title: Single-track effects and new directions in GCR risk assessment.
abstract: Light flashes in the eye as recorded by astronauts on missions outside the geomagnetosphere are presumably caused by single particle traversals of galactic cosmic rays traversing the retina.  Although these flashes are not considered to have deleterious short- or long-term effects on vision, they are testimony that the body can detect single particle traversals.  The frequencies of the flashes implicate ions in the charge range of 6 to 8 (i.e., carbon and/or oxygen ions).  Other particles with higher charge and causing more ionization are present at lower frequencies.  The possibility of the importance of such single-track effects in radiation carcinogenesis and other late effects suggest that a risk assessment system based on particle fluence rather than absorbed dose might be useful for assessing risk on long-term space missions.  Such a system based on the concept of a risk cross section is described.  Human cancer risk cross sections obtained from recently compiled A-bomb survival data are presented, and problems involving the determination of the LET-dependence of such cross sections are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Curtis
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology*; D003359:Cosmic Radiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007477:Ions; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D008297:Male; D008722:Methods; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013026:Space Flight; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D007477:Ions