title: Effect of active limb movements on symptoms in patients with low back pain.
abstract: METHODS
  A descriptive, correlational study of patients with mechanical low back pain (LBP).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of active limb movements on symptoms in patients with LBP and to examine the relationship between symptoms with limb movements and select patient characteristics.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Limb movements result in forces applied to the spine and, thus, may be important in the examination and treatment of patients with LBP.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 188 people with LBP, 84 men and 104 women, participated in a standardized examination. Six of the items required patients to move their limbs and note LBP symptoms as increased, remained the same, or decreased. The prevalence of various symptom responses with each limb movement test was calculated. Relationships between patient characteristics and reports of increased symptoms were examined with Cochran's linear trend statistic and the Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients. Differences in characteristics of patients with and without increased symptoms were examined with chi2 test, Mann-Whitney U test, or Student's t test for independent groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase in symptoms was reported by 149 patients with at least 1 of the limb movement tests, and 3 of the patients reported a decrease in symptoms. Across the patient sample, the mean number of limb movement tests for which symptoms were reported as increased was 2.30 +/- 1.64. Patients with an increase in symptoms reported higher average pain intensity the week prior to the examination (median = 2; range: 1-5) and higher functional disability (mean = 0.25; SD = 0.15) than those without a change in symptoms (pain intensity: median = 1; range: 0-2 and functional disability: mean = 0.16; SD = 0.12). The correlation between the number of increased symptoms and the person's average pain intensity was r = 0.23; the correlation with the functional disability score was r = 0.36. Patients with a history of LBP tended to report an increase in symptoms with more of the limb movement tests (mean = 3.5; SD = 1.40) than those without a previous history of LBP (mean = 2.0; SD = 1.11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Active limb movements performed during the examination primarily resulted in increased LBP symptoms. The presence and number of increased symptoms with the active limb movements was related to the patient's report of average pain intensity and functional disability. Tests of symptoms with active limb movements may provide insight into factors contributing to a LBP problem, as well as information to guide the treatment of patients with LBP.
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. vandillenl@msnotes.wustl.edu
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Van Dillen
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sahrmann
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Bloom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric