title: Recent advances in the development of peptide vaccines for hepatitis B.
abstract: The control of hepatitis B by vaccination is arguably one of medicine's greatest achievements in terms of protecting infants and adults at high risk of infection. Paradoxically, however, the existence of a large reservoir of chronically infected individuals will not diminish the risk of infection by those coming into close contact with such persons until universal infant immunisation is practised globally and vaccines are in place to ensure maximum efficacy in those with impaired immune responses, immunity is achieved with fewer doses, and immunisation as an adjunct to the antiviral treatment of chronic carriers is adopted. These imperatives have continued to stimulate research into vaccines based on chemically synthesised short peptides, and those systems best suited for their delivery. This review discusses the potential of synthetic peptide formulations as efficient inducers of both humoral and cellular immune responses against hepatitis B, and reviews recent advances in peptide delivery. Synthetic peptide and delivery systems technologies will, amongst others, be of paramount importance in the global fight for the eradication of hepatitis B in the 21st century.
authors.affiliation: The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, London, UK.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Moynihan
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006511:Hepatitis B Antigens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000276:immunology; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D006511:Hepatitis B Antigens; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D010455:Peptides; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit