Solid hydrocarbon aerosols produced in simulated Uranian and Neptunian stratospheres.
Optical constants n and k are measured for thin hydrocarbon films produced from charged particles (RF plasma) irradiation of (1) 100% CH4; (2) 7% CH4, 93% H2; (3) 0.5% CH4, 99.5% H2; (4) 0.0002% CH4, 99.3% H2 (with impurities); and (5) 3 to 25% CH4, 25% He, remainder H2--all at submillibar pressures.  In all experiments, yellow to deep brown-red solid products are synthesized which are hypothesized to be, at least in part, the unidentified visible and near-UV chromophores in the stratospheres of Uranus and Neptune.  Results for experiments 2, 3, and 4 are in good mutual accord, but are significantly different from experiments 1 and 5.  He in the precursor gases affects the product composition.  Typical solid products for experiments 5 show, at 0.55 micrometer wavelength, n = 1.60 +/- 0.05, 3 x 10(-2) > or = k > or = 3 x 10(-3), and [C/H] approximately equal to 0.7.  These results are, for n and k respectively, consistent with and in excellent agreement with those derived from high phase angle Voyager 2 photometry of Uranus (Pollack et al., this issue).  Aerosols produced directly from the atmosphere by precipitating magnetospheric charged particles may be competitive with those produced by UV and charged particle irradiation of simple hydrocarbon condensates.  The optical and chemical properties of aerosols in the Uranian and Neptunian atmospheres may evolve toward higher values of n and k and higher carbon content as the particles sediment through changing radiation and thermal environments.
Khare
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Laboratory for Planetary Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Sagan
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Thompson
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Arakawa
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Votaw
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D000336:Aerosols; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D006371:Helium / Q000737:chemistry; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D008697:Methane / Q000737:chemistry*; D018541:Neptune; D010782:Photolysis; D011108:Polymers / Q000032:analysis / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D018540:Uranus
D000336:Aerosols; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D011108:Polymers; D006371:Helium; D006859:Hydrogen; D008697:Methane