title: Effects of nicotine and mecamylamine-induced withdrawal on extracellular dopamine and acetylcholine in the rat nucleus accumbens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior research suggests that high levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are associated with aversive states such as morphine withdrawal, but this has not been tested for nicotine withdrawal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal was to test the hypothesis that acute nicotine decreases extracellular ACh and increases extracellular dopamine (DA) in the NAc, while withdrawal from nicotine causes an opposite neurochemical imbalance with high extracellular ACh and low DA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were prepared with a microdialysis probe in the NAc (primarily the shell region). They received one injection of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) or chronic nicotine (9 mg/kg per day via osmotic minipump).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Naive animals receiving acute nicotine showed a mild, significant increase in both ACh (122% of baseline) and DA (124%). After chronic nicotine administration for 7 days, the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) precipitated withdrawal with the appearance of somatic signs (teeth chattering and shakes/tremors) and a significant increase in extracellular ACh to 125% of baseline, while extracellular DA decreased to 65%. Control groups receiving saline in place of nicotine or mecamylamine did not show these effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Earlier work suggests that the observed release of accumbens ACh and DA in response to acute nicotine administration may be a factor in nicotine-induced suppression of appetite. ACh release during withdrawal, coupled with the decrease in extracellular DA may play a role in the aversive aspects of nicotine withdrawal that contribute to dependency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Hoebel
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017551:Microdialysis; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008464:Mecamylamine; D009538:Nicotine; D000109:Acetylcholine; D004298:Dopamine