title: Deficits in recognition of emotional facial expression are still present in alcoholics after mid- to long-term abstinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Emotional facial expression (EFE) decoding skills play a key role in interpersonal relationships. Decoding errors have been described in several pathological conditions, including alcoholism. The aim of this study was to investigate whether EFE decoding skill deficits persist after abstention from alcohol of at least 2 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alcoholic patients abstinent for at least 2 months (n = 25) were compared with 25 recently detoxified patients and with 25 normal controls matched for age, gender and educational level. Subjects were presented with 40 photographs of facial expressions portraying happiness, anger, sadness, disgust and fear. Each emotion was displayed with neutral, mild, moderate and strong emotional intensity. Each facial expression was judged successively on eight scales labeled happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise, shame and contempt. For each scale, subjects rated the estimated intensity level. A complementary scale assessed the self-estimated difficulty in performing the task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recently detoxified alcoholics were significantly less accurate than controls, making more EFE labeling errors and overestimating the intensity of the portrayed emotions. Deficits in decoding accuracy for anger and disgust were present in mid- to long-term abstinent patients; intensity overestimation was present in the former and absent in the latter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deficits in decoding accuracy for anger and disgust, and to a lesser degree sadness, persist with an abstinence of 2 months and beyond. Right frontotemporal regions and cingulate could be implicated. These deficits may contribute to the social skills deficits frequently encountered in alcoholic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brugmann Hospital, Brussels, Belgium. ckornrei@ulb.ac.be
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kornreich
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blairy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Philippot
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Noël
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Streel
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Le Bon
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dan
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pelc
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verbanck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011897:Random Allocation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013695:Temperance; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors