title: Quantification of optic nerve axon loss associated with a relative afferent pupillary defect in the monkey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the amount of optic nerve axonal loss associated with the presence of a mild relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) in an experimental monkey model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The right macula of 5 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was treated with concentrically enlarging diode laser burns until an RAPD was detected using a transilluminator light and measured with neutral density filters. Intervals between treatments were 3 to 7 days over a period of 2 months. Pupillary responses to light stimulation were recorded with a monocular infrared television pupillometer. Two months after detection of an RAPD, 5 treated and 4 control monkeys underwent euthanasia and enucleation. Histopathologic analysis and quantification of optic nerve axon counts using an image analysis system were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No RAPD was observed despite an estimated ganglion cell loss of up to 26%. A 0.6 log unit RAPD was present in 5 monkeys when the laser scar incorporated the entire macula within the temporal vascular arcades. One eye had progressive vitreomacular traction with worsening of the RAPD to 1.8 log units without further laser treatment. Histopathologic evaluation disclosed complete loss of the normal retinal architecture within the macula. The average fiber loss for the 4 treated eyes with 0.6 log unit RAPDs compared with fellow eyes was 53.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45.0%-61.6%). The average difference in axon counts between untreated pairs of optic nerves was 12.8% (95% CI, 10.0%-15.6%). Optic nerve axon loss between pairs of experimental and control eyes was statistically significant (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In rhesus monkeys, an RAPD develops after an approximate unilateral loss between 25% and 50% of retinal ganglion cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Owing to redundancy in the anterior visual pathways, unilateral retinal ganglion cell loss may occur prior to the observation of an RAPD. The presence of an RAPD measuring 0.6 log units implies that significant retinal ganglion cell injury has occurred.
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA. jkerrison@yahoo.com
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kerrison
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andreason
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Alfaro
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Grossniklaus
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kerrigan-Baumrind
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kerrigan
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Quigley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology*; D002452:Cell Count; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D023421:Models, Animal; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000473:pathology*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011681:Pupil Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology