title: Dental and skeletal changes associated with long-term mandibular advancement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known of the possible dental or skeletal side effects following the use of mandibular advancement in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. A study has subsequently been designed to investigate these issues.
  
  
  METHODS
  100 consecutively treated medically referred patients were reviewed cephalometrically in 6-month intervals (6-30 months) following mandibular advancement therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orthodontic Private Practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  87 males, 13 females (mean age 49 years, SD 8.5, range 33-74 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reference points and planes in the cranial base, maxilla, and mandible were digitized with a reflex metrograph and their means converted to linear and angular measurements. Significant changes following mandibular advancement were observed in lower face height, vertical condylar position, incisor angulation, overbite, and overjet. Skeletal changes were attributed to a vertical repositioning of the mandibular condyle relative to the cranial base and were present at the first review period (6 months). Dental changes occurred later with treatment with the most significant changes occurring at the final review period (30 months) which resulted in a 4.9 degrees proclination of the mandibular incisors and a reduction in overbite of 1.82mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggests that long-term use of mandibular advancement can cause dental and skeletal changes which may be progressive over time. As many consider mandibular advancement a treatment for life, it is strongly recommended that all patients be fully informed of the potential for such changes prior to treatment and undergo mandatory dental reviews with long-term mandibular advancement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Sciences and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. c.robertson@clear.net.nz
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019186:Mandibular Advancement / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000628:therapy*; D013706:Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014070:Tooth / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014716:Vertical Dimension