title: Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unknown whether either the angiotensin-II-receptor blocker irbesartan or the calcium-channel blocker amlodipine slows the progression of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes independently of its capacity to lower the systemic blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 1715 hypertensive patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes to treatment with irbesartan (300 mg daily), amlodipine (10 mg daily), or placebo. The target blood pressure was 135/85 mm Hg or less in all groups. We compared the groups with regard to the time to the primary composite end point of a doubling of the base-line serum creatinine concentration, the development of end-stage renal disease, or death from any cause. We also compared them with regard to the time to a secondary, cardiovascular composite end point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of follow-up was 2.6 years. Treatment with irbesartan was associated with a risk of the primary composite end point that was 20 percent lower than that in the placebo group (P=0.02) and 23 percent lower than that in the amlodipine group (P=0.006). The risk of a doubling of the serum creatinine concentration was 33 percent lower in the irbesartan group than in the placebo group (P=0.003) and 37 percent lower in the irbesartan group than in the amlodipine group (P<0.001). Treatment with irbesartan was associated with a relative risk of end-stage renal disease that was 23 percent lower than that in both other groups (P=0.07 for both comparisons). These differences were not explained by differences in the blood pressures that were achieved. The serum creatinine concentration increased 24 percent more slowly in the irbesartan group than in the placebo group (P=0.008) and 21 percent more slowly than in the amlodipine group (P=0.02). There were no significant differences in the rates of death from any cause or in the cardiovascular composite end point.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The angiotensin-II-receptor blocker irbesartan is effective in protecting against the progression of nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. This protection is independent of the reduction in blood pressure it causes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Hunsicker
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berl
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Raz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D000077405:Irbesartan; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D013777:Tetrazoles; D017311:Amlodipine; D003404:Creatinine; D000077405:Irbesartan