title: The orphan receptor ALK7 and the Activin receptor ALK4 mediate signaling by Nodal proteins during vertebrate development.
abstract: Nodal proteins have crucial roles in mesendoderm formation and left-right patterning during vertebrate development. The molecular mechanisms of signal transduction by Nodal and related ligands, however, are not fully understood. In this paper, we present biochemical and functional evidence that the orphan type I serine/threonine kinase receptor ALK7 acts as a receptor for mouse Nodal and Xenopus Nodal-related 1 (Xnr1). Receptor reconstitution experiments indicate that ALK7 collaborates with ActRIIB to confer responsiveness to Xnr1 and Nodal. Both receptors can independently bind Xnr1. In addition, Cripto, an extracellular protein genetically implicated in Nodal signaling, can independently interact with both Xnr1 and ALK7, and its expression greatly enhances the ability of ALK7 and ActRIIB to respond to Nodal ligands. The Activin receptor ALK4 is also able to mediate Nodal signaling but only in the presence of Cripto, with which it can also interact directly. A constitutively activated form of ALK7 mimics the mesendoderm-inducing activity of Xnr1 in Xenopus embryos, whereas a dominant-negative ALK7 specifically blocks the activities of Nodal and Xnr1 but has little effect on other related ligands. In contrast, a dominant-negative ALK4 blocks all mesoderm-inducing ligands tested, including Nodal, Xnr1, Xnr2, Xnr4, and Activin. In agreement with a role in Nodal signaling, ALK7 mRNA is localized to the ectodermal and organizer regions of Xenopus gastrula embryos and is expressed during early stages of mouse embryonic development. Therefore, our results indicate that both ALK4 and ALK7 can mediate signal transduction by Nodal proteins, although ALK7 appears to be a receptor more specifically dedicated to Nodal signaling.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reissmann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jörnvall
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blokzijl
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Minchiotti
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Persico
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Brivanlou
mesh_terms: D029404:Activin Receptors; D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000502:physiology; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D005775:Gastrula / Q000502:physiology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009024:Morphogenesis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D055457:Nodal Protein; D010802:Phylogeny; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000196:embryology; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D055457:Nodal Protein; C526008:Nodal protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; C489450:Tdgf1 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C512833:nodal1 protein, Xenopus; C096788:tdgf1.3 protein, Xenopus; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D029404:Activin Receptors; D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I