title: Right and left handedness defined: a multivariate approach using hand preference and hand performance measures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The major aim of this study was to determine whether a combination of hand preference inventories and hand performance measures identifies distinct handedness groups. If distinct groups are identified, then these subgroupings can be used in future studies to learn more about the neurobiology of these distinct handedness groups.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although most individuals classify themselves as right- or left-handed, it is not entirely clear whether handedness should be determined based on preference inventories, hand performance tasks, or a combination of these measures. Given that hand preference is linked in part to hemispheric specialization of language, it is important to clearly define hand preference groups if lateralized differences between right- and left-handers are to be explored. Healthy adult right- and left-handers were examined from a multivariate perspective in an attempt to determine whether handedness subgroups exist within performance data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hand preference of 62 right- and left-handed male and female adults was assessed using items from Briggs and Nebes' and Oldfield's handedness inventories. Individuals were assigned to right- and left-hand preference groups, both by visually inspecting the distribution of preference scores and via cluster analysis. Asymmetries in performance of unimanual motor tasks (grooved pegboard, finger-tapping, and grip strength) were then examined using a multivariate approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen items from the two-handedness inventories were used to determine preference-based handedness groups. Two non-overlapping groups, right- and left-hand preference, were identified. Writing hand was highly correlated with hand-preference group, as only three individuals in the entire sample wrote with the non-preferred hand. The expected unimodal distributions of performance asymmetry scores, known as laterality quotients (LQs), were seen. However, when those LQs were viewed from a multivariate perspective, distinct performance-based groups emerged. In more than 90% of the observed cases, the performance-based groups corresponded to preference-based groups. No sex differences were found; the relationship between preference and performance measures was not significantly different for men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Writing hand was highly correlated with scores from a hand preference inventory. In contrast, the use of a single hand performance measure, finger tapping or pegboard, did not always correctly classify an individual as right- or left-handed. However, when both of these hand performance measures were used together. individuals were correctly classified as right- or left-handed. Using this approach, two approximately non-overlapping groups, right- and left-handers, emerged. Thus, handedness is probably not a one-dimensional trait or behavior, and must be defined using multiple measures that assess different aspects of hand preference and performance. The implications for hemispheric specialization of language and neural asymmetry research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. dave@tulane.edu
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Corey
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Foundas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation