title: Late hematogenous infection of subcutaneous implants in rats.
abstract: Late biomaterial-centered infection is a major complication associated with the use of biomaterial implants. In this study biomaterials that had been implanted subcutaneously in rats were hematogenously challenged with bacteria 4 weeks after implantation. Bacteria were spread either by intravenous injection or by stimulation of bacterial translocation. It was found that none of the biomaterials was infected by hematogenous spread, whereas 5% of the implants were infected by perioperative contamination. We conclude that late hematogenous infection of subcutaneous biomaterials does not occur in the rat. For humans as well, there are growing doubts whether implants actually become infected through hematogenous routes; it is thought that late infections may be caused by delayed appearance of perioperatively introduced bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gottenbos
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Klatter
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Van Der Mei
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Busscher
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000502:physiology; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020007:Implants, Experimental / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials