title: Quantitative assessment of an MR technique for reducing metal artifact: application to spin-echo imaging in a phantom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify image artifact reduction using a new technique (MARS--metal artifact reduction sequence) in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coronal T1-weighted MR images were obtained through two metal phantoms (titanium/chromium-cobalt and stainless steel femoral prostheses) immersed in water. Comparison of artifact volume was made with images obtained using conventional and modified (MARS) T1-weighted sequences. Signal intensity values outside a range of +/-40% the average signal intensity for water were considered artifact and segmented into low or high signal artifact categories. Considering the arbitrary selection of this threshold value, volumetric calculations of artifact were also evaluated at +/-50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% the mean signal for water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conventional T1-weighted images produced 87% more low signal artifact and 212% more high signal artifact compared with the MARS modified T1-weighted images of the stainless steel prosthesis. Conventional T1-weighted images of the titanium prosthesis produced 84% more low signal artifact and 211% more high signal artifact than the MARS modified sequence. The level of artifact reduction was essentially uniform for the various threshold levels tested and was greatest at +/-20% the global signal intensity average for water.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MARS technique reduces the volume of image signal artifact produced by stainless steel and titanium/chromium-cobalt femoral prostheses on T1-weighted spin-echo images in a tissue phantom model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Janzen
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Munk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: MacKay
authors.forename: Q S
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGowen
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D002857:Chromium; D003035:Cobalt; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008670:Metals; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013193:Stainless Steel; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D002857:Chromium; D013193:Stainless Steel; D003035:Cobalt; D014025:Titanium