title: Markets for individual health insurance: can we make them work with incentives to purchase insurance?
abstract: Simple income-based incentives to purchase health insurance (tax credits or deductions, or subsidies) are unlikely to succeed in significantly reducing the number of uninsured because income is not a good predictor of the extent to which individuals use medical service. Proposals to provide incentives to low-income people so they will purchase individual health insurance need to address the inherent tension between the interests of low-risk and high-risk people who rely on individual coverage. If carriers are forced to cover all applicants and to community rate premiums, low-risk people will drop coverage or not apply for it because premiums will exceed their expected need for insurance. Concern for people who currently have access to individual coverage calls for careful examination of options to permit incentive programs to succeed with the individual insurance markets. In particular, attention should focus on using alternatives to simple income-based subsidies to spread the burden of high-risk people's costs broadly, rather than impose the costs on low-risk people who purchase individual coverage. This paper describes three such alternatives. One uses risk adjustments and two rely on reinsurance so that carriers are compensated for the higher costs of covering high-risk people who use incentives to buy insurance. One alternative also permits risk selection by insurance carriers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swartz
mesh_terms: D004465:Economic Competition; D005380:Financing, Government / Q000458:organization & administration; D005382:Financing, Personal; D006801:Humans; D007183:Income Tax; D015271:Insurance Pools; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics*; D017057:Medically Uninsured; D017146:Models, Organizational; D009042:Motivation; D017149:Private Sector; D020379:Risk Adjustment; D014481:United States