title: Measurement of mycophenolate mofetil effect in transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunosuppression involves the nature of the immunosuppressive agents and individual differences in patient factors. We investigated whether the effect of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is measurable using an in vitro measure of immunocompetence and related its effects to cyclosporine (CsA) in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liver or kidney transplant recipients receiving prednisone; CsA or tacrolimus; and MMF, azathioprine (AZA), or neither, were studied. Immunocompetence was assessed by one-way mixed lymphocyte culture using patients' peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and three validated stimulators. The effect of immunosuppressive agents added in vitro on normal PBL stimulation by Staphylococcus enterotoxin B was determined by the carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester measurement of division.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients receiving MMF had an average immunocompetence level of 12+/-23, compared with 39.7+/-65 and 25.5+/-42 for those receiving AZA or neither AZA nor MMF, respectively. Thus, there was an approximately 80% suppression of the response in the MMF group. Assessment of normal cell division revealed that CsA allowed multiple cell generations but suppressed the numbers of cells in each, whereas MMF blocked proliferation into subsequent generations. Addition of clinically relevant levels of mycophenolic acid, the active agent for MMF, added to more moderate levels of CsA, was required to achieve greater than 80% suppression, consistent with the degree of immunocompetence depression measured in patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide the novel finding that the effect of MMF treatment on patients is measurable in their PBL as decreased immunocompetence in vitro. The effect of MMF on normal PBL approximates the 80% inhibition that we found in patients. Moreover, the effect of MMF on cell division provides a rationale for the superior effectiveness of regimens including MMF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-8611, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagashima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shalabi
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Maley
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Burdick
mesh_terms: D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007121:Immunocompetence / Q000187:drug effects; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D004768:Enterotoxins; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal; D016572:Cyclosporine; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D001379:Azathioprine