title: Polar distribution of annexin-like proteins during phytochrome-mediated initiation and growth of rhizoids in the ferns Dryopteris and Anemia.
abstract: Although the calcium requirement of phytochrome-mediated fern spore germination and early rhizoid growth is well established, the calcium-binding proteins that serve as transducers for these responses are not known.  Here we report the presence of annexin-like proteins in germinating spores of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott and Anemia phyllitidis (L.) Sw. and evidence that they may be important participants in early photomorphogenic changes in gametophytes.  Immunolocalization and immunoblot assays of these proteins were carried out using polyclonal antibodies raised either against a 35-kDa annexin-like protein from pea or against anchorin CII from chicken.  Western-blot analysis showed that crude protein extracts obtained from both species after red-light treatment contained two cross-reactive protein bands with molecular weights around 70 kDa.  These proteins were annexin-like in that they bound to a phosphatidylserine affinity column in a calcium-dependent fashion.  Using this column, two protein bands around 70 kDa, i.e. 67 and 73 kDa, were partially purified together with proteins at 36 kDa and a doublet at 54 kDa.  Proteins of these latter molecular weights are suggested to be members of the annexin family, but no cross-reactivity could be found between these and the two antibodies used in our investigations.  Immunodetectable levels of these proteins were observed only after light-mediated induction of spore germination.  Imaging of the immuno-localization patterns observed with both antibodies showed that the annexin-like proteins are concentrated at the extreme tips of the rhizoids in D. filix-mas and A. phyllitidis during rhizoid initiation and all stages of elongation.  We suggest that these proteins may play a major role in the tip-oriented exocytosis events that are critical for the initiation and growth of fern rhizoids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, The University of Texas at Austin 78713, USA.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turnwald
authors.forename: U K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Tirlapur
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: von der Mark
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Roux
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scheuerlein
mesh_terms: D017302:Annexins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003470:Culture Media; D018525:Germination / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D010834:Phytochrome / Q000502:physiology; D063245:Plant Development; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry; D013170:Spores / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017302:Annexins; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D003470:Culture Media; D010940:Plant Proteins; D010834:Phytochrome