title: Ischemic pre-conditioning of 5 minutes but not of 10 minutes improves lung function after warm ischemia in a canine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protection from reperfusion injury by ischemic pre-conditioning (IPC) before prolonged ischemia has been proven for the heart and the liver. We now assess the efficacy of IPC to protect lungs from reperfusion injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen foxhounds (25 to 30 kg) were anesthetized, intubated, and ventilated with a fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.3 at a volume-controlled mode to maintain arterial pCO2 of 30 to 40 mm Hg. After left thoracotomy, we performed warm ischemia for 3 hours by clamping the left hilus, and followed with 8 hours of reperfusion (control, n = 6). In the treated groups, IPC was performed either for 5 minutes followed by 15-minute reperfusion (n = 6, IPC-5), or by 2 successive cycles of 10-minute ischemia, followed by 10-minute reperfusion (n = 6, IPC-10) before prior to the 3-hours warm-ischemia period. Pulmonary compliance and gas exchange were determined separately for each lung, and we recorded pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics. We performed bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at the end of the experiment and determined total protein concentration as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA expression in cell-free supernatant and in BAL cells, respectively. We also assessed the wet/dry ratio of the lung.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the controls, on reperfusion, we encountered a progressive deterioration of gas exchange, especially of the reperfused left lung, which we could largely avoid using the IPC-5 protocol. Similarly, pulmonary compliance steadily declined but was much better in the ICP-5 group. Parallel to the improvement of gas exchange and lung mechanics, we found less total alveolar protein content and TNF-alpha mRNA expression in BAL cells in the IPC-5 than in the controls. However, we did not find IPC-10 to be paralleled by a significant improvement of lung function. Neither IPC-5 nor IPC-10 influenced the pulmonary vascular resistance index or the fluid accumulation in the lung.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major finding of the present study was that 5 minutes of IPC improved lung function after 3 hours of warm ischemia of the lung.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Surgery, Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany. ivar.friedrich@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spillner
authors.forename: E X
authors.initials: EX
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bartling
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barnscheid
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sablotzki
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schade
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Reidemeister
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Silber
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gunther
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borgermann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000628:therapy*; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000502:physiology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines