Detection of the Earth with the SETI microwave observing system assumed to be operating out in the galaxy.
This paper estimates the maximum range at which radar signals from the Earth could be detected by a search system similar to the NASA Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Microwave Observing Project (SETI MOP) assumed to be operating out in the galaxy.  Figures are calculated for the Targeted Search, and for the Sky Survey parts of the MOP, both operating, as currently planned, in the second half of the decade of the 1990s.  Only the most powerful terrestrial transmitters are considered, namely, the planetary radar at Arecibo in Puerto Rico, and the ballistic missile early warning systems (BMEWS).  In each case the probabilities of detection over the life of the MOP are also calculated.  The calculation assumes that we are only in the eavesdropping mode.  Transmissions intended to be detected by SETI systems are likely to be much stronger and would of course be found with higher probability to a greater range.  Also, it is assumed that the transmitting civilization is at the same level of technological evolution as ours on Earth.  This is very improbable.  If we were to detect another technological civilization, it would, on statistical grounds, be much older than we are and might well have much more powerful transmitters.  Both factors would make detection by the NASA MOP a much more likely outcome.
Billingham
J
J
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
Tarter
J
J
D001256:Astronomy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D003142:Communication; D003199:Computer Systems; D018534:Earth, Planet; D018559:Exobiology / Q000639:trends*; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D005544:Forecasting; D008872:Microwaves; D011825:Radar; D011846:Radio Waves; D014481:United States; D018557:United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration