title: Response to a fluid load in athletes with a history of exercise induced hyponatremia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether athletes who had previously developed hyponatremia during an ultradistance triathlon show an impaired ability to excrete a large fluid load compared with athletes who had completed the same race without developing hyponatremia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six athletes who had developed hyponatremia ([Na] < 135 mmol x L(-1)) in the 1997 Ironman Triathlon (study cases) were compared with six athletes who completed the same race without hyponatremia (controls). All participants consumed 3.4 L of water over 2 h at rest. Weight, urine output, urine electrolytes, serum [Na(+)], hemoglobin, and hematocrit were measured every 30 min. Changes in plasma volume and residual fluid volume in the gut were estimated from these data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between cases and controls in any parameters measured. Maximal rates of urine production (+/- SD) (1043 +/- 331 mL x h(-1) for cases, 878 +/- 168 mL x h(-1) for controls) were substantially behind the rate of fluid intake (1500 mL x h(-1)). Consequent to fluid retention, serum [Na(+)] fell progressively in both groups. Five cases and four controls developed hyponatremia. There was an inverse correlation between change in body weight and change in [Na(+)] (r = -0.67). Estimated changes in the intra- and extra-cellular fluid volumes could account for all the retained fluid, and there was little evidence for fluid accumulation in the bowel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When evaluated at rest, there does not appear to be any unique pathophysiological characteristic that explains why some athletes develop hyponatremia in response to fluid overload during prolonged exercise. Rather, hyponatremia was induced with equal effect in both cases and controls, consequent to progressive fluid overload of all the body fluid compartments and without evidence for fluid retention in the small bowel.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Care, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Auckland, New Zealand. dalespeedy@e3.net.nz
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Speedy
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Noakes
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boswell
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rehrer
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Boswell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D018495:Fluid Shifts / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010807:Physical Endurance; D012307:Risk Factors; D013177:Sports; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology*