title: Gastrooesophageal reflux in infants and children in north India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of gastrooesophageal reflux disease (GERD) as suggested by the symptom profile in babies ranging in age from 1 month to 2 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred and two babies were recruited from the well baby clinic for hospital delivered babies and from the childrens OPD of a tertiary care hospital. Children with acute severe illness needing hospitalization were excluded from the study. The primary care taker of each baby was interviewed using a questionnaire (IGERQ) designed by Orenstein et al and the I-GERD score obtained was used to assess for likelyhood of GERD. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy was carried out and an oesophageal biopsy was taken in clinically suspected cases of GERD (IGERD > 5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty one (10%) of the 602 subjects had an I-GERD score of > 5 suggestive of GERD. Regurgitation was present in 56 of these 61 subjects and also in 106 of the 541 normal subjects. 112 of 205 infants aged 1-6 months had regurgitation and 25 (22.2%) of these regurgitant infants had a score suggestive of GERD. Only 30 of the 202 infants aged 6-12 months and 20 of the 195 babies aged 12-24 months had regurgitation, however 14 of the 30 (46.5%) and 17 of the 20 (85%) regurgitant babies had an I-GERD score suggestive of GERD. Upper GI endoscopy was carried out in 31 babies with a score > 5 and endoscopic oesophagitis was detected in 16 (51.6%). Oesophageal biopsies were taken in 25 of these cases and showed histological evidence of reflux oesophagitis in 23 (92%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GERD is fairly common under 2 years of age as observed by symptom evaluation using the I-GERD score. Regurgitation when present beyond 6 months of age with no other identifiable cause needs evaluation. Upper GI endoscopy and oesophageal biopsy is a useful means of demonstrating reflux oesophagitis in babies with a symptom profile suggestive of GERD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Maulana Azad Medical College, Department of Pathology, G.B. Pant Hospital, New Delhi 110 002, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rajeshwari
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gondal
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mittal
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005773:Gastroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution