Nationwide study of cancer risk among hip replacement patients in Sweden.
BACKGROUND
Orthopedic implants and their fixatives contain materials with carcinogenic potential. Whether these implants are linked to subsequent cancer development remains unknown, mainly because large-scale, long-term follow-up data are scarce.


METHODS
We conducted a nationwide cohort study in Sweden to examine cancer incidence among 116,727 patients who underwent hip replacement surgery during the period from 1965 through 1994. Through record linkage to the Swedish Cancer Register, we identified all incident cancers through 1995 in this population (693,954 person-years of observation). For each cancer type, the observed number of cases was divided by that expected in the general Swedish population to produce standardized incidence ratios (SIRs).


RESULTS
Relative to the general population, the cohort had no overall cancer excess (SIR = 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.99 to 1.03). However, we observed elevated SIRs for prostate cancer (SIR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.11 to 1.22) and melanoma (SIR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.30) and a reduction in stomach cancer risk (SIR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.92). Long-term follow-up (>or=15 years) revealed an excess of multiple myeloma (SIR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.01 to 3.11) and a statistically nonsignificant increase in bladder cancer (SIR = 1.42; 95% CI = 0.98 to 1.99). There was no material increase in risk for bone or connective tissue cancer for either men or women in any follow-up period.


CONCLUSIONS
In this, the largest study to date, hip implant patients had similar rates of most types of cancer to those in the general population. Although the excesses of melanoma, multiple myeloma, and prostate and bladder cancers may be due to chance, confounding, or detection bias and should be interpreted cautiously, they warrant further investigation because of the ever-increasing use of hip implants at younger ages.
Signorello
L B
LB
International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
Ye
W
W
Fryzek
J P
JP
Lipworth
L
L
Fraumeni
J F
JF
Blot
W J
WJ
McLaughlin
J K
JK
Nyrén
O
O
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015982:Bias; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000009:adverse effects; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006622:Hip Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008670:Metals / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012306:Risk; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology
D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002273:Carcinogens; D008670:Metals