title: Possible use of a 3-D clinostat to analyze plant growth processes under microgravity conditions.
abstract: A three-dimensional (3-D) clinostat equipped with two rotation axes placed at right angles was constructed, and various growth processes of higher plants grown on this clinostat were compared with ground controls, with plants grown on the conventional horizontal clinostat, and with those under real microgravity in space.  On the 3-D clinostat, cress roots developed a normal root cap and the statocytes showed the typical polar organization except a random distribution of statoliths.  The structural features of clinostatted statocytes were fundamentally similar to those observed under real microgravity.  The graviresponse of cress roots grown on the 3-D clinostat was the same as the control roots.  On the 3-D clinostat, shoots and roots exhibited a spontaneous curvature as well as an altered growth direction.  Such an automorphogenesis was sometimes exaggerated when plants were subjected to the horizontal rotation, whereas the curvature was suppressed on the vertical rotation.  These discrepancies in curvature between the 3-D clinostat and the conventional ones appear to be brought about by the centrifugal force produced.  Thus, the 3-D clinostat was proven as a useful device to simulate microgravity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Osaka City University, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamisaka
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buchen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sievers
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Masuda
mesh_terms: D002473:Cell Wall / Q000502:physiology; D018548:Cotyledon / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D018525:Germination / Q000502:physiology; D006112:Gravitation; D018522:Gravitropism / Q000502:physiology; D059828:Plant Cells; D063245:Plant Development; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D003313:Zea mays / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology