title: Mild dementia or cognitive impairment: the Modified Mini-Mental State examination (3MS) as a screen for dementia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) as a screen for dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 1092 elderly Edmonton community residents completed the 3MS and the Geriatric Mental State Examination (GMS). 3MS sensitivity and specificity were determined by comparing positive 3MS screens (score < or = 77) with those classified as GMS "organic" (severity level 3, equivalent to a clinical diagnosis). In the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA), 2914 subjects received the 3MS and a clinical examination. A group described as having "cognitive impairment but no dementia (CIND)" was identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Edmonton, the 3MS showed 88% sensitivity, 90% specificity, 29% positive predictive value (PPV), and 99% negative predictive value (NPV). In the CSHA, 30% of subjects receiving both the 3MS and a clinical examination were classified as CIND. One-half of these were classified as having "age associated memory impairment (AAMI)" or as "unspecified."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3MS with a cutting score of 77/78 proved a reasonable screening instrument; 1 case in 3 screening "positive" has dementia, but few (0.64%) will be missed by screening "negative." CIND, accounting for 2 out of 3 cases screened positive by the 3MS in the Edmonton study, is a substantial, heterogeneous group that is not necessarily "predementia" but that in many cases merits further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. Roger.Bland@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bland
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000416:Alberta; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008609:Mental Status Schedule / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results