title: Interface between drug use and sex work in Manipur.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In India, drug use is seen predominantly as a problem among men. This study attempts to address the interface between drug use and sex work among women drug users in Manipur and the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and other sexually transmitted infections in them.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and October 1997 at the time of an ethnic clash in imphal, the capital of Manipur. Sixty-nine women drug users were interviewed through street-based outreach workers; 38 women (55%) were injecting drug users. Data were generated with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire on sociodemography, drug use practice and health issues after obtaining informed consent from the participants. Subsequently, consent was also obtained from 60 respondents for collecting blood for unlinked anonymous tests for HIV and hepatitis B surface antigen. Clinical examination for reproductive tract infections, offered to all the study participants, generated data on sexually transmitted diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of HIV infection in injecting drug users was 57% (20/35) compared to 20% (5/25) among non-injecting drug users (p = 0.001), although the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen was similar in the two groups, 48% v. 56%, respectively. Eighty per cent of the respondents, many of whom migrated following the ethnic clash, reported having sex with non-regular partners, two-thirds reported sex in exchange for money or drugs. Eighty-one per cent (29/36) of women who agreed to have a clinical examination had abnormal vaginal discharge, of which 10 had endocervical discharge. The presence of infection was confirmed in only 24% of those with vaginal discharge--4 had bacterial vaginosis and 3 trichomoniasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Environmental interventions to reduce civil unrest and forced migration have an important role to play in HIV containment. The high rate of HIV infection, and the probability of a high rate of sexually transmitted infections in women drug users suggests that a targeted intervention in this population group is a public health need. An innovative outreach strategy should be designed for effective implementation of interventions among women injecting drug users and non-injecting drug users who operate from the streets as sex workers to support their drug habit as well as livelihood.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Calcutta 700010, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panda
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bijaya
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sadhana Devi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D020380:Needs Assessment; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011477:Sex Work / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014857:Warfare; D016387:Women's Health