title: Effect of potassium and calcium loading on healthy subjects under hypokinesia and physical exercise with fluid and salt supplements.
abstract: The objective of this investigation was to determine the acute responses to the electrolyte challenges under hypokinesia and physical exercise (PE) of different intensities with fluid and salt supplementation (FSS). The studies were performed on 12 physically healthy male volunteers aged 19-24 years under 364 days of hypokinesia (decreased number of steps per day) with a set of PE with FSS. The volunteers were divided into two equal groups. The first group was subjected to a set of intensive PE and the second group was submitted to a set of moderate PE. Both groups of subjects consumed daily water and salt supplements that aimed to increase the body hydration level. For simulation of the hypokinetic effect all subjects were kept under an average of 3000 steps per day. Functional tests with a potassium chloride (KCl) and calcium lactate (Cal) load were performed during the hypokinetic period of 364 days and the 60-day, prehypokinetic period that served as control, while both groups of subjects consumed daily calcium and potassium supplements. The concentration of electrolyte and hormone levels in the blood and their excretion rate in urine were determined. Renal excretion of calcium and potassium and the blood concentration thereof increased markedly in both groups of subjects. With the potassium chloride load tests the increased potassium excretion was accompanied by higher aldosterone and insulin blood levels, and with the calcium lactate load tests the increased calcium excretion was accompanied by a decreased parathyroid content in the blood. FSS and PE, regardless of intensity, failed to attenuate calcium and potassium losses. Additional intake of KCl and Cal also failed to normalize potassium and calcium abnormalities. It was concluded that during the KCl and Cal loading tests, the increased losses of potassium and calcium in the hypokinetic subjects were due to the inability of their bodies to retain these electrolytes, and that electrolyte abnormalities could not be reversed by PE or rehydration in individuals subjected to prolonged restriction of motor activity.
authors.affiliation: Hypokinetic Physiology Laboratory, European Institute of Environmental Cybernetics, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Y G
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Zorbas
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Naexu
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Federenko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006801:Humans; D018476:Hypokinesia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D000450:Aldosterone; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium