title: Antifouling paint booster biocides in the UK coastal environment and potential risks of biological effects.
abstract: In the yachting sector of the UK antifouling market, organic biocides are commonly added to antifouling preparations to boost performance. Few data presently exist for concentrations of these compounds in UK waters. In this study the concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) and eight booster biocides were measured before and during the 1998 yachting season. The Crouch Estuary, Essex, Sutton Harbour, Plymouth and Southampton Water were chosen as representative study sites for comparison with previous surveys of TBT concentrations. Diuron and Irgarol 1051 were the only organic booster biocides found at concentrations above the limits of detection. Diuron was measured at the highest concentrations, whilst detectable concentrations of both Irgarol 1051 and diuron were determined in areas of high yachting activity (e.g. mooring areas and marinas). Maximum measured values were 1,421 and 6,740 ng/l, respectively. Lower concentrations of both compounds were found in open estuarine areas, although non-antifouling contributions of diuron may contribute to the overall inputs to estuarine systems. TBT was found to be below or near the environmental quality standard (EQS) of 2 ng/l for all samples collected from estuarine areas frequented by pleasure craft alone, but with much higher concentrations measured in some marinas, harbours and in areas frequented by large commercial vessels. Using the limited published environmental fate and toxicity data available for antifouling booster biocides, a comparative assessment to evaluate the risk posed by these compounds to the aquatic environment is described. TBT still exceeds risk quotients by the greatest margins, but widespread effects due to Irgarol 1051 and less so diuron cannot be ruled out (particularly if use patterns change) and more information is required to provide a robust risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: CEFAS Burnham Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Burnham on Crouch, Essex, UK. k.v.thomas@cefas.co.uk.
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Fileman
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Readman
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Waldock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D004237:Diuron / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D004463:Ecology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000187:drug effects; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D008954:Models, Biological; D010150:Paint / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons; D012767:Ships; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D006113:United Kingdom; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C103341:irgarol 1051; D004237:Diuron