title: An exploration of the complex relationship of socioecologic factors in the treatment and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction in disadvantaged populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship of patients' socioeconomic status (SES) as measured by race, health insurance status, and median income by zip code to in-hospital mortality of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), paying special attention to patients with multiple unfavorable socioeconomic risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data set was abstracted from patient-level hospital discharges in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, Release 3, 1994. A total of 95,971 AMI discharges in 11 states were extracted.
  
  
  METHODS
  The risk adjustment methodology was adapted from the California Hospital Outcomes Project. Risk factors included demographic and clinical characteristics. Patients in double jeopardy had inferior insurance status and lived in poorer neighborhoods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with patients with health care coverage under Medicare and private insurance uninsured AMI patients had the highest risk-adjusted mortality odds and Medicaid AMI patients had the second highest odds. Probably because of the modest association of median income by zip code areas with mortality odds, the double jeopardy phenomenon was not observed. However, compared to patients who had two favorable SES attributes, patients who carried two unfavorable SES attributes had much higher mortality risk, more comorbidities, longer length of stay, and higher total hospital charges, while they received fewer AMI specialized procedures. Race did not seem to be a significant factor after adjustment for other SES attributes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SES is significantly related to the mortality of AMI patients. The disadvantaged patients receive fewer specialized procedures, possibly because of their higher levels of severity and financial barriers. The variation in mortality between patients who had favorable and unfavorable SES becomes wider when multiple socioeconomic risks are borne by the latter.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Administration and Human Services, College of Health Professions, Governors State University, University Park, IL 60466, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Perlin
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006302:Health Services Research; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology