title: Toxicological characterisation of sludge from sewage treatment plants using toxicity identification evaluation protocols based on in vitro toxicity tests.
abstract: The ecotoxicological characterisation of complex mixtures, such as sludge from sewage treatment plants, is complex. Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) protocols, developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA); to identify toxic pollutants in complex effluents, are useful tools in this context; to solve the difficulties in assessing unknown organic pollutants by analytical methods, the usefulness of bioassays to detect the relevant (toxic) organic compounds present in complex samples, and the possibilities of in vitro cytotoxicity tests as screening tools, offers a profitable combination. The sludge obtained from a sewage treatment plant was extracted by acetonitrile using a microwave extractor and fractionated in an HPLC system. The toxicity of every fraction was assayed using a RTG-2 cytotoxicty test, based on the fibroblastic RTG-2 fish cell line (ATCC, CCL N. 55). At exponential growth, three endpoints, beta-galactosidase activity, culture viability assayed by the neutral red assay (NR) and inhibition of growth rate using the FRAME KB protein assay (KBP), were used. By plotting the toxicity of each fraction vs elution time, the corresponding "toxicograms" were built. The UV and fluorescence chromatograms are compared to the three toxicograms (one for each toxicity endpoint).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Environmentally Sustainable Development, INIA, Crta La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Babín
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carbonell
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Tarazona
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009499:Neutral Red / Q000378:metabolism; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D012722:Sewage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D014873:Water Pollutants; D009499:Neutral Red; D001616:beta-Galactosidase