title: Creatine kinase as an indicator of sperm quality and maturity in men with oligospermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the differences among the creatine kinase (CK) levels in the spermatozoa of subfertile men with mild, moderate, or severe oligospermia and to examine the differences in CK activity between infertile patients with various clinical diagnoses and a group of normal healthy donors (control). CK is a marker of sperm maturity that correlates with the sperm fertilizing capacity. Elevated levels are associated with an increased rate of functional abnormalities and increased cytoplasmic retention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the CK levels in 51 oligospermic men who could not initiate a pregnancy. Patients were categorized according to their degree of oligospermia as defined by the total sperm count: mild (greater than 10 to 40 x 10(6); n = 30), moderate (5 to 10 x 10(6); n = 11), and severe (less than 5 x 10(6); n = 10). These patients were further classified according to their diagnosis (ie, varicocele, n = 24; unexplained infertility, n = 17; vasectomy reversal, n = 9; and unknown diagnosis, n = 1). A separate group consisting of 25 healthy donors was included as a control group. A computer-assisted semen analyzer assessed the sperm characteristics, and the CK levels were measured using a CK test kit after the enzyme was extracted with Triton-X.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CK levels were significantly higher in the sperm of the severely oligospermic group (8.8 +/- 6.5 IU/10(8) sperm) than in the moderate (0.50 +/- 0.19 IU/10(8) sperm) and mild (0.49 +/- 0.15 IU/10(8) sperm) groups (P <0.0001). The mean CK level in the severely oligospermic group was 18-fold higher than that in the moderate (P = 0.03) and mild (P <0.001) groups. The CK levels were significantly higher in all three infertile groups compared with the donor group (0.06 +/- 0.01 IU/10(8) sperm). Patients with varicocele had the highest CK level (3.42 +/- 2.56 IU/10(8) sperm) compared with patients in the vasectomy reversal group (1.73 +/- 0.98 IU/10(8) sperm) and the idiopathic infertility group (0.26 +/- 0.08 IU/10(8) sperm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated CK levels are associated with severe oligospermia, irrespective of the clinical diagnosis. CK may be a sensitive indicator of sperm quality and maturity in the follow-up of patients treated for male factor infertility.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallak
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Pasqualotto
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ranganathan
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology; D012661:Semen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013079:Sperm Maturation / Q000502:physiology*; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology*; D014646:Varicocele / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology; D014669:Vasovasostomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D003402:Creatine Kinase