title: QUASIMEME laboratory performance study of the biological effects of tributyltin (imposex and intersex) on two marine gastropod molluscs.
abstract: The disruption of the endocrine systems of gastropod molluscs and consequential physiological changes (imposex and intersex) are used as biomarkers for environmental contamination by tributyltin compounds. The first international laboratory performance study on the determination of imposex and intersex in neogastropod molluscs, Nucella lapillus and Littorina littorea has been undertaken by the QUASIMEME (Quality Assurance of Information for Marine Environmental Monitoring in Europe) project. Samples of live gastropods were distributed and participants were asked to record shell height and sex, together with penis length and vas deferens sequence stage (VDS) in Nucella or the intersex stage (IS) and prostate length in Littorina. Calculations were made of vas deferens sequence index (VDSI) and the relative penis size index (RPSI) in Nucella and of intersex stage index (ISI) and the average female prostate length (FPrL) in Littorina. Thirteen (87%) of the 15 participating laboratories returned data. The remaining two laboratories asked to participate in later exercises. For Nucella, seven laboratories reported sex ratios significantly different from the reference laboratory data. Differences in penis length measurements between laboratories were largely random, although there were indications of systematic errors affecting the data from three laboratories. Seven laboratories reported satisfactory data (Z-score magnitude of Z < 2) for VDSI. The inclusion of a high proportion of sub-adults in the Nucella samples may have made separation of the sexes more difficult than in mature adults. The sub-adults will have had smaller pene than mature adults in the same population, and therefore any errors (random or systematic) in the measurement of penis length or observation of reproductive organs would have a potentially greater impact on the final reported values of the summary imposex indices. The Littorina sample did not show a high degree of intersex (ISI = 0.41). The laboratories could determine the sex of Littorina reliably and only one laboratory reported data significantly different from the reference laboratory. All except two laboratories reported satisfactory data for ISI.
authors.affiliation: FRS Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Torry, Aberdeen, UK AB11 9DB. daviesim@marlab.ac.uk
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minchin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D001699:Biometry; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000662:veterinary; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010413:Penis / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011786:Quality Control; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012908:Snails / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C011559:tributyltin