title: Combination nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: rationale, efficacy and tolerability.
abstract: Currently available nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) medications provide effective treatment for tobacco dependence, typically doubling success rates compared with placebo. A strategy for further improving the efficacy of NRT is to combine one medication that allows for passive nicotine delivery (e.g. transdermal patch) with another medication that permits ad libitum nicotine delivery (e.g. gum, nasal spray, inhaler). The rationale for combining NRT medications is that smokers may need both a slow delivery system to achieve a constant concentration of nicotine to relieve cravings and tobacco withdrawal symptoms, as well as a faster acting preparation that can be administered on demand for immediate relief of breakthrough cravings and withdrawal symptoms. This article reviews 5 published studies that have examined the effectiveness of combination NRT compared with monotherapy in providing withdrawal relief and smoking cessation, and examines other factors relevant to the promotion of combination NRT for treating tobacco dependence. The data show that there are conditions under which combinations of NRT products provide greater efficacy in relieving withdrawal and enabling cessation than monotherapy, but the findings are not robust and additional research is warranted to better understand the magnitude and generality of the benefits of combination therapy. There are also regulatory and commercial obstacles that must be considered. Nonetheless, combination NRT has the potential to provide effective treatment of tobacco dependence in persons whose dependence is refractory to currently available treatments.
authors.affiliation: Pinney Associates, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA. csweeney@pinneyassociates.com
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Fant
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Fagerstrom
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: McGovern
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Henningfield
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine