title: Direct anthelmintic effects of condensed tannins towards different gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep: in vitro and in vivo studies.
abstract: In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to determine possible direct anthelmintic effects of condensed tannins towards different ovine gastrointestinal nematodes. A larval development/viability assay was used to investigate the effect of a condensed tannin extract (Quebracho) towards larvae of Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus vitrinus. The development to infective larvae and their viability was assessed in all three species and LD 50 values were calculated. The presence of Quebracho extract in the cultures decreased the viability of L3 in all species; the LD 50 were not significantly different for the different species. Forty-eight sheep were allocated to one of eight groups and were infected with a single dose of either 4000 L3 H. contortus (groups 1 and 2) or 5000 L3 T. colubriformis and 5000 L3 Nematodirus battus simultaneously (groups 3-6) or 10,000 L3 of T. circumcincta (groups 7 and 8). From day 28 until day 31 of the experiment, sheep infected with the intestinal species were drenched with Quebracho extract at 4, 8 or 16% w/w of food intake, or remained as undrenched controls; sheep infected with the abomasal species were either drenched with Quebracho extract at 8% w/w of food intake or remained as undrenched controls. All sheep were slaughtered 4 days after the end of the drenching period. Sheep infected with the intestinal species and drenched with 16% w/w Quebracho had lower FEC compared to sheep drenched with 8% w/w (P<0.05), which in turn were lower than in sheep either drenched with 4% Quebracho or which remained undrenched (P<0.05). The lowest intestinal worm burden was recovered from sheep drenched with 8% w/w Quebracho extract (P<0.05). The administration of Quebracho extract at 8% of food intake for 3 days did not affect FEC or worm burdens in sheep infected with the abomasal species compared to controls.
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition and Health Department, Animal Biology Division, Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, EH9 3JG, Edinburgh, UK. s.athanasiadou@ed.sac.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Athanasiadou
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kyriazakis
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Coop
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000469:parasitology; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D009348:Nematoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D013634:Tannins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013634:Tannins