title: Identifying pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with negative sputum smear results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinicians need to decide whether to begin empiric therapy for patients who are suspected of having tuberculosis (TB) but have negative sputum smear results. Culture results may take weeks, and delaying treatment may allow further transmission of disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the clinical, demographic, and radiographic characteristics that identify smear-negative patients who have TB, and to create a TB prediction rule.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-affiliated public hospital in San Francisco, CA, between 1993 and 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven patients with TB and 141 control patients who were hospitalized with a suspicion of pulmonary TB; all had negative sputum smear results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Demographic, clinical, and radiographic variables were determined by chart review. In multivariate analysis, a positive tuberculin skin test result (odds ratio [OR], 4.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0 to 11.9) was independently associated with an increased risk of a positive TB culture finding. A radiographic pattern not typical of pulmonary tuberculosis (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.7) and expectoration with cough (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.6) were predictive of a decreased risk. An interaction between HIV seropositivity and mediastinal lymphadenopathy on the chest radiograph was also associated with a positive TB culture result (OR, 7.2; 95% CI, 1.4 to 36.0). The TB prediction score (TPS) was created with widely ranging likelihood ratios that could affect the posterior probability of TB by 30-fold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TPS put into context with the overall prevalence of TB in a given area may help clinicians decide if a patient with negative sputum smear results should start empiric antituberculous therapy or wait for culture results. These results need prospective validation.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. alkak@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kanaya
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Glidden
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Chambers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003371:Cough; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology