title: Species- and sex-specific renal cytotoxicity of ochratoxin A and B in vitro.
abstract: Four different cell models were chosen for comparison of OTA and OTB toxicity: primary porcine (PKC), rat (RPTC) and human renal proximal epithelial cells (HKC) from both sexes and a porcine renal cell line: LLC-PK1. Culture conditions were tested and optimized for each respective cell type (species/sex and origin). All cell types were characterized for epithelial origin and growth patterns and following optimization of dosing strategies and assay procedures, a strict study design was implemented to avoid systemic variations. Due to possible sensitivity differences, three simple endpoints were chosen to provide basic data for interspecies comparison: neutral red uptake, MTT reduction and cell number. Of the endpoints tested neutral red appeared the most sensitive, although all three parameters yielded comparable EC50's. Sex-differences were observed between male and female HKC cells following 96 h exposure to OTA, with HKC(m) being more sensitive than HKC(f). No sex-difference was observed in PKC cells, however, the PKC were approximately 3 and 10 times more sensitive than HKC(m) and HKC(f), respectively, to OTA and OTB. Interestingly, the CI95 of the EC50 values obtained for OTA (15.5-16.5 microM) and OTB (17.0-2 1.0 microM) were comparable in the PKC cells. In contrast, OTB had lower cytotoxicity than OTA in HKC and LLC-PK1 (approx. 2-fold) and no effects in RPTC. Overall, HKC(m) were nearly as sensitive as PKC towards OTA, followed by RPTC, LLC-PK1 and HKC(f), thus suggesting a sex specific sensitivity in humans towards OTA induced cytotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Germany. daniel.dietrich@uni-konstanz.de
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Stack
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Heussner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002452:Cell Count; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005562:Formazans / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018374:LLC-PK1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009499:Neutral Red / Q000378:metabolism; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012737:Sex Factors; D013045:Species Specificity; D013552:Swine; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005562:Formazans; D009793:Ochratoxins; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; C025589:ochratoxin A; C079782:MTT formazan; D009499:Neutral Red; C045354:ochratoxin B