title: Ritonavir: an extraordinary example of conformational polymorphism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the summer of 1998, Norvir semi-solid capsules supplies were threatened as a result of a new much less soluble crystal form of ritonavir. This report provides characterization of the two polymorphs and the structures and hydrogen bonding network for each form.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ritonavir polymorphism was investigated using solid state spectroscopy and microscopy techniques including solid state NMR, Near Infrared Spectroscopy, powder X-ray Diffraction and Single crystal X-ray. A sensitive seed detection test was developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ritonavir polymorphs were thoroughly characterized and the structures determined. An unusual conformation was found for form II that results in a strong hydrogen bonding network A possible mechanism for heterogeneous nucleation of form II was investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ritonavir was found to exhibit conformational polymorphism with two unique crystal lattices having significantly different solubility properties. Although the polymorph (form II) corresponding to the "cis" conformation is a more stable packing arrangement, nucleation, even in the presence of form II seeds, is energetically unfavored except in highly supersaturated solutions. The coincidence of a highly supersaturated solution and a probable heterogeneous nucleation by a degradation product resulted in the sudden appearance of the more stable form II polymorph.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60045, USA. john.f.bauer@abbott.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spanton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quick
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dziki
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012995:Solubility; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D019438:Ritonavir