title: Inter fraction variations in rectum and bladder volumes and dose distributions during high dose rate brachytherapy treatment of the uterine cervix investigated by repetitive CT-examinations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate variation of dose to organs at risk for patients receiving fractionated high dose rate gynaecological brachytherapy by using CT-based 3D treatment planning and dose-volume histograms (DVH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with cancer of the uterine cervix underwent three to six CT examinations (mean 4.9) during their course of high-dose-rate brachytherapy using radiographically compatible applicators. The rectal and bladder walls were delineated and DVHs were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inter fraction variation of the bladder volume (CV(mean)=44.1%) was significantly larger than the inter fraction variation of the mean dose (CV(mean)=19.9%, P=0.005) and the maximum dose (CV(mean)=17.5%, P=0.003) of the bladder wall. The same trend was seen for rectum, although the figures were not significantly different. Performing CT examinations at four of seven brachytherapy fractions reduced the uncertainty to 4 and 7% for the bladder and rectal doses, respectively. A linear regression analysis showed a significant, negative relationship between time after treatment start and the whole bladder volume (P=0.018), whereas no correlation was found for the rectum. For both rectum and bladder a linear regression analysis revealed a significant, negative relationship between the whole volume and median dose (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preferably a CT examination should be provided at every fraction. However, this is logistically unfeasible in most institutions. To obtain reliable DVHs the patients will in the future undergo 3-4 CT examinations during the course of brachytherapy at our institution. Since this study showed an association between large bladder volumes and dose reductions, the patients will be treated with a standardized bladder volume.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Box 20, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Hellebust
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skjønsberg
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D012007:Rectum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*