title: Multiple ipsilateral congenital diaphragmatic pathologies: rarities to consider.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bilaterality of congenital diaphragmatic pathologies is well documented in the English literature. Nevertheless, ipsilateral simultaneous congenital diaphragmatic pathologies, though rare, are worth revisiting to shed more light into their embryology and management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the literature for reported cases of multiple ipsilateral congenital diaphragmatic pathologies was performed. Their findings, management and outcomes were classified and reviewed, in addition to reporting and comparison with a new case from our medical center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients were adult females with multiple defects in the right central tendon of the diaphragm. The remaining four were all pediatric cases. Two had double congenital hernial defects on the same side and two had the defect associated with ipsilateral diaphragmatic eventration. Our case is the third one with diaphragmatic eventration, but the first being associated with a posterolateral defect on the same side. Its presentation with acute rectal bleeding proved difficult to diagnose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are various postulated theories concerning the pathogenesis of ipsilateral pathologies during embryologic development of the diaphragm. Management of asymptomatic congenital eventrations remains debatable. However, when symptoms become apparent, ipsilateral defects though rare, should be considered and prompt surgical management through a thoracotomy or laparotomy approach is recommended.
authors.affiliation: American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon. ma00@aub.edu.lb
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akel
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nasr
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003965:Diaphragmatic Eventration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome