title: Biomarkers as biological indicators of xenobiotic exposure.
abstract: The presence of a xenobiotic in the environment always represents a risk for living organisms. However, to talk about impregnation there is a need to detect toxicity in the organism, and the concept of intoxication is related to specific organ alterations and clinical symptoms. Moreover, the relationship between the toxic levels within the organism and the toxic response is rather complex and has a difficult forecast because it depends on several factors, namely toxicokinetic and genetic factors. One of the methods to quantify the interaction with xenobiotics and its potential impact on living organisms, including the human being, is monitoring by the use of the so-called biomarkers. They can provide measures of the exposure, toxic effect and individual susceptibility to environmental chemical compounds and may be very useful to assess and control the risk of long-term outcomes associated with exposure to xenobiotic (i.e. heavy metals, halogenated hydrocarbons, pesticides).
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada, Madrid, Spain. fgil@ugr.es
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015262:Xenobiotics