title: Fertilization and development of eggs of the South African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, on sounding rockets in space.
abstract: Egg rotation and centrifugation experiments strongly suggest a role for gravity in the determination of the spatial structure of amphibian embryos.  Decisive experiments can only be made in Space.  Eggs of Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed toad, were the first vertebrate eggs which were successfully fertilized on Sounding Rockets in Space.  Unfixed, newly fertilized eggs survived reentry, and a reasonable number showed a seemingly normal gastrulation but died between gastrulation and neurulation.  Only a few reached the larval stage, but these developed abnormally.  In the future, we intend to test whether this abnormal morphogenesis is due to reentry perturbations, or due to a real microgravity effect, through perturbation of the reinitiation of meiosis and other processes, or started by later sperm penetration.
authors.affiliation: Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Utrecht.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ubbels
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Berendsen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kerkvliet
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Narraway
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016764:Cell Polarity; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009024:Morphogenesis; D013026:Space Flight; D018531:Spacecraft / Q000295:instrumentation; D013084:Sperm-Ovum Interactions; D014893:Weightlessness; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology