title: The efficacy of exercise as a long-term antidepressant in elderly subjects: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pharmacological treatment of depression in geriatric patients is often difficult. Although unsupervised exercise has been shown to benefit younger depressed patients, there is no evidence that unsupervised exercise can be used as a maintenance treatment for depression in elderly patients. Our aim was to test the feasibility and efficacy of unsupervised exercise as a long-term treatment for clinical depression in elderly patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 32 subjects (71.3 +/- 1.2 years of age, mean +/- SE) in a 20-week, randomized, controlled trial, with follow-up at 26 months. Subjects were community-dwelling patients with major or minor depression or dysthymia. Exercisers engaged in 10 weeks of supervised weight-lifting exercise followed by 10 weeks of unsupervised exercise. Controls attended lectures for 10 weeks. No contact was made with either group after 20 weeks until final follow-up. Blinded assessment was made with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Philadelphia Geriatric Morale Scale, and Ewart's Self Efficacy Scale at 20 weeks and with the BDI and physical activity questionnaire at 26 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients randomized to the exercise condition completed 18 +/- 2 sessions of unsupervised exercise during Weeks 10 to 20. The BDI was significantly reduced at both 20 weeks and 26 months of follow-up in exercisers compared with controls (p <.05-.001). At the 26-month follow-up, 33% of the exercisers were still regularly weight lifting, versus 0% of controls (p <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unsupervised weight-lifting exercise maintains its antidepressant effectiveness at 20 weeks in depressed elderly patients. Long-term changes in exercise behavior are possible in some patients even without supervision.
authors.affiliation: Division on Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. singhn@email.cs.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011336:Probability; D011788:Quality of Life; D012016:Reference Values; D012649:Self Concept; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome