title: Pneumonia after intracranial surgery in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine factors associated with the occurrence of pneumonia after intracranial surgery in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study. Animals-Forty-nine client-owned dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 49 dogs with space-occupying intracranial disease that underwent craniotomy were reviewed. Development of pneumonia after surgery was considered highly likely in 12 dogs (affected dogs) based on clinical signs, including acute dyspnea or coughing in association with typical radiographic findings or abnormal transtracheal wash results. Pneumonia was confirmed in 6 dogs based on necropsy findings. Affected dogs were compared with 37 dogs that did not develop pneumonia (unaffected dogs) subsequent to intracranial surgery. Based on the medical records of affected dogs, determinations were made regarding time between development of pneumonia and surgery, surgical procedure, intracranial lesion type, and intracranial lesion location. Risk factors examined for both affected and unaffected dogs included level of consciousness, body position during the postoperative recovery period, duration of anesthesia, occurrence of vomiting or regurgitation, presence of seizures, cranial nerve deficiencies, and the presence of megaesophagus before and after surgery. We also compared the feeding protocol after surgery for each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pneumonia typically occurred within the first week after surgery (median, 6.5 days); however, this was variable (range, 1-96 days). Of the factors that were present within 24 hours before the clinical signs of pneumonia, vomiting or regurgitation and megaesophagus were found to be significant risk factors. Dogs that vomited or regurgitated were 2.71 times more likely to develop pneumonia than dogs that did not. Vomiting or regurgitation occurred in 63% of the dogs that developed pneumonia in this cohort. Dogs with megaesophagus were 9.25 times more likely to develop pneumonia than dogs without megaesophagus. Seven dogs with pneumonia died. Five of these 7 dogs appeared to have died as a direct sequel to pneumonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dogs undergoing craniectomies for space-occupying intracranial disease may be at higher risk for development of pneumonia due to several factors, including vomiting, regurgitation, and megaesophagus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7060, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fransson
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bagley
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gokhale
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Connors
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Gavin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D001947:Breeding; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011996:Records / Q000662:veterinary; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology