title: Fluorescein kinetics in interstitial fluid harvested from diabetic skin during fluorescein angiography: implications for glucose monitoring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucose monitoring based on sampling skin interstitial fluid (ISF) is being developed as an alternative to fingerstick blood glucose monitoring. Time delays between rapidly changing levels of glucose in blood and interstitial fluid have been reported in the literature to be between 5 and 20 minutes. This study investigated the time delay between the injection of a small molecular weight fluorescent tracer into the circulation and interstitial fluid.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetic subjects undergoing fluorescein angiography were studied. Skin ISF was sampled using a proprietary microporation and harvesting process. ISF was drawn through micropores created in the stratum corneum. After intravenous injection of sodium fluorescein, samples of ISF were drawn from 2 sites for 30 seconds over a period of 20 minutes. Fluorescence levels in ISF were measured with a fluorometer and used to create ISF fluorescein concentration versus time profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ISF fluorescein versus time profiles were characterized by a rapid rise followed by a slow decay. The time to peak of the ISF fluorescein concentration ranged from 2-4 minutes for the patients studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous injection of a bolus of low molecular weight fluorescent tracer was used to estimate the time delay between changing glucose levels in blood and ISF. The results indicate that the ISF sampling technology utilized here is capable of tracking rapidly rising levels of blood glucose.
authors.affiliation: SpectRx, Inc., Transdermal Systems Group, Norcross, Georgia, USA. asmith@spectrx.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Delcher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eppstein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilkes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002138:Calibration; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000032:analysis; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000737:chemistry*; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004573:Electrolytes; D005947:Glucose; D019793:Fluorescein