title: Changes in gravity influence rat postnatal motor system development:  from simulation to space flight.
abstract: Our research examines the role of the environment in postnatal nervous system development. Recently we have been studying the effects of changes in gravity on the motor system of rats from postnatal day (P) 2 to 31 using kinematic analysis of swimming, walking, and righting reflexes. Using the tail suspension model of weightlessness we identified sensitive and critical periods of motor system development corresponding to the time during which a motor skill is first achieved. Motor performance in suspended animals was marked by slow swimming, walking, and air-righting, all of which were characterized by hindlimb extension. (Walton et al, Neurosci. 52,763,1992). The critical periods identified in these studies contributed to determining the age of animals for a small payload, NIH.R3. This 9-day mission (STS-72) included 2 litters at P5, P7, or P15 at launch. The P7-16 and P15-24 groups were studied post-flight. On the landing day (R+0) surface righting, swimming and walking were slower in flight compared to control animals. Differences were more marked in the younger animals and the hindlimbs were more affected than the forelimbs with marked, prolonged extension of, at least, the ankle joint angle. Readaptation to 1G was slower in the P7-16 group with righting reflexes adapting first, walking last. We have shown that gravity is an important factor in postnatal nervous system development and that its affect depends on the age of the animal, duration of the perturbation, and the motor function studied.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics, NYU Medical Center 10016, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heffernan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sulica
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benavides
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D019417:Hindlimb Suspension / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D013026:Space Flight; D013550:Swimming; D016138:Walking; D014893:Weightlessness / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation