title: Possible actions of gravity on the cellular machinery.
abstract: Since the first flight of the ESA Biorack on the German Spacelab Mission D1 in 1985 evidence has been obtained that biological cells and small unicellular organisms function differently under conditions of microgravity.  However, there is still lack of scientific proof that these effects are caused by a direct influence on the cells in the weightlessness condition.  The question how normal gravity may play a role in cellular activity is being addressed and the results show that gravity may provide important signals during certain state transitions in the cell.  These would be gravity-sensitive windows in the biological process.  Also, by amplification mechanisms inside the cell, the cell may assume a state that is typical for normal gravity conditions and would change in microgravity.  Experimental tools are discussed that would provide the conditions to obtain evidence for direct action of gravity and for the possible existence of gravity-sensitive windows.
authors.affiliation: European Space Research and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mesland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002468:Cell Physiological Phenomena; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006112:Gravitation; D018466:Gravity Sensing / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010037:Otolithic Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000166:cytology; D018087:Plastids / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012399:Rotation; D013026:Space Flight; D014893:Weightlessness