title: Volume standards for high-risk surgical procedures: potential benefits of the Leapfrog initiative.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As part of a broader effort aimed at improving hospital safety, a large coalition of employers, the Leapfrog Group, will soon require hospitals caring for their employees to meet volume standards for 5 high-risk surgical procedures. We estimated the potential benefits of full nationwide implementation of these volume standards. METHODS. Using data from Nationwide Inpatient Sample and other sources, we first estimated the total number of each of the 5 procedures-coronary-artery bypass graft, abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, coronary angioplasty, esophagectomy, and carotid endarterectomy-performed each year in hospitals in US metropolitan areas. (Leapfrog exempts hospitals in rural areas to avoid access issues.) We then projected the effectiveness of volume standards (in terms of relative risks of mortality) for each procedure using data from a published structured literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With full implementation nationwide, the Leapfrog volume standards would save 2581 lives. Of the procedures, volume standards would save the most lives with coronary-artery bypass graft (1486), followed by abdominal aortic-aneurysm repair (464), coronary angioplasty (345), esophagectomy (168), and carotid endarterectomy (118). In our estimates of the number of lives saved, we considered assumptions about how many patients would be affected and the effectiveness of volume standards (ie, strength of underlying volume-outcome relationships with each procedure).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If the Leapfrog volume standards are successfully implemented, employers and health-care purchasers could prevent many surgical deaths by requiring hospital volume standards for high-risk procedures.
authors.affiliation: VA Outcomes Group, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Birkmeyer
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Finlayson
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Birkmeyer
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013503:Surgery Department, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*