title: Urapidil does not prevent postanesthetic shivering: a dose-ranging study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of 0.2 mg x kg(-1), 0.3 mg x kg(-1) and 0.4 mg x kg(-1) urapidil on the incidence and severity of postanesthetic shivering.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty patients (ASA I-III) scheduled for elective abdominal, urologic or orthopedic surgery under standardized general anesthesia were randomly allocated to one of five groups (each group n=30) using a double-blind protocol: group A received 0.2 mg x kg(-1) urapidil, group B: 0.3 mg x kg(-1) urapidil, group C: 0.4 mg x kg(-1) urapidil, group D: 3 microg x kg(-1) clonidine (positive control group), and group E: saline 0.9% as placebo (negative control group). Postanesthetic shivering was scored using a five-point scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients of group A, 11 of group B, nine of group C, three of group D and 14 of group E showed signs of postanesthetic shivering. Postanesthetic shivering was significantly decreased in the clonidine group compared to the three urapidil groups and the placebo group. Significantly less patients treated with clonidine needed anti-shivering therapy. There were no significant differences between the urapidil and placebo groups. Therapeutic interventions for hemodynamic effects were not required in any group. Time to extubation, but not time to discharge, was prolonged in the clonidine group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urapidil showed no beneficial effect on shivering in any of the doses evaluated, whereas prophylactic administration of clonidine was effective in preventing postanesthetic shivering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany. wolfang_maleck@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Fent
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Röhm
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Maleck
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Suttner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boldt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012768:Shivering / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D010879:Piperazines; C015568:urapidil; D003000:Clonidine