title: Human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B, C and D in Bangladesh's trucking industry: prevalence and risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B and C, viral infections with shared percutaneous, mucosal and perinatal routes of transmission, are responsible for serious morbidity and mortality globally. In Bangladesh there is a dearth of research on prevalence and risk factors for these diseases. This study examines the prevalence of HIV and hepatitis (B, C, D) and risk factors associated with infection in men in Bangladesh's trucking industry (drivers and helpers on trucks), a population at risk for sexually transmitted infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 388 men (245 drivers, 143 helpers) working out of Tejgaon truck stand in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Subjects were selected through a two-tiered sampling strategy. Of 185 trucking agencies 38 were randomly selected and a of 10 subjects was recruited from each agency. Subjects were interviewed, underwent a comprehensive physical examination and had blood samples taken. Gold standard laboratory tests were conducted to detect HIV, hepatitis B, C, and D infections. To assess risk factors associated with current hepatitis B infections or being a carrier (HBsAg) and lifetime exposure to hepatitis B infection (anti-HBc), simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of diseases were: HIV 0%, hepatitis C <1%, hepatitis B surface antigen 5.9%, antibody to hepatitis B core antigen 48.1% (with 5 of the 23 HBsAg positive cases testing positive for HBeAg and 18 for anti-HBe), and hepatitis D 0%. Having ever received a therapeutic injection and having had relations with a commercial sex worker (CSW) in the past year were both significantly associated with lifetime exposure to hepatitis B (anti-HBc); having received a therapeutic injection in the past year was associated with being either currently infected with hepatitis B or a carrier (HBsAg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study illustrate the importance of educating health care practitioners about the dangers of unsterile injections, and of educating men in the trucking industry as well as their partners (CSW in particular) about the importance of condom use, especially in high-risk sexual contacts.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and International Health, Birmingham, AL, USA. lgibney@uab.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gibney
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saquib
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hassan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003699:Hepatitis D / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014186:Transportation