title: Risk factors of oesophagitis in arthritic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk factors that precipitate the occurrence of oesophageal mucosal injury in patients on continuous nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatients who regularly consumed NSAIDs for osteoarthritis were recruited from a rheumatology clinic into a prospective case-control study. All patients answered a structured interview and underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 450 eligible patients, 195 (43%) consented to be interviewed and undergo upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Oesophagitis was diagnosed in 41 of these 195 patients (21%). The occurrence of gastric or duodenal ulcer in individual patients did not predict the concomitant damage of the oesophageal mucosa. Young age (odds ratio: 1.79 per decade of life; 95% confidence interval: 1.11-2.86) and hiatus hernia (odds ratio: 3.72; 95% confidence interval: 1.63-8.49) both increased the risk of developing oesophagitis. When questioned, all oesophagitis patients revealed at least one gastrointestinal symptom, heartburn being named most frequently (odds ratio: 4.78; 95% confidence interval: 2.04-11.17). The type of anti-inflammatory medication, the use of alcohol and the use of nicotine were not associated with any significant risk for erosive oesophagitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients on chronic NSAID therapy for rheumatological disease suffer frequently from erosive oesophagitis. While the risk may be higher in patients with a pre-existing tendency for gastro-oesophageal reflux, any concomitant history of NSAID-induced peptic ulcer disease does not add to the risk. Erosive oesophagitis should be considered especially in patients on NSAIDs who complain of heartburn.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Section, The Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1501 San Pedro Drive SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Avidan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sonnenberg
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Schnell
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Budiman-Mak
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sontag
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001168:Arthritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal