title: Doing unto others? Emergency medicine residents' willingness to be treated by moonlighting residents and nonphysician clinicians in the emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Contentious moonlighting policies and the proliferation of nonphysician clinicians (NPCs) in academic emergency departments (EDs) send conflicting messages to emergency medicine (EM) residents regarding appropriate ED staffing patterns. The objective was to assess EM resident (EMR) views on the ED utilization of unsupervised residents and NPCs from their perspectives as both physicians and prospective patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was mailed to a random sample of senior EMRs (sampling fraction, 68%) from the Emergency Medicine Residents Association membership list. Respondents were instructed to assume the role of patient when presented with hypothetical clinical scenarios of increasing severity; outcomes included provider preferences and the impacts of medical urgency, time delays, costs, and supervision on those preferences. Survey items asked about willingness to see residents, nurse practitioners (CRNPs), and physician assistants (PAs), and perceived impact of NPCs on professional identity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 251 EMRs responded. Senior EMRs are more willing to have their care handled by residents as opposed to mid-level providers. For a moderate illness or injury scenario, 54% agreed to be seen by a resident alone compared with only 17% and 24% willing to be seen by a CRNP and PA, respectively. Only a small fraction of the residents (22.7%) would allow another resident to treat them for a major injury or illness. Residents are more willing to be seen by mid-level providers if a savings in time can be realized but showed little interest in using NPCs to save money. Approximately one-third (34%) of the residents view mid-level providers as a professional threat, but logistic regression reveals this perception to be 2.25 (1.3, 4.0) times higher in male EMRs and 1.94 (1.1, 3.4) times higher in those with higher household incomes (> or =$75,000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When assuming the patient role, senior EMRs have preferences for ED care that are consistent with restrictive EMR moonlighting and NPC staffing policies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Emergency Medicien, University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8579, USA. gll42@hotmail.com
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kantor
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zielinski
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000193:education*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D008503:Medical Staff; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires