title: Confirmation that offspring from families with alcohol-dependent individuals have greater hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation induced by naloxone compared with offspring without a family history of alcohol dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to confirm our previous findings that nonalcoholic offspring from families with alcohol-dependent individuals have greater hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation induced by opioid blockade compared with nonalcoholic subjects without a family history of alcohol dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four nonalcoholic subjects aged 18 to 25 years were enrolled in the protocol. Twenty-seven subjects were offspring from families with alcohol dependence and were designated as family history-positive subjects (FHP). Thirty-seven subjects were biological offspring of non-alcohol-dependent parents and were designated as family history-negative subjects (FHN). Subjects received naloxone hydrochloride (0, 50, 125, 375, and 500 microg/kg) in double-blind, randomized order; adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol were monitored over 120 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No hormone differences at baseline or during placebo administration were identified between FHP and FHN subjects. FHP subjects had greater ACTH and cortisol response to opioid receptor blockade induced by naloxone hydrochloride compared with FHN subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations confirm previous findings that differences in ACTH and cortisol dynamics between FHP and FHN subjects can be unmasked by opioid receptor blockade.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. gwand@welch.jhu.edu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wand
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McCaul
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gotjen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009270:Naloxone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010919:Placebos
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D010919:Placebos; D009270:Naloxone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone