title: Structural and ultrastructural changes to the sclera in a mammalian model of high myopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development of high myopia is associated with scleral thinning and changes in the diameter of scleral collagen fibrils in humans. In the present study, the association between these scleral changes and the losses in scleral tissue that have previously been reported in animal models were investigated to determine the relationship between changes in collagen fibril architecture and thinning of the sclera in high myopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Myopia was induced in young tree shrews by monocular deprivation of pattern vision for short-term (12 days) or long-term (3-20 months) periods. Scleral tissue from normal animals over a wide age range (birth to 21 months) was also collected to provide data on the normal development of the sclera. Light and electron microscopy were used to measure scleral thickness and to determine the frequency distribution of collagen fibril diameters in the sclera. Tissue loss was monitored through measures of scleral dry weight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant scleral thinning and tissue loss, particularly at the posterior pole of the eye, were associated with ocular enlargement and myopia development after both short- and long-term treatments. However, collagen fibril diameter distribution was not significantly altered after short-term myopia treatment, whereas, from 3 months of monocular deprivation onward, significant reductions in the median collagen fibril diameter were noted, particularly at the posterior pole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrated that loss of scleral tissue and subsequent scleral thinning occurred rapidly during development of axial myopia. However, this initial tissue loss progressed in a way that did not result in significant alterations to the collagen fibril diameter distribution. In the longer term, there was an increased number of small diameter collagen fibrils in the sclera of highly myopic eyes, which is consistent with findings in humans and is likely to contribute to the weakened biomechanical properties of the sclera that have previously been reported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. n.mcbrien@optometry.unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: McBrien
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cornell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gentle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001699:Biometry; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009216:Myopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009929:Organ Size; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012590:Sclera / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D014417:Tupaia
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen