title: Comparison of clozapine and haloperidol on some autonomic and psychomotor functions, and on serum prolactin concentration, in healthy subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the autonomic, neuroendocrine and psychomotor effects of single doses of the 'atypical' antipsychotic clozapine and the 'classical' antipsychotic haloperidol, in healthy male volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clozapine (50 mg), haloperidol (3 mg) and placebo were administered to 12 healthy male volunteers at weekly intervals, according to a balanced double-blind design. Resting pupil diameter, salivary output, heart rate, blood pressure, plasma prolactin concentration, critical flicker fusion frequency and subjective 'alertness', 'contentedness' and 'anxiety' were measured at baseline and 2, 3, 4 and 5 h after drug ingestion. Data were analysed by analysis of variance with individual comparisons (Dunnett's test) with a significance criterion of P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant treatment effects (difference from placebo [mean, 95% CI] 5 h after drug ingestion) were as follows: clozapine reduced pupil diameter (mm; -3.02 [-3.56, -2.47]), salivary output (g; -0.34 [-0.60, -0.08]), mean arterial blood pressure (mm Hg; -8.7 [-14.3, -3.1]), critical flicker fusion frequency (Hz; -3.26 [-3.94, -2.58]), and subjectively-rated 'alertness' (mm; -20.94 [-29.21, -12.67]) and 'contentedness' (mm; -12.98 [-17.90, -8.06]), whereas haloperidol increased prolactin concentration (mU l(-1); 301.3 [196.7, 405.8]) and caused small reductions in pupil diameter (mm; -0.68 [-1.23, -0.14]), mean arterial blood pressure (mm Hg; -7.0 [-12.6, -1.4]) and critical flicker fusion frequency (Hz; -1.15 [-1.83, -0.47]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of the antipsychotics are in agreement with their receptor binding profiles: alpha(1)-adrenoceptor blockade by clozapine may contribute to reductions in pupil diameter, salivation, mean arterial blood pressure and sedation, and muscarinic cholinoceptor blockade by the drug may underlie the reduction in salivation. Conversely, D(2) dopamine receptor blockade by haloperidol is likely to be responsible for the increase in prolactin secretion evoked by the drug.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Langley
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Szabadi
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012472:Salivation / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D011388:Prolactin; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol