title: Casualty modeling for real-time medical training.
abstract: We present a model for simulating casualties in virtual environments for real-time medical training.  It allows a user to choose diagnostic and therapeutic actions to carry out on a simulated casualty who will manifest appropriate physiological, behavioral, and physical responses.  Currently, the user or a "stealth instructor" can specify one or more injuries that the casualty has sustained.  The model responds by continuously determining the state of the casualty, responding appropriately to medical assessment and treatment procedures.  So far, we have modeled four medical conditions and over 20 procedures.  The model has been designed to handle the addition of other injuries and medical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Webber
authors.forename: N I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Badler
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003199:Computer Systems; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000193:education; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000193:education; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014857:Warfare; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000628:therapy*