title: Moderators and mediators of long-term adherence to stimulant treatment in children with ADHD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify moderators and mediators of long-term adherence to stimulant medication in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-one children with ADHD were prescribed methylphenidate, followed prospectively on an annual basis for 3 years, and evaluated for adherence to stimulant treatment. The study occurred in Toronto between 1993 and 1997. Adherents were those who took methylphenidate, or another psychostimulant, for 5 or more days per week throughout the follow-up period, except for "drug holidays." Children who adhered at consecutive evaluations were compared with those who did not. Severity of ADHD, presence of oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder, learning difficulties, anxiety, age, family dysfunction, and socioeconomic adversity at baseline were investigated as moderators of adherence. Response to treatment at school, measured at 12 months, was investigated as a mediator of adherence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-two percent of children adhered to stimulant treatment for 3 years. Absence of teacher-rated oppositional defiant disorder, more teacher-rated ADHD symptoms, and younger age at baseline predicted adherence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adherence to stimulant medications is a significant factor in the long-term treatment of children with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thiruchelvam
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charach
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schachar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate