title: Bonding amalgam to enamel: shear bond strength and SEM morphology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most studies of amalgam bonding have used dentin as the substrate. There is little data on bonding to enamel.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the shear bond strength of amalgam to enamel with the use of 3 resin cements, 1 resin-modified glass ionomer lining cement, and 2 dentin bonding agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty bovine teeth were trimmed to expose a flat enamel surface and randomly assigned to 6 test groups of 10 specimens each. A single-plane lap shear test assembly was used. The enamel surfaces were treated with either Amalgambond Plus (group I, control), 2 coats of Amalgambond Plus (group II), light-polymerized Panavia F followed by an additional coat of autopolymerized Panavia F (group III), light-polymerized Fuji Lining LC followed by an additional coat of acid-base set Fuji Lining LC (group IV), Clearfil SE Bond followed by an additional coat of autopolymerized Panavia F (group V), or Single Bond followed by an additional coat of autopolymerized RelyX ARC (group VI). Freshly mixed amalgam was condensed against the treated enamel surfaces. Shear bond strengths for each group were compared with 1-way ANOVA and post hoc Duncan's test (P=.05). Fracture modes were examined visually. SEM observations of the fractured enamel surfaces, interfacial morphology, and conditioned enamel surfaces for each group were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low bond strengths of 1.2 and 1.6 MPa were obtained in groups VI and I, respectively. The dual application of materials in all remaining groups resulted in higher bond strengths that ranged from 14.2 to 15.7 MPa. SEM illustrations revealed various degrees of intermingling between the adhesive material and amalgam. The conditioned enamel surfaces were morphologically varied according to conditioning solution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this in vitro study, with the exception of group VI, the dual application of either adhesive resins or resin-modified glass ionomer resulted in satisfactory bond strengths of amalgam to enamel (up to 16 MPa).
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, HatYai, Songkla, Thailand. dsupoj@ratree.psu.ac.th
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhanasomboon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nikaido
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tagami
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D011897:Random Allocation; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: C070606:Amalgambond; C438313:Clearfil SE Bond; D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008689:Methacrylates; C438843:Panavia-Fluoro; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D019279:Resin Cements; C115612:single bond; C084541:Fuji glass-ionomer lining cement; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D003723:Dental Amalgam