title: Adherence assessments and the use of depot antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antipsychotic medications significantly ameliorate the symptoms of schizophrenia, but patients are often noncompliant with these medications. Research evidence supports the use of depot antipsychotics in noncompliant patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 9, 1991, and December 19, 1995, 1307 veterans with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (ICD-9) were enrolled in a study of enhanced psychosocial programming at 14 Veterans Administration Medical Centers. All had a history of high inpatient use. At enrollment, clinicians listed patient medications, rated patient compliance, and completed a Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Patients reported medication side effects. We describe depot antipsychotic use among these patients and examine the relationship between depot use, assessed compliance, and patient characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At enrollment, 18% of patients in this cohort were receiving depot antipsychotics; however, clinicians reported that 49% had been noncompliant with medication in the past year. Depot use varied significantly with treatment site; African Americans were more likely to receive depot antipsychotics and less likely to receive atypical antipsychotics than white patients. Patients on depot and oral agents had similar levels of psychiatric symptoms, but patients on depot antipsychotics were more likely to receive high doses and complain of side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians prescribed depot antipsychotics relatively infrequently, despite high rates of noncompliance and high levels of inpatient use. Variation in use with treatment site and ethnic group suggests barriers to implementing research-based recommendations for depot use in noncompliant patients. Quality improvement programs should consider facilitating the appropriate use of depots.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs, Serious Mental Illness Treatment Evaluation, and Research Center, Ann Arbor, Mich 48113-0170, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valenstein
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Blow
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Visnic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D016312:Treatment Refusal / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations