title: Is German long-term care insurance a model for the United States?
abstract: German long-term care insurance, implemented in 1995, significantly extends the coverage of care-related risks. Given the similarities of German and U.S. institutional features, the German social insurance approach has been put forward as a possible model for long-term care in the United States. Using a political economy framework, the authors conducted a policy analysis that compares the main shortfalls of long-term care (LTC) provision in the United States and Germany, examines the responses provided by LTC insurance in Germany, and relates them to broader trends and proposals for change in welfare policy in both countries. German LTC insurance includes a high degree of consumer direction and compensation and protection for informal caregivers; it supports the extension of community-based services. Its shortfalls include the continued split between health and LTC insurance. In both countries, decentralization and institutional and financial fragmentation are some of the characteristics responsible for the failure to promote egalitarian social policy and substantially expand social protection to family- and care-related risks. The German LTC program is a good model for the United States. With a social insurance approach to LTC, costs are spread across the largest possible risk pool. Major goals that can be reached with such a program include establishment of universal entitlements to LTC benefits, consumer choice, and equitability and uniformity.
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Schunk
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Estes
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000368:Aged; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007342:Insurance Benefits / Q000145:classification; D015271:Insurance Pools; D007353:Insurance, Long-Term Care / Q000191:economics*; D017146:Models, Organizational; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012308:Risk Management; D012946:Social Welfare / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States