title: Galactic cosmic ray composition and energy spectra.
abstract: Galactic cosmic ray nuclei represent a significant risk to long-duration spaceflight outside the magnetosphere. We review briefly existing measurements of the composition and energy spectra of heavy cosmic ray nuclei, pointing out which species and energy ranges are most critical to assessing cosmic ray risks for spaceflight. Key data sets are identified and a table of cosmic ray abundances is presented for elements from H to Ni (Z = 1 to 28). Because of the 22-year nature of the solar modulation cycle, data from the approaching 1998 solar minimum is especially important to reducing uncertainties in the cosmic ray radiation hazard. It is recommended that efforts to model this hazard take advantage of approaches that have been developed to model the astrophysical aspects of cosmic rays.
authors.affiliation: Downs Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mewaldt
mesh_terms: D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004602:Elements; D004735:Energy Transfer; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009686:Nuclear Physics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D019445:Solar Activity; D018531:Spacecraft / Q000295:instrumentation; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
chemical_list: D004602:Elements