title: Transport characteristics of ebastine and its metabolites across human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayers.
abstract: The transport characteristics of a selective peripheral H1 receptor antagonist, ebastine, a substrate for cytochrome P450 3A4, and its three major metabolites, i.e., the hydroxy metabolite of ebastine (M-OH), the pharmacologically active metabolite carebastine (Car), and the desbutyrophenone metabolite (des-BP), were studied in cultured human intestinal Caco-2 cells expressing a drug efflux pump, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), on the apical membrane. The polarized transport of [3H]cyclosporin A (CyA), mediated by P-gp in the basolateral to apical direction across the Caco-2 cell monolayers, was affected by the presence of ebastine in a concentration-dependent manner and significant inhibition was observed at high concentrations (>50 microM). M-OH (300 microM) also significantly inhibited whereas Car and des-BP did not. Although no marked polarized transport of [14C]ebastine in a secretory direction was observed in the Caco-2 systems, the flux in the basolateral to apical direction was slightly higher than that in the opposite direction at concentrations less than 30 microm. [14C]Ebastine (2 microM) uptake from the apical side was significantly increased in the presence of an excess of cold CyA, suggesting that the efflux process mediated by P-gp may be involved in the ebastine uptake by Caco-2 cells. Collectively, these results indicate that ebastine (and presumably M-OH) is transported via P-gp in Caco-2 cells, however, the affinity for P-gp is very low. It is unlikely that the secretory transport of ebastine mediated by P-gp will dramatically affect overall intestinal absorption in vivo because efficient passive diffusion of this drug should occur due to its high lipophilicity. However, it may be advantageous for its efficient first-pass metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaoka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takakura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashida
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D002090:Butyrophenones / Q000378:metabolism*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000378:metabolism; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D010880:Piperidines / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D002090:Butyrophenones; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D016572:Cyclosporine; C058249:ebastine