title: Evaluation of light emitting diode characteristics for a space-based plant irradiation source.
abstract: Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are a promising irradiation source for plant growth in space.  Improved semiconductor technology has yielded LED devices fabricated with gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) chips which have a high efficiency for converting electrical energy to photosynthetically active radiation.  Specific GaAlAs LEDs are available that emit radiation with a peak wavelength near the spectral peak of maximum quantum action for photosynthesis.  The electrical conversion efficiency of installed systems (micromole s-1 of photosynthetic photons per watt) of high output LEDs can be within 10% of that for high pressure sodium lamps.  Output of individual LEDs were found to vary by as much as 55% from the average of the lot.  LED ratings, in mcd (luminous intensity per solid angle), were found to be proportional to total photon output only for devices with the same dispersion angle and spectral peak.  Increasing current through the LED increased output but also increased temperature with a consequent decrease in electrical conversion efficiency.  A photosynthetic photon flux as high as 900 micromoles m-2 s-1 has been produced on surfaces using arrays with LEDs mounted 7.6 mm apart, operating as a current of 50 mA device-1 and at an installed density of approximately 17,200 lamps m-2 of irradiated area.  Advantages of LEDs over other electric light sources for use in space systems include long life, minimal mass and volume and being a solid state device.
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Barta
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Tibbitts
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bula
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Morrow
mesh_terms: D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D008027:Light; D008029:Lighting / Q000379:methods*; D017785:Photons; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000528:radiation effects; D063245:Plant Development; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D010944:Plants / Q000528:radiation effects; D012666:Semiconductors; D013026:Space Flight / Q000295:instrumentation*