title: Epoetin treatment of anemia associated with cancer therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.
abstract: Epoetin treatment offers an attractive but costly alternative to red blood cell transfusion for managing anemia associated with cancer therapy. The goal of this review is to facilitate more efficient use of epoetin by 1) quantifying the effects of epoetin on the likelihood of transfusion and on quality of life in patients with cancer treatment-related anemia and 2) evaluating whether outcomes are superior when epoetin treatment is initiated at higher hemoglobin thresholds. Two independent reviewers followed a prospective protocol for identifying studies. Outcomes data were combined with the use of a random-effects meta-analysis model. Double-blind, randomized, controlled trials that minimized patient exclusions were defined as higher quality for sensitivity analysis; randomized but unblinded trials and trials with excessive exclusions were included in the meta-analysis but were defined as lower quality. Twenty-two trials (n = 1927) met inclusion criteria, and 12 (n = 1390) could be combined for estimation of odds of transfusion. Epoetin decreased the percentage of patients transfused by 9%-45% in adults with mean baseline hemoglobin concentrations of 10 g/dL or less (seven trials; n = 1080), by 7%-47% in those with hemoglobin concentrations greater than 10 g/dL but less than 12 g/dL (seven trials; n = 431), and by 7%-39% in those with hemoglobin concentrations of 12 g/dL or higher (five trials; n = 308). In sensitivity analysis, the combined odds ratio for transfusion in epoetin-treated patients as compared with controls was 0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.33 to 0.62) in higher quality studies and 0.14 (95% CI = 0.06 to 0.31) in lower quality studies. The number of patients needed to treat to prevent one transfusion is 4.4 for all studies, 5.2 for higher quality studies, and 2.6 for lower quality studies. Only studies with mean baseline hemoglobin concentrations of 10 g/dL or less reported statistically significant effects of epoetin treatment on quality of life; quality-of-life data were insufficient for meta-analysis. No studies addressed epoetin's effects on anemia-related symptoms. We conclude that epoetin reduces the odds of transfusion for cancer patients undergoing therapy. Evidence is insufficient to determine whether initiating epoetin earlier spares more patients from transfusion or results in better quality of life than waiting until hemoglobin concentrations decline to nearly 10 g/dL.
authors.affiliation: Technology Evaluation Center, Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, Chicago, IL 60601-7680, USA. jerome.seidenfeld@bcbsa.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seidenfeld
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flamm
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hasselblad
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Armitage
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lichtin
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woolf
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aronson
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006397:Hematinics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011788:Quality of Life; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012107:Research Design; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006397:Hematinics; D004921:Erythropoietin