title: Management of neurological complications of carotid artery stenting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the neurological complications associated with extracranial carotid artery stenting and to preliminarily assess techniques used to manage these complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between April 1994 and August 2000, 450 patients (270 men; mean age 70.2 years, range 27-89) had stents implanted to treat 472 cervical carotid artery stenoses. Over half (257, 57%) of the patients were symptomatic. A variety of stents were implanted percutaneously after predilation of the lesion; a third of the patients received glycoprotein IIb/ IIIa inhibitors intraprocedurally in addition to a standard oral antiplatelet regimen (aspirin and ticlopidine or clopidogrel). Occurrence and management of neurological complications within the 30-day periprocedural period were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 14 (3.1%) transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), 10 (2.2%) minor strokes, and 3 (0.7%) major strokes. Among 6 (1.3%) procedure-related deaths, 4 had neurological causes. The total stroke and death rate was 4.2% (n = 19). All the TIAs, 4 of which occurred between 1 and 14 days poststenting, were treated medically, as were the minor strokes, 3 of which occurred >24 hours after stenting. Only 2 minor stroke patients had mild residual upper extremity motor deficits. Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy was administered in 5 cases (2 major strokes survivors and 3 patients who suffered a neurologically-related death); occlusions were identified in the proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) in 3 and the distal MCA in 2. Angiographic improvement was noted in 4 (80%), but only the 2 (40%) with distal MCA occlusions did well clinically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurological complications following carotid artery stenting are inevitable. The occurrence of minor strokes >24 hours following stenting may indicate a possible late embolic phenomenon, which warrants investigation. Likewise, the marginal efficacy of intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy demonstrates an inability to lyse embolic plaque and underscores the need for effective distal protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Interventional Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78284, USA. wholey@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wholey
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wholey
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Toursarkissian
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eles
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jarmolowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000401:mortality; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000098:blood supply; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed