title: New surface biopolymers for oxygenators: an in vitro hemocompatibility test of poly(2-methoxyethylacrylate).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The continuous interaction of blood with artificial contact surfaces under cardiopulmonary bypass can lead to a substantial damage of blood cells and plasma factors. Surface biopolymers in oxygenation systems can help increasing the hemocompatibility, often combined with anticoagulative agents such as heparin. The poly(2-methoxyethylacrylate) [PMEA] is a new heparin-free polymer. The objective of this experimental study was to evaluate the hemocompatibility of a PMEA-coated oxygenator (Terumo Capiox RX-25) (PTX) under standardized in vitro conditions compared to two ionic-bound and one covalent-bound heparin-coated models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each oxygenator was mounted in a separate standardized closed circulation system. Heparinized (5 IE/mL) fresh human blood from the same donor (hemodilution: Ringer's solution) was used. Circulation time: 120 - 180 min with a flow rate of 4.0 L/min. Blood samplings: at the beginning, 5. min and every 30 min of the circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  platelets, granulocytes, plasma factors (p-selectin, alpha-granulomeres expression, and TAT(III)-complex). After the experiment, oxygenators were dismantled and examined by scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the oxygenators led to an initial reduction of platelets and granulocytes. PTX had the lowest platelet and granulocyte reduction rates. With a lower p-selectin release compared to covalent-bound heparin-coated oxygenator and higher expression of alpha-granulomeres compared to ionic-bound heparin-coated oxygenators, the results of PTX indicated that a high number of circulating platelets were intact on the PMEA surface. TAT(III)-complex showed a steady increase in all of the oxygenators during the tests, more remarkably in PTX. In contrast to ionic-bound heparin-coated oxygenators, the electron microscopy displayed virtually no cellular accumulation on hollow fiber and housing surfaces of PTX and covalent-bound heparin-coated oxygenator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1. The hemocompatibility characteristics of PTX were remarkably better than ionic-bound heparin-coated oxygenators and slightly better than the covalent-bound heparin-coated model under in vitro conditions. 2. The PMEA coating can be a useful alternative for patients with heparin-associated disorders. 3. The clinical feasibility of PTX should be evaluated under in vivo conditions.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Clinics Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland. baykutd@uhbs.ch
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baykut
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bernet
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wehrle
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weichelt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Zerkowski
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates; D000925:Anticoagulants; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001704:Biopolymers; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D006461:Hemolysis; D006493:Heparin; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010106:Oxygenators; D011108:Polymers
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D000925:Anticoagulants; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001704:Biopolymers; D011108:Polymers; C413485:poly(2-methoxyethylacrylate); D006493:Heparin