title: Metabolism of the phosphonate herbicide glyphosate by a non-nitrate-utilizing strain of Penicillium chrysogenum.
abstract: A Penicillium chrysogenum strain was isolated for its ability to grow in minimal medium containing the herbicide glyphosate as the only nitrogen source. The presence of concentrations up to 25 mM progressively stimulated the fungal growth rate, which was negligible in media lacking reduced nitrogen. However, glyphosate utilization never exceeded 1 mmol g-1 mycelial dry mass, and below a threshold concentration both herbicide uptake and fungal growth were subject to a lag phase, suggesting that the herbicide may enter the cell by either simple passive diffusion or inducible carriers. Amino acids, possible products of glyphosate breakdown, as well as ammonia, were found to replace the herbicide in restoring mycelial growth. Cells were devoid of detectable nitrate reductase activity, thus the isolate seems to be impaired in its ability to convert nitrate to ammonium. In vitro activity of 5-enol-pyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase, the target site of glyphosate action, was highly sensitive to the herbicide. Fungal growth rate was considerably lower when the herbicide was also the only phosphorus source, whereas glyphosate utilization was substantially unaffected, suggesting an unusual route for its degradation. Herbicide metabolism was strongly reduced when other sources of organic nitrogen were made available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klimek
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lejczak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kafarski
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forlani
mesh_terms: D051229:3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D025282:Mycelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D050901:Nitrate Reductase; D009565:Nitrate Reductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D010408:Penicillium chrysogenum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D017553:Phosphorus Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D051229:3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; D000596:Amino Acids; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D050901:Nitrate Reductase; D009565:Nitrate Reductases; D009566:Nitrates; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds; D017553:Phosphorus Compounds; D000097797:Glyphosate