title: [Expression of retinoic acid receptors in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and their possible implication for chemoprevention].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinoic acid and its natural and synthetic analogs (retinoids) affect a wide array of biological processes. Retinoids are used in the treatment of many skin diseases and are promising drugs for several cancers. Most of their actions are thought to result from changes in gene expression which is done through nuclear retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors. We conducted a study to determine whether the expression of these receptors is different in malignant tumors and tumor cell lines versus normal tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed reverse transcription PCR from 29 tissue specimens of squamous cell carcinomas and one melanoma and of the head and neck as well as from 13 cell lines established from head and neck cancer. We were looking for the expression pattern of RARalpha, beta, gamma and RXRalpha.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only RARgamma was expressed 100 % in cell lines and tissue specimens. RARbeta showed a 100 % expression only in tissue specimens whereas a 54 % expression in cell lines was seen. All other receptors were diminished in their expression. In the positive controls all receptors were expressed 100 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of RARalpha and RARbeta was partially lost in cell lines established from squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The 100 % expression of RARbeta in tissue samples versus 54 % in cell lines can be explained by clonal growth of malignant cells in cell lines and also possible "contamination" by normal cells in the tissue specimen. In concordance with the literature it seems that RARalpha and beta play a pivotal role in mediating the response to retinoids.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals, Nasen und Ohrenkranke der Ludwig-Maximilians, Universität München, Klinikum Grosshadern, Germany.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Issing
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D012176:Retinoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D012176:Retinoids; D014157:Transcription Factors