title: Stress under normal conditions, hypokinesia simulating weightlessness, and during flights in space.
abstract: Stress due to intensive mental work under normal conditions was compared to stress under a sharp limitation of motor activity (hypokinesia), simulating weightlessness on the human body. Mental stress causes typical alterations of cerebral circulation under normal conditions: increase of blood flow in the supramarginal and angular gyri of the parietal lobe, in the frontal lobe, and in the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere, and changes in cardiac activity and in the tonus of vessels. Dynamics of human stress reactions, among other features of this process, is best reflected in the parameters of a electrocardiogram, a rheoencephalogram, and total peripheric vascular resistance. An increase in the latter is an informative index of stress development. Human reaction to stress under hypokinesia and during flights in space have specific features. Prolonged hypokinesia causes an imbalance in an organism's control systems, specifically depressor reactions are distorted. In the context of hypokinesia, anxiety and mental stress lose their adaptive nature to a large extent. They provoke disturbances of the heartbeat and hypertensive reactions. A whole complex of factors affects the living organism during space flights. An imbalance of the body's control systems, emotional and physical overloads, which arise episodically, changes in electrolyte and energetic metabolism, and alterations in the head vessels increase the probability of reactions to stress and reinforce their effect. Stress can be retarded by using on elaborated system of preventive measures which includes physical training, psychological support of astronauts and, to some degree, reduction of the hypothalamus adrenergic centers' tonus through muscle relaxation. Astronauts' reactions to being in space occur during flights under heavy loading tests and in emergency situations. Weightlessness does not generate stress when one has adapted to it. Returning from weightlessness to the Earth's gravitation causes stress. After prolonged flights, stress associated with readaptation to the Earth's gravitation is atypical in character (increase of sympatoadrenalic system activity against the background of a reduction in hypothalamo-hypophysial system activity). We explain the voltage decrease of the T-wave of the electrocardiogram, the phenomenon repeatedly occurring both during prolonged space flights and under hypokinesia, by a lowering of cardiomyocytes, energetic potential due to hypokalemia, insufficient glucose usage, and a decrease in the coupling of oxidative phosphorylation processes. [Translated from Fiziologiya Cheloveka, vol. 22, no. 2, 1996, p. 10-19]
authors.affiliation: State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Grigor'ev
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Fedorov
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001510:Bed Rest / Q000009:adverse effects; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D018475:Head-Down Tilt; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018476:Hypokinesia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes; D013026:Space Flight; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014883:Water-Electrolyte Imbalance / Q000378:metabolism; D014893:Weightlessness / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation / Q000009:adverse effects*