title: The involvement of CD14 in the activation of human monocytes by peptidoglycan monomers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cell-wall components of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria induce the production of cytokines in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These cytokines are the main mediators of local or systemic inflammatory reaction that can contribute to the development of innate immunity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to analyze the involvement of CD14 molecule in the activation of human monocytes by peptidoglycan monomer (PGM) obtained by biosynthesis from culture fluid of penicillin-treated Brevibacterium divaricatum NRLL-2311.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytokine release of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha from human monocytes via soluble CD14 (sCD14) or membrane-associated (mCD14) receptor using anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody (MEM-18) or lipid A structure (compound 406) was measured in bioassays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated that PGM in the presence of human serum might induce the monokine release in a dose-dependent manner. The addition of sCD14 at physiologic concentrations enhanced the PGM-induced monokine release, while the monokine inducing capacity of PGM in the presence of sCD14 was inhibited by MEM-18. Effects of PGM were also blocked by glycolipid, compound 406, suggesting the involvement of binding structures similar to those for lipopolysaccharide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation of human monocytes by PGM involves both forms of CD14 molecule, sCD14 and mCD14.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Croatia. damirm@mamed.medri
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muhvić
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: El-Samalouti
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Flad
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Radosević-Stasić
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rukavina
mesh_terms: D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D001951:Brevibacterium / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000276:immunology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D010457:Peptidoglycan; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010457:Peptidoglycan; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; C032972:peptidoglycan pentapeptide-mDap3