title: Possible involvement of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-independent mechanism in the positive chronotropic effect of norepinephrine in the isolated guinea pig right atrium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although both positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of beta-adrenergic stimulation are thought to be mediated by cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate, phosphodiesterase III inhibitors such as amrinone and milrinone potentiate the positive inotropic effect of catecholamines with minimum influence on the heart rate in clinical setting. The aim of the current study was to compare the positive chronotropic effect of norepinephrine with that of forskolin to elucidate whether cyclic adenosine monophosphate is relevant to the chronotropic effect of norepinephrine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentration-response curves for the positive chronotropic effects of norepinephrine and forskolin on the spontaneously beating right atria of guinea pigs were determined in the absence and presence of phosphodiesterase inhibitors or ion channel inhibitors. In some experiments, the left atria driven electrically were used to determine the positive inotropic effect of norepinephrine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Norepinephrine and forskolin increased the beating rate in a concentration-dependent manner. The positive chronotropic effect of forskolin was potentiated by amrinone and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, whereas the positive chronotropic effect of norepinephrine was not potentiated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitors. In contrast, the positive inotropic effect of norepinephrine was potentiated by amrinone. The hyperpolarization-activated inward current inhibitor cesium chloride and L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ current inhibitor verapamil suppressed the chronotropic effect of norepinephrine, whereas these inhibitors did not affect the chronotropic effect of forskolin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Norepinephrine increases the spontaneously beating rate by a different mechanism from that of forskolin, suggesting that cyclic adenosine monophosphate is causally unrelated to the positive chronotropic effect of norepinephrine in the guinea pig heart.
authors.affiliation: Yokosuka Kyosai Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asada
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Endou
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002586:Cesium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000187:drug effects; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002712:Chlorides; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D005576:Colforsin; D002586:Cesium; D014700:Verapamil; D000242:Cyclic AMP; C028019:cesium chloride; D009638:Norepinephrine