title: Wheat production in controlled environments.
abstract: Our goal is to optimize conditions for maximum yield and quality of wheat to be used in a controlled-environment, life-support system (CELSS) in a Lunar or Martian base or perhaps in a space craft.  With yields of 23 to 57 g m-2 d-1 of edible biomass, a minimum size for a CELSS would be between 12 and 30 m2 per person, utilizing about 600 W m-2 of electrical energy for artificial light.  Temperature, irradiance, photoperiod, carbon-dioxide levels, humidity, and wind velocity are controlled in state-of-the-art growth chambers.  Nutrient solutions (adjusted for wheat) are supplied to the roots via a recirculating system that controls pH by adding HNO3 and controlling the NO3/NH4 ratio in solution.  A rock-wool plant support allows direct seeding and densities up to 10,000 plants per meter2.  Densities up to 2000 plants m-2 appear to increase seed yield.  Biomass production increases almost linearly with increasing irradiance from 400 to 1700 micromoles m-2 s-1 of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), but the efficiency of light utilization decreases over this range.  Photoperiod and temperature both have a profound influence on floral initiation, spikelet formation, stem elongation, and fertilization.  High temperatures (25 to 27 degrees C) and long days shorten the life cycle and promote rapid growth, but cooler temperatures (20 degrees C) and shorter days greatly increase seed number per head and thus yield (g m-2).  The life cycle is lengthened in these conditions but yield per day (g m-2 d-1) is still increased.  We have evaluated about 600 cultivars from around the world and have developed several breeding lines for our controlled conditions.  Some of our ultra-dwarf lines (30 to 50 cm tall) look especially promising with high yields and high harvest indices (percent edible biomass).
authors.affiliation: Plant Science Department, Utah State University, Logan 84322-4820, USA.
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Salisbury
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bugbee
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bubenheim
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D003470:Culture Media; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D004780:Environment, Controlled; D005308:Fertilizers; D018527:Hydroponics; D008021:Life Support Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D017785:Photons; D017440:Photoperiod; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D014908:Triticum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005308:Fertilizers; D009566:Nitrates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds