title: Evidence that zeaxanthin is not the photoreceptor for phototropism in maize coleoptiles.
abstract: The photoreceptor that mediates blue-light-induced phototropism in dark-grown seedlings of higher plants has not been identified, although the carotenoid zeaxanthin has recently been proposed as the putative chromophore.  In the experiments described in this paper, we analyzed phototropism and a blue-light-induced protein phosphorylation that has been genetically and physiologically implicated in phototropism in wild-type maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings and compared the results with those from seedlings that are either carotenoid deficient through a genetic lesion or have been chemically treated to block carotenoid biosynthesis.  The blue-light-dependent phototropism and phosphorylation responses of seedlings deficient in carotenoids are the same as those of seedlings containing normal levels of carotenoids.  These results and those in the literature make it unlikely that zeaxanthin or any other carotenoid is the chromophore of the blue-light photoreceptor for phototropism or the blue-light-induced phosphorylation related to phototropism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Warpeha
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Briggs
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D018548:Cotyledon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D003624:Darkness; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008027:Light; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D018524:Phototropism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D024341:Xanthophylls; D003313:Zea mays / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D011724:Pyridazines; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; C008677:norflurazone