title: Racial differences in the use of invasive cardiovascular procedures: review of the literature and prescription for future research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cause of racial disparities in the use of invasive cardiac procedures remains unclear. To summarize, evaluate, and clarify gaps in the literature, studies examining racial differences in cardiac catheterization, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE search for English-language articles published from 1966 to May 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Empirical studies of adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The odds ratios for procedure use by race were examined for each study; cohorts and covariates were also documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Literature was classified as one of three groups on the basis of study design. For the first group, which used administrative data, odds ratios (ORs) for African-American patients compared with white patients ranged from 0.41 to 0.94 for cardiac catheterization, from 0.32 to 0.80 for PTCA, and from 0.23 to 0.68 for CABG. Procedure rates were also lower for Hispanic and Asian patients. In the second group, which used detailed clinical data, African-American patients remained disproportionately less likely to receive cardiac catheterization (OR, 0.03 to 0.85), PTCA (OR, 0.20 to 0.87), and CABG (OR, 0.22 to 0.68). A few studies noted that Hispanic and Asian patients were also disproportionately less likely to receive such procedures. The third group used survey methods but found conflicting results regarding patient refusals as a source of racial variation. Less-educated patients and patients who were not as experienced with the procedure were more likely to decline PTCA. Physician bias was also associated with racial variation in recommendations for treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Racial differences in invasive cardiac procedure use were found even after adjustment for disease severity. Future studies should comprehensively and simultaneously examine the full range of patient, physician, and health care system variables related to racial differences in the provision of invasive cardiac procedures.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Quality, Outcomes and Economic Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 200 Springs Road, Building 70 (152), Bedford, MA 01730, USA.
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Kressin
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Petersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy; D036262:Empirical Research; D005006:Ethnicity; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D044469:Racial Groups