title: Rac affects invasion of human renal cell carcinomas by up-regulating tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 expression.
abstract: Rho-like GTPases, including Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA, regulate distinct actin cytoskeleton changes required for adhesion, migration, and invasion of cells. Tiam1 specifically activates Rac, and earlier studies have demonstrated that Tiam1-Rac signaling affects migration and invasion in a cell type- and cell substrate-specific manner. In the present study, we examined the role of Tiam1-Rac signaling in migration and invasion of human renal cell carcinomas. Stable overexpression of Tiam1 or constitutively active V12-Rac1 in a human renal cell carcinoma cell line (clearCa-28) strongly inhibited cell migration by promoting E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Blocking E-cadherin-mediated adhesion by E-cadherin-specific HAV peptides allowed cells to migrate, but was not sufficient to antagonize Tiam1- and V12-Rac1-induced inhibition of Matrigel invasion, suggesting that Rac may influence invasion also through other mechanisms. Indeed, Tiam1-mediated Rac activation induced transcriptional up-regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and post-transcriptional up-regulation of TIMP-2, whereas secretion and activity levels of their counterparts, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase-2, respectively, were not affected. Application of recombinant TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 proteins significantly inhibited invasion of mock-transfected clearCa-28 cells, supporting a role of TIMPs in Rac-mediated inhibition of invasion. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that increased Rac signaling may inhibit invasion of epithelial tumor cells by up-regulation of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany. engers@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Engers
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Michiels
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Collard
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gabbert
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002465:Cell Movement; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011506:Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D000075684:T-Lymphoma Invasion and Metastasis-inducing Protein 1; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D011506:Proteins; D000075684:T-Lymphoma Invasion and Metastasis-inducing Protein 1; C087334:TIAM1 protein, human; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins