title: Pineal apoplexy due to massive hemorrhage associated with cavernous angioma: case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pineal apoplexy is a rare apoplectic event in the pineal region with various possible causes. We report a case of massive hemorrhage in the pineal region associated with a cavernous angioma, and discuss the pathogenesis of pineal apoplexy.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 11-year-old girl presented with nausea and vomiting persisting for 1 week. Neuroimaging revealed enlarged ventricles and a 4 cm round mass in the pineal region consistent with hematoma. Two weeks after cerebrospinal fluid drainage, the mass was totally removed via the occipital transtentorial approach. The postoperative course of the patient was uneventful. Magnetic resonance imaging after the operation confirmed two paraventricular lesions with surrounding hemosiderin rings, characteristic of cavernous angioma. Histologic examination showed large hematomas and numerous vascular spaces lined by a single layer of endothelium. The diagnosis was pineal apoplexy associated with cavernous angioma, based on the histologic and radiological findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pineal cavernous angiomas are extremely rare, with only fourteen cases reported previously. We recommend total removal of the causative lesion in cases of pineal apoplexy to prevent repeated bleeding or life-threatening massive hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamagata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakazato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006392:Hemangioma, Cavernous / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010870:Pineal Gland / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed