title: Transient forces generated by projectiles on variable quality mouthguards monitored by instrumented impact testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (a) To determine the force-time trace that occurs when a spring mounted simulated upper jaw is impacted; (b) to examine if mouthguards of variable quality have significant influence on such force-time traces; (c) to attempt to relate physical events to the profile of the force-time traces recorded.
  
  
  METHODS
  A simulated jaw, consisting of ceramic teeth inserted into a hard rubber arch reinforced with a composite jawbone, was fitted with various mouthguards as part of a previous round robin study. A clinical assessment distinguished good, bad, and poor mouthguards, and these were each fitted to the jaw, which was then submitted to instrumental impact tests under conditions expected to produce tooth fractures. The force-time trace was recorded for such impact events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spring mounting method caused two distinct peaks in the force-time trace. The initial one was related to inertia effects and showed an increase in magnitude with impactor velocity as expected. The second peak showed features that were related to the differences in the mouthguards selected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a force washer within a conical ended impactor enabled force-time traces to be recorded during the impact of a spring mounted simulated jaw fitted with mouthguards of variable quality. The spring mounting system causes an initial inertial peak followed by a second peak once the spring mount has fully compressed. Good fitting guards, which keep most teeth intact, result in high stiffness targets that in turn generate high reaction forces in the impactor. If the spring mounting is omitted, the two peaks are combined to give even higher reaction forces. The force-time trace offers some potential for assessing both overall mouthguard performance and individual events during the impact sequence. Mouthguards with good retention to the jaw remained attached during the impact event and helped to preserve the structural integrity of the target. This in turn developed high forces in the second part of the force-time trace. Guards that detached during impact and allowed tooth fractures showed lower forces in the second part of the test. The force profile measured offered some quantitative support to, and agreement with, the observed clinical quality of the mouthguards.
authors.affiliation: University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Warnet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greasley
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000592:standards; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans; D007568:Jaw / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009064:Mouth Protectors / Q000592:standards; D011312:Pressure; D017755:Prosthesis Fitting; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016474:Weight-Bearing