title: Suppression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression by glucocorticoids involves inhibition of enhancer function by the glucocorticoid receptor binding to composite NF-AT/activator protein-1 elements.
abstract: Increased expression of a number of cytokines including GM-CSF is associated with chronic inflammatory conditions such as bronchial asthma. Glucocorticoid therapy results in suppression of cytokine levels by a mechanism(s) not yet fully understood. We have examined regulation of GM-CSF expression by the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone in human T cells. Transient transfection assays with reporter constructs revealed that dexamethasone inhibited the function of the GM-CSF enhancer, but had no effect on regulation of GM-CSF expression occurring through the proximal promoter. Activation of the GM-CSF enhancer involves cooperative interaction between the transcription factors NF-AT and AP-1. We demonstrate here that glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of enhancer function involves glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding to the NF-AT/AP-1 sites. These elements, which do not constitute recognizable glucocorticoid response elements, support binding of the GR, primarily as a dimer. This binding correlates with the ability of dexamethasone to inhibit enhancer activity of the NF-AT/AP-1 elements, suggesting a competition between NF-AT/AP-1 proteins and GR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Kings College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cousins
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Jee
authors.forename: D Z
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Staynov
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lavender
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D003907:Dexamethasone; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor