title: A controlled aquatic ecological life support system (CAELSS) for combined production of fish and higher plant biomass suitable for integration into a lunar or planetary base.
abstract: Based on the construction principle of the already operative Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) the concept of an aquaculture system for combined production of animal and plant biomass was developed. It consists of a tank for intensive fish culture which is equipped with a feeding lock representing also a trap for biomass removal followed by a water recycling system. This is an optimized version of the original C.E.B.A.S. filters adapted to higher water pollutions. It operates in a fully biological mode and is able to convert the high ammonia ion concentrations excreted by the fish gills into nitrite ions. The second biomass production site is a higher plant cultivator with an internal fiber optics light distributor which may utilize of solar energy. The selected water plant is a tropical rootless duckweed of the genus Wolffia which possesses a high capacity in nitrate elimination and is terrestrially cultured as a vegetable for human nutrition in Southeast Asia. It is produced in an improved suspension culture which allows the removal of excess biomass by tangential centrifugation. The plant cultivator is able to supply the whole system with oxygen for respiration and eliminates vice versa the carbon dioxide exhaled by the fish via photosynthesis. A gas exchanger may be used for emergency purposes or to deliver excess oxygen into the environment and may be implemented into the air regeneration system of a closed environment of higher order. The plant biomass is fed into a biomass processor which delivers condensed fresh and dried biomass as pellets. The recovered water is fed back into the aquaculture loop. The fresh plants can be used for human nutrition immediately or can be stored after sterilization in an adequate packing. The dried Wolffia pellets are collected and brought into the fish tank by an automated feeder. In parallel the water from the plant cultivator is driven back to the animal tank by a pump. The special feature of the system described is, however, the used fish species.  It is the herbivorous teleost Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Chinese Grass Carp) which can be raised solely with plant biomass. In this case, moreover, it can be useful for the bioregeneration of plant biomass inedible for humans which can be used easily as additional food for the fishes thus resulting in an intensivation of animal protein production. The resupply of removed fish biomass has to be guaranteed by a separate hatchery.
authors.affiliation: CEBAS Center of Excellence at Ruhr-University of Bochum FRG.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andriske
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eichhorn
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kreuzberg
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schreibman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018533:Biomass; D003532:Cyprinodontiformes / Q000254:growth & development; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D017753:Ecosystem; D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005374:Filtration; D008021:Life Support Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000254:growth & development; D013026:Space Flight / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017210:Tilapia / Q000254:growth & development; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods