title: Radiation: risk and protection in manned space flight.
abstract: Space radiation is the primary source of hazard for orbital and interplanetary space flight. Radiation levels for different space mission durations, have been established in order to determine the level of hazard. The risk of exceeding the established levels should not be more than 1%. Radiation environment models have been developed to estimate these values. It is possible to build spacecraft shielding based on the calculation of doses and the risk of exceeding these. By reviewing various calculated estimates of the risk, the radiation hazard and the efficiency of protective measures can be established for specific flights.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow, USSR.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Petrov
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Kovalev
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Sakovich
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000528:radiation effects; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000528:radiation effects; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000592:standards*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D019445:Solar Activity; D013026:Space Flight / Q000592:standards*; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D014893:Weightlessness