title: Ethyl cellulose polymer microspheres for controlled release of norfluazon.
abstract: The pesticide norfluazon has been microencapsulated using ethyl cellulose to develop controlled-release formulations that decrease its mobility through the soil and protect it from photodegradation. Ethyl cellulose microspheres loaded with norfluazon were prepared by the solvent-evaporation method. To obtain the microspheres, certain conditions (pesticide/polymer ratio, percentage of emulsifying agent and solvent) were varied. The shape and size of the microspheres obtained were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Other parameters, such as solids recovery, encapsulation efficiency and pesticide loading, were also studied. The release rate of norfluazon from the different microspheres was slower than that of pure norfluazon. In particular, microspheres obtained with o-xylene, which provided the largest diameter, retarded the initial release of the pesticide relative to microspheres obtained with chloroform, or to pure norfluazon. Moreover, the studies showed that the pesticide/polymer ratio controlled the release of norfluazon, which was slower when this ratio was low. Release rates conformed to a generalised kinetic equation for a diffusion-controlled release mechanism, and the time taken for 50% of the active ingredient to be released into water, t50, was calculated.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012-Sevilla, Spain. jiperez@irnase.csic.es
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Pérez-Martínez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morillo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maqueda
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ginés
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry*; D002725:Chloroform / Q000737:chemistry; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004339:Drug Compounding; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D008954:Models, Biological; D010316:Particle Size; D011108:Polymers; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006540:Herbicides; D011108:Polymers; D011724:Pyridazines; D012997:Solvents; C063253:sulfated polyvinyl alcohol; D002725:Chloroform; C013517:ethyl cellulose; D002482:Cellulose; C008677:norflurazone