title: Imaging dispersion of myocardial repolarization, II: noninvasive reconstruction of epicardial measures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dispersion of myocardial repolarization supports the development and maintenance of life-threatening arrhythmias. Current noninvasive approaches for detecting substrates with increased dispersion based on ECG measures (eg, QT dispersion) have shown limited success and inconsistencies. The companion article shows that, in contrast, epicardial potentials and derived measures reflect local dispersion of repolarization. Here, using a recently developed ECG imaging method, we evaluate the feasibility of noninvasive reconstruction of such epicardial measures from body-surface ECG data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epicardial potentials were recorded with a 224-electrode sock from an open-chest dog during control, regional warming, cooling, and simultaneous adjacent warming and cooling to induce localized changes in myocardial repolarization and regions of increased dispersion. Body-surface potentials were generated from these epicardial potentials in a human torso model. Realistic geometric errors and measurement noise were added to the torso data, which were then used to noninvasively reconstruct epicardial measures of repolarization dispersion (activation recovery intervals [ARIs] and QRST integrals). Repolarization properties were accurately depicted by ECG imaging, including (1) shortened ARIs and increased QRST integrals over the warmed region, (2) prolonged ARIs and decreased QRST integrals over the cooled region, and (3) high gradients of ARIs and QRST integrals over the adjacent warmed and cooled regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECG imaging can reconstruct repolarization properties accurately and localize areas of increased dispersion of repolarization in the heart noninvasively. Its clinical significance lies in the possibility of noninvasive risk stratification and in guidance and evaluation of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Bioelectricity Research and Training Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Ghanem
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Burnes
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Waldo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rudy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D010496:Pericardium / Q000503:physiopathology