title: Surgical implications of variations in hand collateral circulation: anatomy revisited.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One of the risks associated with harvesting the radial artery is hand ischemia. Accordingly, this study investigated the variations of the hand collateral circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty hands of cadavers were examined. Variations of the palmar arches were recorded. A classic superficial palmar arch was defined as direct continuity between the ulnar artery and the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery. A classic complete deep palmar arch was defined as direct continuity between the radial artery and the deep branch of the ulnar artery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A classic superficial palmar arch was found in 10% (5/50) of hands, and a classic complete deep palmar arch was found in 90% (45/50) of hands. The superficial palmar branch of the ulnar artery supplied blood to all fingers in 66% (33/50) of hands. Although the superficial palmar branch of the ulnar artery was continuous with the radial artery in only 34% (17/50) of hands (including the classic type of superficial palmar arch), every hand had at least one major branch connecting the radial and ulnar arteries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variations in the terminations of the radial and ulnar arteries are common. Although the classic type of superficial palmar arch occurs relatively infrequently, there is always a significant anastomosis between the radial and the ulnar artery in the hand. This anatomic study confirms the presence of a collateral supply in the hand. In the absence of vascular disease, harvesting the radial artery should be regarded as a safe procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Austin & Repatriation Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruengsakulrach
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eizenberg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fahrer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fahrer
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Buxton
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries; D002102:Cadaver; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D006225:Hand / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans