title: Phase I trial of a twice-daily regimen of amifostine with ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide chemotherapy in children with refractory carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amifostine protects normal tissues against chemotherapy and radiation-induced toxicity without loss of antitumor effects. Evidence suggests that multiple daily doses of amifostine may improve its cytoprotective effects. The purpose of this study was to assess the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of twice-daily doses of amifostine with ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (ICE) chemotherapy for children with refractory malignancies and to determine the pharmacokinetic properties of amifostine, WR-1065, and the disulfide metabolites of amifostine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with refractory malignancies were treated with amifostine 15 minutes before and 2 hours after chemotherapy with ifosfamide (3 g/m(2) per dose on Days 1 and 2) and carboplatin (635 mg/m(2) on Day 3). Etoposide was administered on Days 1 and 2 (150 mg/m(2)). The starting dose of amifostine was 740 mg/m(2). Pharmacokinetic studies were performed after the first dose of amifostine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients received 23 courses of ICE and amifostine. Dose-limiting toxicities for amifostine at 740 mg/m(2) were somnolence and anxiety. The other Grade 3 and 4 toxicities included asymptomatic, reversible hypocalcemia, vomiting, and reversible hypotension. At a dose of 600 mg/m(2), amifostine was well tolerated. Hypocalcemia, due to rapid, transient suppression of parathyroid hormone production, required close monitoring and aggressive intravenous calcium supplementation. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed high interpatient variability with rapid plasma clearance of amifostine and WR-1065. The median elimination half-life of amifostine (9.3 minutes) and WR-1065 (15 minutes) was much shorter than the disulfide metabolites (74.4 minutes).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recommended pediatric dose of amifostine for a twice-daily regimen is 600 mg/m(2) per dose (1200 mg/m(2)/day) with DLTs of anxiety and somnolence, lower than the previously recommended single dose of 1650 mg/m(2).
authors.affiliation: New Agents and Innovative Therapy Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fouladi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stempak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gammon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koren
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baruchel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D004999:Amifostine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008624:Mercaptoethylamines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D008624:Mercaptoethylamines; C020174:N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,3-diaminopropane; D005047:Etoposide; D016190:Carboplatin; D004999:Amifostine; D007069:Ifosfamide