title: Comparative accuracy of cardiovascular risk prediction methods in patients with diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the accuracy of cardiovascular risk prediction methods based on equations derived from the Framingham Heart Study in a cohort of patients with diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Risk factor data was collected prospectively from 906 patients with diabetes mellitus. Absolute cardiovascular risks were calculated using the Framingham equation, and estimated with the currently available Framingham-based risk tables and charts. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the tables and charts to assess cardiovascular risk were assessed using calculation of risk from the full Framingham equation as the reference method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 146 subjects (16.1%) had calculated 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risks > or = 30%, and 585 (64.6%) had risks > or = 15%. For identification of those at 10-year CHD risk > or = 30%, the original Sheffield tables had a sensitivity of 43% (95% confidence intervals (CI) 19.9-61.7%) and specificity of 94% (CI 90.8-96.7%). Modifications of the Sheffield tables improve sensitivity (95% CI 93.9-97%) but reduce specificity (90% CI 85.6-95.7%). The Joint British Guidelines' charts have a moderate sensitivity (69.5% CI 51.8-81.9%) and high specificity (99.7% CI 98.9-100%). For identification of individuals at a 10-year CHD risk > or = 27%, the Framingham categorical tables had a sensitivity of 95% (CI 91.6-97.8%), but a specificity of only 83% (95% CI 79.1-85.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Joint British charts appear to have the best performance in a cohort of patients with diabetes mellitus, however, calculation of CHD/CVD (cardiovascular disease) risks with personal or laboratory computers using the full Framingham equation remains the most accurate way to assess cardiovascular risk in a primary prevention setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK. fgame@ncht.org.uk
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Game
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bayly
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012907:Smoking; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol