title: Supporting the habit: income generation activities of frequent crack users compared with frequent users of other hard drugs.
abstract: US Federal sentencing guidelines punish possession of crack cocaine very differently from powder cocaine, based partially upon the assumption that crack users engage more frequently in criminal behavior to pay for their habit. This article analyzed frequent users (those who have used at least 15 of the last 30 days) of crack with subgroups of less frequent hard drug users in terms of various income generation activities reported during the past 30 days. The sample consists of 602 African-Americans who were current (in past 30 days) users or sellers of cocaine powder, crack, and heroin. They were carefully recruited from randomly selected blocks in the Central Harlem area of New York City and interviewed extensively in 1998-1999. Their IGAs were classified into six categories. Compared with not-frequent (less than 15 days) hard drug users, frequent crack and multiple hard drug users were equally likely to be involved in drug distribution activities, but were significantly less likely to have full-time jobs, part-time jobs, aid to families with dependent children or welfare support. They had much higher odds ratios for non-drug related illegal (theft mainly) income generation activities and sex work among women. Often, gender and birth cohort variables had higher odds ratios with specific income generation activities than the frequent use of the primary drug(s). This evidence suggests that very frequent crack users have been stigmatized by, are largely excluded from, and perform very marginal economic roles in the legal economic system (jobs and welfare), the illegal economic system, and even in the hard drug distribution system.
authors.affiliation: Vassar College, Box 500, Poughkeepsie, New York, NY 12604, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Liberty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016578:Crack Cocaine / Q000191:economics*; D003415:Crime / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City; D012946:Social Welfare / Q000191:economics; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine