title: Residual stress produced by ventricular volume reduction surgery has little effect on ventricular function and mechanics: a finite element model study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Residual stress is the stress (force per unit area) that remains when all external loads (eg, left ventricular chamber and pericardial pressures) are removed. It has been suggested that ventricular volume reduction surgery can reconstitute the residual stress-strain state of the left ventricle. To determine the extent to which residual stress is involved, we used a mathematical (finite element) model to simulate the effect of volume reduction operations on left ventricular stroke volume/end-diastolic pressure (Starling) relationships, as well as on regional distributions of stress in the local muscle fiber direction (fiber stress).
  
  
  METHODS
  The nonlinear stress-strain relationship for the diastolic myocardium was anisotropic with respect to the local muscle fiber direction. An elastance model for active fiber stress was incorporated in an axisymmetric geometric model of the dilated, poorly contractile left ventricular wall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When residual stress is implemented in the model simulation of volume reduction operations, the additional decrease in stroke volume at fixed left ventricular end-diastolic pressure is small (10% volume reduction: 2.0% at 1 mm Hg and 2.0% at 20 mm Hg; 20% volume reduction: 2.2% at 1 mm Hg and 3.1% at 20 mm Hg). Furthermore, there is little change in the mean fiber stress throughout the left ventricular wall (10% volume reduction: +1.0% at end-diastole and -0.3% at end-systole; 20% volume reduction: +2.1% at end-diastole and -1.0% at end-systole).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that residual stress produced by volume reduction operations has little effect on left ventricular function and the mean fiber stresses at end-diastole and end-systole.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Calif, USA. Julius.Guccione@med.va.gov
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guccione
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Moonly
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe
mesh_terms: D016880:Anisotropy; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003971:Diastole; D004548:Elasticity; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013599:Systole; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D017725:Ventricular Pressure