title: Referrals and relationships: in-practice referrals meetings in a general practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  GP referrals to secondary care are an important factor in the cost of running the NHS. The known variation in referral rates between doctors has the potential to cause tension within primary care which will be exacerbated by the latest reorganization of primary care and the trend towards capitation-based budgets. The importance of postgraduate learning for GPs has been recognized; continuing professional development is moving towards self-directed practice-based learning programmes. Educational interventions have been shown to alter doctors' prescribing behaviour. This, together with the pressure on accounting for referral activity, makes the prospect of improving, and possibly reducing, referral activity through educational interventions very attractive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study complemented a randomized controlled trial (RCT) which investigated whether an intervention of the type which had reduced prescribing costs would have a similar effect on referral activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The context of the study, description of the characteristics of the practice and the issues seen as important by the doctors and practice manager were identified through preliminary semi-structured interviews. The practice then held a series of educational in-practice meetings to discuss referrals and issues arising from referrals. The audio- and videotaped transcripts were interpreted using content and group dynamic analysis. Participants commented upon our preliminary findings. In addition, we used dimensional analysis to induce a preliminary theory describing the effect of the intervention on this general practice which enabled us to review the findings of the parallel RCT. The educational value of the meetings and the learning needs of the participants were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our complementary study showed no alteration of practice referral rates following the educational intervention. The qualitative study, unencumbered by the assumptions inherent in the development of the hypothesis tested in the RCT, highlighted the complexity of decision making in general practice and the likely impact of historical background and a variety of internal and external pressures on this self-directive educational intervention. The practice members described the individual and group learning needs identified as a result of the meetings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study raise important questions for developing practice-based learning. The outcomes of self-directive interventions in practices will be influenced by internal and external events both past and present. Such outcomes may be qualitative and difficult to measure. They are likely to differ from outcomes seen when interventions are applied to groups of doctors who are not all members of the same practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Care, St George's Hospital Medical School, 6th Floor, Hunter Wing, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rowlands
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singleton
mesh_terms: D005194:Family Practice / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D006113:United Kingdom