title: Computer-assisted image analysis of plant growth, thigmomorphogenesis and gravitropism.
abstract: A nonintrusive auxonometric system, based on the DARWIN image processor (Telewski et al. 1983 Plant Physiol 72: 177-181), is described and demonstrated in the analysis of gravitropism and thigmomorphogenesis in corn seedlings (Zea mays).  Using this system, growth and bending of regularly shaped plants or organs can be quickly and accurately measured without, in any way, interfering with the plant.  Furthermore, the growth and bending curves are automatically plotted.  Thigmomorphogenesis in the aerial part of corn seedlings involves growth promotion at a low force load and growth retardation at higher force loads.  The time courses of the two kinds of response are somewhat different, with retardation occurring immediately after mechanical perturbation and growth promotion taking somewhat longer to begin.  Gravitropic experiments show that when dark-grown corn seedlings are placed on their side in the light, the resulting curvature is due to two consecutive morphological mechanisms.  In the first instance, lasting for about 15 minutes, the elongation of the bottom edge of the plant accelerates, while the elongation of the top edge remains constant.  After that, for the next 1.75 hours, the elongation of the top edge decelerates and stops while that of the bottom edge remains constant at the increased rate for most of the period.  The measurements taken from both experiments at relatively high resolution (0.08-0.1 millimeter) show that the growth curves are not smooth but show many small irregularities which may or may not involve micronutations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jaffe
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wakefield
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Telewski
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gulley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Biro
mesh_terms: D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D018522:Gravitropism / Q000502:physiology*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D012984:Software; D003313:Zea mays / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology