title: Effect of sympathetic reinnervation on cardiac performance after heart transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Late after cardiac transplantation, limited reinnervation of the transplanted heart may occur, but little is known about the effect of reinnervation on cardiac function and exercise performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We quantified the extent of myocardial reinnervation noninvasively in 29 cardiac-transplant recipients, using positron-emission tomography and the catecholamine analogue [11C]hydroxyephedrine. Global and regional ventricular function at rest and during standardized exercise testing were measured with the use of radionuclide angiography, and the results were compared with those in 10 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sympathetic reinnervation, mainly in the anteroseptal wall, was present in 16 of the 29 transplant recipients. At rest, hemodynamic differences were not observed between the patients with reinnervation and those with denervation. However, the latter group had a shorter mean (+/-SD) exercise time (6.1+/-1.5, minutes vs. 8.2+/-1.2 in the group with reinnervation; P<0.01) and a lower peak heart rate (121+/-13 vs. 143+/-15 beats per minute, P<0.01). The contractile response to exercise was significantly enchanced in transplant recipients with reinnervation and similar to that of normal controls. In a multivariate analysis, hydroxyephedrine retention was the only independent determinant of the exercise-induced increase in the ejection fraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In heart-transplant recipients, the restoration of sympathetic innervation is associated with improved responses of the heart rate and contractile function to exercise. These results support the functional importance of reinnervation in transplanted hearts.
authors.affiliation: Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany. frank.bengel@lrz.tu-muenchen.de
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Bengel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ueberfuhr
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schiepel
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Nekolla
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reichart
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
mesh_terms: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002395:Catecholamines; C065363:3-hydroxyephedrine; D004809:Ephedrine