title: Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the pregnant uterus of diabetic mice: effect of maternal immunopotentiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA and protein are expressed in the pregnant uterus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice at various stages of pregnancy. We intend to characterize their pattern and to evaluate whether the potentiation of the maternal immune system alters the pattern of the expression of the cytokine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced in ICR mice by streptozotocin injection. To modulate maternal immune responses, ICR mice were injected intrauterine with rat splenocytes 3 weeks before mating. The expression of TNF-alpha mRNA and protein was evaluated by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The population of diabetic mice used in this study demonstrated a reduction in pregnancy rate and an increased number of litters with severely malformed fetuses. It has been observed that these disturbances are associated with a clear increase in TNF-alpha mRNA and protein expression in the uterus of these mice. Maternal immunopotentiation, while improving reproductive performance of these diabetic mice, was found to be accompanied by a reduced expression of TNF-alpha, both at the mRNA and protein level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study suggest a possible involvement of TNF-alpha in mechanisms underlying diabetes-associated dismorphogenesis. Normalization of TNF-alpha expression by maternal immunopotentiation might represent a mechanism mediating its protective effect against diabetes-induced embryotoxic insult.
authors.affiliation: Department of Embryology and Teratology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel. amosfein@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flein
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kostina
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Savion
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Orenstein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shepshelovich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ornoy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torchinsky
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Toder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D013311:Streptozocin / Q000009:adverse effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014599:Uterus / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013311:Streptozocin