title: Differences in inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 macrophages induced by Streptomyces Anulatus grown on different building materials.
abstract: Streptomyces anulatus, an indicator microbe of mold in buildings, was grown on different building materials in order to study the impact of growth conditions on the ability of the spores of this microbe to induce toxicity and inflammatory responses. The microbes were grown for 2 months on sterilized and unsterilized wood, chipboard, concrete, plaster board and mineral wool in tight glass vessels under humid conditions. The highest microbial spore concentration was detected on the sterilized mineral wool followed by the sterilized plaster board and the unsterilized mineral wool. Mouse RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed in vitro for 24 h to the spores of S. anulatus and the production of the inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and cytotoxicity, were measured. The dose equivalent to 5 x 10(5) spores/ml of medium was used to compare the different materials. The most intense production of NO (11.6 microM), TNF alpha (560 pg/ml) and IL-6 (2800 pg/ml) in macrophages was induced by the spores grown on sterilized plaster board. They also caused the greatest loss of cell viability (39%). The spores grown on sterilized concrete induced significant production of NO (1.5 microM) and decreased cell viability (22%), and the spores grown on unsterilized and sterilized mineral wool increased production of NO (4.1 microM and 0.8 microM, respectively). The spores did not stimulate production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. These results indicate that the ability of S. anulatus to induce inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity in macrophages is dependent on the growth conditions provided by different building materials.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, National Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 95, FIN-70701 Kuopio, Finland. Marjut.Roponen@ktl.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roponen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toivola
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meklin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruotsalainen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Komulainen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000382:microbiology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006813:Humidity / Q000009:adverse effects; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse