title: Hexametaphosphate effects on tooth surface conditioning film chemistry--in vitro and in vivo studies.
abstract: These studies compared the effects of Crest Dual Action Whitening dentifrice with sodium hexametaphosphate and control commercial dentifrices on the surface chemistry of conditioning film-coated dental enamel in vitro and in vivo. Conditioning film chemistry was studied by measurements of film thickness, ability to wet the surface/surface energy, conditioning film chemical composition and zeta potential. Laboratory and in vivo studies demonstrated that brushing and chemical-only treatment of pellicle-coated enamel surfaces produced marked changes in surface chemistry. Brushing of surfaces with all commercial dentifrices significantly reduced pellicle film quantity. Effects on non-brushed areas, of significance in the clinical situation, were different for different dentifrices. For dentifrice chemical treatments, calcium phosphate surface active builders, such as pyrophosphate and hexametaphosphate, produced stronger effects than standard (non-tartar control) dentifrices, peroxide baking soda dentifrices and dentifrices formulated with carboxylate polymers, viz. Colgate Total with copolymer. Crest Dual Action Whitening hexametaphosphate dentifrice removed more pellicle conditioning film, produced a lower zeta potential, produced the largest changes in film composition and had the greatest impact on surface free energies of the tested dentifrices. Crest Dual Action Whitening dentifrice also produced lasting changes in the reacquisition of pellicle conditioning film, as established by in vitro cycling immersion studies. Crest Dual Action Whitening dentifrice produced stronger and more lasting effects on surface film chemistry than low molecular weight pyrophosphate (Crest Tartar Control) or other polymeric-based dentifrice systems (Colgate Total). These surface chemistries may contribute to the unique clinical actions of hexametaphosphate established in recently reported, randomized clinical studies of tartar control, stain prevention and stain removal effects.
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands. h.j.busscher@med.rug.nl
authors.forename: Henk  J
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Busscher
authors.forename: Donald  J
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Henny  C
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van der Mei
authors.forename: Arif  A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.forename: Kathy  M
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kozak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D003741:Dental Deposits / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects*; D044622:Dental Pellicle; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005459:Fluorides; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D010710:Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012824:Silicic Acid; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000494:pharmacology; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014002:Tin Fluorides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014100:Toothpastes; D014260:Triclosan; D017155:Wettability / Q000187:drug effects; D014993:Xylitol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D045424:Complex Mixtures; C438183:Crest Dual Action Whitening dentifrice; C098421:Crest Gum Care; C115762:Crest Multicare; C098422:Crest Tartar Control; D003802:Dentifrices; D011756:Diphosphates; D004338:Drug Combinations; C098761:Mentadent Dentifrice; D010710:Phosphates; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014002:Tin Fluorides; D014100:Toothpastes; C546060:hydrated silica gel-based toothpaste; D012824:Silicic Acid; D014260:Triclosan; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C009285:sodium polymetaphosphate; D005459:Fluorides; D014993:Xylitol