title: A double-blind, randomized comparison of intramuscularly and intravenously administered parecoxib sodium versus ketorolac and placebo in a post-oral surgery pain model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parecoxib sodium is an injectable cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitor developed for the treatment of acute pain. The analgesic efficacy of IV and IM parecoxib has been demonstrated in previous pilot studies using the post-oral surgery pain model.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to characterize the analgesic efficacy of parecoxib in healthy adults after oral surgery while comparing the efficacy and tolerability of the IV and IM routes of administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo- and active-controlled, single-dose, single-center trial. Patients experiencing moderate to severe post-operative pain after the extraction of > or =2 impacted third molars were randomized to receive parecoxib sodium 20 mg IM, 20 mg IV, 40 mg IM, or 40 mg IV; ketorolac tromethamine 60 mg IM; or placebo. Patients assessed pain intensity and pain relief (PR) at baseline and at designated intervals for 24 hours after administration of study medication or until rescue medication was taken. Analgesic efficacy was assessed in terms of time-specific pain intensity difference (PID) and PR, time to onset of analgesia, and time to use of rescue medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred four patients were randomized to treatment. Parecoxib sodium 20 and 40 mg IM or IV and ketorolac 60 mg IM were significantly superior to placebo in PID, PR, time to onset of analgesia, and time to use of rescue medication (P < or = 0.05). Equal IV and IM doses of parecoxib were comparable on these measures; however, time to use of rescue medication was longer with IM compared with IV administration. Both doses of parecoxib were comparable to ketorolac 60 mg IM in time to onset of analgesia, but parecoxib 40 mg had a significantly longer duration of action (P < or = 0.05). The few statistically significant differences in PID and PR between parecoxib 40 mg and ketorolac favored ketorolac versus parecoxib 40 mg IV at earlier time points and parecoxib 40 mg IM versus ketorolac at later time points (P < or = 0.05). All treatments were well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parecoxib IV and IM provided effective analgesia. The 40-mg dose was comparable to ketorolac 60 mg on most measures of analgesia but had a longer duration of action.
authors.affiliation: SCIREX Corporation, Austin, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kuss
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Talwalker
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hubbard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000601:surgery*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007555:Isoxazoles; C409945:parecoxib; D020910:Ketorolac