title: Enzymatic activation associated with programmed fusion of the posterior interfrontal sutures in rats.
abstract: Fetal rat coronal sutures in culture undergo fusion in the absence of their dura mater. Coinciding with the period of fusion are marked cellular enzymatic changes. Alkaline phosphatase, a marker of osteoblastic activity, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), a marker of osteoclastic activity, both increase significantly within fusing sutures and indicate changes in the control of bone synthesis and breakdown. Other enzymes not specifically related to bone formation or degradation also show activation within these fusing sutures. These enzymes include tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatase (TSAP), a marker of lysosomal activity; hexokinase, a glycolytic enzyme; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), an enzyme of the pentose monophosphate shunt; and glutathione reductase, an enzyme of the antioxidant pathway. In the present study, we compared the enzymatic changes previously seen ex vivo with those occurring in vivo during the programmed closure of the posterior interfrontal suture of the rat. This suture fuses between postnatal days 10 and 30 in the rat. The sagittal suture, which remains patent during this period, was used to establish baseline enzymatic activities in a comparable midline suture. Neonatal rats were killed at postnatal days 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, and 30, and posterior interfrontal and sagittal sutures with bone plates on either side were removed. The suture regions of the samples were isolated, dura mater was removed, and suture regions were assayed by microanalytical techniques. Activities of alkaline phosphatase, TRAP, TSAP, hexokinase, G6PD, and glutathione reductase were measured. DNA content was also assayed, and enzyme activities were expressed per amount of DNA. Three pups were killed at each time point, and three to five assays were performed per suture (posterior interfrontal or sagittal) for each time point assayed. Alkaline phosphatase and TRAP activities showed marked increases in fusing sutures compared with nonfusing controls, similar to the increases demonstrated ex vivo. TSAP and hexokinase also showed elevations in the fusing posterior interfrontal sutures, with the greatest differences predominantly during the period of fusion, comparable to the changes seen ex vivo. However, G6PD and glutathione reductase, enzymes of the antioxidant pathway, did not demonstrate the same degree of activation seen ex vivo in fusing sutures. In fact, the levels were actually higher in the patent sagittal samples for the majority of time points examined. Alkaline phosphatase and TRAP activity elevations indicated both osteoblastic and osteoclastic activation during fusion, as seen in the ex vivo phenomenon. TSAP and hexokinase increases also reflected activation in lysosomes and in cellular metabolism during fusion, paralleling the ex vivo situation. However, a less clear pattern of activation in the antioxidant pathway, in contrast to the pattern seen ex vivo, was present. These differences may reflect the different environments of sutures in vivo and ex vivo. Alternatively, oxidative stress may play a more central role in the pathologic process of induced suture fusion ex vivo than in programmed suture fusion in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Winograd
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Im
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Vander Kolk
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development; D006153:Guanosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D006593:Hexokinase / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D006153:Guanosine Diphosphate; D006593:Hexokinase; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase