title: Planetary protection considerations for MarsNet and Mars sample return missions.
abstract: The ESA MarsNet mission proposal consists most probably of a trio of Mars landers.  These landers each contain a variety of scientific equipment.  The network of stations demands for a definition of its planetary protection requirements.  With respect to the MarsNet mission only forward contamination problems will be considered.  Future involvement of European efforts in planetary exploration including sample returns will also raise the problem of back contamination.  A tradeoff study for the overall scientific benefit with respect to the approximative cost is necessary.  Planetary protection guide-lines will be proposed by an interdisciplinary and international board of experts working in the fields of both biology and planetary science.  These guide-lines will have to be flexible in order to be modified with respect to new research results, e.g. on adaptation of microorganisms to extreme (space) conditions.  Experiments on the survival of microorganisms at conditions of simulated Mars surface and subsurface will have to be conducted in order to obtain a baseline data collection as a reference standard for future guide-lines.
authors.affiliation: DLR, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Biophysics Division, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Horneck
mesh_terms: D003264:Containment of Biohazards; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D018559:Exobiology; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D018535:Mars; D013026:Space Flight / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D018561:Space Simulation; D018531:Spacecraft / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods