title: Effects of noradrenergic activity on temporal information processing in humans.
abstract: Temporal processing of durations in the range of seconds or more is mediated by working-memory mechanisms whereas processing of brief durations in the range of milliseconds appears to be beyond cognitive control and modulated by dopaminergic activity in the basal ganglia. In the present study, the effects of the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor reboxetine on temporal information processing were evaluated. In a double-blind crossover design, either placebo or 2 or 4 mg of reboxetine were administered to 24 healthy male volunteers. Performance on temporal discrimination of longer durations, as indicated by 75%-difference thresholds in relation to a 1,000-ms standard interval, was significantly improved by 2 mg of reboxetine as compared to placebo, whereas the improvement observed with the 4-mg dose just failed to reach statistical significance. There was, however, no effect of reboxetine on temporal discrimination of extremely brief durations, as indicated by threshold values in relation to a 50-ms standard interval. Findings provided additional evidence for the notion that temporal processing of durations in the range of seconds is based on working-memory processes including aspects of directed attention. In timing of brief durations in the range of milliseconds, however, noradrenergic activity did not seem to play a critical role.
authors.affiliation: Georg Elias Müller Institute for Psychology, University of Göttingen, Gosslerstr. 14, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany. trammsa@uni-goettingen.de
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Rammsayer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hennig
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haag
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000077593:Reboxetine; D013998:Time Perception / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D009025:Morpholines; D000077593:Reboxetine; D009638:Norepinephrine