title: Selection of sterilization methods for planetary return missions.
abstract: Two tasks must be accomplished to provide planetary protection for Mars return missions:  (1) sterilization of the scientific module to be landed on Mars and (2) reliable sterilization of all material returned to Earth, while ensuring the scientific integrity of martian samples.  This paper examines similarity and differences between these two tasks, and includes a discussion of technological implementation conditions and the nature of terrestrial and hypothesized martian microflora.  The feasibility of a number of chemical and physical (ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and heating) methods of sterilization for use on the ground and onboard are discussed and compared.  A combination of different methods will probably be selected as the most appropriate for ensuring planetary protection on the return mission.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: V I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Trofimov
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Victorov
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ivanov
mesh_terms: D003264:Containment of Biohazards / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D018534:Earth, Planet; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018559:Exobiology / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D018535:Mars; D013026:Space Flight / Q000592:standards; D018531:Spacecraft / Q000592:standards; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends