title: Summary of radiation dosimetry results on U.S. and Soviet manned spacecraft.
abstract: Measurements of the radiation environment aboard U.S. and Soviet manned spacecraft are reviewed and summarized.  Data obtained mostly from passive and some active radiation detectors now exist for the case of low Earth-orbit missions.  Major uncertainties still exist for space exposure in high altitude, high inclination, geostationary orbits, in connection with solar effects and that of shielding.  Data from active detectors flown in Spacelabs 1 and 2 suggest that a variety of phenomena must be understood before the effects of long-term exposure at the space-station type of orbit and shielding can be properly assessed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of San Francisco, CA 94117.
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Benton
mesh_terms: D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D004601:Elementary Particles; D006801:Humans; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011835:Radiation Protection; D013026:Space Flight; D018531:Spacecraft / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014586:USSR; D014481:United States