title: Early alteration in leukocyte populations and Th1/Th2 function in ethanol-consuming mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic alcohol consumption polarizes the immune response away from Th1-mediated cell-mediated immunity. In the present report we investigate the first onset of alteration in immune parameters during ethanol consumption in terms of changes in splenic leukocyte cellularity and surface phenotype as well as alterations in Th1 and Th2 function.
  
  
  METHODS
  BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were fed ethanol-containing liquid diets, were pair-fed an isocaloric liquid control diet, or were fed solid diet and water ad libitum for up to 12 days. At intervals during the feeding period, splenic leukocytes were assessed for phenotypic markers by flow cytometry and for their ability to support antigen-induced interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) production in a coculture system. Mice were bled at intervals throughout the feeding period, and serum immunoglobin E (IgE) and alcohol levels were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data show that phenotypic and functional alterations occur within the first few days of alcohol consumption. Both liquid diets affect splenic cellularity, and by dietary day 5, ethanol-containing liquid diets further reduce B and NK cell numbers. The decline in B cells is accompanied by a concomitant decline in the amount of major histocompatibility complex class II expressed on this population. Functional alteration in Th1-mediated IFNgamma production occurred in the population fed ethanol-containing liquid diets by dietary day 5. Th2 function, as indicated by systemic serum IgE levels in these unimmunized mice, is increased by dietary day 6 to 8 and correlated with significant blood alcohol levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethanol consumption by mice causes a rapid decrease in splenic cellularity accompanied by a decrease in Th1 function and a rapid increase in systemic IgE levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3073, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Starkenburg
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Munroe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Waltenbaugh
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000032:analysis; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012646:Self Administration; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D000431:Ethanol; D007371:Interferon-gamma