title: Clinorotation reduces number, but not size, of cartilaginous nodules formed in micromass cultures of mouse limbbud cells.
abstract: In previous studies we used a ground based model to investigate the cellular responses to microgravity by exposing micromass cultures of embryonic limb cells to simulated weightlessness on a clinostat. Cultures set up in T-flasks and rotated at 30 rpm showed that clinostatted cultures had less chondrocyte differentiation than stationary or rotation controls, as assessed by number of nodules/culture stained with cartilage specific Alcian blue. In the current study, nodule size and shape of these nodules was assessed by interactive measurement of area, perimeter, circularity, and equivalent diameters, using the Optimas imaging software. Results show no significant difference in any of the measurements, indicating that clinorotation has no effect on expansion of the nodules either by differentiation of cells within the nodule, or by recruitment of cells into the nodule. The reduction in number of nodules without an alteration in size and shape indicates that the effect of simulated microgravity is to reduce the cell interactions required for the initial condensation of cells into a nodule, probably by interference with cell adhesion molecules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Texas Dental Branch, Houston 77225, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Duke
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Montufar-Solis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hamazaki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D002450:Cell Communication; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D006112:Gravitation; D018878:Limb Buds; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D012399:Rotation; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules