title: Teeth and blood lead levels in Egyptian schoolchildren: relationship to health effects.
abstract: The objective of this work was to study teeth and blood lead levels in Egyptian schoolchildren and to relate lead levels to sociodemographic and environmental factors, the degree of urbanization and suspected manifestations of possible lead exposure. The study was conducted on 60 children aged 6-12 years: 30 children living in an urban area at Alexandria City and 30 children living in a rural area at Kafr El-Sheikh Province. Both groups are matched for age and gender. Every child was subjected to history taking, clinical examination and IQ measurements. Laboratory investigations included measuring teeth and blood lead levels, haemoglobin, serum iron and total iron binding capacity. The results showed that the mean blood lead level of children in Alexandria was significantly higher than that of the children in Kafr El-Sheikh; also 56.7% and 6.7% of children from Alexandria and Kafr El-Sheikh had a blood lead level of >20 microg dl(-1), with the most frequent symptoms of headache, arthralgia and lack of school interest. The children in Alexandria had significantly lower mean teeth lead and haemoglobin levels than those of the Kafr El-Sheikh group. A history of wrapping sandwiches in newspapers, age and distance between the home and school were significant predictors of lead exposure. These findings support the concept that teeth lead concentration may be a valid addition to the indicators used for assessment of the body burden of environmental lead. In addition, children living in urban areas such as Alexandria need special consideration regarding protection from lead exposure, as well as teeth and blood lead evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Assem
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moustafa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Battah
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004534:Egypt; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014070:Tooth / Q000378:metabolism*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead