title: Mutational analysis of melanocortin-4 receptor, agouti-related protein, and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone genes in severely obese children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To search for mutations in melanocortin pathway elements, that is, the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R ), agouti-related protein (AGRP ), and (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha MSH ) genes in children with severe obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct sequencing of the MC4R encoding sequence and single-strand polymorphism conformation analysis of AGRP and alpha MSH genes were performed in 63 severely obese children. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays of restriction fragment length polymorphism were used to assess the frequency of each newly discovered mutation in 283 non-obese control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four dominantly inherited, heterozygous, missense MC4R mutations (Val50Met, Ser58Cys, Ile102Ser, and Ile170Val) were identified in 4 unrelated children and none of the control subjects. Expression of the obese phenotype was variable in mutation-positive family members. Clinical and laboratory features were similar in the obese children with and without an MC4R mutation. Two polymorphisms were detected in the AGRP -encoding sequence (a silent mutation in exon 1 and Ala67Thr in exon 2), with similar frequencies in the obese and control groups. No mutations were found in the alpha MSH gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MC4R mutations may be a non-negligible cause of severe obesity in children with variable expression and penetrance. Mutations in AGRP and alpha MSH genes were not among the causes of obesity in our population.
authors.affiliation: Medicine and Nutrition Department, Hôtel-Dieu Teaching Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dubern
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Clément
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pelloux
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Froguel
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Girardet
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guy-Grand
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tounian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D054369:Agouti-Related Protein; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D009074:Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones / Q000235:genetics*; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D044105:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4; D018000:Receptors, Peptide / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C515198:AGRP protein, human; D054369:Agouti-Related Protein; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D044105:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4; D018000:Receptors, Peptide; D009074:Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones