title: Investigations into biochemical changes due to diurnal variation and estrus cycle in female rats using high-resolution (1)H NMR spectroscopy of urine and pattern recognition.
abstract: Metabonomic methods utilizing (1)H NMR spectroscopy and pattern recognition analysis (NMR-PR) have been applied to investigate biochemical variation in a control population of female rats over time in relation to diurnal and estrus cycle fluctuations. Urine samples were collected twice daily (6 AM-6 PM and 6 PM-6 AM) from female rats (n = 10) for a period of 10 days. (1)H NMR spectroscopic analysis and PR were performed on each sample. Subtle differences in the endogenous metabolite excretion profiles of urine samples at the various stages of the estrus cycle were observed. The main inherent metabolic clustering in the principal components analysis (PCA) maps was related to interrat variation and was observed in the first two principal components (PCs), accounting for 66% of the variance in these data. Separation of urinary data according to time of sampling (day and night) was achieved in the lower PCs. Some of the differences in the urinary profiles of day and night samples causing this separation were attributed to the increase in metabolic activity of the rat during the night. Individual rat data were also mapped as a function of time, using PCA, to produce a metabolic trajectory, which in a number of cases facilitated separation of one or more stages of the estrus cycle. Several of the fluctuations observed between urine samples collected during the different stages of the estrus cycle may be related to hormone levels. Although variation in metabolite profiles relating to both diurnal and hormonal variation could be detected these perturbations were minor compared with the effects observed due to interrat variation. This is the first time that a hormonal cycle has been described for individuals based on NMR spectroscopic and multivariate analysis of metabolic data and shows the value of metabonomic methods in the investigation of physiological variation and rhythms.
authors.affiliation: Biological Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Division, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom. mary.bollard@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bollard
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lindon
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Branstetter
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004031:Diestrus; D004971:Estrus; D005260:Female; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000032:analysis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008686:Metestrus; D008744:Methylamines / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012521:Sarcosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids; D008744:Methylamines; C025138:dimethylglycine; C005855:trimethyloxamine; D012521:Sarcosine