title: Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly populations: a risk assessment.
abstract: A collaborative research effort by scientists in several states and in Canada has produced information to develop a formal risk assessment of the impact of Bt corn on monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) populations. Information was sought on the acute toxic effects of Bt corn pollen and the degree to which monarch larvae would be exposed to toxic amounts of Bt pollen on its host plant, the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, found in and around cornfields. Expression of Cry proteins, the active toxicant found in Bt corn tissues, differed among hybrids, and especially so in the concentrations found in pollen of different events. In most commercial hybrids, Bt expression in pollen is low, and laboratory and field studies show no acute toxic effects at any pollen density that would be encountered in the field. Other factors mitigating exposure of larvae include the variable and limited overlap between pollen shed and larval activity periods, the fact that only a portion of the monarch population utilizes milkweed stands in and near cornfields, and the current adoption rate of Bt corn at 19% of North American corn-growing areas. This 2-year study suggests that the impact of Bt corn pollen from current commercial hybrids on monarch butterfly populations is negligible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1. msears@evb.uoguelph.ca
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Sears
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hellmich
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Stanley-Horn
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Oberhauser
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pleasants
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Mattila
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Siegfried
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Dively
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000235:genetics; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D002080:Butterflies; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods; D019800:Phenol; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011058:Pollen; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis; D019800:Phenol