title: Anatomical models for space radiation applications:  an overview.
abstract: Extremely detailed computerized anatomical male (CAM) and female (CAF) models that have been developed for use in space radiation analyses are discussed and reviewed.  Recognizing that the level of detail may currently be inadequate for certain radiological applications, one of the purposes of this paper is to elicit specific model improvements or requirements from the scientific user-community.  Methods and rationale are presented which describe the approach used in the Space Shuttle program to extrapolate dosimetry measurements (skin doses) to realistic astronaut body organ doses.  Several mission scenarios are presented which demonstrate the utility of the anatomical models for obtaining specific body organ exposure estimates and can be used for establishing cancer morbidity and mortality risk assessments.  These exposure estimates are based on the trapped Van Allen belt and galactic cosmic radiation environment models and data from the major historical solar particle events.
authors.affiliation: Rockwell International, Space Systems Division, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Atwell
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000592:standards; D011853:Radiobiology; D011874:Radiometry; D012984:Software; D019445:Solar Activity; D013026:Space Flight