title: Evidence for Ca2+- and ATP-sensitive peripheral channels in nuclear pore complexes.
abstract: In eukaryotic cells the nuclear envelope (NE) serves as a functional barrier between cytosol and nucleoplasm perforated by nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Both active and passive transport of ions and macromolecules are thought to be mediated by the centrally located large NPC channel. However, 3-dimensional imaging of NPCs based on electron microscopy indicates the existence of additional small channels of unknown function located in the NPC periphery. By means of the recently developed nuclear hourglass technique that measures NE electrical conductance, we evaluated passive electrically driven transport through NPCs. In isolated Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclei, we varied ambient Ca2+ and ATP in the cytosolic solution and/or chelated Ca2+ in the perinuclear stores in order to assess the role of Ca2+ in regulating passive ion transport. We noticed that NE electrical conductance is large under conditions where macromolecule permeability is known to be low. In addition, atomic force microscopy applied to native NPCs detects multiple small pores in the NPC periphery consistent with channel openings. Peripheral pores were detectable only in the presence of ATP. We conclude that NPC transport of ions and macromolecules occurs through different routes. We present a model in which NE ion flux does not occur through the central NPC channel but rather through Ca2+- and ATP-activated peripheral channels of individual NPCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 27a, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shahin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Danker
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Enss
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ossig
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oberleithner
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002413:Cations, Divalent; D005260:Female; D022022:Nuclear Pore / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D002413:Cations, Divalent; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002118:Calcium