title: Multi-isocenter stereotactic radiotherapy: implications for target dose distributions of systematic and random localization errors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This investigation examined the effect of alignment and localization errors on dose distributions in stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) with arced circular fields. In particular, it was desired to determine the effect of systematic and random localization errors on multi-isocenter treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  A research version of the FastPlan system from Surgical Navigation Technologies was used to generate a series of SRT plans of varying complexity. These plans were used to examine the influence of random setup errors by recalculating dose distributions with successive setup errors convolved into the off-axis ratio data tables used in the dose calculation. The influence of systematic errors was investigated by displacing isocenters from their planned positions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For single-isocenter plans, it is found that the influences of setup error are strongly dependent on the size of the target volume, with minimum doses decreasing most significantly with increasing random and systematic alignment error. For multi-isocenter plans, similar variations in target dose are encountered, with this result benefiting from the conventional method of prescribing to a lower isodose value for multi-isocenter treatments relative to single-isocenter treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is recommended that the systematic errors associated with target localization in SRT be tracked via a thorough quality assurance program, and that random setup errors be minimized by use of a sufficiently robust relocation system. These errors should also be accounted for by incorporating corrections into the treatment planning algorithm or, alternatively, by inclusion of sufficient margins in target definition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. Martin.Ebert@health.wa.gov.au
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Zavgorodni
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kendrick
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weston
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Harper
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted