title: Radiation environments and absorbed dose estimations on manned space missions.
abstract: In order to make an assessment of radiation risk during manned missions in space, it is necessary first to have as accurate an estimation as possible of the radiation environment within the spacecraft to which the astronauts will be exposed.  Then, with this knowledge and the inclusion of body self-shielding, estimations can be made of absorbed doses for various body organs (skin, eye, blood-forming organs, etc.).  A review is presented of our present knowledge of the radiation environments and absorbed doses expected for several space mission scenarios selected for our development of the new radiation protection guidelines.  The scenarios selected are a 90-day mission at an altitude (450 km) and orbital inclinations (28.5 degrees, 57 degrees and 90 degrees) appropriate for NASA's Space Station, a 15-day sortie to geosynchronous orbit and a 90-day lunar mission.  All scenarios chosen yielded dose equivalents between five and ten rem to the blood forming organs if no large solar particle event were encountered.  Such particle events could add considerable exposure particularly to the skin and eye for all scenarios except the one at 28.5 degrees orbital inclination.
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Atwell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beever
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hardy
mesh_terms: D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004583:Electrons; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016081:Moon; D011522:Protons; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000592:standards*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013026:Space Flight
chemical_list: D011522:Protons