title: Cerebral metabolism in major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder occurring separately and concurrently.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The frequent comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suggests a fundamental relationship between them. We sought to determine whether MDD and OCD have unique cerebral metabolic patterns that remain the same when they coexist as when they occur independently.
  
  
  METHODS
  [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) brain scans were obtained on 27 subjects with OCD alone, 27 with MDD alone, 17 with concurrent OCD+MDD, and 17 normal control subjects, all in the untreated state. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism was compared between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left hippocampal metabolism was significantly lower in subjects with MDD alone and in subjects with concurrent OCD+MDD than in control subjects or subjects with OCD alone. Hippocampal metabolism was negatively correlated with depression severity across all subjects. Thalamic metabolism was significantly elevated in OCD alone and in MDD alone. Subjects with concurrent OCD+MDD had significantly lower metabolism in thalamus, caudate, and hippocampus than subjects with OCD alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Left hippocampal dysfunction was associated with major depressive episodes, regardless of primary diagnosis. Other cerebral metabolic abnormalities found in OCD and MDD occurring separately were not seen when the disorders coexisted. Depressive episodes occurring in OCD patients may be mediated by different basal ganglia-thalamic abnormalities than in primary MDD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alborzian
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Maidment
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Baxter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013788:Thalamus / Q000378:metabolism; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose