title: Effects of lung reduction on rheotactic performance in amphibian larvae.
abstract: In this study we test the  hypothesis that lung reduction in amphibians is a larval adaptation to reduce buoyancy and facilitate rheotaxis in lotic environments. Larvae of the spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum (family Ambystomatidae) were raised from eggs with (= control) and without (= experimental) access to the air-water interface. The experimental larvae developed significantly smaller and more solidified lungs than the controls. Although mean snout-vent length did not differ between the control and experimental groups, the latter had a significantly greater mean body mass, indicating greater specific gravity in experimental versus controls. To evaluate rheotactic behavior, larvae were subjected to a water current in an artificial stream. The distance and time required to establish a purchase on the stream bottom were recorded. Although the times did not differ, the distances displaced downstream were significantly less in experimental than in control larvae. We conclude that lung reduction and solidification reduce buoyancy and enhance rheotactic ability in salamander larvae. These findings suggest that lunglessness in plethodontid salamanders evolved as an adaptation to stream environments.
authors.affiliation: Highlands Biological Station, Highlands, North Carolina 28741, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Beachy
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Lenzo
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Pronych
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wassersug
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000388:Air; D000557:Ambystoma / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001824:Body Constitution; D007101:Immersion; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D008168:Lung / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012119:Respiration; D012212:Rheology; D014872:Water Movements