title: Neuropsychological profiles of children with type 1 diabetes 6 years after disease onset.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe neuropsychological profiles and their relationship to metabolic control in children with type 1 diabetes 6 years after the onset of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with type 1 diabetes (n = 90), aged 6-17 years, who had previously been assessed soon after diagnosis and 2 years later, were reevaluated 6 years after the onset of disease. Their neuropsychological profiles were compared with those of individuals in a community control group (n = 84), who had been assessed at similar intervals. Relationships between illness variables, such as age at the onset of disease and metabolic control history, and neuropsychological status were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six years after onset of disease, children with type 1 diabetes performed more poorly than control subjects on measures of intelligence, attention, processing speed, long-term memory, and executive skills. Attention, processing speed, and executive skills were particularly affected in children with onset of disease before 4 years of age, whereas severe hypoglycemia was associated with lower verbal and full-scale intelligence quotient scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuropsychological profiles of children with type 1 diabetes 6 years after the onset of disease are consistent with subtle compromise of anterior and medial temporal brain regions. Severe hypoglycemia, particularly in very young children, is the most plausible explanation for neuropsychological deficits, but the contributory role of chronic hyperglycemia warrants further exploration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. northaml@cryptic.rch.unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Northam
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Warne
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Werther
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention; D001315:Australia; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000523:psychology; D007360:Intelligence; D007858:Learning; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time; D012016:Reference Values; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014888:Wechsler Scales
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin