title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and particulate emissions from two-stage combustion of polystyrene: the effect of the primary furnace temperature.
abstract: A study is presented on laboratory-scale combustion of polystyrene (PS) to identify staged-combustion conditions that minimize emissions. Batch combustion of shredded PS was conducted in fixed beds placed in a bench-scale electrically heated horizontal muffle furnace. In most cases, combustion of the samples occurred by forming gaseous diffusion flames in atmospheric pressure air. The combustion effluent was mixed with additional air, and it was channeled to a second muffle furnace (afterburner) placed in series. Further reactions took place in the secondary furnace at a residence time of 0.7 s. The gas temperature of the primary furnace was varied in the range of 500-1,000 degrees C, while that of the secondary furnace was kept fixed at 1,000 degrees C. Sampling for CO, CO2, O2, soot, and unburned hydrocarbon emissions (volatile and semivolatile, by GC-MS) was performed at the exits of the two furnaces. Results showed that the temperature of the primary furnace, where PS gasifies, is of paramount importance to the formation and subsequent emissions of organic species and soot. Atthe lowesttemperatures explored, mostly styrene oligomers were identified at the outlet of the primary furnace, but they did not survive the treatment in the secondary furnace. The formation and emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and soot were suppressed. As the temperature in the first furnace was raised, increasing amounts of a wide range of both unsubstituted and substituted PAH containing up to at least seven condensed aromatic rings were detected. A similar trend was observed for total particulate yields. The secondary furnace treatment reduced the yields of total PAH, but it had an ambiguous effect on individual species. While most low molecular mass PAH were reduced in the secondary furnace, concentrations of some larger PAH increased under certain conditions. Thus, care in the selection of operating conditions of both the primary furnace (gasifier/ burner) and the secondary furnace (afterburner) must be exercised to minimize the emission of hazardous pollutants. The emissions of soot were also reduced in the afterburner but not drastically. This indicates that soot is indeed resistant to oxidation; thus, it would be best to avoid its formation in the first place. An oxidative pyrolysis temperature of PS in the vicinity of 600 degrees C appears to accomplish exactly that. An additional afterburner treatment at a sufficiently high temperature (1,000 degrees C) may be a suitable setting for minimization of most pollutants. To obtain deeper understanding of chemical processes, the experimental results were qualitatively compared with preliminary predictions of a detailed kinetic model that describes formation and destruction pathways of chemical species including most PAH observed in the present work. The modeling was performed forthe secondary furnace assuming plug-flow conditions therein. The experimentally determined chemical composition at the outlet of the primary furnace was part of the input parameters of the model calculation.
authors.affiliation: Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Levendis
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlson
mesh_terms: D000392:Air Movements; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002244:Carbon; D017745:Incineration; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010316:Particle Size; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D011312:Pressure; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011137:Polystyrenes; D002244:Carbon