title: Antitumor effects of ajulemic acid (CT3), a synthetic non-psychoactive cannabinoid.
abstract: One of the endogenous transformation products of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is THC-11-oic acid, and ajulemic acid (AJA; dimethylheptyl-THC-11-oic acid) is a side-chain synthetic analog of THC-11-oic acid. In preclinical studies, AJA has been found to be a potent anti-inflammatory agent without psychoactive properties. Based on recent reports suggesting antitumor effects of cannabinoids (CBs), we assessed the potential of AJA as an antitumor agent. AJA proved to be approximately one-half as potent as THC in inhibiting tumor growth in vitro against a variety of neoplastic cell lines. However, its in vitro effects lasted longer. The antitumor effect was stereospecific, suggesting receptor mediation. Unlike THC, however, whose effect was blocked by both CB(1) and CB(2) receptor antagonists, the effect of AJA was inhibited by only the CB(2) antagonist. Additionally, incubation of C6 glioma cells with AJA resulted in the formation of lipid droplets, the number of which increased over time; this effect was noted to a much greater extent after AJA than after THC and was not seen in WI-38 cells, a human normal fibroblast cell line. Analysis of incorporation of radiolabeled fatty acids revealed a marked accumulation of triglycerides in AJA-treated cells at concentrations that produced tumor growth inhibition. Finally, AJA, administered p.o. to nude mice at a dosage several orders of magnitude below that which produces toxicity, inhibited the growth of subcutaneously implanted U87 human glioma cells modestly but significantly. We conclude that AJA acts to produce significant antitumor activity and effects its actions primarily via CB(2) receptors. Its very favorable toxicity profile, including lack of psychoactivity, makes it suitable for chronic usage. Further studies are warranted to determine its optimal role as an antitumor agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. RECHTL@ummh.org
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Recht
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salmonsen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosetti
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pipia
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubiatowski
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zurier
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Litofsky
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burstein
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C113759:1',1'-dimethylheptyl-delta(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol-11-oic acid; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002186:Cannabinoids; C469526:Cnr2 protein, rat; D004075:Diglycerides; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid; D011955:Receptors, Drug; D013759:Dronabinol