title: Effect of calmodulin antagonists on the growth and graviresponsiveness of primary roots of maize.
abstract: We examined the effect of calmodulin (CaM) antagonists applied at the root tip on root growth, gravity-induced root curvature, and the movement of calcium across the root tip and auxin (IAA) across the elongation zone of gravistimulated roots.  All of the CaM antagonists used in these studies delayed gravity-induced curvature at a concentration (1 micromole) that did not affect root growth.  Calmodulin antagonists (> or = 1 micromole) inhibited downward transport of label from 45Ca2+ across the caps of gravistimulated roots relative to the downward transport of 45Ca2+ in gravistimulated roots which were not treated with CaM antagonists.  Application of CaM antagonists at the root tip (> or = 1 micromole) also decreased the relative downward movement of label from 3H-IAA applied to the upper side of the elongation zone of gravistimulated roots.  In general, tip application of antagonists inhibited neither the upward transport of 45Ca2+ in the root tip nor the upward movement of label from 3H-IAA in the elongation zone of gravistimulated roots.  Thus, roots treated with CaM antagonists > or = 1 micromole become less graviresponsive and exhibit reduced or even a reversal of downward polarity of calcium transport across the root tip and IAA transport across the elongation zone.  The results indicate that calmodulin-regulated events play a role in root gravitropism.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Stinemetz
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hasenstein
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002132:Calcium Radioisotopes; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018522:Gravitropism; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D013997:Time Factors; D014268:Trifluoperazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014316:Tritium; D003313:Zea mays / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002132:Calcium Radioisotopes; D002147:Calmodulin; D007093:Imidazoles; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D014316:Tritium; D014268:Trifluoperazine; C031938:calmidazolium; D002118:Calcium; D002746:Chlorpromazine