title: Pharmacological studies of prepulse inhibition models of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia: a decade in review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with schizophrenia exhibit deficits in an operational measure of sensorimotor gating: prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle. Similar deficits in PPI are produced in rats by pharmacological or developmental manipulations. These experimentally induced PPI deficits in rats are clearly not animal models of schizophrenia per se, but appear to provide models of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia patients that have face, predictive, and construct validity. In rodents, disruptions in PPI of startle are produced by: stimulation of D2 dopamine (DA) receptors, produced by amphetamine or apomorphine; activation of serotonergic systems, produced by serotonin (5-HT) releasers or direct agonists at multiple serotonin receptors; and blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, produced by drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP). Accordingly, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic models of disrupted PPI have evolved and have been applied to the identification of potential antipsychotic treatments. In addition, some developmental manipulations, such as isolation rearing, have provided non-pharmacological animal models of the PPI deficits seen in schizophrenia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review summarizes and evaluates studies assessing the effects of systemic drug administrations on PPI in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies examining systemic drug effects on PPI in rats prior to January 15, 2001 were compiled and organized into six annotated appendices. Based on this catalog of studies, the specific advantages and disadvantages of each of the four main PPI models used in the study of antipsychotic drugs were critically evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite some notable inconsistencies, the literature provides strong support for significant disruptions in PPI in rats produced by DA agonists, 5-HT2 agonists, NMDA antagonists, and isolation rearing. Each of these models exhibits sensitivity to at least some antipsychotic medications. While the PPI model based on the effects of direct DA agonists is the most well-validated for the identification of known antipsychotics, the isolation rearing model also appears to be sensitive to both typical and atypical antipsychotics. The 5-HT PPI model is less generally sensitive to antipsychotic medications, but can provide insight into the contribution of serotonergic systems to the actions of newer antipsychotics that act upon multiple receptors. The deficits in PPI produced by NMDA antagonists appear to be more sensitive to clozapine-like atypical antipsychotics than to typical antipsychotics. Hence, despite some exceptions to this generalization, the NMDA PPI model might aid in the identification of novel or atypical antipsychotic medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies of drug effects on PPI in rats have generated four distinctive models that have utility in the identification of antipsychotic medications. Because each of these models has specific advantages and disadvantages, the choice of model to be used depends upon the question being addressed. This review should help to guide such decisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0804, USA. mgeyer@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krebs-Thomson
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Braff
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Swerdlow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology