title: Activation of microcarrier-attached lymphocytes in microgravity.
abstract: A technology has been developed to achieve optimal attachment of adhesion-independent lymphocytes to microcarrier beads.  The activation of T-lymphocytes by concanavalin A was tested under microgravity conditions in an experiment carried out in space during the first Spacelab Life Science Mission.  Activation, measured as the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the production of interferon-gamma, more than doubled in attached lymphocytes in microgravity.  The depression of the activation discovered in previous space experiments is due to an impairment not of the lymphocyte but of the macrophage function.  The system described here may be useful for radiobiological investigations on the effect of high-energy particles and for testing the efficiency of the immune system in humans during the long-duration space flight planned in the future.  The biotechnological significance of the increased lymphokine production in space remains to be assessed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bechler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cogoli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cogoli-Greuter
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hunzinger
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Criswell
mesh_terms: D001709:Biotechnology; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003208:Concanavalin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003911:Dextrans; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008863:Microspheres; D013026:Space Flight; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014893:Weightlessness
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D003208:Concanavalin A; C052839:Cytodex; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D004247:DNA