title: Gibberellins and gravitropism in maize shoots: endogenous gibberellin-like substances and movement and metabolism of [3H]Gibberellin A20.
abstract: [3H]Gibberellin A20 (GA20) of high specific radioactivity (49.9 gigabecquerel per millimole) was applied equilaterally in a ring of microdrops to the internodal pulvinus of shoots of 3-week-old gravistimulated and vertical normal maize (Zea mays L.), and to a pleiogravitropic (prostrate) maize mutant, lazy (la).  All plants converted the [3H]GA20 to [3H]GA1- and [3H]GA29-like metabolites as well as to several metabolites with the partitioning and chromatographic behavior of glucosyl conjugates of [3H]GA1, [3H]GA29, and [3H]GA8.  The tentative identification of these putative [3H]GA glucosyl conjugates was further supported by the release of the free [3H]GA moiety after cleavage with cellulase.  Within 12 hours of the [3H]GA20 feed, there was a significantly higher proportion of total radioactivity in lower than in upper halves of internode and leaf sheath pulvini in gravistimulated normal maize.  Further, there was a significantly higher proportion of putative free GA metabolites of [3H]GA20, especially [3H]GA1, in the lower halves of normal maize relative to upper halves.  The differential localization of the metabolites between upper and lower halves was not apparent in the pleiogravitropic mutant, la.  Endogenous GA-like substances were also examined in gravistimulated maize shoots.  Forty-eight hours after gravistimulation of 3-week-old maize seedlings, endogenous free GA-like substances in upper and lower leaf sheath and internode pulvini halves were extracted, chromatographed, and bioassayed using the "Tanginbozu" dwarf rice microdrop assay.  Lower halves contained consistently higher total levels of GA-like activity.  The qualitative elution profile of GA-like substances differed consistently, upper halves containing principally a GA20-like substance and lower halves containing principally a GA20-like substance and lower halves containing mainly GA1-like and GA19-like substances.  Gibberellins A1 (10 nanograms per gram) and A20 (5 nanograms per gram) were identified from these lower leaf sheath pulvini by capillary gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring.  Results from all of these experiments are consistent with a role for GAs in the differential shoot growth that follows gravitropism, although the results do not eliminate the possibility that the redistribution of GAs results from the gravitropic response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Rood
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Pharis
mesh_terms: D005875:Gibberellins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006112:Gravitation; D018522:Gravitropism / Q000502:physiology*; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005875:Gibberellins; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010940:Plant Proteins