title: The incidence of witnessing interparental violence and some of its psychological consequences among Arab adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study had two aims. First, it sought to examine the incidence of interparental psychological aggression and physical violence witnessed by Arab adolescents. Second, it sought to assess the implications of such exposure on adolescents' feelings of hopelessness, psychological adjustment problems, and self-esteem.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a sample of 1640 Arab adolescents from Israel. Different forms of the Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) were utilized to measure the extent of interparental psychological aggression and physical violence witnessed by adolescents. The Hopelessness Scale for Children (HSC), the Psychological Adjustment Scale (PAS), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) were used to measure the above-mentioned psychological states.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicate that Arab adolescents witness high rates of psychological aggression and physical violence between their parents. Furthermore, regression and multiple regression analyses revealed that significant amounts of the variance in adolescents' hopelessness, psychological adjustment problems, and low self-esteem are explained by witnessing different patterns of interparental psychological aggression and physical violence, beyond the amounts of variance in these criterion variables that can be attributed to some sociodemographic characteristics of the adolescents, their parents, and families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provided strong support for the hypothesis that witnessing interparental aggression and violence has a strong detrimental impact on adolescents' psychological states. Furthermore, the results emphasize the need for further research into the effects of witnessing other patterns of psychological aggression and physical violence in adolescents' nuclear and extended families. It would also be worthwhile to investigate the risk factors that predispose violence in the family and the consequences of those factors.
authors.affiliation: Paul Baerwald School of Social Work, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, Israel.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Haj-Yahia
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D018912:Arabs / Q000523:psychology*; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009341:Negativism; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D011594:Psychometrics; D012649:Self Concept; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology