title: Riboflavin treatment of antiretroviral induced lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiretroviral induced lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis is a rare syndrome caused by inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase gamma by the Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI) class of antiretrovirals. There have been recent reports of NRTI-induced lactic acidosis treated with high-dose riboflavin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report a case of NRTI lactic acidosis reversed with high-dose riboflavin. Treatment with 50 mg of riboflavin per day was initiated on hospital day 10 after the patient developed respiratory failure. Arterial lactate decreased from 11.9 mmol/dL to 2.1 mmol/dL. Despite lactic acidosis reversal the patient developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and expired. Autopsy confirmed extensive hepatic steatosis with no infectious agents identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor lactic acidosis will likely become more prevalent with the trend toward aggressive antiretroviral treatment. This report provides additional support for the efficacy of riboflavin treatment to reverse this serious complication of antiretroviral therapy. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for lactic acidosis in a patient on NRTIs and the medications should be stopped at the earliest sign of toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Posteraro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mauriello
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Winter
mesh_terms: D000140:Acidosis, Lactic / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D012256:Riboflavin