title: The oral health of children with clefts of the lip, palate, or both.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries, developmental defects of enamel, and related factors in children with clefts.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional prevalence study used standard dental indices for assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children underwent a dental examination under standard conditions of seating and lighting in the outpatient department of a dental hospital as part of an ongoing audit to monitor clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-one children aged 4, 8, and 12 years were included in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dental caries were assessed by use of the decayed, missing, and filled index for primary teeth (dmft); Decayed, Missing, and Filled index for permanent teeth (DMFT) according to the criteria as used in the national survey of children's dental health in the United Kingdom. Developmental defects were assessed using the modified Developmental Defects of Enamel Index (Clarkson and O'Mullane, 1989). Dental erosion was assessed using the criteria derived for the national survey of children's dental health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caries prevalence increased with age; 63% of patients at 4 years and 34% at 12 years were caries free. The mean dmft for the 4-year-olds was 1.3 with a mean DMFT for the 12-year-olds of 1.8. All the 4-year-olds had evidence of erosion of enamel in the primary teeth (incisors and first molars) and 56% of the 12-year-olds had erosion of permanent teeth (incisors and first permanent molars). Developmental defects of enamel became more prevalent with age, with at least one opacity in 56% of 4-year-olds and 100% of 12-year-olds. Hypoplasia was not found in the primary dentition but affected permanent teeth in 38% of 8-year-olds and 23% of the 12-year-olds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown that dental disease is prevalent in these patients. These assessments not only provide a baseline on oral health parameters in young people with clefts but underline the need for a more aggressive approach to prevention of oral disease to optimize clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Dental Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Chapple
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Nunn
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000150:complications*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004245:DMF Index; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000145:classification; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000002:abnormalities; D003744:Dental Enamel Hypoplasia / Q000145:classification; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D015995:Prevalence; D014076:Tooth Diseases / Q000145:classification*; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000145:classification; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000145:classification; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005459:Fluorides