title: Urinary leukotriene E(4), eosinophil protein X, and nasal eosinophil cationic protein are not associated with respiratory symptoms in 1-year-old children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eosinophilic airways inflammation forms the pathophysiologic basis for a proportion of children at risk of developing recurrent wheezing. Early preventive measures and/or anti-inflammatory treatment may be guided by the identification of such children. We aimed to study the relationship between respiratory symptoms and indirect markers of airway inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured eosinophil protein X (EPX) and leukotriene E(4) (LTE(4)) in urine, as well as eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in nasal lavages, in a random sample of 1-year-old children with a family history of atopy who participated in an international multicenter study on the prevention of allergy in Europe. For urine analyses, 10 children with upper respiratory illness and 19 healthy children without a family history of atopy were also enrolled. Endogenous urinary LTE(4) was separated by HPLC and determined by enzyme immunoassay with a specific antibody. The concentrations of nasal ECP and urinary EPX were determined by RIA analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and ten children (mean age: 1.05+/-0.1 years) were enrolled. Prolonged coughing during the first year of life was reported in 29 children, wheezy breathing in 17 children, and dry skin in 33 children. A doctor's diagnosis of wheezy bronchitis was given to 17 children. Sensitization to dust mites (specific IgE > or =1.43 ML/units) was detected in two children. Children with a doctor's diagnosis of atopic dermatitis within the first 12 months of life (n=6) had significantly higher urinary EPX than children without this (66.7 vs 30.1 microg/mmol creatinine, P=0.01). Urinary excretion of EPX and LTE4 showed a weak correlation (r=0.22, P=0.02). There were no significant differences in urinary excretion of EPX and LTE(4) or nasal ECP between children with and without respiratory symptoms (P>0.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the age of 1 year, urinary EPX is increased in children with atopic dermatitis. With regard to respiratory symptoms, urinary and nasal inflammatory parameters are not helpful in characterizing the phenotype of a single patient.
authors.affiliation: Wilhelminenspital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wojnarowski
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Halmerbauer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mayatepek
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gartner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frischer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuehr
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003371:Cough / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004391:Dust / Q000009:adverse effects; D047091:Eosinophil Granule Proteins; D047208:Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D007229:Infant Welfare; D017999:Leukotriene E4 / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008925:Mites; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D015995:Prevalence; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity / Q000378:metabolism*; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology; D012260:Ribonucleases / Q000032:analysis*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001798:Blood Proteins; D004391:Dust; D047091:Eosinophil Granule Proteins; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D017999:Leukotriene E4; D047208:Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin; D012260:Ribonucleases