title: Appropriate location of the nipple-areola complex in males.
abstract: Gynecomastia is a common deformity encountered by plastic surgeons. The appropriate location of the nipple-areola complex is a major determinant of the aesthetic success of the procedure. To study the natural location of the nipple-areola complex in the normally built male, 50 nonobese men with no evidence of gynecomastia and an average age of 27.9 years were examined. Three ratios were calculated and found to be relatively constant; they were the ratio between the height of the nipple and the height of the patient, the ratio between the distance between the nipples and chest circumference, and the ratio between the suprasternal notch-to-nipple distance and the height of the patient. Using these three parameters, a method of locating the nipple-areola complex on the male chest wall was devised. The method is advocated as a reliable, simple, and useful technique.
authors.affiliation: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Burn Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Campus Beilinson, and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. orishon@inter.net.il
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shulman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Badani
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hauben
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D006177:Gynecomastia / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009558:Nipples / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D012016:Reference Values; D013909:Thorax / Q000033:anatomy & histology