title: Effects of solar-simulated radiation dose fractionation on CD1a+ Langerhans cells and CD11b+ macrophages in human skin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few human studies investigating the immunosuppressive effects of exposure to solar-simulated radiation (SSR) and its relationship with sunburn/erythema, and few comparative data on the importance of SSR exposure regimens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether SSR-induced erythema is a reliable end-point for assessing damage to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in human skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the relationship between SSR-induced erythema and alterations in epidermal CD1a+ Langerhans cells (LCs) and CD11b+ macrophages in human volunteers after single exposures to 0, 0.5, 1, 2 or 3 minimal erythema doses (MED). We also investigated whether SSR exposure leads to an accumulation or accommodation of the same end-points by comparing the effects of a relatively low cumulative SSR dose (3 MED) given in varying daily dose fractions (4 x 0.75 MED, 2 x 1.5 MED and 1 x 3 MED).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single SSR exposures induced a dose-dependent increase in erythema. CD1a+ LCs remaining in the irradiated epidermis showed a dose-dependent increase in cell size and altered morphology. Significant depletion of CD1a+ LCs and presence of CD11b+ macrophages only occurred in sites irradiated with 2 MED and 3 MED. Dose fractionation had no effect on the final erythemal response but the 4 x 0.75 MED and 1 x 3 MED protocols were better tolerated than 2 x 1.5 MED for alterations in CD1a+ LC and CD11b+ cell numbers. In contrast, dose fractionation protected against alterations in CD1a+ LC morphology or cell size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that erythema is a poor indicator of alterations in epidermal APCs and that dose fractionation is an important parameter in the immunological effects of ultraviolet radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Dermatology, St John's Institute of Dermatology, St. Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Novakovic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Orchard
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018949:Antigens, CD1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002452:Cell Count; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000528:radiation effects; D007801:Langerhans Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013471:Sunburn / Q000276:immunology; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D018949:Antigens, CD1; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen