title: Nitric oxide-dependent down-regulation of angiotensin II type 2 receptors during experimental sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The systemic renin-angiotensin system is highly activated during septic shock. This has focused interest in regulation of the adrenal angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2) as the target thought to mediate angiotensin II-induced adrenal catecholamine release during experimental sepsis in vivo. In addition, the influence of typical endogenous mediators of sepsis, such as proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide, on AT2 receptor expression should be investigated in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective animal trial followed by a controlled cell culture study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory of the Department of Anesthesiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250 g, PC12 cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide to stimulate Gram-negative sepsis or lipoteichoic acid to stimulate Gram-positive sepsis. AT2 receptor expression, abundance of the proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma), and nitric oxide synthase II expression have been determined in the adrenal gland. Rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells were incubated with these cytokines or with the nitric oxide donors sodium nitroprusside or S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine to investigate the regulation of AT2 receptors during severe inflammation on a cellular level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the adrenal gland, AT2 receptor expression was down-regulated in both models of sepsis, whereas tissue cytokine concentrations were elevated and nitric oxide synthase II expression was induced. Incubation of PC12 cells with proinflammatory cytokines resulted in a dose-dependent diminished expression of AT2 receptors, which was mimicked by incubation with nitric oxide donors. Blocking of cytokine-induced nitric oxide synthesis by co-incubation of PC12 cells with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester prevented down-regulation of AT2 receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that in our model of sepsis, the expression of AT2 receptors in the adrenal gland is down-regulated in a nitric oxide-dependent manner. Because AT2 receptors are thought to be involved in adrenal catecholamine secretion in a stimulatory fashion, the diminished expression of AT2 receptors could play an important role in the pathogenesis of septic shock via impaired angiotensin II-induced adrenal catecholamine release, despite a strong activation of the systemic renin-angiotensin system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. michael.bucher@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bucher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hobbhahn
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurtz
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000187:drug effects*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II