title: Domestic abuse in the emergency department: can a risk profile be defined?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main purpose of this study was to determine whether any clinical or demographic characteristics could identify adult female patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with a history of domestic abuse. A second objective was to describe the frequency, types, and severity of this abuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a crosssectional survey of 611 women conducted in an academically-affiliated, urban ED. Domestic abuse was described as "recent" (within the preceding 12 months) or "lifetime" (recent or past). This included emotional, physical, and sexual abuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent (7.9%, n = 48) and lifetime (38%, n = 232) domestic abuse was reported. For recently abused women, violence had been severe (87.5%, n = 42) and was associated with 1) trauma (OR 5.4, 95% CI = 2.6 to 11.6), 2) obstetrical and gynecological syndromes (OR 5.6, 95% CI = 2.4 to 13.2), and 3) psychiatric symptoms and substance use (OR 7.3, 95% CI = 2.4 to 22.0). The sensitivities and positive predictive values of these risk factors individually (<27.1% and <25.0%, respectively) and in aggregate (56.3% and 20.9%, respectively) were low. These indicators predicted only 27 (56.3%) of recently abused women. Lifetime domestic violence was more likely in homeless women (OR 5.8, 95% CI = 2.2 to 15.0), although less likely in immigrants (OR 0.4, 95% CI = 0.3 to 0.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical presentations and demographic characteristics of women presenting to the ED may not be sensitive or predictive indicators of domestic abuse. In the absence of typical clinical or demographic findings, asking all women in the ED about domestic abuse remains a necessary priority.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center/New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. mzachary@aecom.yu.edu
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zachary
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Mulvihill
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Goldfrank
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018585:Battered Women / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016387:Women's Health