title: Biological evaluation of ring- and side-chain-substituted m-iodobenzylguanidine analogues.
abstract: A number of ring- and side-chain-substituted m-iodobenzylguanidine analogues were evaluated for their lipophilicity, in vitro stability, uptake by SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells in vitro, and biodistribution in normal mice. As expected, the lipophilicity of m-iodobenzylguanidine increased when a halogen was introduced onto the ring and decreased with the addition of polar hydroxyl, amino, and nitro substitutents. Most of the derivatives showed reasonable stability up to 24 h in PBS at 37 degrees C. While N(1)-hydroxy-N(3)-3-[(131)I]iodobenzylguanidine and 3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(131)I]iodobenzylguanidine generated a more nonpolar product in addition to the free iodide, 3-[(131)I]iodo-4-nitrobenzylguanidine decomposed to a product more polar than the parent compound. The specific uptake of 4-chloro-3-[(131)I]iodobenzylguanidine, 3-[(131)I]iodo-4-nitrobenzylguanidine, and N(1)-hydroxy-N(3)-3-[(131)I]iodobenzylguanidine by SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells in vitro, relative to that of m-[(125)I]iodobenzylguanidine, was 117 +/- 10%, 50 +/- 4%, and 12 +/- 2%, respectively. The specific uptake of the known m-iodobenzylguanidine analogues 4-hydroxy-3-[(131)I]iodobenzylguanidine and 4-amino-3-[(131)I]iodobenzylguanidine was 80 +/- 4% and 66 +/- 4%, respectively. None of the other m-iodobenzylguanidine derivatives showed any significant specific uptake by SK-N-SH cells. Heart uptake of 4-chloro-3-[(131)I]iodobenzylguanidine in normal mice was higher than that of m-[(125)I]iodobenzylguanidine at later time points (11 +/- 1% ID/g versus 3 +/- 1% ID/g at 24 h; p < 0.05) while uptake of 3-[(131)I]iodo-4-nitrobenzylguanidine and of N(1)-hydroxy-N(3)-3-[(131)I]iodobenzylguanidine in the heart was lower than that of m-iodobenzylguanidine at all time points. In accordance with the in vitro results, none of the other novel m-iodobenzylguanidine derivatives showed any significant myocardial or adrenal uptake in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ganesan.v@duke.edu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vaidyanathan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Affleck
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Slade
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zalutsky
mesh_terms: D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000311:Adrenal Glands; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D004355:Drug Stability; D006146:Guanidines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006321:Heart; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009928:Organ Specificity; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006146:Guanidines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C117872:benzylguanidine; D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine