title: Coincident nonlinear changes in the endocrine and immune systems due to low-frequency magnetic fields.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The characteristic biological effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) appear to be functional changes in the central nervous, endocrine and immune systems. For unapparent reasons, however, the results of similar studies have often differed markedly from one another. We recognized that it had generally been assumed, in the studies, that EMF effects would exhibit a dose-effect relationship, which is a basic property of linear systems. Prompted by recent developments in the theory on nonlinear systems, we hypothesized that there was a nonlinear relationship between EMFs and the effects they produced in the endocrine and immune systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a novel analytical method that could be used to distinguish between linear and nonlinear effects, and we employed it to examine the effect of EMFs on the endocrine and immune systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice exposed to 5 G, 60 Hz for 1-175 days in 7 independent experiments reliably exhibited changes in serum corticosterone and lymphoid phenotype when the data were analyzed while allowing that the field exposure and the resulting effects could be nonlinearly related. When the analysis was restricted to linear relationships, no effects due to the field were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated that transduction of EMFs resulted in changes in both the endocrine and immune systems, and that the laws governing the changes in each system were not the type that govern conventional dose-effect relationships. Evidence based on mathematical modeling was found suggesting that the coincident changes could have been causally related.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA. amarino@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Wolcott
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chervenak
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jourd'heuil
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nilsen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frilot
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Pruett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007107:Immune System / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008954:Models, Biological; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000528:radiation effects; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D003345:Corticosterone