title: Modulation of the inflammatory response in the rat TMJ with increasing doses of complete Freund's adjuvant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute inflammation stresses the physiological system, which must respond in order to reestablish homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether bilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) injections of different doses of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) produced dose-dependent changes in biologic markers of acute inflammation. The ability to establish an animal model with varying degrees of joint inflammation would allow evaluation of agents or conditions that could modulate the severity of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The TMJs of three groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with CFA containing varying doses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT). A group of non-injected and a group of saline injected rats were used as controls. Food intake, body weights, swelling and chromodacryorrhea were recorded daily. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and corticosterone levels were assayed and condylar cartilage thickness was measured 48 h after injections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four hours post-injection, bilateral TMJ swelling and chromodacryorrhea were significantly (P< 0.05) increased following 10 microg of MT and further increased with elevated MT dose. In the CFA groups food intake was attenuated (P< 0.01) 24 and 48 h post-injection and negatively correlated with dose at 24 h. Body weight was also negatively correlated with dose. TMJ retrodiscal tissues IL-1 beta was increased (P< 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. CFA increased corticosterone (P< 0.05), but this elevation was not dose dependent. Condylar cartilage thickness was decreased in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that an intermediate dose of CFA can be used to effect submaximal levels of TMJ inflammation that will allow experimental modulation in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA. rharper@tambcd.edu
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kerins
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spears
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Bellinger
mesh_terms: D000210:Acute-Phase Reaction / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001835:Body Weight; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004435:Eating; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014394:Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007375:Interleukin-1; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D003345:Corticosterone