title: Evolution of the atmosphere and oceans.
abstract: The residence times of most constituents of the atmosphere and oceans are small fractions of the age of the Earth and, in general, their rate of output has been nearly equal to their rate of input.  We are disturbing a number of these dynamic equilibria quite severely.  The mineralogy of marine evaporites rules out drastic changes in the composition of sea water during the last 900 Myr.  The chemistry of soils formed more than 1,000 Myr ago suggests that the atmosphere then contained significantly more CO2 and less O2 than at present.  Hydrogen peroxide may well have been the principal oxidant and formaldehyde the main reductant in rain water between 3,000 and 1,000 Myr ago.  Major changes in atmospheric chemistry since that time are almost certainly related to the evolution of the biosphere.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geological Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lazar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCaffrey
mesh_terms: D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry*; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D018534:Earth, Planet; D019419:Evolution, Planetary; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000032:analysis; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D010163:Paleontology; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D012987:Soil; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002244:Carbon; D008982:Molybdenum; D007501:Iron; D010100:Oxygen