title: The effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on primitive hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC) function and numbers, after chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primitive hematopoietic stem cell function was assessed after cyclophosphamide with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with or without preadministration of interleukin-1, using competitive repopulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57B6/J mice injected with one or four biweekly intravenous injections of cyclophosphamide, 200 mg/kg, received granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, 1 microg, subcutaneously for 5 days, beginning 24 hours after cyclophosphamide. Alternatively, mice were injected with interleukin-1, 1 microg, 20 hours before administration of drug or drug and cytokine. Marrow obtained from mice sacrificed 4 weeks after the last dose of drug or drug and cytokine was used in competitive repopulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant reductions in marrow repopulating ability occurred after a single dose of cyclophosphamide or multiple injections. Repopulating units (RU) were calculated, and both binomial and Poisson models for estimation of primitive hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC) numbers were used. RU were significantly diminished for all treatment groups when compared to controls. PHSC numbers were not significantly affected by either regimen of cyclophosphamide given alone. Addition of GM-CSF to cyclophosphamide, whether the latter was given in single or multiple doses, led to further, although insignificant, declines in repopulating ability, as well as PHSC and RU numbers. Interleukin-1 usage exacerbated the observed repopulating defect. There was evidence of replicative failure in individual cells, indicating a qualitative defect also.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additive stem cell depletion and qualitative replicative defect occur after chemotherapy-cytokine usage. However, the replicative defect of PHSC seen after addition of GM-CSF is not significantly worse than that seen with cytotoxic drug use alone.
authors.affiliation: Department ofPediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. rgardn@mail.peds.lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Begue
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McKinnon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D002452:Cell Count; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000187:drug effects; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000592:standards; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D003520:Cyclophosphamide