title: Antecedents and socioemotional consequences of physical punishment on children in two-parent families.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main objective of this study was to test a structural model of the antecedents and socioemotional consequences of mothers' use of physical punishment on children in two-parent families.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, based on a sample of 1397 4- to 9-year-old children, were used to test a structural model derived by the author from previous research. The hypothesized model was revised; the revised model was cross validated on a split-half sample, and estimated separately by age group, gender, and race/ethnicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The revised model fit the data well and was supported by cross-validation. Poverty, maternal birth age, parents' education, maternal depression, and marital conflict were directly or indirectly related to mothers' frequent use of physical punishment. Frequent use of physical punishment was directly related to children's socioemotional problems, as were maternal depression and marital conflict. Few subgroup differences were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Main findings indicate that the effect of poverty on mothers' use of physical punishment is indirect, and is mediated by maternal depression and marital conflict. Depressed mothers spank their children more frequently and experience higher levels of marital conflict, which, in turn, is directly related to their use of physical punishment. Younger, more educated mothers spank their children less often. Children who are spanked more frequently exhibit more socioemotional problems.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, USA.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Eamon
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage / Q000523:psychology; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D009679:Nuclear Family / Q000523:psychology; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology*