title: Toll-like receptors control activation of adaptive immune responses.
abstract: Mechanisms that control the activation of antigen-specific immune responses in vivo are poorly understood. It has been suggested that the initiation of adaptive immune responses is controlled by innate immune recognition. Mammalian Toll-like receptors play an essential role in innate immunity by recognizing conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiating the activation of NF-kappaB and other signaling pathways through the adapter protein, MyD88. Here we show that MyD88-deficient mice have a profound defect in the activation of antigen-specific T helper type 1 (TH1) but not TH2 immune responses. These results suggest that distinct pathways of the innate immune system control activation of the two effector arms of adaptive immunity.
authors.affiliation: Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schnare
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akira
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Medzhitov
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000235:genetics*; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000235:genetics; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D010641:Phenotype; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000502:physiology*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D018793:Interleukin-13; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D020170:Caspase 1