title: Inactivation of individual Bacillus subtilis spores in dependence on their distance to single cosmic heavy ions.
abstract: For radiobiological experiments in space, designed to investigate biological effects of the heavy ions of the cosmic radiation field,  a mandatory requirement is the possibility to spatially correlate the observed biological response of individual test organisms to the passage of single heavy ions. Among several undertakings towards this goal, the BIOSTACK experiments in the Apollo missions achieved the highest precision and therefore the most detailed information on this question. Spores of Bacillus subtilis as a highly radiation resistant and microscopically small test organism yielded these quantitative results. This paper will focus on experimental and procedural details, which must be included for an interpretation and a discussion of these findings in comparison to control experiments with accelerated heavy ions.
authors.affiliation: DLR, Institute for Aerospace Medicine, Koln, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Facius
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reitz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schafer
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012107:Research Design; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects