title: Predictors of cotinine levels in US children: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine what factors predict cotinine levels in US children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationally representative sample of 5,653 US children, both with and without reported tobacco smoke exposure in their homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We stratified the children into those with reported passive smoke exposure at home and those without this exposure. We used regression models to predict the log of the cotinine level of the participants with the following independent covariates: age; race/ethnicity; number of rooms in the home; sex; parental education; family poverty index; family size; region; and, among children with reported passive smoke exposure, the number of cigarettes smoked in the home.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children exposed to passive smoke had a mean cotinine level of 1.66 ng/mL, and children not exposed to passive smoke had a mean level of 0.31 ng/mL. Among children with reported smoke exposure, non-Mexican-American race/ethnicity, young age, low number of rooms in the home, low parental education, and an increasing number of cigarettes smoked in the home were predictors of increased serum cotinine levels. Among children with no reported smoke exposure, significant predictors of increased cotinine levels included black race, young age, Midwest region of the United States, low number of rooms in the home, low parental education, large family size, and low family poverty index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the reported number of cigarettes smoked in the home is the most important predictor of cotinine levels in children exposed to smoke and may provide an opportunity for clinical intervention, other demographic factors are important among children both with and without reported smoke exposure.
authors.affiliation: Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. dmannino@cdc.gov
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mannino
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caraballo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Benowitz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Repace
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine