title: Correlation between polyamines and pyrrolidine alkaloids in developing tobacco callus.
abstract: Since the diamine putrescine can be metabolized into the pyrrolidine ring of tobacco alkaloids as well as into the higher polyamines, we have investigated the quantitative relationship between putrescine and these metabolites in tobacco callus cultured in vitro.  We measured levels of free and conjugated putrescine and spermidine, and pyrrolidine alkaloids, as well as activities of the putrescine-biosynthetic enzymes arginine and ornithine decarboxylase. In callus grown on high (11.5 micromolar) alpha-naphthalene acetic acid, suboptimal for alkaloid biosynthesis, putrescine and spermidine conjugates were the main putrescine derivatives, while in callus grown on low (1.5 micromolar) alpha-naphthalene acetic acid, optimal for alkaloid formation, nornicotine and nicotine were the main putrescine derivatives.  During callus development, a significant negative correlation was found between levels of perchloric acid-soluble putrescine conjugates and pyrrolidine alkaloids.  The results suggest that bound putrescine can act as a pool for pyrrolidine alkaloid formation in systems where alkaloid biosynthesis is active.  In addition, changes in arginine decarboxylase activity corresponding to increased alkaloid levels suggest a role for this enzyme in the overall biosynthesis of pyrrolidine alkaloids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Tiburcio
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaur-Sawhney
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Ingersoll
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Galston
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D015317:Biogenic Polyamines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media; D009280:Naphthaleneacetic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D009538:Nicotine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D011700:Putrescine / Q000378:metabolism*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000378:metabolism; D013095:Spermidine / Q000378:metabolism; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D015317:Biogenic Polyamines; D003470:Culture Media; D009280:Naphthaleneacetic Acids; D011759:Pyrrolidines; C034182:1-naphthaleneacetic acid; D009538:Nicotine; C005311:nornicotine; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase; C019722:arginine decarboxylase; D013095:Spermidine; D011700:Putrescine