title: Evidence-based risk assessment in noninvasive imaging.
abstract: Assessment of important clinical and economic outcomes has become central to the evaluation of patient care. Outcome research is deeply rooted in epidemiology, including the use of multivariable, risk-adjusted regression analysis. In our current health care environment, these methods are increasingly being used to assess the quality of care and to profile physicians and laboratories. Nuclear medicine physicians therefore need to better understand outcome methodologies in order to evaluate patient outcomes, develop guidelines, and decide on patient management.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review describes the methods of assessing the diagnostic and prognostic value of nuclear medicine techniques and, briefly, the methodologic limitations of sample size, frequency and type of events, and follow-up periods and the incremental value of imaging. Also described are logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards modeling. Models for risk assessment are designed to identify whether patients require conservative (i.e., low-risk) or aggressive (i.e., high-risk) treatment. Treatment selection is currently based on risk assessment and the formation of an integrated, empiric risk stratification algorithm of care. This review also includes the methods of assessing economic effectiveness and quality-of-life issues for patients examined with nuclear medicine techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this era of constrained resources, low-cost outpatient-based care may be of increasing importance. High-quality evidence of the clinical and economic outcome of nuclear imaging is essential for helping health care providers and payers assess its value.
authors.affiliation: Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Iskandrian
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hachamovitch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Germano
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Berman
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D009683:Nuclear Medicine; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors