title: The Fontan procedure in adults.
abstract: METHODS
  Tertiary adult congenital cardiac referral centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cross sectional analysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report our 20 year experience with adult Fontan operations, and to compare late outcome in patients with single ventricle with definitive aortopulmonary or cavopulmonary shunt palliation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients older than 18 years undergoing Fontan operation between 1 January 1982 and 31 December 1998 were identified. Mortality and late outcome were derived from hospital records. These patients were compared with a cohort of 50 adults with single ventricle who had not undergone a Fontan operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  61 adults, median age 36 years (range 18-47 years), with a median follow up of 10 years (range 0-21 years) were identified. Actuarial survival was 80% at one year, 76% at five years, 72% at 10 years, and 67% at 15 years. Compared with before the Fontan operation, more patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I or II at the latest follow up (80% v 58%, p < 0.001). Systolic ventricular function deteriorated during follow up such that 34% had moderate to severe ventricular dysfunction at the latest follow up compared with 5% before Fontan (p < 0.001). Arrhythmia increased with time (10% before Fontan v 57% after 10 years, p < 0.001). Fontan patients had improved NYHA functional class, ventricular function, atrioventricular regurgitation, and fewer arrhythmias than the non-Fontan group at the latest follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Fontan operation in adults has acceptable early and late mortality. Functional class, systolic ventricular function, atrioventricular regurgitation, and arrhythmia deteriorate late after surgery but to a lesser degree than in non-Fontan patients with a single ventricle.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults, Stroke Ronald Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Veldtman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nishimoto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Fredriksen
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gatzoulis
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000379:methods*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome