title: Morbidity and mortality of preterm twins and higher-order multiple births.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if preterm infants of higher-order multiple (HOM) gestations have a significantly worse outcome during hospital stay when compared with preterm twins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perinatal outcome variables including gestational age (GA), birthweight, prenatal steroid use, cesarean section delivery rate, Apgar scores, and growth retardation were analyzed for 106 preterm HOM births (triplets and quadruplets) versus 328 preterm twins admitted to a single tertiary level neonatal intensive care unit. A comparison of the mortality and major neonatal morbidities such as respiratory distress syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and retinopathy of prematurity was made for these two groups. In addition, the duration of respiratory support including surfactant therapy, nasal continuous positive airway pressure, and mechanical ventilation, as well as the length of hospitalization, was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in major morbidities between the infants of HOM and twin births of similar GA. There was no statistically significant difference in mortality, but the data showed a trend for lesser mortality in HOM. There was a highly significant increase in antenatal steroid use as well as the use of cesarean section for delivery in the HOM when compared with twin gestations. The infants of HOM gestations were of significantly lower birthweight than the twins and had a longer hospitalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although premature infants of HOM had lower birthweight and needed a longer hospital stay, their mortality and morbidity at hospital discharge were not worse than that for preterm twins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suri
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhandari
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lerer
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Rosenkrantz
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D002423:Cause of Death; D003237:Connecticut / Q000453:epidemiology; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000453:epidemiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011783:Quadruplets; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014310:Triplets