title: Botulinum A exotoxin for rejuvenation of the upper third of the face.
abstract: Botulinum A exotoxin, derived from the gram-positive anaerobe Clostridium botulinum, has proven to be safe and effective in the temporary treatment of facial rhytides. In order to obtain reproducible results and avoid complications, it is necessary to understand the relevant physiology and anatomic relationships. Technical considerations including injection technique, dilution, storage, and potential complications will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Mohs' Micrographic and Dermatologic Surgery, Department of Dermatology, NY Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Carucci
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zweibel
mesh_terms: D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004356:Drug Storage; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000187:drug effects*; D005546:Forehead / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011182:Postoperative Care; D012060:Rejuvenation; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A