title: Clinical intestinal transplantation: a decade of experience at a single center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the long-term efficacy of intestinal transplantation under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and the therapeutic benefit of newly developed adjunct immunosuppressants and management strategies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  With the advent of tacrolimus in 1990, transplantation of the intestine began to emerge as therapy for intestinal failure. However, a high risk of rejection, with the consequent need for acute and chronic high-dose immunosuppression, has inhibited its widespread application.
  
  
  METHODS
  During an 11-year period, divided into two segments by a 1-year moratorium in 1994, 155 patients received 165 intestinal allografts under immunosuppression based on tacrolimus and prednisone: 65 intestine alone, 75 liver and intestine, and 25 multivisceral. For the transplantations since the moratorium (n = 99), an adjunct immunosuppressant (cyclophosphamide or daclizumab) was used for 74 transplantations, adjunct donor bone marrow was given in 39, and the intestine of 11 allografts was irradiated with a single dose of 750 cGy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The actuarial survival rate for the total population was 75% at 1 year, 54% at 5 years, and 42% at 10 years. Recipients of liver plus intestine had the best long-term prognosis and the lowest risk of graft loss from rejection (P =.001). Since 1994, survival rates have improved. Techniques for early detection of Epstein-Barr and cytomegaloviral infections, bone marrow augmentation, the adjunct use of the interleukin-2 antagonist daclizumab, and most recently allograft irradiation may have contributed to the better results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The survival rates after intestinal transplantation have cumulatively improved during the past decade. With the management strategies currently under evaluation, intestinal transplant procedures have the potential to become the standard of care for patients with end-stage intestinal failure.
authors.affiliation: Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. kae@med.pitt.edu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abu-Elmagd
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazariegos
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murase
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sindhi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Colangelo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zak
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ezzelarab
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dvorchik
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parizhskaya
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Demetris
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Starzl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077561:Daclizumab; D006085:Graft Survival; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D007422:Intestines / Q000637:transplantation*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D015166:Monitoring, Immunologic; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011379:Prognosis; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014019:Tissue Donors; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000379:methods; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D000077561:Daclizumab; D011241:Prednisone; D016559:Tacrolimus