title: Novel laboratory approaches to multi-purpose aquatic bioregenerative closed-loop food production systems.
abstract: Based on the construction principle of the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) two novel combined animal-plant production systems were developed in laboratory scale the first of which is dedicated to mid-term operation in closed state up to two years. In principle both consist of the "classic" C.E.B.A.S. subcomponents: animal tank (Zoological Component), plant cultivators (Botanical Component), ammonia converting bacteria filter (Microbial Component) and data acquisition/control unit (Electronical Component). The innovative approach in the first system is the utilization of minimally three aquatic plant cultivators for different species. In this one the animal tank has a volume of about 160 liters and is constructed as an "endless-way system" surrounding a central unit containing the heat exchanger and the bacteria filter with volumes of about 1.5 liters each. A suspension plant cultivator (1 liter) for the edible duckweed Wolffia arrhiza is externally connected. The second plant cultivator is a meandric microalgal bioreactor for filamentous green algae. The third plant growth facility is a chamber with about 2.5 liters volume for cultivation of the "traditional" C.E.B.A.S. plant species, the rootless buoyant Ceratophyllum demersum. Both latter units are illuminated with 9 W fluorescent lamps. In the current experiment the animal tank contains the live-bearing teleost fish Xiphophorus helleri and the small pulmonate water snail Biomphalaria glabrata because their physiological adaptation to the closed system conditions is well known from many previous C.E.B.A.S. experiments. The water temperature is maintained at 25 degrees C and the oxygen level is regulated between 4 and 7 mg/l by switching on and off the plant cultivator illuminations according to a suitable pattern thus utilizing solely the oxygen produced by photosynthesis. The animals and the microorganisms of filter and biofilm provide the plants with a sufficient amount of carbon dioxide. Oxygen concentration, pH value, temperature and redox potential are on-line recorded. Ion concentrations and numbers of living germs in the system water are determined twice monthly in the laboratory from samples taken from a special "sample removal module"; the sample volume is automatically replaced from an reservoir container. A rotatory pump produces a water flow of about 38 l/min. For a similar smaller test system with approx. 10 l volume developed from the C.E.B.A.S.-MINI-MODULE a novel indirect solar energy supply is tested which has a buffer capacity to maintain the system for 7 days in darkness under central European climate conditions also in winter. It contains only a single plant cultivator which is operated with Wollfia arrhiza. This lemnacean plant is able to produce large amounts of plant biomass in a short time by vegetative reproduction via daughter fronds. This easy-to-handle apparatus is dedicated to be operative more than 4 month. The experimental animals and microorganisms are the same as in the large system. The paper provides detailed information on the system construction principles and the biological, physical and chemical data of the initial phase of the test runs of both systems with the main focus on the large one.
authors.affiliation: Ruhr-University Bochum, CEBAS Center of Excellence, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andriske
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kreuzberg
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Paassen
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schreibman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Voeste
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D001700:Biomphalaria; D019149:Bioreactors; D003532:Cyprinodontiformes; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005524:Food Technology; D018527:Hydroponics; D008021:Life Support Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010944:Plants; D013026:Space Flight / Q000295:instrumentation; D014893:Weightlessness
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen