title: Safety and efficacy of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest for operations on the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with circulatory arrest is an important adjunct for operations on the distal aortic arch and the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta. Its safety and efficacy compared with other techniques (eg, simple aortic clamping, partial cardiopulmonary bypass, and regional hypothermia) are not clearly established.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixty-one patients (ranging from 20 to 83 years old) with descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic disease had resection and graft replacement of the involved aortic segments using hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass usually with intervals of circulatory arrest (mean interval, 38 minutes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 30-day mortality rate was 6.2% (10 patients). It was 41% (7 of 17) for patients having emergent operations (rupture or acute dissection) and 2.1% (3 of 144) for all other patients (p < 0.001). The 90-day mortality rate was 11.8% (19 patients). Paraplegia occurred in 4 and paraparesis in 1 of the 156 operative survivors whose lower limb function could be assessed postoperatively (3.2%). Among the 91 survivors with thoracoabdominal aortic disease, early paraplegia occurred in 1 of 33 patients with Crawford type I disease, 0 of 34 with type II disease, and 2 of 24 with type III disease. One patient (type II disease) had development of paraplegia on the tenth postoperative day. None of the 50 patients with aortic dissection experienced paralysis. Renal dialysis was required in 4 (2.5%) of the 157 operative survivors, prolonged inotropic support (> 48 hours) in 17 (11%), reoperation for bleeding in 8 (5%), mechanical ventilation (> 48 hours) in 31 (20%), and tracheostomy in 13 (8%). Three patients (1.9%) sustained a stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass provides safe and substantial protection against paralysis and renal, cardiac, and visceral organ system failure that equals or exceeds that of other currently used techniques but without the need of other adjuncts.
authors.affiliation: The Heart Center, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, St. Louis, USA. ntkouch@aol.com
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Kouchoukos
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Masetti
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Rokkas
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Blackstone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery*; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply