title: Virtual reality exposure therapy for Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Virtual reality (VR) integrates real-time computer graphics, body-tracking devices, visual displays, and other sensory input devices to immerse a participant in a computer-generated virtual environment that changes in a natural way with head and body motion. VR exposure (VRE) is proposed as an alternative to typical imaginal exposure treatment for Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This report presents the results of an open clinical trial using VRE to treat Vietnam combat veterans who have DSM-IV PTSD. In 8 to 16 sessions, 10 male patients were exposed to 2 virtual environments: a virtual Huey helicopter flying over a virtual Vietnam and a clearing surrounded by jungle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinician-rated PTSD symptoms as measured by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, the primary outcome measure, at 6-month follow-up indicated an overall statistically significant reduction from baseline (p = .0021) in symptoms associated with specific reported traumatic experiences. All 8 participants interviewed at the 6-month follow-up reported reductions in PTSD symptoms ranging from 15% to 67%. Significant decreases were seen in all 3 symptom clusters (p < .02). Patient self-reported intrusion symptoms as measured by the Impact of Event Scale were significantly lower (p < .05) at 3 months than at baseline but not at 6 months, although there was a clear trend toward fewer intrusive thoughts and somewhat less avoidance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Virtual reality exposure therapy holds promise for treating PTSD in Vietnam veterans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, USA. brothba@emory.edu
authors.forename: B O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Rothbaum
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ready
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graap
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Alarcon
mesh_terms: D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007171:Implosive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology; D014744:Vietnam; D014857:Warfare