title: A novel differentiation-inducing therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia with a combination of arsenic trioxide and GM-CSF.
abstract: Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) effectively induces clinical remission via apoptosis in relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, because this new anti-leukemic drug is also considered to be a poison, its possible adverse effects are a highly important issue related to its clinical use. We here investigated, both in vitro and in vivo, the effects of a combination of As2O3 and GM-CSF as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of APL. Treatment of both retinoic acid (RA)-sensitive and -resistant APL cell lines (NB4 and UF-1 cells, respectively), as well as primary APL cells with a combination of As2O3 and GM-CSF for 4 days resulted in inducing differentiation, but not apoptosis, to mature granulocytes. In addition, a combination of both agents induced degradation of the PML/RARalpha protein. GM-CSF was found to be associated with increased tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak2 kinase in both NB4 and UF-1 cells, and a specific inhibitor of Jak2, AG490, completely blocked the ability of GM-CSF to prevent apoptosis and induce differentiation of As2O3-treated UF-1 cells. In in vivo analysis, As2O3 induced differentiation of APL cells in a RA-resistant APL model of human GM-CSF-producing transgenic SCID mice that had a high level of human GM-CSF in their sera. In contrast, As2O3 alone diminished tumors in UF-1 cells transplanted into NOD/SCID mice via induction of apoptosis. In conclusion, a combination of As2O3 and GM-CSF appears to be a novel differentiation-inducing therapy in patients with APL, including relapsed or RA-resistant cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kizaki
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukuchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Umezawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hozumi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueyama
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / Q000378:metabolism; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001152:Arsenicals; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; D010087:Oxides; C093476:promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha fusion oncoprotein; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide