title: Combined injury syndrome in space-related radiation environments.
abstract: The risk of combined injury (CI) to space travelers is a function of exposure to anomalously large surges of a broad spectrum of particulate and photon radiations, conventional trauma (T), and effects of weightlessness including decreased intravascular fluid volume, and myocardial deconditioning.  CI may occur even at relatively low doses of radiation which can synergistically enhance morbidity and mortality from T.  Without effective countermeasures, prolonged residence in space is expected to predispose most individuals to bone fractures as a result of calcium loss in the microgravity environment.  Immune dysfunction may occur from residence in space independent of radiation exposure.  Thus, wound healing would be compromised if infection were to occur.  Survival of the space traveler with CI would be significantly compromised if there were delays in wound closure or in the application of simple supportive medical or surgical therapies.  Particulate radiation has the potential for causing greater gastrointestinal injury than photon radiation, but bone healing should not be compromised at the expected doses of either type of radiation in space.
authors.affiliation: Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center/SGHMME, Lackland AFB, TX 78236-5300, USA.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Dons
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fohlmeister
mesh_terms: D018488:Bone Demineralization, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003359:Cosmic Radiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018495:Fluid Shifts / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008231:Lymphopenia; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000503:physiopathology; D017785:Photons; D011522:Protons / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012307:Risk Factors; D016082:Solar System; D013026:Space Flight; D014893:Weightlessness / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018544:Weightlessness Countermeasures; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D011522:Protons