title: Man in space:  the use of animal models.
abstract: Animals have traditionally preceded man into space.  During animal and human travels in space over the past almost 30 years, numerous anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes have been observed.  In order to safely qualify humans for extended duration space missions, scientific research needs to be performed.  It may be possible to achieve many of these research goals with flight crews serving as experimental subjects; however, to do this with human subjects alone is impractical.  Therefore, the use of animal surrogates as experimental subjects is essential to provide the missing information on the effects of spaceflights, to validate countermeasures, and to test medical treatment techniques which will be necessary for long duration missions.  This research to assure human health, safety, and productivity in future extended duration space flights will include flights on NASA's Space Shuttle, unmanned biosatellites, and the Space Station Freedom.
authors.affiliation: Space Life Sciences Payloads Office, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Souza
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine / Q000266:history; D000818:Animals; D005544:Forecasting; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D013026:Space Flight / Q000266:history / Q000639:trends*; D014481:United States; D018557:United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration