title: Determination of in vivo absorption, metabolism, and transport of drugs by the human intestinal wall and liver with a novel perfusion technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The contribution of the gastrointestinal tract in comparison with the liver for the low and variable bioavailability of orally administered drugs is still poorly understood. Here we report on a new intestinal perfusion technique for the direct assessment of absorption, metabolism, and transport of drugs by the intestinal wall.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 6 healthy volunteers a multilumen perfusion catheter was used to generate a 20-cm isolated jejunal segment that was perfused with 80 mg verapamil. Simultaneously, 5 mg [(2)H(7)]verapamil was given intravenously. Blood, perfusate, and bile samples were analyzed for parent verapamil and its major metabolites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean fraction of the verapamil dose absorbed from the 20-cm segment was 0.76 but substantial interindividual variability (0.51-0.96) was shown. Bioavailability was low (19.3%). The intestinal wall contributed to the same extent as the liver to extensive first-pass metabolism (mean extraction ratio, 0.49 versus 0.48). Substantial transport of verapamil metabolites from the systemic circulation via the enterocytes into the intestinal lumen was observed. Compared with biliary excretion, intestinal secretion into a 20-cm jejunal segment contributed to drug elimination to a similar extent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  First-pass metabolism by the intestinal wall is extensive and contributes to the same extent as the liver to low bioavailability of some drugs such as verapamil. Moreover, intestinal secretion is as important as biliary excretion for the elimination of metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: von Richter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fromm
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Omari
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barclay
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dent
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Somogyi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eichelbaum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D001682:Biological Availability; D001692:Biological Transport; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010477:Perfusion; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014700:Verapamil