title: Fracture resistance of lithium disilicate-, alumina-, and zirconia-based three-unit fixed partial dentures: a laboratory study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the fracture resistance of three-unit fixed partial dentures (FPD) made of new core ceramics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A base metal three-unit master FPD model with a maxillary premolar and molar abutment was made. Tooth preparation showed 0.8-mm circumferential and 1.5-mm occlusal reduction and a chamfer margin design. FPDs were constructed with a uniform 0.8-mm-thick core ceramic and a porcelain veneer layer. In-Ceram Alumina, In-Ceram Zirconia, and DC-Zirkon core ceramics were machined by a computer-aided design/manufacturing system, whereas IPS Empress 2 core ceramic was indirectly built up using the fabrication technology of waxing and heat pressing. FPDs of IPS Empress were heat pressed as complete restorations without core material. To ensure standardized dimensions, the FPDs were controlled at different points. All FPDs were cemented with ZnPO4 on the master model and loaded on a universal testing machine until failure. The failure load and mode of failure were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest failure loads, exceeding 2,000 N, were associated with FPDs of DC-Zirkon. FPDs of IPS Empress and In-Ceram Alumina showed the lowest failure loads, below 1,000 N, whereas intermediate values were observed for FPDs of IPS Empress 2 and In-Ceram Zirconia. Differences in mean values were statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high fracture resistance evaluated for FPDs made of DC-Zirkon underscores the remarkable mechanical properties of high-performance ceramic, which could be useful for highly loaded all-ceramic restorations, especially in the molar region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany. jtinschert@online.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tinschert
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Natt
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mautsch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Augthun
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spiekermann
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001641:Bicuspid; D002484:Cementation; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D000044:Dental Abutments; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D003801:Dental Veneers; D003779:Denture Design; D003830:Denture, Partial, Fixed; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008963:Molar; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D019231:Tooth Preparation, Prosthodontic; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; C118557:Empress 2; D018020:Lithium Compounds; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D017640:Silicates; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C016447:feldspar; C070870:In-Ceram; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement; D015040:Zirconium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; C028541:zirconium oxide