title: Effects of target fragmentation on evaluation of LET spectra from space radiations:  implications for space radiation protection studies.
abstract: We present calculations of linear energy transfer (LET) spectra in low earth orbit from galactic cosmic rays and trapped protons using the HZETRN/BRYNTRN computer code. The emphasis of our calculations is on the analysis of the effects of secondary nuclei produced through target fragmentation in the spacecraft shield or detectors. Recent improvements in the HZETRN/BRYNTRN radiation transport computer code are described. Calculations show that at large values of LET (> 100 keV/micrometer) the LET spectra seen in free space and low earth orbit (LEO) are dominated by target fragments and not the primary nuclei. Although the evaluation of microdosimetric spectra is not considered here, calculations of LET spectra support that the large lineal energy (y) events are dominated by the target fragments. Finally, we discuss the situation for interplanetary exposures to galactic cosmic rays and show that current radiation transport codes predict that in the region of high LET values the LET spectra at significant shield depths (> 10 g/cm2 of Al) is greatly modified by target fragments. These results suggest that studies of track structure and biological response of space radiation should place emphasis on short tracks of medium charge fragments produced in the human body by high energy protons and neutrons.
authors.affiliation: NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681-0001, USA.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Cucinotta
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Shinn
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Badavi
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Badhwar
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D019471:Elementary Particle Interactions; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D008433:Mathematics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009502:Neutrons; D011522:Protons; D011835:Radiation Protection; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D000535:Aluminum