title: Roles of water molecules in bacteria and viruses.
abstract: In addition to water, microbes mainly comprise lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids. Their structure and function singularly and conjointly is affected by water activity. Dessication leads to dramatic lipid phase changes whereas carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids initially suffer spontaneous, reversible low activation energy Maillard reactions forming products that more slowly re-arrange, cross-link etc. to give non-native states. While initial products spontaneously may reverse to native states by raising water activity, later products only do so through energy consumption and enzymatic activity eg. repair. Yet, native states of lipid membranes and associated enzymes are required to generate energy. Consequently, good reserves of high energy compounds (e.g. ATP) and of membrane stabilisers (e.g. trehalose) may be expected to enhance survival following drying and rehydration (e.g. anhydrobiotic organisms).
authors.affiliation: Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment, Salisbury, UK.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry; D003890:Desiccation; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008566:Membranes / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D014780:Viruses; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D009696:Nucleic Acids; D010743:Phospholipids; D011506:Proteins; D014867:Water