title: Cancer cachexia and its treatment with fish-oil-enriched nutritional supplementation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cachexia is a common condition affecting those with advanced cancer. This review explores mechanisms of cachexia and possible treatments devised with these mechanisms in mind.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selective review of the relevant scientific literature was performed with particular emphasis on studies performed by our group over the past 10 y involving patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cancer cachexia adversely affects patient quality of life and survival. It is characterized by a lack of a normal anabolic response to the provision of apparently adequate nutrition. It appears to result from a persistent response to illness stimulated by the cancer resulting in a proinflammatory cytokine and catabolic hormonal environment. Interventions that ignore this inflammatory milieu have had little success. More promising interventions have a broad antiinflammatory component such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs or fish oil. Preliminary studies of a combination of fish oil as an antiinflammatory agent with nutritional supplementation show promise in reversing weight loss with apparent gains in lean tissue and performance status in association with normalization of the metabolic environment in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cancer cachexia produces a metabolic environment that prevents the appropriate use of supplied nutrition. Antiinflammatory agents such as fish oil in combination with nutritional supplementation may reverse aspects of cachexia.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. barbermd@hotmail.com
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Barber
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002100:Cachexia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005395:Fish Oils