title: Subcritical and supercritical water oxidation of CELSS model wastes.
abstract: Controlled-Ecological-Life-Support-System (CELSS) model wastes were wet-oxidized at temperatures from 250 to 500 degrees C, i.e., below and above the critical point of water (374 degrees C and 218 kg/cm2 or 21.4 MPa).  A solution of ammonium hydroxide and acetic acid and a slurry of human urine, feces, and wipes were used as model wastes.  Almost all of the organic matter in the model wastes was oxidized in the temperature range from 400 to 500 degrees C, i.e., above the critical conditions for water.  In contrast, only a small portion of the organic matter was oxidized at subcritical conditions.  Although the extent of nitrogen oxidation to nitrous oxide (N2O) and/or nitrogen gas (N2) increased with reaction temperature, most of the nitrogen was retained in solution as ammonia near 400 degrees C.  This important finding suggests that most of the nitrogen in the waste feed can be retained in solution as ammonia during oxidation at low supercritical temperatures and be subsequently used as a nitrogen source for plants in a CELSS while at the same time organic matter is almost completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.  It was also found in this study the Hastelloy C-276 alloy reactor corroded during waste oxidation.  The rate of corrosion was lower above than below the critical temperature for water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Niigata University, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wydeven
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koo
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D019342:Acetic Acid; D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D000641:Ammonia / Q000737:chemistry; D064753:Ammonium Hydroxide; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D003343:Corrosion; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000737:chemistry; D008021:Life Support Systems / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013026:Space Flight; D013696:Temperature; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000497:Alloys; D006878:Hydroxides; D014866:Waste Products; D014867:Water; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D064753:Ammonium Hydroxide; D002244:Carbon; D000641:Ammonia; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D009584:Nitrogen; D019342:Acetic Acid