Bacterial meningitis in children: critical care needs.
Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in children is associated with a high rate of acute complications and mortality, particularly in the developing countries. Most of the deaths occur during first 48 hours of hospitalization. Coma, raised intracranial pressure (ICP), seizures, shock have been identified as significant predictors of death and morbidity. This article reviews issues in critical care with reference to our experience of managing 88 children with ABM in PICU. Attention should first be directed toward basic ABCs of life-support. Children with Glasgow Coma Scale (GSC) score < 8 need intubation and supplemental oxygen. Antibiotics should be started, even without LP (contraindicated if focal neuro-deficit, papilledema, or signs of raised ICP). Raised ICP is present in most of patients; GCS < 8 and high blood pressure are good guides. Mannitol (0.25 gm/Kg) should be used in such patients. If there are signs of (impending) herniation short-term hyperventilation is recommended; prolonged hyperventilation (> 1 hour) must be avoided. Any evidence of poor perfusion, hypovolemia and/or hypotension needs aggressive treatment with normal saline boluses and inotropes, if necessary, to maintain normal blood pressure. Empiric fluid restriction is not justified. Seizures may be controlled with intravenous diazepam or lorazepam. Refractory status epilepticus may be treated with continuous diazepam (0.01-0.06) mg/kg/min) or midazolam infusion. Ventilatory support may be needed early for associated pneumonia, poor respiratory effort and/or coma, and occasionally to reduce work of breathing in shock. Provision of critical care to children with ABM may reduce the mortality significantly as experienced by us.
Singhi
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Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advance Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. drsinghi@glide.net.in
Singhi
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Baranwal
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D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000628:therapy; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000628:therapy; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004573:Electrolytes; D010100:Oxygen