title: Protein kinase C isoforms involved in the transcriptional activation of cyclin D1 by transforming Ha-Ras.
abstract: Transcriptional activation of the cyclin D1 by oncogenic Ras appears to be mediated by several pathways leading to the activation of multiple transcription factors which interact with distinct elements of the cyclin D1 promoter. The present investigations revealed that cyclin D1 induction by transforming Ha-Ras is MEK- and Rac-dependent and requires the PKC isotypes epsilon, lambda, and zeta, but not cPKC-alpha. This conclusion is based on observations indicating that cyclin D1 induction by transforming Ha-Ras was depressed in a dose-dependent manner by PD98059, a selective inhibitor of the mitogen-activated kinase kinase MEK-1, demonstrating that Ha-Ras employs extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) for signal transmission to the cyclin D1 promoter. Evidence is presented that PKC isotypes epsilon and zeta, but not lambda are required for the Ras-mediated activation of ERKs. Expression of kinase-defective, dominant negative (DN) mutants of nPKC-epsilon or aPKC-zeta inhibit ERK activation by constitutively active Raf-1. Phosphorylation within the TEY motif and subsequent activation of ERKs by constitutively active MEK-1 was significantly inhibited by DN aPKC-zeta, indicating that aPKC-zeta functions downstream of MEK-1 in the pathway leading to cyclin D1 induction. In contrast, TEY phosphorylation induced by constitutively active MEK-1 was not effected by nPKC-epsilon, suggesting another position for this kinase within the cascade investigated. Transformation by oncogenic Ras requires activation of several Ras effector pathways which may be PKC-dependent and converge on the cyclin D1 promoter. Therefore, we investigated a role for PKC isotypes in the Ras-Rac-mediated transcriptional regulation of cyclin D1. We have been able to reveal that cyclin D1 induction by oncogenic Ha-Ras is Rac-dependent and requires the PKC isotypes epsilon, lambda, and zeta, but not cPKC-alpha. Evidence is presented that aPKC-lambda acts upstream of Rac, between Ras and Rac, whereas the PKC isotypes epsilon and zeta act downstream of Rac and are required for the activation of ERKs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kampfer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Windegger
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hochholdinger
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pestell
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baier
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Grunicke
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Uberall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D051379:Mice; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection; D000099293:Protein Kinase C-lambda; D000099221:Protein Kinase C zeta
chemical_list: D019938:Cyclin D1; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008156:Luciferases; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D000099293:Protein Kinase C-lambda; D000099221:Protein Kinase C zeta; C497256:Prkce protein, mouse; C496628:PRKCA protein, human; C497255:PRKCE protein, human; C496630:Prkca protein, mouse; C482125:MAP2K1 protein, human; C482127:Map2k1 protein, mouse; C501009:HRAS protein, human; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one