title: Pressor and vascular effects of cardiac glycosides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For the past two decades, it has generally been accepted ('Blaustein hypothesis') that cardiac glycosides such as ouabain and digoxin increase the sodium and calcium content of smooth muscle cells, so inducing arterial vasoconstriction and a rise in blood pressure. Recent data from an experimental study we carried out led us to question this assumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective literature survey covering 20 years and including animal and human studies was performed. Representative results are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contradictory effects of cardiac glycosides on blood pressure and vasculature have been described. Increased, decreased or unaltered blood-pressure values have been observed following administration of the glycosides ouabain, digoxin and digitoxin. Moreover, vasoconstricting as well as vasodilating effects of cardiac glycosides have been demonstrated. Several recent studies show that cardiac glycosides such as digoxin and digitoxin can lead to a reduction of at least diastolic blood pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A slight vasodilation of resistance vessels followed by a fall in diastolic blood pressure could be a contributing factor for the beneficial effects of cardiac glycosides in patients with congestive heart failure. This vasodilation may be caused by central (neurohumoral) effects of digitalis glycosides.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Technical University, Dresden, Germany. arras@rcs.urz.tu-dresden.de
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kirch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002301:Cardiac Glycosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002301:Cardiac Glycosides; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents