title: Effects of drug abuse and mental disorders on use and type of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected persons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To distinguish the effects of drug abuse, mental disorders, and problem drinking on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and highly active ART (HAART) use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective population-based probability sample of 2,267 (representing 213,308) HIV-infected persons in care in the United States in early 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported ART from first (January 1997-July 1997) to second (August 1997-January 1998) follow-up interviews. Drug abuse/dependence, severity of abuse, alcohol use, and probable mental disorders assessed in the first follow-up interview. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated from weighted models for 1) receipt of any ART, and 2) receipt of HAART among those on ART.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of our study population, ART was reported by 90% and HAART by 61%. Over one third had a probable mental disorder and nearly half had abused any drugs, but drug dependence (9%) or severe abuse (10%) was infrequent. Any ART was less likely for persons with dysthymia (AOR, 0.74; CI, 0.58 to 0.95) but only before adjustment for drug abuse. After full adjustment with mental health and drug abuse variables, any ART was less likely for drug dependence (AOR, 0.58; CI, 0.34 to 0.97), severe drug abuse (AOR, 0.52; CI, 0.32 to 0.87), and HIV risk from injection drug use (AOR, 0.55; CI, 0.39 to 0.79). Among drug users on ART, only mental health treatment was associated with HAART (AOR, 1.57; CI, 1.11 to 2.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drug abuse-related factors were greater barriers to ART use in this national sample than mental disorders but once on ART, these factors were unrelated to type of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa 19104, USA. bturner@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fleishman
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Burnam
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Bing
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Longshore
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bozzette
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents