title: Ultrasound measurement of transcranial distance during head-down tilt.
abstract: Exposure to microgravity elevates blood pressure and flow in the head, which may increase intracranial volume (ICV) and intracranial pressure (ICP).  Rhesus monkeys exposed to simulated microgravity in the form of 6 degrees head-down tilt (HDT) experience elevated ICP.  With humans, twenty-four hours of 6 degrees HDT bed rest increases cerebral blood flow velocity relative to pre-HDT upright posture.  Humans exposed to acute 6 degrees HDT experience increased ICP, measured with the tympanic membrane displacement (TMD) technique.  Other studies suggest that increased ICP in humans and cats causes measurable cranial bone movement across the sagittal suture.  Due to the slightly compliant nature of the cranium, elevation of ICP will increase ICV and transcranial distance.  Currently, several non-invasive approaches to monitor ICP are being investigated.  Such techniques include TMD and modal analysis of the skull.  TMD may not be reliable over a large range of ICP and neither method is capable of measuring the small changes in intracranial volume that accompany changes in pressure.  Ultrasound, however, may reliably measure small distance changes that accompany ICP fluctuations.  The purpose of our study was to develop and evaluate an ultrasound technique to measure transcranial distance changes during HDT.
authors.affiliation: NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torikoshi
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Watenpaugh
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Yost
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cantrell
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hargens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D018475:Head-Down Tilt / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012886:Skull / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods*; D014690:Venous Pressure / Q000502:physiology