title: Prostate cancer mortality after introduction of prostate-specific antigen mass screening in the Federal State of Tyrol, Austria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To monitor the impact of screening in a natural experiment by comparing prostate cancer mortality in Tyrol, where prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing was introduced at no charge, with the rest of Austria, where it was not introduced.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1993, PSA testing was made freely available to men aged 45 to 75 years in the Federal State of Tyrol, Austria. At least two thirds of all men in this age range have been tested at least once during the first 5 years of the study. Initially, only total PSA was measured, but free PSA measurement was added in 1995. The IMX assay was used. Digital rectal examination was not part of the screening examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant migration to lower stages has been observed since the introduction of this screening program. A reduction in mortality rates in the rest of Austria from 1993 onward has occurred, with the reduction in Tyrol much greater; the mortality remained fairly constant between 1993 and 1995 and subsequently fell. The trends in prostate cancer mortality rates since 1993 differ significantly between Tyrol (P = 0.006) and the rest of Austria. On the basis of the age-specific death rates averaged from 1986 to 1990, the difference between the number of expected and observed deaths from prostate cancer in Tyrol was 22 in the group aged 40 to 79 years in 1998 and 18 the following year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the policy of making PSA testing freely available, and the wide acceptance by men in the population, is associated with a reduction in prostate cancer mortality in an area in which urology services and radiotherapy are available freely to all patients. It is our opinion that most of this decline is likely to be due to aggressive downstaging and successful treatment and that any contribution from detecting and treating early cancers will only become apparent in the years to come.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Horninger
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klocker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reissigl
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Oberaigner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schönitzer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Severi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boyle
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D005249:Fees and Charges; D006291:Health Policy; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008402:Mass Media / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen