title: Insight in Alzheimer's patients: results of a longitudinal study using three assessment methods.
abstract: Three direct measures of dementia insight were administered to 20 participants in a longitudinal Alzheimer's disease (AD) rehabilitation research project and to subsets of these participants that completed one (N = 19), two (N = 12), and three (N = 6) years of program participation. The measures were: (1) responses to a discourse prompt question about AD (ADPQ); (2) endorsements of seven items on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) about the effects of dementia (separate analyses were done for two of the seven items that related specifically to memory and thinking); and (3) a sentence-completion exercise. Responses to measures 1 and 2 and the subset of 2 were quantified, tracked over time, and subjected to correlational analyses with age, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score, and depression, as measured by total GDS score, and with each other.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no decreases in insight from baseline to year 1, 2, or 3, as measured by free responses to the AD prompt question. There was a significant decline in insight from baseline to year one on the GDS measure, but no change from year 1 to year 2 and a return to baseline level at year 3. There was no correlation between insight and baseline age, between insight and MMSE score at any time point, between MMSE score and depression, as measured by total GDS score, or between MMSE score and depression score, except for the year 3 completers, where depression score was negatively correlated with MMSE score at year 3 only. GDS insight and ADPQ scores were not correlated. Several participants that showed no insight on the quantified measures did so on the sentence completions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arkin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mahendra
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index