title: The potential of small-scale fusion experiments and the Gordon-Taylor equation to predict the suitability of drug/polymer blends for melt extrusion.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the use of small-scale fusion experiments and the Gordon-Taylor (GT) equation to predict whether melt extrusion of a drug with an amorphous polymer produces a stable amorphous dispersion with increased drug dissolution. Indomethacin, lacidipine, nifedipine, piroxicam, and tolbutamide were used as poorly soluble drugs. Drug/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) blends were prepared at a 1:1 mass ratio. Small-scale fusion experiments were performed in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and in stainless steel beakers. Extrusion was performed in a Brabender Plasti-corder. The glass transition temperatures Tg were determined by DSC. Taking an average Tg from the DSC melt, beaker melt, and GT equation accurately predicted the extrudate Tg. Physical stability of beaker melt and extrudate samples was tested by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and DSC after storage at 30 degrees C (beaker melt) or 25 degrees C (extrudate) and less than 10%, 60%, and 75% relative humidity, (RH). Beaker melts were amorphous, apart from some residual crystallinity. Extrudates were amorphous after preparation. Except for indomethacin/PVP, which remained amorphous, the crystallinity of beaker melts and extrudates increased only at 75% RH. Recrystallization occurred even when the Tg of the sample was well above the storage temperature. Chemical stability of the beaker melts and extrudates was tested by capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Stability was slightly improved in the extrudate compared to the beaker melt. In general, the order for rate of dissolution was crystalline drug was less than the physical mixture, which was less than the drug/PVP beaker melt, which was approximately equal to the extrudate. The use of beaker melts allows a conservative estimate of the potential to melt extrude a drug. To predict physical stability, analysis of the Tg must be combined with physical stability experiments.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, New Zealand.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hempenstall
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rades
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004355:Drug Stability; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D006813:Humidity; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011205:Povidone; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011108:Polymers; D011205:Povidone