title: Factors influencing optical 3D scanning of vinyl polysiloxane impression materials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Future growth in dental practice lies in digital imaging enhancing many chairside procedures and functions. This revolution requires the fast, accurate, and 3D digitizing of clinical records. One such clinical record is the chairside impression. This study investigated how surface angle and surface roughness affect the digitizing of vinyl polysiloxane impression materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen vinyl polysiloxane impression materials were digitized with a white light optical digitizing system. Each sample was digitized at 3 different angles: 0 degrees, 22.5 degrees, and 45 degrees, and 2 digitizer camera f-stops. The digitized images were rendered on a computer monitor using custom software developed under NIH/NIDCR grant DE12225. All the 3D images were rotated to the 0 degrees position, cropped using Corel Photo-Paint 8 (Corel Corp, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), then saved in the TIFF file format. The impression material area that was successfully digitized was calculated as a percentage of the total sample area, using Optimas 5.22 image processing software (Media Cybernetics, LP, Silver Spring, MD). The dependent variable was a Performance Value calculated for each material by averaging the percentage of area that digitized over the 3 angles. New samples with smooth and rough surfaces were made using the 7 impression materials with the largest Performance Values. These samples were tested as before, but with the additional angle of 60 degrees. Silky-Rock die stone (Whip Mix Corp, Louisville, KY) was used as a control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Performance Values for the 17 impression materials ranged from 0% to 100%. The Performance Values for the 7 best materials were equivalent to the control at f/11 out to a surface angle of 45 degrees; however, only Examix impression material (GC America Inc, Alsip, IL) was equivalent to the control at f/11/\16. At the 60 degrees surface angle with f/11/\16, the Performance Values were 0% for all the impression materials, whereas that for the control was 90%. The difference in the Performance Values for the smooth and rough surface textures was 7%, which was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The digitizing performance of vinyl polysiloxane impression materials is highly material and surface angle-dependent and is significantly lower than the die stone control when angles to 60 degrees are included. It is affected to a lesser extent by surface texture.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, 515 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. delon002@umn.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DeLong
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pintado
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Douglas
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry; D016288:Computer Terminals; D003626:Data Display; D003628:Database Management Systems; D003760:Dental Impression Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008027:Light; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000737:chemistry*; D012826:Silicone Elastomers / Q000737:chemistry; D012833:Siloxanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D012984:Software; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003760:Dental Impression Materials; C102652:Extrude; D011145:Polyvinyls; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D012833:Siloxanes; C034183:vinyl polysiloxane; D002133:Calcium Sulfate