title: Thalamic activation during an attention-to-prepulse startle modification paradigm: a functional MRI study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex reflects early stages of information processing and is modulated by selective attention. Animal models indicate medial frontal-thalamic circuitry is important in PPI modulation. We report data from the first functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examining whether attending to or ignoring a prepulse differentially activates brain areas within this circuitry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy subjects received structural and functional MRI. During fMRI acquisition, subjects heard intermixed attended and ignored tones serving as prepulses to the startle stimulus. Regions of interest were traced on structural MRI and coregistered to fMRI images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Greater amplitude fMRI blood-oxygen-level-dependent response to attended than ignored PPI conditions occurred in the right thalamus, and bilaterally in the anterior and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei, whereas the startle-alone condition showed deactivation. In transitional medial cortex (Brodmann Area 32), which is involved in affective processing of noxious stimuli, the startle-alone condition elicited the greatest response, the attended-PPI condition showed the smallest response, and the ignored-PPI condition was intermediate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings extend animal models to humans by indicating thalamic involvement in the modulation of PPI. Further fMRI investigations may elucidate other key structures in the circuitry underlying normal and disordered modulation of PPI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hazlett
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Buchsbaum
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Fleischman
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Byne
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Haznedar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology*; D013788:Thalamus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen