title: Effects of anesthesia on cystometry and leak point pressure of the female rat.
abstract: Anesthetics operate by different mechanisms and are often used to perform urodynamics in animals. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of ketamine/xylazine and urethane anesthetics on filling, voiding, and leak point pressure (LPP) in female rats. Nineteen rats underwent awake cystometry 2 days after suprapubic bladder catheter implantation. Bladders were filled with saline (5 ml/hr), while bladder pressure was measured. Half the rats were then anesthetized with urethane i.p. and half were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine i.p. (K/X). All rats then underwent cystometry and LPP testing under anesthesia. Spontaneous nonvoiding contractions were analyzed and capacity was determined by voiding or leakage. Capacity was significantly higher in awake rats (0.55 +/- 0.06 ml) than with either K/X (0.21 +/- 0.06 ml) or urethane (0.30 +/- 0.05 ml). The pressure just prior to voiding in awake cystometry (15.6 +/- 1.7 cm H2O) was not significantly different from that with either anesthetic (K/X: 10.1 +/- 1.0 cm H2O; urethane: 13.3 +/- 2.0 cm H2O). Spontaneous nonvoiding contractions occurred in 4 rats with urethane and 3 rats with K/X. The volume at which the first contraction occurred was significantly lower with K/X (0.05 +/- 0.02 ml) than urethane (0.19 +/- 0.04 ml). There was no significant difference in the frequency of spontaneous nonvoiding contractions between K/X (4.58 +/- 0.30/min) and urethane (5.16 +/- 2.66/min), nor was there a difference in LPP between anesthetics (K/X: 40.4 +/- 2.4 cm H2O; urethane: 36.2 +/- 3.9 cm H2O). The results suggest that urethane is preferable to K/X for anesthetized cystometry studies since it more closely simulates normal physiological responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Loyola University of Chicago Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Damaser
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D003243:Consciousness; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011312:Pressure; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014520:Urethane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology; D014554:Urination / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014563:Urodynamics; D014991:Xylazine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D014991:Xylazine; D014520:Urethane; D007649:Ketamine