title: The effects of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia on cerebral blood flow and oxygenation observed using nuclear magnetic resonance perfusion imaging and electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry.
abstract: Ketamine-xylazine is a commonly used anesthetic for laboratory rats. Previous results showed that rats anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine can have a much lower cerebral partial pressure of oxygen (P(t)O(2)), compared to unanesthetized and isoflurane anesthetized rats. The underlying mechanisms for the P(t)O(2) reduction need to be elucidated. In this study, we measured regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) perfusion imaging and cortical P(t)O(2) using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry in the forebrain of rats under isoflurane, ketamine, ketamine-xylazine and isoflurane-xylazine anesthesia. The results show that in ventilated rats ketamine at a dose of 50 mg/kg does not induce significant changes in CBF, compared to isoflurane. Ketamine-xylazine in combination causes 25-65% reductions in forebrain CBF in a region-dependent manner. Adding xylazine to isoflurane anesthesia results in similar regional reductions in CBF. EPR oximetry measurements show ketamine increases cortical P(t)O(2) while xylazine decreases cortical P(t)O(2). The xylazine induced reduction in CBF could explain the reduced brain oxygenation observed in ketamine-xylazine anesthetized rats.
authors.affiliation: NMR Research Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Grinberg
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Nwaigwe
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Swartz
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dunn
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004347:Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014991:Xylazine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine; D007530:Isoflurane; D010100:Oxygen