title: Depression and anxiety in people with inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether depression or anxiety co-occurs with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD) more often than expected by chance, and, if so, whether the mental disorders generally precede or follow the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nested case-control studies using a database of linked hospital record abstracts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Southern England.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both depression and anxiety preceded UC significantly more often than would be predicted from the control population's experience. The associations were strongest when the mental conditions were diagnosed shortly before UC, although the association between depression and UC was also significant when depression preceded UC by five or more years. Neither depression nor anxiety occurred before CD more often than expected by chance. However, depression and anxiety were significantly more common after CD; the associations were strongest in the year after the initial record of CD. UC was followed by anxiety, but not by depression, more often than expected by chance and, again, the association was strongest within one year of diagnosis with UC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concentration of risk of depression or anxiety one year or less before diagnosis with UC suggests that the two psychiatric disorders might be a consequence of early symptoms of the as yet undiagnosed gastrointestinal condition. The data are also, however, compatible with the hypothesis that the psychiatric disorders could be aetiological factors in some patients with UC. Most of the excess anxiety or depression diagnosed subsequent to diagnosis of IBD occurs during the year after IBD is diagnosed and the probable explanation is that the mental disorders are sequelae of IBD.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Health-Care Epidemiology, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kurina
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Goldacre
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yeates
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000523:psychology*; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors