title: BOTOX use in the mid and lower face and neck.
abstract: BOTOX is the universally accepted gold standard treatment for upper facial rejuvenation. BOTOX application in the mid and lower face and neck is a more advanced treatment requiring a detailed knowledge of underlying facial muscular anatomy and function as well as the patient's aesthetic desires and an ability to interpret the effects of BOTOX chemodenervation on their function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carruthers
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carruthers
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005145:Face; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000188:drug therapy; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009333:Neck; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A