title: Circumnutations of sunflower hypocotyls in satellite orbit.
abstract: The principal objective of the research reported here was to determine whether a plant's periodic growth oscillations, called circumnutations, would persist in the absence of a significant gravitational or inertial force.  The definitive experiment was made possible by access to the condition of protracted near weightlessness in an earth satellite.  The experiment, performed during the first flight of Spacelab on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration shuttle, Columbia, in November and December, 1983, tested a biophysical model, proposed in 1967, that might account for circumnutation as a gravity-dependent growth  response.  However, circumnutations were observed in microgravity.  They continued for many hours without stimulation by a significant g-force.  Therefore, neither a gravitational nor an inertial g-force was an absolute requirement for initiation [correction of initation] or continuation of circumnutation.  On average, circumnutation was significantly more vigorous in satellite orbit than on earth-based clinostats.  Therefore, at least for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) circumnutation, clinostatting is not the functional equivalent of weightlessness.
authors.affiliation: Gravitational Plant Physiology Laboratory of the University City Science Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6017.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Venditti
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D002498:Centrifugation; D006112:Gravitation; D018522:Gravitropism / Q000502:physiology*; D006368:Helianthus / Q000254:growth & development*; D018546:Hypocotyl / Q000254:growth & development*; D012399:Rotation; D013026:Space Flight / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014732:Vibration; D014893:Weightlessness; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation