Regulative development of Xenopus laevis in microgravity.
To test whether gravity is required for normal amphibian development, Xenopus laevis females were induced to ovulate aboard the orbiting Space Shuttle.  Eggs were fertilized in vitro, and although early embryonic stages showed some abnormalities, the embryos were able to regulate and produce nearly normal larvae.  These results demonstrate for the first time that a vertebrate can ovulate in the virtual absence of gravity, and that the eggs can develop to a free-living stage.
Black
S
S
Biology Department, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, USA.
Larkin
K
K
Jacqmotte
N
N
Wassersug
R
R
Pronych
S
S
Souza
K
K
D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008938:Mitosis / Q000502:physiology; D009043:Motor Activity; D010060:Ovulation / Q000502:physiology*; D013026:Space Flight; D013550:Swimming; D014893:Weightlessness; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology