title: Preferential labeling of glial and meningial brain tumors with [2-(14)C]acetate.
abstract: Acetate is preferentially transported into and metabolized by astrocytes, rather than synaptosomes or neurons, and labeled acetate is used as a glial reporter molecule to assess glial metabolism and glial-neuronal interactions. Because monocarboxylic acid transporter specificity might confer a phenotype to help localize, detect, and characterize brain tumors of glial origin, use of [2-(14)C]acetate and [(14)C]deoxyglucose (a glucose analog metabolized by all brain cells) was compared in rat and human brain tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured C6 glioma or U-373 glioblastoma/astrocytoma tumor cells were injected into the caudate nucleus of anesthetized CDF Fisher rats; 2--3 wk later, an intravenous pulse of [2-(14)C]acetate or [(14)C]deoxyglucose was given, and timed blood samples were drawn during the 5- or 45-min experiment, respectively. Local (14)C levels in the brain were assayed by quantitative autoradiography, and acetate uptake or glucose use was calculated. Uptake and metabolism of the [(14)C]acetate was also assayed in C6 glioma and human surgical tumor samples in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  [(14)C]Acetate uptake into rat brain C6 tumors was 9.9 +/- 2.1 mL/100 g/min, compared with 3.9 +/- 1.0 mL/100 g/min in contralateral tissue (n = 6; P < 0.001), and was much higher than that into other brain structures (e.g., 5:1 for white matter and 2:1 for cortical gray matter). Glucose use in C6 tumors was 111 +/- 34 micromol/100 g/min, versus 81 +/- 5 micromol/100 g/min in contralateral tissue (n = 6; P = 0.08); no left-right differences in glucose use or acetate uptake were seen in other brain structures. The tumor-to-contralateral-tissue ratio for acetate (2.3 +/- 0.3) exceeded that for deoxyglucose (1.4 +/- 0.5) (P < 0.05), indicating that acetate is a sensitive C6 glioma marker. [(14)C]Acetate uptake also demarcated a few 3-wk-old C6 tumors that had unlabeled necrotic cores. U-373 tumors were smaller than C6 tumors in rat brain and were detected equally well with [(14)C]acetate and [(14)C]deoxyglucose. In vitro uptake of [(14)C]acetate into human glioblastoma or meningioma tumors was higher than uptake into pituitary adenoma. Rat C6 and human tumors with high uptake metabolized acetate to acidic compounds and amino acids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tumor imaging with radiolabeled acetate can help to localize and classify brain tumors. Transporter and metabolic substrate specificity are traits that can be exploited further for in vivo imaging of brain glial tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Dienel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Popp
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Drew
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krisht
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Cruz
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D005910:Glioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008579:Meningioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019342:Acetic Acid