title: Monte Carlo track structure studies of energy deposition and calculation of initial DSB and RBE.
abstract: Estimation of exposure due to environmental and other sources of radiations of high-LET and low-LET is of interest in radiobiology and radiation protection for risk assessment.  To account for the differences in effectiveness of different types of radiations various parameters have been used.  However, the relative inadequacy of the commonly used parameters, including dose, fluence, linear energy transfer, lineal energy, specific energy and quality factor, has been made manifest by the biological importance of the microscopic track structure and primary modes of interaction.  Monte Carlo track structure simulations have been used to calculate the frequency of energy deposition by radiations of high- and low-LET in target sizes similar to DNA and higher order genomic structure.  Tracks of monoenergetic heavy ions and electrons were constructed by following the molecular interaction-by-interaction histories of the particles down to 10 eV.  Subsequently, geometrical models of these assumed biological targets were randomly exposed to the radiation tracks and the frequency of energy depositions obtained were normalized to unit dose in unit density liquid water (l0(3) kg m-3).  From these data and a more sophisticated model of the DNA, absolute yields of both single- and double-strand breaks expressed in number of breaks per dalton per Gray were obtained and compared with the measured yields.  The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for energy depositions in cylindrical targets has been calculated using 100 keV electrons as the reference radiation assuming the electron track-ends contribution is similar to that in 250 kV X-ray or Co60 gamma-ray irradiations.
authors.affiliation: MRC Radiobiology Unit, Didcot, U.K.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nikjoo
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Charlton
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Goodhead
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum; D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon; D004247:DNA / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004583:Electrons; D019471:Elementary Particle Interactions; D005609:Free Radicals; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009686:Nuclear Physics / Q000379:methods; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000528:radiation effects; D017785:Photons; D011853:Radiobiology; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D009707:Nucleosomes; D002244:Carbon; D004247:DNA; D000535:Aluminum; D014025:Titanium