title: Mild maternal undernutrition in the first half of ovine pregnancy influences placental morphology but not fetal Doppler flow velocity waveforms and fetal heart size.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We wanted to investigate whether experimental dietary manipulations during early pregnancy influence placental growth and subsequently the cardiovascular system as assessed non-invasively by ultrasonography in the sheep fetus.
  
  
  METHODS
  21 ewes bearing singletons of uniform age were randomly assigned for the first half of pregnancy to one of the following study groups: fed 100% of their nutritional requirements (i.e. controls), global reduction in total intake by 30% (i.e. 70% global) and reduction in protein intake by 30% (i.e. 70% protein).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Placentas from the 70% protein group had significantly more small placentomes, but significantly fewer large placentomes compared to the 70% global group. However, there were no significant differences between the three dietary groups for either the aortic or the umbilical Doppler velocimetry parameters and the fetal heart rate or heart size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that early mild maternal undernutrition produces subtle changes in cotelydonary weight. However, Doppler and echocardiographic parameters were not affected by these changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Humboldt-University Berlin-Charité School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany. karim.kalache@charite.de
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Kalache
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ojutiku
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishina
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hanson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000473:pathology*; D020567:Fetal Weight; D005333:Fetus / Q000098:blood supply*; D005508:Food Deprivation; D005865:Gestational Age; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010920:Placenta / Q000473:pathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D012756:Sheep; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal