title: Planetary protection policy overview and application to future missions.
abstract: The 1967 treaty on the peaceful uses of outer space reflected both concerns associated with the unknown nature of the space environment and the desire of the world scientific community to preserve the pristine nature of celestial objects until such times as they could be studied in an effective manner.  Since 1967, NASA has issued policy directives that have adopted the guidelines of COSPAR for protecting the planets from contamination by Earth organisms and for protecting the Earth from the unknown.  This paper presents the current status of planetary protection (quarantine) policy within NASA, and a prospectus on how planetary protection and back contamination issues might be addressed in relation to future missions envisioned for development by NASA either independently, or in cooperation with the space agencies of other nations.
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rummel
mesh_terms: D003264:Containment of Biohazards / Q000639:trends; D018534:Earth, Planet; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D011640:Public Policy; D011790:Quarantine / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D016082:Solar System; D013026:Space Flight / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States; D018557:United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration