Medical considerations for extending human presence in space.
The prospects for extending the length of time that humans can safely remain in space depend partly on resolution of a number of medical issues.  Physiologic effects of weightlessness that may affect health during flight include loss of body fluid, functional alterations in the cardiovascular system, loss of red blood cells and bone mineral, compromised immune system function, and neurosensory disturbances.  Some of the physiologic adaptations to weightlessness contribute to difficulties with readaptation to Earth's gravity.  These include cardiovascular deconditioning and loss of body fluids and electrolytes; red blood cell mass; muscle mass, strength, and endurance; and bone mineral.  Potentially harmful factors in space flight that are not related to weightlessness include radiation, altered circadian rhythms and rest/work cycles, and the closed, isolated environment of the spacecraft.  There is no evidence that space flight has long-term effects on humans, except that bone mass lost during flight may not be replaced, and radiation damage is cumulative.  However, the number of people who have spent several months or longer in space is still small.  Only carefully-planned experiments in space preceded by thorough ground-based studies can provide the information needed to increase the amount of time humans can safely spend in space.
Leach
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NASA/Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058.
Dietlein
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Pool
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Nicogossian
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D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D006801:Humans; D013026:Space Flight / Q000639:trends*; D014893:Weightlessness / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018544:Weightlessness Countermeasures