title: Sex matters: secular and geographical trends in sex differences in coronary heart disease mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine secular trends and geographical variations in sex differences in mortality from coronary heart disease and investigate how these relate to distributions in risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  National and international data were used to examine secular trends and geographical variations in sex differences in mortality from coronary heart disease and risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  England and Wales, 1921-98; Australia, France, Japan, Sweden, and the United States, 1947-97; 50 countries, 1992-6.
  
  
  METHODS
  Office for National Statistics, World Health Organization, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 20th century epidemic of coronary heart disease affected only men in most industrialised countries and had a very rapid onset in England and Wales, which has been examined in detail. If this male only epidemic had not occurred there would have been 1.2 million fewer deaths from coronary heart disease in men in England and Wales over the past 50 years. Secular trends in mean per capita fat consumption show a similar pattern to secular trends in coronary heart disease mortality in men. Fat consumption is positively correlated with coronary heart disease mortality in men (r(s)=0.79; 95% confidence interval 0.70 to 0.86) and inversely associated with coronary heart disease mortality in women (-0.30; -0.49 to -0.08) over this time. Although sex ratios for mortality from coronary heart disease show a clear period effect, those for lung cancer show a cohort effect. Sex ratios for stroke mortality were constant and close to unity for the entire period. Geographical variations in the sex ratio for coronary heart disease were associated with mean per capita fat consumption (0.64; 0.44 to 0.78) but were not associated with the sex ratio for smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sex differences are largely the result of environmental factors and hence not inevitable. Understanding the factors that determine sex differences has important implications for public health, particularly for countries and parts of countries where the death rates for coronary heart disease are currently increasing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR. D.A.Lawlor@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davey Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats