title: ADP stimulates the respiratory burst without activation of ERK and AKT in rat alveolar macrophages.
abstract: Alveolar macrophages (AM) are the first line of defense against infection in the lungs. We previously showed that the production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, i.e., the respiratory burst, is stimulated by adenine nucleotides (ADP >> ATP) in rat AM through signaling pathways involving calcium and protein kinase C. Here, we further show that ADP induces a rapid increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins that was reduced by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, which also inhibited the respiratory burst. Interestingly, ADP did not trigger the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1 and ERK2, or that of protein kinase B/AKT, a downstream target of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. This is in contrast to another stimulus of the respiratory burst, zymosan-activated serum (ZAS), which activates both the ERK and PI3K pathways. Thus, this study demonstrates that the receptor for ADP in rat AM is not coupled to the ERK and AKT pathways and, that neither the ERK pathway nor AKT is essential to induce the activation of the NAPDH oxidase by ADP in rat AM while tyrosine kinases appeared to be required. The rate and amount of hydrogen peroxide released by the ADP-stimulated respiratory burst was similar to that produced by ZAS stimulation. The absence of ERK activation after ADP stimulation therefore suggests that hydrogen peroxide is not sufficient to activate the ERK pathway in rat AM. Nonetheless, as hydrogen peroxide was necessary for ERK activation by ZAS, this indicates that, in contrast to ADP, ZAS stimulates a pathway that is targeted by hydrogen peroxide and leads to ERK activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gozal
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torres
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005609:Free Radicals; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology; D015151:Immunoblotting; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic / Q000378:metabolism; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013481:Superoxides; D015054:Zymosan / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic; D013481:Superoxides; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D015054:Zymosan; D019833:Genistein; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C494920:Akt1 protein, rat; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases