title: Contribution of secondaries to the radiation environment on space missions.
abstract: Calculations to predict the radiation environment for spacecraft in low earth orbit sometimes ignore the contribution from secondary radiation products. However, the contribution of secondaries, particularly neutrons, on heavy spacecraft or in planetary bodies can be of concern for biological systems. The Shuttle Activation Monitor (SAM) and Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM) experiments provide valuable data on secondary (as well as primary) radiation effects. Comparisons have been made between induced activity from flight-exposed samples, induced activity in a ground-irradiated sample, and Monte Carlo-derived predictions with and without secondaries. These comparisons show that for a flight-exposed sample, predictions which omit the secondary contribution result in a spectrum that is too low by a factor of 2. The addition of the secondaries results in a predicted spectrum that closely matches the measured data.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Space Science and Technology, Gainesville, FL 32609, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haskins
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McKisson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Truscott
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flatman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Snead
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rothmann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Camp
mesh_terms: D001729:Bismuth; D005857:Germanium; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009502:Neutrons; D011522:Protons; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011835:Radiation Protection; D013026:Space Flight / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D005857:Germanium; C042364:bismuth germanium oxide; D001729:Bismuth