title: Dissociation of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists from platelets does not result in fibrinogen binding or platelet aggregation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary mechanism of action of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists is inhibition of the final common pathway of platelet aggregation: fibrinogen binding to the GP IIb/IIIa complex. However, it has been reported that induction of fibrinogen binding and platelet aggregation is an intrinsic prothrombotic property of low-dose GP IIb/IIIa antagonists. These apparently paradoxical results have been extensively referenced in the cardiology literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By platelet aggregation and flow cytometry, we demonstrate that (1) dissociation of GP IIb/IIIa antagonists (abciximab, tirofiban, eptifibatide, or xemilofiban) from platelets does not result in platelet aggregation; (2) tirofiban and eptifibatide can induce a fibrinogen-binding-competent conformation of the GP IIb/IIIa receptor, but stable fibrinogen binding does not occur without fixation; (3) the slow off-rate of abciximab exposes only a small proportion of unblocked GP IIb/IIIa receptors at any time, and these also fail to stably bind fibrinogen; and (4) the GP IIb/IIIa antagonist-induced fibrinogen binding in some previously reported experiments was probably the result of artifactual thrombin generation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under physiological conditions, GP IIb/IIIa antagonists currently in clinical use do not have an intrinsic activating property that results in platelet aggregation or stable fibrinogen binding to GP IIb/IIIa.
authors.affiliation: Center for Platelet Function Studies, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. Frelinger@platelets.org
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Frelinger
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Furman
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Michelson
mesh_terms: D001667:Binding, Competitive / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006629:Hirudins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D011487:Protein Conformation / Q000187:drug effects; D016707:Tissue Fixation
chemical_list: D006629:Hirudins; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D005340:Fibrinogen