title: Clinically relevant cognitive impairment after cardiac surgery: a 6-month follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The majority of studies on neuropsychological complications after cardiac surgery used the raw variation of selective tests scores to define the occurrence of cognitive decline. We prospectively estimated the frequency of cognitive impairment after cardiac surgery, with a particular emphasis on persistent and clinically relevant cognitive decline. Possible baseline and operative predictors were also evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive neuropsychological battery was administered to 110 patients (mean age 64.1+/-9.4 years; 70.9% males) undergoing cardiac surgery before and 6 months after the operation. After evaluating the variations in the cognitive performances, two independent neuropsychologists ranked the patients as unchanged-improved, mildly-moderately deteriorated, or severely deteriorated, using a global and functionally oriented judgement. The degree of the impairment was determined in relation to its impact on everyday life activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients (9.1%) were ranked as severely deteriorated, 22 (20%) as mildly-moderately deteriorated, and 78 (70.9%) as unchanged-improved. Cognitively impaired patients were older (p=0.031), more often females (p=0.005), with a low education level (p=0.013). At multivariate analysis, female gender (odds ratio (OR) 6.14, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.16-17.50), baseline use of beta-blockers (OR 4.55, 95% CI 1.30-15.92), and PaO2 at arrival in intensive care unit (OR for 1 mm Hg increment 1.012, 95% CI 1.004-1.020) were significant predictors of cognitive impairment of any degree. Positive predictors of severe cognitive impairment were history of hypertension (OR 5.33, 95% CI 1.03-27.64) and PaO2 at arrival intensive care unit (OR for 1 mm Hg increment 1.020, 95% CI 1.006-1.035), while education was protective (OR per year of increment 0.53, 95% CI 0.31-0.90).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A considerable proportion of cardiac surgery patients may undergo clinically relevant cognitive impairment. The knowledge of variables influencing cognitive outcome is essential for the adoption of preventive measures.
authors.affiliation: National Research Council of Italy (CNR-CSFET), Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging, Via L. Pancaldo, 21, 50127, Florence, Italy. dicarlo@mail.area.fi.cnr.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Carlo
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Perna
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pantoni
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Basile
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonacchi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pracucci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trefoloni
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bracco
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sangiovanni
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piccini
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Palmarini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carbonetto
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biondi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sani
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inzitari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index