title: Analgesia induced by chronic nicotine infusion in rats: differences by gender and pain test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute administration of nicotine induces analgesia with subsequent development of tolerance. In human studies, females are less sensitive to the analgesic effects of nicotine than males. Few previous animal studies have investigated analgesic effects of chronic nicotine administration or addressed gender differences.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether chronic administration of nicotine induces analgesia in male and female rats as assessed by a battery of standard pain assays, if tolerance develops, and if hyperalgesia occurs following cessation of nicotine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nicotine (free base; 6 mg/kg/day i.v.) or saline was administered for 2 weeks via implanted osmotic pumps. Pain behavior was assessed before, during, and for 3 weeks after nicotine infusion by measuring tail flick latency, hot-plate latency, and thermal paw withdrawal latency. The paw-withdrawal threshold to non-noxious mechanical stimuli was also measured. Effects of nicotine infusion, gender, and time were assessed by three-way analyses of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both male and female rats exhibited a comparable degree of analgesia in the hot-plate test with development of tolerance during the 2-week infusion period. Males, but not females, showed analgesia in the tail flick test. Analgesia was not observed for thermally evoked paw withdrawal in either males or females, nor did nicotine affect non-noxious mechanically evoked paw withdrawals. Males and females showed cessation of weight gain during the first week of nicotine infusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic nicotine-induced analgesia was confirmed in both male and female rats as assessed using the hot-plate test which reflects integrated pain behavior. Males, but not females, exhibited analgesia in a nociceptive withdrawal reflex test (tail flick), indicating that nicotine-induced analgesia may depend on both the type of pain test and gender. The lack of nicotine-induced analgesia assessed by the tail flick reflex test in female rats is consistent with recent human studies showing that nicotine reduces pain elicited by brief noxious cutaneous stimulation in male but not female subjects.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. eecarstens@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carstens
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Carstens
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Jinks
mesh_terms: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D009538:Nicotine