title: Patterns of failure following CT-based 3-D irradiation for malignant glioma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This retrospective study was undertaken to analyze the patterns of failure in patients with malignant glioma after localized irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recurrence patterns of 46 patients with malignant glioma (glioblastoma: 24, anaplastic astrocytoma: 15, anaplastic oligodendroglioma: 5, unclassified malignant glioma: 2) were studied using CT/MR scans and radiotherapy plan-plots. All patients were operated before and a total dose of 5,940 cGy was given after CT assisted and individually configurated 3-D planning using 7-15 slices at an in between distance of 5 mm. The target volume included a 2-3 cm margin beyond the tumor indicated by preoperative CT scan. The following parameters were analyzed: tumor size and type, size of perifocal edema and whether the edema was fully included into treatment volume and finally the location of the recurrent tumor. The maximal distance between primary tumor and recurrent tumor was measured and also the distance from the border of the primary tumor to the distant border of edema for a visual analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local limited volume irradiation was sufficient since 73.9% of recurrences occurred within 2 cm distance from primary tumor and 93.5% of recurrences occurred completely within 3 cm distance from primary tumor. Regarding the distance between primary tumor and recurrent tumor and the time interval until appearance of recurrent tumor it was not of importance if perifocal edema was included completely into treatment volume or not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited volume irradiation of malignant glioma with a target volume 3 cm beyond that indicated by preoperative CT scan seems to be sufficient, since 93.5% of recurrences were completely within 3 cm distance from the margin of the tumor. Improvement of the results with larger treatment volumes are unlikely. Complete irradiation of perifocal edema was not found to be necessary.
authors.affiliation: Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Klinik, Department of Radiation-Oncology of the University of Giessen, Germany. halim.aydin@zkr.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sillenberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: von Lieven
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016371:Cranial Irradiation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005910:Glioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017211:Treatment Failure