title: Biofilms and the survival of opportunistic pathogens in recycled water.
abstract: Microorganisms are likely to develop an organic film on pipes, water reservoirs and filters used for waste water reclamation during extended missions in space.  These biofilms can serve to protect and concentrate potentially pathogenic microorganisms.  Our investigation has emphasized the survival strategy of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria in distilled water.  Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were used as test organisms.  Cultures were incubated at 10 degrees, 25 degrees, and 37 degrees C.  No viable Staphylococcus cells were detected after the first week of incubation.  P. aeruginosa, however, survived in distilled water up to 5 months at all three temperatures tested.  The starved cells were able to form a biofilm layer on stainless steel.  The cells exhibited a negative surface charge.  The charge may be involved in the adhesion of this bacterium to metal substrata.  We are currently investigating the importance of adhesion in the survival of this and other potential human pathogens found in water recycling systems.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Maki
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000502:physiology*; D013026:Space Flight; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature; D018505:Waste Management; D014871:Water Microbiology