title: Concurrent substance use and outcome in combined behavioral and naltrexone therapy for opiate dependence.
abstract: The effect of concurrent nonopiate drug use on outcome of treatment for opiate dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven opiate-dependent patients received a 6-month course of outpatient treatment with naltrexone and cognitive-behavioral therapy (behavioral naltrexone therapy, BNT) at a university-based research clinic. Opiate-negative urines and naltrexone ingestion were rewarded with monetary vouchers. Abstinence from other drugs was encouraged verbally, but no contingencies were placed on nonopiate drug use. The proportions of all urines (collected twice weekly) positive for cocaine, cannabis, and benzodiazepines over the course of treatment were evaluated as predictors of outcome of opiate dependence treatment, as measured by proportion of opiate-positive urines, days retained in treatment, and proportion of naltrexone doses taken, using Pearson product moment correlations and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of patients (78%) used a nonopiate drug at least once during the trial. There were no significant correlations between concurrent drug use measures and opiate dependence treatment outcomes, indicating no simple linear relationship between these measures. However, when concurrent drug use was trichotomized into abstinent, intermittent, and heavy use groups, groups with intermittent use had superior outcome compared to both abstinent and heavy use groups in several contrasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intermittent use of nonopiate drugs is common during outpatient treatment for opiate dependence and may be a favorable prognostic indicator. This may support a "harm reduction" approach as opposed to a strict abstinence-oriented approach. Further research is needed to identify the optimal therapeutic stance toward other drug use during treatment for opiate dependence.
authors.affiliation: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Substance Treatment and Research Service, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rothenberg
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bornstein
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Nunes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000652:urine; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000652:urine; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000523:psychology / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D009271:Naltrexone