title: Analysis of acidic pesticides using in situ derivatization with alkylchloroformate and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for GC-MS.
abstract: A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method was developed for the analysis of acidic pesticide residues in water. The method utilizes in situ derivatization with butylchloroformate (BuCF), followed by on-line SPME extraction using a PDMS fibre, and analysis by GC-MS. Derivatives of the phenoxy acids mechlorprop (MCPP), dichlorprop (DCPP), MCPA and 2,4-D and their phenol degradation products 4-chloro-2-methylphenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) were identified. Detection limits at 0.16-2.3 microg/l were achieved. Optimization of derivatization, ion strength, extraction time, SPME-fibre, desorption time and temperature are described. Standard curves in the range 0.5-10.0 microg/l were fitted to a second-degree polynomial. Standard deviation (n = 5) was below 10% for the phenol derivatives, but 20-50% for the phenoxy acids. For method verification groundwater samples from a field experiment were screened for content of MCPP and compared to the results from the HPLC analysis. A good agreement was obtained with respect to identification of positive samples, even though concentrations measured by the SPME were lower than with HPLC. Even if the precision and accuracy do not meet the demands for a strictly quantitative analysis, the SPME method is suitable for screening, because it is cheap, it can be automated, and uses smaller amounts of potential harmful solvents. Also, the method is less labour-intensive, as it requires a minimum of sample preparation when compared to traditional analyses. The acidic pesticides bentazon, dicamba, bromoxynil, ioxynil, dinoseb and DNOC were included in the study but could not be analysed by the current method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Copenhagen, Denmark. the@geus.dk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Svensmark
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindhardt
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Juhler
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005561:Formates / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D005561:Formates; D010575:Pesticides; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C083354:chlorocarbonic acid