title: The effects of intercessory prayer, positive visualization, and expectancy on the well-being of kidney dialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little replicable empirical evidence on the effectiveness of prayer is available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effect of intercessory prayer, positive visualization, and outcome expectancy on a wide range of medical and psychological measures in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  2 x 3 (expectancy x treatment) factorial study.
  
  
  METHODS
  95 adult male and female volunteer hemodialysis subjects with end-stage renal disease from an outpatient clinic in Miami, Fla.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of the 6 treatment conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 20 dependent measures (10 medically based and 10 psychological) were used to assess the subjects' overall well-being. Analysis of covariance was used to control for pre-treatment differences between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects who expected to receive intercessory prayer reported feeling significantly better than did those who expected to receive positive visualization (F1.93 = 5.42; P < .02). No other statistically significant main effects or interactions were found for either expectancy, intercessory prayer, or positive visualization on the remaining dependent measures. Analysis of effect sizes on all dependent measures failed to indicate even a small magnitude of effect for intercessory prayer as contrasted with expectancy on the medical or psychological variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of intercessory prayer and transpersonal positive visualization cannot be distinguished from the effect of expectancy. Therefore, those 2 interventions do not appear to be effective treatments.
authors.affiliation: School Psychology Program, School of Education, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. shamrock@educ.umass.edu
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sireci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D012067:Religion; D012068:Religion and Medicine; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome