title: Calf venous compliance measured with head-up tilt equals supine calf compliance.
abstract: Elevated calf compliance may contribute to orthostatic intolerance following space flight and bed rest.  Calf venous compliance is measured conventionally with venous occulusion plethysmography in supine subjects.  With this well-established technique, subjects undergo inflation of a pressure cuff around the thigh just above the knee, which increases calf venous pressure.  A plethysmograph simultaneously measures calf volume elevation.  Compliance equals calf volume elevation per mm Hg thigh occlusion (calf venous) pressure in relaxed legs of the supine subjects.  Compliance may also be measured during stepwise head-up tilt (HUT) as calf volume elevation per mm Hg gravitational venous pressure elevation produced by HUT.  However, during HUT on a tilt table with a footplate, calf muscles activate to counteract gravity:  this is an obvious and natural response to gravitational force.  Such muscle activation conceivably could reduce calf compliance, yet relatively little calf muscle activation occurs during HUT and orthostasis (<10% of maximal voluntary levels).  Also, this activation produces minimal calf volume change (<0.3%).  Therefore, we hypothesized that calf compliance measured with HUT equals that measured with supine venous occlusion.
authors.affiliation: NASA Ames Res. Ctr., Moffett Field, CA, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Watenpaugh
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Breit
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bernauer
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Blomqvist
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hargens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003187:Compliance; D005260:Female; D018475:Head-Down Tilt; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010991:Plethysmography; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D016683:Supine Position; D014690:Venous Pressure / Q000502:physiology*