title: Understanding the organization of the amphibian egg cytoplasm:  gravitational force as a probe.
abstract: A combination of hypergravity (centrifugation) and hypogravity (clinostat) studies have been carried out on amphibian (frog, Xenopus) eggs.  The results reveal that the twinning caused by centrifugation exhibits substantial spawning to spawning variation.  That variation can be attributed to the apparent viscosity of the egg's internal cytoplasm.  Simulated hypogravity results in a relocation of the egg's third (horizontal) cleavage furrow, towards the equator.  Substantial egg-to-egg variation is also observed in this "cleavage effect".  For interpreting spaceflight data and for using G-forces as probes for understanding the egg's architecture the egg variation documented herein should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington 47405.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Neff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wakahara
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Malacinski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002498:Centrifugation; D002970:Cleavage Stage, Ovum / Q000166:cytology*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000502:physiology*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000166:cytology*; D005260:Female; D006112:Gravitation; D018471:Hypergravity; D009024:Morphogenesis; D012399:Rotation; D014783:Viscosity; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation; D014982:Xenopus laevis; D015053:Zygote / Q000166:cytology