title: Solvent exposures at shoe factories and workshops in Hebron City, West Bank.
abstract: Exposure to organic solvents has been reported to increase the risks for acute and chronic health effects among shoe industry workers. In developing countries, protection against chemical exposures is often not provided. The study was conducted to identify working conditions and estimate the concentrations of organic solvents used in shoe factories and workshops in Hebron City. Personal interviews containing questions related to personal protective equipment (PPE) were used to identify working conditions, and samples collected from factories and workshops were analyzed using gas chromatography. Geometric means (GMs) were calculated for the solvents. Six major organic solvents were detected in the factories. Acetone (GM = 51.5 mg/m3, GSD = 3.82) was common in gluing tasks. Dichloromethane (GM = 47 mg/m3, GSD = 2.62) was common in cleaning tasks. Heptane, methylethyl ketone, n-hexane, and toluene were common in gluing tasks. Four major organic solvents were detected in the workshops: acetone (GM = 32.3 mg/m:3, GSD = 6.33), toluene (GM = 70.3 mg/m3, GSD = 3.06), n-hexane (GM = 19.4 mg/m3:, GSD = 2.65), and methylethyl ketone (GM = 130 mg/mM3, GSD = 1.5). 81% of the factory workers had never used respiratory protective equipment, and 92% had never used work clothes. 97% of the workers in the workshops had never used respiratory protective equipment, 94% had never worn gloves, and 90% had never used work clothes. Exposures to solvents in the absence of personal Protective equipment, tasks barriers, and mechanical ventilation can adversely affect health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hebron University, West Bank, Palestinian Authority. knijem@hotmail.com
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nijem
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thorud
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Khatib
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Takrori
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bjertness
mesh_terms: D000096:Acetone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002074:Butanones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D006586:Hexanes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D008420:Manufactured Materials / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012775:Shoes; D012997:Solvents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D014050:Toluene / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002074:Butanones; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006586:Hexanes; D012997:Solvents; D000096:Acetone; C026385:n-hexane; D014050:Toluene; C005222:methylethyl ketone