title: Efficacy of wrist/palm warming as an EVA countermeasure to maintain finger comfort in cold conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study explored the effectiveness of local wrist/palm warming as a potential countermeasure for providing finger comfort during extended duration EVA.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were six subjects (five males and one female) who were evaluated in a liquid cooling/warming garment (LCWG) wearing modified liquid cooling/warming (LCW) gloves in three different experimental conditions: Condition 1: Stage 1--no LCWG, LCW glove inlet water temperature 33 degrees C; Stage 2--no LCWG, LCW glove inlet water temperature cooled to 8 degrees C; Stage 3--no LCWG, LCW glove inlet water temperature warmed to 45 degrees C; Condition 2: Stage 1--LCWG and LCW glove inlet water temperature 33 degrees C; Stage 2--LCWG inlet temperature cooled to 31 degrees C, LCW gloves, 8 degrees C; Stage 3--LCWG inlet water temperature remains at 31 degrees C, LCW glove inlet water temperature warmed to 45 degrees C; Condition 3: Stage 1--LCWG and LCW gloves 33 degrees C; Stage 2--LCWG inlet water temperature cooled to 28 degrees C, LCW gloves, 8 degrees C; Stage 3--LCWG remains at 28 degrees C, LCW glove water temperature warmed to 45 degrees C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wrist/palm area warming showed a statistically significant increase in finger temperature (Tfing) in Stage 3 compared with Stage 2. Blood perfusion showed a trend toward a significantly greater value in Stage 3 compared with Stage 2. The LCW gloves were significantly more effective in increasing Stage 3 Tfing in Condition 1 (33 degrees C) compared with Condition 3 (28 degrees C). Across conditions, subjective perception of heat in the hands was significantly greater at Stage 3 than Stage 2; perception of overall body heat showed a trend for higher heat ratings in Stage 3 than Stage 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local wrist/palm warming was effective in increasing blood circulation to the distal upper extremities, suggesting the potential usefulness of this technique for enhancing astronaut comfort during EVA while decreasing power requirements.
authors.affiliation: Division of Kinesiology at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA. kosch002tc.umn.edu
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Koscheyev
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Treviño
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000098:blood supply*; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology*