title: Selective bladder conservation using transurethral resection, chemotherapy, and radiation: management and consequences of Ta, T1, and Tis recurrence within the retained bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although radical cystectomy remains the standard of care for invasive bladder cancer in the United States, many groups are exploring the use of trimodality therapy using transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, radiation, and chemotherapy in an attempt to spare patients the need for cystectomy. As transitional cell carcinoma often arises from a urothelial field change, there is concern that the retained bladder is at risk of subsequent superficial (Ta, T1, Tis) tumors, some of which may have lethal potential. This study reports the outcomes of those patients with superficial relapse of transitional cell carcinoma after trimodality therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ninety patients were treated using a series of trimodality therapy protocols between 1986 and 1998. All patients received induction chemotherapy and radiation and were selected for bladder preservation on the basis of a cytologic and histologic complete response. One hundred twenty-one patients had a complete response and formed the subjects of this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a median follow-up of 6.7 years for patients still alive, 32 experienced a superficial relapse (26%). The median time to this failure was 2.1 years. Sixty percent of the superficial failures were carcinoma in situ (Tis) and 67% arose at the site of the original invasive tumor. The risk of superficial failure was higher among those who had Tis associated with their original muscle-invasive tumor. Twenty-seven of these 32 cases were managed conservatively with transurethral resection and intravesical therapy. The irradiated bladder tolerated this therapy well and only 3 patients required treatment breaks. The 5 and 8-year survival was comparable for those who experienced superficial failure (68% and 54%, respectively) and those who had no failure at all (n = 74, 69% and 61%, respectively). However, a substantially lower chance of being alive with the native bladder owing to the need for late salvage cystectomies (61% versus 34%) was found. Cystectomy became necessary in 31% (10 of 32) either because of additional superficial recurrence (n = 7) or progression to invasive disease (n = 3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A trimodality approach to transitional cell bladder cancer mandates lifelong cystoscopic surveillance. Although most completely responding patients retain their bladders free from invasive relapse, one quarter will develop superficial disease. This may be managed in the standard fashion with transurethral resection of the bladder tumor and intravesical therapies but carries an additional risk that late cystectomy will be required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Zietman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grocela
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zehr
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Althausen
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Heney
authors.forename: W U
authors.initials: WU
authors.lastname: Shipley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024221:Antineoplastic Protocols; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015653:Cystectomy; D003558:Cystoscopy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D002945:Cisplatin