Oesophageal cancer in women: tobacco, alcohol, nutritional and hormonal factors.
We analysed 3 case-control studies from Italy and Switzerland including 114 women with squamous cell oesophageal cancer and 425 controls. The multivariate odds ratio was 4.5 for heavy smoking and 5.4 for heavy alcohol drinking. Fruit intake, vegetable intake, oral contraceptive and HRT use were inversely related to oesophageal cancer.
Gallus
S
S
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via Eritrea 62, Milan, 20157, Italy.
Bosetti
C
C
Franceschi
S
S
Levi
F
F
Simonato
L
L
Negri
E
E
La Vecchia
C
C
D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal