title: Association of DDT with spontaneous abortion: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spontaneous abortion (SAB), the most common adverse pregnancy outcome, affects approximately 15% of clinically recognized pregnancies. Except for advanced maternal age and smoking, there are not well-established risk factors for SAB. Animal models associate increased fetal resorption or abortion with exposure to the pesticide dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), but epidemiologic investigations of DDT and SAB are inconsistent. We undertook a pilot investigation of the hypothesized association of DDT with SAB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in this case-control study were selected from a longitudinal study of reproductive effects of rotating shifts among female Chinese textile workers who were married, ages 22-34, nulliparous without history of SAB or infertility, and planning pregnancy. From 412 pregnancies, 42 of which ended in SAB, 15 SAB cases and 15 full-term controls were randomly selected and phlebotomized. Serum was analyzed for p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, their metabolites (DDE and DDD), and other organochlorines including polychlorinated biphenyls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases and controls were nonsmokers and did not differ in age (mean 25 years), body mass index (BMI), passive smoke exposure, or workplace exposures. Cases had significantly (p < 0.05) higher serum levels of p,p'-DDE (22 vs.12 ng/g) and o,p'-DDE (0.09 vs. 0.05 ng/g) than controls. After adjustment for age and BMI, each ng/g serum increase in p,p'-DDE was associated with a 1.13 (CI, 1.02-1.26) increased odds of SAB. With adjustment of serum DDE levels for excretion via breastfeeding, DDE-associated increased odds of SAB remained significant with up to 7% declines in maternal serum DDE levels for each month of breastfeeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A potential increased risk of SAB is associated with maternal serum DDE levels.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Korrick
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Damokosh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Altshul
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003634:DDT / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003634:DDT