title: Different responses to auditory and somaesthetic stimulation in patients with an excessive startle: a report of pediatric experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children with cerebral injury often exhibit brief muscle contraction to a variety of stimuli. However, it remains to be determined whether or not the pattern of the reaction is stereotypical irrespective of the site stimulated. To answer this question, we studied electromyographic (EMG) responses to three types of stimuli in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The EMG responses of cranial and limb muscles were recorded after acoustic or somaesthetic stimulation in 6 patients and 23 control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acoustic stimuli evoked patterned motor activity with a rostrocaudal progression. Nose-tapping stimuli elicited reflex EMG activity in the VIIth cranial muscles that was similar to the R1 component of the electrical blink reflex. Sternum-tap stimuli evoked motor activity in the sternocleidomastoid and arm muscles, and this reflex was probably mediated through the cervical cord (H-reflex). Moreover, late reflexes were evoked following these early reflexes in the patients. In particular, atypical forms of myoclonic jerks were evoked on sternum-tap stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many types of primitive reflexes were evoked following three types of stimuli. These reflexes included startle reflex, trigeminomotor reflex, H-reflex and atypical forms of myoclonus, and they were enhanced in the patient group. There are many startle-mimicking reflexes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child Neurology, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, 860 Urushiyama, Shizuoka-shi 420-8660, Japan. wbs55646@mail.wbs.ne.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oguro
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aiba
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hojo
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009666:Nose / Q000502:physiology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology*; D013249:Sternum / Q000502:physiology