title: Community-based cancer screening for underserved women: design and baseline findings from the Breast and Cervical Cancer Intervention Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Underutilization of breast and cervical cancer screening has been observed in many ethnic groups and underserved populations. Effective community-based interventions are needed to eliminate disparities in screening rates and thus to improve prospects for survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Breast and Cervical Cancer Intervention Study was a controlled trial of three interventions in the San Francisco Bay Area from 1993 to 1996: (1) community-based lay health worker outreach; (2) clinic-based provider training and reminder system; and (3) patient navigator for follow-up of abnormal screening results. Study design and a description of the interventions are reported along with baseline results of a household survey conducted in four languages among 1599 women, aged 40-75.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-six percent of women ages 40 and over had had at least one mammogram, and most had had a clinical breast examination (88%) and Pap smear (89%). Rates were significantly lower for non-English-speaking Latinas and Chinese women (56 and 32%, respectively, for mammography), and maintenance screening (three mammograms in the past 5 years) varied from 7% (non-English-speaking Chinese) to 53% (Blacks). Pap smear screening in the past 3 years was low among non-English-speaking Latinas (72%) and markedly lower among non-English-speaking Chinese women (24%). The strongest predictors of screening behavior were having private health insurance and frequent use of medical services. Having a regular clinic and speaking English were also important. Race/ethnicity, education, household income, and employment status were, overall, not significant predictors of screening behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These baseline results support the importance of cancer screening interventions targeted to persons of foreign origin, particularly those less acculturated.
authors.affiliation: Northern California Cancer Center, Union City, California 94587, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hiatt
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Pasick
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luce
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schorr
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stroud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012495:San Francisco; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014932:Women's Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*