title: Incineration as a method for resource recovery from inedible biomass in a Controlled Ecological Life Support System.
abstract: Resource recovery from waste streams in a space habitat is essential to minimize the resupply burden and achieve self-sufficiency.  In a Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) human wastes and inedible biomass will represent significant sources of secondary raw materials necessary for support of crop plant production (carbon, water, and inorganic plant nutrients).  Incineration, pyrolysis, and water extraction have been investigated as candidate processes for recovery of these important resources from inedible biomass in a CELSS.  During incineration CO2 is produced by oxidation of the organic components and this product can be directly utilized by plants.  Water is concomitantly produced, requiring only a phase change for recovery.  Recovery of inorganics is more difficult, requiring solubilization of the incinerator ash.  The process of incineration followed by water solubilization of ash resulted in loss of 35% of the inorganics originally present in the biomass.  Losses were attributed to volatilization (8%) and non-water-soluble ash (27%).  All of the ash remaining following incineration could be solubilized with acid, with losses resulting from volatilization only.  The recovery for individual elements varied.  Elemental retention in the ash ranged from 100% of that present in the biomass for Ca, P, Mg, Na, and Si to 10% for Zn.  The greatest water solubility was observed for potassium with recovery of approximately 77% of that present in the straw.  Potassium represented 80% of the inorganic constituents in the wheat straw, and because of slightly greater solubility made up 86% of the water-soluble ash.  Following incineration of inedible biomass from wheat, 65% of the inorganics originally present in the straw were recovered by water solubilization and 92% recovered by acid solubilization.  Recovery of resources is more complex for pyrolysis and water extraction.  Recovery of carbon, a resource of greater mass than the inorganic component of biomass, is more difficult following pyrolysis and water extraction of biomass.  In both cases, additional processors would be required to provide products equivalent to those resulting from incineration alone.  The carbon, water, and inorganic resources of inedible biomass are effectively separated and output in usable forms through incineration.
authors.affiliation: NASA Ames Research Center, Advanced Life Support Division, Regenerative Systems Branch, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bubenheim
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wignarajah
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D004602:Elements; D006801:Humans; D017745:Incineration / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008021:Life Support Systems; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D012995:Solubility; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D014481:United States; D018557:United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D004602:Elements; D014867:Water; D011188:Potassium