title: Peripheral nitric oxide in carrageenan-induced inflammation.
abstract: Recent studies have suggested that nitric oxide (NO) peripherally produced by different nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms contributes to edema formation and development of hyperalgesia. The present study was designed to examine the effects of NOS isoforms on NO release in carrageenan-induced inflammation at various time points. A microdialysis probe was implanted subcutaneously into the glabrous skin of hindpaws of Sprague-Dawley rats under pentobarbital anesthesia. After sample collection to obtain the basal level of the total amount of nitrite and nitrate (NO2-/NO3-), modified Ringer solution, a non-selective NOS inhibitor, NG monomethyl-L-arginine acetate (L-NMMA), or an iNOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine hemisulfate (AG) was perfused through the microdialysis probe. 2 mg of carrageenan was injected into the plantar surface of the probe-implanted hindpaw. Carrageenan was also injected in rats that had undergone sciatic nerve sectioning. Carrageenan significantly increased the dialysate concentrations of NO2-/NO3- for more than 8 h. L-NMMA suppressed the carrageenan-induced increase in NO2-/NO3- concentration. Although AG did not suppress the increase in NO2-/NO3- for the first 2 h after carrageenan injection, significant suppression of the increase in NO2-/NO3- was observed from 2.5 h after carrageenan injection. In the rats in which the sciatic nerves had been denervated, the increases in concentrations of NO2-/NO3- were completely suppressed up to 3 h and partially suppressed 4.5-8 h after carrageenan injection. The results of the current study show that carrageenan induces peripheral release of NO, the production of which is mediated by nNOS in the early phase and by both nNOS and iNOS in the late phase of carrageenan-induced inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuoku, 060-8543, Sapporo, Japan. komote@sapmed.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Omote
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hazama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawamata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakayaka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toriyabe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Namiki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006146:Guanidines; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002351:Carrageenan; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; C004479:pimagedine