title: Influence of ruminal distribution on norfloxacin pharmacokinetics in adult sheep.
abstract: Norfloxacin (NF) ruminal distribution after intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and oral (p.o.) administration was determined in order to assess the influence of the rumen on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of NF in sheep. Norfloxacin concentrations in rumen were detected after i.v. and i.m. administrations between 4 and 48 h in all animals studied. The experimental distribution ratios after i.v. and i.m. administration expressed as area under the concentration-time curve ratios AUC(rumen)/AUC(plasma) were 0.24 and 0.39, respectively, and thus lower than corresponding predicted value of 5.06. Apparently, drug persisted in the rumen content longer than in plasma. The experimental mean residence time ratios MRT(rumen)/MRT(plasma) after i.v. and i.m. administrations were 2.33 and 1.66, respectively. After p.o. administration, NF concentrations in the rumen content were extremely high compared with the respective plasma concentrations, resulting in mean peak concentrations ratio C(max-rumen)/C(max-plasma) of 383.66 and AUC(rumen)/AUC(plasma) experimental ratio of 402.32. This value was considerably higher (approximately 79 fold) than the predicted distribution ratio of 5.06. Our results suggest that the limited p.o. bioavailability of NF in ruminants could not be attributed to ruminal degradation.
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Toxicologia y Farnacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda/Puerta de Hierro s/n. 28040 Madrid, Spain. fergongo@uol.es
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: San Andrés
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: San Andrés
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waxman
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D009643:Norfloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism; D012756:Sheep / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D009643:Norfloxacin