title: Abnormal glucose levels found in transportation accidents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Aerospace Medicine is responsible for the certification of pilots with diabetic conditions. The present study evaluated the use of postmortem vitreous humor and urine glucose levels in transportation accident fatalities as indicators of potentially incapacitating medical conditions or performance impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vitreous humor and/or urine from 192 accident fatalities were analyzed for glucose using a hexokinase method. Cases with values below the lower limit of detection (10 mg x dl(-1)) and above 3 standard deviations (SD) from the mean were not included in the final statistics. All cases more than 5 SD above the mean were deemed abnormal and a full case history was evaluated based on the available medical history.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean vitreous humor glucose concentration was 30+/-21 mg x dl(-1) (N=98), while it was 27+/-16 mg x dl(-1) in urine (N=127). Of the 192 cases, 9 were identified as having abnormal glucose levels. Abnormal glucose levels were found in 5 of the 8 cases with a known diabetic condition. Glycosuria or low renal threshold was reported in 2 fatal pilots; 1 of these pilots had an abnormal glucose level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperglycemia can be established from the vitreous humor and urine glucose levels. All of the abnormal glucose cases detected were previously identified during the medical certification process or had a medical reason for the abnormal level. Elevated vitreous humor and urine glucose levels have proven useful in identifying individuals with a pre-existing diabetic condition that might have been a factor in the accident.
authors.affiliation: Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. dennis_canfield@mmacmail.jccbi.gov
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Canfield
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Boren
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Veronneau
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D001359:Aviation / Q000592:standards; D002568:Certification; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D006029:Glycosuria; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose