Role of endogenous thiols in protection.
Aminothiols represent the most important group of radioprotective compounds.  The most effective compounds administered at an optimal dose and time before irradiation are able to provide a protection in mice with a dose reduction factor (DRF) of about 2-2.5.  The working mechanism can partly be explained as a scavenging process of radicals induced in water and partly as a chemical repair process of injured DNA.  The endogenous aminothiol which has far-out the highest intracellular concentration is glutathione (GSH).  The importance of intracellular GSH in determining cellular radiosensitivity has been shown by irradiating cells that had very low GSH levels.  Such cells appear to have a high radiosensitivity, especially in hypoxic conditions.  On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that induction of a high GSH level (100-200% above the normal level) provides only a small protection.  In vitro experiments with DNA indicate that thiols with a high positive charge condense in the vicinity of DNA and are effective protectors, whereas thiols with a negative charge are kept away from it and are poor protectors.  In comparison with the most effective exogenous aminothiols like cysteamine and WR1065, GSH is not an effective radioprotector.  Putative explanations for this relatively poor protective ability of GSH are presented.
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TNO, Medical Biological Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
D004999:Amifostine; D000818:Animals; D002477:Cells / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003543:Cysteamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000502:physiology; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000502:physiology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005978:Glutathione / Q000502:physiology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008624:Mercaptoethylamines; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D008624:Mercaptoethylamines; D011453:Prostaglandins; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; C020174:N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,3-diaminopropane; D003543:Cysteamine; D005978:Glutathione; D004999:Amifostine