title: Control of astrocyte Ca(2+) oscillations and waves by oscillating translocation and activation of protein kinase C.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glutamate-induced Ca2+ oscillations and waves coordinate astrocyte signaling responses, which in turn regulate neuronal excitability. Recent studies have suggested that the generation of these Ca2+ oscillations requires a negative feedback that involves the activation of conventional protein kinase C (cPKC). Here, we use total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to investigate if and how periodic plasma membrane translocation of cPKC is used to generate Ca2+ oscillations and waves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glutamate stimulation of astrocytes triggered highly localized GFP-PKCgamma plasma membrane translocation events, induced rapid oscillations in GFP-PKCgamma translocation, and generated GFP-PKCgamma translocation waves that propagated across and between cells. These translocation responses were primarily mediated by the Ca2+-sensitive C2 domains of PKCgamma and were driven by localized Ca2+ spikes, by oscillations in Ca2+ concentration, and by propagating Ca(2+) waves, respectively. Interestingly, GFP-conjugated C1 domains from PKCgamma or PKCdelta that have been shown to bind diacylglycerol (DAG) also oscillated between the cytosol and the plasma membrane after glutamate stimulation, suggesting that PKC is repetitively activated by combined oscillating increases in Ca(2+) and DAG concentrations. The expression of C1 domains, which increases the DAG buffering capacity and thereby delays changes in DAG concentrations, led to a marked prolongation of Ca(2+) spikes, suggesting that PKC activation is involved in terminating individual Ca(2+) spikes and waves and in defining the time period between Ca(2+) spikes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that cPKCs have a negative feedback role on Ca(2+) oscillations and waves that is mediated by their repetitive activation by oscillating DAG and Ca(2+) concentrations. Periodic translocation and activation of cPKC can be a rapid and markedly localized signaling event that can limit the duration of individual Ca(2+) spikes and waves and can define the Ca(2+) spike and wave frequencies.
authors.affiliation: Dibit, Department of Neurosciences, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Codazzi
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Teruel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001665:Binding Sites; D001693:Biological Transport, Active / Q000187:drug effects; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005246:Feedback; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000187:drug effects; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008959:Models, Neurological; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D051381:Rats; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004075:Diglycerides; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C087857:protein kinase C gamma; D011493:Protein Kinase C