title: Role of crotoxin, a phospholipase A2 isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, on inflammatory and immune reactions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crotoxin (CTX) is a potent neurotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom (CdtV) composed of two subunits: one without catalytic activity (crotapotin), and a basic phospolipase A2. Recent data have demonstrated that CdtV or CTX inhibit some immune and inflammatory reactions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper was to investigate the mechanisms involved in these impaired responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Swiss mice were bled before and at different intervals of time after subcutaneous injection of CTX or bovine serum albumin (BSA) (control animals). The effect of treatments on circulating leukocyte mobilisation and on serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-gamma and corticosterone were investigated. Spleen cells from treated animals were also stimulated in vitro with concanavalin A to evaluate the profile of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 or IFN-gamma secretion. Cytokine levels were determined by immunoenzymatic assay and corticosterone levels by radioimmunoassay. To investigate the participation of endogenous corticosteroid on the effects evoked by CTX, animals were treated with metyrapone, an inhibitor of glucocorticoid synthesis, previous to CTX treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Marked alterations on peripheral leukocyte distribution, characterised by a drop in the number of lymphocytes and monocytes and an increase in the number of neutrophils, were observed after CTX injection. No such alteration was observed in BSA-treated animals. Increased levels of IL-6, IL-10 and corticosterone were also detected in CTX-injected animals. IFN-gamma levels were not modified after treatments. In contrast, spleen cells obtained from CTX-treated animals and stimulated with concanavalin A secreted less IL-10 and IL-4 in comparison with cells obtained from control animals. Metyrapone pretreatment was effective only to reverse the neutrophilia observed after CTX administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that CTX may contribute to the deficient inflammatory and immune responses induced by crude CdtV. CTX induces endogenous mechanisms that are responsible, at least in part, for these impaired responses.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopes-Ferreira
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Faquim-Mauro
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Farsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017839:Crotalus; D003439:Crotoxin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000097:blood; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008797:Metyrapone / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009498:Neurotoxins; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D003439:Crotoxin; D010741:Phospholipases A; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D008797:Metyrapone