title: Effect of hexylene glycol-altered microtubule distributions on cytokinesis and polar lobe formation in fertilized eggs of Ilyanassa obsoleta.
abstract: Some effects of gravity on early morphogenesis are correlated with microtubule locations within cells.  During first cleavage in Ilyanassa obsoleta embryos, a transitory polar lobe constriction forms and then relaxes, allowing the polar lobe to merge with one daughter cell. If the polar lobe is equally divided or removed, morphogenesis is severely disrupted.  To examine microtuble locations during early Ilyanassa development, eggs were fixed and stained for polymerized alpha-tubulin during first cleavage.  The mitotic apparatus assembles at the animal pole.  The cleavage furrow forms between the asters, constricting to a stabilized intercellular bridge encircling midbody-bound microtubules, whereas the polar lobe constriction forms below and parallel to the spindle, constricting to a transitory intercellular bridge encircling no detectable microtubules.  At metaphase an alpha-tubulin epitope is distributed throughout the spindle, whereas a beta-tubulin epitope is present predominantly in the asters.  Incubation in hexylene glycol, a drug that increases microtubule polymerization, during mitosis causes the polar lobe constriction to tighten around polymerized alpha-tubulin and remain stably constricted.  If hexylene glycol is removed, alpha-tubulin staining disappears from the polar lobe constriction, which relaxes, whereas microtubules remain in the cleavage furrow, which remains constricted.  These observations suggest that asymmetric distribution of microtubules affects early Ilyanassa cleavage patterns, and that continued presence of microtubules extending through an intercellular bridge is important for stabilization of the bridge constriction prior to completion of cytokinesis.  These data provide the basis for further analysis of the role of microtubules in possible microgravity disruptions of Ilyanassa development.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Conrad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology; D006018:Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008870:Microtubules / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008938:Mitosis / Q000502:physiology; D009024:Morphogenesis; D012908:Snails / Q000196:embryology*; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D015053:Zygote / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000939:Epitopes; D006018:Glycols; D014404:Tubulin; C011480:hexylene glycol