title: The role of overexpression and gene amplification of cyclin D1 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a primary liver malignant tumor with an extremely poor prognosis, but less attention has been directed to factors related to molecular carcinogenesis, including cell cycle proteins. We examined the expression and gene amplification of cyclin D1, the cell cycle regulating protein. Our objective was to evaluate correlations with clinicopathological factors in ICC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cyclin D1 overexpression and cellular proliferative activity (Ki-67 labeling index) were investigated immunohistochemically, and 20 cases were further investigated for cyclin D1 gene amplification, using differential PCR. We examined the correlation between the expression and gene amplification of cyclin D1 and clinicopathological factors, including overall survival in patients with ICC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an overexpression of cyclin D1 protein in 28 of 66 subjects with ICCs (42%). The cyclin D1 overexpression was associated with poor histological differentiation (P = 0.04), high cellular proliferative activity (P < 0.01), and a poor prognosis (P = 0.02) by univariate analysis, although it is not an independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis. Cyclin D1 gene amplification was confirmed in five of the 20 patients. Of those five cases of ICC, all had poor histological differentiation, and four of the five ICCs (80%) showed evidence of cyclin D1 immunoreactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overexpression and gene amplification of cyclin D1 are frequent and contribute to dedifferentiation and cellular proliferative activity of ICCs, and overexpression also indicates a poor prognosis for patients with ICC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimachi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aishima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kajiyama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimachi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuneyoshi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D002455:Cell Division; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005784:Gene Amplification; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D019938:Cyclin D1