title: [Tuberculosis control strategy in the 21st century in Japan--for elimination of tuberculosis in Japan].
abstract: Modern tuberculosis control programme has been launched in 1951 by the major revision of the previous Tb. Control Law in Japan. Main control measures were BCG vaccination programme for tuberculin negatives, annual screening of Tb. by miniature radiophotography (MMR), charge free diagnosis and treatment of Tb. patients, registration and case-holding at Health Centres throughout the country and so on. Thanks to the efforts of the Government and people concerned, Tb. incidence has decreased with the annual reduction rate of 11% during 1961 and 1977. However, Tb. decrease has stagnated after that, and it is increasing slowly in these 3 years since 1998. Moreover, regional variations of Tb. incidence are considerable, and Tb. is concentrated in specific risk groups such as elderly persons, homeless, foreign born individuals and so on. However, the present Tb. Control measures were introduced prior to the discovery of most major anti-Tb. drugs and all modern internationally accepted Tb. Control strategies, so that it is strongly desired to improve the present control programme from rather classical present Tb. control measures to global standard one to overcome the resurgence of Tb. in Japan. At first, the author stressed that the priority of Tb. Control Programme should be changed according to the development of science and the change of epidemiological situations. BCG vaccination and Tb. screening by MMR might be very important when the annual risk of Tb. infection was very high--about 4% in 1950. Now it is around 0.05% and the incidence of Tb. among 0-14 years of age is 1.1 per 100,000 so that the priority should be given on treatment of the detected cases instead of BCG vaccination or MMR. The doctors in the public health field should give more strong concern on clinical aspects of Tb. Control Programme at present. It was considered that the main urgent problems to be improved in the present Tb. control measures are as follows. 1. It is strongly recommended to spread the global standard regimen with 2HRZE/4HR (E) more widely and rapidly. Because the standard regimen is used in only 50% of new smear positive cases at present although 15.3% of Tb. patients are 80 years or more, or 56.3% of them are 60 years or more, and the side effects by PZA are higher among elderly patients. 2. Shortening of the hospitalization duration is required because 76.7% of newly detected bacilli positive cases are hospitalized at first, and the median of the period of hospitalization is 4 months, and 18.4% of them are hospitalized 6 months or more at present. 3. DOT treatment has been introduced for special groups in the big cities in 2000 for the first time in Japan, but it is needed to spread DOT treatment more widely, for example, by increasing health insurance payment for the institutions where DOT treatment is being implemented. 4. It is recommended to build special rooms to accept Tb. patient at general hospitals and/or university hospitals to avoid the neglect of Tb. by general medical doctors. 5. Follow-up of Tb. patients after treatment completion at Health Centres is not needed now, because the relapse rate is so low. 6. Indiscriminative screening programme for all the people aged 19 years old or more should be stopped, at least up to 39 years of age, because Tb. detection rate has become so low as 0.0069% at present. As Tb. decrease is so slow, or is increasing in some areas, that the contact surveys among the young aged 20 to 39 should be strengthened in the future. 7. As Japan Anti-Tb. Association is being carrying out mass screening programme extensively at present, so that the Association has started to discuss the future health check system. Because of the rapid and constant increase of the lung cancer, the Association is discussing the method to detect the lung cancer, too. In any way, it is needed to focus the screening programme for special high risk groups instead of indiscriminative screening. 8. BCG vaccination for infants should be continued a little more, because BCG vaccination can protect the development of 7 miliary Tb. and/or meningitis cases during 15 years if BCG is given 70% of the infants in 2000. However, it was strongly recommended to stop re-vaccination of BCG, because it is not so effective, and disturb the diagnosis of Tb. infection by tuberculin testing. 9. Treatment of latent Tb. infection will become more and more important, so that it's indication should be expanded to the adults in the future instead of the present indication up to 29 years of age. It is needed to revise Tuberculosis Control Low to improve control programme in Japan. The author hoped that the members of Japan Tuberculosis Society will promote the improvement and to support the Government to improve the Law.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aoki
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007902:Length of Stay; D008403:Mass Screening; D009313:National Health Programs; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine