title: Social roles and the gender difference in rates of the common mental disorders in Britain: a 7-year, population-based cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not known why the most common mental disorders (CMD), anxiety and depression, are more prevalent among women. This gradient has not been explained by differences in the number or type of social roles occupied by men and women. Given the dearth of longitudinal studies, these negative findings could reflect reverse causality, if men with CMD relinquish social roles more readily than women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study using data from the first seven (annual) waves of the British Household Panel Survey. The prevalence of CMD was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), 12 months after ascertaining occupancy of five social roles. Of 12379 participants aged 16-70, 9947 completed the GHQ on at least two consecutive occasions, resulting in 44139 paired observations. Random effects models adjusted for the correlation of repeated measures and for baseline GHQ score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds ratio for the gender difference in the future prevalence of CMD (adjusted for baseline GHQ score) was 192 (95% CI 1.75-2.10). Neither the number or type of social roles occupied, nor socio-economic status explained the gender difference in these conditions (adjusted OR 182, 95% CI 1.66-1.99). While CMD at baseline was associated with a subsequent reduction in social role occupancy, this did not vary between men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender differences in CMD were not explained by differences in the number or type of social roles occupied by men and women, or by reverse causality. Future studies should consider characteristics of social roles, such as demand, control and reward.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School and Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sloggett
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012380:Role; D012737:Sex Factors; D012928:Social Desirability; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology