title: Effects of age, feeding regimen, and glucocorticoids on catecholamine and cortisol excretion in preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sympathoadrenal system is important in maintaining normal physiologic functioning in infants and increased output also can reflect stress. We sought to determine the effects of age, feeding regimen, and glucocorticoids on catecholamine and cortisol excretion in preterm infants and to assess whether a particular strategy of feeding enhanced sympathoadrenal development or was stressful.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preterm infants (26-30 wk gestation; n = 171) were assigned randomly to begin trophic feedings from day 4 through 14 (trophic group) or to start feedings at day 15 (standard group) with feedings administered either by bolus every 3 hours (bolus) or continuously over 24 hours (continuous). At 10, 28, 40, 50, and 60 days of age, urine was collected continuously for 6 hours for measurement of catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine), cortisol, and creatinine. Data were available for 98 infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Norepinephrine excretion increased with postnatal age. The increase with age was significantly greater in the trophic group compared with that in the standard group. Epinephrine excretion did not change with age, and there were no differences between trophic and standard groups. Dopamine excretion increased with age but was similar between trophic and standard groups (borderline significantly greater in the trophic group). Cortisol excretion increased with age and also was similar between trophic and standard groups. There was no effect on catecholamine or cortisol excretion of bolus vs continuous feedings, antenatal or postnatal corticosteroids, gestational age at birth, age at which full feedings were attained, or use of human milk compared with preterm formula.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The greatest determinant of catecholamine and cortisol excretion is postnatal age. Feeding method, type of feeding, and glucocorticoid administration in the amounts customarily used have little significant effect on catecholamine or cortisol excretion. The apparent link between early feeding and norepinephrine (and possibly dopamine) excretion warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shulman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heitkemper
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Brian Smith
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schanler
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000652:urine*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004298:Dopamine / Q000652:urine; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000652:urine; D005865:Gestational Age; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000652:urine*; D007225:Infant Food; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology* / Q000652:urine; D008895:Milk, Human; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000652:urine; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D003404:Creatinine; D004298:Dopamine; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine