title: Folic acid prevents nitroglycerin-induced nitric oxide synthase dysfunction and nitrate tolerance: a human in vivo study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In healthy humans, continuous treatment with nitroglycerin (GTN) causes nitric oxide synthase dysfunction, probably through the reduced bioavailability of tetrahydrobiopterin. Recent studies proposed that folic acid is involved in the regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin in different disease states. Therefore, we investigated whether folic acid administration would prevent this phenomenon. We also sought to determine if folic acid supplementation could prevent the development of tolerance to GTN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the first visit, 18 healthy male volunteers (aged 19 to 32 years) were randomized to receive either oral folic acid (10 mg once a day) or placebo for 1 week in a double-blind designed study. All subjects also received continuous transdermal GTN (0.6 mg/h). On the second visit, forearm blood flow was measured with venous occlusion strain gauge plethysmography in response to incremental infusions of acetylcholine (7.5, 15, and 30 microgram/min), N-monomethyl-L-arginine (1, 2, and 4 micromol/min), and GTN (11 and 22 nmol/min). Folic acid prevented GTN-induced endothelial dysfunction, as assessed by responses to intraarterial acetylcholine and N-monomethyl-L-arginine (P<0.01). Moreover, in the subjects treated with folic acid plus transdermal GTN, responses to intraarterial GTN were significantly greater than those observed after transdermal GTN plus placebo (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that supplemental folic acid prevents both nitric oxide synthase dysfunction induced by continuous GTN and nitrate tolerance in the arterial circulation of healthy volunteers. We hypothesize that the reduced bioavailability of tetrahydrobiopterin is involved in the pathogenesis of both phenomena. Our results confirm the view that oxidative stress contributes to nitrate tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gori
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Burstein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Miner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Hesayen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006397:Hematinics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D008297:Male; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006397:Hematinics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D006710:Homocysteine; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D005492:Folic Acid; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D000109:Acetylcholine