title: Lymphedema after sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Initial studies of sentinel lymphadenectomy for patients with breast carcinoma confirmed that the status of the sentinel lymph nodes was an accurate predictor of the presence of metastatic disease in the axillary lymph nodes. Sentinel lymphadenectomy, as an axillary staging procedure, has risks of morbidity that have yet to be defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were enrolled in a two-phase protocol that included concurrent data collection of patient characteristics and treatment variables. During the first (validation) phase, 72 patients underwent sentinel lymph node excision followed by a level I-II axillary dissection. After the technique had been established, the second phase commenced, during which only patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes underwent an axillary dissection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the second phase, lymphedema was identified in 9 of 303 patients (3.0%) who underwent sentinel lymphadenectomy alone and in 20 of 117 patients (17.1%) who underwent sentinel lymphadenectomy combined with axillary dissection (P < 0.0001). Of 303 patients who underwent sentinel lymphadenectomy alone, 8 of 155 patients (5.1%) with tumors located in the upper outer quadrant and 1 of 148 patients (0.7%) with tumors in other locations developed lymphedema (P = 0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of developing lymphedema after undergoing sentinel lymphadenectomy was measurable but significantly lower than after undergoing axillary dissection. Tumor location in the upper outer quadrant and postoperative trauma and/or infection were identifiable risk factors for lymphedema.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, 2650 Ridge, Burch 106, Evanston, IL 60201, USA. sfsener@aol.com
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Sener
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Winchester
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Martz
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cavanaugh
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Winchester
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weigel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bonnefoi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morehead
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000209:etiology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012307:Risk Factors