title: Insects as test systems for assessing the potential role of microgravity in biological development and evolution.
abstract: Gravity and radiation are undoubtedly the two major environmental factors altered in space.  Gravity is a weak force, which creates a permanent potential field acting on the mass of biological systems and their cellular components, strongly reduced in space flights.  Developmental systems, particularly at very early stages, provide the larger cellular compartments known, where the effects of alterations in the size of the gravity vector on living organisms can be more effectively tested.  The insects, one of the more highly evolved classes of animals in which early development occurs in a syncytial embryo, are systems particularly well suited to test these effects and the specific developmental mechanisms affected.  Furthermore, they share some basic features such as small size, short life cycles, relatively high radio-resistance, etc. and show a diversity of developmental strategies and tempos advantageous in experiments of this type in space.  Drosophila melanogaster, the current biological paradigm to study development, with so much genetic and evolutionary background available, is clearly the reference organism for these studies.  The current evidence on the effects of the physical parameters altered in space flights on insect development indicate a surprising correlation between effects seen on the fast developing and relatively small Drosophila embryo and the more slowly developing and large Carausius morosus system.  In relation to the issue of the importance of developmental and environmental constraints in biological evolution, still the missing link in current evolutionary thinking, insects and space facilities for long-term experiments could provide useful experimental settings where to critically assess how development and evolution may be interconnected.  Finally, it has to be pointed out that since there are experimental data indicating a possible synergism between microgravity and space radiation, possible effects of space radiation should be taken into account in the planning and evaluation of experiments designed to test the potential role of microgravity on biological developmental and evolution.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica de la UAM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vernós
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carratalá
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: González-Jurado
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Valverde
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calleja
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Domingo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vinós
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cervera
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D015509:Developmental Biology; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster; D006112:Gravitation; D007313:Insecta / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D014893:Weightlessness; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology