title: A modified biofeedback program for children with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia: 5-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed our 5-year experience with a modified 4 to 6-session biofeedback program combining noninvasive urodynamic approaches with various psychological techniques, including externalizing the voiding problem, empowerment and praise, to treat children with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biofeedback was performed with a urodynamics processor that enables simultaneous recording of urine flow and electromyography, and visual display of flow/electromyography activity. Initially normal and abnormal voiding were explained in a unique way and the children observed relaxation and contraction of the pelvic floor muscles while visualizing the electromyography monitor. The bladders were filled naturally and surface electrodes were placed. Psychological strategies were used to engage and motivate the children to achieve maximal cooperation. The children voided while attempting relaxation and post-void residual urine volume was measured by bladder scan. Special and specific praise was provided for progress and increasing self-esteem. Patients returned monthly to review these concepts and practice voiding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 87 children 77 completed the program, including 7 boys and 70 girls 3 to 17 years old (mean age 7.8) who required an average of 4.7 sessions (median 4). Results were achieved within 6 sessions in 82% of cases. Of the 77 children 59 (76%) had recurrent urinary tract infections, 38 (49%) had associated bladder instability, 19 (24%) had vesicoureteral reflux and 44 (58%) had constipation. Subjectively 47 patients (61%) reported pronounced improvement in urinary symptoms, while another 24 (32%) reported moderate improvement after biofeedback training. Objectively 47 children (61%) had normal flow with minimal electromyography activity during voiding and a normal post-void residual urine of less than 20% voided volume (p <0.002). In 28 cases (36%) flow studies improved (p <0.03) but post-void residual urine remained elevated. Vesicoureteral reflux resolved in 9 cases after biofeedback training. This approach was equally successful in children in all age groups. Those with more than a 2-year history of symptoms, poor bladder emptying and severe constipation had only moderate improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The modified biofeedback program including appropriate explanations and psychological approaches appeared effective for treating 92% of children with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. It is less invasive and requires less time than traditional methods, and patients are more compliant with treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chin-Peuckert
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Salle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001259:Ataxia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013997:Time Factors; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014563:Urodynamics