title: Effects of prolonged exposure of lettuce seeds to HZE particles on orbital stations.
abstract: In a study of the biological effects of cosmic HZE particles, lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds were flown on the orbital stations Salyut 6 and 7 for varying periods of time (from 40 to 457 days).  The dependence of the biological damage on flight duration, physical parameters and the fact of passage of an HZE particle through the seed was estimated using the criterion of the frequency of aberrant cells.  The arrangement of the flight biological container Biobloc made it possible to trace the location of tracks of individual HZE particles with Z > or = 6 and LET 200 keV/um.  In seeds hit by HZE particles, for all exposure times, a statistically significant much higher yield of aberrant cells and also of cells containing multiple chromosome aberrations was observed than in the control material.  The frequency of aberrant cells is markedly higher (by a factor of 1,5) in seeds hit than in non-hit ones.  The changes of the yield of aberrant cells as a function of the absorbed dose (3.2-63.4 mGy) and the fluence (4.8-44.2 particles/cm2) are linear for the exposure duration ranging from 40 to 457 days.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Problems, USSR Ministry of Health, Moscow.
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Nevzgodina
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Maksimova
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Kaminskaya
mesh_terms: D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D003359:Cosmic Radiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003582:Cytogenetics; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D015994:Incidence; D018545:Lactuca / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012639:Seeds / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013026:Space Flight; D018531:Spacecraft; D013997:Time Factors; D014893:Weightlessness