title: Delta-electron emission in fast heavy ion atom collisions.
abstract: Biological damages such as mutations, chromosomal aberrations etc. are a consequence of biochemical changes mostly in the DNA.  With ionizing radiation, these chemical changes are due to primary ionization events and secondary ionization effects caused by the primarily produced electrons.  Differences in the biological response of densely ionizing radiation, like heavy charged particles, in comparison to sparsely ionizing radiation, such as X- or gamma-rays, are mainly due to the differences in the production of the so called delta-electrons.  Therefore, the emission process of electrons i.e. the cross section for the primary ionization event as well as the energy and angular distribution of the emitted electrons should be understood in detail.  The delta-electron emission processes occuring in fast heavy ion atom collisions are explained qualitatively.  The different spectral structures of electron emission arising from either the target or the projectile are explained in terms of simple models of the kinetics of momentum transfer induced by the COULOMB forces.  In collisions of very heavy ions with matter, high nuclear COULOMB forces are created.  These forces lead to a strong polarization of the electronic states of the participated electrons.  The effects of this polarization are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Böcking
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ramm
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ullrich
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kelbch
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DuBois
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagmann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jiazhen
mesh_terms: D001128:Argon; D004583:Electrons; D004601:Elementary Particles; D004735:Energy Transfer; D005720:Gamma Rays; D007477:Ions; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009678:Nuclear Energy; D009686:Nuclear Physics; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D014501:Uranium
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D014501:Uranium; D001128:Argon