title: Th1 adjuvant N-acetyl-D-glucosamine polymer up-regulates Th1 immunity but down-regulates Th2 immunity against a mycobacterial protein (MPB-59) in interleukin-10-knockout and wild-type mice.
abstract: Treatment of mice with heat-killed (HK) Mycobacterium bovis BCG or 1- to 10-microm chitin particles (nonantigenic N-acetyl-D-glucosamine polymers) is known to induce innate immune responses, including gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production, which plays a Th1 adjuvant role. However, HK BCG further induces prostaglandin E2-releasing spleen macrophages (Mphi) (PGE2-Mphi), which potentially inhibit Th1 adjuvant activities. We found that chitin particles did not induce PGE2-Mphi formation. To further assess whether chitin has Th1 adjuvant effects, interleukin-10 (IL-10)-knockout (KO) mice and their wild-type (WT, C57BL/6) controls were immunized with a 30-kDa MPB-59 mycobacterial protein mixed with chitin. Immunization with MPB-59 alone induced Th2 responses, characterized by increases in total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and specific serum IgG1 levels and spleen Th2 cells producing IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. No IFN-gamma-producing spleen Th1 cells, specific serum IgG2a, or delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) footpad reactions were detected. On the other hand, chitin-MPB-59 immunization significantly increased spleen Th1 responses, DTH reaction, and serum IgG2a levels along with decreases of Th2 responses. The magnitude of these Th1 adjuvant effects was greater in IL-10-KO mice than in WT mice. In contrast, immunization with HK BCG-MPB-59 showed little or no Th1 adjuvant effect. These data indicate that chitin has a unique Th1 adjuvant effect on the development of Th1 immunity against a mycobacterial antigen. IL-10 down-regulates the adjuvant effect of chitin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA. shibatay@mail.ecu.edu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Justice
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Van Scott
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Q N
authors.initials: QN
authors.lastname: Myrvik
mesh_terms: D000117:Acetylglucosamine / Q000276:immunology*; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002686:Chitin / Q000276:immunology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000276:immunology; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000276:immunology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000276:immunology; D011108:Polymers; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D011108:Polymers; C052242:alpha antigens, Mycobacterium; D016753:Interleukin-10; D002686:Chitin; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D015232:Dinoprostone; D000117:Acetylglucosamine