title: Cardiac avoidance in breast radiotherapy: a comparison of simple shielding techniques with intensity-modulated radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adjuvant breast radiotherapy (RT) is now part of the routine care of patients with early breast cancer. However, analysis of the Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative suggests that patients with the lowest risk of dying of breast cancer are at significant risk of cardiac mortality due to longer relapse-free survival. Patients with a significant amount of heart in the high-dose volume have been shown to be at risk of fatal cardiac events. This study was designed to assess whether conformal planning or intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) techniques allow reduced cardiac irradiation whilst maintaining full target coverage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with early breast cancer were available for computed tomography (CT) planning. Each had at least 1 cm maximum heart depth within the posterior border of conventional tangents. For each patient, plans were generated and compared using dose volume histograms for planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk. The plans included conventional tangents with and without shielding. The shielding was designed to either completely spare the heart or to shield as much heart as possible without compromising PTV coverage. IMRT plans were also prepared using two- and four-field tangential and six-field arc-like beam arrangements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTV homogeneity was better for the tangential IMRT techniques. For all patients, cardiac irradiation was reduced by the addition of partial cardiac shielding to conventional tangents, without compromise of PTV coverage. The two- and four-field IMRT techniques also reduced heart doses. The average percentage volume of heart receiving >60% of the prescription dose was 4.4% (range 1.0-7.1%) for conventional tangents, 1.5% (0.2-3.9%) for partial shielding, 2.3% (0.5-4.6%) for the two-field IMRT technique and 2.2% (0.4-5.6%) for the four-field IMRT technique. For patients with larger maximum heart depths the four-field IMRT plan achieved greater heart sparing than the partial shielding, although irradiation of the contralateral breast was increased. Full cardiac shielding resulted in the most complete heart sparing but with compromise of the PTV coverage; the mean volume receiving less than 95% of the prescription dose was 4% (range 1.5-8.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All patients undergoing adjuvant tangential breast RT in whom the heart is seen to be in the high-dose volume should be considered for the addition of cardiac-sparing lead blocks. Three-dimensional CT planning and alternative beam arrangements with IMRT optimization enables more complete cardiac sparing without compromise of PTV coverage in certain patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Royal Marsden Trust, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Landau
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006321:Heart / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D011832:Radiation Injuries; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed