title: Parent, child, and social correlates of parental discipline style: a retrospective, multi-informant investigation with female twins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The type of parental discipline used in families appears to be related to parental characteristics, child temperament, and aspects of the social context. Within these three areas, we examine specific correlates of parental discipline (namely, limit setting and physical discipline) using a multiple informant model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using interview data from 2003 female twins from a population-based twin registry and 1472 of their parents, we examined retrospective reports of parental discipline from three perspectives. First, father and mother reporting separately on the type of discipline they provided for their offspring; second, each twin reporting on the type of discipline they received from their parents; and third, each parent reporting on the discipline provided by their spouse. Using a mixed model regression, we examined the impact on parental discipline of 25 potential predictor variables, as reported by parents, from three domains: social context, parental factors, and childhood vulnerability factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a great deal of overlap between the independent variables for the two types of discipline in the areas of child vulnerability factors and family relationships, with similar effect sizes for child disobedience, teenage rebelliousness, and family discord. However, the profiles of parental characteristics associated with each type of discipline were quite different. Greater use of physical discipline was associated with less parental warmth, a higher incidence of parental lifetime generalised anxiety disorder, and more frequent religious attendance. Greater use of limit setting was associated with more years of parental education, younger age, and greater parental extroversion and authoritarianism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental characteristics, child temperament, and social context may all contribute to the frequency of discipline used in families, but parental characteristics may be most influential in determining the type of discipline used.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide. tracey.wade@flinders.edu.au
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kendler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002668:Child Rearing / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011599:Psychopathology; D012042:Registries; D012107:Research Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014768:Virginia