title: Advanced imaging of melorheostosis with emphasis on MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the CT and MR imaging appearance of both osseous and extraosseous manifestations of melorheostosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the CT (n=7) and/or MR imaging findings (n=12) of 17 patients with characteristic radiographic findings of melorheostosis (undulating cortical hyperostosis with marked uptake on radionuclide bone scintigraphy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CT and MR imaging revealed cortical hyperostosis as high attenuation and low signal intensity on all MR pulse sequences, respectively. Encroachment on the marrow space was seen in all cases resulting from endosteal involvement. Thirteen patients demonstrated 14 soft tissue masses with infiltrative margins in 80% of cases and seven showed extensive mineralization on CT or MR imaging (low intensity on all pulse sequences). Seven soft tissue masses were predominantly nonmineralized with intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted and intermediate to high signal on T2-weighted MR images corresponding to vascularized fibrous tissue with variable collagen content pathologically. Enhancement after intravenous gadolinium was seen in all patients imaged with soft tissue masses (n=2). Two patients demonstrated muscle atrophy resulting from nerve involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The osseous abnormalities in melorheostosis are identical on advanced imaging and radiographs. Mineralized or nonmineralized soft tissue masses should be recognized as another manifestation of this disease as opposed to a more ominous finding, making biopsy unwarrranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Surgery, Orthopedic Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Judkiewicz
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Murphey
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Resnik
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Newberg
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008557:Melorheostosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed