title: Lofexidine versus clonidine in rapid opiate detoxification.
abstract: The aim of the present study is to evaluate lofexidine and clonidine, in an accelerated opiate detoxification procedure (3 days), without anaesthesia. Forty heroin-dependent individuals were detoxified, evaluating withdrawal symptoms, craving levels, mood changes, urine toxicologic screens, and dropout during therapy with either (1) clonidine, oxazepam, baclofen, and ketoprofene, with naloxone and naltrexone for 3 days (20 subjects) or (2) lofexidine, oxazepam, baclofen, and ketoprofene with naloxone and naltrexone for 3 days (20 subjects). Both clonidine and lofexidine rapid detoxifications were found effective. The subjects treated with lofexidine showed significantly lower levels of withdrawal symptoms, fewer mood problems, less sedation and hypotension. No significant differences in craving levels, morphine metabolites in urine, or dropout rate were evidenced between the two groups. The early use of naltrexone during detoxification in combination with either alpha-2-agonist facilitated the acceptance for long-term naltrexone treatment. Lofexidine appeared to be more useful than clonidine in a 3-day accelerated opiate detoxification, not only to counteract withdrawal symptoms, but also in the treatment of dysphoria and mood changes. Because lofexidine does not produce hypotension, safe outpatient treatment, without hospital support, could be possible.
authors.affiliation: Centro Studi Farmacotossicodipendenze, Ser. T. Az., USL di Parma, Parma, Italy. behpharm@tin.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaimovic
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giusti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Gennaro
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zambelli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gardini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Delsignore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003000:Clonidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009270:Naloxone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009892:Opium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009270:Naloxone; D009892:Opium; D003000:Clonidine; C025655:lofexidine