title: Radiation protection issues in galactic cosmic ray risk assessment.
abstract: Radiation protection involves the limitation of exposure to below threshold doses for direct (or deterministic) effects and a knowledge of the risk of stochastic effects after low doses.  The principal stochastic risk associated with low dose rate galactic cosmic rays is the increased risk of cancer.  Estimates of this risk depend on two factors (a) estimates of cancer risk for low-LET radiation and (b) values of the appropriate radiation weighting factors, WR, for the high-LET radiations of galactic cosmic rays.  Both factors are subject to considerable uncertainty.  The low-LET cancer risk derived from the late effects of the atomic bombs is vulnerable to a number of uncertainties including especially that from projection in time, and from extrapolation from high to low dose rate.  Nevertheless, recent low dose studies of workers and others tend to confirm these estimates.  WR, relies on biological effects studied mainly in non-human systems.  Additional laboratory studies could reduce the uncertainties in WR and thus produce a more confident estimate of the overall risk of galactic cosmic rays.
authors.affiliation: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Sinclair
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018480:Astronauts; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003359:Cosmic Radiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011522:Protons; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000592:standards*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013026:Space Flight
chemical_list: D011522:Protons