title: Electrically-assisted transdermal delivery of buprenorphine.
abstract: The objective of this study was to explore the electrically assisted transdermal delivery of buprenorphine. Oral delivery of buprenorphine, a synthetic opiate analgesic, is less efficient due to low absorption and large first-pass metabolism. While transdermal delivery of buprenorphine is expected to avoid the first-pass effect and thereby be more bioavailable, use of electrical enhancement techniques (iontophoresis and/or electroporation) could provide better programmability. Another use of buprenorphine is for opiate addiction therapy. However, a patch type device is subject to potential abuse as it could be removed by the addict. This abuse can be prevented if drug particles are embedded in the skin. The feasibility of doing so was investigated by electro-incorporation. Buprenorphine HCl (1 mg/ml) in citrate buffer (pH 4.0) was delivered in vitro across human epidermis via iontophoresis using a current density of 0.5 mA/cm(2) and silver-silver chloride electrodes. Electroporation pulses were also applied in some experiments. For electro-incorporation, drug microspheres or particles were driven into full thickness human skin by electroporation. It was observed that the passive transdermal flux of buprenorphine HCl was significantly enhanced by iontophoresis under anodic polarity. The effectiveness of electro-incorporation seemed inconclusive, with pressure also playing a potential role. Delivery was observed with electro-incorporation, but the results were statistically not different from the corresponding controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacal Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5503, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bose
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Ravis
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Banga
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018274:Electroporation; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002047:Buprenorphine