title: Retinoic acid- and bone morphogenetic protein 4-induced apoptosis in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells requires p27.
abstract: During development, many cells are specifically eliminated. Therefore, programmed cell death must be understood to fully elucidate embryogenesis. Retinoic acid (RA) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4 induce rapidly dividing P19 embryonal carcinoma cells to undergo apoptosis. RA alone minimally induces apoptosis, while BMP4 alone induces none. RA and BMP4 exposure also elevates the number of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Because many cell cycle proteins control both proliferation and apoptosis, we determined the role of these proteins in inducing apoptosis. Although the mRNA levels of cyclins D1 and D2 are reduced in cells undergoing apoptosis, the protein levels are not. In contrast, RA and BMP4 induce the Cdk inhibitor p27. This protein binds Cdk4 in RA- and BMP4-treated cells and inhibits Cdk4-dependent kinase activity. We used p27 antisense oligonucleotides to rescue the P19 cells from RA and BMP4 apoptosis thus proving that p27 is necessary. The Cdk4 substrate, retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, is also induced in apoptotic cells. Consistent with the decreased kinase activity of the apoptotic cells, this Rb protein is hypophosphorylated and presumably active. These data support the hypothesis that RA and BMP4 together induce the p27 protein leading to Rb activation and ultimately apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of South Florida, BSF119, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Glozak
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018236:Carcinoma, Embryonal; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D056741:Cyclin D; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D011485:Protein Binding; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D056741:Cyclin D; D016213:Cyclins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D014212:Tretinoin; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases