title: Prediction and evaluation of solar particle events based on precursor information.
abstract: Protection from the radiation effects of solar particle events for deep space mission crews requires a warning system to observe solar flares and predict subsequent charged particle fluxes.  Such a system relates precursor information observed in each flare to the intensity, delay, and duration of the subsequent Solar Particle Event (SPE) at other locations in the solar system.  A warning system of this type is now in operation at the NOAA Space Environment Services Center in Boulder, Colorado for support of space missions.  It has been used to predict flare particle fluxes at the earth for flares of Solar Cycle 22.  The flare parameters used and the effectiveness of the current warning system, based on Solar Cycle 22 experience, are presented, with an examination of the shortcomings.  Needed improvements to the system include more complete observations of solar activity, especially information on the occurrences of solar mass ejections; and consideration of the effects of propagation conditions in the solar corona and interplanetary medium.  Requirements for solar observations and forecasting systems on board the spacecraft are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Space Environment Services Center, Space Environment Laboratory, NOAA, USA.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Heckman
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kunches
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D055580:Astronomical Phenomena; D001256:Astronomy; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D018535:Mars; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011336:Probability; D011522:Protons; D011835:Radiation Protection; D016082:Solar System
chemical_list: D011522:Protons