title: Patients with persistent pain after enucleation studied by MRI dynamic color mapping and histopathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study possible causes of persistent pain in patients who underwent enucleation of the globe and in whom all other noninvasively detectable causes of pain had been ruled out.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients were studied, 10 with intractable pain (score >5 on a 0-to-9 self-reporting pain scale) persisting for more than 6 months after enucleation (for various reasons) and 10 without pain (score <4) at least 6 months after enucleation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with dynamic color mapping (MRI-DCM) was used to quantify the motion of the optic nerve in millimeters per degree of gaze, 2 to 3 mm behind the implant. Histopathologic study of biopsy specimens was used to verify imaging findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optic nerve was attached to the implant in almost all (19/20) patients. On average, the motion was significantly less in patients with persistent intractable pain (0.04 mm/deg) than in patients without pain (0.08 mm/deg; normal orbit, 0.13 mm/deg). A biopsy specimen was available in 5 of 10 patients with persistent pain, and in 4 of those 5, microscopic neuroma was found close to the optic nerve-implant junction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the enucleated orbit, the optic nerve is usually attached to the implant and soft tissue motion is decreased. In patients who have persistent pain after enucleation, motion is decreased even more, and a high percentage of microscopic amputation neuromas are found. Increased stiffness of orbital soft tissue and optic nerve attachment after enucleation are detectable using MRI-DCM, and may play a role in susceptible patients in the development of microscopic amputation neuroma and pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands. michael@isi.uu.nl
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Abràmoff
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mourits
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009463:Neuroma / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000473:pathology*; D019574:Optic Nerve Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D020273:Orbital Implants; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*