title: Metabonomic investigations into hydrazine toxicity in the rat.
abstract: The systemic biochemical effects of oral hydrazine administration (dosed at 75, 90, and 120 mg/kg) have been investigated in male Han Wistar rats using metabonomic analysis of (1)H NMR spectra of urine and plasma, conventional clinical chemistry, and liver histopathology. Plasma samples were collected both pre- and 24 h postdose, while urine was collected predose and daily over a 7 day postdose period. (1)H NMR spectra of the biofluids were analyzed visually and via pattern recognition using principal component analysis. The latter showed that there was a dose-dependent biochemical effect of hydrazine treatment on the levels of a range of low molecular weight compounds in urine and plasma, which was correlated with the severity of the hydrazine induced liver lesions. In plasma, increases in the levels of free glycine, alanine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, arginine, tyrosine, citrulline, 3-D-hydroxybutyrate, creatine, histidine, and threonine were observed. Urinary excretion of hippurate, citrate, succinate, 2-oxoglutarate, trimethylamine-N-oxide, fumarate and creatinine were decreased following hydrazine dosing, whereas taurine, creatine, threonine, N-methylnicotinic acid, tyrosine, beta-alanine, citrulline, Nalpha-acetylcitrulline and argininosuccinate excretion was increased. Moreover, the most notable effect was the appearance in urine and plasma of 2-aminoadipate, which has previously been shown to lead to neurological effects in rats. High urinary levels of 2-aminoadipate may explain the hitherto poorly understood neurological effects of hydrazine. Metabonomic analysis of high-resolution (1)H NMR spectra of biofluids has provided a means of monitoring the progression of toxicity and recovery, while also allowing the identification of novel biomarkers of development and regression of the lesion.
authors.affiliation: Biological Chemistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K. a.nicholls@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lindon
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Shockcor
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Farrant
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Haselden
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Damment
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Waterfield
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D006834:Hydrazines; C029424:hydrazine