title: Societal issues as Mars mission impediments:  planetary protection and contamination concerns.
abstract: Societal and non-scientific factors represent potentially significant impediments for future Mars missions, especially in areas involving planetary protection.  This paper analyzes public concerns about forward contamination to Mars and back contamination to Earth, evaluates major areas where lack of information may lead to uncontrollable impacts on future missions, and concludes that NASA should adopt a strategy that actively plans both the generation and subsequent management of planetary protection information to ensure that key audiences obtain needed information in a timely manner.  Delay or avoidance in dealing with societal issues early in mission planning will increase the likelihood of public opposition, cost increases and missed launch windows.  While this analysis of social and non-scientific considerations focuses on future Mars missions, the findings are also relevant for RTG launches, nuclear propulsion and other NASA activities perceived to have health, safety or environmental implications.
authors.affiliation: College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Race
mesh_terms: D003264:Containment of Biohazards; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D018534:Earth, Planet; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D018535:Mars; D011639:Public Opinion; D011640:Public Policy; D013026:Space Flight / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States; D018557:United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration / Q000458:organization & administration