Mechanical methods for evaluating skin surface architecture in relation to wrinkling.
Various methods have recently been developed to study skin surface micro-structures including wrinkles and these techniques have been frequently modified in the search for an appropriate and ideal method. This article reviews a number of earlier reported techniques including profilometric, two-dimensional, scanning electron microscopic, confocal microscopic, and three-dimensional methods. This review also reports some experimental results related to image analysis as a two-dimensional method and to light cutting analysis as a three-dimensional method. We also discuss problems and limitations of the two-dimensional methods, the techniques used to replicate skin surface micro-architecture, and the in vivo measurements.
Akazaki
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Tokyo Research Lab., Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka Sumida-ku, 131-8501, Tokyo, Japan.
Imokawa
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G
D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015595:Skin Aging