title: High prevalence of K-ras-2 mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas in workers exposed to vinyl chloride.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vinyl chloride (VC) and its metabolites are human carcinogens associated with liver angiosarcomas (LAS) and also with hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). In VC associated LAS mutations of the K-ras-2 gene have been reported, however, no data about the prevalence of such mutations in VC-associated HCCs are available. The aim of the study was to evaluate possible specific K-ras-2 oncogene mutations in the case of HCCs due to VC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of K-ras-2 mutations was analysed in tissue from 12 patients with VC-associated HCCs. All patients had known long-term exposure to VC (average exposure amount: 9,942 ppm-years). Twenty patients with hepatocellular carcinoma due to hepatitis B (n = 7), hepatitis C (n = 5) and alcoholic liver cirrhosis (n= 8) served as a control group. The specific mutations were determined by direct sequencing of codons 12 and 13 of the K-ras-2 gene in carcinomatous and adjacent non-neoplastic liver tissue after microdissection. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to detect p21ras protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  K-ras-2 mutations were found in five of 12 (42%) examined HCCs and in three cases of adjacent non-neoplastic liver tissue (25%). There were three guanine to adenine (G --> A) point mutations in the tumour tissue. All three mutations found in non-neoplastic liver from VC-exposed patients were also G --> A point mutations (codon 12- and codon 13-aspartate mutations). Within the control group, K-ras-2 mutations were found in three of 20 (15%) examined HCCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutations of the K-ras-2 gene in hepatocellular carcinomas associated with VC exposure are frequent events. We observed a K-ras-2 mutation pattern characteristic of chloroethylene oxide, one of the carcinogenic metabolites of VC analysed in animal models. Our results suggest that VC had direct toxic effects not only on endothelial cells but also on hepatocytes, as it was previously only described in animal models.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Arbeitsmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany. Weihrauch,Markus@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weihrauch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benick
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lehner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wittekind
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wrbitzk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tannapfel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D017931:DNA Primers; D011905:Genes, ras; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D015995:Prevalence; D014752:Vinyl Chloride / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D014752:Vinyl Chloride