title: Fluorescence versus white-light bronchoscopy for detection of preneoplastic lesions: a randomized study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are no currently approved methods for the screening and early detection of lung cancer. We compared the ability of conventional white-light bronchoscopy (WLB) and laser-induced fluorescence endoscopy (LIFE) to detect preneoplastic lung lesions in a randomized trial in which both the order of the procedures and the bronchoscopists were randomly assigned.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included high-risk subjects enrolled because of a cigarette smoking history of at least 30 pack-years, an air-flow obstruction, and either an abnormal sputum cytology (n = 48) or a previous or suspected lung cancer (n = 7). LIFE and WLB were performed on all patients. Biopsy specimens were assessed for histologic abnormalities, including the presence of angiogenic squamous dysplasia. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 391 biopsy specimens were taken from the 55 patients. Thirty-two patients (58%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 44% to 71%) had at least one biopsy with moderate or severe dysplasia, and 19 (59%; 95% CI = 41% to 76%) of these patients could be diagnosed based solely on the results of LIFE. LIFE was statistically significantly more sensitive than WLB for detecting moderate dysplasia or worse (68.8% versus 21.9%, respectively) (difference = 46.9%; 95% CI = 25% to 68%; P< .001). The relative sensitivities (WLB = 1.0) were 3.1 (95% CI = 1.6 to 6.3) for LIFE and 3.7 (95% CI = 1.9 to 7.3) for LIFE and WLB combined. LIFE was less specific than WLB (69.6% versus 78.3%, respectively; P = .45), but the difference was not statistically significant. The relative specificities (WLB = 1.0) were 0.9 for LIFE (95% CI = 0.6 to 1.3) and 0.6 (95% CI = 0.4 to 1.0) for LIFE and WLB combined. The results were similar regardless of the order of the procedures or the order of the bronchoscopists. Also, LIFE was better at identifying angiogenic squamous dysplasia lesions than WLB (detection ratio [DR], which indicates the relative likelihood of getting a positive result in a sample with dysplasia compared with one without, for LIFE = 1.39 [95% CI = 1.17 to 1.65] versus DR for WLB = 0.67 [95% CI = 0.38 to 1.21]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LIFE was more sensitive than WLB in detecting preneoplastic bronchial changes in high-risk subjects. The prognostic implication of this finding is not yet clear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and Cancer Center, Denver, USA.
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Prindiville
authors.forename: Y E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Dempsey
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bunn
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000453:epidemiology; D001706:Biopsy; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008027:Light; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008679:Metaplasia; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012306:Risk; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology