at a level appropriate to their skills.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA. fiore@med.unr.edu
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Houston
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003288:Contusions / Q000453:epidemiology; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015701:Near Drowning / Q000453:epidemiology; D009505:Nevada / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012767:Ships / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000453:epidemiology; D013550:Swimming / Q000293:injuries; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology