title: Radiation exposures during space flight and their measurement.
abstract: The paper reviews radiation exposures recorded during space flights of the US and USSR. Most of the data are from manned missions and include discussion of absorbed dose and dose rates as a function of parameters such as altitude, inclination, spacecraft type and shielding. Preliminary data exist on the neutron and HZE-particle component, as well as the LET spectra. For low Earth-orbit missions, the dose encountered is strongly altitude-dependent, with a weaker dependence upon inclination. The doses range from about 6 millirad per day for the Space Transportation System No. 3 flight to about 90 mrad per day for Skylab. The effective quality factor (QF) for the near-Earth orbits and free space has been estimated to be about 1.5 and about 5.5 respectively. Complete shielding from the galactic cosmic rays does not appear practical because of spacecraft weight limitations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of San Francisco, CA 94117, USA.
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Benton
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Henke
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D018480:Astronauts; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D004583:Electrons; D006801:Humans; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D009502:Neutrons; D011522:Protons; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation; D011835:Radiation Protection; D019445:Solar Activity; D013026:Space Flight; D014586:USSR; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D011522:Protons