title: Cosmic ionizing radiation effects in plant seeds after short and long duration exposure flights.
abstract: Recently, comparison of biophysical data obtained from orbital flights of short and long duration led to results which will be significant for long and/or repeated stay of man in space.  Under orbital conditions biological stress is induced in dry seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana by cosmic radiation especially its high energetic, densely ionizing component, the heavy ions (HZE).  For comparison of radiation impact during different space flights a biological attempt at estimating the impact of single particles with high mass and energy (HZE-particles) on seeds was developed.  Subdivision into LET-groups showed a remarkable contribution of an intermediate group (LET = 35 to 100 keV/micrometer) due to medium heavy ions (Z = 6 to 10).  Efficiency factors for radiation damage experimentally determined and assigned to different LET-classes were compared to radiation quality factors discussed in literature.
authors.affiliation: Botanisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Gartenbach
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pickert
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kranz
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003359:Cosmic Radiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D011874:Radiometry; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013026:Space Flight; D018531:Spacecraft; D013997:Time Factors