title: Impaired relaxation to acetylcholine in 2K-1C hypertensive rat aortas involves changes in membrane hyperpolarization instead of an abnormal contribution of endothelial factors.
abstract: The contribution of endothelial factors and mechanisms underlying decreased acetylcholine-induced relaxation and endothelial inhibitory action on phenylephrine-induced contraction were evaluated in aortas of two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive (2K-1C) and normotensive (2K) rats. Relaxation induced by acetylcholine in 2K-1C precontracted by phenylephrine was lower [Maximum Effect (ME): 71.33+/-3.36%; pD(2): 7.050+/-0.03] than in 2K (ME: 95.26+/-1.59%; pD(2): 7.31+/-0.07). This response was abolished by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) in 2K-1C, but was only reduced in 2K (ME: 29.21+/-9.28%). Indomethacin had no effect in 2K-1C, and slightly attenuated acetylcholine-induced relaxation in 2K. The combination of L-NNA and indomethacin almost abolished acetylcholine-induced relaxation in 2K-1C, while in 2K, the inhibition (ME: 56.61+/-8.95%) was lower than the effect of L-NNA alone. During the KCl-induced precontraction, 2K and 2K-1C aortas showed similar acetylcholine-induced relaxation (43.50+/-5.64% vs. 41.60+/-4.36%), which was abolished by L-NNA. The levels of cGMP produced in response to acetylcholine were not different between 2K and 2K-1C. The sensitivity to sodium nitroprusside was lower in phenylephrine-precontracted aortas from 2K-1C than 2K, as showed by the pD(2) values (7.72+/-0.20 vs. 8.59+/-0.17), and this difference was abolished in aortas precontracted by KCl. The membrane potential was less negative in 2K-1C than in 2K (-41.57+/-1.19 vs. -51.00+/-1.13 mV) and hyperpolarization induced by acetylcholine was lower in 2K-1C than in 2K aortas (6.00+/-0.66 vs. 13.27+/-1.61 mV). Phenylephrine-induced contraction in aortas with endothelium was similar in both groups, and increased by the endothelium removal. This increase was lower in 2K-1C (from 1.32+/-0.06 to 1.90+/-0.21 g) than 2K (from 1.49+/-0.07 to 2.83+/-0.18 g). L-NNA and the endothelium removal had similar effect in 2K-1C (1.85+/-0.18 g) and were lower in 2K (2.18+/-0.20 g). Indomethacin decreased phenylephrine-induced contraction only in 2K. In conclusion, our major finding was a selective defect in smooth muscle membrane hyperpolarization, which could explain the decreased relaxation to acetylcholine and the attenuated inhibitory effect of endothelium on the contractile function in 2K-1C aortas.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Prêto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/no, SP 14040-903, Ribeirão Prêto, Brazil.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Callera
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Varanda
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bendhack
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects*; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000502:physiology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000503:physiopathology; D006978:Hypertension, Renovascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C067410:endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization factor; D010656:Phenylephrine; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D000109:Acetylcholine; D007213:Indomethacin