title: Ecology and life history of an amoebomastigote, Paratetramitus jugosus, from a microbial mat:  new evidence for multiple fission.
abstract: Five microbial habitats (gypsum crust, gypsum photosynthetic community, Microcoleus mat, Thiocapsa scum, and black mud) were sampled for the presence of the euryhaline, rapidly growing amoebomastigote, Paratetramitus jugosus.  Field investigations of microbial mats from Baja California Norte, Mexico, and Salina Bido near Matanzas, Cuba, reveal that P. jugosus is most frequently found in the Thiocapsa layer of microbial mats.  Various stages of the life history were studied using phase-contrast, differential-interference, and transmission electron microscopy.  Mastigote stages were induced and studied by electron microscopy; mastigotes that actively feed on bacteria bear two or more undulipodia.  A three-dimensional drawing of the kinetid ("basal apparatus") based on electron micrographs is presented.  Although promitoses were occasionally observed, it is unlikely that they can account for the rapid growth of P. jugosus populations on culture media.  Dense, refractile, spherical, and irregular-shaped bodies were seen at all times in all cultures along with small mononucleate (approximately 2-7 micrometers diameter) amoebae.  Cytochemical studies employing two different fluorescent stains for DNA (DAPI, mithramycin) verified the presence of DNA in these small bodies. Chromatin-like material seen in electron micrographs within the cytoplasm and blebbing off nuclei were interpreted to the chromatin bodies.  Our interpretation, consistent with the data but not proven, is that propagation by multiple fission of released chromatin bodies that become small amoebae may occur in Paratetramitus jugosus.  These observations are consistent with descriptions of amoeba propagules in the early literature (Hogue, 1914).
authors.affiliation: Boston University, Department of Biology, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Enzien
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: McKhann
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Margulis
mesh_terms: D000656:Amoeba / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D002843:Chromatin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000502:physiology*; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D008800:Mexico; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008938:Mitosis / Q000502:physiology*; D012100:Reproduction, Asexual / Q000502:physiology; D016847:Schizopyrenida / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D016054:DNA, Protozoan