title: Analysis of brain biocompatibility of drug-releasing biodegradable microspheres by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stereotactically guided implantation of biodegradable microspheres is a promising strategy for delivery of neurotrophic factors in a precise and spatially defined brain area. The goal in this study was to show the biocompatibility of poly(D,L,lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres with brain tissue at the ultrastructural level and to analyze the three-dimensional (3D) ultrastructure after intrastriatal implantation of these microparticles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the microspheres and their environment after implantation in an inert material (gelatin) and in the rat striatum. Observations were made at different time periods, ranging from 24 hours to 2 months postimplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The progressive degradation of the microspheres, with vacuolization, deformation, and shrinkage, was well visualized. This degradation was identical in microspheres implanted in the inert material and in the rat brain tissue, independent of the presence of macrophages. The studies preformed in the striatum permitted the authors to demonstrate the structural integrity of axons in contact with microspheres, confirming the biocompatibility of the polymer. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy showed the preservation of the 3D ultrastructure of the striatum around the microparticles. These microparticles, which can be stereotactically implanted in functional areas of the brain and can release neurotrophic factors, could represent, for some indications, an alternative to gene therapy.
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurochirurgie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Veziers
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lesourd
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jollivet
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montero-Menei
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Benoit
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Menei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000473:pathology; D004343:Drug Implants; D004805:Ependyma / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008422:Materials Testing; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000473:pathology; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011108:Polymers; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004343:Drug Implants; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D011108:Polymers; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid