title: Symptom indexes to assess outcomes of treatment for early prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients' perceptions of treatment outcomes are important in the management of early prostate cancer, but few studies have offered reliable and responsive measures to assess the likely side effects of the most common treatments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop indexes of urinary, bowel, and sexual function, and related distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study of the outcomes of treatment for early prostate cancer, with self-administered questionnaires completed before treatment, and 3 and 12 months afterward. Hypothesized indexes, based on a clinical model of pathophysiological side effects of treatment, were defined and evaluated with respect to reliability and validity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n = 184) undergoing radical prostatectomy or external beam radiotherapy for early prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinary and bowel items pertained to frequency or intensity of symptoms of dysfunction; parallel items assessed symptom-related distress. Sexual dysfunction items assessed the quality of erections, orgasm, and ejaculation; distress was assessed by 2 items adapted from the MOS Sexual Problems (MOS-SP) scale. HRQoL was assessed by the SF-36 and Profile of Mood States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptom and symptom-related distress indexes for urinary incontinence, urinary obstruction/irritation, bowel dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction were defined. Symptom and distress indexes in each domain were highly correlated. Responsiveness was substantial and varied by treatment in ways consistent with clinical experience. The indexes accounted for significant proportions of the variance in HRQoL measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These indexes may be used in monitoring outcomes of treatment for early prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Quality, Outcomes, and Economic Research, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA 01730, USA. jaclark@bu.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Talcott
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D011788:Quality of Life; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020377:Self Efficacy; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology