title: Inter-breed differences in equine forelimb kinematics at the walk.
abstract: Linear, temporal and angular biokinematic characteristics of the forelimb at the walk in different breeds were determined, highlighting inter-breed differences. Twenty-three healthy stallions were used: ten Andalusians (AN), seven Arabs (AR) and six Anglo-Arabs (AA). Height at the withers was significantly different between groups (P < 0.001). Six trials per horse were recorded using a levelled video camera (sampling frame rate 25 frames/s), digitized and analysed using a semi-automatic movement analysis system. No statistically significant differences in speeds were recorded between breeds (P > 0.05). The only temporal parameter which was similar in the three breeds was the moment at which the hoof reached the highest point in its trajectory. The variables presenting the most significant differences were the percentages of deceleration and propulsion within the stance phase. ANOVA for angular variables showed that the greatest difference was in the range of angular movement of the carpal joint, being higher in AN, due to a lower minimum value. In the fetlock joint, the greatest difference was observed in minimum values, which differed in all three breeds. Significant inter-breed differences were also observed for maximum limb retraction, being lowest in the AN group, followed by the AA and AR groups. This finding was reflected in the angular range of motion, despite smaller differences in the degree of limb protraction; very similar values were reported in all three breeds. As regards the elbow joint, no inter-breed differences were observed in terms of minimum values, whereas differences were recorded for maximum and angular range of motion, higher values being displayed by the AR and AN groups than by AA animals. In conclusion, inter-breed differences may be determined in equine forelimb biokinematics at the walk. This study distinguished between AN, AR and AA horses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Compared Anatomy and Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Cra. De Madrid Km 396, Córdoba 14071, Spain.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Galisteo
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cano
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Miró
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Agüera
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vivo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D005552:Forelimb; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male