title: Distribution of inorganic species in two Antarctic cryptoendolithic microbial communities.
abstract: Chemical differences were noted between two Antarctic cryptoendolithic (hidden within rock) microenvironments colonized by different microbial communities.  Microenvironments dominated by cyanobacteria (BPC) had a higher pH (pH 7-8) than those dominated by lichen (LTL) (pH 4.5-5.5).  In order to understand the interactions between the microbiota and the inorganic environment, the inorganic environment was characterized.  Water-soluble, carbonate-bound, metal-oxide, organically bound, and residual inorganic species were sequentially extracted from rock samples by chemical means.  Each fraction was then quantified using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.  BPC contained much more water-soluble and carbonate-bound Ca and Mg than LTL.  Metal-oxide species of Al, Fe, and Mn were more abundant in LTL than BPC.  Metal oxides appeared to be mobilized (in the order Mn > Fe > Al) from the LTL lichen zone but remained immobile in BPC sandstone.  The distribution of K and P bound to metal oxide reflected the distribution of iron oxide in LTL, an indication of the importance of iron in controlling the availability of nutrients in this ecosystem.  Metal oxides in turn were likely controlled or influenced by organic matter associated with the lichen community.  Despite overall depletion of Fe, Al, and K in the lichen zone, SEM X-ray analysis showed that they were enriched  in fungal hyphae.  Water-soluble P was present despite the presence of metal oxides, which sequester phosphate.  This has biological relevance since P is an essential nutrient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0006, USA.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Vestal
mesh_terms: D000864:Antarctic Regions; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002621:Chemistry; D003081:Cold Climate; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000737:chemistry*; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D055593:Geological Phenomena; D005844:Geology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis; D008011:Lichens / Q000737:chemistry*; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D007501:Iron