title: Development of gravity-sensing organs in altered gravity.
abstract: Experiments are described in which the development of the gravity-sensing organs was studied in newt larvae reared in microgravity on the IML-2 mission and in Aplysia embryos and larvae reared on a centrifuge at 1 to 5 g. In Aplysia embryos, the statolith (single dense mass on which gravity and linear acceleration act) was reduced in size in a graded fashion at increasing g. In early post-metamorphic Aplysia or even in isolated statocysts from such animals, the number of statoconia produced is reduced at high g. Newt larvae launched before any of the otoconia were formed and reared for 15 days in microgravity had nearly adult labyrinths at the end of the IML-2 mission. The otoliths of the saccule and utricle were the same size in flight and ground-reared larvae. However, the system of aragonitic otoconia produced in the endolymphatic sac in amphibians was much larger and developed earlier in the flight-reared larvae. At later developmental stages, the aragonitic otoconia enter and fill the saccule. One flight-reared larva was maintained for nine months post-flight and the size of the saccular otolith, as well as the volume of otoconia within the endolymphatic sac, were considerably larger than in age-matched, ground-reared newts. This suggests that rearing in microgravity initiates a process that continues for several months after introduction to 1-g, which greatly increases the volume of otoconia. The flight-reared animal had abnormal posture, pointing its head upward, whereas normal ground-reared newts always keep their head horizontal. This suggests that rearing for even a short period in microgravity can have lasting functional consequences in an animal subsequently reared in 1-g conditions on Earth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7777, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wiederhold
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hejl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001048:Aplysia; D002498:Centrifugation; D005260:Female; D018466:Gravity Sensing / Q000502:physiology*; D018471:Hypergravity; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation; D010037:Otolithic Membrane / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D012444:Saccule and Utricle / Q000254:growth & development; D012455:Salamandridae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D012679:Sense Organs; D013026:Space Flight; D014893:Weightlessness; D015053:Zygote