title: Nosocomial bloodstream infections in patients with implantable left ventricular assist devices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implantable left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are used as a bridge to transplantation but are associated with a high risk of infection including nosocomial bloodstream infections (BSI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients with implantable LVAD at the Cleveland Clinic with 72 hours or longer of LVAD support from January 1992 through June 2000, to determine the attack rate, incidence, and impact of nosocomial BSI in patients with LVAD. A nosocomial BSI was defined using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition. An LVAD-related BSI was defined as one where the same pathogen is cultured from the device and the blood with no other obvious source. Two hundred fourteen patients were included in the study (17,831 LVAD-days).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred forty BSI were identified in 104 patients for an attack rate of 49% and incidence of 7.9 BSI per 1000 LVAD-days. Thirty-eight percent of the BSI were LVAD associated. The most common pathogens causing BSI were coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 33), Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida spp. (19 each), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16 each). A Cox proportional hazard model found BSI in patients with LVAD to be significantly associated with death (hazard ratio = 4.02, p < 0.001). Fungemia had the highest hazard ratio (10.9), followed by gram-negative bacteremia (5.1), and gram-positive bacteremia (2.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with implantable LVAD have a high incidence of BSI, which are associated with a significantly increased mortality. Strategies for prevention of infection in LVAD recipients should focus on the drive line exit site until technical advances can achieve a totally implantable device.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Smedira
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goormastic
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Banbury
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yeager
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serkey
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoercher
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: McCarthy
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D016469:Fungemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000382:microbiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate