title: Management of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: single-center experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the management of patients with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a single center over a 10-year period and to evaluate a two-stage therapeutic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was performed on all 1,716 patients with HCC who presented from 1989 to 1998. The two-stage therapeutic approach to manage ruptured HCC consisted of initial management by conservative method, hemostasis by transarterial embolization (TAE) or surgical means, followed by second-stage hepatic resection or transarterial oily chemoembolization (TOCE). Results of definitive treatment were compared with patients with no history of rupture during the same study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 154 patients (9%) had spontaneous HCC rupture. Initial intervention to control bleeding included TAE in 42 patients, surgical hemostasis in 35 patients, and conservative management only in 53 patients. The 30-day mortality rate was 38%. Independent factors on presentation affecting 30-day mortality were shock on admission, hemoglobin, serum total bilirubin, and known diagnosis of inoperable tumor. After initial stabilization and clinical evaluation, 33 patients underwent hepatic resection and 30 patients received TOCE. Median survival of the hepatectomy patients was 25.7 months; that of the TOCE patients was 9.7 months. Compared with patients with no rupture, survival after hepatectomy (25.7 months v 49.2 months, P =.003) was inferior but still substantially long, whereas survival after TOCE was comparable (9.7 months v 8.7 months, P =.904).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early mortality of spontaneous rupture of HCC was dependent on prerupture disease state, liver function, and severity of bleeding. Although it was a catastrophic presentation, prolonged survival could be achieved in selected patients with second-stage hepatic resection or TOCE.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Liver Disease, University of Hong Kong Medical Center, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Tso
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015996:Survival Rate