title: Affective illness in children and adolescents: patterns of presentation in relation to pubertal maturation and family history.
abstract: Affective illness is now recognized as a common problem in all age groups, and the various patterns have been well documented in adults. The objective of this study was to evaluate the patterns of affective illness in children and determine changes with increasing age and family history. One hundred children/adolescents with affective illness (72 boys and 28 girls; age range 2-20 years; mean age 10 years), who were consecutively referred to the Pediatric Behavioral Neurology Program, Children's Medical Center at Dallas, were evaluated for the pattern and course of affective illness symptoms, family history, and pubertal stage. Seven patterns of affective illness were identified. In the 65 prepubertal children (Tanner stage 1), disorders with hypomanic/manic symptomatology were most common (47/65, 72%): mania (2/65, 3%), hypomania (8/65, 12%), cyclothymia (11/65, 17%), juvenile rapid-cycling bipolar disorder/ultradian cycling bipolar disorder (8/65, 12%), and dysthymia with bipolar features (18/65, 28%). In contrast, the 26 fully pubertal adolescents (Tanner stages 3-5) had a predominance of patterns with only depressive symptomatology (16/26, 61%): dysthymia (4/26, 15%) and depression (12/26, 46%), along with juvenile rapid-cycling bipolar disorder/ultradian cycling bipolar disorder (6/26, 23%). Affective illness, alcoholism, and drug abuse were prominent in the family histories, regardless of the child's pattern of symptoms. Family histories of character disorder and Briquet's syndrome were also common, but thought disorder, suicide, and homicide were infrequent. This study supports the clinical observation that the presentation of affective illness changes with age: manic features predominate in younger children, whereas depressive symptomatology is more evident with pubertal maturation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235, USA.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Schraufnagel
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brumback
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Weinberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D002666:Psychology, Child; D011627:Puberty / Q000502:physiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics