title: Local administration of morphine for analgesia after iliac bone graft harvest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Harvesting autogenous bone grafts from the ilium may cause considerable pain and may represent a significant source of postoperative morbidity. The local application of morphine can reduce pain in a rat model of bone damage. We evaluated the analgesic efficacy of administering morphine to the donor bone graft site for spinal fusionsurgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients undergoing cervical spinal fusion surgery using autogenous bone harvested from the ilium were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group 1 was given saline infiltrated into the harvest site, group 2 was given 5 mg intramuscular morphine; group 3 was given 5 mg morphine infiltrated into the harvest site. After surgery, all patients were given morphine through a patient-controlled analgesia pump. Pain scores both from the harvest and the incision sites, as well as morphine use, were recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h after surgery. At 1 yr after surgery the presence and subjective characteristics of donor site pain were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total 24-h morphine use (milligrams) was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in group 3 (33.7+/-8.3 mg, mean +/- SD), compared with either group 1 (64.3+/-6.6 mg) or group 2 (59.6+/-9.3 mg). Pain from the graft site was scored the same at 2 h but remained significantly lower (P < 0.0001) for group 3 at all later time intervals. Pain scores from the incision site were similar among the three study groups. One year after surgery, 25% of patients reported having chronic donor site pain. The association of chronic donor site pain was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in groups 1 (33%) and 2 (37%) compared with group 3 (5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose morphine applied to the harvest graft site can reduce local pain, morphine use, and chronic donor site pain after cervical spine fusion surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Baystate Medical Center, The Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199, USA. scott.reuben@bhs.org
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Reuben
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faruqi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verghis
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kilaru
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maciolek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007085:Ilium / Q000601:surgery* / Q000637:transplantation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine