title: Inhibition of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase increases lipopolysaccharide induced inhibition of apoptosis in neutrophils by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prolonged polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) survival has been implicated in tissue injury after sepsis. Previously we reported that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibits PMN apoptosis via the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Conversely, the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is involved in the spontaneous apoptosis of PMNs. The interaction between these 2 pathways and their ability to regulate apoptosis during sepsis remain largely undefined. We hypothesize that there is interaction between the ERK and p38 pathways during sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  PMNs were isolated from healthy volunteers by Ficoll gradient centrifugation and red blood cell sedimentation. Cells were then pretreated for 1 hour with the ERK inhibitor (PD98059, 10 micromol/L), p38 inhibitor (SB203580, 1 micromol/L), or vehicle. After treatment with LPS, apoptosis and MAPK activity were correlated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS stimulation significantly inhibits PMN apoptosis compared with unstimulated cells. Furthermore, inhibition of ERK significantly abrogates this effect, whereas inhibition of p38 augments LPS induced inhibition of apoptosis. Elk-1 phosphorylation (ERK target) is significantly increased by LPS alone and by inhibition of the p38 pathway during LPS stimulation. This correlates with ERK phosphorylation by Western blot.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that p38 inhibition enhances ERK activity during endotoxemia. Furthermore, these data suggest that cooperation between ERK and p38 MAPK pathways dictates the apoptotic potential of PMNs during inflammatory states.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sheth
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Friel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bankey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D007093:Imidazoles; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011725:Pyridines; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093642:SB 203580; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one