title: Prebiotic chemistry in clouds.
abstract: In the traditional concept for the origin of life as proposed by Oparin and Haldane in the 1920s, prebiotic reactants became slowly concentrated in the primordial oceans and life evolved slowly from a series of highly protracted chemical reactions during the first billion years of Earth's history.  However, chemical evolution may not have occurred continuously because planetesimals and asteroids impacted the Earth many times during the first billion years, may have sterilized the Earth, and required the process to start over.  A rapid process of chemical evolution may have been required in order that life appeared at or before 3.5 billion years ago.  Thus, a setting favoring rapid chemical evolution may be required.  A chemical evolution hypothesis set forth by Woese in 1979 accomplished prebiotic reactions rapidly in droplets in giant atmospheric reflux columns.  However, in 1985 Scherer raised a number of objections to Woese's hypothesis and concluded that it was not valid.  We propose a mechanism for prebiotic chemistry in clouds that satisfies Scherer's concerns regarding the Woese hypothesis and includes advantageous droplet chemistry.  Prebiotic reactants were supplied to the atmosphere by comets, meteorites, and interplanetary dust or synthesized in the atmosphere from simple compounds using energy sources such as ultraviolet light, corona discharge, or lightning.  These prebiotic monomers would have first encountered moisture in cloud drops and precipitation.  We propose that rapid prebiotic chemical evolution was facilitated on the primordial Earth by cycles of condensation and evaporation of cloud drops containing clay condensation nuclei and nonvolatile monomers.  For example, amino acids supplied by , or synthesized during entry of, meteorites, comets, and interplanetary dust would have been scavenged by cloud drops containing clay condensation nuclei.  Polymerization would have occurred within cloud systems during cycles of condensation, freezing, melting, and evaporation of cloud drops.  We suggest that polymerization reactions occurred in the atmosphere as in the Woese hypothesis, but life originated in the ocean as in the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis.  The rapidity with which chemical evolution could have occurred within clouds accommodates the time constraints suggested by recent astrophysical theories.
authors.affiliation: NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Oberbeck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000596:Amino Acids; D001272:Atmosphere; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002621:Chemistry; D000077215:Clay; D004391:Dust; D018534:Earth, Planet; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D019110:Meteoroids; D000069497:Origin of Life; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000596:Amino Acids; D004391:Dust; D011108:Polymers; D014867:Water; D000077215:Clay