title: Selective induction of phospholipase D1 in pathogen-activated human monocytes.
abstract: Phospholipase D (PLD) activation is part of the complex signalling cascade induced during phagocyte activation. Two PLD isoforms have been cloned, but their role in phagocyte functions is still poorly defined. We report that resting fresh circulating human monocytes expressed PLD1. PLD1 protein expression was rapidly down-regulated during cell culture. Lipopolysaccharide and pathogen-derived agonists (Candida albicans, arabinoside-terminated lipoarabinomannan and Gram-positive bacteria, but not mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan or double-stranded RNA) strongly induced PLD1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumour necrosis factor alpha] had only a weak effect, whereas immune cytokines (IL-6 and interferon gamma), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-13 and IL-10) and chemoattractants (fMet-Leu-Phe and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1) were inactive. None of the agonists tested induced significant changes in the basal expression of PLD2 mRNA. Consistent with PLD1 up-regulation was the observation that PLD enzymic activity was higher in monocytes treated with active-pathogen-derived agonists than in control cells, when stimulated with PMA or with chemotactic agonists (fMet-Leu-Phe and C5a). Thus PLD2 seems to be a constitutive enzyme in circulating monocytes. Conversely, PLD1 is an inducible protein, rapidly regulated during culture conditions and selectively induced during cell activation. Therefore PLD1 might have a relevant role in immune responses against pathogens and in chronic inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Locati
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riboldi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bonecchi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Transidico
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernasconi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haribabu
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mantovani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sozzani
mesh_terms: D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002465:Cell Movement; D002469:Cell Separation; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010587:Phagocytosis; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000378:metabolism*; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D007375:Interleukin-1; D018793:Interleukin-13; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C050016:lipoarabinomannan; D016753:Interleukin-10; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D012313:RNA; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D010739:Phospholipase D; C106801:phospholipase D1