title: A randomized multicenter trial of crotalinae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom for the treatment for crotaline snakebite in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current therapy for crotaline snakebite includes antivenin (Crotalidae) polyvalent, an antivenom with numerous adverse effects. We compared the efficacy and safety of 2 dosing regimens with a new antivenom, Crotalinae polyvalent immune Fab (Fab AV).
  
  
  METHODS
  A single dose of Fab AV alone (as-needed [PRN] group) was compared with an initial dose plus repeated treatments during 18 hours (scheduled group) in a multicenter randomized trial. The study included patients with minimal or moderate envenomation by a crotaline snake within the preceding 6 hours, aged 10 years or older, in whom worsening of the envenomation syndrome was observed before Fab AV treatment. After treatment with Fab AV to achieve initial control, patients were randomized to the scheduled or PRN treatment group. Scheduled group patients received additional doses of Fab AV every 6 hours for 3 doses. The PRN group received no planned additional doses of antivenom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean severity score of the 31 patients decreased from 4.35 to 2.39 points (P<.001); there was no difference between scheduled and PRN groups. No patient in the scheduled group received unplanned Fab AV doses, but 8 of 16 patients in the PRN group received unplanned doses (P =.002). Acute reactions occurred in 6 patients (19%), and serum sickness occurred in 6 (23%) of 26 patients who returned for follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the first randomized trial of antivenom in the United States, Fab AV effectively terminated venom effects. Since the unplanned use of Fab AV in the PRN group was common, the treatment regimen may require more than 1 initial dose.
authors.affiliation: Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, 1010 Yosemite Cir, Denver, CO 80230, USA. rdart@rmpdc.org
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Dart
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kitchens
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Curry
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Bogdan
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Porter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000997:Antivenins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments