title: Hypocretin/orexin suppresses corticotroph responsiveness in vitro.
abstract: The hypocretin/orexins (Hcrts/ORXs) are peptides produced in neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area that project to neuroendocrine centers in the hypothalamus. Hcrt/ORX receptors are present in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland. We examined the possibility that the Hcrts/ORXs, which we have demonstrated previously to act in the brain to stimulate sympathetic function, could alter stress hormone secretion by a direct pituitary action. In vitro studies revealed a dose-related inhibitory effect of the Hcrts/ORXs on corticotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated ACTH secretion that appeared to be mediated via the orexin-1 receptor and to be expressed at doses (threshold dose 1 nM orexin A) similar to the affinity constant for the receptor. The effect was not due to abrogation of the cAMP response of the corticotroph to corticotropin-releasing hormone and was not pertussis toxin sensitive, suggesting a non-G(i)-mediated mechanism. Instead, a G(q)-mediated signaling mechanism was indicated by the ability of protein kinase C blockade with calphostin C to reverse the inhibitory action of orexin A. Orexin A and orexin B did not significantly alter basal ACTH secretion in vitro and did not alter basal or releasing factor-stimulated secretion of luteinizing hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone or growth hormone from cells harvested from male or random-cycle female donors. Our data suggest a direct, pituitary action of the Hcrts/ORXs to modulate the endocrine response to stress and identify the potential cellular mechanism of a unique biological action of the peptides in the anterior pituitary gland.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA. samsonwk@slu.edu
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Samson
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D043802:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11; D020962:Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D000068797:Orexins; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D010903:Pituitary Gland, Anterior / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010907:Pituitary Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D000068797:Orexins; D010907:Pituitary Hormones; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D043802:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11; D020962:Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins