title: Impact of simple tissue inhomogeneity correction algorithms on conformal radiotherapy of lung tumours.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conformal radiotherapy requires accurate dose calculation at the dose specification point, at other points in the planning target volume (PTV) and in organs at risk. To assess the limitations of treatment planning of lung tumours, errors in dose values, calculated by some simple tissue inhomogeneity correction algorithms available in a number of currently applied treatment planning systems, have been quantified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single multileaf collimator-shaped photon beams of 6, 8, 15 and 18 MV nominal energy were used to irradiate a 50 mm diameter spherical solid tumour, simulated by polystyrene, which was located centrally inside lung tissue, simulated by cork. The planned dose distribution was made conformal to the PTV, which was a 15 mm three-dimensional expansion of the tumour. Values of both the absolute dose at the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement (ICRU) reference point and relative dose distributions inside the PTV and in the lung were calculated using three inhomogeneity correction algorithms. The algorithms investigated in this study are the pencil beam algorithm with one-dimensional corrections, the modified Batho algorithm and the equivalent path length algorithm. The calculated data were compared with measurements for a simple beam set-up using radiographic film and ionization chambers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For this specific configuration, deviations of up to 3.5% between calculated and measured values of the dose at the ICRU reference point were found. Discrepancies between measured and calculated beam fringe values (distance between the 50 and 90% isodose lines) of up to 14 mm have been observed. The differences in beam fringe and penumbra width (20-80%) increase with increasing beam energy. Our results demonstrate that an underdosage of the PTV up to 20% may occur if calculated dose values are used for treatment planning. The three algorithms predict a considerably higher dose in the lung, both along the central beam axis and in the lateral direction, compared with the actual delivered dose values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dose at the ICRU reference point of such a tumour in lung geometry is calculated with acceptable accuracy. Differences between calculated and measured dose distributions are primarily due to changes in electron transport in the lung, which are not adequately taken into account by the simple tissue inhomogeneity correction algorithms investigated in this study. Particularly for high photon beam energies, clinically unacceptable errors will be introduced in the choice of field sizes employed for conformal treatments, leading to underdosage of the PTV. In addition, the dose to the lung will be wrongly predicted which may influence the choice of the prescribed dose level in dose-escalation studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiotherapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Huis, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engelsman
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Damen
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Koken
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: van 't Veld
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: van Ingen
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mijnheer
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal