title: Regional variations in skin barrier function and cutaneous irritation due to iontophoresis in human subjects.
abstract: The effect of saline iontophoresis on skin barrier function and irritation was investigated on three body sites (abdomen, chest and upper arm) in order to select an appropriate site for iontophoretic delivery of drugs. Thirty healthy human volunteers were recruited according to specific entry criteria. Ten subjects, five males and five females, were assigned to each body site group. Skin barrier function and irritation was examined after 4 h of saline iontophoresis at a current density of 0.2 mA/cm(2) on a 6.5 cm(2) area in terms of the measured responses: transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin capacitance, skin temperature and visual scores. Alterations in TEWL due to iontophoresis were not observed in the upper arm and chest; however, changes in TEWL at the abdomen were observed and returned to baseline 2 h after patch removal. Similarly, changes in capacitance due to iontophoresis returned to baseline (P>0.05) at the three body sites 2 h after patch removal except under the anode at the abdomen (P<0.05). There was a significant increase in skin temperature due to iontophoresis at the anode and the cathode (P<0.05) at the upper arm. Edema was not observed. At patch removal, the erythema score was significantly (P<0.001) elevated in comparison to baseline at the three body sites. Erythema resolved within 24 h except at the chest under the anode, where the erythema score was still higher (P<0.01) than the baseline. Papules appeared in five subjects at the active anode site on the chest. In three of the subjects, these papules did not resolve until 24 h post patch removal. Thus, there was regional variation in the function of the skin and irritation due to iontophoresis. Irritation was greater at the chest than at the abdomen or upper arm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sage
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maibach
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015824:Blood-Air Barrier / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride