title: Use of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer for tubal sterilization by selective catheterization in rabbits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Uryx) in nonsurgically occluding the fallopian tube and achieving tubal sterilization in the rabbit model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten mature virgin female New England rabbits underwent transvaginal selective bilateral fallopian tube cannulation with use of a coaxial catheter system under general anesthesia. Selective salpingography was performed bilaterally to assess patency of the fallopian tubes. Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer was injected unilaterally through a microcatheter to completely fill the middle portion of the tube. Three to seven days after injection, each animal was bred. Conception was determined by ultrasonography (US) 7-19 days after effective breeding. If pregnant, the rabbit was killed. Otherwise, it was permitted to rebreed until pregnancy was achieved. Histologic specimens of the fallopian tubes were prepared and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patency of the fallopian tubes was demonstrated bilaterally in all animals by the free spillage of contrast material into the peritoneum. The delivery of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer into the fallopian tubes was successful in all animals but one, in which most of the plug almost immediately extruded into the uterus. Pregnancy was detected by US in the untreated fallopian tube in the nine rabbits that were receptive to breeding. No pregnancies were detected in the injected side. Histologic analysis demonstrated variable degrees of occlusion, fibrosis, and inflammation, with the majority of specimens demonstrating mild to moderate inflammation and moderate to marked fibrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer can reliably be placed nonsurgically via the transvaginal approach into the fallopian tubes with use of a coaxial catheter system. Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer appears to result in less fibrosis than previously investigated agents and demonstrates a 100% early sterilization rate in the rabbit model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abdala
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levitin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maffra
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Munoz-Ramirez
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Godec
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Dolmatch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005186:Fallopian Tube Patency Tests; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011247:Pregnancy; D011817:Rabbits; D013246:Sterilization, Tubal / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011145:Polyvinyls; C020320:ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer