title: Neuropsychologic performance in school-aged children with sickle cell disease: a report from the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the results of serial neuropsychologic testing in children with sickle cell disease with the results of serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations, particularly to evaluate neuropsychologic function in the absence of overt stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease, serial neuropsychologic and MRI tests were performed in 373 patients (255 with hemoglobin SS and 118 with hemoglobin SC), 6 to 18 years of age. MRI of the brain and a neuropsychologic battery that included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R or WISC-III) and the Woodcock-Johnson Math and Reading Achievement Tests were performed concurrently and repeated every 2 to 3 years. A silent infarct was defined as an MRI finding of increased signal intensity on T(2) imaging in a patient without a history of stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven patients, all with hemoglobin SS, had overt strokes and 62 had silent infarcts (52 with hemoglobin SS). Patients with hemoglobin SS and silent infarcts had significantly lower scores for math and reading achievement, Full-Scale IQ, Verbal IQ, and Performance IQ, when compared with those with normal MRI findings. In children with hemoglobin SS and normal MRI findings, the scores for Verbal IQ, math achievement, and coding (a subscale of Performance IQ) declined with increasing age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  School-aged children with sickle cell disease had compromised neuropsychologic function in the presence of silent infarcts. In addition, they had declines in performance in certain areas of function over time. Therapeutic interventions that prevent or lessen cognitive impairment are needed before school entry for children with sickle cell disease.
authors.affiliation: St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Enos
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guarini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vichinsky
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications; D014888:Wechsler Scales