title: Potential sites for the perception of gravity in the acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum.
abstract: Recently a gravisensitivity of the acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum, which possesses no specialized gravireceptor, could be established by conducting experiments under simulated and under real near weightlessness.  In these experiments macroplasmodia showed a modulation of their contraction rhythm followed by regulation phenomena.  Until now the perception mechanism for the gravistimulus is unknown, but several findings indicate the involvement of mitochondria:  A) During the impediment of respiration the 0g-reaction is inhibited and the regulation is reduced.  B) The response to a light stimulus and the following regulation phenomena strongly resemble the behavior during exposure to 0g, the only difference is that the two reactions are directed into opposite directions.  In the blue-light reaction a flavin of the mitochondrial matrix seems to be involved in the light perception.  C) The contraction rhythm as well as its modulations are coupled to rhythmic changes in the levels of ATP and calcium ions, involving the mitochondria as sites of energy production and of Ca(++)-storage.  So the mitochondria could be the site of the regulation and they possibly are the receptor sites for the light and gravity stimuli.  Also the observation of a morphologic polarity of the slime mold's plasmodial strands has to be considered:  Cross-sections reveal that the ectoplasmic wall surrounding the streaming endoplasm is much thinner on the physically lower side than on the upper side of the strand--this applies to strands lying on or hanging on a horizontal surface.  So, in addition to the mitochondria, also the morphologic polarity may be involved in the perception mechanism of the observed gravisensitivity and of the recently established geotaxis.  The potential role of the nuclei and of the contractile elements in the perception of gravity is also discussed.
authors.affiliation: DFVLR--Institute for Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, FRG.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Briegleb
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D003595:Cytoplasmic Streaming / Q000502:physiology; D006112:Gravitation; D018466:Gravity Sensing / Q000502:physiology*; D008027:Light; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016839:Physarum polycephalum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012399:Rotation; D013026:Space Flight; D014893:Weightlessness; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002118:Calcium