title: Gravity-dependent polarity of cytoplasmic streaming in Nitellopsis.
abstract: The internodal cells of the characean alga Nitellopsis obtusa were chosen to investigate the effect of gravity on cytoplasmic streaming.  Horizontal cells exhibit streaming with equal velocities in both directions, whereas in vertically oriented cells, the downward-streaming cytoplasm flows ca.  10% faster than the upward-streaming cytoplasm.  These results are independent of the orientation of the morphological top and bottom of the cell.  We define the ratio of the velocity of the downward- to the upward-streaming cytoplasm as the polar ratio (PR).  The normal polarity of a cell can be reversed (PR < 1) by treatment with neutral red (NR).  The NR effect may be the result of membrane hyperpolarization, caused by the opening of K+ channels.  The K+ channel blocker TEA Cl- inhibits the NR effect.  External Ca2+ is required for normal graviresponsiveness.  The [Ca2+] of the medium determines the polarity of cytoplasmic streaming.  Less than 1 micromole Ca2+ resulted in a PR < 1 while greater than 1 micromole Ca2+ resulted in the normal gravity response.  The voltage-dependent Ca(2+)-channel blocker, nifedipine, inhibited the gravity response in a reversible manner, while treatment with LaCl3 resulted in a PR < 1, indicating the presence of two types of Ca2+ channels.  A new model for graviperception is presented in which the whole cell acts as the gravity sensor, and the plasma membrane acts as the gravireceptor.  This is supported by ligation and UV irradiation experiments which indicate that the membranes at both ends of the cell are required for graviperception.  The density of the external medium also affects the PR of Nitellopsis.  Calculations are presented that indicate that the weight of the protoplasm may provide enough potential energy to open ion channels.
authors.affiliation: Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wayne
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Staves
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Leopold
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000502:physiology*; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000502:physiology; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003595:Cytoplasmic Streaming / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006112:Gravitation; D018522:Gravitropism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018466:Gravity Sensing / Q000502:physiology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D009499:Neutral Red / Q000494:pharmacology; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D019789:Tetraethylammonium; D013757:Tetraethylammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018118:Chloride Channels; D015221:Potassium Channels; D013757:Tetraethylammonium Compounds; D009499:Neutral Red; D019789:Tetraethylammonium; D009543:Nifedipine; D002118:Calcium