title: Striatal dopamine transporters and cognitive functioning in healthy men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is growing interest in distinguishing the biological bases of sex differences in behavior from environmental influences. Sex hormone levels seem to be related to some cognitive abilities, particularly memory, and the dopaminergic system participates in the mediation of memory. The dopamine transporter is the primary indicator of dopaminergic tone. This study investigated the relationship between cognition and dopamine transporter availability in healthy men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dopamine transporter levels were measured with a technetium-99m radiolabeled analog of cocaine, TRODAT-1, in 66 healthy volunteers (30 men and 36 women). A neuropsychological battery designed to target functions associated with dopaminergic activity was administered during the uptake interval between the radiopharmaceutical injection and image acquisition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women and younger participants had higher dopamine availability in the caudate nucleus, and these groups also performed better on verbal learning tasks. Furthermore, dopamine transporter availability was correlated with learning performance within groups. Relationships between dopamine availability in the caudate and putamen and executive and motor functioning were observed in women, but not in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide further evidence for age effects and sex differences in the neuromodulatory influences of dopamine on behavior in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Nuclear Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, USA. harper@bbl.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Mozley
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Mozley
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gur
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D011699:Putamen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014326:Tropanes; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D014326:Tropanes; C104196:technetium Tc 99m TRODAT-1; D004298:Dopamine