title: Defining the optimal surgeon experience for breast cancer sentinel lymph node biopsy: a model for implementation of new surgical techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the optimal experience required to minimize the false-negative rate of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for breast cancer.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Before abandoning routine axillary dissection in favor of SLN biopsy for breast cancer, each surgeon and institution must document acceptable SLN identification and false-negative rates. Although some studies have examined the impact of individual surgeon experience on the SLN identification rate, minimal data exist to determine the optimal experience required to minimize the more crucial false-negative rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis was performed of a large prospective multiinstitutional study involving 226 surgeons. SLN biopsy was performed using blue dye, radioactive colloid, or both. SLN biopsy was performed with completion axillary LN dissection in all patients. The impact of surgeon experience on the SLN identification and false-negative rates was examined. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate independent factors in addition to surgeon experience associated with these outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,148 patients were enrolled in the study. Improvement in the SLN identification and false-negative rates was found after 20 cases had been performed. Multivariate analysis revealed that patient age, nonpalpable tumors, and injection of blue dye alone for SLN biopsy were independently associated with decreased SLN identification rates, whereas upper outer quadrant tumor location was the only factor associated with an increased false-negative rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeons should perform at least 20 SLN cases with acceptable results before abandoning routine axillary dissection. This study provides a model for surgeon training and experience that may be applicable to the implementation of other new surgical technologies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, J. Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McMasters
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Tuttle
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Noyes
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Laidley
authors.forename: T Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: McGlothin
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Ley
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Pennington
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Turk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy