title: The prevention of haematoma following rhytidectomy: a review of 1078 consecutive facelifts.
abstract: Haematoma remains the most common complication of rhytidectomy and can lead to prolonged facial oedema or skin necrosis. The factors leading to haematoma formation remain unclear, and studies establishing causal relationships are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine which parameters were significantly associated with haematoma formation in a consecutive series of facelifts performed by two high-volume operators. The records of 1078 patients who underwent facelifting between 1994 and 1999 were reviewed and the parameters associated with haematoma formation were investigated using multivariate statistical analysis. In this series of 1078 patients, 45 haematomas occurred (4.2%). Analysis revealed significant associations between haematoma formation and anterior platysmaplasty (P= 0.009), systolic pressure (P= 0.02), gender (P= 0.03), aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory intake (P= 0.04) and smoking (P= 0.049). In addition the relative risk of each parameter was calculated. This allowed the haematoma risk for individual patients to be calculated and haematoma-prone patients were identified preoperatively. This is the first study to establish independent statistical risk factors for haematoma after rhytidectomy and to present a scoring system that calculates the haematoma risk preoperatively. The implications of these findings and possible measures for the prevention of haematoma are also presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, The Wellington Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Waterhouse
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018579:Patient Selection; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal