title: Orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris reflexes in blepharospasm and torticollis spasmodica during spasm-free intervals.
abstract: To investigate possible abnormalities of the blink reflex pathways, we analyzed the latencies and amplitudes of the blink reflex responses in the orbicularis oculi (Ooculi) muscle, following supraorbital nerve stimulation, in 19 patients with blepharospasm, 16 patients with torticollis spasmodica and 22 control subjects. Furthermore, in order to examine the suprasegmental control of the responses, the reflex responses were also evoked in the orbicularis oris (Ooris) muscle after stimulation of the ipsilateral supraorbital nerve. The responses were recorded only when subjects had no contractions of the eyelid muscles, either involuntarily, voluntarily or spontaneously; this could be controlled by a sound signal. The metrics of the reflex responses in the Ooculi and Ooris muscles in patient groups were comparable to those in controls. Our data indicate that the afferent and efferent pathways of the reflex arc and the suprasegmental control of the reflex are intact in patients with blepharospasm and torticollis spasmodica, at least during spasm-free intervals. Alterations of responses may occur during spasms due to either segmental or suprasegmental changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Eekhof
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aramideh
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Speelman
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Ongerboer de Visser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D009915:Orbit / Q000294:innervation; D011149:Pons / Q000503:physiopathology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology; D014103:Torticollis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014279:Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal / Q000503:physiopathology