title: Learning to exchange an endotracheal tube for a laryngeal mask prior to emergence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present a stepwise training method, first critiquing laryngeal mask (LM) insertion difficulty and malpositioning, then learning how to exchange an endotracheal tube (ETT) for a LM during emergence from anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  "Learning phase:" sixty adults were enrolled in a preliminary study in which ETT / LM exchange was not performed - only LM insertion difficulty and malpositioning in the presence of an oral ETT were evaluated. After induction of anesthesia and oral intubation, a classic LM size 4 was inserted using the standard recommended technique. Number of insertion attempts and fibreoptically determined malpositions were recorded. "ETT / LM exchange phase:" we performed airway exchange in 50 patients selected from our individual practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  "Learning phase:" the LM was satisfactorily positioned, on first attempt, in 95% of cases. With multiple insertion attempts it was possible to place the LM in all 60 intubated patients. Unsuccessful initial placement of the LM was always due to insufficient insertion depth (5%). When fully inserted into the hypopharynx, the epiglottis could be viewed fibreoptically in 13% of cases. "ETT / LM exchange phase:" the LM was inserted successfully in all 50 patients on first attempt. No complications occurred during any exchange.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found it is easy to learn how to insert a LM in the presence of an oral ETT. The most serious malposition, occurring in 5% of first attempts, was insufficient insertion depth. The only other malposition we encountered, fibreoptic visualization of the epiglottis, is not likely to result in complete airway obstruction following endotracheal extubation under anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Clinic, Burlington, Massachusetts 01805, USA. michael.s.stix@lahey.org
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Stix
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Borromeo
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Sciortino
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Teague
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D017214:Laryngeal Masks; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged