title: Movement and regeneration of epicuticular waxes through plant cuticles.
abstract: Regeneration of plant epicuticular waxes was studied in 24 plant species by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. According to their regeneration behaviour, four groups could be distinguished: (i) regeneration occurs at all stages of development; (ii) regeneration occurs only during leaf expansion; (iii) regeneration occurs only in fully developed leaves; (iv) plants were not able to regenerate wax. Wax was removed from the leaves with water-based glue and a liquid polymer, i.e. water-based polyurethane dispersion. In young leaves these coverings could not be removed without damaging the leaves. After a few days, waxes appeared on the surface of these polymer films, which still adhered to the leaves. It is concluded that waxes move through the cuticle in a process similar to steam distillation. This hypothesis could be further substantiated in refined in vitro experiments. Wax isolated from Eucalyptus globulus was applied to a filter paper, subsequently covered with a liquid polymer and fixed onto a diffusion chamber filled with water. The diffusion chamber was put into a desiccator. After 8-10 days at room temperature, crystals similar in dimensions and shape to in situ crystals appeared on the surface of the polyurethane film. This indicates that waxes in molecular dimensions move together with the water vapor that permeates through the polymer membrane. Based on these results, we propose a new and simple hypothesis for the mechanism of wax movement: the molecules that finally form the epicuticular wax crystals are moved in the cuticular water current.
authors.affiliation: Botanisches Institut und Botanischer Garten der Universität, Bonn, Germany. neinhuis@uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neinhuis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Barthlott
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D004867:Equipment Design; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018526:Plant Transpiration / Q000502:physiology; D011108:Polymers / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D014885:Waxes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008563:Membrane Lipids; D011108:Polymers; D014885:Waxes; D014867:Water; C000521:cutin