title: Orientation and movement in unusual force environments.
abstract: A manned space mission to Mars might take as long as 1 year each way.  Consequently, artificial gravity is being considered as a way of preventing the debilitating effects of long-duration exposure to microgravity on the human body.  The present article discusses some of the problems associated with adapting to the rotation levels that might be used to generate artificial gravity.  It also describes how exposure to background-force levels greater or less than the 1-G force of Earth gravity affects orientation and movement control.  The primary emphasis of the article is that human movement and orientation control are dynamically adapted to the 1-G force background of Earth and that accommodation to altered force levels or to rotating environments requires a wide range of adaptive changes.
authors.affiliation: Ashton Graybiel Spatial Orientation Laboratory, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254-9110.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lackner
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D003312:Coriolis Force; D018470:Gravity, Altered / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007088:Illusions / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D013026:Space Flight; D018489:Space Motion Sickness / Q000503:physiopathology; D014893:Weightlessness / Q000009:adverse effects