title: Planetary protection, legal ambiguity and the decision making process for Mars sample return.
abstract: As scientists and mission planners develop planetary protection requirements for future Mars sample return missions, they must recognize the socio-political context in which decisions about the mission will be made and pay careful attention to public concerns about potential back contamination of Earth.  To the extent that planetary protection questions are unresolved or unaddressed at the time of an actual mission, they offer convenient footholds for public challenges in both legal and decision making realms, over which NASA will have little direct control.  In this paper, two particular non-scientific areas of special concern are discussed in detail:  1) legal issues and 2) the decision making process.  Understanding these areas is critical for addressing legitimate public concerns as well as for fulfilling procedural requirements regardless whether sample return evokes public controversy.  Legal issues with the potential to complicate future missions include:  procedural review under National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA); uncertainty about institutional control and authority; conflicting regulations and overlapping jurisdictions; questions about international treaty obligations and large scale impacts; uncertanities about the nature of the organism; and constitutional and regulatory concerns about quarantine, public health and safety.  In light of these important legal issues, it is critical that NASA consider the role and timing of public involvement in the decision making process as a way of anticipating problem areas and preparing for legitimate public questions and challenges to sample return missions.
authors.affiliation: College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Race
mesh_terms: D003264:Containment of Biohazards / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D018534:Earth, Planet; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018559:Exobiology; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D006077:Government Agencies; D018535:Mars; D016083:Planets; D011640:Public Policy; D013026:Space Flight / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States; D018557:United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence