title: Determination of hydrocarbons in old creosote contaminated soil using headspace solid phase microextraction and GC-MS.
abstract: Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) has been used together with GC-MS to analyze organic substances directly in a soil, heavily contaminated with PAHs/creosote (approximately 300 mg/kg soil), from an old gaswork site in Stockholm, Sweden. The HS-SPME results, both qualitative and quantitative, were compared with traditional liquid extraction using ethyl acetate/hexane (20:80). It was shown that the concentrations determined with HS-SPME at 60 degrees C correlated well, for compounds containing up to two and three aromatic rings (naphthalenes, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene and fluorenes, while a lower concentration was obtained for phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene. The total concentrations for each compound determined with HS-SPME ranged from 2 to 25 microg/g soil. Quantification was done using standard addition of compounds directly to the soil samples. The bioavailable fraction of the compounds in the contaminated soil at 20 degrees C was analyzed using external calibration by spiking sterile uncontaminated sand (same texture and particle size as the contaminated soil but without a heavily sorbed organic fraction) with hydrocarbon standards in different concentrations. Storage of exposed fibers at 20 degrees C showed that analysis should be done within two days to make qualitative measurements and earlier (as soon as possible) for quantitative determinations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Group of Microbiology, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden. micke@biochem.kth.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fäldt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dalhammar
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Borg-Karlson
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods; D003407:Creosote / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003407:Creosote