title: Contrasting modes of photosynthetic enzyme regulation in oxygenic and anoxygenic prokaryotes.
abstract: Enzymes that are regulated by the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system in chloroplasts--fructose-1,6-bis-phosphatase (FBPase), sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase), and phosphoribulokinase (PRK)--were partially purified from two different types of photosynthetic prokaryotes (cyanobacteria, purple sulfur bacteria) and tested for a response to thioredoxins.  Each of the enzymes from the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum, an oxygenic organism known to contain the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system, was activated by thioredoxins that had been reduced either chemically by dithiothreitol or photochemically by reduced ferredoxin and ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase.  Like their chloroplast counterparts, N. muscorum FBPase and SBPase were activated preferentially by reduced thioredoxin f. SBPase was also partially activated by thioredoxin m. PRK, which was present in two regulatory forms in N. muscorum, was activated similarly by thioredoxins f and m.  Despite sharing the capacity for regulation by thioredoxins, the cyanobacterial FBPase and SBPase target enzymes differed antigenically from their chloroplast counterparts.  The corresponding enzymes from Chromatium vinosum, an anoxygenic photosynthetic purple bacterium found recently to contain the NADP/thioredoxin system, differed from both those of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts in showing no response to reduced thioredoxin.  Instead, C. vinosum FBPase, SBPase, and PRK activities were regulated by a metabolite effector, 5'-AMP.  The evidence is in accord with the conclusion that thioredoxins function in regulating the reductive pentose phosphate cycle in oxygenic prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) that contain the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system, but not in anoxygenic prokaryotes (photosynthetic purple bacteria) that contain the NADP/thioredoxin system.  In organisms of the latter type, enzyme effectors seem to play a dominant role in regulating photosynthetic carbon dioxide assimilation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Buchanan
mesh_terms: D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D054479:Chloroplast Thioredoxins; D002844:Chromatium / Q000201:enzymology*; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000201:enzymology*; D004229:Dithiothreitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005288:Ferredoxins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006597:Fructose-Bisphosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D007506:Iron-Sulfur Proteins; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010427:Pentose Phosphate Pathway / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D013439:Sulfhydryl Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D054479:Chloroplast Thioredoxins; D005288:Ferredoxins; D007506:Iron-Sulfur Proteins; D013439:Sulfhydryl Reagents; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D013879:Thioredoxins; D009249:NADP; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C021588:ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); C022390:phosphoribulokinase; D006597:Fructose-Bisphosphatase; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; C022627:sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase; D004229:Dithiothreitol