title: Childhood constipation: evaluation and treatment.
abstract: Constipation is common in children. It is estimated that between 5% and 10% of pediatric patients have constipation and/or encopresis. Constipation is the second most referred condition in pediatric gastroenterology practices, accounting for up to 25% of all visits. In this article, a practical approach is laid out for those not familiar with constipation in children. Emphasis is placed on the evaluation and management options that are available to the treating practitioner. The diagnosis of constipation requires careful history taking and interpretation. Diagnostic tests are not often needed and are reserved for those who are severely affected. The daily bowel habits of children are extremely susceptible to any changes in routine environment. Constipation and subsequent fecal retention behavior often begins soon after a child has experienced a painful evacuation. Childhood constipation can be very difficult to treat. It often requires prolonged support by physicians and parents, explanation, medical treatment, and, most important, the child's cooperation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy; D001706:Biopsy; D002400:Cathartics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003106:Colon / Q000503:physiopathology; D003248:Constipation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D003672:Defecation / Q000502:physiology; D004688:Encopresis / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008365:Manometry; D008487:Medical History Taking; D012007:Rectum / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002400:Cathartics