title: Cloning and characterization of a novel mouse AP-2 transcription factor, AP-2delta, with unique DNA binding and transactivation properties.
abstract: AP-2 transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins expressed in neural crest and other tissues during mammalian development. Three mammalian genes, AP-2alpha, AP-2beta, and AP-2gamma, have been reported previously. A partial predicted AP-2 gene was identified in tandem with AP-2beta on human chromosome 6p12-p21.1. The orthologous mouse gene, which we named Ap-2delta, was identified from a fetal mouse head cDNA library. Northern analysis revealed two transcripts in embryonic and newborn mouse brain, with markedly higher steady-state levels in the former. The predicted Ap-2delta protein comprised 452 amino acids and was highly similar to other AP-2 proteins across the DNA-binding and dimerization domains. Ap-2delta formed homodimers and heterodimers in vitro, bound an optimized AP-2 consensus DNA sequence, and transactivated gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Ap-2delta dimers bound poorly to an AP-2 binding sequence from the human metallothionein IIa promoter in vitro, revealing a sequence specificity not previously observed among other AP-2 proteins. The PY motif and critical residues in the transactivation domain, which are highly conserved in the AP-2 family and believed necessary for transactivation, were divergent in Ap-2delta. The unique protein sequence and functional features of Ap-2delta suggest mechanisms, besides tissue-specific AP-2 gene expression, for specific control of target gene activation.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satoda
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Licht
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashizaki
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Gelb
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C493673:TFAP2A protein, human; C493677:TFAP2B protein, human; C493679:TFAP2C protein, human; C493668:Tfap2a protein, mouse; C493669:Tfap2b protein, mouse; C583890:Tfap2c protein, mouse; C493671:Tfap2d protein, mouse; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA