title: Syndromic ear anomalies and renal ultrasounds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although many pediatricians pursue renal ultrasonography when patients are noted to have external ear malformations, there is much confusion over which specific ear malformations do and do not require imaging. The objective of this study was to delineate characteristics of a child with external ear malformations that suggest a greater risk of renal anomalies. We highlight several multiple congenital anomaly (MCA) syndromes that should be considered in a patient who has both ear and renal anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Charts of patients who had ear anomalies and were seen for clinical genetics evaluations between 1981 and 2000 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in New Hampshire were reviewed retrospectively. Only patients who underwent renal ultrasound were included in the chart review. The literature was reviewed for the epidemiology of renal anomalies in the general population and in MCA syndromes with external ear anomalies. We defined a child as having an external ear anomaly when he or she had any of the following: preauricular pits and tags; microtia; anotia; or cup, lop, and other forms of dysplastic ears. A child was defined as having a renal anomaly if an ultrasound revealed any of the following: unilateral or bilateral renal agenesis; hypoplasia; crossed ectopia; horseshoe, pelvic, cystic kidney; hydronephrosis; duplicated ureters; megaureter; or vesicoureteric reflux.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because clinical genetics assessments were made by the same clinician at both sites (J.M.G.), data were combined. A total of 42 patients with ear anomalies received renal ultrasound; 12 (29%) of them displayed renal anomalies. Of the 12 patients with renal anomalies, 11 (92%) also received a diagnosis of MCA syndrome. Eleven of 33 patients (33%) with MCA syndromes had renal anomalies, whereas 1 of 9 patients (11%) with isolated ear anomalies had renal anomalies. Specific disorders seen were CHARGE association, Townes-Brocks syndrome, branchio-oto-renal syndrome, Nager syndrome, and diabetic embryopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that ear malformations are associated with an increased frequency of clinically significant structural renal anomalies compared with the general population. This is due to the observation that auricular malformations often are associated with specific MCA syndromes that have high incidences of renal anomalies. These include CHARGE association, Townes-Brocks syndrome, branchio-oto-renal syndrome, Nager syndrome, Miller syndrome, and diabetic embryopathy. Patients with auricular anomalies should be assessed carefully for accompanying dysmorphic features, including facial asymmetry; colobomas of the lid, iris, and retina; choanal atresia; jaw hypoplasia; branchial cysts or sinuses; cardiac murmurs; distal limb anomalies; and imperforate or anteriorly placed anus. If any of these features are present, then a renal ultrasound is useful not only in discovering renal anomalies but also in the diagnosis and management of MCA syndromes themselves. A renal ultrasound should be performed in patients with isolated preauricular pits, cup ears, or any other ear anomaly accompanied by 1 or more of the following: other malformations or dysmorphic features, a family history of deafness, auricular and/or renal malformations, or a maternal history of gestational diabetes. In the absence of these findings, renal ultrasonography is not indicated.
authors.affiliation: University of California-Los Angeles, School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: R Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Earl
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Ruder
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D019280:Branchio-Oto-Renal Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003638:Deafness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D004431:Ear, External / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008342:Mandibulofacial Dysostosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D010375:Pedigree; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography