title: Passive exposure to tobacco smoke and bacterial meningitis in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether an association exists between passive exposure to tobacco smoke and bacterial meningitis in childhood, in an Australian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, case-controlled telephone survey of the parents of 71 children admitted to the Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, with bacterial meningitis between 1990 and 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis decreased significantly during the study period (11.0 cases per year 1991-93 and 1.5 cases per year 1994-99, Fisher's exact test; P < 0.001) whilst pneumococcal cases significantly increased (2.3 cases per year 1991-93 and 4.9 cases per year 1994-99, Fisher's exact test; P < 0.001). Although comparable numbers of cases and controls came from smoking families (41% vs 45%), more cases came from bi-parental smoking households (17% vs 8%; odds ratio (OR) = 2.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77-6.24) and cases were more likely to live in households where parents smoked inside (27% vs 13%; OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.05-6.03). In households where parents smoked, children who had had meningitis were significantly more likely to have parents who smoked inside the house, than children who had not had meningitis (66% vs 28%, Fisher's exact test; P = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests there may be an association between high levels of passive exposure to tobacco smoke and bacterial meningitis in Australian children. A study with larger numbers of affected children which quantifies passive exposure to tobacco smoke is needed to determine the strength of this association.
authors.affiliation: Medical School, University of Adelaide North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iles
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Poplawski
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Couper
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008583:Meningitis, Haemophilus / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution