title: Cell wall and enzyme changes during the graviresponse of the leaf-sheath pulvinus of oat (Avena sativa).
abstract: The graviresponse of the leaf-sheath pulvinus of oat (Avena sativa) involves an asymmetric growth response accompanied by several asymmetric processes, including degradation of starch and cell wall synthesis.  To understand further the cellular and biochemical events associated with the graviresponse, changes in cell walls and their constituents and the activities of related enzymes were investigated in excised pulvini.  Asymmetric increases in dry weight with relatively symmetric increases in wall weight accompanied the graviresponse.  Starch degradation could not account for increases in wall weight.  However, a strong asymmetry in invertase activity indicated that hydrolysis of exogenous sucrose could contribute significantly to the increases in wall and dry weights.  Most cell wall components increased proportionately during the graviresponse.  However, beta-D-glucan did not increase symmetrically, but rather increased in proportion in lower halves of gravistimulated pulvini.  This change resulted from an increase in glucan synthase activity in lower halves.  The asymmetry of beta-D-glucan content arose too slowly to account for initiation of the graviresponse.  A  similar pattern in change in wall extensibility was also observed.  Since beta-D-glucan was the only wall component to change, it is hypothesized that this change is the basis for the change in wall extensibility.  Since wall extensibility changed too slowly to account for growth initiation, it is postulated that asymmetric changes in osmotic solutes act as the driving  factor for growth promotion in the graviresponse, while wall extensibility acts as a limiting factor during growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gibeaut
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karuppiah
authors.lastname: Chang S-R
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vadlamudi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Ghosheh
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rayle
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Carpita
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D018554:Avena / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology; D005936:Glucans / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018522:Gravitropism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D009995:Osmosis / Q000502:physiology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D018516:Pulvinus / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D013213:Starch / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D043324:beta-Fructofuranosidase
chemical_list: D005936:Glucans; D013395:Sucrose; D013213:Starch; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C040232:glucan synthase; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; D043324:beta-Fructofuranosidase