title: Results of a standardized protocol for sentinel node imaging in breast cancer with Tc-99m labeled nanocolloidal albumin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Of this study was to evaluate the results of a standardized protocol for sentinel node (SN) detection in breast cancer using Tc-99m labeled nanocolloidal albumin and a combined intra- and subdermal injection technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty-five women with proven breast cancer (disease stages Tis-T2) were included. Four injections of 10 to 15 MBq of Tc-99m nanocolloid in 0.1 ml physiologic saline were administered intra- and subdermally at the 3, 6, 9 and 12 o'clock positions in the skin overlying the tumor. Planar scintigraphic images in lateral and anterior projections were obtained once between 2.5 and 18 hours after tracer administration. Guided by a gamma probe, all radioactive lymph nodes in the axilla were resected, then complete dissection followed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 151 of the 155 women (97.4%), nodal tracer uptake (range 1-7 foci, average 2.2) was scintigraphically revealed. In one of these cases, drainage was only to the internal mammary lymphatic chain. Three of the 4 women with detection failure presented with histologically proven tumor infiltration of the lymphatics and axillary involvement. In 49 of the patients with visualized axillary lymph nodes (32.7%), at least one SN was metastatic. In 21 cases, this SN was the only positive node. The remaining 101 patients with negative SN included 4 cases with axillary involvement. The sensitivity of the SN with respect to the histological status of the entire axilla was thus 92.5%, the negative predictive value was 96.0%. The overall accuracy of the method was 97.3%. There was a significant difference between the number of totally detected radioactive nodes in the groups with and without nodal metastases (3.49 vs. 2.57, p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described protocol represents an easy reproducible and reliable method for SN detection in breast cancer that additionally allows flexible timing of surgery. Further, we found evidence that the number of scintigraphically visualized nodes also reflects the histological status of the axilla.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Municipal Hospital, Hanau, Germany. Rink@em.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rink
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heuser
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fitz
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schroth
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Zippel
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008327:Mammography; D008408:Mastectomy; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D012709:Serum Albumin
chemical_list: D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012709:Serum Albumin; C107869:technetium Tc 99m serum albumin