title: Evidence for gammacerane as an indicator of water column stratification.
abstract: A new route for the formation of gammacerane from tetrahymanol is proposed; in addition to dehydration and hydrogenation, sulphurisation and early C-S cleavage are shown to be important in the pathway of formation, especially in marine sediments. Evidence is twofold. First, relatively large amounts of the gammacerane skeleton are sequestered in S-rich macromolecular aggregates formed by natural sulphurisation of functionalised lipids. Selective cleavage of polysulphide linkages with MeLi/MeI led to formation of 3-methylthiogammacerane, indicating that the gammacerane skeleton is primarily bound via sulphur at position 3, consistent with the idea that tetrahymanol (or the corresponding ketone) is the precursor for gammacerane. Second, upon mild artificial maturation of two sediments using hydrous pyrolysis, gammacerane is released from S-rich macromolecular aggregates by cleavage of the relatively weak C-S bonds.  The stable carbon isotopic compositions of gammacerane and lipids derived from primary producers and green sulphur bacteria in both the Miocene Gessoso-solfifera and Upper Jurassic Allgau Formations indicate that gammacerane is derived from bacterivorous ciliates which were partially feeding on green sulphur bacteria. This demonstrates that anaerobic ciliates living at or below the chemocline are important sources for gammacerane, consistent with the fact that ciliates only biosynthesize tetrahymanol if their diet is deprived of sterols. This leads to the conclusion that gammacerane is an indicator for water column stratification, which solves two current enigmas in gammacerane geochemistry. Firstly, it explains why gammacerane is often found in sediments deposited under hypersaline conditions but is not necessarily restricted to this type of deposits. Secondly, it explains why lacustrine deposits may contain abundant gammacerane since most lakes in the temperate climatic zones are stratified during summer.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Department of Marine Biogeochemistry, Den Burg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sinninghe Damste
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kenig
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Koopmans
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koster
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schouten
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: de Leeuw
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001317:Austria; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D019414:Chlorobi / Q000378:metabolism*; D016798:Ciliophora / Q000378:metabolism*; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology; D007558:Italy; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D014315:Triterpenes; C100046:tetrahymanol; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013455:Sulfur; D002244:Carbon; C028767:gammaceran-3,21-diol