title: Treatment of obesity hypertension and diabetes syndrome.
abstract: Obesity has been shown to be an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease. The insulin resistance associated with obesity contributes to the development of other cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. The coexistence of hypertension and diabetes increases the risk for macrovascular and microvascular complications, thus predisposing patients to cardiac death, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, cerebral and peripheral vascular diseases, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Body weight reduction increases insulin sensitivity and improves both blood glucose and blood pressure control. Metformin therapy also improves insulin sensitivity and has been associated with decreases in cardiovascular events in obese diabetic patients. Antihypertensive treatment in diabetics decreases cardiovascular mortality and slows the decline in glomerular function. However, pharmacological treatment should take into account the effects of the antihypertensive agents on insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. Diuretics and beta-blockers are reported to reduce insulin sensitivity and increase triglyceride levels, whereas calcium channel blockers are metabolically neutral and ACE inhibitors increase insulin sensitivity. For the high-risk hypertensive diabetic patients, ACE inhibition has proven to confer additional renal and vascular protection. Because hypertension and glycemic control are very important determinants of cardiovascular outcome in obese diabetic hypertensive patients, weight reduction, physical exercise, and a combination of antihypertensive and insulin sensitizers agents are strongly recommended to achieve target blood pressure and glucose levels.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology and Endocrinology Divisions, Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. tereza.zanella@rimehipertensao.com.br
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Zanella
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kohlmann
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000628:therapy*; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D013577:Syndrome; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents