title: Elevated gonadotropin levels in patients with Alzheimer disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether gonadotropin levels are elevated in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels from stored plasma samples from 284 patients seen at a tertiary care center. We also reviewed their medical charts to record age and estrogen use in the women. The primary aim of our study was to determine whether gonadotropin levels were elevated in 134 patients with AD compared with levels from 45 patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and 105 cognitively normal controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although overlap between LH and FSH levels was considerable, LH (P=.046) and FSH (P=.007) were significantly elevated in estrogen-free women with AD (LH: median, 26.3 IU/L; interquartile range, 14.9-34.6 IU/ L; FSH: median, 62.0 IU/L; interquartile range, 45.9-78.5 IU/L) compared with normal controls (LH: median, 20.1 IU/L; interquartile range, 13.7-25.3 IU/L; FSH: median, 47.7 IU/L; interquartile range, 34.1-57.5 IU/L). Levels of LH were also significantly higher (P=.03) in estrogen-free women with AD compared with women with FTD (LH: median, 20.7 IU/L; interquartile range, 19.0-28.5 IU/L; FSH: median, 53.3 IU/L; interquartile range, 27.6-77.9 IU/ L). When we controlled for age, no differences in LH and FSH were observed in men with AD compared with normal controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gonadotropin levels are elevated in some patients with AD, ie, women not taking estrogen. Elevated gonadotropin levels may have a role in the production of amyloid-beta protein, which is related to formation of senile plaques. Therefore, elevated gonadotropin levels may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Fla, USA. shortr@mail.medicine.uiowa.edu
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Graff-Radford
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone