title: Unsafe injection practices in a cohort of injection drug users in Vancouver: could safer injecting rooms help?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In several European countries safer injecting rooms have reduced the public disorder and health-related problems of injection drug use. We explored factors associated with needle-sharing practices that could potentially be alleviated by the availability of safer injecting rooms in Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Vancouver Injection Drug User Study is a prospective cohort study of injection drug users (IDUs) that began in 1996. The analyses reported here were restricted to the 776 participants who reported actively injecting drugs in the 6 months before the most recent follow-up visit, during the period January 1999 to October 2000. Needle sharing was defined as either borrowing or lending a used needle in the 6-month period before the interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 214 (27.6%) of the participants reported sharing needles during the 6 months before follow-up; 106 (13.7%) injected drugs in public, and 581 (74.9%) reported injecting alone at least once. Variables independently associated with needle sharing in a multivariate analysis included difficulty getting sterile needles (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8-4.1), requiring help to inject drugs (adjusted OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.4-2.8), needle reuse (adjusted OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.6), frequent cocaine injection (adjusted OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3) and frequent heroin injection (adjusted OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.04-2.1). Conversely, HIV-positive participants were less likely to share needles (adjusted OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.4-0.8), although 20.2% of the HIV-positive IDUs still reported sharing needles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the availability of a large needle-exchange program and targeted law enforcement efforts in Vancouver, needle sharing remains an alarmingly common practice in our cohort. We identified a number of risk behaviours--difficulty getting sterile needles, needle sharing and reuse, injection of drugs in public and injecting alone (one of the main contributing causes of overdose)--that may be alleviated by the establishment of supervised safer injecting rooms.
authors.affiliation: British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Tyndall
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Spittal
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Montaner
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: O'Shaughnessy
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Schechter
mesh_terms: D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003042:Cocaine; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D003932:Heroin; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016485:Needle Sharing / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D003932:Heroin; D003042:Cocaine