title: [The return to the ketogenic diet. What role does it play in the treatment of refractory seizures of infancy?].
abstract: About one third of the patients with epilepsy are not satisfactorily controlled in spite of correct anticonvulsive treatment. Although the ketogenic diet has been used for refractory epilepsy since the 1920s, over the past ten years it has been used much more.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the effectiveness, tolerance and adverse effects in 12 paediatric patients who have been on this diet for over three months.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed 15 children, of whom only 12 are included in this review ( 5 boys and 7 girls). After initial joint evaluation by the neuropaediatrician and the Clinical Nutrition Unit the diet was started in hospital with a period of fasting (24 48 hours) until ketosis occurred. The diet was continued over three days before the child was sent home. In our centre we used a diet with modified MCT, in which 30% of the energy was given in the form of MCT and 40% as natural fats. The effectiveness of the diet was found by comparing the number of seizures suffered by the patient before starting the diet with the number at different times later (1, 3, 6, 12, 18 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age when starting on the diet was 3 years and 5 months (range 18 months to 9 years). All had been diagnosed as having the Lennox Gastaut syndrome, six having cryptogenic disease. Six children had severe mental retardation. Six months after starting the diet, half the children had over 50% reduction in seizures whilst a third had no seizures at all or had their frequency of occurrence reduced by over 90%. After one year three families had given up the diet, two because of its inefficacy in controlling the seizures. The diet was well tolerated in all cases, with levels of ketonuria maintained at 2+. Mild adverse effects were seen in only three patients and transient rise in the plasma cholesterol level in four children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ketogenic diet is still an effective treatment for epilepsy, especially in patients in whom the drugs available have not led to improvement. Its excellent tolerance and few short term side effects encourages its use in most cases of refractory epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Sección de Neuropediatría; Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, 28041, España.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Moreno Villares
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oliveros-Leal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simón-Heras
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mateos-Beato
mesh_terms: D000747:Anemia, Hypochromic / Q000209:etiology; D000855:Anorexia / Q000209:etiology; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003248:Constipation / Q000209:etiology; D004035:Diet Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000209:etiology; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000178:diet therapy; D007657:Ketone Bodies / Q000378:metabolism; D007662:Ketosis / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007657:Ketone Bodies; D014280:Triglycerides