title: Morphometry of the orbital region: a soft-tissue study from adolescence to mid-adulthood.
abstract: The objective of this study was to gain information about normal sex-related linear and angular dimensions of the orbital region; left-right symmetry; and growth changes between adolescence and mid-adulthood. The three-dimensional coordinates of several soft-tissue landmarks on the orbits and face were obtained by an electromagnetic digitizer in 40 male and 33 female adolescents aged 12 to 15 years, 73 female and 89 male young adults aged 19 to 30 years, and 41 male and 38 female adults aged 31 to 56 years. From the landmarks-binocular and intercanthal widths; paired height and inclination of the orbit relative to both the true horizontal (head in natural head position) and Frankfurt plane; length and inclination of the eye fissure; and the orbital height to eye fissure length ratio were calculated and averaged for age and sex. Comparisons were performed by factorial analysis of variance. Both the linear dimensions and the angular values were significantly larger in male subjects than in female subjects of corresponding age (p < 0.05). A significant effect of age was found (p < 0.05): while the linear distances and the orbital height-to-length ratio were greater in older people of the same sex, the inclination of the eye fissure decreased as a function of age. Both orbital inclinations were larger in the young adult group than in the adolescent and middle-aged groups. On average, the paired measurements were symmetrical, with similar values within each sex and age group. Data collected in this investigation could serve as a database for the quantitative description of human orbital morphology during normal adolescent and adult growth.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (Functional Anatomy Research Center), Dipartimento di Anatomia Umana, Italy. farc@unimi.it
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Ferrario
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sforza
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Serrao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena / Q000295:instrumentation; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted