ADHD in Swedish 3- to 7-year-old children.
OBJECTIVE
To study characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a representative group of clinically impaired young children in Sweden with the disorder.


METHODS
One hundred thirty-one children with ADHD (aged 3-7 years) were examined, and their parents were interviewed. Independent parent questionnaire data (Child Behavior Checklist, ADHD Rating Scale-IV, Conners) were collected. For comparison 131 children without ADHD were matched for age, gender, parents' marital status, child's adoption status, and social class.


RESULTS
Children with ADHD had extremely high ADHD symptom levels--on average four to eight times higher than the comparison group. Sociodemographic correlates of ADHD symptoms were more pronounced in parent questionnaire data than in parent interview data, underscoring the importance of diagnostic interview when dealing with clinical issues. Very few of the children with ADHD (6%) appeared "normal" with regard to attention/activity level at clinical examination.


CONCLUSIONS
Clinic children with a diagnosis of DSM-IV ADHD have typical and impairing symptoms already before starting school. The variance of ADHD in this age group appears to be accounted for by primary psychosocial factors only to a limited degree. It would seem reasonable to establish supportive and treatment measures for these young children so that the psychosocial and academic problems shown by so many individuals with ADHD later in their development might be reduced.
Kadesjö
C
C
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Göteborg University, Sweden.
Kadesjö
B
B
Hägglöf
B
B
Gillberg
C
C
D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012574:Schools; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012919:Social Behavior