title: Cerebral hemodynamic response to unpleasant odors in the preterm newborn measured by near-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: Newborn infants in intensive care units are exposed to several unfamiliar smells, mostly related to the nosocomial environment. How the preterm baby perceives these olfactory stimulations remains unclear. Near-infrared spectroscopy can be performed noninvasively above the olfactory cortex to monitor changes of cerebral blood flow as an indicator of cortical activation. The aim of this study was to explore by near-infrared spectroscopy how odorous substances routinely used in the neonatal intensive care unit influence bilateral cortical hemodynamics in the olfactory region of the brains of preterm infants. Specifically, a detergent (Neomidil) and an adhesive remover (Remove) have been tested. Twenty preterm neonates of gestational age 30-37 wk (mean 33.7 +/- 2.3 SD) and postconceptional age 32-37.3 wk (mean 35.5 +/- 2.75 SD) were monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy. Two optode pairs were placed above the anterior orbitofrontal gyri, which is involved in olfactory processing, on each side of the skull. Fifteen babies were exposed to the smell of a disinfectant and five babies to that of a detergent, both applied to small cotton pads. Changes of oxygenated Hb and deoxygenated Hb were recorded before, during, and after a 10-s stimulus. In 17 out of 20 babies, there was a decrease in oxygenated Hb and total Hb after the exposure to the substances. The decrease was significantly greater in the right side than in the left side. This change was different from that observed in our previous study after exposure to colostrum and the pleasant smell of vanilla, which elicited an increase in blood oxygenation in the same region. The biologic significance of this finding is unknown. We conclude that cortical hemodynamic modifications occur in the preterm newborn after exposure to preparations commonly used in the neonatal intensive care unit. A lateralization seems to occur in processing unpleasant olfactory cues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care, University of Genoa, Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy. marco.bartocci@kbh.ki.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bartocci
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Papendieck
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mustica
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lagercrantz
mesh_terms: D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003126:Colostrum / Q000737:chemistry; D003902:Detergents / Q000737:chemistry; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry; D007839:Functional Laterality; D005865:Gestational Age; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D009812:Odorants; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D012119:Respiration; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D004202:Disinfectants; D006454:Hemoglobins; D010100:Oxygen