title: Transforming growth factor-alpha prevents detachment-induced inhibition of c-Src kinase activity, Bcl-XL down-regulation, and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells.
abstract: Detachment of epithelial cells from the extracellular matrix (ECM) results in apoptosis, a phenomenon often referred to as anoikis. Acquisition of anoikis resistance is now thought to be a prerequisite for the progression of carcinomas. Colorectal cancer cells frequently secrete epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands, which are known to have anti-apoptotic activity. However, whether these ligands have the ability to inhibit anoikis of intestinal epithelial cells is unclear, since at least in some cell types efficient EGFR signaling requires cell-ECM adhesion. Here we report that transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), an EGFR ligand that is frequently secreted by colorectal cancer cells, strongly inhibits anoikis of the non-malignant rat intestinal epithelial cell lines, IEC-18 and RIE-1. TGF-alpha exerts its anti-anoikis effect by preventing detachment-induced inhibition of c-Src kinase activity. We also show that Fas activation, a molecular event known to play a critical role in anoikis, is not suppressed by TGF-alpha. On the other hand, this growth factor strongly inhibits the detachment-induced down-regulation of Bcl-X(L), another change that is involved in the induction of anoikis. We further demonstrate that this inhibition occurs in a c-Src-dependent manner. We conclude that TGF-alpha has the ability to suppress anoikis of intestinal epithelial cells, at least in part, by reverting the loss of c-Src activity and Bcl-X(L) expression induced by detachment from the ECM.
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Coll
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Filmus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D000081247:CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase; D053148:Caspase 3; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D019061:src-Family Kinases
chemical_list: C494813:Bcl2l1 protein, rat; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000081247:CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase; D019061:src-Family Kinases; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases