title: Rapid method for detection of gram-positive and -negative bacteria in milk from cows with moderate or severe clinical mastitis.
abstract: A rapid method for demonstration of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in milk is described. The technique is based on dilution of the sample in a medium, followed by filtration through a porous polysulfone membrane with a pore size retaining and concentrating bacteria from the sample. The bacteria concentrated on the surface of the membrane are stained with a cationic dye (toluidine blue) that can be visualized by the naked eye. After staining, the membrane is treated with ethanol-acetic acid (pH 2.8 to 3.0), which causes decolorization of gram-negative bacteria, whereas gram-positive bacteria retain the stain. The method does not require heat fixation, electrical power, microscopic examination, or specially trained personnel. The time needed to perform the test is approximately 5 min. The technique was applied to artificially infected milk and milk from cows with moderate or severe clinical mastitis for detection and differentiation of bacteria. The sensitivity of the filtration method was 92 and 100% for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively, compared with traditional bacteriological culture of milk samples. The detection limit was 5 x 10(6) CFU/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and 1 x 10(6) CFU/ml for Escherichia coli in spiked milk samples. The overall specificity of the method was 86%. This diagnostic method can provide on-site guidance to the veterinarian to optimize use of antibiotics in mastitis therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology, and Food Hygiene, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, N-0033 Oslo, Norway. siamak.p.yazdankhah@veths.no
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Yazdankhah
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sørum
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gogstad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D011108:Polymers; D013450:Sulfones; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011108:Polymers; D013450:Sulfones; C017662:polysulfone P 1700