title: Creative arterial bypass grafting can be performed on the beating heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To demonstrate that compromise is unnecessary in either the design or performance of beating heart surgery, we report our experience, over 1 year, of total arterial revascularization where composite or creative grafting was utilized.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed 321 off-pump coronary artery bypass operations, of which, 290 (90%) were done with only arterial conduits. The mean number of distal anastomoses was 2.48, with a range of 1 to 5. There were no aortic anastomoses. One hundred eighty-nine patients (65%) were male, and 101 (35%) were female, with a mean age of 67 years. Comorbidities included chronic renal failure (CRF), 21 (7%); diabetes, 92 (32%); obesity, 68 (23%); hypertension, 212 (73%); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 189 (65%); cerebral vascular accident (CVA), 39 (13%); smoking, 164 (56%); and hypercholesterolemia, 151 (52%). The mean ejection fraction was 56%, with a range of 21% to 71%. All procedures were performed with external stabilizers with or without vacuum assist. The complete arterial revascularizations included a T-graft (internal thoracic [ITA]/radial arteries [RA]), 130 (45%); a sequential graft (ITA +/- RA), 118 (41%); a U-graft (coronary-coronary graft perfused by the ITA or right gastroepiploic artery), 5 (2%); an I-graft (ITA/RA), 4 (1%); an X-graft (ITA/RA), 2 (12); and a Y-graft (ITA/RA), 31 (10%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The postoperative incidence of atrial fibrillation was 80 of 290 (27%); CVA, 5 of 290 (2%); bleeding resulting in take-back, 5 of 290 (2%); CRF, 8 of 290 (3%); deep sternal infection, 4 of 290 (1%); and readmission (30-day) for angina, 4 of 290 (1%). The observed perioperative (30-day) mortality was 9 of 290 (3.1%), with the STS predicted rate of 3.82%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience indicates that once the operating surgeon has learned to safely expose the lateral and inferior walls of the heart, the type of conduit and the method of revascularization should be no different than that used with cardiopulmonary bypass. However, we still recommend conventional methods of revascularization (on-pump with saphenous vein conduits) for the ischemic patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Jefferson Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. quigleyr@aehn2.einstein.edu
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Quigley
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: R Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Highbloom
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pym
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001158:Arteries / Q000637:transplantation; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D015996:Survival Rate