title: Heritability estimations for diseases, coat color, body weight, and height in a birth cohort of Boxers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain heritability estimates for diseases and characteristics in Boxers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Birth cohort of 2,929 purebred Boxers from 414 litters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heritability estimates were determined for cheiloschisis-palatoschisis, cryptorchidism, epilepsy, stifle disorders, cardiac disorders, coat color, birth weight, and adult weight, and height. Binary traits were analyzed by use of a mixed-effects probit model. Some traits also were analyzed by use of a model that postulated monogenic inheritance. Full pedigree analyses were performed. Variation in incidences of disease among clusters of related dogs was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heritability estimates were virtually zero for cardiac disorders, medium (0.17 to 0.36) for most other traits, and high (> 0.55) for coat color, birth weight, and adult height. Litter effects and risk factors affected cheiloschisis-palatoschisis, heart murmur, coat color, broadly defined epilepsy, and adult weight. Litter effects may be attributable to common environmental effects for littermates but also may be attributable to dominance variation caused by a recessive gene. Heritability estimates increased when stricter definitions for epilepsy and stifle disorders were used. The monogenic model did not reveal higher heritability estimates for 6 traits analyzed. Incidences for white coat differed significantly for 10 familial clusters, confirming high heritability and effects of familial lineage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that genetic improvement of most traits should be feasible, except for cardiac disorders. However, because most traits are influenced by environmental effects as well as genetic effects, genetic counseling based on polygenic inheritance and use of familial information rather than strict exclusion of parents is preferred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Nielen
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Janss
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Knol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000235:genetics; D001947:Breeding / Q000592:standards*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D004285:Dogs / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006200:Hair Color / Q000235:genetics; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires