title: Incorporating biologically based models into assessments of risk from chemical contaminants.
abstract: The general approach to assessment of risk from chemical contaminants in drinking water involves three steps:  hazard identification, exposure assessment, and dose-response assessment.  Traditionally, the risks to humans associated with different levels of a chemical have been derived from the toxic responses observed in animals.  It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that further information is needed if risks to humans are to be assessed accurately.  Biologically based models help clarify the dose-response relationship and reduce uncertainty.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman 99163.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Conolly
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: De Marini
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: MacPhail
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Ohanian
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Swenberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004782:Environmental Health / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D008954:Models, Biological; D051381:Rats; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical