title: A study of the psychological status and sexuality in middle-aged Bulgarian women: significance of the hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The psychoemotional and sexual status of Bulgarian urban postmenopausal women 10 years after the beginning of the period of extensive political, social, economic and cultural transitions was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and thirty-two postmenopausal women (83.5% in natural menopause and 16.5% in surgical menopause) and 295 women with normal menstrual cycle in several Bulgarian cities and the capital were studied. A campaign for free-of-charge bone density measurement was announced and the examined subjects filled in an individual anonymous questionnaire. SPSS for Windows version 8.0 was used for the statistical processing of the results. The comparison was made between normally menstruating women (n=295), postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (n=36) and postmenopausal subjects without HRT (n=296).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant correlation was observed between depression and sexual aversion, depression and pain with intercourse, depression and the change in the sexual life after menopause. The correlation between self-esteem and sexual thoughts, self-esteem and sexual desire, self-esteem and the arousal from the partner, self-esteem and orgasm also proved important. About 20% of the studied subjects reported depressive thoughts, 50% reported anxiety and the self-esteem was very low in 13%. These results can be explained in part with the economic stagnation in the country, the unemployment and uncertainty. However, 94% of Bulgarian women believe that they do well in life and rely on their professionalism and social positions. All parameters of sexual life are significantly lower in the postmenopausal group without HRT as compared both with menstruating women and postmenopausal women on HRT. Marital status influences them too.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The change in the sexuality is related to the decline in the estrogen activity, the influence of the psychosocial factors, the lack of a permanent intimate partner, and the derogatory attitude of the society towards the sexuality of postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Endocrinology and Gerontology, Sofia, Bulgaria. blpo98@internet-bg.net
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Borissova
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kovatcheva
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shinkov
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vukov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002031:Bulgaria; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019529:Sexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires