title: Transmural variation of myocardial attenuation and its potential effect on contrast-mediated estimates of regional myocardial perfusion.
abstract: Promising technical developments suggest that it may be feasible to use contrast echocardiography to estimate regional myocardial perfusion. Although the optimal approach has not yet been determined, the use of a nonlinear (harmonic) response of the contrast agent is common to several recent advances. The purpose of this article is to delineate the relation between the anisotropic (angle-dependent) ultrasonic attenuation of the myocardium through which the sound wave has propagated and the regional, nonlinear response of the contrast agent. Apparent perfusion will be modulated by this regionally varying, path-dependent attenuation, which is determined by the local angle between the propagating sound wave and the myofiber orientation. We illustrate the potential magnitude of the effect of myocardial anisotropy for the apical 4-chamber view by examining propagation along the septum and the lateral wall. We present experimentally measured values of the attenuation of excised sheep myocardium, showing statistically significant differences in the attenuation in the mid wall compared with that in symmetrical zones to the left and right of the mid wall, reflecting the well-known myofiber orientations in these 3 regions. The nonlinear (harmonic) response of a contrast agent depends on the local pressure amplitude, which for a given mechanical index is determined by the attenuation accumulated along the path to the point where the regional perfusion is estimated.
authors.affiliation: Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sosnovik
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D003287:Contrast Media; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media