title: Interstitial low-dose-rate brachytherapy as a salvage treatment for recurrent head-and-neck cancers: long-term results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recurrent cancers of the head and neck within previously irradiated volume pose a serious therapeutic challenge. This study evaluates the response and long-term tumor control of recurrent head-and-neck cancers treated with interstitial low-dose-rate brachytherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1979 and 1997, 220 patients with prior radiation therapy with or without surgery for primary tumors of the head and neck were treated for recurrent disease or new primary tumors located within previously irradiated volumes. A majority of these patients had inoperable diseases with no distant metastasis. There were 136 male and 84 female patients, and median age was 56 years. All patients had previously received radiation therapy as the primary treatment or adjuvant treatment following surgery, with a median dose of 57.17 cGy (range, 39-74 cGy). The salvage brachytherapy consisted of a low-dose-rate, afterloading Iridium(192) implant, which delivered a median minimum tumor dose of 53 Gy to a mean tumor volume of 68.75 cm(2). Sixty percent of the patients also received interstitial hyperthermia, and 40% received concurrent chemotherapy as a radiosensitizing and potentiating agent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a minimum 6-month follow-up, local tumor control was achieved in 77% (217/282) of the implanted tumor sites. The 2, 5, and 10-year disease-free actuarial survival rates for the entire group were 60%, 33%, and 22%, respectively. The overall survival rate for the entire group at 5 years was 21.7%. Moderate to severe late complications occurred in 27% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It has been estimated that approximately 20-30% of head-and-neck cancer patients undergoing definitive radiation therapy have recurrence within the initial treatment volume. Furthermore, similar percentages of patients who survive after successful irradiation develop new primary tumors of the head and neck or experience metastatic neck disease. A majority of such patients cannot be treated with a repeat course of external beam irradiation because of limited normal tissue tolerance, leading to unacceptable morbidity. However, in a select group of these patients, salvage interstitial brachytherapy may play an important role in providing patients with durable palliation and tumor control, as well as a chance for cure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Cancer Institute, Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90806, USA. APuthawala@memorialcare.org
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puthawala
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nisar Syed
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gamie
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Londrc
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nixon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D015996:Survival Rate