title: The indications, utilization and safety of gastrointestinal endoscopy in an extremely elderly patient cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In developed nations, increasing proportions of the population now reach advanced age. Physicians may be reluctant to refer such patients for non-critical diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, on the basis of perceived diminution of tolerance, safety and substantive benefits in these patients. We aimed to review the utility and safety of gastrointestinal endoscopy in an extremely elderly cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved 214 consecutive participants aged 85 years or more, between 1995 and 1997. They were identified using a prospective database linked to the endoscopy reporting system. Procedure type, indication, use of sedation, complications, and outcomes were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age was 87 (85-94, sigma = 2). The female:male ratio was 3:2; 185 had undergone one procedure and 29 two or more; and 65% of procedures were performed on an outpatient basis. Of the inpatient procedures, 10% of all procedures were performed emergently, predominantly for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Midazolam was administered to 129 patients (60%), at a median dose of 2 mg (range 1-11); of these, 75 (35%) also received a median dose of 25 microg fentanyl (range 12.5-125). Colonoscopy (n = 95) was the most frequently performed procedure, followed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) (n = 64) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (n = 21). There was no procedure-related mortality. The incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis was 5%, colonic perforation 1%, and cardiopulmonary complications in sedated patients, 0.6%. The majority underwent procedures which related to active management of ongoing medical problems, and procedures were performed for palliative indications in only 15 (7%) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastrointestinal endoscopy is extremely safe and well tolerated in extremely elderly patients. Age alone should not influence decisions relating to its utilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard University Medical School, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hammett
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Carr-Locke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D003113:Colonoscopy; D004724:Endoscopy; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D005773:Gastroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male