title: Delayed or second window preconditioning induced by adenosine A1 receptor activation is independent of early generation of nitric oxide or late induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase.
abstract: Transient adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) activation induces a second window or delayed preconditioning against myocardial infarction 24-72 h later. Early generation of nitric oxide and delayed induction of nitric oxide synthase have been implicated in mediating delayed cardioprotection after ischemic preconditioning in rabbits. Recent evidence indicates that some of the regulatory roles of adenosine in cardiac tissue may be mediated by A1R-induced generation of nitric oxide. This study examined the role of nitric oxide in the mediation of A1R-induced delayed preconditioning against infarction. Pharmacologic preconditioning of rabbits with the selective A1R agonist 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine 100 microg/kg (CCPA) significantly reduced myocardial infarct size compared with control animals, after 30 min regional ischemia and 2 h reperfusion in vivo 24 h later (27.3+/-4.7 vs. 46.0+/-3.7%, respectively; p = 0.001). Nonselective inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 mg/kg) before administration of CCPA did not affect this infarct limitation at 24 h. Selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase before the prolonged ischemic insult on day 2, with two structurally independent inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (10 mg/kg) or aminoguanidine (300 mg/kg), did not abrogate the reduction in infarction observed by pharmacologic preconditioning with CCPA 24 h earlier. These results suggest that the second window or delayed protection against myocardial infarction observed 24 h after pharmacologic preconditioning with an adenosine A1 agonist occurs independently of either early generation of nitric oxide or subacute induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase.
authors.affiliation: The Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Studies, University College London Hospital and Medical School, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dana
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yellon
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011817:Rabbits; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C058394:2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D000241:Adenosine