title: Milk intake, circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I, and risk of colorectal cancer in men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Milk and dietary calcium may have antiproliferative effects against colorectal cancer, but milk intake also raises serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). A high ratio of IGF-I to IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) has been linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study nested in the Physicians' Health Study, plasma samples were collected from the period 1982 through 1983 from 14 916 men, aged 40-84 years, who also answered dietary questionnaires. Circulating levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were assayed among 193 men who developed colorectal cancer during 13 years of follow-up and 318 age- and smoking-matched cancer-free control men. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess relative risks (RRs) of colorectal cancer for tertiles of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 and dietary factors. Statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, there was a moderate but statistically nonsignificant inverse association between intake of low-fat milk or calcium from dairy food and colorectal cancer risk. Intake of dairy food (especially low-fat milk) was also positively and moderately associated with plasma levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 among control men. We observed a statistically significant interaction between low-fat milk intake and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 in association with risk of colorectal cancer (P(interaction) =.03). Nondrinkers with IGF-I/IGFBP-3 in the highest tertile had a threefold higher risk than nondrinkers with IGF-I/IGFBP-3 in the lowest tertile (RR = 3.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.29 to 7.24), but no such increase was seen among frequent low-fat milk drinkers (RR = 1.05; 95% CI = 0.41 to 2.69). Conversely, among men with high IGF-I/IGFBP-3, frequent low-fat milk drinkers had a 60% lower risk (95% CI = 0.17 to 0.87; P(trend) =.02) than nondrinkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intake of dairy products was associated with a modest increase in circulating IGF-I levels, but intake of low-fat milk was associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer, particularly among individuals with high IGF-I/IGFBP-3. This subpopulation, which is at increased risk of colorectal cancer, might benefit the most from specific dietary intervention.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. jing.ma@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pollak
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gaziano
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003611:Dairy Products; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000097:blood*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D011200:Poultry; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I