title: Clinical and psychological course of diabetes from adolescence to young adulthood: a longitudinal cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical and psychological course of diabetes through adolescence and the relationship with glycemic control in young adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal cohort study of adolescents recruited from the register of the outpatient pediatric diabetes clinic. A total of 76 individuals (43 male patients, 33 female patients) aged 11-18 years completed baseline assessments, and 65 individuals (86%) were reinterviewed as young adults (20-28 years of age). Longitudinal assessments were made of glycemic control (HbA(1c)), weight gain (BMI), and development of complications. Adolescents completed self-report questionnaires to assess emotional and behavioral problems as well as self-esteem. As young adults, psychological state was assessed by the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule and the self-report Brief Symptom Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean HbA(1c) levels peaked in late adolescence and were worse in female participants (average 11.1% at 18-19 years of age). The proportion of individuals who were overweight (BMI >25.0 kg/m(2)) increased during the 8-year period from 21 to 54% in female patients and from 2 to 28% in male patients. Serious diabetes-related events included death in one patient and cognitive impairment in two patients. Individuals in whom diabetic complications developed (25% of male patients and 38% of female patients) had significantly higher mean HbA(1c) levels than those without complications (difference 1.9%, 95% CI 1.1-2.7, P < 0.0001). Behavioral problems at baseline were related to higher mean HbA(1c) during the subsequent 8 years (beta = 0.15, SEM (beta) 0.04, P < 0.001, 95% CI 0.07-0.24).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcome for this cohort was generally poor. Behavioral problems in adolescence seem to be important in influencing later glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, U.K.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Bryden
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Peveler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neil
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mayou
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Dunger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012042:Registries; D012737:Sex Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin