title: Isolation and characterization of a Pseudomonas putida strain able to grow with trimethyl-1,2-dihydroxy-propyl-ammonium as sole source of carbon, energy and nitrogen.
abstract: Trimethyl-1,2-dihydroxypropyl-ammonium (TM) originates from the hydrolysis of the parent esterquat surfactant, which is widely used as softener in fabric care. Based on test procedures mimicking complex biological systems, TM is supposed to degrade completely when reaching the environment. However, no organisms able to degrade TM were isolated nor has the degradation pathway been elucidated so far. We isolated a Gram-negative rod able to grow with TM as sole source of carbon, energy and nitrogen. The strain reached a maximum specific growth rate of 0.4(h-1) when growing with TM as the sole source of carbon, energy and nitrogen. TM was degraded to completion and surplus nitrogen was excreted as ammonium into the growth medium. A high percentage of the carbon in TM (68% in continuous culture and 60% in batch culture) was combusted to CO2 resulting in a low yield of 0.54 mg cell dry weight per mg carbon during continuous cultivation and 0.73 mg cell dry weight per mg carbon in batch cultures. Choline, a natural structurally related compound, served as a growth substrate, whereas a couple of similar other quaternary aminoalcohols also used in softeners did not. The isolated bacterium was identified by 165-rDNA sequencing as a strain of Pseudomonas putida with a difference of only one base pair to P. putida DSM 291T. Despite their high identity, the reference strain P. putida DSM 291T was not able to grow with TM and the two strains differed even in shape when growing on the same medium. This is the first microbial isolate able to degrade a quaternary ammonium softener head group to completion. Previously described strains growing on quaternary ammonium surfactants (decyltrimethylammonium, hexadecyltrimethylammonium and didecyldimethylammonium) either excreted metabolites or a consortium of bacteria was required for complete degradation.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ), Department of Environmental Sciences, Zürich.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaech
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Egli
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D016958:Pseudomonas putida / Q000145:classification* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C446601:trimethyl-1,2-dihydroxy-propyl-ammonium; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen