title: Polygraphic investigation of 24-h waking distribution in infants.
abstract: An evening forbidden zone for sleep has been shown for adults. This research was aimed to ascertain the prevalence of waking in the evening in early development. Twelve infants, aged between 2 weeks and 11 months 3 weeks, were each recorded once over a 24-h period. Recordings included EEG, EOG, EMG, respiration, ECG, and behavioural observation. Four states were defined by combining behavioural and electrophysiological data. Wakefulness was defined by the presence of eyes open, eye movements and additionally body movements, and irregular respiration. In infants younger than 12 months and a half, a greater amount of wakefulness was observed in the time interval between 17 and 20. Older infants show uniform high amount of wakefulness during daytime. Our data corroborate the hypothesis that evening hours are those most frequently characterised by the behavioural waking state, suggesting that a forbidden zone for sleep exists in development and that its time placement corresponds to the one observed in the adult.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Florence, Via San Niccolò 93, 50125, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giganti
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fagioli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ficca
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salzarulo
mesh_terms: D004562:Electrocardiography; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D004585:Electrooculography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*