title: Fluid-electrolyte changes in physically conditioned subjects after hypokinesia and chronic hyperhydration.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether fluid-electrolyte changes, which are developed during prolonged hypokinesia (decreased number of km per day), can be prevented or minimized with the use of a daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation (FSS). The experiments on hypokinesia (HK) were performed for 364 days on 18 endurance-trained male volunteers in the age range of 21-23 years, with an average maximum oxygen uptake of 67 ml kg-1. All volunteers were divided into three equal groups: six volunteers were placed on a continuous regime of exercise of 14.0 km day-1 and served as control subjects. Six volunteers were subjected to continuous HK without FSS and were considered as the unsupplemented hypokinetic subjects (UHS). The remaining volunteers were under continuous HK and FSS and were considered as the supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHS). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect, the UHS and SHS groups were kept continuously under an average of 2.7 km day-1 for the duration of the experiment. Prior to exposure to HK, all volunteers were on the same exercise regime as the controls. During the pre-experimental period of 60 days and during the post-experimental period, urinary excretion of electrolytes and concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in serum as well as serum osmolality were determined. An increased renal excretion of fluid and electrolytes and a decreased serum electrolyte concentration were observed in the SHS, while a decreased renal excretion of fluid and electrolytes and an increased serum electrolyte concentration were observed in the UHS, during the initial stages of the post-hypokinetic period. By day 30 of the post-hypokinetic period these changes were reverted back to the control levels. We concluded that chronic hyperhydration may be used to attenuate urinary and serum electrolyte changes in endurance-trained volunteers after exposure to prolonged HK.
authors.affiliation: Hypokinetic Physiology Laboratory, European Institute of Environmental Cybernetics, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Y G
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Zorbas
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Verentsov
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Federenko
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006801:Humans; D018476:Hypokinesia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012964:Sodium; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium