title: Evolutionary aspects of positioning and identification of vertebrate limbs.
abstract: Emerging developmental studies contribute to our understanding of vertebrate evolution because changes in the developmental process and the genes responsible for such changes provide a unique way for evaluating the evolution of morphology. Endoskeletal limbs, the locomotor organs that are unique to vertebrates, are a popular model system in the fields of palaeontology and phylogeny because their structure is highly visible and their bony pattern is easily preserved in the fossil records. Similarly, limb development has long served as an excellent model system for studying vertebrate pattern formation. In this review, the evolution of vertebrate limb development is examined in the light of the latest knowledge, viewpoints and hypotheses.
authors.affiliation: Biological Institute, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. tam@biology.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuraishi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ide
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yonei-Tamura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030161:Avian Proteins; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000502:physiology; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology*; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics; D005399:Fishes; D015870:Gene Expression; D005796:Genes; D006801:Humans; D018878:Limb Buds; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins
chemical_list: D030161:Avian Proteins; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; C103172:T-box transcription factor 5; C491196:TBX4 protein, Gallus gallus; C491193:TBX4 protein, human; C103177:Tbx4 protein, mouse; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors