title: Chlamydia trachomatis and male infertility in Tunisia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted micro-organism. The impact of chlamydial infection on semen parameters and male fertility is controversial. Our purpose was to determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis in the male partners of infertile couples in Tunisia and to assess the relationship between chlamydial infection markers and male infertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chlamydial DNA in urethral and in semen specimens was determined by using the Cobas Amplicor polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and chlamydial immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were measured by micro-immunofluorescence in serum samples in 92 male partners, with or without pathological standard semen parameters, according to the guidelines of the World Health Organization (sperm count, progressive sperm motility, sperm morphology and sperm viability). In parallel, chlamydial infection markers in endocervical material were determined by PCR and chlamydial IgG antibodies were measured by micro-immunofluorescence in serum samples from the female partners of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C. trachomatis was found in 35.9% (33/92) of the male partners of the infertile couples and in 38% (35/92) of their female partners. There was a significant correlation between the detection of C. trachomatis in both partners (p = 0.004). C. trachomatis DNA was detected in 18.5% (17/92) of urethral specimens and in 16.3% (15/92) of semen specimens. Chlamydial IgG antibodies were present in 9.8% (9/92) of the serum samples. A standard semen analysis showed that 88% (81/92) were pathological. Sperm viability, progressive sperm motility, morphology and sperm concentration were abnormal in 73.8%, 70.2%, 34.5% and 13%, respectively, of the 92 evaluated semen specimens. Comparison of the parameters of the standard semen analysis between the male partners of the infertile couples with or without chlamydial infection markers showed that only the presence of C. trachomatis DNA in semen samples can affect sperm motility. Parameters of the standard semen analysis were not significantly related either to the detection of chlamydial DNA in urethral samples or to the presence of serum chlamydial antibodies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that C. trachomatis seems to be widespread among the male partners of infertile couples in Tunisia and show that this organism can affect sperm motility and, thus, can play an important role in the etiology of male infertility.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bacteriology-Virology, University School of Medicine Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gdoura
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keskes-Ammar
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bouzid
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eb
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hammami
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Orfila
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012661:Semen / Q000382:microbiology; D014416:Tunisia; D014521:Urethra / Q000382:microbiology