title: Animal protein production modules in biological life support systems:  novel combined aquaculture techniques based on the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.).
abstract: Based on the experiences made with the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) which was primarily developed for long-term and multi-generation experiments with aquatic animals and plants in a space station highly effective fresh water recycling modules were elaborated utilizing a combination of ammonia oxidizing bacteria filters and higher plants. These exhibit a high effectivity to eliminate phosphate and anorganic nitrogen compounds and are, in addition, able to contribute to the oxygen supply of the aquatic animals. The C.E.B.A.S. filter system is able to keep a closed artificial aquatic ecosystem containing teleost fishes and water snails biologically stable for several month and to eliminate waste products deriving from degraded dead fishes without a decrease of the oxygen concentration down to less than 3.5 mg/l at 25 degrees C. More advanced C.E.B.A.S. filter systems, the BIOCURE filters, were also developed for utilization in semiintensive and intensive aquaculture systems for fishes. In fact such combined animal-plant aquaculture systems represent highly effective productions sites for human food if proper plant and fish species are selected. The present papers elucidates ways to novel aquaculture systems in which herbivorous fishes are raised by feeding them with plant biomass produced in the BIOCURE filters and presents the scheme of a modification which utilizes a plant species suitable also for human nutrition. Special attention is paid to the benefits of closed aquaculture system modules which may be integrated into bioregenerative life support systems of a higher complexity for, e.g., lunar or planetary bases including some psychological aspects of the introduction of animal protein production into plant-based life support systems. Moreover, the basic reproductive biological problems of aquatic animal breeding under reduced gravity are explained leading to a disposition of essential research programs in this context.
authors.affiliation: Ruhr University of Bochum, C.E.B.A.S. Center of Excellence, FRG.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andriske
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kreuzberg
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schreibman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018533:Biomass; D001700:Biomphalaria; D003532:Cyprinodontiformes; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D017753:Ecosystem; D005399:Fishes; D005523:Food Supply; D006801:Humans; D008021:Life Support Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019684:Magnoliopsida; D009566:Nitrates; D013026:Space Flight / Q000295:instrumentation; D017210:Tilapia; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates