title: Effects of ecstasy (MDMA) on the brain in abstinent users: initial observations with diffusion and perfusion MR imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) on the human brain by using diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight abstinent ecstasy users and six ecstasy nonusers underwent diffusion and perfusion MR imaging. Apparent diffusion coefficient and relative cerebral volume maps were reconstructed. Differences in apparent diffusion coefficient values and relative cerebral volume ratios between the groups were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test. The relationship between apparent diffusion coefficient and relative cerebral volume and the extent of previous ecstasy use was investigated with Spearman rank correlation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apparent diffusion coefficient values (0.84 vs 0.65 x 10(-5) cm(2)/sec, P <.025) and relative cerebral volume ratios (1.22 vs 1.01, P <.025) were significantly higher in the globus pallidus of ecstasy users compared with nonusers, respectively. Increases in pallidal relative cerebral volume were positively correlated with the extent of previous use of ecstasy (rho = 0.73, P <.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ecstasy use is associated with tissue changes in the globus pallidus. These findings are in agreement with findings in case reports, suggesting that the globus pallidus is particularly sensitive to the effects of ecstasy.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Neurosciences, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands. l.reneman@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reneman
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Majoie
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Habraken
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: den Heeten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects*; D004058:Diffusion; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000187:drug effects; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010477:Perfusion
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine