title: Ringer's ethyl pyruvate solution ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion-induced intestinal mucosal injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pyruvate has been shown to be protective in numerous in vitro and in vivo models of oxidant-mediated cellular or organ system injury. Unfortunately, the usefulness of pyruvate as a therapeutic agent is abrogated by its very poor stability in solution. In an effort to take advantage of the ability of pyruvate to scavenge reactive oxygen species while avoiding the problems associated with the instability of pyruvate in solution, we sought to determine whether a simple derivative, ethyl pyruvate, would be protective in an animal model of reactive oxygen species-mediated tissue injury, namely mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under general anesthesia, rats were subjected to 60 mins of mesenteric ischemia followed by 60 mins of reperfusion. Controls (n = 6) received intravenous lactated Ringer's solution according this dosing schedule: 1.5 mL/kg bolus before ischemia, 3.0 mL/kg bolus before resuscitation, and 1.5 mL.kg-1.hr-1 by continuous infusion. Two experimental groups received similar volumes of either pyruvate (n = 6 each) or ethyl pyruvate (n = 9) solution made up exactly like lactated Ringer's solution except for the substitution of either pyruvate or ethyl pyruvate for lactate, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To obtain tissues for assessing mucosal permeability and histology, five 10-cm long segments of small intestine were obtained at the following time points: baseline, after 30 and 60 mins of ischemia, and after 30 and 60 mins of reperfusion. Mucosal permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (molecular weight 4000 Da) was assessed ex vivo by using an everted gut sac method. Compared with controls, treatment of rats with either pyruvate solution or ethyl pyruvate solution significantly ameliorated the development of intestinal mucosal hyperpermeability during the reperfusion. Treatment with ethyl pyruvate solution also significantly decreased the extent of histologic mucosal damage after mesenteric reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with Ringer's ethyl pyruvate solution ameliorated structural and functional damage to the intestinal mucosa in a rat model of mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion. Ethyl pyruvate solution warrants further evaluation as a novel therapeutic agent for preventing oxidant-mediated injury in various disease states.
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wattanasirichaigoon
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Menconi
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ajami
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Fink
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000293:injuries; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000473:pathology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D009153:Mutagens / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D011773:Pyruvates; C046522:ethyl pyruvate