title: Solar modulation and nuclear fragmentation effects in galactic cosmic ray transport through shielding.
abstract: Crews of manned interplanetary missions may accumulate significant radiation exposures from the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) environment in space.  Estimates of how these dose levels are affected by the assumed temporal and spatial variations in the composition of the GCR environment, and by the effects of the spacecraft and body self-shielding on the transported radiation fields are presented.  In this work, the physical processes through which shielding alters the transported radiation fields are described.  We then present estimates of the effects on model calculations of (1) nuclear fragmentation model uncertainties, (2) solar modulation, (3) variations between solar cycles, and (4) proposed changes to the quality factors which relate dose equivalent to absorbed dose.
authors.affiliation: NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681-0001, USA.
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Cucinotta
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Shinn
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Badhwar
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000528:radiation effects; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003359:Cosmic Radiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004601:Elementary Particles; D006801:Humans; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011874:Radiometry; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016082:Solar System; D013026:Space Flight; D018531:Spacecraft / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D000535:Aluminum