title: Bedside functional imaging of the premature infant brain during passive motor activation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in regional brain blood flow and hemoglobin oxygen saturation occur in the human cortex in response to neural activation. Traditional functional radiologic methods cannot provide continuous, portable measurements. Imaging methods, which use near-infrared light allow for non-invasive measurements by taking advantage of the fact that hemoglobin is a strong absorber at these wavelengths.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the feasibility of a new optical functional imaging system in premature infants, and to obtain preliminary brain imaging of passive motor activation in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new optical imaging system, the Diffuse Optical Tomography System (DOTS), was used to provide real-time, bedside assessments. Custom-made soft flexible fiberoptic probes were placed on two extremely ill, mechanically ventilated 24 week premature infants, and three healthier 32 week premature infants. Passive motor stimulation protocols were used during imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specific movement of the arm resulted in reproducible focal, contralateral changes in cerebral absorption. The data suggest an overall increase in blood volume to the imaged area, as well as an increase in deoxyhemoglobin concentration. These findings in premature infants differ from those expected in adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the intensive care setting, continuous non-invasive optical functional imaging could be critically important and, with further study, may provide a bedside monitoring tool for prospectively identifying patients at high risk for brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Optics Group, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hansen Physics Laboratory, Palo Alto, California, USA. srhintz@stanford.edu
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hintz
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Benaron
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zourabian
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Boas
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal; D009043:Motor Activity; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; C100003:deoxyhemoglobin