title: Thalidomide and dexamethasone combination for refractory multiple myeloma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thalidomide is effective in approximately 30% of patients with refractory multiple myeloma. Dexamethasone is active in 25% of patients with disease resistant to alkylating agents. We investigated the combination of thalidomide with dexamethasone as salvage treatment for heavily pretreated patients with multiple myeloma, in order to assess its efficacy and toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four patients with refractory myeloma were treated with thalidomide, 200 mg p.o. daily at bedtime, with dose escalation to 400 mg after 14 days, and dexamethasone, which was administered intermittently at a dose of 20 mg/m2 p.o. daily for four days on day 1-4, 9-12, 17-20, followed by monthly dexamethasone for four days. Patients' median age was 67 years. All patients were resistant to standard chemotherapy, 77% were resistant to dexamethasone-based regimens and 32% had previously received high-dose therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On an intention-to-treat basis twenty-four patients (55%) achieved a partial response with a median time to response of 1.3 months. The thalidomide and dexamethasone combination was equally effective in patients with or without prior resistance to dexamethasone-based regimens and in patients with or without prior high-dose therapy. Toxicities were mild or moderate and consisted primarily of constipation, morning somnolence, tremor, xerostomia and peripheral neuropathy. The median time to progression for responding patients is expected to exceed 10 months and the median survival for all patients is 12.6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of thalidomide with dexamethasone appears active in patients with refractory multiple myeloma. If this activity is confirmed, further studies of this combination as second-line treatment for patients resistant to conventional chemotherapy, and as primary treatment for patients with active myeloma, should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Therapeutics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Greece. mdimop@cc.uoa.gr
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dimopoulos
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zervas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kouvatseas
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Galani
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grigoraki
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kiamouris
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vervessou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Samantas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Papadimitriou
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Economou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gika
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panayiotidis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Christakis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Anagnostopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D013792:Thalidomide; D003907:Dexamethasone