title: Measurement of urinary flow rate using ultrasound in young boys and infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present a technique for measuring urinary flow rates with ultrasound in male infants and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinary flow rate was measured simultaneously by an ultrasound probe placed around the base of the penis and by a funnel with a rotating disk at the bottom in 30 boys with a mean age of 6.7 years (range 4.5 to 10.5), and by ultrasound in 8 infants with a mean age of 10 months (range 1 to 28). Voided volume was measured with a graded cylinder or calculated from the weight change of diapers in infants. Ultrasound and rotating disk maximum flow rates were calculated. The ultrasound signal was calibrated by comparing the collected voided volume to the area under the curve for that void. The volume calculated from the rotating disk flow rate curve was also compared with the collected volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both methods yielded similar flow curves. However, ultrasound maximum flow rate significantly exceeded rotating disk maximum flow rate (13 +/- 6 ml. per second, range 5 to 22 versus 10 +/- 4 ml. per second, range 4 to 21, t test p <0.001). The underestimation of the flow rate by the rotating disk method may have been due to adherence of urine to the funnel wall. Rotating disk maximum flow rate was lower and voided volume was underestimated by up to 50% (average 15 +/- 2%) in 21 cases. Ultrasound maximum flow rate averaged 6 +/- 3 ml. per second (range 3 to 11.6 [oldest infant]) in the 8 infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary flow rates can be measured accurately using ultrasound in boys who produce small volumes and/or who are not toilet trained and also in infants. In future studies ultrasound will be applied to subsets of male infants with bladder dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Wolffenbuttel
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Mastrigt
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Nijman
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014521:Urethra / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*; D014563:Urodynamics