title: Insect gravitational biology:  ground-based and shuttle flight experiments using the beetle Tribolium castaneum.
abstract: Many of the traditional experimental advantages of insects recommend their use in studies of gravitational and space biology.  The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an obvious choice for studies of the developmental significance of gravity vectors because of the unparalleled description of regulatory mechanisms controlling oogenesis and embryogenesis.  However, we demonstrate that Drosophila could not survive the conditions mandated for particular flight opportunities on the Space Shuttle.  With the exception of Drosophila, the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is the insect best characterized with respect to molecular embryology and most frequently utilized for past space flights.  We show that Tribolium is dramatically more resistant to confinement in small sealed volumes.  In preparation for flight experiments we characterize the course and timing of the onset of oogenesis in newly eclosed adult females.  Finally, we present results from two shuttle flights which indicate that a number of aspects of the development and function of the female reproductive system are not demonstrably sensitive to microgravity.  Available information supports the utility of this insect for future studies of gravitational biology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-4901, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Denell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster; D005260:Female; D006112:Gravitation; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D009866:Oogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D011679:Pupa / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction; D013026:Space Flight; D013997:Time Factors; D014231:Tribolium / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D014893:Weightlessness