title: Ankle biomechanics during four landing techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An understanding of landing techniques is important for the prevention of injuries in a number of athletic events. There is a risk of injury to the ankle during landings, and the kinematics and forces involved in different landing strategies may be related to the occurrence of trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the current study, four drop conditions from a 30.48-cm (12-inch) height were tested. The conditions were a) BN: Bent knee (self-selected), Natural (self-selected) plantar flexor contraction; b) SN: Stiff-knee, Natural plantar flexors; c) SP: Stiff-knee, Plantar flexors absorbing the impact; and d) SH: Stiff-knee, absorbing most of the impact in the Heels. Peak vertical forces and accelerations were measured, and Achilles tendon forces and stiffnesses were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak vertical forces and peak tibial accelerations were highest for the SH condition (2418 N and 20.7 G), whereas peak Achilles tendon force was highest for SP drops. The overall average AT stiffness was 166,345 N x m(-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from the study were used in an extensive cadaver study to investigate ankle injuries. The data from the current study indicate that athletes may not use their full energy absorbing potential in landings during sporting activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Mechanics, USAF Academy, CO 80840-6240, USA. Brian.Self@usafa.af.mil
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Self
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paine
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle / Q000502:physiology*; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D008124:Locomotion; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture