title: Urological complications after renal transplantation using ureteroureteral anastomosis in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ureterovesical reimplantation is most often performed for renal transplantation in children. We reviewed our experience to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ureteroureteral reimplantation in pediatric renal transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated the charts of 92 boys and 72 girls who underwent a total of 166 ureteroureteral anastomoses for renal transplantation from January 1990 to December 1999. Spatulated end-to-end anastomosis was performed between recipient and graft ureters without stenting and with a bladder catheter for at least 10 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean patient age at transplantation was 11.2 years (range 1 to 21.5). There were 22 living related donor and 144 cadaveric grafts. Urological anomalies and nephropathy were the cause of end stage renal disease in 146 and 20 patients, respectively. Urological complications were noted in 14 of the 166 transplantations (8.4%) in 10 boys and 4 girls, including 12 initial and 2 repeat grafts from 2 living related and 12 cadaveric donors. Five of these patients had undergone previous urological surgery. The 2 children (1.2%) with acute ureteral obstruction underwent repeat intervention after stent failure. Anastomotic leakage in 7 cases (4.2%) was treated conservatively in 1 and with a Double-J stent (Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York) only required in 3. Reoperation was required in 3 cases. One patient (0.6%) with late ureteral stenosis underwent repeat anastomosis, 1 (0.6%) required reimplantation for recurrent pyelonephritis due to vesicoureteral reflux in the graft, 1 (0.6%) with a valve bladder required bladder augmentation and ureteral reimplantation, and 1 (0.6%) with lymphocele and 1 (0.6%) with lithiasis were successfully treated conservatively. Complications were associated with acute rejection in 6 cases. Mean followup without graft loss in patients who presented with versus without complications was 58.3 months (range 1 to 112) versus 75 (range 1 to 118). In the former patients with a mean age of 16 years 9 months versus those without urological complications mean serum creatinine was 116 and 108 mol./l., respectively. Two grafts were lost in patients with urological complications, including 1 who died of pulmonary embolism and 1 with refractory chronic rejection. Seven patients were lost to followup after 54 months (range 12 to 113) of adequate graft function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ureteroureteral anastomosis is a safe and effective technique for pediatric renal transplantation with a low complication rate, which may be due to better vascularization of the shorter ureteral end of the graft. Our results should encourage the use of this technique in pediatric renal transplantation. Efforts to preserve the recipient ureters should be made at nephrectomy.
authors.affiliation: CHUL-Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Québec, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lapointe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charbit
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lortat-Jacob
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beurton
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gagnadoux
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Niaudet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broyer
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Révillon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology