title: Protective effects of ischemic preconditioning on the cold-preserved liver are tyrosine kinase dependent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little data exist regarding the use of ischemic preconditioning before sustained hepatic cold storage. We hypothesized that ischemic preconditioning protects hepatic grafts via a tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six porcine livers underwent routine harvest (control). Five other livers underwent 15 min of in situ ischemia followed by 15 min of reflow before harvest (ischemic preconditioning). Another five livers were pretreated with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (genistein) before preconditioning. Upon reperfusion and after 2 hours of cold storage, graft function, graft circulatory impairment, and markers of cellular damage were analyzed. Tissue cytoplasmic extracts were analyzed for tyrosine phosphorylation with Western blot. Significance was determined with t tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ischemic-preconditioned grafts demonstrated enhanced bile production, augmented responses to a bile acid challenge, and elevated O2 consumption (P<0.05) compared to controls. Also, preconditioned grafts demonstrated improved hepatic tissue blood flow and decreased hepatic vascular resistance (P<0.005) compared to controls. Endothelial cell preservation (factor VIII immunostain) was improved in preconditioned graft biopsies compared to controls. With genistein pretreatment, all observed improvements returned to control levels. Analysis of cytoplasmic extracts demonstrated an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation before cold ischemia in preconditioned grafts only, but not in control or genistein-pretreated grafts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate that ischemic preconditioning protects the liver from sustained cold ischemia and that tyrosine kinases are involved in preconditioning responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ricciardi
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Schaffer
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Donohue
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Quarfordt
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Callery
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Chari
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015925:Cryopreservation; D004727:Endothelium / Q000473:pathology; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014443:Tyrosine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases