title: Diabetic microvascular complications are not associated with two polymorphisms in the GLUT-1 and PC-1 genes regulating glucose metabolism in Caucasian type 1 diabetic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An XbaI polymorphism in the gene encoding the glucose transporter, GLUT-1, is associated with development of diabetic nephropathy in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients. In addition, an amino acid variant (K121Q) in the gene encoding the glycoprotein plasma cell differentiating antigen (PC-1), a specific inhibitor of insulin receptor signalling, has been reported to predict a faster progression of nephropathy in Italian and British type 1 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The XbaI and K121Q polymorphisms were determined by PCR-RFLP in Danish type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy (122 men/77 women, age 40.9+/-9.6 years, diabetes duration 27+/-8 years) and type 1 diabetic patients with persistent normoalbuminuria (118 men/74 women, age 42.7+/-10.2 years, diabetes duration 26+/-9 years). Proliferative retinopathy was present in 156 patients (40%), while 67 patients (17%) had no diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in the frequency of GLUT-1 XbaI genotypes between type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy and type 1 diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria: 72 (41%)/87 (50%)/16 (9%) vs 94 (49%)/74 (39%)/24 (13%) had GLUT-1 XbaI +/+, +/- or -/- genotype respectively (NS). The frequency of PC-1 KK, KQ and QQ genotypes were 141 (71%)/52 (26%)/6 (3%) vs 138 (73%)/45 (24%)/7 (4%) in patients respectively with and without nephropathy (NS). Neither were associations between the investigated polymorphisms and simplex or proliferative retinopathy revealed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither the PC-1 K121Q nor the GLUT-1 XbaI polymorphism contribute to the genetic susceptibility of diabetic microvascular complications in Danish type 1 diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tarnow
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grarup
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Parving
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011755:Pyrophosphatases; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; C495677:SLC2A1 protein, human; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; C065962:ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1; D011755:Pyrophosphatases; D005947:Glucose