title: Separation of six uremic middle molecular compounds by high performance liquid chromatography and analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the postulation of uremic middle molecule (UMM) hypothesis made by Babb et al. [Trans-Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 18 (1972) 98], there has been great interest in the separation and identification of the role of UMM. However, few of the compounds isolated from UMM fractions were demonstrated to play an important role in humans. Thus, the separation and identification of the real UMM is essential for UMM research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine and serum samples from uremic patients and healthy subjects were separated by gel permeation chromatography. Two presumed UMM fractions, A and B, were obtained from uremic sera and urine, normal urine, but not normal sera. Fraction A was further isolated by anion exchange chromatography and a series of sub-peaks were obtained. The sub-fraction A-3 obtained in the second step was desalted on a Sephadex G-15 column, and characterized by IR, UV and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Further separation of sub-fraction A-3 was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  By gel permeation chromatography, two UMM peaks (A and B) were detected at 206 nm in normal urine, uremic sera, but they were barely noticed in the profile of normal sera. In contrast, the absorption at 206 nm of fractions A and B from uremic serum and urine were smaller than that of fractions A and B from normal urine. Fractions A from different origins were resolved into eight to nine sub-peaks at 230 nm by anion exchange chromatography. One of these sub-peaks, A-3, was detected in uremic serum and normal urine, but is undetectable in uremic urine. After desalting, sub-fraction A-3 was separated into two parts designated as A-3-I and A-3-II. MALDI-TOF-MS revealed that fraction A-3-I and A-3-II from two origins were identical, respectively-fraction A-3-I contained three components with MW 839.69, 1007.94 and 2015.16 and fraction A-3-II consisted of another three components with MW 873.69, 1106.67 and 1680.28. Six middle molecular compounds in sub-fraction A-3 were thoroughly resolved by HPLC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrated that the UMM sub-fraction A-3 contains the real UMM in the MW range of 800-2015 Da. By multi-step chromatographic isolation, six real middle molecular compounds were purified and characterized with MALDI-TOF-MS. It is likely that three of these UMM compounds are important, as they readily accumulated in sera of uremic patients, but are normally excreted in healthy subjects.
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials for Adsorption and Separation, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D006801:Humans; D008970:Molecular Weight; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014511:Uremia / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014118:Toxins, Biological; C026865:uremia middle molecule toxins