title: Association of autonomic dysfunction and clozapine. Heart rate variability and risk for sudden death in patients with schizophrenia on long-term psychotropic medication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antipsychotic medications cause a wide range of adverse effects and have been associated with sudden death in psychiatric patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To supply power spectral analysis of heart rate variability as a tool to examine the arrythmogenic effects of neuroleptics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heart rate analysis was carried out in patients with schizophrenia on standard doses of neuroleptic monotherapy -- 21 were on clozapine, 18 on haloperidol and 17 on olanzapine -- and in 53 healthy subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with schizophrenia on clozapine had significantly higher heart rate, lower heart rate variability and lower high-frequency and higher low-frequency components compared with patients on haloperidol or olanzapine and matched control subjects. Prolonged QTc intervals were more common in patients than controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients treated with neuroleptic medications, especially clozapine, showed autonomic dysregulation and cardiac repolarisation changes. Physicians should be aware of this adverse reaction.
authors.affiliation: Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Ministry of Health Mental Health Center, Faculty of Health-Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. hagitc@bgumail.bgu.ac.il
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Loewenthal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine