title: Blepharoclonus and Arnold-Chiari malformation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Blepharoclonus (BLC) denotes a large amplitude, involuntary tremors of the orbicularis oculi muscles, observed during gentle closure of the eyelids. BLC may follow major head trauma. Four patients with Arnold-Chiari malformation (ACM) and BLC are described.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first patient had facial numbness for 5 months; the remaining patients had headaches following minor head or cervical spinal injuries. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalogram (EEG) blink reflexes, mental and facial nerve responses and facial electromyogram (EMG) were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients exhibited ACM on brain MRI. The first patient had coincidental dural venous malformation, empty-sella turcica and familial digital dysplasia. She exhibited oculopterygoid synkinesis. The last 3 patients had posttraumatic headache; the second and third patients had limited features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). The second patient had cervical spinal fusion and the fourth a cervical syrinx. All the patients had BLC on gentle eyelid closure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BLC is an underdiagnosed neuro-ophthalmological sign of ACM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Franklin Medical Center, 164 High Street, Greenfield, Massachusetts 01301, USA. dj@crocker.com
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Jacome
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001139:Arnold-Chiari Malformation / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged