title: Interpreting physical evidence of predation on hoofstock and management alternatives for coping with predators.
abstract: Predation on domestic and wild hoofstock is a serious management constraint, especially for small ruminants and neonates. Diagnosis of the species of predator responsible for livestock losses relies on the ability to interpret direct and indirect evidence of predation. This article summarizes the physical evidence associated with depredation events and includes the most common species of predators encountered in North America. Management alternatives for coping with predators are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, San Angelo, Texas, USA. d-rollins@tamu.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rollins
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000293:injuries; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002423:Cause of Death; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006799:Housing, Animal; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D012418:Ruminants / Q000293:injuries*