title: How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis.
abstract: The belief that Homo sapiens is absolutely dimorphic with the respect to sex chromosome composition, gonadal structure, hormone levels, and the structure of the internal genital duct systems and external genitalia, derives from the platonic ideal that for each sex there is a single, universally correct developmental pathway and outcome. We surveyed the medical literature from 1955 to the present for studies of the frequency of deviation from the ideal male or female. We conclude that this frequency may be as high as 2% of live births. The frequency of individuals receiving "corrective" genital surgery, however, probably runs between 1 and 2 per 1,000 live births (0.1-0.2%). Am. J. Hum. Biol. 12:151-166, 2000. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blackless
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charuvastra
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Derryck
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fausto-Sterling
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lauzanne
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee