title: Radiological health risks for exploratory class missions in space.
abstract: Crewmembers on missions to the Moon or Mars will be unavoidably exposed to ionizing radiation as they pass through the Van Allen belts and the Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) flux.  There is the possibility for exposure to proton radiation from Solar Particle Events (SPE).  Using absorbed doses and ICRP 26, Linear Energy Transfer (LET) -dependent quality factors, the following dose-equivalents are estimated:  In a spacecraft with 0.75 cm aluminum walls (2 g/cm2) at solar minimum, the lunar round trip dose-equivalent is less than 0.05 Sv.  During a Mars mission the estimated dose-equivalents are:  outbound (Van Allen Belts) <0.02 Sv; Earth to Mars (205 days exposure to free space GCR) 0.32 Sv; 30 days on the Martian surface (GCR) 0.023 Sv; Mars to Earth (225 days exposure to free space) 0.35 Sv; and through the Van Allen Belts 0.02 Sv.  Conventionally, the total of 0.73 Sv over 460 days could be expected to increase the risk of cancer mortality in a 35-year old male astronaut by about one percent.  However three-fourths of the dose-equivalent in free space is contributed by high LET heavy ions (Z > or = 3) and target fragments with average quality factors of 10.3 and 20 respectively.  The biological effectiveness of these radiations is poorly understood; so the quality factors are set at conservatively very high values.  The entire concept of absorbed dose/quality factor/dose-equivalent as applied to GCR must be reconsidered.
authors.affiliation: Medical Sciences Division, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Nachtwey
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012306:Risk; D013026:Space Flight