title: N-acetylcysteine induces cell cycle arrest in hepatic stellate cells through its reducing activity.
abstract: Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) has been identified as a critical step in hepatic fibrogenesis and is regulated by several factors including cytokines and oxidative stress. However, the molecular mechanism for HSC inactivation is not well understood. We investigated an N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)-mediated signaling pathway involved in HSC inactivation. NAC, which acting through its reducing activity, induced cell arrest at G1 via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK)/MAPK pathway in a Ras-independent manner. The sustained activation of this extracellular signal-regulated kinase induced the expression of p21(Cip1/WAF1), a cell cycle-dependent kinase inhibitor, and mediated cell growth arrest through the Sp1 transcription activator-dependent mechanism. These effects of NAC were all reversed by treatment of HSC with MEK inhibitor PD98059 followed by culturing HSC on type I collagen-coated flasks. The collagen-mediated suppression of NAC-induced arrest may be due to an overriding of the cell cycle arrest through an acceleration of integrin-induced cell growth. NAC action is actually dependent on modulating the redox states of cysteine residues of target proteins such as Raf-1, MEK, and ERK. In conclusion, an understanding of the NAC signaling pathway in HSC should provide the theoretical basis for clinical approaches using antioxidant therapies in liver fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Dobeel Corp., Seoul 135-961, Korea.
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rhim
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; C493958:Cdkn1a protein, rat; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D017931:DNA Primers; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D011494:Protein Kinases; D000111:Acetylcysteine