title: Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Short-term preoperative radiotherapy and total mesorectal excision have each been shown to improve local control of disease in patients with resectable rectal cancer. We conducted a multicenter, randomized trial to determine whether the addition of preoperative radiotherapy increases the benefit of total mesorectal excision.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 1861 patients with resectable rectal cancer either to preoperative radiotherapy (5 Gy on each of five days) followed by total mesorectal excision (924 patients) or to total mesorectal excision alone (937 patients). The trial was conducted with the use of standardization and quality-control measures to ensure the consistency of the radiotherapy, surgery, and pathological techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1861 patients randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups, 1805 were eligible to participate. The overall rate of survival at two years among the eligible patients was 82.0 percent in the group assigned to both radiotherapy and surgery and 81.8 percent in the group assigned to surgery alone (P=0.84). Among the 1748 patients who underwent a macroscopically complete local resection, the rate of local recurrence at two years was 5.3 percent. The rate of local recurrence at two years was 2.4 percent in the radiotherapy-plus-surgery group and 8.2 percent in the surgery-only group (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term preoperative radiotherapy reduces the risk of local recurrence in patients with rectal cancer who undergo a standardized total mesorectal excision.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kapiteijn
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Marijnen
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Nagtegaal
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Putter
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Steup
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wiggers
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Rutten
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pahlman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glimelius
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van Krieken
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Leer
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van de Velde
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003107:Colorectal Surgery / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011300:Preoperative Care; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D012007:Rectum / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate