title: Radiation situation determining the possibility of a manned flight to Mars and back.
abstract: Possible manned flights toward Mars are discussed from the viewpoint of radiation hazard.  A standard situation is considered for the fast two times crossing of the Earth radiation belts.  The flight to Mars is shown to be practically impossible without a special system of radiation shelters, because of the effect of penetrating galactic and solar radiations which are responsible for almost maximum permissible doses.  But even in case there were radiation shelters on board the spacecraft their flights are undesirable in the periods of maximum and minimum solar activity.  It would obviously be worthwhile to schedule Martian flights for intervals in between minima and maxima of 11-year cycles of solar activity when primary cosmic rays levels are considerable reduced and flare activity is not yet sufficiently high.  It should be mentioned that it would not be easy to select such allowed intervals.  Further studies of that aspect are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Space Research Institute, Moscow, USSR.
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Pissarenko
mesh_terms: D018480:Astronauts; D003359:Cosmic Radiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005676:Gravity Suits; D006801:Humans; D018535:Mars; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000592:standards*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000592:standards*; D016082:Solar System; D013026:Space Flight / Q000592:standards*; D018531:Spacecraft; D013997:Time Factors