title: Post-hemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph lipids prime neutrophils for enhanced cytotoxicity via phospholipase A2.
abstract: Hemorrhagic shock induced mesenteric hypoperfusion has long been implicated as a key event in the pathogenesis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ failure (MOF). Previous work links post-hemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph (PHSML) lipids and neutrophil (PMN) priming in the pathogenesis of ARDS. We hypothesize that gut phospholipase A2 (PLA2) liberates proinflammatory lipids following hemorrhagic shock, which are responsible for enhanced PMN cytotoxicity. Mesenteric lymph was collected from rats (n > or = 5) before hemorrhagic shock, during hemorrhagic shock (MAP 40 mm Hg x 30 min), and after resuscitation (shed blood + 2x lactated Ringers). PMNs were incubated with physiologic concentrations (1-5%, v:v) of (a) buffer control, (b) sham (c) pre-shock lymph, (c) PHSML, (d) PHSML lipid extracts, (e) heat-denatured PSHML, and (f) PHSML harvested after i.v. pretreatment with a known PLA2 inhibitor (quinacrine, 10 mg/kg). PMNs were activated with fMLP (1 micromol), and the maximal rate of superoxide production measured by reduction of cytochrome c. Gut morphology was assessed histologically using hematoxalin and eosin (HE) staining. PHSML and PHSML lipid extracts (5%, v:v) primed for enhanced superoxide production compared to buffer controls (2.5-fold and 3.6-fold), sham (2.5-fold) and pre-shock lymph (2.0-fold). Lymph collected after systemic PLA2 inhibition, in contrast, abrogated the PMN priming response. Gut mucosal morphology, at end-resuscitation, was intact on HE staining both with and without PLA2 inhibition. Heat denaturing the PHSML (eliminating cytokines and complement), on the other hand, did not reduce PMN priming. Physiologic concentrations of PHSML lipids prime the PMN respiratory burst. Lymph priming is diminished with systemic PLA2 inhibition, implicating gut PLA2 as a source of proinflammatory lipids that may be central in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic shock induced ARDS/MOF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Colorado 80204, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ciesla
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Biffl
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Silliman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004064:Digestive System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008643:Mesentery / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism*; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D011796:Quinacrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D013481:Superoxides; D010741:Phospholipases A; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D011796:Quinacrine