title: Patterns of lung disease in a "normal" smoking population: are emphysema and airflow obstruction found together?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined whether emphysema demonstrated on high-resolution CT (HRCT) scanning in apparently well smokers is associated with airflow obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lung function testing and limited HRCT scanning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lung function measurements and scans were analyzed independently of each other. We used analysis of covariance to compare FEV(1) and maximum expiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity (MEF(50)) values after suitable corrections, between subjects with and without parenchymal damage (emphysema and/or reduced carbon monoxide transfer coefficient [KCO]), and to compare indexes of parenchymal damage between subjects with and without airflow obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiology and lung function departments of a district general hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty current cigarette smokers and 20 lifetime nonsmoking control subjects (aged 35 to 65 years) who volunteered following publicity in local media. In all subjects, FEV(1) was > 1.5 L; no subjects were known to have lung disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FEV(1) and MEF(50) were measured spirometrically; static lung volumes were measured by helium dilution and body plethysmography; KCO was measured by a single-breath technique. HRCT scans were analyzed for emphysema by two radiologists. Of smokers, 25% had HRCT emphysema, generally mild; 16.3% and 25% had reduced FEV(1) and MEF(50), respectively; 12.5% had reduced KCO. Smokers with airflow obstruction were not more likely to have parenchymal damage. Smokers with parenchymal damage did not have reduced airway function. Nonsmokers generally had normal airways and parenchyma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  "Normal" smokers with lung damage had either airflow obstruction or parenchymal damage, but not generally both.
authors.affiliation: School of Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wardrobe-Wong
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Snashall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008448:Maximal Expiratory Flow Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013147:Spirometry