title: Entrainment of Syrian hamsters to short photoperiod T-cycles does not reverse the inhibitory nature of feedback lighting on the photoperiodic response.
abstract: Experiments examining the photoperiodic effects of various light-dark cycles unexpectedly demonstrated that light during the subjective night is not necessarily photoinductive to the reproductive system of long day breeders.  Feedback lighting (illumination in response to locomotor activity) and a high-frequency light-dark cycle with 1 minute (m) of light followed with 1 minute of dark (LD1m:1m) failed to maintain reproductive function in Syrian hamsters despite exposing the animal to 5-6 hours of light per cycle during the subjective night.  In an effort to determine why feedback lighting and LD1m:1m do not maintain reproductive function, male Syrian hamsters were exposed to one of the following lighting conditions for ten weeks:  a light-dark cycle with 14 hours of light followed by a 10 hour light-dark cycle of 1 minute of light followed by 1 minute of dark ¿LD14:10(1m:1m)¿; a cycle of a 14 hour light-dark cycle of 1 minute of light followed by 1 minute of dark, followed by 10 hours of dark ¿LD14(1m:1m):10)¿; a light-dark cycle of 2 hours of light and 21 hours of dark (LD2:21); a light-dark cycle of 2 hours of light and 22 hours of dark (LD2:22); LD2:21 in conjunction with feedback lighting (LD2:21/FB); LD2:22 in conjunction with feedback lighting (LD2:22/FB); constant dark (DD) or constant light (LL).  All hamsters exposed to LD14(1m:1m):10 entrained.  Only 7 of 12 hamsters exposed to LD14:10(1m:1m) entrained.  This supports previous findings, which suggest that the circadian system has difficulty differentiating between LD1m:1m and LL.  Exposure to LD2:22 and DD induced testicular regression, while LL, LD2:21 and LD14(1m:1m):10 maintained reproductive function, as expected.  The addition of approximately 5 hours of nocturnal illumination by feedback lighting, however, not only failed to prevent reproductive regression in LD2:22, but attenuated the stimulatory nature of LD2:21.  This suggests that feedback lighting is not only not stimulatory, but may be actively inhibitory.  Perhaps this is due to a photoinhibitory effect of multitransitional nocturnal illumination.  This hypothesis is supported by the finding that LD14:10(1m:1m) allows regression, while LD14(1m:1m):10 is stimulatory.  These findings also imply that the state of the circadian system is instrumental in the reproductive system's interpretation of a light signal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Carbondale 62901.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ferraro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bartke
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Steger
mesh_terms: D000204:Activity Cycles / Q000528:radiation effects; D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006224:Cricetinae; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000528:radiation effects; D009929:Organ Size; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D017440:Photoperiod; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D011388:Prolactin