title: Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children after the fontan operation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies of patients after the Fontan operation have reported IQ scores lower than population norms. In the past decade, changes have occurred both in surgical methods used and in the patient population undergoing Fontan palliation. The present study examined the impact of these changes on neurodevelopmental outcomes after Fontan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neuropsychological tests were administered to 27 five-year-old children after Fontan. Mean age at repair was 2 years 4 months. The present sample was compared with an earlier Fontan group (EFG) of 133 patients who underwent surgery in the 1970s and 1980s. Mean age at repair for the EFG was 7 years 3 months. Compared with EFG, the present study sample was younger at Fontan (P=0.0001) and more likely to have undergone a Norwood procedure (P=0.02), a pre-Fontan bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis (P<0.001), and Fontan fenestration (P=0.001). Although mean full-scale, verbal, and performance IQ scores were within 1 SD (15 points) of the population mean of 100 (93+/-16, 95+/-15, and 91+/-17, respectively), mean full-scale and performance IQ scores were significantly lower than this population mean (P=0.03 and P=0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with a historical cohort of Fontan patients from this institution, a staged approach to Fontan earlier in life is not detrimental to neurodevelopmental outcome. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children after Fontan are in the normal range, but performance remains lower than the general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Forbess
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Visconti
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Bellinger
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jonas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013995:Time; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014888:Wechsler Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data