title: Determination of selected microbial volatile organic compounds by diffusive sampling and dual-column capillary GC-FID--a new feasible approach for the detection of an exposure to indoor mould fungi?
abstract: A new, analytically valid procedure is described to assess the exposure of human beings to the so-called microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) in air. The method can be used routinely for large sample numbers and is especially valuable as a basis for further research on the correlation between single MVOCs and indoor mould growth. The procedure is based on the fact that fungi produce a variety of volatile organic compounds, such as 3-methylbutan-1-ol, 3-methylbutan-2-ol, fenchone, heptan-2-one, hexan-2-one, octan-3-one, octan-3-ol, pentan-2-ol, alpha-terpineol, and thujopsene, which they emit into the indoor environment. Using diffusive samplers, these MVOCs are adsorbed onto charcoal during a sampling interval of four weeks. The described method is thus superior to existing methods which use short-term active sampling. After desorption with carbon disulfide, the MVOCs were determined by dual-column gas chromatography with flame ionization detection using the large-volume injection technique for sample introduction. The detection limits ranged between 0.15 and 0.53 microgram m-3, within-series precision was found to range between 6.5 and 19.0%, and recovery was between 77 and 118%. The procedure has been successfully applied in the context of a large field study to measure the indoor MVOC exposure in children's rooms of 132 dwellings. The objective of the study was to examine the relation between indoor mould growth, the indoor MVOC exposure and the prevalence of adverse health effects. Information about mould formation has been obtained by a questionnaire and by the determination of colony forming units of mould fungi in mattress dust. With the exception of 3-methylbutan-2-ol, fenchone, nonan-2-one, octan-2-one, and thujopsene, indoor air concentrations of all MVOCs under investigation were significantly higher inside damp and mouldy dwellings. From the primary MVOCs under investigation, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, hexan-2-one, heptan-2-one, and octan-3-ol were found to be most reliable indicators for mould formation. A correlation was also found between selected MVOCs and the occurrence of mould species in mattress dust. Aspergillus sp. correlated with heptan-2-one, hexan-2-one, octan-3-ol, octan-3-one, and alpha-terpineol, while the occurrence of Eurotium sp. was correlated with higher indoor air concentrations of 3-methylbutan-1-ol, 3-methylbutan-2-ol, heptan-2-one, hexan-2-one, octan-3-ol, and thujopsene. Children living in dwellings with elevated MVOC levels had a higher prevalence of asthma, hay fever, wheezing, and irritations of the eyes. These positive associations persisted after controlling for confounding factors such as age, sex, body-mass index, number of siblings, social status, passive smoking, type of heating, and ventilation habits. However, they were not statistically significant. This lack of significance may be a result of the small number of investigated samples.
authors.affiliation: Medizinisches Institut für Umwelthygiene, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Elke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Begerow
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oppermann
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jermann
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dunemann
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D005658:Fungi; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals