title: Influence of long-term altered gravity on the swimming performance of developing cichlid fish:  including results from the 2nd German Spacelab Mission D-2.
abstract: This study presents qualitative and quantitative data concerning gravity-dependent changes in the swimming behaviour of developing cichlid fish larvae (Oreochromis mossambicus) after a 9 resp. 10 days exposure to increased acceleration (centrifuge experiments), to reduced gravity (fast-rotating clinostat), changed accelerations (parabolic aircraft flights) and to near weightlessness (2nd German Spacelab Mission D-2).  Changes of gravity initially cause disturbances of the swimming performance of the fish larvae.  With prolonged stay in orbit a step by step normalisation of the swimming behaviour took place in the fish.  After return to 1g earth conditions no somersaulting or looping could be detected concerning the fish, but still slow and disorientated movements as compared to controls occurred.  The fish larvae adapted to earth gravity within 3-5 days.  Fish seem to be in a distinct early developmental stages extreme sensitive and adaptable to altered gravity;  However, elder fish either do not react or show compensatory behaviour e.g. escape reactions.
authors.affiliation: University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Institute of Zoology, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rahmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hilbig
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flemming
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Slenzka
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D002498:Centrifugation; D006112:Gravitation; D018471:Hypergravity; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010471:Perches / Q000254:growth & development*; D012399:Rotation; D013026:Space Flight; D013550:Swimming; D014893:Weightlessness