title: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the use of amphetamine in the treatment of aphasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A number of studies suggest that drugs which increase the release of norepinephrine promote recovery when administered late (days to weeks) after brain injury in animals. A small number of clinical studies have investigated the effects of the noradrenergic agonist dextroamphetamine in patients recovering from motor deficits following stroke. To determine whether these findings extend to communication deficits subsequent to stroke, we administered dextroamphetamine, paired with speech/language therapy, to patients with aphasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, double-blind study, 21 aphasic patients with an acute nonhemorrhagic infarction were randomly assigned to receive either 10 mg dextroamphetamine or a placebo. Patients were entered between days 16 and 45 after onset and were treated on a 3-day/4-day schedule for 10 sessions. Thirty minutes after drug/placebo administration, subjects received a 1-hour session of speech/language therapy. The Porch Index of Communicative Ability was used at baseline, at 1 week off the drug, and at 6 months after onset as the dependent language measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although there were no differences between the drug and placebo groups before treatment (P=0.807), by 1 week after the 10 drug treatments ended there was a significant difference in gain scores between the groups (P=0.0153), with the greater gain in the dextroamphetamine group. The difference was still significant when corrected for initial aphasia severity and age. At the 6-month follow-up, the difference in gain scores between the groups had increased; however, the difference was not significant (P=0.0482) after correction for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of dextroamphetamine paired with 10 1-hour sessions of speech/language therapy facilitated recovery from aphasia in a small group of patients in the subacute period after stroke. Neuromodulation with dextroamphetamine, and perhaps other drugs that increase central nervous system noradrenaline levels, may facilitate recovery when paired with focused behavioral treatment.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Center-Dallas, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Texas Woman's University, The Mobility Foundation Center, Dallas, Texas, USA. DWalkerBatson@twu.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walker-Batson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Natarajan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dronkers
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salmeron
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Unwin
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001037:Aphasia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation; D007808:Language Therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013070:Speech Therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D003913:Dextroamphetamine