title: Reduced quality of life among multiple sclerosis patients with sexual disturbance and bladder dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Physical disability explains only part of the reduced quality of life found among multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Bladder dysfunction and sexual disturbance are frequent and distressing problems for MS patients. We therefore estimated the relationship between the presence and degree of sexual disturbance/bladder dysfunction and the patients' quality of life as measured by the SF-36 Health Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional study of all individuals with the onset of MS between 1976 and 1986 in Hordaland County, Norway. The disease duration at examination was 9-19 years; 194 patients (94%) participated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-three per cent of the patients with low physical disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) < or = 4.0) reported disease-related sexual disturbance and 44% had bladder dysfunction according to the Incapacity Status Scale. The corresponding figures for the patients with a high physical disability (EDSS > 4.0) were 86 and 81% respectively. The patients with sexual disturbance had markedly and significantly reduced scores on all eight SF-36 scales, this was after adjustment for disease development measured by the EDSS. The patients without sexual disturbance scored 0.5 s.d. lower than a normal population on the social functioning scale, whereas those with marked sexual disturbance scored 1.5 s.d. lower. Similar results were found for the patients with bladder dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bladder and sexual problems are associated with a marked reduction in the quality of life, also among patients with otherwise low disability. This underlines the need for identifying and treating these problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Nortvedt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Riise
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Myhr
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Landtblom
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bakke
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Nyland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D009664:Norway; D011788:Quality of Life; D012008:Recurrence; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000209:etiology*; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000209:etiology*