title: The mechanism of carbonate killing of Escherichia coli.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the mechanism of carbonate killing in Escherichia coli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sodium carbonate (150 mM) and ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA, 60 mM) both killed E. coli K-12 when the pH was 8.5, but ammonium chloride (150 mM) was ineffective. EDTA was a 5-fold more potent agent than carbonate, but some of this difference could be explained by ionization. At pH 8.5, only 1.6% of the carbonate is CO(-2), but nearly 100% of the EDTA is EDTA(-2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As carbonate and EDTA had similar effects on viability, cellular morphology, protein release and enzymatic activities, the antibacterial activity of carbonate seems to be mediated by divalent metal binding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cattle manure is often used as a fertilizer, and E. coli from manure can migrate through the soil into water supplies. Previous methods of eradicating E. coli were either expensive or environmentally unsound. However, cattle manure can be treated with carbonate to eliminate E. coli, and the cost of this treatment is less than $0.03 per cow per day.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Adamovich
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Arthurs
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002254:Carbonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002254:Carbonates; D002614:Chelating Agents; D000643:Ammonium Chloride; C005686:sodium carbonate; D004492:Edetic Acid