title: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a new classification to determine extent of spinal arthrodesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The lack of a reliable, universally acceptable system for classification of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has made comparisons between various types of operative treatment an impossible task. Furthermore, long-term outcomes cannot be determined because of the great variations in the description of study groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a new classification system with three components: curve type (1 through 6), a lumbar spine modifier (A, B, or C), and a sagittal thoracic modifier (-, N, or +). The six curve types have specific characteristics, on coronal and sagittal radiographs, that differentiate structural and nonstructural curves in the proximal thoracic, main thoracic, and thoracolumbar/lumbar regions. The lumbar spine modifier is based on the relationship of the center sacral vertical line to the apex of the lumbar curve, and the sagittal thoracic modifier is based on the sagittal curve measurement from the fifth to the twelfth thoracic level. A minus sign represents a curve of less than +10 degrees, N represents a curve of 10 degrees to 40 degrees, and a plus sign represents a curve of more than +40 degrees. Five surgeons, members of the Scoliosis Research Society who had developed the new system and who had previously tested the reliability of the King classification on radiographs of twenty-seven patients, measured the same radiographs (standing coronal and lateral as well as supine side-bending views) to test the reliability of the new classification. A randomly chosen independent group of seven surgeons, also members of the Scoliosis Research Society, tested the reliability and validity of the classification as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The interobserver and intraobserver kappa values for the curve type were, respectively, 0.92 and 0.83 for the five developers of the system and 0.740 and 0.893 for the independent group of seven scoliosis surgeons. In the independent group, the mean interobserver and intraobserver kappa values were 0.800 and 0.840 for the lumbar modifier and 0.938 and 0.970 for the sagittal thoracic modifier. These kappa values were all in the good-to-excellent range (>0.75), except for the interobserver reliability of the independent group for the curve type (kappa = 0.74), which fell just below this level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new two-dimensional classification of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, as tested by two groups of surgeons, was shown to be much more reliable than the King system. Additional studies are necessary to determine the versatility, reliability, and accuracy of the classification for defining the vertebrae to be included in an arthrodesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthpaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA. lenkel@msnotes.wustl.edu
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Lenke
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Betz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harms
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Bridwell
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blanke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001174:Arthrodesis; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D011859:Radiography; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging