title: Transgenic white clover.  Studies with the auxin-responsive promoter, GH3, in root gravitropism and lateral root development.
abstract: We report improved method for white clover (Trifolium repens) transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. High efficiencies of transgenic plant production were achieved using cotyledons of imbibed mature seed. Transgenic plants were recovered routinely from over 50% of treated cotyledons. The bar gene and phosphinothricin selection was shown to be a more effective selection system than nptII (kanamycin selection) or aadA (spectinomycin selection). White clover was transformed with the soybean auxin responsive promoter, GH3, fused to the GUS gene  (beta-glucuronidase) to study the involvement of auxin in root development. Analysis of 12 independent transgenic plants showed that the location and pattern of GUS expression was consistent but the levels of expression varied. The level of GH3:GUS expression in untreated plants was enhanced specifically by auxin-treatment but the pattern of expression was not altered. Expression of the GH3:GUS fusion was not enhanced by other phytohormones. A consistent GUS expression pattern was evident in untreated plants presumably in response to endogenous auxin or to differences in auxin sensitivity in various clover tissues. In untreated plants, the pattern of GH3:GUS expression was consistent with physiological responses which are regarded as being auxin-mediated. For the first time it is shown that localised spots of GH3:GUS activity occurred in root cortical tissue opposite the sites where lateral roots subsequently were initiated. Newly formed lateral roots grew towards and through these islands of GH3:GUS expression, implying the importance of auxin in controlling lateral root development. Similarly, it is demonstrated for the first time that gravistimulated roots developed a rapid (within 1 h) induction of GH3:GUS activity in tissues on the non-elongating side of the responding root and this induction occurred concurrently with root curvature. These transgenic plants could be useful tools in determining the physiological and biochemical changes that occur during auxin-mediated responses.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mathesius
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Weinman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gartner
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Rolfe
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Djordjevic
mesh_terms: D016960:Agrobacterium tumefaciens; D000613:Aminobutyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002969:Clavulanic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D018548:Cotyledon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000235:genetics; D018522:Gravitropism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D013982:Ticarcillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014170:Transformation, Genetic
chemical_list: D000613:Aminobutyrates; D002969:Clavulanic Acids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C070797:GH3 protein, soybean; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D010940:Plant Proteins; D030262:Soybean Proteins; C003121:phosphinothricin; C043215:ticarcillin-clavulanic acid; D005966:Glucuronidase; D013982:Ticarcillin