title: Beneficial effect of balloon-induced pulsatility on brain oxygenation in hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sufficient O2 delivery to meet the demand is an important factor for protecting the brain during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This study was designed to investigate the influences of temperature, pulsatility of blood flow (intra-aortic balloon pump-induced) and flow rate during CPB on the cerebral oxygenation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were divided into five groups. Normothermia (36 degrees C): pulsatile (n=8, 2.5 L/min/m2), nonpulsatile (n=12, 2.5 L), and nonpulsatile perfusion (n=12, 2.8 L); hypothermia (30 degrees C): pulsatile (n=9, 2.5 L) and nonpulsatile perfusion (n=11, 2.5 L). The oxygen saturation (SjVO2), lactate and CPK-BB levels in the jugular venous blood were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all of the normothermic groups, the SjVO2 value decreased during the CPB (p<0.1-0.01). No remarkable change was observed in the hypothermic groups, with the exception during the rewarming period in the nonpulsatile group. A higher SjVO2 and a lower frequency of SjVO2 values <50% were observed in the hypothermic pulsatile group, as compared with those in the normothermic groups (p<0.05). The levels of CPK-BB were nearly the same, however the levels of lactate were higher in the normothermic pulsatile and nonpulsatile (2.5 L) groups (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that the hypothermic CPB was advantageous over normothermic CPB in regard to the SjVO2 levels and lactate production. The beneficial effect of intra-aortic balloon pump assist was only obtained in the hypothermic CPB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Saitama Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, 1696 Itai, Konan-machi, Osato-gun, Saitama-ken, 360-0105 Japan. drs-hashimoto@mti.biglobe.ne.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Onoguchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takakura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hachiya
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oshiumi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007423:Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011673:Pulsatile Flow
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates; D010100:Oxygen