title: Management of the axilla in breast cancer: a comparative study between sentinel lymph node biopsy and four-node sampling procedure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of sentinel lymph node biopsy and that of four-node sampling for predicting other nodal status in breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  206 patients with operable breast cancer were enrolled. The identification of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) was carried out in 110 patients using a gamma probe after injection of radioactive tin colloids. Four palpable lymph nodes (FNs) were removed from the lower axilla at the first step of axillary dissection in 98 patients. The predictive value of nodal status was compared between SLNs and FNs, based on the pathological findings of all dissected lymph nodes. To examine the relationship between SLNs and FNs, we chose the FNs retrospectively (defined as rFNs) from among all nodes in SLNs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SLNs were identified in 108 (98%) of 110 patients. With one patient having skip metastasis, the accuracy and sensitivity were 99 and 98%, respectively. In the four-node sampling (FNS) group, two in 98 patients had skip metastasis and the accuracy and sensitivity were 98 and 96%, respectively. Findings on the relationship between these methods of biopsy were as follows: (i) rFNs included SLNs in 79 patients (73%); (ii) rFNs partially included SLNs in 24 patients (22%); and (iii) no relationship was evident in five patients (5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The accuracy/sensitivity of FNs was comparable to that of SLNs. FNS can be considered to represent a highly promising approach and may be used as an alternative procedure that can be performed safely and easily in any institute.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery I, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan. sato-k-a@mtg.biglobe.ne.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kosuda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kusano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hiraide
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D001706:Biopsy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy