title: Social implications of blepharoptosis and dermatochalasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the social implications of blepharoptosis and dermatochalasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred ten individuals rated whole-face photographs of a series of patients based on 11 different personal characteristics: intelligence, threat, friendliness, health, trustworthiness, hard work, mental illness, financial success, attractiveness, alcoholism, and happiness. Preoperative and postoperative photographs of both male and female patients with bilateral blepharoptosis and/or dematochalasis were used. The paired t test was used to compare preoperative versus postoperative ratings on the 11 characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The preoperative photographs were rated more negatively than were the postoperative photographs (p < 0.01) on all 11 characteristics for both male and female patients by the 210 study subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Members of our society view individuals with blepharoptosis and dermatochalasis negatively. These social attitudes may lead to unjust bias toward affected patients, and surgical correction probably provides benefits beyond improved visual function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45429-3487, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Warwar
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bullock
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Markert
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Marciniszyn
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Bienenfeld
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003483:Cutis Laxa / Q000523:psychology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography; D013037:Spatial Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires