title: Predictors of fatal brain edema in massive hemispheric ischemic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early identification of stroke patients at risk for fatal brain edema may be useful in selecting patients for aggressive interventions. Prior studies suggested that early nausea/vomiting and major hypodensity on baseline computed tomography (CT) were predictive of herniation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a retrospective multicenter case-control study of patients with large middle cerebral artery (MCA) strokes admitted within 48 hours of symptom onset. Medical records, laboratory data, and CT scans were analyzed. Cases, defined as patients who died of massive brain swelling, were compared with all remaining patients as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred one patients with large MCA strokes were identified: 94 (47%) died of brain swelling, 12 (6%) died of non-neurological causes, and 95 (47%) survived at day 30. Multivariable analysis, adjusted for age and clustered by center, identified the following predictors of fatal brain edema: history of hypertension (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2 to 7.6, P=0.02), history of heart failure (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.0, P<0.001), elevated white blood cell count (OR 1.08 per 1000 white blood cells/microL, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.14, P=0.02), >50% MCA hypodensity (OR 6.3, 95% CI 3.5 to 11.6, P<0.001), and involvement of additional vascular territories (anterior cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, or anterior choroidal artery; OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 9.4, P=0.02). Initial level of consciousness, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, early nausea/vomiting, and serum glucose were associated with neurological death in bivariable but not multivariable analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with large MCA infarctions, an increased risk of fatal brain edema is associated with history of hypertension or heart failure, increased baseline white blood cell count, major early CT hypodensity involving >50% of the MCA territory, and involvement of additional vascular territories. These data confirm and expand on prior research with a broad-based patient population. The presence of these risk factors identifies those stroke patients who may require aggressive therapeutic approaches.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, Philadelphia, PA, USA. kasner@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kasner
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Demchuk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berrouschot
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schmutzhard
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Harms
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verro
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Chalela
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abbur
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: McGrade
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Christou
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Krieger
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed