title: Biochemical and structural evidence for pig myocardium adherens junction disruption by cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given that cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with edema and heart dysfunction and that adherens junctions may regulate vascular permeability barrier integrity and cardiomyocyte function, we investigated adherens junction protein steady-state levels in a pig model of CPB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pigs were subjected to normothermic CPB for 90 minutes, followed by post-CPB perfusion for 90 minutes. Atrial and ventricular myocardium tissue samples were harvested before institution of bypass (basal levels) and at the end of post-CPB perfusion. Adherens junctions were analyzed by either total lysate or cadherin immunoprecipitates that were immunoblotted for pan-cadherin, VE-cadherin, beta-catenin, and gamma-catenin. Adherens junction solubility was addressed with Triton X-100 extraction. Frozen tissue sections were labeled with the same antibodies, and adherens junctions were visualized by confocal microscopy. Immunoblotting of total lysates revealed an increase in smaller-molecular-weight fragments of VE-cadherin, beta-catenin, and gamma -catenin after post-CPB perfusion, indicating partial protein degradation. Smaller-molecular-weight fragments recognized by VE-cadherin and beta-catenin antibodies were also obtained from VE-cadherin immunoprecipitation, indicating degradation of endothelial cell adherens junctions. A prominent increase in adherens junction complex solubility was observed in post-CPB perfusion samples. Confocal microscopy of hearts obtained before CPB showed a continuous, homogeneous pattern of cell-cell labeling that contrasted with an irregular, discontinuous, punctuate, or zigzag pattern observed in post-CPB perfusion samples, corroborating biochemical data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that CPB is associated with signs of degradation of endothelial and cardiomyocytes adherens junctions, pointing to a molecular mechanism leading to increased vascular permeability and cardiomyocyte dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Sellke
mesh_terms: D022005:Adherens Junctions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051180:Desmoplakins; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D017830:Octoxynol / Q000737:chemistry; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000032:analysis; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D012508:Sarcolemma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012995:Solubility; D013552:Swine; D015534:Trans-Activators; D051176:beta Catenin; D051185:gamma Catenin; D000099152:Cadherin 5
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015820:Cadherins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D051180:Desmoplakins; D017830:Octoxynol; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D015534:Trans-Activators; D051176:beta Catenin; D051185:gamma Catenin; D000099152:Cadherin 5