title: Bioequivalence investigation of high-dose etoposide and etoposide phosphate in lymphoma patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare etoposide pharmacokinetics following administration of high-dose etoposide and etoposide phosphate, a water-soluble prodrug of etoposide. Bioequivalence was assessed using a two-treatment randomized crossover design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with high-risk or relapsed lymphoma were treated with a sequential high-dose chemotherapy. They were randomized to receive either 3 x 400 mg/m2 etoposide or an equimolar amount of etoposide phosphate (as 1-h infusions on three consecutive days) in the first course and the alternative drug in the second course. Serial plasma and ultrafiltered plasma samples were collected and analysed for etoposide by a reversed-phase HPLC method with UV and electrochemical detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a two-compartment model. Bioequivalence was assessed calculating the 90% confidence intervals (CI) for the ratios of the geometric means of AUC(0-infinity) and additionally of Cmax of etoposide derived from etoposide phosphate relative to etoposide in plasma and ultrafiltered plasma as point estimates (level of significance alpha < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharmacokinetic parameters of etoposide were comparable in both treatment arms except that terminal half-life was significantly shorter and apparent Vss in ultrafiltered plasma was significantly larger following administration of the prodrug. The point estimates for AUC(0-infinity) of etoposide derived from etoposide phosphate relative to etoposide were 102.9% and 88.4% for plasma and ultrafiltered plasma, respectively. The 90% CIs were in the range from 80% to 125% where bioequivalence can be assumed. The point estimates of Cmax on day 3 of chemotherapy were 96.5% and 81.7% in plasma and ultrafiltrate with the 90% CI in ultrafiltered plasma being out of the range from 80% to 125%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With respect to total drug exposure, represented by AUC(0-infinity), high-dose etoposide phosphate is bioequivalent to high-dose etoposide.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reif
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kingreen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kloft
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Siegert
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schunack
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jaehde
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D011355:Prodrugs; C061400:etoposide phosphate; D005047:Etoposide; D003907:Dexamethasone; D004317:Doxorubicin; D016190:Carboplatin; D007069:Ifosfamide