title: A follow-up study of effects of chronic aircraft noise exposure on child stress responses and cognition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children are a high-risk group vulnerable to the effects of chronic aircraft noise exposure. This study examines the effects of aircraft noise exposure on children's health and cognition around London Heathrow airport and tests sustained attention as an underlying mechanism of effects of noise on reading and examines the way children adapt to continued exposure to aircraft noise.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this repeated measures epidemiological field study, the cognitive performance and health of 275 children aged 8-11 years attending four schools in high aircraft noise areas (16-h outdoor Leq > 66 dBA) was compared with children attending four matched control schools exposed to lower levels of aircraft noise (16-h outdoor Leq < 57 dBA). The children first examined at baseline were examined again after a period of one year at follow-up. Health questionnaires and cognitive tests were group administered to the children in the schools.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At follow-up chronic aircraft noise exposure was associated with higher levels of annoyance and perceived stress, poorer reading comprehension and sustained attention, measured by standardized scales after adjustment for age, social deprivation and main language spoken. These results do not support the sustained attention hypothesis previously used to account for the effects of noise on cognition in children. The reading and annoyance effects do not habituate over a one-year period and do not provide strong evidence of adaptation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, UK. M.M.Haines@qmw.ac.uk
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stansfeld
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Job
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Head
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000401:Aircraft; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009624:Noise, Transportation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*