title: Cumulative sum failure analysis of a policy change from on-pump to off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of the sequential probability cumulative sum (CUSUM) technique may be more sensitive than standard statistical analyses in detecting a cluster of surgical failures. We applied CUSUM methods to evaluate the learning curve after a policy change by a single surgeon from routine on-pump (cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB]) to off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five consecutive first-time coronary artery bypass patients (CPB group) were compared with the next 55 patients undergoing an attempt at routine OPCAB using the same coronary stabilizer. The goal in OPCAB patients was to obtain complete revascularization, albeit with a low threshold for conversion to CPB to maximize patient safety during the learning curve. Preoperative patient risk was calculated using previously validated models of the Cardiac Care Network of Ontario. The occurrence of operative mortality and nine predefined major complications (myocardial infarction, bleeding, stroke, renal failure, balloon pump use, mediastinitis, respiratory failure, life-threatening arrhythmia, and sepsis) was compared between the CPB and OPCAB groups using Wilcoxon, Fisher exact, and two-tailed t tests, as well as CUSUM methodology. An intention to treat analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CPB and OPCAB groups had similar predicted mortality and length of stays (2.2% +/- 2.5%, 8.1 +/- 2.5 days versus 2.4% +/- 3.5%, 8.1 +/- 2.4 days, respectively). The mean number of grafts per patient was 3.1 +/- 0.7 in the CPB group versus 3.0 +/- 0.7 in the OPCAB group (p = 0.45). Two of 55 (3.6%) CPB patients died, as opposed to 1 of 55 (1.8%) OPCAB patients (p = 0.99). Eight of 55 CPB patients (14.5%) incurred major complications, as opposed to 4 of 55 (7.3%) OPCAB patients (p = 0.36). Median hospital length of stay was 6.0 days in the CPB group versus 5.0 days in the OPCAB group (p = 0.28). On CUSUM analysis, the failure curve in CPB patients approached the upper 80% alert line after eight cases, whereas the curve in OPCAB patients reached below the lower 80% (reassurance) boundary 28 cases after the policy change, indicating superior results in the OPCAB group despite the learning curve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A policy change from coronary artery bypass on CPB to routinely attempting OPCAB can be accomplished safely despite the learning curve. CUSUM analysis was more sensitive than standard statistical methods in detecting a cluster of surgical failures and successes.
authors.affiliation: London Health Sciences Center and University of Western Ontario, Canada. rjnovick@julian.uwo.ca
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Novick
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Stitt
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Swinamer
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Lehnhardt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rayman
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Boyd
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015996:Survival Rate; D017211:Treatment Failure