title: Re-evaluation of the latent period of bladder cancer in dyestuff-plant workers in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The carcinogenesis of benzidine (BZ) and beta-naphthylamine (BNA) for bladder is well known. Although it was thought to be rare to develop occupational bladder cancer more than 20 years after the exposure to these chemicals, there are still new clinical cases even 30 years after exposure. The purpose of this study was to re-evaluate the latent carcinogenic period of BZ and BNA, in order to set the safety period after exposure for the health surveillance system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 236 dyestuff-plant workers in Tokyo, who had been exposed to these dyestuffs. The incidence of bladder cancer and its histopathology in this group was surveyed in the period from 1962 to 1996.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen workers (8.1%) were found to have bladder cancers. The exposure period for these 19 patients was 82.0 +/- 50.2 months. The mean +/- SD latent period from the subjects' initial and final exposure until tumor development was 29.5 +/- 8.2 years and 20.1 +/- 10.6 years, respectively. Significantly, a negative correlation (Pearson) was observed between the exposure period and the latent period from the end of exposure to cancer onset (R = -0.544, P < 0.05). All tumors except one were transitional cell carcinoma. Flow cytometric analysis was performed in 11 patients and all of these patients had DNA aneuploidy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The latent periods of bladder cancer caused by BZ and BNA were longer than previously expected. It is necessary to survey the onset of bladder cancer in exposed workers more than 30 years after the initial exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Humanity and Environment, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan. miyakawa@i.hosei.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyakawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tachibana
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyakawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
mesh_terms: D015081:2-Naphthylamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000368:Aged; D001560:Benzidines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D001560:Benzidines; D004396:Coloring Agents; C029876:benzidine; D015081:2-Naphthylamine