title: Opioid blockade improves human recognition memory following physiological arousal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  States of heightened emotion and arousal, such as those that may occur during crimes or traumatic accidents, can impair human memory. Animal models suggest that such memory alterations may be mediated by opioid neuropeptides. In some experimental paradigms, opioid blockade reverses memory impairments related to arousal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study evaluated the hypothesis that, under conditions of heightened arousal, opioid blockade would enhance memory in human subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Memory for story information was evaluated among subjects randomized to one of four study groups (two orthogonal study conditions): (1) no arousal+no opioid blockade, (2) no arousal+opioid blockade, (3) arousal+no opioid blockade, and (4) arousal+opioid blockade. Both free recall and recognition memory were assessed. Opioid receptor blockade was achieved using a single oral dose of naltrexone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With heightened arousal, subjects receiving naltrexone performed better than those receiving placebo on tests of total and incidental recognition memory. In contrast, with emotionally neutral stimuli, naltrexone subjects performed worse than placebo subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that opioid peptides mediate alterations in specific aspects of human memory during heightened emotional states, and help to explain why memories may be selectively deficient under conditions of stress.
authors.affiliation: Carolina Psychological Health Services, Jacksonville, NC, USA.
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Katzen-Perez
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lincoln
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ellis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009271:Naltrexone