title: Quantitative study of nasal tip support and the effect of reconstructive rhinoplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a method to quantify nasal tissue resilience, to establish the normal range for persons without nasal obstruction, and to measure the changes in tissue resilience resulting from standard open rhinoplastic techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new device is described that determines nasal tissue resilience. Measurements on the nasal tip were obtained in triplicate at 5 distinct anatomical sites. Normal values (N = 60) were stratified for both sexes into 3 different age groups. Preoperative and postoperative measurements were also obtained in 6 patients who underwent open rhinoplasty for airway obstruction. One patient who underwent intranasal valve repair was included for comparison. All operative patients underwent preoperative and postoperative rhinomanometric measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across all age and sex groups the anterior septal angle is the firmest area of the nasal tip. The mean tissue resilience over the interdomal area and the midcolumella is significantly greater in men than in women. The resilience of the interdomal area exhibits an age effect, with decreasing stiffness over time. The postoperative changes seen correlate well with the placement of structural grafts during rhinoplasty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nasal tip support can be quantified. Normative values have been established, which allow one to identify areas of inadequate tip support in persons with nasal obstruction. Alterations in tip support resulting from surgical intervention can be quantified. Open rhinoplasty techniques are an excellent tool to restore deficiencies in nasal tip support.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Gassner
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Remington
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sherris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012016:Reference Values; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods*