title: Evaluation of thermal therapy in a prostate cancer model using a wet electrode radiofrequency probe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the temperature-time threshold of local cell death in vivo for thermal therapy in a prostate cancer animal model and to use this value as a benchmark to quantify global tissue injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two studies were designed in the Dunning AT-1 rat prostate tumor hind limb model. For both studies, a wet electrode radiofrequency (RF) probe was used to deliver 40 W of energy for 18 to 62 seconds after a 30-second infusion of hypertonic saline/Hypaque through the RF antenna. Thermal history measurements were obtained in tumors from at least two Fluoroptic probes placed radially 5 mm from the axis of a RF probe and 10 mm below the surface of the tissue. In study 1, the thermal history required for irreversible cell injury was experimentally determined by comparing the predicted injury accumulation (omega) with cell viability at the fluoroptic probe locations using an in vivo-in vitro assay. The omega value was calculated from the measured thermal histories using an Arrhenius damage model. In study 2, RF energy was applied for 40 seconds in all cases. At 1, 3, and 7 days after thermal therapy, triphenyltetrazolium chloride dye (TTC) and histologic analyses were performed to assess global tissue injury within a 5-mm radius from the axis of the RF probe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study 1 showed that cell survival dropped to 0 for 0.42 < omega < 0.7. This result was the basis for selection of 40 seconds of RF thermal therapy in study 2, which yielded omegaave = 0.5 in the tissue 5 mm from the probe axis. Both TTC and histology analysis showed that sham-treated tissue was not irreversibly injured. However, there was an inherent heterogeneity present in the tumor that accounted for as much as 15% necrosis in control or sham-treated tissue. In contrast, at 1, 3, and 7 days after therapy, significantly less enzyme activity was observed by TCC in thermally treated tissue compared with sham-treated tissue (35 v 85%; P < 0.001). Histologic analysis of thermally treated tissues revealed a gradual increase in the percent of coagulative necrosis (47%-70%) with a concomitant decrease in the percentage of shocked cells (53%-28%). At day 7, <3% viability was observed in treated tumors compared with 90% viability in sham-treated tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The threshold of cellular injury in vivo corresponded to omega > 0.7 (> or =48 degrees C for 40 seconds). Global tissue injury could be conservatively predicted on the basis of local thermal histories during therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhowmick
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Swanlund
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Coad
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lulloff
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hoey
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bischof
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004566:Electrodes; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000628:therapy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011846:Radio Waves; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; C009591:triphenyltetrazolium