title: Flash spectroscopic studies of the kinetics of the halorhodopsin photocycle.
abstract: The photoreactions of halorhodopsin are complicated by the fact that the parent pigment and its photoproducts interact with chloride.  Thus, in any photoreaction scheme at least four species have to be accounted for:  HR565 and HR578 Cl-, as well as HR640 and HR520 Cl-.  A photocycle scheme proposed earlier places the two main photointermediates of halorhodopsin, HR520 Cl- and HR640, into a single photocycle, with a chloride-dependent equilibrium between them [Oesterhelt, D., Hegemann, P., & Tittor, J. (1985) EMBO J. 4, 2351-2356].  This scheme, with the additional feature of direct photoproduction of HR640 from HR565, was tested in this work by using numerical solutions of the appropriate differential equations to simulate flash-induced absorption changes at 500 nm (production of HR520 Cl-) and at 660 nm (production of HR640).  The time scale of the simulation was ms following the flash.  Comparison of the simulated curves with experimental traces yielded a unique set of three rate constants.  The proposed photocycle scheme and these rate constants predict well the shapes and amplitudes of flash traces at various chloride concentrations.  It appears from the photocycle scheme, and the numerical values of rate constants, that chloride is bound with high affinity to the parent halorhodopsin molecule, but with much lower affinity to its main photointermediate.  This may be the consequence of the fact that in the parent halorhodopsin in the retinal configuration is all-trans, but in the two photointermediates it is 13-cis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine 92717, USA.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lanyi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vodyanoy
mesh_terms: D001436:Bacteriorhodopsins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001665:Binding Sites; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019617:Halobacterium salinarum; D025602:Halorhodopsins; D007700:Kinetics; D008027:Light; D010777:Photochemistry; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D025602:Halorhodopsins; D001436:Bacteriorhodopsins