title: Safe and effective treatment of refractory facial lesions in atopic dermatitis using topical tacrolimus following corticosteroid discontinuation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Topical corticosteroids are commonly applied in atopic dermatitis (AD) treatment. However, their chronic use may be associated with significant side effects at the application site. Skin atrophy and other undesirable effects are frequently seen after long-term corticosteroid treatment. In addition, when application of corticosteroids is discontinued, a rebound phenomenon in the facial lesions can occur within several days. Topical tacrolimus, an immunosuppressant currently used to prevent rejection after solid-organ transplantation, presents a potential alternative therapeutic agent for AD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study is the first trial designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topically applied tacrolimus ointment after corticosteroid discontinuation without a washout phase in severe, long-term facial AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven patients with facial refractory AD were recruited, of whom 38 had undergone topical corticosteroid treatment for at least 4 weeks before enrollment (group 1) and the other 9 had not received steroid treatment (group 2). All 47 patients received 0.1% tacrolimus ointment, and the severity index and pruritus score were assessed as an AD clinical activity index every week and compared with baseline data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the severity index and pruritus score improved significantly in group 1 after 1 and 2 weeks of application (p < 0.01, respectively). Group 2 showed the greatest improvement at 4 weeks (p < 0.05). In this trial, none of the patients experienced a rebound phenomenon associated with tacrolimus treatment. A transient sensation of burning at the application site was the only adverse event in 31 of the 47 (66%) enrolled patients, but this condition improved after several days. Spectrophotometric assessment of the facial lesion following treatment revealed significant improvement in group 1 (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results indicate that topical tacrolimus treatment following corticosteroid discontinuation is safe and effective in refractory facial AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Soma
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Koro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yajima
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Imaizumi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kashima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mizoguchi
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005148:Facial Dermatoses / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009824:Ointments; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009824:Ointments; D016559:Tacrolimus