title: Treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis with leflunomide: two year follow up of a double blind, placebo controlled trial versus sulfasalazine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have demonstrated the short term efficacy of leflunomide. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of leflunomide and sulfasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis over a two year follow up period.
  
  
  METHODS
  358 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a double blind trial were randomly allocated to receive either leflunomide 20 mg/day, placebo, or sulfasalazine 2 g/day. Those completing six months of treatment (n=230) were given the option to continue in 12 (n=168) and 24 (n=146) month double blinded extensions; the placebo group switched to sulfasalazine. This report compares efficacy and safety of leflunomide with sulfasalazine in the 6, 12, and 24 month patient cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The efficacy seen at six months was maintained at 12 and 24 months. Twenty four month cohorts on leflunomide showed significant improvement compared with sulfasalazine in doctor (-1.46 v -1.11, p=0.03) and patient (-1.61 v -1.04, p<0.001) global assessments, ACR20% response (82% v 60%, p<0.01), and functional ability (Deltamean HAQ -0.65 v -0.36, p=0.0149; DeltaHAQ disability index -0.89 v -0.60, p=0.059). Improvement in other variables was comparable for the two drugs, including slowing of disease progression. Improved HAQ scores in 6, 12, and 24 month leflunomide cohorts were seen in both non-responders (24%, 29%, 35%, respectively v sulfasalazine 8%, 10%, 27%) and ACR20% responders (leflunomide 63%, 62%, 66% v sulfasalazine 50%, 64%, 44%). Leflunomide is well tolerated at doses of 20 mg. No unexpected adverse events or late toxicity were noted during the two year period. Diarrhoea, nausea, and alopecia were less frequent with continued treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These long term data confirm that leflunomide is an efficacious and safe disease modifying antirheumatic drug.
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital, London, UK. leigh.joyce@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Smolen
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kalden
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: van de Putte
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kvien
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schattenkirchner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oed
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Loew-Friedrich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D018450:Disease Progression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077339:Leflunomide; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor / Q000097:blood; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D012460:Sulfasalazine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007555:Isoxazoles; D012460:Sulfasalazine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor; D000077339:Leflunomide