title: An exploration of evolved mental mechanisms for dominant and subordinate behaviour in relation to auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia and critical thoughts in depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mental mechanisms have evolved to enable animals (and humans) to be able to function in various social roles. It is suggested that the nature and functions of the mental mechanisms that enable animals to act as a hostile-dominant or threatened-subordinate can be distinguished. It is further suggested these can be internally activated and 'play off' against each other, such that a person 'attacks' themselves and then responds to their own internal attacks with subordinate defences. Hence, a depressed person can submit, feel defeated, belittled, beaten down, or want to run away (escape) from their own self-attacking thoughts, while psychotic voice hearers can feel similarly to their hostile voices. Such internal interactions may relate to depression in both psychotic voice hearers and depressed people.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 66 voice hearers with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 50 depressed patients were compared on a series of self-report questionnaires measuring the power of hostile self-directed thoughts/voices and the activation of defensive responses, especially fight/flight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present evidence that schizophrenic, malevolent voice hearers and self-critical depressed people experience their hostile, internally generated voices/thoughts as powerful, dominating and controlling (i.e. have typical characteristics of a hostile dominant). Moreover, these voices/thoughts activate evolved subordinate defences such as fight/flight and these are associated with depression in both depression and schizophrenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conceptualizing aspects of depressed and psychotic thinking as relating to evolved mental mechanisms, which are role serving, but can internally play off against each other, may open new ways of investigating certain aspects of severe pathologies.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Research Unit, Kingsway Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Birchwood
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trower
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meaden
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Miles
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012559:Schizophrenia; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012649:Self Concept; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013850:Thinking