title: Ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced MRA in ICA-stenosis: is conventional angiography obsolete?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The standard techniques for the screening and staging of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis are Doppler (continuous wave) and Duplex sonography. For the imaging of ICA occlusive disease, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is replacing digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The purpose of this observational study was to assess whether contrast enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) combined with ultrasound provided sufficient information for the planning of surgical treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  CE-MRA was performed in 195 patients (mean age 67.5 years) with sonographic evidence of severe ICA stenosis. The MRA examination protocol contained a heavily T1-weighted contrast bolus enhanced 3D-gradient echo sequence. The degree of stenosis was estimated retrospectively by two experienced neuroradiologists who were blinded to the sonographic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The consistency of MRA and ultrasound was sufficient to plan thrombendarterectomy in 182/195 patients. The estimations of the degree of stenosis were congruent between MRA and ultrasound in 91% of 197 vessels with high-degree carotid artery stenosis. CE-MRA evaluation had a high interobserver agreement. In 3 cases ultrasound examination diagnosed a filiform ICA stenosis which was not visible with MRA. In all these cases, DSA and the intraoperative findings revealed very short (1-2 mm), high-grade, excentric stenosis. CE-MRA correctly detected patency in 5 patients with high-grade and low-flow carotid artery stenosis, which had been regarded as occluded by ultrasound. Conversely with, in CE-MRA two occluded vessels were falsely considered as open.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of sonography and CE-MRA is a powerful tool for the non-invasive presurgical evaluation of the carotid arteries. DSA should be reserved for selected cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany. sdfriese@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friese
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krapf
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fetter
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Klose
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skalej
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Küker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media