title: A hybrid model of the CO2 geochemical cycle and its application to large impact events.
abstract: A hybrid model of the carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle is presented which is capable of calculating the partitioning of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere, ocean, and sedimentary rocks.  The ocean is subdivided into a shallow, mixed layer, which remains in equilibrium with the atmosphere, and a massive, deep layer which does not.  Gradients in dissolved carbon content are established between the mixed layer and the deep ocean as a consequence of downward fluxes of fecal matter and of dead planktonic organisms.  The dissolved carbon content and alkalinity of the ocean as a whole are controlled by weathering and metamorphism of sedimentary rocks.  Equilibrium solutions are derived for the preindustrial atmosphere/ocean system and for a system that may be similar to that existing during the Late Cretaceous Period.  The model is then used to determine how the modern and ancient marine biospheres might be affected by an oceanic impact of a large asteroid or comet.  Such an event could perturb the carbon cycle in several different ways.  Global darkening caused by stratospheric dust veil could destroy most of the existing phytoplankton in a period of several weeks to several months.  At the same time, dissolution of atmospheric NOx compounds synthesized during the impact would lower the pH of ocean surface waters and release CO2 into the atmosphere.  Both effects might be enhanced by an influx of CO2 released from upwelling of deep ocean water near the hot impact site, from oxidation of dead organic matter, and from the comet itself.  The net result could be to raise surface temperatures by several degrees and to make the surface ocean uninhabitable by calcareous organisms for as much as 20 yrs (the time scale for mixing with deep ocean). It appears unlikely, however, that an impact could create a "Strangelove ocean," in which surface waters remained corrosive to calcium carbonate for thousands or tens of thousands of years.  Thus, disruption of the carbon cycle by an impact event cannot by itself explain the scarcity of calcium carbonate in sediments found within the first few centimeters above the K/T boundary.
authors.affiliation: NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kasting
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: O B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Toon
mesh_terms: D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002254:Carbonates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D018534:Earth, Planet; D019419:Evolution, Planetary; D019110:Meteoroids; D018543:Minor Planets; D008956:Models, Chemical; D017942:Nitric Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010163:Paleontology; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D017640:Silicates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D017640:Silicates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D017942:Nitric Acid; D002244:Carbon; D002119:Calcium Carbonate