title: Commentary 2 to Cox and Little:  radiation-induced oncogenic transformation:  the interplay between dose, dose protraction, and radiation quality.
abstract: There is now a substantial body of evidence for end points such as oncogenic transformation in vitro, and carcinogenesis and life shortening in vivo, suggesting that dose protraction leads to an increase in effectiveness relative to a single, acute exposure--at least for radiations of medium linear energy transfer (LET) such as neutrons.  Table I contains a summary of the pertinent data from studies in which the effect is seen. [table:  see text]  This phenomenon has come to be known as the "inverse dose rate effect," because it is in marked contrast to the situation at low LET, where protraction in delivery of a dose of radiation, either by fractionation or low dose rate, results in a decreased biological effect; additionally, at medium and high LET, for radiobiological end points such as clonogenic survival, the biological effectiveness is independent of protraction.  The quantity and quality of the published reports on the "inverse dose rate effect" leaves little doubt that the effect is real, but the available evidence indicates that the magnitude of the effect is due to a complex interplay between dose, dose rate, and radiation quality.  Here, we first summarize the available data on the inverse dose rate effect and suggest that it follows a consistent pattern in regard to dose, dose rate, and radiation quality; second, we describe a model that predicts these features; and, finally, we describe the significance of the effect for radiation protection.
authors.affiliation: Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York 10032.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003359:Cosmic Radiation / Q000009:adverse effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D051379:Mice; D008906:Mining; D008954:Models, Biological; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009502:Neutrons / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011522:Protons / Q000009:adverse effects; D011835:Radiation Protection; D051381:Rats; D012306:Risk; D013026:Space Flight
chemical_list: D011522:Protons