title: Anorectal injury following pelvic radiotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current knowledge of the effects of radiation on the anorectum is based on a limited number of studies. Variability in delivery techniques, both currently and historically, combined with a paucity of prospective and randomized studies makes interpretation of the literature difficult. This review presents the existing evidence and identifies areas that require further work.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review is based on a literature search (Medline and PubMed) and manual cross-referencing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than three-quarters of patients receiving pelvic radiotherapy experience acute anorectal symptoms and up to one-fifth suffer from late-phase radiation proctitis. About 5 per cent develop other chronic complications, such as fistula, stricture and disabling faecal incontinence. The risk of rectal cancer may be increased. Conservative treatment options are of limited value. Surgery may be considered if symptoms are severe, provided sphincter function is adequate and recurrent disease is excluded. Large prospective studies with accurate dosimetric data and long-term follow-up are needed to provide meaningful information on which to base new strategies to minimize the side-effects from radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London WIW 7EJ, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hayne
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Vaizey
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Boulos
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000528:radiation effects; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012003:Rectal Fistula / Q000209:etiology; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014624:Vaginal Fistula / Q000209:etiology