title: Ras mutations are rare in solitary cold and toxic thyroid nodules.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Activation of ras proto-oncogenes as a result of point mutations is detectable in a significant percentage of most types of tumour. Similar to neoplasms of other organs, mutations of all three ras genes can be found in thyroid tumours. H-, K- and N-ras mutations have been detected in up to 20% of follicular adenomas and adenomatous nodules which were not functionally characterized. This raises the question as to whether ras mutations are specific for hypofunctional nodules and TSH receptor mutations for hyperfunctioning nodules.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate ras and TSH receptor mutations with respect to functional differentiation we studied 41 scintigraphically cold nodules and 47 toxic thyroid nodules. To address the likelihood of a somatic mutation we also studied the clonal origin of these tumours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA was extracted from nodular and surrounding tissue. Mutational hot spots in exons 1 and 2 of the H- and K-ras gene were PCR amplified and sequenced using big dye terminator chemistry. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to verify sequencing results for the H-ras gene and to analyse the N-ras gene because its greater sensitivity in detecting somatic mutations. Clonality of nodular thyroid tissue was evaluated using X-Chromosome inactivation based on PCR amplification of the human androgen receptor locus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monoclonal origin was detectable in 14 of 23 informative samples from cold thyroid nodules. In toxic thyroid nodules the frequency of clonal tissue was 20 in 30 informative cases. Only one point mutation could be found in the N-ras gene codon 61 (Gly to Arg) in a cold adenomatous nodule which was monoclonal. In toxic thyroid nodules no ras mutation was detectable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that ras mutations are rare in solitary cold and toxic thyroid nodules and that the frequent monoclonal origin of these tumours implies somatic mutations in genes other than H-, K- and N-ras.
authors.affiliation: III Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krohn
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reske
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paschke
mesh_terms: D018263:Adenocarcinoma, Follicular / Q000235:genetics*; D002999:Clone Cells; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin / Q000235:genetics; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000235:genetics*; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin