Preventive care in the emergency department: a systematic literature review on emergency department-based interventions that address smoke detectors in the home.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the effectiveness of an emergency department (ED)-based strategy to identify and counsel selected patients about the importance of an operational smoke detector in the home and to offer a graded recommendation regarding such a strategy.


METHODS
A systematic review was facilitated through the use of a structured template, a companion explanatory piece, and a grading and methodological scoring system based on published criteria for critical appraisal. Two Medline combined searches were performed using the following terms: emergency medical services and counseling, protective devices and smoke detectors, accidents, home, burns, fires, and residential fires. A free-text search of indexed and nonindexed citations in Emergency Medical Abstracts from 1977 to 1999 and a search of the Cochrane Library were also performed. In addition, reviewers performed independent Medline searches and suggested four additional studies. Studies selected for inclusion in this systematic review were required to meet the following criteria: 1) report ED-based research and 2) address the topic of fire and burn prevention with some pertinent discussion of ED-based interventions. The initial inclusion criteria had restricted studies to those that reported the results of counseling strategies for smoke detectors. The authors later decided to consider, as indirectly relevant, studies that did not investigate counseling strategies. Data from the selected studies were extracted using the template form, and the validity and applicability of the results to emergency practice were assessed. Recommendations were derived following criteria developed by a systematic review of preventive interventions in the ED.


RESULTS
Six articles were closely reviewed. Four of the six studies met the inclusion criteria. One other study that did not meet the inclusion criteria was also considered. No study focused specifically on the counseling of ED patients about smoke detectors.


CONCLUSIONS
Following the criteria of the graded recommendations used for the parent project. a recommendation cannot be made either for or against an ED-based strategy to counsel patients on the importance of smoke detectors. No studies located in our review directly assessed the effectiveness of such a strategy. Based on the retrospective case series study of the potential opportunity for a home fire safety intervention during an emergency medical services visit and the Safe Block Project study, it may be worthwhile to consider further research on the effectiveness of systems-level/structural interventions, with a targeted focus on strategies that attempt to overcome barriers associated with active interventions.
Maas Cortes
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L
Injury Research Center at the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. lmaas@mcw.edu
Hargarten
S W
SW
D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005390:Fires; D006801:Humans; D011314:Preventive Health Services; D011482:Protective Devices; D015208:Smoke Inhalation Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*