title: An implementation strategy for IMRT of ethmoid sinus cancer with bilateral sparing of the optic pathways.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a protocol for the irradiation of ethmoid sinus cancer, with the aim of sparing binocular vision; of developing a strategy of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) planning that produces dose distributions that (1) are consistent with the protocol prescriptions and (2) are deliverable by static segmental IMRT techniques within a 15-minute time slot; of fine tuning the implementation strategy to a class solution approach that is sufficiently automated and efficient, allowing routine clinical application; of reporting on the early clinical implementation involving 11 patients between February 1999 and July 2000. patients and methods: Eleven consecutive T1-4N0M0 ethmoid sinus cancer patients were enrolled in the study. For Patients 1-8, a first protocol was implemented, defining a planning target volume prescription dose of 60 to 66 Gy in 30-33 fractions and a maximum dose (Dmax) of 50 Gy to optic pathway structures and spinal cord and limit of 60 Gy to brainstem. For Patients 9-11, an adapted (now considered mature) protocol was implemented, defining a (planning target volume) prescription dose of 70 Gy in 35 fractions and a Dmax to optic pathway structures and brainstem of 60 Gy and to spinal cord of 50 Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The class solution-directed strategy developed during this study reduced the protocol translation process from a few days to about 2 hours of planner time. The mature class solution involved the use of 7 beam incidences (20-37 segments), which could be delivered within a 15-minute time slot. Acute side effects were limited and mild. None of the patients developed dry eye syndrome or other visual disturbances. The follow-up period is too short for detection of retinopathy or optic nerve and chiasm toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conventional radiotherapy of ethmoid sinus tumors is associated with serious morbidity, including blindness. We hypothesize that IMRT has the potential to save binocular vision. The dose to the optic pathway structures can be reduced selectively by IMRT. Further enrollment of patients and longer follow-up will show whether the level of reduction tested by the clinical protocol is sufficient to save binocular vision. An adaptive strategy of IMRT planning was too inefficient for routine clinical practice. A class solution-directed strategy improved efficiency by eliminating human trial and error during the IMRT planning process.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiotherapy, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Claus
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: De Gersem
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Wagter
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Severen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vanhoutte
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Duthoy
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Remouchamps
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Duyse
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vakaet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lemmerling
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vermeersch
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: De Neve
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005005:Ethmoid Sinus; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible; D008875:Middle Aged; D009897:Optic Chiasm; D009900:Optic Nerve; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010306:Parotid Gland; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D012160:Retina; D013116:Spinal Cord