title: Breast cancer survival and in vitro tumor response in the extreme drug resistance assay.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether in vitro extreme drug resistance (EDR) assay results for patients with breast carcinoma were associated with clinical outcome after chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  EDR assays were performed on tumor tissue obtained from 103 newly diagnosed breast cancer cases. EDR scores of 2 for low, 1 for intermediate, or 0 for extreme drug resistance were determined for each agent tested. In vitro EDR scores for 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (4HC) and doxorubicin were summed for patients treated with AC, or for 4HC and 5-FU for patients treated with CMF. Treatment selection was blinded to assay results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median time to progression was significantly shorter for patients with extreme or intermediate in vitro resistance (n = 55, 48 months), compared to patients with low in vitro resistance, (n = 41, 100 months, p = 0.022). Patients demonstrating extreme to intermediate drug resistance also showed poorer survival than the low resistance group (49.5 months vs. not reached, median follow-up 48 months, p =0.011). Summed EDR scores, stage, and number of lymph nodes were significantly associated with survival in univariate and multivariate analysis. Compared to EDR scores of 4, summed EDR scores of 0-1 and summed EDR scores of 2-3 were associated with a relative risk of death of 3.09 (95%, CI 1.05-9.06, Cox proportional hazards model, p = 0.040) and 2.35 (95%, CI 1.07-5.15, Cox proportional hazards model, p = 0.033), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extreme drug resistance testing identified patients with individual patterns of drug resistance prior to therapy. In this cohort of breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy, summed EDR scores were significantly associated with time to tumor progression and overall survival. EDR results may offer a method for optimizing treatment selection.
authors.affiliation: Oncotech, Inc., Irvine, CA 92614, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bornstein
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fruehauf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001681:Biological Assay; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: C012358:4-hydroxycyclophosphamide; D004317:Doxorubicin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D005472:Fluorouracil; D008727:Methotrexate