title: Diagnosis of Duchenne dystrophy by enhanced detection of small mutations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether detection of small mutations of the dystrophin gene can be increased using an enhanced method of single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Usual methods of DNA analysis for Duchenne dystrophy cannot identify mutations in one-third of cases. Muscle biopsy, with its inherent risks and added liability for patients with Duchenne dystrophy, becomes the sole method of diagnosis. Even with a tissue diagnosis of dystrophin deficiency, many families are excluded from carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA from a cohort of 93 patients with Duchenne dystrophy without identifiable gene mutations was screened for mutations. In each case, 22 kilobases of genomic DNA were scanned, including all 79 exons of the dystrophin gene, adjacent intronic regions, and six alternative exons 1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-eight (73%) had small mutations, including 34 nonsense mutations, 27 microdeletions and insertions, and 7 splice site mutations. No missense mutations were found. One nonsense mutation in exon 59 was detected in four patients. Most mutations were new; 54 of 62 different small mutations have not been reported. Mutations were found throughout the gene: 24% in the first quartile, 31% in the second, 16% in the third, and 29% in the fourth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A highly sensitive single-strand conformation polymorphism method substantially increased detection of small dystrophin gene mutations and made it possible to diagnose approximately 90% of patients with Duchenne dystrophy by DNA analysis. These findings, combined with cost savings and safety issues, provide compelling reasons to consider DNA analysis as the initial diagnostic test for the suspected dystrophin-deficient patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, 43210, USA. mendell1@osu.edu
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mendell
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Buzin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sangani
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Prior
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sommer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D016189:Dystrophin / Q000235:genetics; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006801:Humans; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
chemical_list: D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D016189:Dystrophin; D004247:DNA