title: Variations in levator ani volume and geometry in women: the application of MR based 3D reconstruction in evaluating pelvic floor dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report on the comparative 3-dimensional (3D) living female pelvic floor geometry in five women, comparing the volume, morphology, and integrity of the levator sling, and pelvic anatomic relationships among study subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five women of varying ages, parity, continence, and prolapse status were studied. Two-dimensional (2D) imaging of the pelvic floor organs was performed on each subject in the supine position. Manual segmentation techniques and solid modeling software was used to build 3D models of each patient's pelvic floor structures, which could then be viewed and measured on the computer screen. We measured levator muscle volume, posterior urethro-vesical angle, distance from the urethra to pubo-coccygeal line, and the levator plate angle. The integrity of pubo-coccygeal attachments was also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levator muscle volume ranged from 68 ml in the nulliparous female, to 26 ml in the grand multipara with severe prolapse and mild genuine stress incontinence (GSI). The second lowest volume (30 ml) was in the multipara with GSI. Volumes in the parous subjects without stress urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse were 36 and 39 ml. Pubo-coccygeal attachments were found to be torn in the 2 symptomatic subjects, and were intact in all 3 asymptomatic subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MR based 3D modeling is feasible and can be used in a research setting to evaluate complex anatomic relationships which may accompany pelvic floor dysfunction. The technique can also be used to evaluate levator muscle morphology and volume, as well as pelvic floor support integrity and its possible role in GSI and prolapse. We are currently conducting a larger study to validate our technique, and to better define the relationship between pelvic floor geometry and pelvic floor dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hoyte
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fielding
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Versi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mamisch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kolvenbach
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikinis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011391:Prolapse