title: Transcriptional response to hypoxia in human tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of hypoxic regions within solid tumors is associated with a more malignant tumor phenotype and worse prognosis. To obtain a blood supply and protect against cellular damage and death, oxygen-deprived cells in tumors alter gene expression, resulting in resistance to therapy. To investigate the mechanisms by which cancer cells adapt to hypoxia, we looked for novel hypoxia-induced genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The transcriptional response to hypoxia in human glioblastoma cells was quantified with the use of serial analysis of gene expression. The time course of gene expression in response to hypoxia in a panel of various human tumor cell lines was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Hypoxic regions of human carcinomas were chemically marked with pimonidazole. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to examine gene expression in the tumor's hypoxic regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the 24 504 unique transcripts expressed, 10 new hypoxia-regulated genes were detected-all induced, to a greater extent than vascular endothelial growth factor, a hypoxia-induced mitogen that promotes blood vessel growth. These genes also responded to hypoxia in breast and colon cancer cells and were activated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1, a key regulator of hypoxic responses. In tumors, gene expression was limited to hypoxic regions. Induced genes included hexabrachion (an extracellular matrix glycoprotein), stanniocalcin 1 (a calcium homeostasis protein), and an angiopoietin-related gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified the genes that are transcriptionally activated within hypoxic malignant cells, a crucial first step in understanding the complex interactions driving hypoxia response. Within our catalogue of hypoxia-responsive genes are novel candidates for hypoxia-driven angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: St  Croix
authors.forename: Z A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Haroon
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dewhirst
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Strausberg
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kaanders
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van der Kogel
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Riggins
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D006728:Hormones / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D019063:Tenascin / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D006728:Hormones; D019063:Tenascin; C051795:teleocalcin