title: Topical plus intracameral lidocaine versus retrobulbar anesthesia in phacotrabeculectomy: prospective randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy and safety of topical and retrobulbar anesthesia for phacotrabeculectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study comprised 60 patients (60 eyes) having phacotrabeculectomy surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups receiving topical anesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine 1% or retrobulbar anesthesia. Patients were asked to document the discomfort they experienced during the administration of the anesthetic agent, during surgery, and postoperatively using a numeric pain scale. Complications and surgical conditions were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The retrobulbar group reported significantly more discomfort during administration of the anesthetic agent than the topical group (P < .001). The topical group reported significantly more discomfort intraoperatively (P < .01). Eyelid squeezing and eyeball movement were more common in the topical group; however, neither was a problem to the surgeon. There was no difference in surgical conditions (P = .38) or the postoperative pain scores between the 2 groups (P = .06). One patient receiving topical anesthesia developed a suprachoroidal hemorrhage intraoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical anesthesia supplemented with intracameral lidocaine was an effective alternative to retrobulbar anesthesia for phacotrabeculectomy. Although the degree of patient discomfort was significantly higher during surgery under topical anesthesia, the method avoids the pain and complications associated with a retrobulbar injection.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ophthalmology Department, Glaucoma Unit, Madrid, Spain. fjmunoz@santandersupernet.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rebolleda
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Negrete
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Ortiz
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000867:Anterior Chamber / Q000187:drug effects*; D002386:Cataract / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D015812:Glaucoma, Angle-Closure / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000187:drug effects*; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D018918:Phacoemulsification; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D014130:Trabeculectomy
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine