title: Photo-oxidation of biodegraded crude oil and toxicity of the photo-oxidized products.
abstract: We investigated the physicochemical changes resulting from irradiation by sunlight of biodegraded crude oil. An Arabian light crude oil sample was first subjected to microbial degradation. n-Alkanes and aromatic compounds such as naphthalenes, fluorenes, dibenzothiophenes and phenanthrenes possessing short, alkyl side chain(s) were almost completely degraded, while the contents of the saturated and aromatic fractions were reduced by 70% and 40%, respectively. This biodegraded oil was then suspended in seawater and exposed to sunlight irradiation for several weeks. The most remarkable change caused by the irradiation was a substantial decline in the aromatic fraction with a concomitant increase in the resin and asphaltene fractions. A 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis showed that the aromaticity of the biodegraded oil was significantly lower in the irradiated sample. A field desorption-mass spectrometric (FD-MS) analysis showed that sunlight irradiation reduced the average molecular weight of the oil components and formed oxygenated compounds. Consistent with this observation is that the oxygen content in the oil increased as the irradiation was prolonged. The bioavailability of the biodegraded oil was increased by the photo-oxidation: the growth of seawater microbes was minimal when the non-irradiated biodegraded oil was used as the source of carbon and energy; however, growth was significant when irradiated biodegraded oil was used. The concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased linearly during the sunlight irradiation of the biodegraded oil, and this increase was matched by an increase in ultraviolet-absorptive materials in the seawater. The photochemically formed, water-soluble fraction (WSF) showed acute toxicity against the halophilic crustacean, Artemia.
authors.affiliation: Marine Biotechnology Institute, Kamaishi Laboratories, Iwate, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harayama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010578:Petroleum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D010777:Photochemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013472:Sunlight; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002244:Carbon