title: Adverse cardiac events after surgery: assessing risk in a veteran population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish rates of and risk factors for cardiac complications after noncardiac surgery in veterans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large urban veterans affairs hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand patients with known or suspected cardiac problems undergoing 1,121 noncardiac procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were assessed preoperatively for important clinical variables. Postoperative evaluation was done by an assessor blinded to preoperative status with a daily physical examination, electrocardiogram, and creatine kinase with MB fraction until postoperative day 6, day of discharge, death, or reoperation (whichever occurred earliest). Serial electrocardiograms, enzymes, and chest radiographs were obtained as indicated. Severe cardiac complications included cardiac death, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia, and fibrillation and pulmonary edema. Serious cardiac complications included the above, heart failure, and unstable angina.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Severe and serious complications were seen in 24% and 32% of aortic, 8.3% and 10% of carotid, 11.8% and 14.7% of peripheral vascular, 9.0% and 13.1% of intraabdominal/intrathoracic, 2.9% and 3.3% of intermediate-risk (head and neck and major orthopedic procedures), and 0.27% and 1.1% of low-risk procedures respectively. The five associated patient-specific risk factors identified by logistic regression are: myocardial infarction < 6 months (odds ratio [OR], 4.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9 to 12.9), emergency surgery (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 5.6), myocardial infarction > 6 months (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.5), heart failure ever (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.0), and rhythm other than sinus (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 0.9 to 3.2). Inclusion of the planned operative procedure significantly improves the predictive ability of our risk model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Five patient-specific risk factors are associated with high risk for cardiac complications in the perioperative period of noncardiac surgery in veterans. Inclusion of the operative procedure significantly improves the predictive ability of the risk model. Overall cardiac complication rates (pretest probabilities) are established for these patients. A simple nomogram is presented for calculation of post-test probabilities by incorporating the operative procedure.
authors.affiliation: Received from the Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, U.T. Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA. raminder.kumar2@med.va.gov
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Heudebert
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koetting
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: McIntire
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014728:Veterans