title: Cross-linked hemoglobin as a potential membrane for an artificial red blood cell.
abstract: A cross-linked hemoglobin membrane has been created with discerning permeability between dissolved hemoglobin and small molecules. Such a membrane could be used to enclose a sphere of hemoglobin solution thereby allowing the entire "cell" to transport oxygen. The hemoglobin membrane was cross-linked on a polycarbonate support; the mechanical support was necessary for diffusion experiments in this study and would not be used during any sphere preparation. A 30% methemoglobin solution in phosphate buffer was used to fill the pores of the 10 microm polycarbonate support, then cross-linked with a homobifunctional cross-linking agent. The cross-linked hemoglobin within the support was evaluated for hemoglobin and benzoic acid permeability in a side-by-side diffusion cell. Disuccinimidyl glutarate, disuccinimidyl suberate and disuccinimidyl tartrate were used as cross-linking agents. Disuccinimidyl glutarate, 4.65 mM, created a hemoglobin-impermeable membrane after cross-linking for 20 minutes, reducing the concentration to 0.46 mM required a cross-linking time to 60 minutes. Benzoic acid, representing a typical small molecule, was capable of diffusing through the disuccinimidyl glutarate cross-linked hemoglobin membrane at 87.2% of its diffusion through buffer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Fallon
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Schnaare
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019817:Benzoic Acid; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008706:Methemoglobin; D010539:Permeability; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D013388:Succinimides / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D006454:Hemoglobins; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D013388:Succinimides; C096464:disuccinimidyl glutarate; C005506:polycarbonate; D019817:Benzoic Acid; D008706:Methemoglobin