title: Determining health risks associated with disinfectants and disinfection by-products:  research needs.
abstract: In order to minimize the levels of potentially toxic disinfectants and disinfection by-products in treated water while maintaining adequate protection against microbiological contamination, the total risks associated with disinfection have to be measured and compared with the risks from microbial agents.  Because much work has already been carried out on chlorination and its by-products, it is recommended that research focus on major disinfection alternatives, i.e., ozonation, chloramination, carbon dioxidation, and the most practical combinations of these options.  The primary research needs are (1) assessment of the relative toxicological hazards of the disinfectants and their by-products and (2) development of biologically based models for the dose-response relationships of these chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7400, USA.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Glaze
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Andelman
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Conolly
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Hertz
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hood
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pegram
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004782:Environmental Health; D006801:Humans; D012106:Research; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants