title: Clinical and economic impact of new trends in glaucoma treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glaucoma is a chronic ophthalmic condition affecting approximately 15 million people. Several therapies are currently available (eg, beta-blockers, sympathomimetics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors) but have side effects that may limit use. Over the last few years, new medications with improved efficacy and side-effect profiles have become available. This analysis evaluates 2 therapies, brimonidine and betaxolol, based on head-to-head clinical trial data to determine clinical consequences and their related expected costs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To calculate comparative costs and the cost-effectiveness of brimonidine 0.2% and betaxolol 0.25% as first-line therapy for patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Safety, efficacy, effectiveness, and quality-of-life data were collected in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, head-to-head comparative effectiveness study, with a drug switch possibility. A disease-intervention model (decision tree) was developed with clinicians, academicians, and health economists. Components of care for each pathway in the model were identified and evaluated; their costs were applied at appropriate points throughout the tree. Expected outcomes and costs were computed and compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were men (n = 76) and women (n = 112), 21 years of age or older, with newly diagnosed or currently untreated ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical success rates of first-line brimonidine 0.2% and betaxolol 0.25% are 73.9% and 56.2%, respectively, as determined in a head-to-head comparative effectiveness trial. Total expected costs for patients receiving brimonidine and betaxolol as a primary therapy are $301.37 and $328.19, respectively, based on the model. Dividing costs by outcomes, the cost-effectiveness ratios for brimonidine and betaxolol are $407.81 ($301.37/0.739) and $583.97 ($328.19/0.562), respectively, representing the cost/unit outcome, or the cost to achieve clinical success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brimonidine 0.2% is less costly and more cost-effective than betaxolol 0.25% when used as initial monotherapy with and without subsequent add-on therapies, including laser treatments and/or surgery, as needed.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research, a division of Physicians World - Thomson Healthcare, Secaucus, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Magar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nichol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015784:Betaxolol / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068438:Brimonidine Tartrate; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019091:Critical Pathways; D003663:Decision Trees; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014130:Trabeculectomy
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D011810:Quinoxalines; D000068438:Brimonidine Tartrate; D015784:Betaxolol