title: Levormeloxifene prevents increased bone turnover and vertebral bone loss following ovariectomy in cynomolgus monkeys.
abstract: Levormeloxifene, a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), has been evaluated for its effects on bone in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Adult female monkeys were imported from Indonesia and randomized into six groups of 25-28 animals each (n = 158). Animals in one group were sham ovariectomized (sham) and received vehicle. Animals in the remaining five groups were ovariectomized and received either vehicle (ovx); 17beta-estradiol at 0.016 mg/kg (est); or levormeloxifene at 0.5 (L1), 1 (L2), or 5 (L3) mg/kg. Lumbar spine and whole body bone mass were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) pretreatment and at 6 and 12 months following the initiation of treatment. Bone mass at the femoral neck was measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) at 0 and 12 months. Serum markers of bone turnover, including bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), osteocalcin (BGP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and urinary collagen C-terminal extension peptides (CrossLaps), were measured at 0, 6, and 12 months. Ovariectomy resulted in an increase in these markers; the increase was prevented by estradiol or levormeloxifene. Estradiol or levormeloxifene inhibited loss of lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) following ovariectomy compared with untreated monkeys (ovx -5.0%; sham -0.4%; est +0.2%; L1 -3.6%, L2 -2.0%, L3 -2.5%). Estradiol, but not levormeloxifene, prevented loss of BMD at the femoral neck (ovx -7.4%; sham -3.1%; est -3.6%; L1 -8.0%, L2 -6.5%, L3 -7.8%), and whole body bone mineral content (BMC) (ovx -7.6%; sham -1.9%, est -2.9%; L1 -6.2%, L2 -6.1%, L3 -6.7%). Bone loss at each site was correlated with bone turnover as measured by serum and urine biomarkers. There was no dose effect of levormeloxifene.
authors.affiliation: Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. chotchkiss@nctr.fda.gov
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hotchkiss
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stavisky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brommage
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000517:prevention & control; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011759:Pyrrolidines; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D004958:Estradiol; C108255:levormeloxifene