title: Assessment of the efficacy of medical countermeasures in space flight.
abstract: Changes in body fluids, electrolytes, and muscle mass are manifestations of adaptation to space flight and readaptation to the 1-g environment.  The purposes of this paper are to review the current knowledge of biomedical responses to short- and long-duration space missions and to assess the efficacy of countermeasures to 1-g conditioning.  Exercise protocols, fluid hydration, dietary and potential pharmacologic measures are evaluated, and directions for future research activities are recommended.
authors.affiliation: NASA Headquarters, Life Sciences Division, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicogossian
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sulzman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radtke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bungo
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000337:Aerospace Medicine / Q000639:trends*; D004035:Diet Therapy / Q000592:standards; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000592:standards; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008150:Lower Body Negative Pressure; D013026:Space Flight / Q000639:trends*; D013997:Time Factors; D014893:Weightlessness / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018544:Weightlessness Countermeasures