title: Improving the quality of outpatient care for older patients with diabetes: lessons from a comparison of rural and urban communities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to compare the quality of diabetic care received by patients in rural and urban communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of claims data captured by the Medicare program.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all fee-for-service Medicare patients 65 years and older living in the state of Washington who had 2 or more physician encounters for diabetes care during 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcomes were the extent to which patients received 3 specific recommended services: glycated hemoglobin determination, cholesterol measurement, and eye examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 30,589 Medicare patients (8.4%) were considered to have diabetes; 29.1% lived in rural communities. Generalists provided most diabetic care in all locations. Patients living in small rural towns received almost half their outpatient care in larger communities. Patients living in large rural towns remote from metropolitan areas were more likely to have received the recommended tests than patients in all other groups. Patients who saw an endocrinologist at least once during the year were more likely to have received the recommended tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large rural towns may provide the best conditions for high-quality care: They are vibrant, rapidly growing communities that serve as regional referral centers and have an adequate-but not excessive-supply of both generalist and specialist physicians. Generalists provide most diabetic care in all settings, and consultation with an endocrinologist may improve adherence to guidelines.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Department of Family Medicine, Box 354696, Seattle, WA 98195-4696, USA. rosenb@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rosenblatt
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fordyce
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Hart
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D005194:Family Practice / Q000458:organization & administration; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007344:Insurance Claim Reporting / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D008511:Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013038:Specialization; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014861:Washington
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin