Dosimetry for occupational exposure to cosmic radiation.
In the course of their work, aircraft crew and frequent flyers are exposed to elevated levels of cosmic radiation of galactic and solar origin and secondary radiation produced in the atmosphere, aircraft structure, etc. This has been recognised for some time and estimates of the exposure of aircraft crew have been made previously and included in, for example, UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation) publications. The recent increased interest has been brought about by several factors--the consideration that the relative biological effectiveness of the neutron component as being underestimated; the trend towards higher cruising altitudes for subsonic commercial aircraft and business jet aircraft; and, most importantly, the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in Publication 60, and the revision of the Euratom Basic Safety Standards Directive (BSS). In 1992, the European Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) established a Working Group to consider the exposure to cosmic radiation of aircraft crew, and the scientific and technical problems associated with radiation protection dosimetry for this occupational group. The Working Group was composed of fifteen scientists (plus a corresponding member) involved in this field of study and with knowledge of radiation measurement at aviation altitudes. This paper is based on the findings of this Working Group. Where arrangements are made to take account of the exposure of aircraft crew to cosmic radiation, dose estimation procedures will not be necessary for persons for whom total annual doses are not liable to exceed 1 mSv, and therefore, in general, for crew on aircraft not routinely flying above 8 km. Where estimates of effective dose and, in the case of female staff who are pregnant, equivalent dose to the embryo or fetus, are required (for regulatory or other purposes), it was concluded that the preferred procedure was to determine route doses and fold these with data on staff rostering.
Bartlett
D T
DT
National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Oxon, UK.
McAulay
I R
IR
Schrewe
U J
UJ
Schnuer
K
K
Menzel
H G
HG
Bottollier-Depois
J F
JF
Dietze
G
G
Gmur
K
K
Grillmaeir
R E
RE
Heinrich
W
W
Lim
T
T
Lindborg
L
L
Reitz
G
G
Schraube
H
H
Spurny
F
F
Tommasino
L
L
D000401:Aircraft; D001359:Aviation; D002138:Calibration; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D019471:Elementary Particle Interactions; D006801:Humans; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D011874:Radiometry; D012984:Software; D019445:Solar Activity