title: Clonidine prevents sevoflurane-induced agitation in children.
abstract: In a double-blinded trial, 40 male children (age 2-7 yr) undergoing circumcision were randomly assigned to receive clonidine 2 microg/kg IV or placebo after anesthetic induction. For induction and maintenance of anesthesia, we used sevoflurane as the sole anesthetic. For pain treatment, a penile block was performed before surgery. After surgery the incidence and severity of agitation was measured during an observation period of 2 h. Severe agitation was treated with midazolam. In 16 placebo and 2 clonidine-treated patients agitation was observed (P < 0.001). In 6 patients of the Placebo group, agitation was graded as severe, whereas none of the patients in the Clonidine group developed severe agitation (P = 0.02). During the postoperative period heart rate and blood pressure were significantly decreased in clonidine treated patients (P < 0.05). We conclude that clonidine effectively prevents agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia may be complicated by the presence of agitation in pediatric patients. Clonidine 2 microg/kg IV after anesthetic induction effectively reduces the incidence of agitation without resulting in clinically relevant bradycardia and hypotension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, and Pain Therapy, Klinikum Kassel, D-46047 Oberhausen, Germany. Peter.Kulka@ruhr-uni-bochum.de
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kulka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bressem
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tryba
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D003000:Clonidine; D008874:Midazolam