title: Underreporting of energy intake in repeated 24-hour recalls related to gender, age, weight status, day of interview, educational level, reported food intake, smoking habits and area of living.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the present study were (1) to evaluate the degree to which underreporting of energy intake by repeated 24-hour recalls was related to gender, age, weight status, day of interview, educational level, smoking habits and area of living, and (2) to compare the dietary characteristics of underreporters with those of others.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study. Ten 24-hour recalls were performed during a one-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Västerbotten intervention programme of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Northern Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-four men and 99 women in four age groups: 30, 40, 50 and 60 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of men and women with a food intake level (FIL; reported energy intake divided by estimated basal metabolic rate) below 1.2 was 44% and 47%, respectively. The youngest age group had higher FIL values than the oldest age group for both men (1.5 versus 1.1) and women (1.4 versus 1.1). The prevalence and magnitude of underreporting were directly related to body mass index (BMI; correlation coefficient: -0.47 (men) and -0.55 (women)). Smokers had a lower FIL value (1.1) than non-smokers (1.3). The nutrient density was lower for the group with high FIL values for protein and calcium and higher for fat and sucrose. The upper FIL group often had higher intake frequencies and larger portion sizes than the lower FIL group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Underreporting of energy intake is prevalent when 24-hour recalls are used, but the prevalence differs between sub-groups in the population. BMI was the main predictor of underreporting but also old age and smoking seem to contribute in this aspect. Socially desirable food items were not underreported to the same extent as socially undesirable food items. The intake frequencies and portion sizes partly explained the differences in FIL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Umeå, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. gunnar.johansson@kost.umu.se
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wikman
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ahrén
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallmans
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D013548:Sweden