title: Muscle fiber composition and capillary density in Turner syndrome: evidence of increased muscle fiber size related to insulin resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess muscle fiber composition and capillary density in Turner syndrome, a condition linked with insulin resistance and increased frequency of type 2 diabetes, and link these findings with insulin sensitivity and physical fitness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 10 patients with Turner syndrome who were off hormone replacement therapy (aged 32.7 +/- 8.9 years) and a control group of 14 normal women (aged 35.6 +/- 9.3 years) were studied. None of the participants had diabetes or any family history of type 2 diabetes. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed, and insulin sensitivity was assessed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and a composite whole-body insulin sensitivity index (ISI(comp)). Physical fitness was assessed, and a muscle biopsy was obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with Turner syndrome were insulin resistant, as seen by a lower ISI(comp) (P = 0.003) and increased glucose (P < 0.0005) and insulin (P = 0.01) levels at 120 min. Impaired glucose tolerance was present in most Turner syndrome patients (6 of 10), but not in the control subjects. Women with Turner syndrome had an increased size of type IIa fibers (P = 0.01), whereas the size of their type I and IIa fibers were comparable with the control group. The groups did not differ in percentage of type I, Iia, or IIx fibers, and there was no difference in the capillary density. Significant correlations were found among ISI(comp), the HOMA index (R(HOMA)), and the mean area of type IIa fibers (ISI(comp): r = -0.632, P = 0.002; R(HOMA): r = 0.570, P = 0.006). Furthermore, capillaries/type IIa fibers correlated significantly with ISI(comp) (r = -0.618, P = 0.01). There were no significant correlations between VO(2max) and muscle fiber composition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthy women with Turner syndrome are characterized by impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, low physical capacity, and enlarged type IIa muscle fibers, indicating diminished oxygen and substrate supply for metabolic processes. These findings could be indicative of a prediabetic state.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department M (Endocrinology and Diabetes), Aarhus Kommunehospital, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. ch.gravholt@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Gravholt
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nyholm
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saltin
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Christiansen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition; D002196:Capillaries / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin