title: Kinetic analysis of binding between Shiga toxin and receptor glycolipid Gb3Cer by surface plasmon resonance.
abstract: Shiga toxin (Stx) binds to the receptor glycolipid Gb3Cer on the cell surface and is responsible for hemolytic uremic syndrome. Stx has two isoforms, Stx1 and Stx2, and in clinical settings Stx2 is known to cause more severe symptoms, although the differences between the mechanisms of action of Stx1 and Stx2 are as yet unknown. In this study, the binding modes of these two isoforms to the receptor were investigated with a surface plasmon resonance analyzer to compare differences by real time receptor binding analysis. A sensor chip having a lipophilically modified dextran matrix or quasicrystalline hydrophobic layer was used to immobilize an amphipathic lipid layer that mimics the plasma membrane surface. Dose responsiveness was observed with both isoforms when either the toxin concentration or the Gb3Cer concentration was increased. In addition, this assay was shown to be specific, because neither Stx1 nor Stx2 bound to GM3, but both bound weakly to Gb4Cer. It was also shown that a number of fitting models can be used to analyze the sensorgrams obtained with different concentrations of the toxins, and the "bivalent analyte" model was found to best fit the interaction between Stxs and Gb3Cer. This shows that the interaction between Stxs and Gb3Cer in the lipid bilayer has a multivalent effect. The presence of cholesterol in the lipid bilayer significantly enhanced the binding of Stxs to Gb3Cer, although kinetics were unaffected. The association and dissociation rate constants of Stx1 were larger than those of Stx2: Stx2 binds to the receptor more slowly than Stx1 but, once bound, is difficult to dissociate. The data described herein clearly demonstrate differences between the binding properties of Stx1 and Stx2 and may facilitate understanding of the differences in clinical manifestations caused by these toxins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, National Children's Medical Research Center, 3-35-31, Taishido, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kiyokawa
authors.forename: Y U
authors.initials: YU
authors.lastname: Katagiri
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sekino
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mimori
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ebata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001665:Binding Sites; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D003911:Dextrans / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D007700:Kinetics; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008081:Liposomes / Q000378:metabolism; D008956:Models, Chemical; D011485:Protein Binding; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D022621:Shiga Toxin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance; D013997:Time Factors; D014281:Trihexosylceramides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D003911:Dextrans; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D008055:Lipids; D008081:Liposomes; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D014281:Trihexosylceramides; C018549:globotriaosylceramide; D022621:Shiga Toxin; D002784:Cholesterol; C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli