In situ hybridization and immunolabelling study of the early replication of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmacJ5) in vivo.
The distribution of virus-infected cells in cynomolgus macaques was determined at 4, 7, 14 and 28 days following intravenous challenge with 1000 TCID(50) of the wild-type simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmacJ5 (stock J5C). At each time-point, pairs of macaques were killed humanely and the presence of SIV was determined and quantified in blood, spleen, peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes, thymus, lung and ileum by virus co-cultivation with C8166 cells, by quantitative DNA PCR or by in situ hybridization (ISH). At day 4 post-infection (p.i.), detection of the virus was sporadic. By day 7 p.i., however, significant SIV loads were detected in the blood and lymphoid tissues by DNA PCR and virus co-cultivation. Large numbers of cells expressing SIV RNA were detected in mesenteric lymph nodes by ISH and significantly fewer (P<0.05) in the spleen. Significant numbers of ISH-positive cells were also observed in sections of ileum. By day 14 p.i., the distribution of SIV was more even in all lymphoid tissues analysed. By day 28, most of the tissues were negative by ISH, but all remained positive by virus isolation and DNA PCR. Immunolabelling of sections of mesenteric lymph node with monoclonal antibodies specific for SIV envelope and Nef largely confirmed the observations from ISH. These results indicate that, even following intravenous challenge, a major site of the initial replication of SIV is gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Vaccines that induce protection at this site may therefore be superior, even against parenteral challenge.
Cantó-Nogués
Carmen
C
Cell Biology and Imaging1 and Divisions of Retrovirology2, Virology3 and Immunobiology4, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
Jones
Sue
S
Cell Biology and Imaging1 and Divisions of Retrovirology2, Virology3 and Immunobiology4, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
Sangster
Rebecca
R
Cell Biology and Imaging1 and Divisions of Retrovirology2, Virology3 and Immunobiology4, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
Silvera
Peter
P
Cell Biology and Imaging1 and Divisions of Retrovirology2, Virology3 and Immunobiology4, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
Hull
Robin
R
Cell Biology and Imaging1 and Divisions of Retrovirology2, Virology3 and Immunobiology4, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
Cook
Roger
R
CAMR, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JG, UK5.
Hall
Graham
G
CAMR, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JG, UK5.
Walker
Barry
B
Cell Biology and Imaging1 and Divisions of Retrovirology2, Virology3 and Immunobiology4, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
Stott
E Jim
EJ
Cell Biology and Imaging1 and Divisions of Retrovirology2, Virology3 and Immunobiology4, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
Hockley
David
D
Cell Biology and Imaging1 and Divisions of Retrovirology2, Virology3 and Immunobiology4, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
Almond
Neil
N
Cell Biology and Imaging1 and Divisions of Retrovirology2, Virology3 and Immunobiology4, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
D000818:Animals; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D014779:Virus Replication