title: Models and molecular approaches to assessing the effects of the microgravity environment on vertebrate development.
abstract: The extent to which gravity, and especially the lack thereof, can affect normal development in higher organisms is poorly understood.  Underlying this question is the assumption that normal development depends on the embryo's ability to maintain a programmed temporal and spatial coordination of morphogenetic events.  There are several reports documenting the apparently normal development of several vertebrate species, including mammals, under conditions of exposure to space flight during various periods of the development process.  Evidence to the contrary also exists and it is therefore likely that some alterations in morphology do occur in a microgravity environment.  Although subsequent development may appear overtly normal, more subtle abnormalities result.  In all studies, the evaluation is restricted by the few numbers of specimens that can be examined and the relatively insensitive techniques for assessing potentially subtle effects.  In the present discussion, we summarize some observations of mammalian development made in microgravity and consider which stages might be expected to be differentially sensitive to altered gravity conditions.  While we emphasize mammalian development, we discuss the suitability of another model system for examining such effects in a cross-species context.  Furthermore, we consider recent developments in our understanding of the molecular genetic program regulating embryogenesis that could serve as markers for assessing perturbations of development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Development and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wolgemuth
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Murashov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015509:Developmental Biology / Q000379:methods; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice / Q000196:embryology*; D009990:Oryzias / Q000196:embryology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D012107:Research Design; D013026:Space Flight; D014893:Weightlessness; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation