Assisted suicide as conducted by a "Right-to-Die"-society in Switzerland: a descriptive analysis of 43 consecutive cases.
METHODS
The Swiss "Right-to-Die"-society EXIT enables assisted suicide by providing terminally ill members with a lethal dosage of barbiturates on request. This practice is tolerated by Swiss legislation. EXIT insists on its assumption that people with serious illness and suffering have the competency to take such a decision. The case of two patients who committed suicide a short time after their release from a psychiatric clinic raised some doubts about the practice of EXIT. The files of all 43 cases of suicide assisted by EXIT between 1992 and 1997 in the region of Basle kept in the Institute of Forensic Medicine were examined for accuracy of the medical data. This sample was compared for age, gender-ratio and prior psychiatric treatment with 425 ordinary suicides in the same region. An attempt was made to assess whether only terminally ill and people with intolerable suffering had been assisted with suicide and what efforts EXIT had made to rule out psychiatric illnesses or poor social conditions as the reason for the wish to die.


RESULTS
A medical report of the treating doctor(s) was in the files in only five cases. The "EXIT" cases where older than the "ordinary"-sample. Among those over 65 years old there were almost twice as many women as men. 16 of the 24 women older than 65 years were widowed. There were 20 cases of cancer; but in eleven cases medical files revealed no apparent medical condition to explain a death-wish. Five of the patients declared a social loss or fear of such loss as the reason for their wish to die. Six persons had formerly been in psychiatric care, though this was not mentioned in the files.


CONCLUSIONS
Due to the scarcity of information in the files as regards previous palliative care, the high proportion of old women and the high percentage of people not suffering from a terminal illness compared to the literature we conclude that psychiatric or social factors are not an obstacle for EXIT to assist with suicide.
Frei
A
A
Psychiatriezentrum Luzern, Switzerland. Andreas.Frei@ksl.ch
Schenker
T A
TA
Finzen
A
A
Kräuchi
K
K
Dittmann
V
V
Hoffmann-Richter
U
U
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001463:Barbiturates / Q000506:poisoning; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016743:Mental Competency / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012297:Right to Die / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D012952:Societies; D017236:Suicide, Assisted / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D013557:Switzerland; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*
D001463:Barbiturates