title: Using artificial evolution and selection to model insect navigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An animal's behavioral strategies are often constrained by its evolutionary history and the resources available to it. Artificial evolution allows one to manipulate such constraints and explore how they influence evolved strategies. Here we compare the navigational strategies of flying insects with those of artificially evolved "animats" endowed with various motor architectures. Using evolutionary algorithms, we generated artificial neural networks that controlled a virtual animat's navigation within a 2D, simulated world. Like a flying insect, the animat possessed motors that generated thrust and torque, a compass, and visual sensors. Some animats were limited to forward motion, while others could also move sideways. Animats were selected for the precision with which they reached a target specified by a visual landmark.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animats given sideways motors could alter flight direction without changing body orientation and evolved strategies similar to those of flying bees or wasps performing the same task. Both animats and insects first aimed at the landmark. In the last phase, both adopted a fixed body orientation and adjusted their position to keep the landmark at a fixed retinal location. Animats unable to uncouple flight direction and body orientation evolved subtly different strategies and performed less robustly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This convergence between the navigational strategies of animals and animats suggests that the insect's strategies are primarily an adaptation to the demands of using visual information and compass direction to reach a position in space and that they are not significantly compromised by the insect's evolutionary history.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, BN1 9QG, Brighton, United Kingdom. kyrand@cogs.sussex.ac.uk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Collett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D014863:Wasps / Q000502:physiology*