title: Development of the brine shrimp Artemia is accelerated during spaceflight.
abstract: Developmentally arrested brine shrimp cysts have been reactivated during orbital spaceflight on two different Space Shuttle missions (STS-50 and STS-54), and their subsequent development has been compared with that of simultaneously reactivated ground controls.  Flight and control brine shrimp do not significantly differ with respect to hatching rates or larval morphology at the scanning and transmission EM levels.  A small percentage of the flight larvae had defective nauplier eye development, but the observation was not statistically significant.  However, in three different experiments on two different flights, involving a total of 232 larvae that developed in space, a highly significant difference in degree of flight to control development was found.  By as early as 2.25 days after reactivation of development, spaceflight brine shrimp were accelerated, by a full instar, over ground control brine shrimp.  Although developing more rapidly, flight shrimp grew as long as control shrimp at each developmental instar or stage.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-4901, USA.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Spooner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Metcalf
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: DeBell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Noren
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Guikema
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000196:embryology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005123:Eye / Q000196:embryology; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013026:Space Flight; D013997:Time Factors; D014893:Weightlessness