title: [Diet, smoking and reproductive history as risk factor for cervical cancer].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies have suggested that smoking, nutrition and sexual patterns are major risk factors for cervical cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between food consumption patterns, smoking and sexual behavior and the risk of cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A matched case control study of 170 cases and 340 controls. Food and nutrient intakes were assessed by a food frequency questionnaire considering 58 antioxidant rich food items. Median daily intake of vegetables, fruits, antioxidant vitamins and fiber was calculated. A conditional logistic regression model was used to determine odds ratios associated with variations in nutritional intake and no nutritional factors (age at first delivery, parity, body mass index, family history of cancer and smoking).
  
  
  RESULTS
  High intakes of vegetables, fruits, beta carotene, vitamin C, E and fiber were associated with a lower risk of cervical cancer (Odds ratios ranging from 0.56 to 0.78). The risk for cancer was inversely associated with the age at first delivery and directly associated with the total number of pregnancies and smoking. Multivariate analysis model showed a protective effect for vegetable and vitamin E consumption (odds ratio of 0.6 with confidence intervals of 0.5 to 0.8 p < 0.001) and a higher risk associated to smoking (odds ratio 2.8, confidence intervals 1.5-5.5 p < 0.002) and a younger age at the first delivery (odds ratio 3.37 confidence intervals 2-5.3 p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cervical cancer is associated with reproductive and food consumption behaviors. A higher intake of vegetables and foods rich in vitamin E can reduce its risk.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 13.898, Correo 21, Santiago, Chile. eatalah@machi.med.uchile.cl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Atalah
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Urteaga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rebolledo
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Villegas
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Csendes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010298:Parity; D017584:Reproductive History; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014810:Vitamin E
vernacular_title: Alimentación, tabaquismo e historia reproductiva como factores de riesgo del cáncer de cuello del útero.