title: Design and operation of an algal photobioreactor system.
abstract: A photobioreactor system has been designed, constructed, and implemented to achieve efficient oxygen production for a closed ecological life support system (CELSS).  The special features of this system are the optical transmission system, uniform light distribution, continuous cycling of cells, gravity-independent gas exchange, and an ultrafiltration unit.  The fiber optic based optical transmission system illuminates the reactor internally and includes a light source which is external to the reactor, preventing heat generation problems.  Uniform light distribution is achieved throughout the reactor without interfering with the turbulent regime inside.  The ultrafiltration unit exchanges spent with fresh media and its use results in very high cell densities, up to 10(9) cells/ml for Chlorella vulgaris.  The prototype photobioreactor system was operated in a batch and continuous mode for over two months.  The oxygen production rate measured at 4-6 mmoles per liter of the culture per hour under continuous operation, is consistent with the expected performance of the unit for the provided light intensity.
authors.affiliation: The University of Michigan, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ann Arbor 48109-2136, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Javanmardian
authors.lastname: Palsson BøO
mesh_terms: D001709:Biotechnology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002708:Chlorella / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D004867:Equipment Design; D008021:Life Support Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008027:Light; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D013026:Space Flight; D014893:Weightlessness
chemical_list: D002734:Chlorophyll; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen