title: [Method determines results: indirect economic costs of alcohol abuse and alcoholism in Switzerland].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present contribution aims at illustrating the methodological problems that may arise from investigating the indirect social costs of alcohol consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to estimate the alcohol-related productivity losses through excessive morbidity, regression analysis was performed, using data from the 2(nd) Swiss Health Survey (1997). For the purpose of sensitivity analysis two approaches were used (a) Rice and b) Harwood), and all models were calculated with and without smearing-adjustment as well as with and without adjustment for confounding variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present study shows that small changes in method may result in major variations in the estimated total costs. In monetary terms, the indirect costs for alcohol consumption in Switzerland through excess-morbidity were estimated at between 0.119 billion Francs (model Harwood, smearing-adjusted) and 2.175 billions Francs (model Rice, adjusted for confounding variables).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since many methodological problems in estimating the indirect costs of alcohol consumption have not been adequately resolved yet, results of those studies have to be interpreted with caution.
authors.affiliation: Schweizerische Fachstelle für Alkohol- und andere Drogenprobleme, Lausanne/Schweiz, Switzerland. egutjahr@sfa-ispa.ch
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gutjahr
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gmel
mesh_terms: D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000379:methods; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017059:Models, Econometric; D013557:Switzerland
vernacular_title: Die Methode bestimmt das Ergebnis: Indirekte ökonomische Folgen von Alkoholmissbrauch und -abhängigkeit in der Schweiz1.