title: Cost-effectiveness analysis of an intranasal influenza vaccine for the prevention of influenza in healthy children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intranasal influenza vaccine has proven clinical efficacy and may be better tolerated by young children and their families than an injectable vaccine. This study determined the potential cost-effectiveness (CE) of an intranasal influenza vaccine among healthy children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a CE analysis of data collected between 1996 and 1998 during a prospective 2-year efficacy trial of intranasal influenza vaccine, supplemented with data from the literature. The CE analysis included both direct and indirect costs. We enrolled 1602 healthy children aged 15 to 71 months in year 1, 1358 of whom were enrolled in year 2. One or 2 doses of intranasal influenza vaccine or placebo were administered to measure the cost per febrile influenza-like illness (ILI) day avoided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 2-year study period, vaccinated children had an average of 1.2 fewer ILI fever days/child than unvaccinated children. In an individual-based vaccine delivery scenario with vaccine given twice in the first year and once each year thereafter at an assumed base case total cost of $20 for the vaccine and its administration (ie, per dose), CE was approximately $30/febrile ILI day avoided. CE ranged from $10 to $69/febrile ILI day avoided at $10 to $40/dose, respectively. In a group-based delivery scenario, vaccination was cost saving compared with placebo and remained so if vaccine cost was <$28 (the break-even price per dose). In the individual-based scenario, vaccination was cost saving if vaccine cost was <$5. In this scenario, nearly half of lost productivity in the vaccine group was attributable to vaccine visits, which overshadowed the relatively modest savings in ILI-associated costs averted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine use of intranasal influenza vaccine among healthy children may be cost-effective and may be maximized by using group-based vaccination approaches. cost-effectiveness, influenza, vaccine, children.
authors.affiliation: MEDTAP International, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA. luce@medtap.com
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Luce
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Zangwill
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Mendelman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Marcy
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Iacuzio
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Belshe
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D016527:Drug Costs; D004526:Efficiency; D017048:Health Care Costs; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010919:Placebos; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D010919:Placebos