title: Effect of gender on outcomes of beating heart operations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A worse outcome has been observed in women undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) compared with men. We sought to determine whether this gender difference would be applicable in off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared outcomes among 187 consecutive patients undergoing OPCAB over a 12-month period by a single surgeon (J.H.L.). This study included 61 women and 126 men, representing 91% of all isolated CABG operations during the same time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The demographics were as follows: Women (n = 61) were older than men (n = 126) (67.5 versus 64.6 years; p = 0.05). They had a greater prevalence of congestive heart failure (28% versus 17%; p = 0.005), and were more frequently on intravenous nitroglycerin preoperatively (49% versus 32%; p = 0.05). Overall mortality was 1.6% (3 of 187). In-hospital complications were as follows: deaths 3.3% in women and 0.9% in men (p = 0.25); major bleeding 0% in women and 3.2% in men (p = 0.30); stroke 1.5% in women and 0% in men (p = NS). Mediastinitis or renal failure was not noted in either group. Extubation times (6.6 versus 6.1 hours; p = 0.001), surgical intensive care unit length of stay (43 hours versus 37 hours; p = 0.013), and postoperative length of stay (6.4 days versus 5.8 days; p = 0.014) were all significantly longer in women compared with men. When OPCAB women were compared with a matched cohort of women undergoing CABG, length of stay was similar, whereas OPCAB men realized a 13% reduction in length of stay compared with men undergoing conventional CABG (p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women presenting for OPCAB are older and have greater comorbidities than men. The elimination of cardiopulmonary bypass did not improve the recovery time of women, a finding that was strikingly different from the effect seen in men. These compelling results suggest that biochemical, hormonal, or pharmacokinetic factors in women may neutralize the anticipated beneficial effect of avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Capdeville
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chamogeogarkis
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome