title: Induction of proinflammatory and chemokine genes by lipopolysaccharide and paclitaxel (Taxol) in murine and human breast cancer cell lines.
abstract: In murine macrophages, the anti-tumor agent, paclitaxel, induces expression of a wide variety of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes, and causes cytokine secretion via signaling pathways that overlap with those engaged by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the endotoxic component of Gram-negative bacteria. Using semi-quantitative RT-PCR for detection of gene expression, coupled with ELISA for the detection of secreted gene products, we analyzed the responsiveness of an extensive panel of cytokine and non-cytokine genes to induction by paclitaxel and LPS in the murine DA-3 breast cancer line. A subset of the genes examined (e.g., G-CSF, MIP-2, iNOS, and IL-1 beta, and GM-CSF) was upregulated >3-20-fold by both LPS and paclitaxel in the DA-3 cell line, while IP-10 mRNA was induced by paclitaxel, but not by LPS. In the human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, LPS also increased mRNA levels for both GM-CSF and IP-10 significantly, while, paclitaxel increased IP-10 mRNA levels with delayed kinetics and failed to induce GM-CSF mRNA. Co-cultures of murine breast cancer cells and macrophages, stimulated with IFN-gamma plus either paclitaxel or LPS, resulted in augmented release of nitric oxide. As both GM-CSF and IP-10 have been implicated in tumor rejection in vivo through either indirect actions on the host immune system or by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, our data strengthen the hypothesis that tumor cell-derived inflammatory mediators may, in part, underlie the anti-tumor efficacy of paclitaxel in breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaks-Zilberman
authors.forename: T Z
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Zaks
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Vogel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007700:Kinetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D018925:Chemokines; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; C404915:Cxcl2 protein, mouse; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D017239:Paclitaxel