title: Two-year outcomes of intrastromal corneal ring segments for the correction of myopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments (ICRS) for the correction of myopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonrandomized, comparative trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients enrolled in the United States Food and Drug Administration phase II and phase III clinical trials of the ICRS had best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) of 20/20 or better, myopia of -1.00 to -3.50 diopters (D), and a cylindrical correction of 1.00 D or less as measured by manifest refraction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical correction of myopia with an ICRS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Efficacy was assessed by predictability of refractive outcome (deviation from predicted cycloplegic refraction spherical equivalent), stability of refractive effect, and postoperative uncorrected visual acuity. Safety was assessed by adverse events, maintenance or loss of preoperative BSCVA, and induced manifest refraction cylinder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred fifty-two patients were enrolled at 11 investigational sites in both studies. Of the 454 surgical attempts, 449 received an ICRS in one eye (0.25, 0.30, and 0.35 mm in 148, 151, and 150 eyes, respectively). First surgeries were attempted in 452 patients. An ICRS was successfully implanted in 447 initial eyes, and 5 surgeries were discontinued. Of the five discontinued surgeries, three patients subsequently exited from the study, and two patients went on to have the ICRS implanted in the second eye, bringing the total number of successful implants to 449 patient eyes. Month 24 postoperative follow-up was completed on 358 patients (80%). At month 24, 328 of 354 eyes (93%) were within +/-1.00 D of predicted refractive outcome. Refraction changed by 1 D or less in 97% of eyes (421/435) between 3 and 6 months after implantation and in 99% (343/348) between months 18 and 24. Before surgery, 87% of eyes (390/448) saw worse than 20/40 uncorrected; 24 months after surgery, 55% of eyes (196/358) saw 20/16 or better, 76% (271/358) saw 20/20 or better, and 97% (346/358) saw 20/40 or better. Although two eyes (2/358; 0.5%) lost two or more lines of BSCVA at 24 months; visual acuity in both was 20/20 or better. Intraoperative complications included anterior corneal surface perforation (three eyes) and anterior chamber perforations (two eyes, one during an attempted exchange procedure); all healed spontaneously without suturing and without loss of BSCVA. The ICRS was repositioned in five eyes to increase correction. Postoperative complications in one eye each were infectious keratitis, shallow segment placement, and loss of two lines of BSCVA at two or more consecutive examinations (subsequently regained).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ICRS safely, predictably, and effectively reduced or eliminated myopia of -1.00 to -3.50 D. The refractive effect was stable over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schanzlin
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Asbell
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Assil
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Burris
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Durrie
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Fouraker
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Lindstrom
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Verity
authors.forename: G O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Waring
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003319:Corneal Stroma / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate