title: Electrophysiological features of the mouse sinoatrial node in relation to connexin distribution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The sinoatrial (SA) node consists of a relatively small number of poorly coupled cells. It is not well understood how these pacemaker cells drive the surrounding atrium and at the same time are protected from its hyperpolarizing influence. To explore this issue on a small tissue scale we studied the activation pattern of the mouse SA node region and correlated this pattern with the distribution of different gap junction proteins, connexin (Cx)37, Cx40, Cx43 and Cx45.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mouse SA node was electrophysiologically mapped using a conventional microelectrode technique. The primary pacemaker area was located in the corner between the lateral and medial limb of the crista terminalis. Unifocal pacemaking occurred in a group of pacemaking fibers consisting of 450 cells. In the nodal area transitions of nodal and atrial waveform were observed over small distances ( approximately 100 microm). Correlation between the activation pattern and connexin distribution revealed extensive labeling by anti-Cx45 in the primary and secondary pacemaker area. Within these nodal areas no gradient in Cx45 labeling was found. A sharp transition was found between Cx40- and Cx43-expressing myocytes of the crista terminalis and the Cx45-expressing myocytes of the node. In addition, strands of myocytes labeled for Cx43 and Cx40 protrude into the nodal area. Cx37 labeling was only present between endothelial cells. Furthermore, a band of connective tissue largely separates the nodal from the atrial tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate strands of Cx43 and Cx40 positive atrial cells protruding into the Cx45 positive nodal area and a band of connective tissue largely separating the nodal and atrial tissue. This organization of the mouse SA node provides a structural substrate that both shields the nodal area from the hyperpolarizing influence of the atrium and allows fast action potential conduction from the nodal area into the surrounding atrium.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Task Force Heart Failure and Aging, Department of Physiology, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. e.verheijck@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Verheijck
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Kempen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Veereschild
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lurvink
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jongsma
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Bouman
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D017630:Connexins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D000097003:Gap Junction alpha-5 Protein
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D017630:Connexins; D000097003:Gap Junction alpha-5 Protein; C082920:connexin 45