title: Incineration of biomass and utilization of product gas as a CO2 source for crop production in closed systems: gas quality and phytotoxicity.
abstract: This study addressed the recycle of carbon from inedible biomass to CO2 for utilization in crop production. Earlier work identified incineration as an attractive approach to resource recovery from solid wastes because the products are well segregated. Given the effective separation of carbon into the gaseous product stream from the incinerator in the form of CO2 we captured the gaseous stream produced during incineration of wheat inedible biomass and utilized it as the CO2 source for crop production. Injection rate was based on maintenance of CO2 concentration in the growing environment. The crop grown in the closed system was lettuce. Carbon was primarily in the form of CO2 in the incinerator product gas with less than 8% of carbon compounds appearing as CO. Nitrogen oxides and organic compounds such as toluene, xylene, and benzene were present in the product gas at lower concentrations (< 4 micromol mol-1); sulfur containing compounds were below the detection limits. Direct utilization of the gaseous product of the incinerator as the CO2 source was toxic to lettuce grown in a closed chamber. Net photosynthetic rates of the crop was suppressed more than 50% and visual injury symptoms were visible within 3 days of the introduction of the incinerator gas. Even the removal of the incinerator gas alter two days of crop exposure and replacement with pure CO2 did not eliminate the toxic effects. Both organic and inorganic components of the incinerator gas are candidates for the toxin.
authors.affiliation: NASA Ames Research Center, Regenerative Life Support Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bubenheim
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wignarajah
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flynn
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D018533:Biomass; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D017745:Incineration; D018545:Lactuca / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D008021:Life Support Systems / Q000295:instrumentation; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D018526:Plant Transpiration / Q000187:drug effects; D018505:Waste Management
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005740:Gases; D002245:Carbon Dioxide