title: Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The phylogeographic distribution of human mitochondrial DNA variations allows a genetic approach to the study of modern Homo sapiens dispersals throughout the world from a female perspective. As a new contribution to this study we have phylogenetically analysed complete mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) sequences from 42 human lineages, representing major clades with known geographic assignation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show the relative relationships among the 42 lineages and present more accurate temporal calibrations than have been previously possible to give new perspectives as how modern humans spread in the Old World.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The first detectable expansion occurred around 59,000-69,000 years ago from Africa, independently colonizing western Asia and India and, following this southern route, swiftly reaching east Asia. Within Africa, this expansion did not replace but mixed with older lineages detectable today only in Africa. Around 39,000-52,000 years ago, the western Asian branch spread radially, bringing Caucasians to North Africa and Europe, also reaching India, and expanding to north and east Asia. More recent migrations have entangled but not completely erased these primitive footprints of modern human expansions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, 38271, Spain. nmacame@ull.es
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maca-Meyer
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Larruga
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Cabrera
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005828:Genetics, Population; D015894:Genome, Human; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011157:Population Dynamics
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial