title: Antioxidant properties, autooxidation, and mutagenic activity of echinochrome a compared with its etherified derivative.
abstract: Antioxidant properties of 2,3,5,7,8-pentahydroxy-6-ethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (echinochrome A) were linked with the scavenging of peroxy radicals in liposomes, trapping of superoxide anion radicals, and binding of ferrous ions to inactive complexes in the aqueous phase. The antioxidant property of 6-ethyl-2,3,7-trimethoxy-5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (trimethoxyechinochrome A) was negligible. Autooxidation of echinochrome A was increased in basic media according to the degree of its dissociation. Autooxidation of polyvalent anions in basic media was accompanied by generation of naphthosemiquinone and superoxide anion radicals as free radical intermediates. An increased rate of echinochrome A autooxidation was noted in the presence of calcium ions. This was explained by a shift of pK of Ca2+-echinochrome A complexes toward acidic pH comparably with echinochrome A. Echinochrome A possessed pronounced mutagenic activity, while trimethoxyechinochrome A was inactive in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome reverse mutation assay (Ames test) for all examined cells (TA98, TA100, TA1537). Comparison of the chemical and biological activity of echinochrome A and trimethoxyechinochrome A demonstrated the key role of the beta-hydroxyl groups in the 2nd, 3rd, and 7th naphthol cycle positions. The O2-* and naphthosemiquinone radicals generated in the redox transition of 2,3-oxygroups may be the reason for the strongly pronounced mutagenicity of echinochrome A.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Center, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, 121552 Russia. avleb@mail.ru
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Lebedev
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Levitskaya
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Tikhonova
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Ivanova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000378:metabolism*; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008081:Liposomes / Q000378:metabolism; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics; D012995:Solubility; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005609:Free Radicals; D008081:Liposomes; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D013481:Superoxides; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene; D009195:Peroxidase; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; C007573:echinochrome A; D002118:Calcium