title: The surface energy of water: the largest but forgotten source of energy in biological systems.
abstract: Many functional proteins perform mechanical, structural or chemical work. Such proteins often use the energy from the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The role of ATP as an energy source and its production by metabolism was established in the middle of the twentieth century and replaced glycolysis as the focus of study. Before this time the surface energy of water, quantified in the middle of the nineteenth century, had been visualized as an important source of biological energy. Experimental and theoretical work has shown that the internal work done by this energy source may greatly exceed the energy derived from metabolism. Although the energy from ATP usually does the work external to the body, even this may be supplemented by the surface energy of water to give greater efficiency. The consideration of the principles by which proteins might employ this larger source of energy to do work is germane at this time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway College, University of London, Surrey, Great Britain.
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Widdas
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001693:Biological Transport, Active / Q000502:physiology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D048429:Cell Size / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D011487:Protein Conformation; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate