title: Akt pathway activation converts anaplastic astrocytoma to glioblastoma multiforme in a human astrocyte model of glioma.
abstract: Human malignant gliomas are thought to develop as the result of stepwise accumulations of multiple genetic alterations. Recently, we showed that E6/E7-mediated inactivation of p53/pRb, ras pathway activation (initiated by expression of mutant H-Ras), and expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in combination converted normal human astrocytes into cells that formed intracranial tumors resembling human anaplastic astrocytoma (AA). In this study, we created human astrocytes that, in addition to expressing E6/E7, hTERT, and Ras, also expressed a constitutive activated form of Akt intended to mimic the Akt activation noted in grade IV glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Although these cells grew no differently than astrocytes expressing E6, E7, and H-Ras in vitro or in the first 28 days following s.c. implantation, they ultimately formed tumors four to six times larger than those formed by the E6/E7/hTERT/Ras cells. Unlike the poorly vascularized, necrosis-free AA formed by E6/E7/hTERT/Ras cells, the tumors formed by s.c. or intracranial injection of Akt-expressing cells had large areas of necrosis surrounded by neovascularization and were consistent in appearance with grade IV human GBM. These results show that activation of the Akt pathway is sufficient to allow conversion of human AA to human GBM.
authors.affiliation: Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94115, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sonoda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Aldape
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Deen
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Pieper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; C494920:Akt1 protein, rat; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt