title: Chemical and biological evolution in space.
abstract: Astronomical infrared spectra are used to confirm the existence of complex organic molecules produced by ultraviolet photoprocessing of interstellar grain mantles. This material is shown to be the major component of the interstellar grains between the sun and the galactic center and, by inference, constitutes more than 10 million solar masses--or close to one part in a thousand of the entire mass of the milky way galaxy. It may be demonstrated that the primitive chemistry of the earth's surface was dominated by these extraterrestrial molecules after aggregated into comets if the rate of comet impacts with the earth was comparable with that required to account for the extinction of species over the past 300 million years. Ultraviolet irradiation of bacterial spores has been studied for the first time under simulated interstellar conditions. The inactivation time predicted for the less dense regions of space is at most several hundred years. Within molecular clouds it is shown on theoretical and experimental grounds that this time may be extended to tens of million of years which is the estimated time required for their transport from one solar system to another by a molecular cloud. However survival of spores during their initial exposure to the solar ultraviolet presents a problem for panspermia because it requires that in the process of ejection from the earth's surface they must be enclosed within a cocoon (or mantle) of ultraviolet absorbing material of approximately 0.6 micrometer thickness. Thus, although panspermia can not be rejected on the basis of lack of interstellar survival there may remain insurmountable obstacles to its occurring because of the very special protective shield requirements during ejection from its planetary source.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Astrophysics, University of Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schutte
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis; D019443:Cosmic Dust; D019418:Evolution, Chemical; D018559:Exobiology; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000528:radiation effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D019443:Cosmic Dust