title: Strategies for dealing with solar particle events in missions beyond the magnetosphere.
abstract: For long duration missions beyond the magnetosphere, the hazards posed by solar particle events (SPE) require the development of new strategies to minimize both the radiation dose and the effects. Potential strategies include the development of improved short-term forecasting of SPE through better observations and research, consideration of HZE particles in real-time forecasting and monitoring, improved knowledge of the biological effects of the particles involved in SPE, and the development of methods for combining SPE forecasts with temporary shielding and chemical countermeasures. Evaluation of present capabilities and the identification of areas of further research to achieve the necessary capabilities are discussed.
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Heckman
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hirman
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kunches
mesh_terms: D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D018535:Mars; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016081:Moon; D011522:Protons; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012106:Research; D019445:Solar Activity; D013026:Space Flight
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents