title: A novel topoisomerase II poison GL331 preferentially induces DNA cleavage at (C/G)T sites and can cause telomere DNA damage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Topoisomerase II (Topo II) preferentially cuts DNA at alternating purine-pyrimidine repeats. Different Topo II poisons may affect Topo II to produce distinct drug-specific DNA cleavage patterns. GL331 is a new podophyllotoxin derivative exhibiting potent Topo II-poisoning activity. Therefore, the sequence selectivity of GL331-induced DNA cleavage was determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human gastric adenocarcinoma SC-M1 cells were treated with GL331, and the resultant DNA fragments were isolated by SDS-K+ precipitation. These DNA fragments were further cloned and sequenced to exhibit GL331-induced DNA cleavage sites. In addition, the telomere damage was detected by Southern blot analyses using a (TTAGGG)4 probe. GL331's effect on telomerase was examined using the TRAP assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The selective sequences of GL331-induced DNA cleavage were analyzed. The first nucleotide 3'-terminal to the cleavage sites was preferentially C or G and followed by the second nucleotide T. More than 50% of GL331-induced DNA cleavage fragments exhibited AT-rich sequences in the first 20 nucleotides. In addition, the telomeric damage was observed both from GL331-treated SC-M1 cells and in vitro incubation of genomic DNA with GL331 and purified human Topo II. Although GL331 treatment reduced cellular telomerase activity, in vitro reaction data suggested that GL331 was not a telomerase inhibitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GL331 preferentially induced Topo II-mediated DNA cleavage at (C/G)T sites. Because the telomeric repeat sequence contains GL331's GT preference site, the telomere was identified as one of the targets of GL331-induced DNA damage.
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Laboratory at Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, Cancer Research Division, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000633:toxicity*; D001483:Base Sequence / Q000187:drug effects*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D005047:Etoposide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007364:Intercalating Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D019098:Telomerase / Q000378:metabolism; D016615:Telomere / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D007364:Intercalating Agents; C121391:GL 331; D005047:Etoposide; D019098:Telomerase; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II