title: Startle response during smoking and 24 h after withdrawal predicts successful smoking cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The startle response is thought to reflect changes in attentional processes in humans. The startle response shows a number of forms of plasticity, of which prepulse inhibition (PPI) refers to the attenuation of the startle response to a strong sensory stimulus (pulse), when such a pulse is preceded by a stimulus of lower intensity (prepulse). Recent studies have shown that nicotine modulates startle and PPI of the startle reflex in humans and animals. The present study examined individual differences in cognitive benefits obtained from smoking as indexed by startle response and PPI.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated, using a within-subjects design, the effects of cigarette smoking via a comparison of baseline and withdrawal measures of startle and PPI in 18 subjects wishing to quit cigarette smoking. The relapse of five of these subjects enabled a between-group comparison of these measures with the successful quitters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Startle and PPI were measured on three separate occasions: before quitting, 24 h after quitting and 1 month after quitting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of a high startle response amplitude while subjects were still engaged in their normal smoking patterns (baseline) and the occurrence of a significant drop of startle amplitude in withdrawal relative to baseline factors were found to be predictive of an individual's ability to quit smoking. Changes in PPI were found to reflect these changes in startle amplitude.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed response patterns are discussed in terms of individual differences in commitment to quitting and self-dosing to manipulate attentional mechanisms as measured by the acoustic startle response. Furthermore, it is suggested that these specific response profiles may be predictive of the ability to quit smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK. p.postma@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology