title: Vagus nerve stimulation: analysis of device parameters in 154 patients during the long-term XE5 study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of changes in device settings and duty cycle (on and off times) on the efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for refractory epilepsy. In the long-term XE5 study of VNS for intractable epilepsy, the median reduction in seizure frequency improved significantly after 1 year of follow-up. A central question is whether device changes improve efficacy. We analyzed the effects of device parameter changes on seizure frequency in 154 subjects who completed the study and who had complete data for analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of device changes during the XE5 long-term study of VNS. During the XE5 long-term follow-up study, the subject's device settings were modified within a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved range of output current, pulse duration, frequency, on time, and off time. Significant changes in device settings occurred after 3 months. We investigated the relationship between percentage reduction in seizures and changes in device parameters between the 3- and 12-month visits. Within-group comparisons were performed for those who continued on standard on/off cycle of 30 s on and 5 min off, and those with the most common off times of 3, 1.8, and < 1.1 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Output current, pulse duration, frequency, and off time changed significantly between the 3- and 12-month long-term follow-ups. For the group as a whole, changes in device settings were not correlated with an improvement in efficacy. However, a significant improvement in efficacy occurred in a subgroup whose off time was reduced to < or = 1.1 min. In this group, the median reduction in seizures improved from 21% before the change in off time, to 39% after the change in off time (Wilcoxon Signed-Rank, p = 0.011). The responder rate (> 50% reduction in seizures) also significantly improved from 19 to 35% (McNemar's test, p = 0.046).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data from this retrospective analysis indicate that device changes were not the primary determinant of increased efficacy at 12 months of long-term follow-up. In general, patients who remained on the original settings of 30 s on and 5 min off continued to respond or improve in their response over the 1-year period. However, some patients may benefit from reductions in off time (increases in duty cycle). In a subgroup initially resistant to VNS, a change in off time to < or = 1.1 min off did result in significant improvements in efficacy.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Department of Neurology, Olive View/UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, California 91342, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: DeGiorgio
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arrambide
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Naritoku
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Handforth
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Labar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mullin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heck
mesh_terms: D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000628:therapy*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology*