title: Screening sensitivity and sojourn time from breast cancer early detection clinical trials: mammograms and physical examinations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate sensitivities of breast cancer screening modalities and preclinical duration of the disease from eight breast cancer screening clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Screening programs invariably lead to diagnosis of disease before signs or symptoms are present. Two key quantities of screening programs are the sensitivity of the disease detection modality and the mean sojourn time (MST). The observed screening histories in a periodically screened cohort make it possible to estimate these quantities of interest. We applied recently developed statistical methods to data from eight randomized breast cancer screening trials to estimate the sensitivities of early detection modalities and MST. Moreover, when a screening trial involved two screening modalities, our methods enabled the estimation of the individual sensitivity of each screening modality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed breast cancer data from several screening trials and have relatively complete data from the Health Insurance Plan (HIP), Edinburgh, and two Canadian studies. The screening sensitivity for mammography, physical examination, and MST were, respectively, HIP: 0.39, 0.47, and 2.5 years; Edinburgh: 0.63, 0.40, and 4.3 years; Canadian (age 40 to 49 at entry): 0.61, 0.59, and 1.9 years; Canadian (age 50 to 59 at entry): 0.66, 0.39, and 3.1 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The public debate on early breast cancer detection is mainly centered on mammograms. However, the current study indicates that a physical examination is of comparable importance. Cautious interpretation of trial differences is required as a result of various experimental designs and the age dependency of screening sensitivity and MST.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA. yushen@odin.mdacc.tm.edu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zelen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity