title: The use of an in vitro submerged keratinocyte model to predict induction of squamous metaplasia.
abstract: An in vitro submerged keratinocyte model of squamous metaplasia (SQ) in epithelia is being developed to assess the risk associated with exposure to certain environmental agents. Tracheobronchial epithelium (TBE) in vivo can respond to airborne environmental insult by becoming squamous. Epidemiological evidence suggests that cigarette smoke is capable of inducing this change. Retinoic acid has been shown to maintain cells in the mucociliary state. SQ is considered protective and adaptive but potentially preneoplastic if unrelenting and is used histologically in the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. SQ is characterised by upregulation of the expression of transglutaminase I (TGI), TGI activity leading to the formation of isopeptide cross-linked envelopes and replacement of the mucociliary cell type with non-polar squamous cells out of contact with the basal lamina. The ability of the in vitro keratinocyte submerged model to predict the squamous metaplastic response in vivo has been investigated in vitro using TG catalysed fluorescein cadaverine incorporation as a measure of cross-linked envelope formation, Alamar blue conversion to measure viability and Coomassie blue incorporation to measure total cellular protein. The modulation of the squamous condition by retinoic acid (RA), cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and nicotine has been assessed in keratinocytes cultured in Green's medium. RA inhibited FC incorporation by 95% at 1 x 10(-5) M and simultaneously increased cell viability providing evidence to support its role in the regulation of the non-differentiated state. Nicotine (0-1 mg/ml) induced a dose-dependent increase in viability at 6 days, a response that was accompanied by an increase in FC incorporation at 12 days. CSC (0-5 microg/ml) increased FC incorporation after 12 days. Hence, nicotine modulated the squamous condition by up-regulating TGI activity following a period of hyperactivity. CSC induced a gradual change to the differentiated state and RA served to maintain the cells in an undifferentiated state.
authors.affiliation: FRAME Alternatives Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Clothier
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D002103:Cadaverine / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D008679:Metaplasia / Q000209:etiology; D009538:Nicotine / Q000633:toxicity; D010078:Oxazines; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013638:Tars / Q000633:toxicity; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000633:toxicity; D014966:Xanthenes
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D010078:Oxazines; D011506:Proteins; D013638:Tars; D014966:Xanthenes; C024746:tobacco tar; C005843:resazurin; D014212:Tretinoin; D009538:Nicotine; D011503:Transglutaminases; C105804:transglutaminase 1; D002103:Cadaverine; D019793:Fluorescein