title: Mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis and application to human cancer risk assessment.
abstract: The distinction between DNA-reactive and epigenetic carcinogens and their roles in oncogenesis is reviewed. An approach to cancer hazard assessment based upon mechanisms is described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Basic Sciences Building, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D002273:Carcinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens