title: Endoscopic ligation compared with combined treatment with nadolol and isosorbide mononitrate to prevent recurrent variceal bleeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After an episode of acute bleeding from esophageal varices, patients are at high risk for recurrent bleeding and death. We compared two treatments to prevent recurrent bleeding--endoscopic ligation and combined medical therapy with nadolol and isosorbide mononitrate.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 144 patients with cirrhosis who were hospitalized with esophageal variceal bleeding to receive treatment with endoscopic ligation (72 patients) or the combined medical therapy (72 patients). Sessions of ligation were repeated every two to three weeks until the varices were eradicated. The initial dose of nadolol was 80 mg orally once daily, with adjustment according to the resting heart rate; isosorbide mononitrate was given in increasing doses, beginning at 20 mg once a day at bed time and rising over the course of one week to 40 mg orally twice a day, unless side effects occurred. The primary end points were recurrent bleeding, complications, and death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up period was 21 months. A total of 35 patients in the ligation group and 24 in the medication group had recurrent bleeding. The probability of recurrence was lower in the medication group, both for all episodes related to portal hypertension (P=0.04) and for recurrent variceal bleeding (P=0.04). There were major complications in nine patients treated with ligation (seven had bleeding esophageal ulcers and two had aspiration pneumonia) and two treated with medication (both had bradycardia and dyspnea) (P=0.05). Thirty patients in the ligation group died, as did 23 patients in the medication group (P=0.52). The probability of recurrent bleeding was lower for patients with a hemodynamic response to therapy, defined as a decrease in the hepatic venous pressure gradient of more than 20 percent from the base-line value or to less than 12 mm Hg (18 percent, vs. 54 percent in patients with no hemodynamic response at one year; P<0.001), and the probability of survival was higher (94 percent vs. 78 percent at one year, P=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined therapy with nadolol and isosorbide mononitrate is more effective than endoscopic ligation for the prevention of recurrent bleeding and is associated with a lower rate of major complications. A hemodynamic response to treatment is associated with a better long-term prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain. cvillaneuva@hsp.santpau.es
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miñana
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallego
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soriano
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Torras
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sáinz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boadas
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cussó
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guarner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Balanzó
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004724:Endoscopy; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009248:Nadolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012044:Regression Analysis; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009248:Nadolol; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate; C030397:isosorbide-5-mononitrate