Prospective survey of tick paralysis in dogs.
OBJECTIVE
To obtain information on tick paralysis in dogs, including the nature of disease, host signalment, tick-host relationship, treatment, disease progression and recovery, and preventive measures.


METHODS
A prospective survey of 577 dogs affected by tick paralysis was conducted during 1998. Forty-two veterinary clinics along the eastern coast of Australia were instructed to complete survey forms for the first 15 dogs that presented with tick paralysis during September to November.


RESULTS
Five percent of dogs died from tick paralysis. Younger dogs were more likely to survive. Long coat length was associated with a greater tick burden but not greater tick size, whereas coat thickness had no bearing on either. Dogs with mild disease recovered more quickly from tick paralysis. Respiratory and gait scores reflected disease severity and were good prognostic indicators. The size of the tick did not reflect the severity of the clinical condition it induced in the host. No method of tick removal or in situ treatment improved recovery time or reduced mortality. However, the time spent in hospital was significantly less for dogs from which the live tick was manually removed. Inspiratory stridor, evident in some dogs with tick paralysis, was not related to tick attachment on the neck. The use of acepromazine maleate or dexamethasone did not reduce recovery time or mortality. Increasing the dose of tick antitoxin serum (TAS) above 0.1 mL/kg had no effect on mortality or recovery time. Dogs with severe disease that received an additional dose of TAS were significantly less likely to survive. Subcutaneous use of TAS at the site of tick attachment was of no benefit in reducing mortality or time to initial clinical improvement. A registered preventative product had not been used on the majority of dogs. Clipping the coat to search for ticks did not reduce mortality.


CONCLUSIONS
Therapy needs to address cardiopulmonary dysfunction that may be due directly to the effect of tick toxin and not just respiratory compromise caused by progressive respiratory muscle failure.
Atwell
R B
RB
School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland.
Campbell
F E
FE
Evans
E A
EA
D000075:Acepromazine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000992:Antitoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D004285:Dogs; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013985:Tick Paralysis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013987:Ticks
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000992:Antitoxins; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D000075:Acepromazine; D003907:Dexamethasone