title: Clinical markers of early disease in persons near onset of Huntington's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is increasing evidence that neuron loss precedes the phenotypic expression of Huntington's disease (HD). As genes for late-onset neurodegenerative diseases are identified, the need for accurate assessment of phenoconversion (i.e., the transition from health to the disease phenotype) will be important.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective longitudinal evaluation using the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) was conducted by Huntington Study Group members from 36 sites. There were 260 persons considered "at risk" for HD who initially did not have manifest disease and had at least one subsequent evaluation. Repeat UHDRS data, obtained an average of 2 years later, showed that 70 persons were given a diagnosis of definite HD based on the quantified neurologic examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline cognitive performances were consistently worse for the at-risk group who demonstrated conversion to a definitive diagnosis compared with those who did not. Longitudinal change scores showed that the at-risk group who did not demonstrate manifest disease during the follow-up study period demonstrated improvements in all cognitive tests, whereas performances in the at-risk group demonstrating conversion to disease during the study declined across cognitive domains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuropsychological measures show impairment 2 years before the development of more manifest motor disease. Findings suggest that these brief cognitive measures administered over time may capture early striatal neural loss in HD.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242-1000, USA. jane-paulsen@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Brinkman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guttman
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Como
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shoulson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies