title: Frequency variations of discrete cranial traits in major human populations. IV. Vessel and nerve related variations.
abstract: This concludes a series of descriptive statistical reports on discrete cranial traits in 81 human populations from around the world. Four variants classified as vessel and nerve related characters were investigated: patent condylar canal, supraorbital foramen; accessory infraorbital foramen; and accessory mental foramen. A significant asymmetric occurrence without any side preference was detected for the accessory mental foramen. Significant intertrait associations were found between the accessory infraorbital and supraorbital foramina in the panPacific region and Subsaharan African samples. The intertrait associations between the accessory infraorbital foramen and some traits classified as hypostotic were found mainly in the samples from the western part of the Old World, and those as hyperostotic traits in the samples from eastern Asian and the related population samples. With a few exceptions. the occurrence of a patent condylar canal and a supraorbital foramen was predominant in females, but the accessory infraorbital and accessory mental foramina were predominant in males. The frequency distributions of the traits showed interregional clinality and intraregional discontinuity. A temporal trend was found in the Northeast Asian region in the frequencies of the accessory infraorbital and accessory mental foramina. The diversity of modern human discrete cranial traits may at least in part be attributable to differential retention or intensification from an ancestral pattern.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Saga Medical School, Japan. hanihara@post.saga-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hanihara
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishida
mesh_terms: D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000002:abnormalities; D002508:Cephalometry; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000294:innervation; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000002:abnormalities; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012886:Skull / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation*