title: Thrombophilic gene mutations and recurrent spontaneous abortion: prothrombin mutation increases the risk in the first trimester.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thrombophilic predisposition may be one of the underlying causes of recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA). We studied the prevalence of five thrombophilic gene mutations in patients with RSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  102 patients with two or more consecutive abortions and 128 women without miscarriage were analyzed for factor V Leiden mutation (FVL), prothrombin G20210A mutation (PTM), C677T mutation in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, glycoprotein IIIa (GPIIIa) C1565T polymorphism, and beta-fibrinogen G-455A polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences in the prevalence of FVL, MTHFR T/T, GPIIIa and 1-fibrinogen polymorphism were detected. Heterozygous PTM occurred more often in patients with RSA. This effect was significant in a subgroup with abortions exclusively in the first trimester (6.7%, vs. 0.8%, P = 0.027, OR 8.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to the other mutations and polymorphisms, heterozygous PTM is more common in patients with abortions in the first trimester. This might reflect an influence of PTM on pathogenesis of early pregnancy loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology and Oncology, Klinikum der Universität München-Gosshadern, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pihusch
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buchholz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lohse
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rübsamen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rogenhofer
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hasbargen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hiller
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Thaler
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000235:genetics*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics; D005165:Factor V / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000235:genetics; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D039661:Integrin beta3; D045102:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (NAD+); D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D015995:Prevalence; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D039661:Integrin beta3; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins; D005165:Factor V; D011516:Prothrombin; D005340:Fibrinogen; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D045102:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (NAD+)