title: Development of robotic enhanced endoscopic surgery for the treatment of coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The introduction of robotic enhanced surgery demanded stepwise development of performed procedures on the basis of growing experience of the operating team.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between May 1999 and January 2001, this new wrist-enhanced instrumentation was used in 201 patients (156 men and 45 women, median age 64+/-10.5 years, left ventricular ejection fraction 68+/-12.4%). During the development of robotic enhanced CABG, the patients were divided into 3 groups. Group A (n=156) consisted of patients in whom the robotic system was used to harvesting the left or right internal mammary artery, or both, whereas the anastomoses were performed directly through a small chest incision. In group B (n=37), the harvest of the internal mammary arteries and the coronary anastomoses were performed totally endoscopically. In a third early group C, patient (n=8) were treated with robotic enhanced CABG via a median sternotomy already preoperatively planned, whereas gradual step-by-step application of robotic instrumentation and its feasibility were assessed. The survival rate was 99.4%. One patient (0.6%) died due to pneumonia on postoperative day 16. Conversion rate to median sternotomy was 5%. The left and right internal mammary artery conduits could be successfully harvested in 98% and 100%, respectively. The time of dissection of the left internal mammary artery could be significantly reduced alone by increasing experience. All patients were discharged from the hospital after a mean of 7 days. In 9 patients (4.5%), bleeding required reexploration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of this new surgical tool enables the development of new endoscopic procedures. Our results gained during the development of robotic enhanced CABG motivate us to establish a set standard for the totally endoscopic treatment of patients with 1-vessel coronary artery disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Dresden, Germany. Monika.Weber.hkz_dd@t-online.de
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kappert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cichon
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gulielmos
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tugtekin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicolai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matschke
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schueler
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000601:surgery*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005080:Exercise Test; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008323:Mammary Arteries / Q000637:transplantation; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome