title: The impact of pioglitazone on glycemic control and atherogenic dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the glycemic control, lipid effects, and safety of pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n = 197) with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) > or = 8.0%, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) > 7.7 mmol/l (140 mg/dl), and C-peptide > 0.331 nmol/l (1 ng/ml) were enrolled in this 23-week multi-center (27 sites), double-blind clinical trial and randomized to receive either a placebo or pioglitazone HCl 30 mg (pioglitazone), administered once daily, as monotherapy. Patients were required to discontinue all anti-diabetic medications 6 weeks before receiving study treatment. Efficacy parameters included HbA1c fasting plasma glucose (FPG), serum C-peptide, insulin, triglycerides (Tg), and cholesterol (total cholesterol [TC], high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C]). Adverse event rates, serum chemistry, and physical examinations were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with placebo, pioglitazone significantly (P= 0.0001) reduced HbA1c (-1.37% points), FPG (-3.19 mmol/l; -57.5 mg/dl), fasting C-peptide (-0.076+/-0.022 nmol/l), and fasting insulin (-11.88+/-4.70 pmol/l). Pioglitazone significantly (P < 0.001) decreased insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; -12.4+/-7.46%) and improved beta-cell function (Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-BCF); +47.7+/-11.58%). Compared with placebo, fasting serum Tg concentrations decreased (-16.6%; P = 0.0178) and HDL-C concentrations increased (+12.6%; P= 0.0065) with pioglitazone as monotherapy. Total cholesterol and LDL-C changes were not different from placebo. The overall adverse event profile of pioglitazone was similar to that of placebo, with no evidence of drug-induced elevations of serum alanine transaminase (ALT) concentrations or hepatotoxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pioglitazone improved insulin resistance and glycemic control, as well as Tg and HDL-C - which suggests that pioglitazone may reduce cardiovascular risk for patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Irvine Clinical Research Center, California, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosenblatt
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Miskin
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Glazer
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000209:etiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones