title: Retrograde cerebral perfusion provides negligible flow through brain capillaries in the pig.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although retrograde cerebral perfusion is being used clinically during aortic arch surgery, whether retrograde flow perfuses the brain effectively is still uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen pigs were cooled to 20 degrees C with cardiopulmonary bypass and perfused retrogradely via the superior vena cava for 30 minutes: 7 underwent standard retrograde cerebral perfusion and 7 underwent retrograde perfusion with occlusion of the inferior vena cava. Antegrade and retrograde cerebral blood flow were calculated by quantitating fluorescent microspheres trapped in brain tissue after the animals were put to death; microspheres returning to the aortic arch, the inferior vena cava, and the descending aorta were also analyzed during retrograde cerebral perfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antegrade cerebral blood flow was 16 +/- 7.7 mL. min(-1). 100 g(-1) before retrograde cerebral perfusion and 22 +/- 6.3 mL. min(-1). 100 g(-1) before perfusion with caval occlusion (P =.14). During retrograde perfusion, calculations based on the number of microspheres trapped in the brain showed negligible flows (0.02 +/- 0.02 mL. min(-1). 100 g(-1) with retrograde cerebral perfusion and 0.04 +/- 0.02 mL. min(-1). 100 g(-1) with perfusion with caval occlusion; P =.09): only 0.01% and 0.02% of superior vena caval inflow, respectively. Less than 13% of retrograde superior vena caval inflow blood returned to the aortic arch with either technique. During retrograde cerebral perfusion, more than 90% of superior vena caval input was shunted to the inferior vena cava and was then recirculated, as indicated by rapid development of an equilibrium in microspheres between the superior and inferior venae cavae. With retrograde perfusion and inferior vena caval occlusion, less than 12% of inflow returned to the descending aorta and only 0.01% of microspheres.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The paucity of microspheres trapped within the brain indicates that retrograde cerebral perfusion, either alone or combined with inferior vena caval occlusion, does not provide sufficient cerebral capillary perfusion to confer any metabolic benefit. The slightly improved outcome previously reported with retrograde cerebral perfusion during prolonged circulatory arrest in this model may be a consequence of enhanced cooling resulting from perfusion of nonbrain capillaries and from venoarterial and venovenous shunting.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Biomathematics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hagl
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shiang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bodian
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Griepp
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002196:Capillaries / Q000502:physiology; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D010478:Chemotherapy, Cancer, Regional Perfusion / Q000379:methods*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013552:Swine; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior