title: Modern aspects of planetary protection and requirements to sterilization of space hardware.
abstract: The viewpoint of working group of Russian experts on the problem of planetary protection for future manned and unmanned Mars mission is presented.  Recent data of Martian environment and on survival of terrestrial microorganisms in extreme conditions were used for detailed analysis and overview of planetary protection measures in regard to all possible flight situations including accidental landing.  The special emphasis on "Mars-94" mission was done.  This analysis resulted in revised formulation of spacecraft sterilization requirements and possible measures for their best implementation.  New general combined approach to spacecraft sterilization was proposed.  It includes penetrating radiation and heat treatment of spacecraft parts and components which is to be carried out before the final assembly of spacecraft and gaseous radiation sterilization of the whole spacecraft during the flight to Mars (or from Mars for return missions).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Genetics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Demidov
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Goncharov
authors.forename: V B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Osipov
authors.forename: V I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Trofimov
mesh_terms: D003264:Containment of Biohazards / Q000592:standards; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D018559:Exobiology; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D018535:Mars; D016083:Planets; D012426:Russia; D013026:Space Flight / Q000592:standards*; D018531:Spacecraft / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods*