title: The antioxidant activity of aqueous spinach extract: chemical identification of active fractions.
abstract: In previous studies we have elucidated the presence of powerful, natural antioxidants (NAO) in water extracts of spinach leaves and demonstrated their biological activity in both in vitro and in vivo systems. In the present study, the chemical identity of several of these antioxidant components is presented. Spinach leaves were extracted with water and the 20,000 g supernatant which contained the antioxidant activity was extracted with a water:acetone (1:9) solution. The 20,000 g supernatant obtained was further purified on reverse phase HPLC using C-8 semi-preparative column. Elution with 0.1% TFA resulted in five hydrophilic peaks. Elution with acetonitrile in TFA resulted in seven additional hydrophobic peaks. All the peaks were detected at 250 nm. All the fractions obtained showed antioxidant activity when tested using three different assays. Based on 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy four of the hydrophobic fractions were identified as glucuronic acid derivatives of flavonoids and three additional fractions as trans and cis isomers of p-coumaric acid and others as meso-tartarate derivatives of p-coumaric acid. The present study demonstrates for the first time the presence of both flavonoids and p-coumaric acid derivatives as antioxidant components of the aqueous extract of spinach leaves.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Varshavsky
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grossman
mesh_terms: D000096:Acetone; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002839:Chromans / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D006859:Hydrogen; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000737:chemistry*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002839:Chromans; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; D000096:Acetone; D006859:Hydrogen; C010643:6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid