title: In vitro effects of aceclofenac and its metabolites on the production by chondrocytes of inflammatory mediators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the mechanisms of action underlying the anti-inflammatory action of aceclofenac in vivo, we studied in vitro the effect of aceclofenac and its main metabolite, 4'-hydroxyaceclofenac, in comparison with diclofenac, another metabolite, on cyclooxygenases activity as well as interleukin-1beta, -6 and -8, nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E2 production by human osteoarthritic and normal articular chondrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enzymatically isolated human chondrocytes were cultured for 72 h in the absence or presence of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or lipopolysacharride (LPS) and with or without increased amounts (1 to 30 microM) of aceclofenac or metabolites. The production of different cytokines was measured by Enzyme Amplified Sensitivity Immunoassays (EASIA). Prostaglandin E2 was quantified by a specific radioimmunoassay. Nitrite and nitrate concentrations in the culture supernatants were determined by spectrophotometric method based upon the Griess reaction. Cyclooxygenase-2, inducible NO synthase and IL-1beta gene expression were quantified by reverse transcription of mRNA followed by real time and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Finally, cyclooxygenase inhibitory potency of the drugs was also tested in both a cell-free system using purified ovine cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2) and at a cellular level using human whole blood assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have demonstrated that aceclofenac, 4'-hydroxyaceclofenac and diclofenac significantly decreased interleukin-6 production at concentrations ranged among 1 to 30 microM and fully blocked prostaglandin E2 synthesis by IL-1beta- or LPS-stimulated human chondrocytes. Aceclofenac and diclofenac had no effect on interleukin-8 production while 4'-hydroxyaceclofenac slightly decreased this parameter at the highest dose (30 microM). Aceclofenac was without effect on IL-1beta- or LPS-stimulated nitric oxide production. At 30 microM, 4'-hydroxyaceclofenac inhibited both IL-1beta or LPS-stimulated nitric oxide production while diclofenac inhibited only the LPS-stimulated production. Finally, at 30 microM, the three drugs significantly decreased IL-1beta mRNA. In the whole blood test, aceclofenac and 4'-hydroxyaceclofenac weakly inhibited COX-1 with IC50 values superior to 100 microM, but decreased by 50% COX-2 activity at the concentration of 0.77 and 36 microM, respectively. Diclofenac strongly inhibited both COX-1 and COX-2 with IC50 values of 0.6 and 0.04 microM, respectively. On the other hand, aceclofenac and diclofenac weakly inhibited purified ovine cyclooxygenases with IC50 values superior to 100 microM, whereas 4'-hydroxyaceclofenac was without effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that aceclofenac actions are multifactorial and that metabolites could contribute to its anti-inflammatory actions.
authors.affiliation: Bone and Cartilage Metabolism Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liege, Belgium. yhenrotin@ulg.ac.be
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Henrotin
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: de Leval
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mathy-Hartet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mouithys-Mickalad
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deby-Dupont
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dogné
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delarge
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Reginster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D004008:Diclofenac; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004247:DNA; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone; C056498:aceclofenac