title: Brine shrimp development in space:  ground-based data to shuttle flight results.
abstract: The brine shrimp, Artemia salina, has been used as a model system to assess microgravity effects on developing organisms.  Following fertilization and early development, the egg can arrest in early gastrula as a dehydrated cyst stage that is stable to harsh environments over long time periods.  When salt water is added, the cysts can reactivate, with embryonic development and egg hatching occurring in about 24 h.  A series of larval molts or instars, over about a 2 week period, results in the adult crustacean.  We have assessed these developmental events in a closed syringe system, a bioprocessing module, in ground-based studies, and have conducted preliminary in-orbit experiments aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis during the flights of STS-37 and STS-43.  Although the in-flight data are limited, spectacular degrees of development have been achieved.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-4901, USA.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Spooner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: DeBell
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Metcalf
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Guikema
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000254:growth & development*; D001709:Biotechnology; D004867:Equipment Design; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development*; D012107:Research Design; D013026:Space Flight / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014893:Weightlessness