Solar flares:  an overview.
This is a survey of solar phenomena and physical models that may be useful for improving forecasts of solar flares and proton storms in interplanetary space.  Knowledge of the physical processes that accelerate protons has advanced because of gamma-ray and X-ray observations from the Solar Maximum Mission telescopes.  Protons are accelerated at the onset of flares, but the duration of any subsequent proton storm at 1 AU depends on the structure of the interplanetary fields.  X-ray images of the solar corona show possible fast proton escape paths.  Magnetographs and high-resolution visible-band images show the magnetic field structure near the acceleration region and the heating effects of sunward-directed protons.  Preflare magnetic field growth and shear may be the most important clues to the physical processes that generate high energy solar particles.  Any dramatic improvement in flare forecasts will require high resolution solar telescopes in space.  Several possibilities for improvements in the art of flare forecasting are presented, among them:  the use of acoustic tomography to probe for subsurface magnetic fields; a satellite-borne solar magnetograph; and an X-ray telescope to monitor the corona for eruptions.
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The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723-6099, USA.
D055580:Astronomical Phenomena; D001256:Astronomy; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D008280:Magnetics; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D011522:Protons; D016082:Solar System
D011522:Protons