title: Effect of preoperative oral immune-enhancing nutritional supplement on patients at high risk of infection after cardiac surgery: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elderly patients and those with poor ventricular function have increased morbidity and mortality rates when undergoing surgery. We aimed to ascertain whether an oral immune-enhancing nutritional supplement could improve preoperative host defence, and subsequently lower postoperative infections and organ dysfunction in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery who are at high risk of infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we randomly assigned 50 patients who were scheduled to undergo coronary artery bypass to receive either an oral immune-enhancing nutritional supplement containing L-arginine, omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and yeast RNA (n=25), or a control (n=25) for a minimum of 5 days. Patients were included if they were aged 70 years or older, or had an ejection fraction of less than 0.4, or were scheduled to undergo mitral valve replacement. The main outcome was preoperative host defence (delayed-type hypersensitivity response to recall antigens, expression of HLA-DR epitopes on monocytes, and concentration of interleukin 6 in plasma). Analysis was per protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients (two in the treatment group) were excluded because they did not take the minimum dose. Preoperative expression of HLA-DR epitopes on monocytes was significantly higher in patients given the study treatment (109% [95% CI 92-128]) than those given the control (69% [58-82]) compared with baseline (100%) (p=0.02, repeated measures ANOVA). However, concentration of interleukin 6 was significantly lower in the treatment group (0.90 pg/L [0.69-1.18]) than in the control group (1.94 pg/L [1.45-2.59]) (p=0.032, repeated measures ANOVA). Additionally, delayed-type hypersensitivity response to recall antigens improved preoperatively and remained better until hospital discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intake of an oral immune-enhancing nutritional supplement for a minimum of 5 days before surgery can improve outlook in high-risk patients who are undergoing elective cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands. r.tepaske@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tepaske
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Velthuis
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Oudemans-van Straaten
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Heisterkamp
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: van Deventer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ince
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eÿsman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kesecioglu
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D015850:Interleukin-6; D003404:Creatinine