title: Ground-based measurements of galactic cosmic ray fragmentation in shielding.
abstract: The mean free path for nuclear interactions of galactic cosmic-rays is comparable to shielding and tissue thicknesses present in human interplanetary exploration, resulting in a significant fraction of nuclear reaction products at depth.  In order to characterize the radiation field, the energy spectrum, the angular distribution, and the multiplicity of each type of secondary particles must also be known as a function of depth.  Reactions can take place anywhere in a thick absorber;  therefore, it is necessary to know these quantities as a function of particle energy for all particles produced.  HZE transport methods are used to predict the radiation field; they are dependent on models of the interaction of man-made systems with the space environment to an even greater extent than methods used for other types of radiation.  Hence, there is a major need to validate these transport codes by comparison with experimental data.  The most cost-effective method of validation is a comparison with ground-based experimental measurements.  A research program to provide such validation measurements using neon, iron and other accelerated heavy ion beams will be discussed and illustrated using results from ongoing experiments and their comparison with current transport codes.  The extent to which physical measurements yield radiobiological predictions will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schimmerling
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D007501:Iron; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009356:Neon; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011853:Radiobiology / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness
chemical_list: D009356:Neon; D007501:Iron