title: Science strategy for human exploration of Mars.
abstract: The scientific objectives of Mars exploration can be framed within the overarching theme of exploring Mars as another home for life, both for evidence of past or present life on Mars, and as a potential future home for human life.  The two major areas of research within this theme are:   1) determining the relationship between planetary evolution, climate change, and life, and 2) determining the habitability of Mars.  Within this framework, this paper discusses the exploration objectives for exobiology, climatology and atmospheric science, geology, and martian resource assessment.  Human exploration will proceed in four major phases:  1) Precursor missions which will obtain environmental knowledge necessary for human exploration, 2) Emplacement phase which includes the first few human landings where crews will explore the local area of the landing site; 3) Consolidation phase missions where a permanent base will be constructed and crews will be capable of detailed exploration over regional scales; 4) Utilization phase, in which a continuously occupied permanent Mars base exists and humans will be capable of detailed global exploration of the martian surface.  The phases of exploration differ primarily in the range and capabilities of human mobility.  In the emplacement phase, an unpressurized rover, similar to the Apollo lunar rover, will be used and will have a range of a few tens of kilometers.  In the Consolidation phase, mobility will be via a pressurized all-terrain vehicle capable of expeditions from the base site of several weeks duration.  In the Utilization phase, humans will be capable of several months long expeditions to any point on the surface of Mars using a suborbital rocket equipped with habitat, lab, and return vehicle.  Because of human mobility limitations, it is important to extend the range and duration of exploration in all phases by using teleoperated rover vehicles.  Site selection for human missions to Mars must consider the multi-decade time frame of these four phases.  We suggest that operations in the first two phases be focused in the regional area containing the Coprates Quadrangle and adjacent areas.
authors.affiliation: Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Stoker
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Haberle
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D018480:Astronauts; D002980:Climate; D018559:Exobiology; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D055593:Geological Phenomena; D005844:Geology; D006801:Humans; D018535:Mars; D010934:Planning Techniques; D013026:Space Flight