title: Five-year biochemical outcome following permanent interstitial brachytherapy for clinical T1-T3 prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate 5-year biochemical disease-free outcome for men with clinical T1b-T3a NxM0 1977 American Joint Committee on Cancer (1997 AJCC) adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland who underwent transperineal ultrasound-guided permanent prostate brachytherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred twenty-five patients underwent transperineal ultrasound-guided prostate brachytherapy using either 103Pd or 125I, for clinical T1b-T3a NxM0 (1997 AJCC) adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland, from April 1995 to October 1999. No patient underwent pathologic lymph-node staging. One hundred ninety patients were implanted with either 103Pd or 125I monotherapy; 235 patients received moderate-dose external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), followed by a prostate brachytherapy boost; 163 patients received neoadjuvant hormonal manipulation, in conjunction with either 103Pd or 125I monotherapy (77 patients) or in conjunction with moderate-dose EBRT and a prostate brachytherapy boost (86 patients). The median patient age was 68.0 years (range, 48.2-81.3 years). The median follow-up was 31 months (range, 11-69 months). Follow-up was calculated from the day of implantation. No patient was lost to follow-up. Biochemical disease-free survival was defined by the American Society of Therapeutic Radiation and Oncology (ASTRO) consensus definition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the entire cohort, the 5-year actuarial biochemical no evidence of disease (bNED) survival rate was 94%. For patients with low-, intermediate-, and high-risk disease, the 5-year biochemical disease-free rates were 97.1%, 97.5%, and 84.4%, respectively. For hormone-naive patients, 95.7%, 96.4%, and 79.9% of patients with low-, intermediate-, and high-risk disease were free of biochemical failure. Clinical and treatment parameters predictive of biochemical outcome included: clinical stage, pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Gleason score, risk group, age > 65 years, and neoadjuvant hormonal therapy. Isotope choice was not a statistically significant predictor of disease-free survival for any risk group. The median postimplant PSA was < or = 0.2 for all risk groups, regardless of hormonal status. The mean posttreatment PSA, however, was significantly lower for men implanted with 103Pd (0.14 ng/mL) than for those implanted with 125I (0.25 ng/mL), p < or = 0.001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With a median follow-up of 31 months, permanent prostate brachytherapy results in a high probability of actuarial 5-year biochemical disease-free survival (DFS) for patients with clinical T1b-T3a (1997 AJCC) adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland, with an apparent plateau on the PSA survival curve.
authors.affiliation: Schiffler Cancer Center, Wheeling Hospital, Wheeling, WV 26003-6300, USA. schifonc@wheelinghosp.com
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Merrick
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Galbreath
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lief
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000368:Aged; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000819:agonists; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010165:Palladium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D011868:Radioisotopes; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D010165:Palladium