title: Serologic response to hepatitis B vaccine in HIV infected and high-risk HIV uninfected adolescents in the REACH cohort. Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care and Health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine response rates in HIV infected and high-risk HIV uninfected youth and examine associations with responsiveness in the HIV infected group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohorts within the Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care and Health (REACH) study population were defined based on receipt of HBV vaccine both retrospectively and prospectively. Sero-responsiveness was determined by HBsAb measurements. Testing was done for HBsAg, HBsAb, and HBcAb. For HBsAb, a value of > 10 International Units per liter was considered a positive response, and the data were collected as either positive or negative from each of the reporting laboratories. Covariates of responsiveness were explored in univariate and multivariate models for each cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one subjects had received a three-dose vaccination course at the time of entry into REACH. HIV uninfected subjects had significantly higher rates of response by serology compared with HIV infected subjects (70% vs. 41.1%; chi(2) = .05; RR = .586, 95% CI: .36-.96). By the time of an annual visit 43 subjects had received three vaccinations with at least one occurring in the study period. The rates of response were similar for the HIV infected and uninfected groups (37.1% vs. 37.5%) in this cohort. Univariate and multivariate analysis in the prospective HIV infected group (N = 35) found an association between elevated CD8(+)/CD38(+)/HLA-DR(+) T cells and lack of HBV vaccine responsiveness (6.7% vs. 60%; chi(2) = .03; RR = .12, 95% CI: .02- .55).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The poor HBV vaccine response rate in the HIV uninfected high-risk adolescents was unexpected and suggests that HBV vaccination doses have not been optimized for older adolescents. This is the first report of decreased responsiveness in HIV infected subjects being associated with elevated CD8(+)/CD38(+)/HLA(-)DR(+) T cells and suggests that ongoing viral replication and concomitant immune system activation decreases the ability of the immune system in HIV infected subjects to respond to vaccination.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham, Geographic Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-2170, USA. cwilson@uab.edu
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ellenberg
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belzer
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Crowley-Nowick
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puga
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Futterman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peralta
mesh_terms: D036541:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase; D051997:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1; D000293:Adolescent; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009244:NAD+ Nucleosidase; D012698:Serologic Tests
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D036541:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase; C498154:CD38 protein, human; D009244:NAD+ Nucleosidase; D051997:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1