Cutting edge: Role of Toll-like receptor 9 in CpG DNA-induced activation of human cells.
Unmethylated CpG motifs present in bacterial DNA stimulate a rapid and robust innate immune response. Human cell lines and PBMC that recognize CpG DNA express membrane-bound human Toll-like receptor 9 (hTLR9). Cells that are not responsive to CpG DNA become responsive when transfected with hTLR9. Expression of hTLR9 dramatically increases uptake of CpG (but not control) DNA into endocytic vesicles. Upon cell stimulation, hTLR9 and CpG DNA are found in the same endocytic vesicles. Cells expressing hTLR9 are stimulated by CpG motifs that are active in primates but not rodents, suggesting that evolutionary divergence between TLR9 molecules underlies species-specific differences in the recognition of bacterial DNA. These findings indicate that hTLR9 plays a critical role in the CpG DNA-mediated activation of human cells.
Takeshita
F
F
Section of Retroviral Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Leifer
C A
CA
Gursel
I
I
Ishii
K J
KJ
Takeshita
S
S
Gursel
M
M
Klinman
D M
DM
D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018899:CpG Islands; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D053592:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011506:Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D048029:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D014162:Transfection; D022161:Transport Vesicles / Q000737:chemistry
C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495371:TLR9 protein, human; D048029:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D011494:Protein Kinases; D053592:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases