title: FGF2 promotes skeletogenic differentiation of cranial neural crest cells.
abstract: The cranial neural crest gives rise to most of the skeletal tissues of the skull. Matrix-mediated tissue interactions have been implicated in the skeletogenic differentiation of crest cells, but little is known of the role that growth factors might play in this process. The discovery that mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) cause the major craniosynostosis syndromes implicates FGF-mediated signalling in the skeletogenic differentiation of the cranial neural crest. We now show that, in vitro, mesencephalic neural crest cells respond to exogenous FGF2 in a dose-dependent manner, with 0.1 and 1 ng/ml causing enhanced proliferation, and 10 ng/ml inducing cartilage differentiation. In longer-term cultures, both endochondral and membrane bone are formed. FGFR1, FGFR2 and FGFR3 are all detectable by immunohistochemistry in the mesencephalic region, with particularly intense expression at the apices of the neural folds from which the neural crest arises. FGFRs are also expressed by subpopulations of neural crest cells in culture. Collectively, these findings suggest that FGFs are involved in the skeletogenic differentiation of the cranial neural crest.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petiot
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Copp
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thorogood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D003370:Coturnix; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000196:embryology; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology*; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000196:embryology; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2; D051498:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D012249:Rhombencephalon / Q000196:embryology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012886:Skull / Q000196:embryology*; D013234:Stem Cells; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2; D051498:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3