title: Pharmacokinetics and residues in milk of oxytetracyclines administered parenterally to dairy goats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine for two commercial preparations of oxytetracycline (OTC) the pharmacokinetic behaviour, the presence of detectable milk residues and the penetration in milk of OTC administered by intravenous (IV) (conventional formulation [CF]) and intramuscular (IM) routes (CF and long-acting [LA] formulations) in goats producing milk. The effects of these formulations on plasma activity values of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also determined as indicators of tissue damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five healthy lactating goats producing 1.5+/-0.5 L/d milk and weighing 56.0+/-4.8 kg were used. Single doses of OTC chlorhydrate (CF) were administered (20 mg OTC/kg) by IV (Trial 1 IV) and IM (Trial 1 IM) routes and OTC dehydrate (LA) by the IM route. The same goats were first given IV CF, then IM CF followed by IM LA with 3 weeks between each treatment. Blood and milk samples were taken. The quantification of OTC was performed by HPLC and the plasma activities of CK and LDH enzymes were determined by spectrophotometry. The presence of OTC residues in milk was determined by a commercial reagent. The plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a two-compartment model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimates of kinetic variables following IV administration were: Vss= 400.0+/-120.0 mL/kg and CL= 110.0+/-14.0 (mL/h)/kg. The t(fi) for IV= 3.0+/-0.3 h; IM, CF = 10.5+/-2.1 h and IM, LA = 15.1+/-3.1 h. The concentration of OTC in milk at 48 h was: IV= 0.6+/-0.4; IM CF= 1.1+/-0.2 and at 72 h (IM LA)= 0.6+/-0.1 microg/mL and the penetration in milk of OTC was: IV= 70.0+/-18.0; IM CF= 79.0+/-14.0 and IM LA= 66.0+/-6.0%. The areas under the curve of CK and LDH activities in plasma were calculated by the trapezoidal method. Values of CK and LDH IM, LA were greater (P < 0.05) than those observed for IM, CF at 2 and 3 days after administration of the antibiotic. Finally, the bioavailability of OTC CF = 92.0+/-22.0 and LA= 78.0+/-23.0% was suitable for its usage by the IM route in lactating goats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma concentration-time values of OTC administered parenterally in production dairy goats showed similar bioavailability for the two pharmaceutical preaprations. The presence of detectable residues in milk indicates that milk should not be used for human consumption for 2 and 3 days after administration of conventional and long-acting formulations, respectively. The increments in CK and LDH activities after the IM administration of LA are consistent with the presence of tissue damage provoked by the pharmaceutical preparations at the injection site.
authors.affiliation: Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rule
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moyano
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000662:veterinary; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004350:Drug Residues; D005260:Female; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006041:Goats / Q000378:metabolism*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*; D010118:Oxytetracycline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D010118:Oxytetracycline