title: Lip movement in patients with a history of unilateral cleft lip.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The influence of a repaired cleft lip on the stability of coordination between upper and lower lip in nonspeech and speech tasks was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, we looked at the effects of a secondary cleft lip repair in three individuals. Second, we compared subjects with a history of repaired unilateral cleft lip and subjects with no history of cleft lip (controls). Lip coordination was measured using continuous estimates of relative phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were nine children and adolescents with a primary unilateral cleft lip and palate repair and 4 participants without cleft matched for age across different age categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, the averaged relative phase angle (RPA) angle values were smaller than 180 degrees, indicating an upper lip lead for lip closure. Controls showed a tendency toward a more symmetric type of coordination (close to 180 degrees), compared with subjects with a repaired unilateral cleft lip. The controls also showed less variation in coordination between the lips. For the more complex speech tasks, a general increase in variability of the RPA values for all subjects was observed, most likely suggesting a more flexible type of coordination. Regarding the effect of a secondary cleft lip repair, only one of the three patients showed a clearly less symmetric and less stable type of coordination, compared with preoperation results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appear to be differences in lip coordination between speakers without and speakers with a repaired unilateral cleft lip. Furthermore, it seems that the stability of lip coordination tends to increase with age.
authors.affiliation: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, University Hospital St. Radboud, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rutjens
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Spauwen
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: van Lieshout
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena / Q000295:instrumentation; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology; D013223:Statistics as Topic