title: Do others judge us as harshly as we think? Overestimating the impact of our failures, shortcomings, and mishaps.
abstract: When people suffer an embarrassing blunder, social mishap, or public failure, they often feel that their image has been severely tarnished in the eyes of others. Four studies demonstrate that these fears are commonly exaggerated. Actors who imagined committing one of several social blunders (Study 1), who experienced a public intellectual failure (Studies 2 and 3), or who were described in an embarrassing way (Study 4) anticipated being judged more harshly by others than they actually were. These exaggerated fears were produced, in part, by the actors' tendency to be inordinately focused on their misfortunes and by their resulting failure to consider the wider range of situational factors that tend to moderate onlookers' impressions. Discussion focuses on additional mechanisms that may contribute to overly pessimistic expectations as well as the role of such expectations in producing unnecessary social anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Bronfman Science Center, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267, USA. ksavitsk@williams.edu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Savitsky
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Epley
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gilovich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011340:Problem Solving; D012381:Role Playing; D012649:Self Concept; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012919:Social Behavior; D012938:Social Perception