title: Bone loss during long term space flight is prevented by the application of a short term impulsive mechanical stimulus
abstract: In long term space flight, the mechanical forces applied to the skeleton are substantially reduced and are altered in character. This reduced skeletal loading results in a reduction in bone mass. Exercise techniques currently used in space can maintain muscle mass but the mechanical stimulus provided by this exercise does not prevent bone loss. By applying an external impulsive load for a short period each day, which is intended to mimic the heel strike transient, to the lower limb of an astronaut during a long term space flight (5 months), this study tests the hypothesis that the bone cells can be activated by an appropriate external mechanical stimulus to maintain bone mass throughout prolonged periods of weightlessness. A mechanical loading device was developed to produce a loading of the os-calcis similar to that observed during the heel strike transient. The device is activated by the astronaut to provide a transient load to the heel of one leg whilst providing an equivalent exercising load to the other leg. During the EUROMIR95 mission on the MIR space station, an astronaut used this device for a short period daily throughout the duration of the mission. Pre- and post-flight measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) of the os-calcis and femoral neck of the astronaut were made to determine the efficacy of the device in preventing loss of bone mineral during the mission. On the os-calcis which received the mechanical stimulus, BMD was maintained throughout the period of the flight, while it was reduced by up to 7% on the os-calcis which received no stimulus. Post-flight, BMD in both the stimulated and non-stimulated os-calcis reduces, the extent of this reduction however is less in the stimulated os-calcis. For the femoral neck, the mechanical stimulation does not produce a positive effect.
authors.affiliation: Royal Veterinary College, University College London.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Goodship
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Oganov
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Darling
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Owen
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D018488:Bone Demineralization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000502:physiology; D006365:Heel / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D013026:Space Flight; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D014893:Weightlessness / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018544:Weightlessness Countermeasures