title: Proton stopping cross sections of liquid water.
abstract: The proton stopping cross section of liquid water for the energy range from 40 keV to 10 MeV is calculated by applying the modified local-plasma model and employing a simple model of liquid water.  The calculated stopping cross section of liquid water is about 5.6% to 14% lower than the calculated vapor-state results for the range of 80 to 500 keV and is about 8.5% to 13.4% lower than measured vapor-state results.  The present results agree well with the measurements for ice crystals.  The mechanism of this physical-state effect is also presented.
authors.affiliation: Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23508, USA.
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Khandelwal
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D004583:Electrons; D007053:Ice; D008956:Models, Chemical; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011522:Protons; D011835:Radiation Protection; D014835:Volatilization; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007053:Ice; D011522:Protons; D014867:Water