title: Interleukin-6 gene -174g>c and -572g>c promoter polymorphisms are strong predictors of plasma interleukin-6 levels after coronary artery bypass surgery.
abstract: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) synthesized in response to diverse stimuli may play an important role in bridging the inflammatory and atherosclerotic processes. The acute-phase response after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is associated with the induction and release of cytokines, such as IL-6. We have examined the effect of common polymorphisms in the IL-6 gene promoter (-174G>C, -572G>C, and -597G>A) on IL-6 levels after elective CABG. DNA extracted from the peripheral blood of 127 patients was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. IL-6 genotypes were resolved by gel electrophoresis after restriction enzyme digestion. Serum IL-6 was measured before surgery and in serial samples at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after CABG. Genotype distribution was as expected for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all polymorphisms. Rare allele frequencies (+/-95% CIs) were similar to those reported previously: -597A 0.36 (0.30 to 0.42), -572C 0.07 (0.04 to 0.10), and -174C 0.37 (0.31 to 0.43). The -174G>C and -597G>A genotypes were in strong allelic association (Delta=0.97, P<0.001). Baseline IL-6 levels did not significantly differ between patients with different genotypes for any polymorphism. However, 6 hours after CABG, peak IL-6 levels were significantly higher (P=0.03) in carriers of the -572C allele than in those of the -572GG genotype (355+/-67 versus 216+/-13 pg/mL, respectively) and in those with genotype -174CC compared with -174G allele carriers (287+/-31 versus 227+/-15 pg/mL, respectively; P=0.04). These effects remained statistically significant after adjusting for possible confounders, including age, sex, smoking, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, aortic cross-clamp time, and total duration of surgery. These data demonstrate that IL-6 promoter polymorphisms influence peak IL-6 production after CABG, suggesting that these polymorphisms, which are functional in vitro, are also functional in vivo, suggesting a genetic influence on IL-6 levels after acute severe injury.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, London, UK. d.brull@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brull
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhamrait
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luong
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rumley
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Humphries
mesh_terms: D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D015850:Interleukin-6