title: Survival of microorganisms in smectite clays:  implications for Martian exobiology.
abstract: Manned exploration of Mars may result in the contamination of that planet with terrestrial microbes, a situation requiring assessment of the survival potential of possible contaminating organisms. In this study, the survival of Bacillius subtilis, Azotobacter chroococcum, and the enteric bacteriophage MS2 was examined in clays representing terrestrial (Wyoming type montmorillonite) or Martian (Fe(3+)-montmorillonite) soils exposed to terrestrial and Martian environmental conditions of temperature and atmospheric pressure and composition, but not to UV flux or oxidizing conditions. Survival of bacteria was determined by standard plate counts and biochemical and physiological measurements over 112 days. Extractable lipid phosphate was used to measure microbial biomass, and the rate of 14C-acetate incorporation into microbial lipids was used to determine physiological activity. MS2 survival was assayed by plaque counts. Both bacterial types survived terrestrial or Martian conditions in Wyoming montmorillonite better than Martian conditions in Fe(3+)-montmorillonite. Decreased survival may have been caused by the lower pH of the Fe(3+)-montmorillonite compared to Wyoming montmorillonite. MS2 survived simulated Mars conditions better than the terrestrial environment, likely due to stabilization of the virus caused by the cold and dry conditions of the simulated Martian environment. The survival of MS2 in the simulated Martian environment is the first published indication that viruses may be able to survive in Martian type soils. This work may have implications for planetary protection for future Mars missions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0006, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Vestal
mesh_terms: D001395:Azotobacter / Q000254:growth & development*; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000254:growth & development*; D001546:Bentonite; D018533:Biomass; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D018534:Earth, Planet; D018559:Exobiology; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D017909:Levivirus / Q000254:growth & development*; D018535:Mars; D017640:Silicates; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D018561:Space Simulation; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D017640:Silicates; D014867:Water; D001546:Bentonite; C033214:Smectite