title: Development of countermeasures for medical problems encountered in space flight.
abstract: By the turn of this century, long-duration space missions, either in low Earth orbit or for got early planetary missions, will become commonplace.  From the physiological standpoint, exposure to the weightless environment results in changes in body function, some of which are adaptive in nature and some of which can be life threatening.  Important issues such as environmental health, radiation protection, physical deconditioning, and bone and muscle loss are of concern to life scientists and mission designers.  Physical conditioning techniques such as exercise are not sufficient to protect future space travellers.  A review of past experience with piloted missions has shown that gradual breakdown in bone and muscle tissue, together with fluid losses, despite a vigorous exercise regimen can ultimately lead to increased evidence of renal stones, musculoskeletal injuries, and bone fractures.  Biological effects of radiation can, over long periods of time increase the risk of cancer development.  Today, a vigorous program of study on the means to provide a complex exercise regimen to the antigravity muscles and skeleton is under study.  Additional evaluation of artificial gravity as a mechanism to counteract bone and muscle deconditioning and cardiovascular asthenia is under study.  New radiation methods are being developed.  This paper will deal with the results of these studies.
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Nicogossian
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rummel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leveton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Teeter
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D013026:Space Flight / Q000639:trends*; D014586:USSR; D014481:United States; D018557:United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration; D014893:Weightlessness / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018544:Weightlessness Countermeasures