title: Effectiveness of a home intervention for perceived child behavioral problems and parenting stress in children with in utero drug exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if a home-based nurse intervention (INT), focusing on parenting education/skills and caregiver emotional support, reduces child behavioral problems and parenting stress in caregivers of in utero drug-exposed children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized clinical trial of a home-based INT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two urban hospital newborn nurseries; homes of infants (the term infant is used interchangeably in this study with the term child to denote those from birth to the age of 36 months); and a research clinic in Baltimore, Md.
  
  
  METHODS
  In utero drug-exposed children and their caregivers (N = 100) were examined when the child was between the ages of 2 and 3 years. Two groups were studied: standard care (SC) (n = 51) and INT (n = 49).
  
  
  METHODS
  A home nurse INT consisting of 16 home visits from birth to the age of 18 months to provide caregivers with emotional support and parenting education and to provide health monitoring for the infant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scores on the Child Behavior Checklist and the Parenting Stress Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly more drug-exposed children in the SC group earned t scores indicative of significant emotional or behavioral problems than did children in the INT group on the Child Behavior Checklist Total (16 [31%] vs 7 [14%]; P =.04), Externalizing (19 [37%] vs 8 [16%]; P =.02), and Internalizing (14 [27%] vs. 6 [12%]; P =.05) scales and on the anxiety-depression subscale (16 [31%] vs. 5 [10%]; P =.009). There was a trend (P =.06) in more caregivers of children in the SC group reporting higher parenting distress than caregivers of children in the INT group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In utero drug-exposed children receiving a home-based nurse INT had significantly fewer behavioral problems than did in utero drug-exposed children receiving SC (P =.04). Furthermore, those caregivers receiving the home-based INT reported a trend toward lower total parenting distress compared with caregivers of children who received SC with no home visits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Room CMSC-144, Baltimore, MD 21287-3144, USA. abutz@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Butz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pulsifer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Belcher
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lears
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Royall
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000451:nursing; D015142:Baltimore; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000451:nursing; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003152:Community Health Nursing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016487:Parenting; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D003042:Cocaine