title: Vertebrate development in the environment of space:  models, mechanisms, and use of the medaka.
abstract: With the advent of space travel, it is of immediate interest and importance to study the effects of exposure to various aspects of the altered environment of space, including microgravity, on Earth-based life forms. Initial studies of space travel have focused primarily on the short-term effects of radiation and microgravity on adult organisms. However, with the potential for increased lengths of time in space, it is critical to now address the effects of space on all phases of an organism's life cycle, from embryogenesis to post-natal development to reproduction. It is already possible for certain species to undergo multiple generations within the confines of the Mir Space Station. The possibility now exists for scientists to consider the consequences of even potentially subtle defects in development through multiple phases of an organism's life cycle, or even through multiple generations. In this discussion, we highlight a few of the salient observations on the effects of the space environment on vertebrate development and reproductive function. We discuss some of the many unanswered questions, in particular, in the context of the choice of appropriate models in which to address these questions, as well as an assessment of the availability of hardware already existing or under development which would be useful in addressing these questions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wolgemuth
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Herrada
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Forsstrom
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Pranger
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Weismann
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Whalon
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005801:Genes, Homeobox / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D009990:Oryzias / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D012107:Research Design; D013026:Space Flight / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018531:Spacecraft / Q000295:instrumentation; D013696:Temperature; D014893:Weightlessness