title: Radiographic results of callus distraction aided by pulsed low-intensity ultrasound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether pulsed low-intensity ultrasound (frequency of 1.5 megahertz, pulsed by one kilohertz, signal burst width of 200 microseconds, intensity of thirty milliwatts per square centimeter, and daily treatment time of twenty minutes per day) stimulates regenerate maturation after callus distraction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled animal trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Operatively, we created a fifteen-millimeter defect in the right metatarsus of eighteen female mature merino sheep. A segmental transport was begun on Day 5 using a high-stiffness experimental ring fixator. The distraction rate was one millimeter per day divided into two increments of 0.5 millimeters each. On Day 21 after the operation, distraction was finished and the maturation period started and lasted until Day 84 after operation. During this period, Group 1 was treated with a daily twenty-minute low-intensity ultrasound stimulation (frequency of 1.5 megahertz, pulsed by one kilohertz, signal burst width of 200 microseconds, intensity of thirty milliwatts per square centimeter). Group 2 had no stimulation. Animals bore full weight. Plain radiographs in the anteroposterior view were taken every two weeks during the maturation period. After the animals were killed on Day 84, anteroposterior and lateral high resolution radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans of the regenerate were performed. For each plain and high resolution radiograph, two different relationships (callus relation, the ratio of the amount of periosteal callus to the size of the space between the proximal fragment and transported segment; and interzone relation, the ratio of the fibrous callus interzone to the size of the new formed callus) were calculated. Using CT scan, callus area, bone density, and bone mineral content were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of interzone relation (both views) and callus relation (lateral view) in high-resolution radiographs and bone mineral content in CT indicate a significantly accelerated maturation of the regenerate in the ultrasound stimulated group even when a Bonferroni-Holm adjustment was used for multiple testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulsed low-intensity ultrasound appears to stimulate the healing processes in the regenerate in this animal model and may have applicability in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfall-und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Augsburg, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mayr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laule
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Suger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rüter
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Claes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002146:Bony Callus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016267:External Fixators; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D008684:Metatarsus / Q000293:injuries*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012756:Sheep; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods*