title: Water fluoridation, osteoporosis, fractures--recent developments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimal (1ppm) water fluoridation is seen as the most socially equitable way to prevent dental caries, however concerns about the safety of fluoridation are periodically raised.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research on effects on bone published since the 1991 National Health and Medical Research Council report on water fluoridation was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three studies were identified. Adverse effects in animal feeding studies were only seen at doses much greater than those currently used in artificial water fluoridation. The majority of animal studies showed no effect or a beneficial effect of low fluoride doses. The results of ecological studies were conflicting. One of the two cohort studies showed an increase in fracture incidence at fluoride levels four times greater than optimal water fluoridation and the other showed no effect after 20 years' optimal fluoridation. The cross-sectional studies showed a favourable effect on bone mineral density. The clinical trials predominantly showed increased bone density in several sites associated with fluoride treatment of 9-22.6mg fluoride per day for one-four years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies provide a substantial body of evidence that fluoride at up to 1ppm does not have an adverse effect on bone strength, bone mineral density or fracture incidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University Medical School.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Demos
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kazda
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Cicuttini
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Fairley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005457:Fluoridation / Q000009:adverse effects; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005459:Fluorides