title: Effects of heavy ion radiation on the brain vascular system and embryonic development.
abstract: Using neonatal rats as a model system, we investigated the response of the brain vascular system to ionizing radiation and found that distinct petechial hemorrhages developed in the cerebral cortex within a few hours after irradiation, reached a maximum about 13 to 24 hours, and decreased exponentially with time.  No brain hemorrhage was found in neonatal rats 12 days after irradiation.  Our experimental results indicate that a dose of a few hundred rad of X rays can induce a significant number of hemorrhages in the brain, and the number of lesions increases exponentially with dose.  Heavy ions induce more hemorrhages than X rays for a given dose, and the RBE for 670 MeV/u neon particles ranges from about 2.0 for low doses to about 1.4 for high doses.  A histological study of the hemorrhages indicates that a large number of red blood cells leak from the blood vessels.  The radiation-induced hemorrhages may be a result of some capillary membrane damages or reproductive death of some blood vessel epithelial cells.  The fast onset of hemorrhage after irradiation suggest that some membrane damage may be involved.  The effect of heavy-ion radiation on the embryonic development was studied with energetic iron particles.  Pregnant mice were whole-body irradiated with 600 MeV/u iron particles on day 6 of gestation and were sacrificed 12 days after irradiation.  Various physical abnormalities were observed, and embryos irradiated with 1 rad iron particles showed retardation of body development.
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tobias
mesh_terms: D000016:Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids; D006569:Hesperidin; D007501:Iron; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D051379:Mice; D009356:Neon; D011247:Pregnancy; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D009356:Neon; D007501:Iron; D006569:Hesperidin; C013015:hesperetin