title: Pest response in packed table grapes to low temperature storage combined with slow-release sulfur dioxide pads in basic and large-scale tests.
abstract: The effect of low temperature storage combined with slow release sulfur dioxide pads was determined in basic laboratory and large-scale commercial tests on western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande; grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn); Pacific spider mite, Tetranychus pacificus McGregor; twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch; and omnivorous leafroller, Platynota stultana Walshingham. Temperatures within the foam containers among the packed clusters decreased from ambient to 2 degrees C within approximately 1 d and ranged from 0.4 to 1.7 degrees C in all tests. Sulfur dioxide concentrations in the foam containers ranged between 0.2 and 1.6 ppm during the 1- to 6-wk storage period in basic tests and 0.5-1.1 ppm during the 1- to 8-wk storage period in the large-scale test. Western flower thrips was completely controlled by a > or =1-wk exposure. Grape mealybug mortality was > or =93% after 2-5 wk exposures and 100% after a 6-wk exposure in basic tests. Pacific spider mite and twospotted spider mite mortality was 98.0 and 99.6%, respectively, after a 6-wk exposure. Mortality of grape mealybug and twospotted spider mite increased significantly at > or =3-wk exposures and Pacific spider mite mortality increased significantly at > or =4-wk exposures. Mortality of the spider mites in general was directly related to the duration of exposure. An 8-wk exposure to low temperature storage combined with slow release sulfur dioxide pads in the large-scale test resulted in 100% mortality of western flower thrips, twospotted spider mite, and omnivorous leafroller. The treatment resulted in <8% survival of grape mealybug and <1% survival of Pacific spider mite in the large-scale test. The combination treatment offers an economical method to attain quarantine control of certain insects and mites.
authors.affiliation: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Fresno, CA 93727, USA.
authors.forename: V Y
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Crisosto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007313:Insecta; D008925:Mites; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D013696:Temperature; D013983:Tick Control / Q000379:methods*; D027843:Vitis
chemical_list: D013458:Sulfur Dioxide