title: The implementation of a Pain Monitoring Programme for nurses in daily clinical practice: results of a follow-up study in five hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of the implementation of a Pain Monitoring Programme (PMP) for nurses in daily clinical practice. In addition, nurses' and physicians' pain knowledge and attitudes were studied, as well as change in nurses' pain knowledge after implementation of the programme.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The rationale for the study was that many hospitalized patients suffer from pain and treatment of pain is often inadequate.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Reasons for inadequate treatment of pain are the failure of nurses to assess pain on a daily basis and insufficient knowledge about pain and pain management in both nurses and physicians. The PMP tried to overcome these barriers by implementing daily pain assessment and educating nurses about pain and pain management.
  
  
  METHODS
  This follow-up study was conducted in five hospitals. In total, 277 nurses and 115 physicians participated. The implementation and long-term effects of the programme were measured with a pretest-post-test design without a control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that nurses carried out daily pain assessment in at least 75% of patients during the first 5 months of the intervention period, but in the remaining 2 months professional compliance gradually decreased. Both nurses and physicians are positive about daily pain assessment and want to continue with it. The level of nurses' and physicians' knowledge about pain and pain management is moderate. The programme increased nurses' knowledge and satisfaction regarding the quality of pain treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because professional compliance decreased after 5 months, incentives are needed to motivate nurses to continue with daily pain assessment. Continuous Quality Improvement may be a useful method to guide the implementation process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these results it can be concluded that it is possible to implement the PMP in daily clinical practice. Moreover, the beneficial effects of our programme on nurses' knowledge and attitudes have been demonstrated. Therefore, participating hospitals were advised to continue and extend the programme and other hospitals are encouraged to implement it.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Rond
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van Dam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000451:nursing*; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing; D010820:Physicians