Dangers and unreliability of mammography: breast examination is a safe, effective, and practical alternative.
Mammography screening is a profit-driven technology posing risks compounded by unreliability. In striking contrast, annual clinical breast examination (CBE) by a trained health professional, together with monthly breast self-examination (BSE), is safe, at least as effective, and low in cost. International programs for training nurses how to perform CBE and teach BSE are critical and overdue.
Epstein
S S
SS
School of Public Health, University of Illinois of Chicago, 60612-7260, USA.
Bertell
R
R
Seaman
B
B
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000570:American Cancer Society; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016504:Breast Self-Examination / Q000592:standards; D016265:Conflict of Interest; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D010173:Palpation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D014481:United States