title: Estimates of the daily phase and amplitude of the endogenous component of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in sedentary humans living nychthemerally.
abstract: Fifteen healthy female subjects were studied for eight days while living conventionally. Subjects were free to choose the ways they spent their time within a framework of regular times of retiring and rising; in practice, much of the waking time was spent in sedentary activities. Nine of the subjects were aware of the natural light-dark cycle, this approximating to a 12:12 L:D schedule at the time of year when the study took place. Before the study, subjects were assessed for their degree of "morningness" by questionnaire; throughout the study, they wore a rectal probe, and an activity meter on their non-dominant wrist. The timing (phase) and amplitude of the circadian rectal temperature rhythm were assessed on each day by cosinor analysis as well as by a method based on visual inspection of the data. These two parameters were also assessed after the temperature data for each day had been "purified" by a number of methods. From these results it was possible to investigate the effect of purification upon the amplitude of the circadian rhythm of temperature. Also, the day-by-day variability of phase, and the relationship between morningness and phase, were compared using these methods of phase estimation, and using cross-correlation between data sets from adjacent days; in all cases, raw and purified temperature data were used. There was a significantly greater amount of daily variation in phase using purified rather than raw data sets, and this difference was present with all methods of purification as well as with all methods for estimating phase. Purification decreased the amplitude of the circadian temperature rhythm by about 30%. Finally, there was a significant correlation between the morningness score of the subjects and the phase of the circadian temperature rhythm, the phase becoming earlier with increasing morningness; when this relationship was re-examined using purified data, it became more marked. These results reflect the masking effects exerted upon raw temperature data by lifestyle. The extent to which the purification methods enable the endogenous component of a circadian rhythm - and, by implication, the output of the endogenous circadian oscillator - to be estimated in subjects living normally is addressed.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK. j.m.waterhouse@livjm.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waterhouse
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weinert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Minors
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Folkard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nevill
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reilly
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000204:Activity Cycles; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004780:Environment, Controlled; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D005082:Physical Exertion; D012890:Sleep; D014851:Wakefulness