title: Teaching students to break bad news.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physicians typically learn to communicate bad news to patients through trial and error or observation of more senior physicians. To give medical students initial instruction and experience in this area, we developed two standardized patient instructor (SPI) experiences in "breaking bad news."
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one junior medical students had an SPI experience discussing a new diagnosis of rectal cancer or pregnancy loss. These 21 students, and 17 students having neither experience, interviewed the pregnancy loss SPI on the clinical performance examination (CPE) at the end of the junior year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Students who had previously had a "breaking bad news" SPI experience performed significantly better on the CPE pregnancy loss station than students without this experience. There was no significant difference in performance between students who had previously had the pregnancy loss versus rectal cancer SPI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research provides evidence for the effectiveness of bad news communication skills teaching, and its potential for transfer across content areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 2922H Taubman, Box 0331, 1500 East Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0331, USA. colleti@umich.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Colletti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gruppen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barclay
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous; D002982:Clinical Clerkship; D003125:Colostomy; D003142:Communication; D004501:Education, Medical; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D008824:Michigan; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000193:education; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011247:Pregnancy; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery