title: 4-Coumarate:coenzyme A ligase and isoperoxidase expression in Zinnia mesophyll cells induced to differentiate into tracheary elements.
abstract: When cultured in inductive medium containing adequate auxin and cytokinin, isolated mesophyll cells of Zinnia elegans L. cv Envy differentiate into tracheary elements with lignified secondary wall thickenings.  Differentiation does not occur when cells are cultured in control medium, which has reduced levels of auxin and/or cytokinin.  The activities of two enzymes involved in lignin synthesis, 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase and peroxidase, were examined.  An induction-specific cationic isoperoxidase, visualized by low pH polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is detectable in soluble and wall fractions of cultured Zinnia cells long before tracheary elements visibly differentiate and is thus an early marker of differentiation.  Compounds (such as antiauxins, anticytokinins, and tunicamycin) that inhibit or delay differentiation alter the expression of this isoperoxidase.  4-Coumarate:coenzyme A ligase activity increases dramatically only as cells differentiate.  Together, these results suggest that the onset of lignification in differentiating Zinnia cells might be controlled by the availability of precursors synthesized by way of 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase.  These precursors would then be polymerized into lignin in the cell wall by the induction-specific isoperoxidase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Galston
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003066:Coenzyme A Ligases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D003583:Cytokinins / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008031:Lignin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D059828:Plant Cells; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010944:Plants / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D011422:Propionates; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003373:Coumaric Acids; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D003583:Cytokinins; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D011422:Propionates; D008031:Lignin; D010544:Peroxidases; D003066:Coenzyme A Ligases; C495469:p-coumaric acid