title: Evaluation of level I and II axillary nodes included in the standard breast tangential fields and calculation of the administered dose: results of a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate if Level I and II axillary nodes are included in the standard breast tangential fields, and to calculate the dose administered.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 35 patients treated with conservative surgery and axillary dissection, three clips were surgically positioned: one at the beginning of Level I, one between Level I and II, and another at the end of Level II. The breast was irradiated with two tangential fields. On simulation films, the volume between the clips was scored as "entirely included" or "not entirely included" in the treatment fields. Computed tomography (CT) scans were performed; CT data were imported into a treatment planning system, and three-dimensional plans were devised. Axillary Levels I and II were delineated on CT slices on the basis of anatomic landmarks. Fields and isodose curves previously obtained were superimposed to calculate the dose administered to the first two axillary node levels and to 90% of both volumes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On X-rays, the volume between clips corresponding to Level I was completely included in the medial field in 66.7% of cases and in the lateral field in 63.7% of cases, whereas the volume of Level II was entirely included in the medial field in 54.5% of cases and in the lateral field in 45.4% of cases. The median dose administered to Level I and II was 38.58 Gy +/- 11.01 (range 3.46-47.14) and 20.65 Gy +/- 14.07 (range 0.95-38.94), respectively. The median dose to 90% of both volumes of Level I and II was 6.75 Gy +/- 14.01 (range 1.9-39) and 1.75 Gy +/- 9.72 (range 0.8-29), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The standard tangential fields do not entirely include Levels I and II axillary nodes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiotherapy Oncology, General Hospital and Perugia University, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aristei
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chionne
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Marsella
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alessandro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rulli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lemmi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perrucci
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Latini
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015182:Lymphatic Irradiation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed