title: Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement: echocardiographic and clinical results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Port access has been described for mitral and bypass surgery. The purpose of this study was to review the clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of aortic valve replacement by use of port access.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1996 and 1999, 153 port-access aortic valve replacements were performed at our institution. The mean age was 63 years (range 16-91 years); 58% were male. The New York Heart Association mean class was III; 18% were in class IV. Thirteen percent had diabetes, 42% hypertension, 7% prior transient ischemic episode or stroke, 7% lung disease, 3% renal failure, and 13% previous surgery. Echocardiograms were obtained after valve replacement in 125 patients (96 intraoperative transesophageal and 97 transthoracic echoes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median length of stay was 8 days. There were no intraoperative deaths; 10 patients (6.5%) died in the postoperative period. Stroke occurred in 4 (2.6%), sepsis in 5 (3.3%), renal failure in 5 (3.3%), pneumonia in 3 (2%), and wound infection in 1 (0.7%). Tissue prosthesis was present in 83 and a mechanical prosthesis in 42. No or trace regurgitation was seen on 94 of 96 (98%) postbypass intraoperative echocardiograms and mild on 2. On follow-up echocardiograms, moderate regurgitation was seen in 4 of 97 (4.1%), mild-to-moderate in 2 (2.1%), mild in 18 (18.6%), and no or trace in 71 (73.2%). Of those who had aortic regurgitation on intraoperative or follow-up echocardiograms, it was paravalvular in 8.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement with a port-access approach is feasible, even in high-risk patients. Small incisions, a low infection rate, and a short length of stay are attainable. However, the complications associated with traditional aortic valve replacement still occur. Echocardiography is valuable both for intraoperative monitoring and follow-up of this new procedure.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kort
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Applebaum
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Ribakove
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Piedad
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Tunick
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kronzon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D002404:Catheterization; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology