title: Isotopic compositions of carbonates and organic carbon from upper Proterozoic successions in Namibia:  stratigraphic variation and the effects of diagenesis and metamorphism.
abstract: The carbon isotope geochemistry of carbonates and organic carbon in the late Proterozoic Damara Supergroup of Namibia, including the Nama, Witvlei, and Gariep groups on the Kalahari Craton and the Mulden and Otavi groups on the Congo Craton, has been investigated as an extension of previous studies of secular variations in the isotopic composition of late Proterozoic seawater.  Subsamples of microspar and dolomicrospar were determined, through petrographic and cathodoluminescence examination, to represent the "least-altered" portions of the rock.  Carbon-isotopic abundances in these phases are nearly equal to those in total carbonate, suggesting that 13C abundances of late Proterozoic fine-grained carbonates have not been significantly altered by meteoric diagenesis, although 18O abundances often differ significantly.  Reduced and variable carbon-isotopic differences between carbonates and organic carbon in these sediments indicate that isotopic compositions of organic carbon have been altered significantly by thermal and deformational processes, likely associated with the Pan-African Orogeny.  Distinctive stratigraphic patterns of secular variation, similar to those noted in other, widely separated late Proterozoic basins, are found in carbon-isotopic compositions of carbonates from the Nama and Otavi groups.  For example, in Nama Group carbonates delta 13C values rise dramatically from -4 to +5% within a short stratigraphic interval.  This excursion suggests correlation with similar excursions noted in Ediacaran-aged successions of Siberia, India, and China.  Enrichment of 13C (delta 13C> +5%) in Otavi Group carbonates reflects those in Upper Riphean successions of the Akademikerbreen Group, Svalbard, its correlatives in East Greenland, and the Shaler Group, northwest Canada.  The widespread distribution of successions with comparable isotopic signatures supports hypotheses that variations in delta 13C reflect global changes in the isotopic composition of late Proterozoic seawater.  Within the Damara basin, carbon-isotopic compositions of carbonates provide a potentially useful tool for the correlation of units between the Kalahari and Congo cratons.  Carbonates depleted in 13C were deposited during and immediately following three separate glacial episodes in Namibia.  The correspondence between ice ages and negative delta 13C excursions may reflect the effects of lowered sea levels; enhanced circulation of deep, cold, O2-rich seawater; and/or the upwelling of 13C-depleted deep water.  Iron-formation is additionally associated with one of the glacial horizons, the Chuos tillite.  Carbon-13 enriched isotopic abundances in immediately pre-glacial carbonates suggest that oceanographic conditions favored high rates of organic burial.  It is likely that marine waters were stratified, with deep waters anoxic.  A prolonged period of ocean stratification would permit the build-up of ferrous iron, probably from hydrothermal sources.  At the onset of glaciation, upwelling would have brought 13C-depleted and iron-rich deep water onto shallow shelves where contact with cold, oxygenated surface waters led to the precipitation of ferric iron.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405-5101, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Germs
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002254:Carbonates / Q000032:analysis*; D005580:Fossils; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D055593:Geological Phenomena; D005844:Geology; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D009276:Namibia; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D010163:Paleontology; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002254:Carbonates; D002244:Carbon; D007501:Iron; D010100:Oxygen