title: Value of the Bruce protocol to determine peak exercise oxygen consumption in patients evaluated for cardiac transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peak exercise oxygen consumption (peak VO2) is an important discriminator of survival in patients with systolic heart failure and is used to select ambulatory patients for transplantation. The major trials assessing the relationship between peak VO2 and survival have used a variety of low-level exercise protocols. It is unknown how peak VO2 measured in this patient population by the more vigorous Bruce treadmill protocol compares with that obtained on less intense protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 15 patients (50 +/- 12 years old) with severe heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction 23.5% +/- 8.6%). Patients randomly performed 3 exercise tests with the Bruce treadmill, modified Naughton treadmill, and modified bicycle protocols within 14 days. To determine the ability of this patient population to perform the Bruce protocol, we also retrospectively analyzed the ability of 84 patients to perform this test on their initial evaluations at our center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients reached the anaerobic threshold (AT) on all 3 protocols. The Bruce and modified Naughton treadmill protocols resulted in similar peak VO2 percent predicted peak VO2, and VO2 at AT values (17.7 +/- 3.8 mL/kg/min, 57.2% +/- 21.1% and 15.4 +/- 4.1 mL/kg/min vs 18.0 +/- 4.7 mL/kg/min, 58.1% +/- 22.5% and 15.6 +/- 4.4 mL/kg/min, respectively). Peak VO2 and VO2 at AT on both treadmill protocols were higher than those obtained with bicycle testing (15.3 +/- 3.1 and 11.8 +/- 3.0 mL/kg/min, P <.05). Exercise duration was shorter with the Bruce and bicycle protocols (6.2 +/- 2.2 and 6.7 +/- 2.4 minutes, respectively) compared with the modified Naughton protocol (9.7 +/- 4.3 minutes, both P <.005). In addition, 79 of the 84 patients (94%) evaluated were able to complete the Bruce protocol and reach AT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Bruce protocol was more time efficient than the modified Naughton protocol and yielded similar peak VO2, percent predicted peak VO2, and VO2 at AT values. Bicycle exercise may underestimate peak VO2 values. The form of exercise should be considered when assessing peak VO2 criteria for transplant listing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical School, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Ill., USA.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Strzelczyk
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cusick
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bondmass
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Quigg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D018579:Patient Selection; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000628:therapy*