title: A hydroxychalcone derived from cinnamon functions as a mimetic for insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  These studies investigated the ability of a hydroxychalcone from cinnamon to function as an insulin mimetic in 3T3-LI adipocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative experiments were performed with the cinnamon methylhydroxychalcone polymer and insulin with regard to glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis. phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase dependency, glycogen synthase activation and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta activity. The phosphorylation state of the insulin receptor was also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MHCP treatment stimulated glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis to a similar level as insulin. Glycogen synthesis was inhibited by both wortmannin and LY294002, inhibitors directed against the PI-3-kinase. In addition, MHCP treatment activated glycogen synthase and inhibited glycogen synthase kinase-3beta activities, known effects of insulin treatment. Analysis of the insulin receptor demonstrated that the receptor was phosphorylated upon exposure to the MHCP. This supports that the insulin cascade was triggered by MHCP. Along with comparing MHCP to insulin, experiments were done with MHCP and insulin combined. The responses observed using the dual treatment were greater than additive, indicating synergism between the two compounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, these results demonstrate that the MHCP is an effective mimetic of insulin. MHCP may be useful in the treatment of insulin resistance and in the study of the pathways leading to glucose utilization in cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jarvill-Taylor
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Graves
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D002935:Cinnamomum zeylanicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006003:Glycogen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006006:Glycogen Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011108:Polymers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000077191:Wortmannin
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005947:Glucose; D006003:Glycogen; D006006:Glycogen Synthase; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases; D007328:Insulin; D009025:Morpholines; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011108:Polymers; D011972:Receptor, Insulin; D000077191:Wortmannin; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one