title: Hemodynamic effects of positive end-expiratory pressure during partial liquid ventilation in newborn lambs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) application on hemodynamics, lung mechanics, and oxygenation in the intact newborn lung during conventional ventilation (CV) and partial liquid ventilation (PLV) at functional residual capacity (FRC). CV or PLV modes of ventilation do not affect hemodynamics nor the optimum PEEP for oxygenation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven newborn lambs (1 to 3 days old) were instrumented to measure pulmonary hemodynamics and airway mechanics. Each lamb was used as their own control to compare different modes of ventilation (CV followed by PLV) under graded variations of PEEP (4, 8, 12, and 16 cm H(2)O) on the influence on pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary vascular resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant drop in pulmonary blood flow (PBF) from baseline (PEEP of 4 cm H(2)O on CV, 1,229 +/- 377 mL/min) in both modes of ventilation on a PEEP of 16 cm H(2)O (CV, 750 +/- 318 mL/min v PLV, 926 +/- 396 mL/min, respectively; P <.05). Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) was higher on PLV at PEEP states of 4 cm H(2)O (16.5 +/- 1.3 cm H(2)O to 10.6 +/- 2.1 cm H(2)O; P <.05) and 8 cm H(2)O (18.8 +/- 2.2 cm H(2)O to 15.1 +/- 2.6 cm H(2)O; P <.05) when compared with CV. Conversely, PIP required to maintain the pCO(2) was lower on PLV at PEEP states of 12 (22.5 +/- 3.6 cm H(2)O to 24.2 +/- 3.8 cm H(2)O; P <.05) and 16 cm H(2)O (27.0 +/- 1.6 cm H(2)O to 34.0 +/- 5.9 cm H(2)O; P <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemodynamically, CO is impaired at a PEEP above 12 cm H(2)O in intact lungs. PFC at FRC does provide an advantage in lung mechanics more than 10 to 12 cm H(2)O of PEEP by decreasing the amount PIP needed to achieve the similar levels of gas exchange and minute ventilation, implying a reduced risk for barotrauma with chronic ventilation. Thus, selection of the appropriate level of PEEP appears to be important if PLV is to be utilized at FRC. The best strategy for PLV, including the selection of PEEP, remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Overfield
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Goetzman
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Milstein
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Moon-Grady
mesh_terms: D000403:Airway Resistance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D021061:Liquid Ventilation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000379:methods*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012016:Reference Values; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012756:Sheep; D013990:Tidal Volume