title: Planetary protection issues in advance of human exploration of Mars.
abstract: Current planetary quarantine considerations focus on robotic missions and attempt a policy of no biological contamination.  The presence of humans on Mars, however, will inevitably result in biological contamination and physical alteration of the local environment.  The focus of planetary quarantine must therefore shift toward defining and minimizing the inevitable contamination associated with humans.  This will involve first determining those areas that will be affected by the presence of a human base, then verifying that these environments do not harbor indigenous life nor provide sites for Earth bacteria to grow.  Precursor missions can provide salient information that can make more efficient the planning and design of human exploration missions.  In particular, a robotic sample return mission can help to eliminate the concern about returning samples with humans or the return of humans themselves from a planetary quarantine perspective.  Without a robotic return the cost of quarantine that would have to be added to a human mission may well exceed the cost of a robotic return mission.  Even if the preponderance of scientific evidence argues against the presence of indigenous life, it must be considered as part of any serious planetary quarantine analysis for missions to Mars.  If there is life on Mars, the question of human exploration assumes an ethical dimension.
authors.affiliation: NASA/Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria; D018534:Earth, Planet; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D006801:Humans; D018535:Mars; D011790:Quarantine; D012371:Robotics / Q000592:standards; D013026:Space Flight / Q000639:trends; D018531:Spacecraft / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants