title: Expression of bacterial beta-glucuronidase in human bile: an in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial beta-glucuronidase causes deconjugation of bilirubin diglucuronide resulting in the precipitation of calcium bilirubinate, which contributes to biliary sludge and stone formation. This process is attributed to enzyme activity produced by the aerobic enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. The presence of Clostridium sp. was detected in 48 of 56 intrahepatic stones by using polymerase chain reaction techniques and cultured Clostridium perfringens from 14 of 18 unblocked biliary stents. Such bacteria are reported to produce beta-glucuronidase activity. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of biliary bacteria isolated from pigment stones and stents that produce beta-glucuronidase and to compare the enzyme activity expressed by the different bacteria in human bile.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 202 bacteria were isolated from blocked and unblocked biliary stents and pigment ductal stones recovered from patients. Of these, 61 bacteria expressed beta-glucuronidase activity in brain heart infusion broth. These 61 bacteria were subsequently grown in human bile under aerobic or anaerobic conditions to the early stationary phase and assayed for beta-glucuronidase activity by using rho-nitrophenyl beta-D glucuronide as substrate. Results were normalized and reported as units of enzyme activity per milligram protein of the bacteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C. perfringens produced beta-glucuronidase enzyme activity that was 34-fold higher than that for E coli, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium sp., Bacillus sp., Enterococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Streptococcus sp., and Klebsiella sp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C. perfringens with its higher enzyme activity is more important in the deconjugation of bilirubin diglucuronide than E coli and Klebsiella sp.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Law Biofilm Research Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Inciardi
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000201:enzymology*; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D001654:Bile Pigments / Q000032:analysis; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000201:enzymology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007709:Klebsiella / Q000201:enzymology; D015607:Stents
chemical_list: D001654:Bile Pigments; C019270:bilirubin diglucuronide; D005966:Glucuronidase; D001663:Bilirubin