title: Ketamine isomers suppress superantigen-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in human whole blood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy of S(+)-ketamine and R(-)-ketamine on staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 production in human whole blood in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  After Ethics Committee approval and informed consent, blood samples were obtained from ten healthy volunteers and diluted with five volumes of RPMI 1640. After adding different doses of ketamine isomers (0-1000 microM), the blood was stimulated with SEB (10 ng x mL(-1)). After a six-hour incubation period, the plasma TNF- activity was determined by the L929 cell cytotoxic assay and IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations were measured using an enzyme-linked immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ketamine isomers significantly suppressed SEB-induced TNF- production at concentrations exceeding 50 microM. Ketamine isomers at concentrations exceeding 100 microM also significantly suppressed SEB-induced IL-6 production. Furthermore, ketamine isomers at concentrations exceeding 500 microM significantly suppressed SEB-induced IL-8 production. There were no significant differences between the suppressive effects of S(+)-ketamine and R(-)-ketamine on SEB-induced proinflammatory cytokine production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that ketamine isomers suppressed SEB-induced TNF-, IL-6, and IL-8 production in human whole blood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nandate
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shigematsu
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D018089:Superantigens / Q000633:toxicity*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D004768:Enterotoxins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D018089:Superantigens; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal; D007649:Ketamine