title: Gene therapy for prostate cancer: current status and future prospects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Locally advanced, relapsed and metastatic prostate cancer has a dismal prognosis with conventional therapies offering no more than palliation. In recent years advances achieved in understanding the molecular biology of cancer have afforded clinicians and scientists the opportunity to develop a range of novel genetic therapies for this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a detailed review of published reports of gene therapy for prostate cancer. Particular emphasis was placed on recent developments in the arena of nonviral (plasmid DNA, DNA coated gold particles, liposomes and polymer DNA complexes) and viral (adenovirus, retrovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus and pox virus) vectors. Therapeutic strategies were categorized as corrective, cytoreductive and immunomodulatory gene therapy for the purpose of data analysis and comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Locoregional administration of nonviral and viral vectors can yield impressive local gene expression and therapeutic effects but to our knowledge no efficient systemically delivered vector is available to date. Corrective gene therapy to restore normal patterns of tumor suppressor gene (p53, Rb, p21 and p16) expression or negate the effect of mutated tumor promoting oncogenes (ras, myc, erbB2 and bcl-2) have efficacy in animal models but this approach suffers from the fact that each cancer cell must be targeted. A wide variety of cytoreductive strategies are under development, including suicide, anti-angiogenic, radioisotopic and pro-apoptotic gene therapies. Each approach has strengths and weaknesses, and may best be suited for use in combination. Immunomodulatory gene therapy seeks to generate an effective local immune response that translates to systemic antitumor activity. Currently most studies involve immunostimulatory cytokine genes, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, or interleukin-2 or 12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Various therapeutic genes have proved activity against prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. However, the chief challenge facing clinical gene therapy strategies is the lack of efficient gene delivery by local and systemic routes. For the foreseeable future vector development may remain a major focus of ongoing research. Despite this caveat it is anticipated that gene therapy approaches may significantly contribute to the management of prostate cancer in the future.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine Program and Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spitzweg
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Vile
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D004247:DNA; D005544:Forecasting; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D004247:DNA