title: Impact of inspired gas mixtures on preoperative infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome during controlled ventilation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Management strategies for preoperative infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) include increased inspired nitrogen (hypoxia) and increased inspired carbon dioxide (hypercarbia). There are no studies directly comparing these 2 therapies in humans. This study compares the impact of hypoxia versus hypercarbia on oxygen delivery, under conditions of fixed minute ventilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten anesthetized and paralyzed preoperative infants with HLHS were evaluated in a prospective, randomized, crossover trial comparing hypoxia (17% FIO(2)) with hypercarbia (2.7% FICO(2)). Each patient was treated in a random order (10 minutes per condition) with a recovery period (15 to 20 minutes) in room air. Arterial (SaO(2)) and superior vena caval (SvO(2)) co-oximetry and cerebral oxygen saturation (ScO(2)) measurements were made at the end of each condition and recovery period. ScO(2) was measured by near infrared spectroscopy. Hypoxia significantly decreased both SaO(2) (-5.2+/-1.1%, P=0.0014) and SvO(2) (-5.6+/-1.7%, P=0.009) compared with baseline, but arteriovenous oxygen saturation (AVO(2)) difference (SaO(2)-SvO(2)) and ScO(2) remained unchanged. Hypercarbia decreased SaO(2) (-2.6+/-0.6%, P=0.002) compared with baseline but increased both ScO(2) (9.6+/-1.8%, P=0.0001) and SvO(2) (6+/-2.2%, P=0.022) and narrowed the AVO(2) difference (-8.5+/-2.3%, P=0.005). Both hypoxia and hypercarbia decreased the balance between pulmonary and systemic blood flow (Qp:Qs) compared with baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In preoperative infants with HLHS, under conditions of anesthesia and paralysis, although Qp:Qs falls in both conditions, oxygen delivery is unchanged during hypoxia and increased during hypercarbia. These data cannot differentiate cerebral from systemic oxygen delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tabbutt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramamoorthy
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Montenegro
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Durning
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Steven
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Godinez
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Spray
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wernovsky
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Nicolson
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000758:Anesthesia; D001158:Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology; D001785:Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous / Q000295:instrumentation; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C041364:nitrox; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen