title: A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is uncertain whether the administration of benzodiazepines by paramedics is an effective and safe treatment for out-of-hospital status epilepticus.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial to evaluate intravenous benzodiazepines administered by paramedics for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus. Adults with prolonged (lasting five minutes or more) or repetitive generalized convulsive seizures received intravenous diazepam (5 mg), lorazepam (2 mg), or placebo. An identical second injection was given if needed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 205 patients enrolled, 66 received lorazepam, 68 received diazepam, and 71 received placebo. Status epilepticus had been terminated on arrival at the emergency department in more patients treated with lorazepam (59.1 percent) or diazepam (42.6 percent) than patients given placebo (21.1 percent) (P=0.001). After adjustment for covariates, the odds ratio for termination of status epilepticus by the time of arrival in the lorazepam group as compared with the placebo group was 4.8 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.9 to 13.0). The odds ratio was 1.9 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 4.4) in the lorazepam group as compared with the diazepam group and 2.3 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 5.9) in the diazepam group as compared with the placebo group. The rates of respiratory or circulatory complications (indicated by bag valve-mask ventilation or an attempt at intubation, hypotension, or cardiac dysrhythmia) after the study treatment was administered were 10.6 percent for the lorazepam group, 10.3 percent for the diazepam group, and 22.5 percent for the placebo group (P=0.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Benzodiazepines are safe and effective when administered by paramedics for out-of-hospital status epilepticus in adults. Lorazepam is likely to be a better therapy than diazepam.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, USA.
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Alldredge
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gelb
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Isaacs
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Corry
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gottwald
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lowenstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003975:Diazepam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D016015:Logistic Models; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D008140:Lorazepam; D003975:Diazepam