title: Radiation-induced haemorrhagic cystitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this article we review the literature concerning the frequency and management of severe haemorrhagic radiation-induced cystitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline search was performed from 1966 to 1999 for articles in English. A total of 309 references were found. Abstracts and complete articles were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Severe haemorrhagic cystitis following radiotherapy remains a relatively rare event. However, the fact that it is relentlessly progressive and that treatment options are suboptimal makes it clinically important. The incidence of severe haematuria following pelvic irradiation is difficult to determine from the literature although most studies state an incidence of less than 5% which increases with time since irradiation. Methods of treatment include simple bladder irrigation, cystodiathermy, oral, parenteral and intravesical agent, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, hydrodistension, internal iliac embolisation, urinary diversion and cystectomy. No management strategy is 100% successful and a stepwise progression in treatment intensity is often required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The articles available on radiation-induced haemorrhagic cystitis are principally retrospective and involve small numbers of patients who have had several different treatment modalities. In the absence of randomised studies comparing treatments, it is impossible to set definitive rules about management but patients with this condition probably warrant early and aggressive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK. jeremy@crew35.freeserve.co.uk
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Crew
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Jephcott
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Reynard
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003556:Cystitis / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000150:complications*