title: The measured radiation environment within Spacelabs 1 and 2 and comparison with predictions.
abstract: To measure the radiation environment in the Spacelab (SL) module and on the pallet, a set of passive and active radiation detectors was flown as part of the Verification Flight Instrumentation (VFI).  SL 1 carried 4 passive and 2 active detector packages which, with the data from the 26 passive detectors of Experiment INS006, provided a comprehensive survey of the radiation environment within the spacecraft.  SL 2 carried 2 passive VFI units on the pallet.  Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) measured the low linear energy transfer (LET) dose component; the HZE fluence and LET spectra were mapped with CR-39 track detectors; thermal and epithermal neutrons were measured with the use of fission foils; metal samples analyzed by gamma ray spectroscopy measured low levels of several activation lines.  The TLDs registered from 97 to 143 mrad in the SL 1 module.  Dose equivalents of 330 +/- 70 mrem in the SL 1 module and 537 +/- 37 mrem on the SL 2 pallet were measured.  The active units in the SL 1 module each contained an integrating tissue-equivalent ion chamber and two differently-shielded xenon-filled proportional counters.  The ion chambers accumulated 125 and 128 mrads for the mission with 17 and 12 mrads accumulated during passages through the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA).  The proportional counter rates (approximately 1 cps at sea level) were approximately 100 cps in the middle of the SAA (mostly protons), approximately 35 cps at large geomagnetic latitudes (cosmic rays) and approximately 100 cps in the South Horn of the electron belts (mostly bremsstrahlung).  Detailed results of the measurements and comparison with calculated values are described.
authors.affiliation: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Parnell
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Benton
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gregory
mesh_terms: D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D004601:Elementary Particles; D004867:Equipment Design; D005720:Gamma Rays; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013020:South America; D013026:Space Flight / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018531:Spacecraft / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes