title: The child of uncertain sex: 17 years of experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the common clinical presentations, investigations and final diagnosis of children presenting with genital ambiguity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective search of the Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia, medical records and personal medical database of one of the authors (MJT) between 1982 and 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-one children aged 0.1-14 (mean 3.9) years were identified. Twenty-two cases had a 46XX karyotype, and commonly presented with an enlarged phallus (77.2%), urogenital sinus (63.6%) and labioscrotal fold(s) (40.9%). Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) was the most common final diagnosis (72.7%). Twenty-nine cases of genital ambiguity had a 46XY karyotype and commonly presented with palpable gonad(s) (75.8%), undescended testes (51.7%), penoscrotal hypospadias (51.7%) and a small phallus (41.3%). Androgen insensitivity and gonadal dysgenesis were the commonest final diagnosis both occurring at a frequency of 17.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results emphasize the importance of CAH as the most common diagnosis in 46XX cases presenting with ambiguous genitalia. Those with 46XY had a wider range of diagnoses. Despite thorough investigation, 23.5% had no definite final diagnosis made.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. abdulmoein@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Al-Agha
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thomsett
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Batch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis