title: Choroidal infarction, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and central retinal artery occlusion from polyarteritis nodosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ocular ischemia from polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is rare. The authors present a case of multifocal ocular infarction from PAN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 70-year-old woman developed hand and foot numbness followed by intermittent blurred vision and binocular horizontal diplopia. Two weeks later, she suddenly lost vision in the right eye from a central retinal artery occlusion and then developed a left anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and bilateral triangular choroidal abnormalities consistent with infarction. Her erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were elevated. Although giant cell arteritis was suspected, a multiple mononeuropathy was demonstrated by electromyogram and nerve conduction velocity studies. Biopsy specimens from her sural nerve and biceps muscle showed a necrotizing vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis, consistent with PAN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polyarteritis nodosa can produce ischemia of a variety of ocular structures, including the retina, choroid, and optic nerve. In our patient, all three structures were affected. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of the triangular sign of Amalric in PAN.
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-9204, USA.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kerrison
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply*; D004172:Diplopia / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007238:Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D018917:Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D010488:Polyarteritis Nodosa / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D015356:Retinal Artery Occlusion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity