title: Predictive factors for development of the no-reflow phenomenon in patients with reperfused anterior wall acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to elucidate the clinical factors related to the development of no-reflow phenomenon after successful coronary reperfusion in patients with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Myocardial contrast echocardiography revealed that the no-reflow phenomenon is observed in some patients with a reperfused AMI, and those patients usually have poor functional and clinical outcomes. It is still unknown what clinical factors are related to the development of the no-reflow phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Myocardial contrast echocardiography was performed 15 min after successful coronary reperfusion therapy in 199 patients with an anterior wall AMI who underwent successful coronary reperfusion with primary coronary angioplasty within 24 h after the onset of AMI. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of the no-reflow phenomenon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-nine patients showed the no-reflow phenomenon. Univariate analysis indicated that pre-infarction angina within 48 h before symptom onset, Killip class, Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow grade 0 on the initial coronary angiogram, the number of abnormal Q-waves and the wall motion score (WMS) on the echocardiogram obtained at hospital admission are related to the no-reflow phenomenon. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that all of these factors, except for Killip class, are independent predictive factors of the no-reflow phenomenon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Development of the no-reflow phenomenon is related to the severity of myocardial damage (number of Q-waves), the size of the risk area (WMS) and the occlusion status of infarct-related artery. In addition, ischemic preconditioning (pre-infarction angina) seems to be the factor that attenuates the no-reflow phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Sakurabashi Watanabe Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwakura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shintani
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikushima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitakaze
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Higashino
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujii
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000150:complications; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography