title: Increase of interstitial glycerol reflects the degree of ischaemic brain damage: a PET and microdialysis study in a middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion primate model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate interstitial glycerol as a marker of ischaemia by studying the changes in glycerol in direct relation to changes in regional cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)), the lactate/pyruvate ratio (LP ratio), and glutamate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transorbital 2 hour middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed in eight monkeys, which were studied with continuous microdialysis for 24 hours. Interstitial fluids were collected by microdialysis and analysed for glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and glutamate with an enzymatic assay and high performance liquid chromatography. Sequential PET studies of cerebral blood flow (CBF), CMRO(2), oxygen extraction ratio (OER), and cerebral blood volume (CBV) were performed. The microdialysis probe regions were classified as severe ischaemia or penumbra, depending on whether the mean CMRO(2) side to side ratio was below or above 60%, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A nine-fold, sustained increase in glycerol was registered after MCAO in severe ischaemia regions. In penumbra regions, the increase in glycerol was five-fold, but the glycerol concentration returned to baseline within 8 hours of clip removal. The difference between severe ischaemia and penumbra glycerol values was statistically significant. As expected from previous studies, the interstitial LP ratio and glutamate increased markedly in severe ischaemia, with a less pronounced change in penumbra regions. There was a time lag between the biochemical changes in severe ischaemia regions, with the LP ratio preceding glutamate, followed by glycerol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A marked, sustained increase in interstitial glycerol is indicative of severe ischaemia in this stroke model. A transient, diminutive increase in interstitial glycerol may reflect a penumbra situation. Interstitial glycerol in combination with other biochemical markers such as the LP ratio and glutamate may be useful for clinical monitoring of the ischaemic brain, reflecting a sequence of secondary pathophysiological events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frykholm
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hillered
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Långström
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valtysson
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Enblad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism*; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D017551:Microdialysis; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D010743:Phospholipids; D019344:Lactic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D005990:Glycerol