title: Electropositive filter membrane as an alternative for the elimination of PCR inhibitors from sewage and water samples.
abstract: PCR is the best method for the detection of enteric viruses present at low concentrations in environmental samples. However, some organic and inorganic compounds present in these samples can interfere in the reaction. Many of these substances are cytotoxic, too. The ZP60S filter membranes used in addition to fluorpentane treatment are quite efficient for virus concentration and simultaneous elimination of cytotoxicity from environmental samples. In this study, both procedures were used to promote the elimination of reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) inhibitors from sewage and sewage-polluted creek water. Samples were subjected separately to each of the following procedures: filtration through electropositive filter membranes (ZP60S), organic extraction with Vertrel XF, and filtration through ZP60S followed by organic extraction. Afterwards, aliquots were experimentally inoculated with rotavirus SA-11 RNA and subjected to RT-seminested PCR for amplification of the VP7 gene. Results showed that the ZP60S membranes efficiently eliminated the RT-PCR inhibitors from water samples. The sample processing method was also applied to 31 in natural sewage and creek water samples for detection of naturally occurring rotavirus. A duplex seminested PCR was used for the quick detection of couples of the four rotavirus genotypes (G1 to G4). Eight samples (25.8%) were positive, and rotavirus sequences were not detected in 23 (74.2%). Results were confirmed by direct immunoperoxidase method. In summary, the use of electropositive filter membrane is appropriate for the elimination of substances that can interfere with RT-PCR, obviating additional sample purification methods.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Queiroz
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sassaroli
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hársi
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Monezi
authors.forename: D U
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Mehnert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology*; D014876:Water Pollution
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012367:RNA, Viral; D012722:Sewage