title: Human glioblastoma xenografts overexpressing a tumor-specific mutant epidermal growth factor receptor sensitized to cisplatin by the AG1478 tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Activation of signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through gene amplification or rearrangement is common in human malignancy, especially in a large fraction of de novo glioblastomas multiforme (GBMs). The most common mutant EGFR, (AEGFR, also known as de2-7 EGFR and EGFRvIII) lacks a portion of the extracellular domain, enhances tumorigenicity in vivo, and causes resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin (CDDP). This resistance is due to the suppression of CDDP-induced apoptosis by the constitutively active tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor. The authors have investigated whether inhibition of AEGFR signaling by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, tyrphostin AG1478, could sensitize tumor xenografts to CDDP and, thereby, enhance its therapeutic efficacy in animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nude mice were inoculated either subcutaneously or intracerebrally with human GBM cells expressing AEGFR and were then systemically treated with CDDP and/or AG1478. Tumor volumes were monitored and tumor sections were analyzed by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays or MIB-1 staining. Expression of AEGFR, but not wild-type EGFR, conferred CDDP resistance to the cells in vivo. Inhibition of receptor signaling by the EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AG1478. sensitized the xenografts to the cytotoxic effects of CDDP. This combined CDDP/AG1478 treatment significantly suppressed growth of subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice in a synergistic manner (p < 0.01 compared with vehicle control) without causing generalized toxicity, whereas treatments with CDDP or AG1478 alone were ineffective. The synergistic growth suppression by the CDDP/AG1478 combination was not observed in xenografts overexpressing wild-type EGFR or kinase-deficient AEGFR. The combined CDDP/ AG1478 treatment induced tumor growth suppression, which correlated with increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation. This treatment also extended the life span of mice bearing intracerebral xenografts (p < 0.01 compared with controls).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study may provide the basis for the development of a novel and safe therapeutic strategy for the very aggressive AEGFR-expressing GBM.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research--San Diego, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Genetics, and Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0660, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagane
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Narita
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mishima
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levitzki
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Cavenee
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011799:Quinazolines; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D020032:Tyrphostins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011799:Quinazolines; D020032:Tyrphostins; C101044:RTKI cpd; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; D002945:Cisplatin