title: A menstrual cycle pattern for cytokine levels exists in HIV-positive women: implication for HIV vaginal and plasma shedding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of the menstrual cycle in HIV-positive women on plasma and genital cytokine levels, interrelationships between vaginal and plasma cytokines, CD4 and CD8 T cell fluctuations, and genital and plasma viral loads.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma and cervicovaginal lavage specimens were collected from 55 HIV-positive women with CD4 cell counts < 350 cells/microl during phases of the menstrual cycle. Samples were assayed for IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, TGFbeta, TNFalpha, INFgamma, MIP1alpha, MIP1beta, RANTES, and TNFR-II using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. CD4 and CD8 T cell expression was evaluated by flow cytometry. Repeated measures regression models were used to assess the effect of the menstrual cycle on cytokines and viral load. Multivariate repeated regression models were used to assess the correlation among selected cytokines and between selected cytokines and HIV viral load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vaginal IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MIP1beta, RANTES, TGFbeta, and TNFR-II were significantly elevated during menses but were not altered during other phases. Plasma cytokine levels were not altered during the menstrual cycle. A positive Candida culture increased vaginal IL-8 during menses, whereas vaginal discharge was associated with a reduction in vaginal IL-4, IL-10, and RANTES. CD4 and CD8 cell numbers did not vary with the menstrual cycle. Vaginal cytokine levels correlated only with vaginal viral load, in a sampling method-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide evidence of elevated vaginal cytokine levels during menses, which appear to regulate vaginal and not plasma HIV shedding, suggesting that a menstrual cycle pattern exists for cytokine production in HIV-positive women impacting vaginal shedding of HIV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology/Microbiology at Rush-Presbyterian St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Al-Harthi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Coombs
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Reichelderfer
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cu-Uvin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beckner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Landay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014621:Vagina / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D019562:Viral Load; D017201:Virus Shedding / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012367:RNA, Viral