title: Adult onset of major depressive disorder in relation to early life violent victimisation: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major depressive disorder is a significant cause of morbidity among women in the USA. Women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, yet no known risk factors can account for this sex difference. We aimed to assess violent victimisation as a risk factor for depression in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a case-control study to assess the association between violent victimisation early in life and major depressive disorder in women. We randomly selected a population-based sample of women, aged 36-45 years, from the greater Boston area. In 1999, 236 cases and 496 controls (n=732) completed a self-administered questionnaire designed to ascertain a lifetime history of exposure to violent victimisation. Our main outcome measure was major depressive disorder, assessed by structured clinical interview for Diagnostic Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV) criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  363 (50%) of 732 respondents reported experience or fear of abuse as a child or adolescent. 68 were excluded because they reported violence as an adult only. Compared with women who reported no abuse, risk of depression was increased in women who reported any abuse as a child or adolescent (relative risk 2.5, 95% CI 1.9-3.0), physical abuse only (2.4, 1.8-3.0), sexual abuse only (1.8, 1.2-2.8), and both physical and sexual abuse (3.3, 2.5-4.1). Severity of abuse had a linear dose-response relation with depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest a positive association between violent victimisation early in life and major depressive disorder in women.
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. lwise@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zierler
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krieger
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Harlow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014754:Violence