title: Incidence and risk factors for the development of indinavir-associated renal complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the incidence and risk factors for the development of indinavir-associated renal complications (IRC), and subsequent clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study based on two large HIV centres in London. Eligible patients received indinavir for at least 1 week between 1 December 1995 and 28 February 1999. Development of IRC was ascertained by case-note review. Multivariate logistic regression and Cox Proportional Hazard's model analysis were used to determine independent risk factors for the development of IRC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  781 patients were eligible. Median CD4 count and viral load at indinavir initiation were 117 x 10(6) cells/L and 47 332 copies/mL, respectively. Median indinavir exposure was 53 weeks (IQR: 20-83). Many patients received other potentially nephrotoxic drugs during indinavir treatment: co-trimoxazole (46%), aciclovir (33%) or both (20%). Overall IRC incidence was 7.3% (6.7 per 100 person-years indinavir exposure). Cases presented with loin pain (58%), renal colic (42%) or dysuria (19%). Identified precipitating events (26%) included fluid depletion or altered indinavir regimen. In the majority of cases indinavir therapy was continued and there was no progressive rise in creatinine levels. In the multivariate analysis, for indinavir treatment >74 weeks there was a reduced risk of developing IRC (OR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.09-0.57, P = 0.001). Concomitant aciclovir increased the IRC risk (OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.14-3.51, P = 0.016). Factors not associated with outcome were age, gender, ethnicity, baseline CD4 count and viral load, concomitant co-trimoxazole, or use of specific antiretrovirals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An overall IRC incidence of 7.3% was identified. Concomitant aciclovir doubled the risk of IRC and we therefore recommend careful monitoring when prescribing aciclovir with indinavir. A precipitating event was identified in 26% of IRC cases, many of which could have been avoided.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of HIV/GU Medicine, The Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, Weston Education Centre, Cutcombe Road, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Ives
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Gazzard
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Easterbrook
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D019469:Indinavir / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D019469:Indinavir