title: Enzyme-catalyzed removal of phenol from refinery wastewater: feasibility studies.
abstract: Phenols are present in petroleum refining wastewater. An enzymatic method for removing phenols from industrial aqueous effluent has been developed in the past several years. In this method, a peroxidase enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of phenol by hydrogen peroxide generation of phenoxyl radicals. These radicals diffuse from the active center of the enzyme into solution and react nonenzymatically to eventually form higher oligomers and polymers, which can be removed from wastewater by conventional coagulation and sedimentation or filtration. In this study, Arthromyces ramosus peroxidase (ARP) was applied to treat a petroleum refining wastewater containing 2 mM (188 mg/L) phenol in a batch and continuous-flow system. The latter consisted of a plug-flow reactor (PFR) where the reaction took place between phenol and hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by the enzyme in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG). A flocculation tank followed the PFR where alum and sodium hydroxide were added and then the polymers formed were settled in a sedimentation tank and removed from the system. Most (95 to 99%) of the phenol was removed by the same dose of ARP required for the treatment of synthetic wastewater containing an equal amount of phenol. Polyethylene glycol, as an additive, reduced enzyme inactivation and consequently reduced the enzyme dose and the cost of the treatment process. Step feeding of hydrogen peroxide was not effective in reducing the enzyme requirement. A significant removal of chemical oxygen demand was achieved when using PEG to reduce the enzyme dose.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Aim Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bewtra
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology; D002384:Catalysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D010578:Petroleum; D019800:Phenol / Q000378:metabolism*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D016877:Oxidants; D010578:Petroleum; D019800:Phenol; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D009195:Peroxidase; D010100:Oxygen