title: Sex, gender, and blood pressure: contributions to experimental pain report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study investigated whether the relationship between sex and experimental pain report was explained by systolic blood pressure (SBP) at rest or during pain task, by gender-role socialization as assessed by the Bem Sex Role Inventory, or both. The influence of gender-role socialization on pain report is often inferred but rarely studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty female and 54 male healthy, young adults completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory and then underwent a cold pressor task. Blood pressure was assessed before and during pain testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate analyses indicated significant sex-related differences in pain threshold and pain tolerance. Baseline SBP was positively related to pain tolerance but did not explain sex differences, in accord with previous research. The Bem Sex Role Inventory demonstrated a relationship with pain, but did not explain sex differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that context-specific measures of gender are needed to assess gender-related pain behaviors in specific situations. Results from the current study support our contention that gender is part of sex as commonly measured. Also, blood pressure does not appear to fully account for sex-related differences in pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0404, USA. cynthm@ufl.edu
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sheffield
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011603:Psychophysiology