title: Relation between electroconvulsive therapy, cognitive side effects, neuron specific enolase, and protein S-100.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) induces brain tissue damage expressed as an increase in neuron specific enolase and protein S-100.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 179 serial measurements of S-100 and NSE serum concentrations were performed on 14 patients during the course of a bilaterally stimulated ECT series. Cognitive performance was assessed by psychometric testing carried out on the day before the start of ECT as well as on the days after the third, sixth, and last ECT. Pre-ECT and post-ECT concentrations of NSE and S-100 were compared by non-parametric tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, 9.5 (SD 2.9) (range 3-12) ECTs were applied; 13 of 14 patients received at least six ECTs. The average duration of convulsion (computed for all ECTs) was 29.0 (SD 10.5) seconds. At no point during the ECT series was there a significant increase in the average NSE or S-100 concentrations compared with the baseline investigation before the start of the ECT series. The maximal measured post-ECT values of NSE and S-100 were 26.6 ng/ml and 0.46 ng/ml, respectively. The cumulative energy doses applied, seizure durations, and ECT induced changes in cognitive performance scores were never significantly correlated with the NSE or S-100 serum concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pattern of findings suggests that a modern ECT, fulfilling current quality standards, induces no brain tissue damage detectable by changes in NSE or protein S-100.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Evanglical Clinics Gelsenkirchen, Munckelstrasse 27, D-45879 Gelsenkirchen, Germany. Markus-Willi.Agelink@institute-of-biological-psychiatry.com
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Agelink
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andrich
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Postert
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Würzinger
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zeit
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klotz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Przuntek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017293:Protein S / Q000378:metabolism*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017293:Protein S; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase