title: The changing character of regulation: a comparison of Europe and the United States.
abstract: European and U.S. regulatory policies have changed considerably over the past 30 years. In Europe, since the mid-1980s, consumer and environmental regulation has become more politically salient and regulations have by and large become stricter. On the other hand, in the United States consumer and environmental issues have become less salient and contentious, and regulations have not become (comparatively) stricter. This apparent "flip-flop" of regulatory systems has not been analyzed in much detail to date. This perspective is an attempt to analyze some examples in which it has occurred and identifies one possible cause--namely, credibility.
authors.affiliation: Risk Research Group, Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom. R.Lofstedt@surrey.ac.uk
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Löfstedt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Renn
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rogers