title: Nipple-sparing mastectomy in breast cancer: a viable option?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In women with breast cancer for whom breast-conserving therapy (BCT) is not the best option, a nipple and areola complex-(NAC) sparing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction has been proposed as a good and safe alternative to conventional, more radical mastectomy. Surgeons hesitate to perform this operation for fear of recurrence of tumour in the NAC due to undetected nipple involvement (NI) of the tumour. In order to determine whether a NAC-sparing mastectomy is a viable option, the frequency and predictive factors of NI by the tumour were studied in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature survey was performed by searching the Medline database. Other references were derived from the material perused.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NI is found in up to 58% of mastectomy specimens and correlates with tumour size, tumour-areola or tumour-nipple distance, positive lymph nodes and clinical suspicion. Best candidates for NAC-sparing mastectomy are patients with a small tumour (T1) at a large distance (>4-5 cm) from the nipple. However, in these patients BCT has excellent results with low complications and recurrence rates. Considering the incidence of NI in larger tumours (T2 average 33%, T3 average >50%) a NAC-sparing mastectomy may carry an unacceptable high risk for local relapse and should therefore not be advocated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Isala Clinics location Weezenlanden, Zwolle, The Netherlands. hacense@knmg.nl
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Cense
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rutgers
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopes Cardozo
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Van Lanschot
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D009558:Nipples; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome