title: Enhanced VEGF production and decreased immunogenicity induced by TGF-beta 1 promote liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer.
abstract: TGF-betas are multifunctional polypeptides that regulate cell growth and differentiation, extracellular matrix deposition, cellular adhesion properties, angiogenesis and immune functions. In this study, we investigated the effect of TGF-beta1 on liver metastasis and its mechanism by using human pancreatic cancer cell lines Panc-1, Capan-2, and SW1990. Capan-2 and SW1990 cells demonstrated enhanced liver metastatic potential by in vivo splenic injection with TGF-beta1. Consequently, we examined the role of TGF-beta1 on in vitro angiogenesis and received cytotoxicity by peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBMLs). While TGF-beta1 slightly decreased cell proliferation, it also upregulated VEGF production in all cancer cells examined. The binding of PBMLs to cancer cells and cancer cell cytotoxicity during co-culture with PBMLs were remarkably decreased by treatment with TGF-beta1. Panc-1 cells revealed no liver metastasis despite their high immunogenetic and angiogenetic abilities, which was attributed to a lack of expression of the cell surface carbohydrates that induce attachment to endothelial cells. We concluded that the presence of TGF-beta1 in the microenvironment of tumour site might play an important role in enhancing liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer by modulating the capacity of angiogenesis and immunogenicity.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Osaka City University Medical School, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Teraoka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishihara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yashiro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000556:secondary*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000503:physiopathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors