title: Antioxidant properties of evening primrose seed extracts.
abstract: The antioxidant activity of extracts of evening primrose seeds (SE) and a commercially extracted filter cake (FC) were determined. The SE and FC were extracted with methanol/water (9:1) followed by evaporation and concentration. Extracts were tested in a bulk oil system and an oil-in-water emulsion using safflower oil as the major source of lipids. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was compared to that of a control and to that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), singly, and in combination. Antioxidant activity was measured by the co-oxidation of beta-carotene, an oxidative stability instrument, conjugated dienes, and headspace analysis of hexanal. The SE extract had greater antioxidant activity than the FC extract. The SE extract was more effective in controlling the oxidation in the oil-in-water model system than in the bulk oil system. The activity of SE was concentration dependent, and at higher concentrations the SE was as effective as BHT, but it required higher concentrations because of its lack of purity. Synergism between SE and BHT was demonstrated in both model systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Box 7624, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Fenner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Boyd
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D004655:Emulsions; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D008041:Linoleic Acids; D031665:Oenothera biennis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; D012639:Seeds; D013997:Time Factors; D017965:gamma-Linolenic Acid
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004655:Emulsions; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential; D008041:Linoleic Acids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; C028498:evening primrose oil; D017965:gamma-Linolenic Acid