title: Self-expanding oesophageal stents: strategies for re-intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Self-expanding metal stents have become accepted palliation for inoperable malignant oesophageal obstruction, the cost of the devices being offset against the ease of insertion and the reduced complication rate. However, re-intervention is often required for obstruction, malposition, migration and tumour progression. The marginal cost of re-stenting is generally higher than other modalities. This study aims to determine the rate of re-intervention and the effectiveness of the various intervention modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population of 165 patients, treated in a tertiary referral oesophageal centre, (132 with oesophageal cancer, 31 with mediastinal metastases from other tumours, two with benign conditions) whose initial stent placement was performed between January 1994 and December 1998 was followed-up through July 1999 or till death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 75 re-interventions were required in 44 patients and were successful in 51 (68%). Rigid oesophagoscopy and removal of food bolus was successful in three out of three, dilation in one of 11, rigid oesophagoscopy and physical debridement in 12 of 17 and laser debridement in 12 of 20. Re-stenting was the primary re-intervention in 10 cases and was ultimately necessary in 14 patients (with 11 self-expanding metal stents, three Celestin) who had previously undergone other forms of re-intervention. It was not successful in one case. The median survival following first re-intervention was 9.8 weeks (compared with 14.3 weeks for initial stenting) and was longer in those receiving radiotherapy (23.6 weeks) or chemotherapy (14.4 weeks).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While repeated stenting is usually successful, debridement and laser vaporization are viable alternatives for proximal tumour overgrowth or ingrowth in the upper or middle third of the oesophagus. Distal tumour growth or ingrowth at the oesophagogastric junction are best treated with a second stent. Repeated treatment is justified, as survival following first re-intervention is comparable to that after initial stenting, particularly in those patients who are able to undergo chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. kieran.mcmanus@royalhospitals.n-i.nhs.uk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McManus
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGuigan
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019233:Retreatment; D015607:Stents