title: A prospective study on intake of animal products and risk of prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Association between animal products and prostate cancer have been observed in numerous observational studies, but it is not clear whether the high fat content of these foods or some other component accounts for these associations. We examine these associations among 51,529 men who contributed detailed dietary data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants of the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study completed a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire in 1986, and subsequently in 1990 and 1994. Other data on potential risk factors were collected at baseline and in subsequent questionnaires during follow-up. Between 1986 and 1996, 1897 total cases of prostate cancer (excluding stage A1) and 249 metastatic cancers were identified. We used pooled logistic regression for analyses of diet and prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intakes of total meat, red meat, and dairy products were not associated with risk of total or advanced prostate cancer. An elevated risk for metastatic prostate cancer was observed with intake of red meat (relative risk (RR)= 1.6 for top vs. bottom quintile comparison, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0-2.5); this association was slightly attenuated after controlling for saturated and alpha-linolenic fatty acids (RR = 1.5, 95% CI = 0.88-2.5). Processed meats, bacon and beef, pork or lamb as a main dish each contributed to an elevated risk of metastatic prostate cancer. Dairy product intake increased risk of metastatic prostate cancer (RR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.91-2.2 for top vs. bottom quintile comparison), but no association remained after controlling for calcium and other fatty acids. A high intake in both red meat and dairy product was associated with a statistically significant two-fold elevation in risk of metastatic prostate cancer, compared to low intake of both products; however, most of the excess risk could be explained by known nutritional components of these foods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intakes of red meat and dairy products appear to be related to increased risk of metastatic prostate cancer. While known nutrients, such as calcium and fatty acids, may explain most of the dairy association observed, it appears that a portion of the risk of metastatic prostate cancer associated with red meat intake remains unexplained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. michaudd@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Augustsson
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willet
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003611:Dairy Products; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008461:Meat Products; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology