title: A combination of a chemically modified doxycycline and a bisphosphonate synergistically inhibits endotoxin-induced periodontal breakdown in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemically modified non-antimicrobial tetracyclines (CMTs) have been shown to inhibit pathologically elevated collagenase (and other matrix metalloproteinase, MMP) activity and bone resorption in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the current study, suboptimal doses of CMT-8 (a non-antimicrobial chemically modified doxycycline) and a bisphosphonate (clodronate, an anti-bone resorption compound) were administered daily, either as a single agent or as a combination therapy, to rats with experimental periodontitis induced by repeated injection of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) into the gingiva. At the end of the 1-week protocol, the gingival tissues were dissected, extracted, and the extracts analyzed for MMPs (collagenases and gelatinases) and for elastase, and the defleshed jaws were morphometrically analyzed for alveolar bone loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS injection significantly (P<0.001) increased alveolar bone loss and increased collagenase (MMP-8), gelatinase (MMP-9), and elastase activities. Treatment of the LPS-injected rats with suboptimal CMT-8 alone or suboptimal clodronate alone produced slight reductions in the tissue-destructive proteinases and no significant reductions in alveolar bone loss. However, a combination of suboptimal CMT-8 and clodronate "normalized" the pathologically elevated levels of MMPs, elastase, and alveolar bone loss, indicating synergistic inhibition of tissue breakdown in this animal model of periodontitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination of a CMT and a bisphosphonate may be a useful treatment to optimally suppress periodontal destruction and tooth loss and in other tissue-destructive inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Central University of Venezuela School of Dentistry and School of Pharmacy, Caracas.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Llavaneras
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Ramamurthy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heikkilä
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Teronen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salo
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Rifkin
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Golub
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sorsa
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004002:Clodronic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D018093:Gelatinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000382:microbiology; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013754:Tetracyclines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D013754:Tetracyclines; C117153:tetracycline CMT-8; D004002:Clodronic Acid; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase; D018093:Gelatinases