Amino acids derived from Titan tholins.
An organic heteropolymer (Titan tholin) was produced by continuous dc discharge through a 0.9 N2/0.1 CH4 gas mixture at 0.2 mbar pressure, roughly simulating the cloudtop atmosphere of Titan.  Treatment of this tholin with 6N HCl yielded 16 amino acids by gas chromatography after derivatization of N-trifluroacetyl isopropyl esters on two different capillary columns.  Identifications were confirmed by GC/MS.  Glycine, aspartic acid, and alpha- and beta-alanine were produced in greatest abundance; the total yield of amino acids was approximately 10(-2), approximately equal to the yield of urea.  The presence of "nonbiological" amino acids, the absence of serine, and the fact that the amino acids are racemic within experimental error together indicate that these molecules are not due to microbial or other contamination, but are derived from the tholin.  In addition to the HCN, HC2CN, and (CN)2 found by Voyager, nitriles and aminonitriles should be sought in the Titanian atmosphere and, eventually, amino acids on the surface.  These results suggest that episodes of liquid water in the past or future of Titan might lead to major further steps in prebiological organic chemistry on that body.
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Laboratory for Planetary Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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D000596:Amino Acids / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry*; D004560:Electricity; D019418:Evolution, Chemical; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D011108:Polymers / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D018539:Saturn; D014508:Urea / Q000138:chemical synthesis
D000596:Amino Acids; D011108:Polymers; D014508:Urea; D009584:Nitrogen; D008697:Methane