title: Statolith formation in Cnidaria:  effects of cadmium on Aurelia statoliths.
abstract: Statolith formation in Cnidaria was reviewed with an emphasis on Aurelia statoliths.  The review provides information on the chemical composition, mechanisms of initiation of mineralization, and effects of environmental factors on Cnidarian statolith formation.  Environmental factors discussed included modified sea water ingredients, X-irradiation, clinostat rotation, and petroleum oil ingredients.  A detailed account of the effects of cadmium on mineralization and demineralization of Aurelia statoliths is given.  Cadmium at dosages of 2 to 4 micromoles significantly reduces statolith numbers in developing ephyrae.  At a dosage of 3 micromoles, cadmium accelerates statolith loss in unfed ephyrae studied at 4 and 8 days following ephyrae release from strobilae.  Cadmium, therefore, is shown to reduce statolith numbers in developing ephyrae and to cause greater reduction of statolith numbers in unfed ephyrae after 4 and 8 days than occurred in controls.  Supplementation of Cd(2+)-containing artificial sea water (ASW) with calcium (3X and 5X ASW calcium content) results in higher numbers of statoliths at day 4 as compared with cadmium-treated ephyrae.  At 8 days only the 5X calcium supplemented ASW is effective in enhancing statolith numbers in Cd(2+)-treated ephyrae.  These results suggest that cadmium competes in some manner with calcium at the mineralizing sites of Aurelia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk 23501, USA.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Spangenberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003063:Cnidaria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006112:Gravitation; D018466:Gravity Sensing / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010578:Petroleum / Q000009:adverse effects; D012399:Rotation; D037401:Scyphozoa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D012679:Sense Organs / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013431:Sulfates
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D010578:Petroleum; D013431:Sulfates; D002104:Cadmium; D002118:Calcium