title: "Liquidless" cell staining by dye diffusion from gels and analysis by laser scanning cytometry: potential application at microgravity conditions in space.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventional staining of cells or tissue sections on microscope slides involves immersing the slides into solutions of dyes then rinsing to remove the unbound dye. There are instances, however, when use of stain solutions is undesirable-e.g., at microgravity conditions in space, where the possibility of accidental spill (many dyes are known carcinogens) introduces health hazard. Likewise, transporting bulk of liquid stains and rinses may be burdensome in certain situations such as field expeditions or combat.
  
  
  METHODS
  The "liquidless" staining procedure is proposed in which the dyes are contained in thin strips of hydrated polyacrylamide or gelatin gels that have been presoaked in the stain solutions. Fluorochromes that have affinity to DNA (propidium iodide, PI; 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI, Hoechst 33342) or to protein (sulforhodamine 101) were used to saturate the gels. The gel strips were placed over the prefixed cells or tissue sections deposited on microscope slides and relatively low (20 g/cm2) pressure was applied to ensure the contact. The cells were also stained by using commercially available mounting media into which DAPI or PI were admixed. Intensity of fluorescence of the PI stained cells was measured by laser scanning cytometry (LSC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Satisfactory cell and tissue staining, with minimal background, was achieved after 10-20 min contact between the cells and gels. Optimal concentrations of the dyes in the solutions used to presoak the gels was found to be 2-4-fold higher than the concentrations used routinely in cytometry. The measurements of intensity of cellular fluorescence by LSC revealed that the staining of DNA was stoichiometric as reflected by the characteristic cellular DNA content frequency histograms with distinct G1, S, and G2/M cell populations and 2:1 ratio of G2/M to G1 peak fluorescence. Individual gels can be saturated with more than a single dye-e.g., to obtain differential DNA and protein staining. Cell staining with DAPI or PI in the gelatin-based mounting media led to high fluorescence background while staining with DAPI in "aqueous" medium was satisfactory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relatively fast staining of cells or tissue sections on microscope slides can be achieved by nonconvective dye diffusion using hydrated gels permeated with the dyes, applied to cells at low pressure. The quality of the staining provided by this methodology is comparable to conventional cell staining in dye solutions.
authors.affiliation: Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10532, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smolewski
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bedner
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gorczyca
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Darzynkiewicz
mesh_terms: D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D005453:Fluorescence; D005780:Gelatin / Q000032:analysis; D007211:Indoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011419:Propidium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D014893:Weightlessness
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007211:Indoles; D011506:Proteins; D012235:Rhodamines; D011419:Propidium; C007293:DAPI; D005780:Gelatin; D004247:DNA; C050829:sulforhodamine 101