title: Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase) for restoration of flow in occluded central venous access devices: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial--the Cardiovascular Thrombolytic to Open Occluded Lines (COOL) efficacy trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Central venous access devices (CVADs) are a mainstay of current medical therapy but often become occluded by thrombus. Tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase), at a dose of 2 mg per 2 mL, has been shown to be effective in restoring flow to catheters proven by radiographic contrast injection to be occluded by thrombus. The purpose of this double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial was to determine the efficacy of alteplase in occluded catheters without earlier contrast injections or radiographic examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were eligible for inclusion if blood could not be withdrawn from their catheter after a period of normal function of at least 48 hours. Single or multiple catheters, peripherally inserted central catheters, catheters with valves, and implanted ports were eligible; catheters used for hemodialysis were not included. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. In one group, patients received a first dose of 2 mg alteplase followed, if needed, by a second dose of 2 mg alteplase and a third dose of placebo. The other group received placebo first followed by one 2-mg dose of alteplase and then a second, if needed. Each dose was allowed to dwell for 2 hours and ability to withdraw blood from the catheter was reassessed. The endpoint was restoration of the ability to withdraw and infuse through the catheter. One hundred forty-nine patients were randomized: 74 received placebo first, 75 received alteplase first.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the first 2-hour treatment, function was restored to 74% in the alteplase arm and 17% in the placebo arm (P <.0001 compared to placebo). After one or two treatments, function was restored in 90% of patients. There were no serious study-drug-related adverse events, no intracranial hemorrhage, no major hemorrhage, and no embolic events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infusion of alteplase appeared to be safe and effective in restoring flow to occluded catheters without need for pretreatment radiographic evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiology, Tri-City Medical Center, Oceanside, California, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ponec
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Haire
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: McCluskey
mesh_terms: D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010919:Placebos; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator