title: Optimization of stacked half-hitch knots for arthroscopic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to determine the optimal configuration of stacked half-hitch knots that would give the maximum knot-holding capacity (KHC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mechanical testing study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2 types of suture materials tested were No. 1 PDS II monofilament and No. 2 Ethibond braided (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) because these are the 2 most commonly used sutures in arthroscopic surgery. Twelve configurations of stacked half-hitch knots including 2 versions of the Revo knot were tested. Knots were tied between 2 steel hooks 7 mm apart on a manual knot-testing machine. The steel hooks were spread apart to break the knot and the KHC was determined by the peak load recorded on the digital force transducer. Maximum KHC was achieved for No. 1 PDS II sutures by locking the knot with 2 RHAPs (reversing half-hitch on alternate post) and, for No. 2 Ethibond sutures, by locking the knot with 3 RHAPs. Because of the possibility of PDS II sutures unraveling, it is recommended for both No. 1 PDS II and No. 2 Ethibond sutures, that all stacked half-hitches be locked with 3 RHAPs. By adding 1 RHAP to the Revo knot, failure by slippage can be eliminated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recommended knots tied with braided No. 2 Ethibond sutures were 1.5 times stronger than knots tied with No. 1 PDS II sutures. Although there was variability in the KHC of the recommended knots tied by different surgeons using different knot tiers, the greatest difference in the mean KHC was less than 10%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stacked half-hitch knots locked with 3 RHAPs are unlikely to fail by slippage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore. intchanc@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Burkhart
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thiagarajan
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Goh
mesh_terms: D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019563:Mechanics; D013536:Suture Techniques