title: A method to estimate urinary electrolyte excretion in patients at risk for developing cerebral salt wasting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Two major criteria are necessary to diagnose cerebral salt wasting (CSW): a cerebral lesion and a large urinary excretion of Na+ and Cl- at a time when the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume is contracted. Nevertheless, it is difficult for the physician to confirm from bedside observation that a patient has a contracted ECF volume. Hyponatremia, although frequently present, should not be a criterion for a diagnosis of salt wasting. A contracted ECF volume is unlikely if there are positive balances of Na+ and Cl-. The goal of this study was to assess the accuracy of calculating balances for Na+ plus K+ and of Cl- over 1 to 10 days in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective comparison of measured and estimated quantities of Na+ plus K+ and of Cl- excreted over 1 to 10 days in 10 children and 12 adults who had recently received a traumatic brain injury or undergone recent neurosurgery. Plasma concentrations of electrolytes were recorded at the beginning and end of the study period. The total volumes infused and excreted and the concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl- in the infusate were obtained from each patient's ICU chart. The electrolytes in the patients' urine were measured and calculated. Correlations between measured and calculated values for excretions of Cl- and of Na+ plus K+ were excellent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mass balances for Na+ plus K+ and for Cl- can be accurately estimated. These data provide information to support or refute a clinical diagnosis of CSW. The danger of relying on balances for these electrolytes measured within a single day to diagnose CSW is illustrated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Carlotti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bohn
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rutka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cusimano
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Halperin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery* / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007177:Inappropriate ADH Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes