title: Measuring beyond the microscope field of view using digital images in squamous cell carcinoma of the lip.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the impact of using digital images for measuring the size of the tumors, assisting with the prognostic evaluation of carcinomas of the oral mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  The depth of invasion of 12 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip was assessed through a microscope and through digital images. All measurements of depth of invasion were assessed in a direction orthogonal to the lip surface. First, assessment of depth of invasion was done at the microscope, using an eyepiece reticule with an engraved scale. Second, depth of invasion was assessed by digital images, using a program module developed to assist pathologists with linear measuring. When the depth of the tumor was larger than the field of view at the proper magnification, several images were taken to include the whole area of invasion. The images were finally mounted in a single image and the depth of invasion measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show positive and negative differences between assessments when assessing depths of < 2 mm. At greater depths (> or = 2 mm), the difference was always negative, showing that for deep invasion, measurements of longer distances were always performed on digital images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurements with digital images beyond the field of view at proper magnification could sig nificantly alter the diagnostic and prognostic assessment made using the microscope.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal. dcruz@ipatimup.pt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seixas
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lopes
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008048:Lip Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013223:Statistics as Topic