title: Evolution of a phase separated gravity independent bioreactor.
abstract: The evolution of a phase-separated gravity-independent bioreactor is described.  The initial prototype, a zero head-space manifold silicone membrane based reactor, maintained large diffusional resistances.  Obtaining oxygen transfer rates needed to support carbon-recycling aerobic microbes is impossible if large resistances are maintained.  Next generation designs (Mark I and II) mimic heat exchanger design to promote turbulence at the tubing-liquid interface, thereby reducing liquid and gas side diffusional resistances.  While oxygen transfer rates increased by a factor of ten, liquid channeling prevented further increases.  To overcome these problems, a Mark III reactor was developed which maintains inverted phases, i.e., media flows inside the silicone tubing, oxygen gas is applied external to the tubing.  This enhances design through changes in gas side driving force concentration and liquid side turbulence levels.  Combining an applied external pressure of four atmospheres with increased Reynolds numbers resulted in oxygen transfer intensities of 232 mmol O2/l/h (1000 times greater than first prototype and comparable to a conventional fermenter).  A 1.0 liter Mark III reactor can potentially deliver oxygen supplies necessary to support cell cultures needed to recycle a 10 astronaut carbon load continuously.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Villeneuve
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Dunlop
mesh_terms: D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018533:Biomass; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D004867:Equipment Design; D005285:Fermentation; D008021:Life Support Systems / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012828:Silicones; D013026:Space Flight; D014893:Weightlessness; D015003:Yeasts
chemical_list: D012828:Silicones; D002244:Carbon