title: Roles of retinoic acid receptors in early embryonic morphogenesis and hindbrain patterning.
abstract: Mutants mice carrying targeted inactivations of both retinoic acid receptor (RAR) alpha and RAR gamma (A alpha/A gamma mutants) were analyzed at different embryonic stages, in order to establish the timing of appearance of defects that we previously observed during the fetal period. We show that embryonic day (E)9.5 A alpha/A gamma embryos display severe malformations, similar to those already described in retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 null mutants. These malformations reflect early roles of retinoic acid signaling in axial rotation, segmentation and closure of the hindbrain; formation of otocysts, pharyngeal arches and forelimb buds; and in the closure of the primitive gut. The hindbrain of E8.5 A alpha/A gamma embryos shows a posterior expansion of rhombomere 3 and 4 (R3 and R4) markers, but fails to express kreisler, a normal marker of R5 and R6. This abnormal hindbrain phenotype is strikingly different from that of embryos lacking RAR alpha and RAR beta (A alpha/A beta mutants), in which we have previously shown that the territory corresponding to R5 and R6 is markedly enlarged. Administration of a pan-RAR antagonist at E8.0 to wild-type embryos cultured in vitro results in an A alpha/A beta-like hindbrain phenotype, whereas an earlier treatment at E7.0 yields an A alpha/A gamma-like phenotype. Altogether, our data suggest that RAR alpha and/or RAR gamma transduce the RA signal that is required first to specify the prospective R5/R6 territory, whereas RAR beta is subsequently involved in setting up the caudal boundary of this territory.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP/Collège de France, B.P. 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wendling
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Ghyselinck
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chambon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030161:Avian Proteins; D019521:Body Patterning; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051767:Early Growth Response Protein 2; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051258:MafB Transcription Factor; D051379:Mice; D009024:Morphogenesis; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D012249:Rhombencephalon / Q000196:embryology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D000097768:Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma
chemical_list: D030161:Avian Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051767:Early Growth Response Protein 2; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D051258:MafB Transcription Factor; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000097768:Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma; C497327:Egr2 protein, mouse; C101121:HOXB1 homeodomain protein; C489520:Hoxd4 protein, mouse; C490406:Mafb protein, mouse; C000607072:Rara protein, mouse