title: Orbital presentations of giant cell arteritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis that may affect the optic nerve and cause blindness (e.g. ischemic optic neuropathy). Orbital inflammatory disease, however, is an uncommon presentation of GCA.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to alert clinicians to the orbital presentations of GCA.
  
  
  METHODS
  a retrospective case series from tertiary care academic ophthalmic referral centers of four patients with orbital manifestations of giant cell arteritis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  presentation of cases and review of the literature. In three cases, a temporal artery biopsy was diagnostic of GCA, but in one case, an orbital biopsy was needed to confirm the diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GCA can have orbital manifestations and clinicians should be aware of this unusual presentation of GCA in cases of presumed orbital inflammatory pseudotumor in the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52242, USA. Andrew-lee@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Feldon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pless
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schiffman
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D013700:Giant Cell Arteritis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D013699:Temporal Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids