title: Pitfalls of using patient recall to derive preoperative status in outcome studies of total knee arthroplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is essential to adjust for the level of preoperative pain and functional status when measuring the outcome of total knee arthroplasty. Some study designs rely on postoperative patient recall to derive preoperative status. In this study, we compared prospectively collected preoperative data with data derived from patient recall of preoperative status three months after total knee arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were recruited as part of a prospective observational study of the outcome of primary total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis at four centers in the United States, six centers in the United Kingdom, and two centers in Australia. Independent research assistants recruited patients and collected data with use of a uniform documentation system preoperatively and three months postoperatively. Preoperative data included the findings of a clinical history and physical examination, demographic information, socioeconomic status, and scores from two health-status instruments: the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36). Postoperative data included the WOMAC and SF-36 scores and patient recall of preoperative status on selected items from these health-status measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 862 patients were recruited, and recall data were available for 770 patients (89%). The mean age was seventy years (range, thirty-eight to ninety years), and 59% of the patients were women. Comparisons of prospective and recall data on individual pain and function items showed poor-to-fair agreement (weighted kappa, 0.20 to 0.41). Patients recalled significantly more pain than they had reported preoperatively (p < 0.001), but there were random recollection errors for the function items. There was only moderate correlation between the prospective and recalled summary scores for pain (Spearman r = 0.53) and function (Spearman r = 0.48). In addition, 61% of the recalled pain scores and 50% of the recalled function scores differed from the prospective scores by more than 10 points (10% of the total range).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients' recall of preoperative pain and functional status three months after total knee arthroplasty demonstrated only moderate agreement with what the patients had reported prospectively. Researchers who use recall data to derive preoperative status must recognize these limitations when drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of total knee arthroplasty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. lizlingard@aol.com
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Lingard
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Sledge
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020377:Self Efficacy