title: Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein attenuates systemic inflammation and acute lung injury in porcine lower limb ischemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBPI21) in the attenuation of the sepsis syndrome and acute lung injury associated with lower limb ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Gut-derived endotoxin has been implicated in the conversion of the sterile inflammatory response to a lethal sepsis syndrome after lower torso I/R injury. rBPI21 is a novel antiendotoxin therapy with proven benefit in sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthetized ventilated swine underwent midline laparotomy and bilateral external iliac artery occlusion for 2 hours followed by 2.5 hours of reperfusion. Two groups (n = 6 per group) were randomized to receive, by intravenous infusion over 30 minutes, at the start of reperfusion, either thaumatin, a control-protein preparation, at 2 mg/kg body weight, or rBPI21 at 2 mg/kg body weight. A control group (n = 6) underwent laparotomy without further treatment and was administered thaumatin at 2 mg/kg body weight after 2 hours of anesthesia. Blood from a carotid artery cannula was taken every half-hour for arterial blood gas analysis. Plasma was separated and stored at -70 degrees C for later determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 by bioassay, and IL-8 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as a markers of systemic inflammation. Plasma endotoxin concentration was measured using ELISA. Lung tissue wet-to-dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase concentration were used as markers of edema and neutrophil sequestration, respectively. Bronchoalveolar lavage protein concentration was measured by the bicinclinoic acid method as a measure of capillary-alveolar protein leak. The alveolar-arterial gradient was measured; a large gradient indicated impaired oxygen transport and hence lung injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bilateral hind limb I/R injury increased significantly intestinal mucosal acidosis, intestinal permeability, portal endotoxemia, plasma IL-6 concentrations, circulating phagocytic cell priming and pulmonary leukosequestration, edema, capillary-alveolar protein leak, and impaired gas exchange. Conversely, pigs treated with rBPI21 2 mg/kg at the onset of reperfusion had significantly reduced intestinal mucosal acidosis, portal endotoxin concentrations, and circulating phagocytic cell priming and had significantly less pulmonary edema, leukosequestration, and respiratory failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endotoxin transmigration across a hyperpermeable gut barrier, phagocytic cell priming, and cytokinemia are key events of I/R injury, sepsis, and pulmonary dysfunction. This study shows that rBPI21 ameliorates these adverse effects and may provide a novel therapeutic approach for prevention of I/R-associated sepsis syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Surgical Unit, The Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland. d.w.harkin@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Harkin
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Barros D'Sa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McCallion
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoper
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Halliday
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007511:Ischemia / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000276:immunology*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*; D013552:Swine; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D001798:Blood Proteins; D004731:Endotoxins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C021623:bactericidal permeability increasing protein