title: Local excision and postoperative radiotherapy for distal rectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the outcome following local excision and postoperative radiotherapy (RT) for distal rectal carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three patients received postoperative radiotherapy following local surgery for primary rectal carcinoma at Princess Margaret Hospital from 1983 to 1998. Selection factors for postoperative RT were patient preference, poor operative risks, and "elective" where conservative therapy was regarded as optimal therapy. Median distance of the primary lesion from the anal verge was 4 cm (range, 1--8 cm). There were 24 T1, 36 T2, and 8 T3 lesions. The T category could not be determined in 5. Of 55 tumor specimens in which margins could be adequately assessed, they were positive in 18. RT was delivered using multiple fields by 6- to 25-MV photons. Median tumor dose was 50 Gy (range, 38--60 Gy), and 62 patients received 50 Gy in 2.5-Gy daily fractions. The tumor volume included the primary with 3--5 cm margins. No patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Median follow-up was 48 months (range, 10--165 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 5-year survival and disease-free survival were 67% and 55%, respectively. Tumor recurrence was observed in 23 patients. There were 14 isolated local relapses; 6 patients developed local and distant disease; and 3 relapsed distantly only. For patients with T1, T2, and T3 lesions, 5-year local relapse-free rates were 61%, 75%, and 78%, respectively, and 5-year survival rates were 76%, 58%, and 33%, respectively. The 5-year local relapse-free rate was lower in the presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) compared to no LVI, 52% vs. 89%, p = 0.03, or where tumor fragmentation occurred during local excision compared to no fragmentation, 51% vs. 76%, p = 0.02. Eleven of 14 patients with local relapse only underwent abdominoperineal resection, 8 achieved local control, and 4 remained cancer free. The ultimate local control, including salvage surgery, was 86% at 5 and 10 years. The 5-year colostomy-free rate was 82%. There were 2 patients who experienced RTOG Grade 3 late complications, and 1 with Grade 4 complication (bowel obstruction requiring surgery).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The local relapse rate for patients with T1 disease was high compared to other series of local excision and postoperative RT. Patients with LVI or tumor fragmentation during excision have high local relapse rates and may not be good candidates for conservative surgery and postoperative RT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, United Kingdom, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brierley
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Catton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ringash
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdolell
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015993:Life Tables; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D012074:Remission Induction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome