title: Robust and cost-effective capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry interfaces suitable for combination with on-line analyte preconcentration.
abstract: This paper describes several successful cost-effective attempts to couple capillary electrophoresis (CE) and mass spectrometry (MS) without make-up flow or nebulizing gas. An in-depth analysis of several interfaces using conductive spray tips was performed as well as an easy-to-prepare T-junction with direct electrode contact, the latter being the most robust interface. No coating is necessary and the spray voltage is applied through a gold wire positioned at the gap between the separation and spray capillaries. The T-junction interface is made by puncturing a small piece of transparent rubber. The on-line preconcentration CE-MS system allows immunoassay sensitivity, as is demonstrated by a calibration plot in the picomolar range for angiotensin II and gonadorelin. It also shows good reproducibility and has the ability of excellent automation. The secure electrical contact gives a constant spray quality, even with 100% aqueous separation buffers. The described setup has a wide applicability as is demonstrated by the analysis of larger peptides, such as insulin and cytochrome c. Detailed information is given on critical factors in the preparation of the described interfaces.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Waterval
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bestebreurtje
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lingeman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Versluis
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Heck
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bult
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Underberg
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001331:Automation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000032:analysis; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000032:analysis; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D007328:Insulin; D000804:Angiotensin II; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone