title: Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: diagnosis and risk stratification.
abstract: Patients with suspected chronic stable angina can be evaluated in three stages. In stage one, the clinician uses information from the history, physical examination, laboratory tests for diabetes and hyperlipidemia, and resting electrocardiography to estimate the patient's probability of coronary artery disease (CAD). In stage two, additional testing for patients with a low probability of CAD focuses on diagnosing noncoronary causes of chest pain. Patients with a high probability of CAD have stress tests to assess their risk from CAD, and patients with an intermediate probability of CAD have stress tests to estimate the probability of CAD and assess their risk from CAD. Most patients with new-onset angina can start stress testing with exercise electrocardiography. The initial stress test should be a stress imaging procedure for patients with rest ST-segment depression greater than 1 mm, complete left bundle-branch block, ventricular paced rhythm, preexcitation syndrome, or previous revascularization with percutaneous coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients who cannot exercise can have an imaging procedure with stress induced by pharmacologic agents. In stage three, patients with a predicted average annual cardiac mortality rate between 1% and 3% should have a stress imaging study or coronary angiography with left ventriculography. Those with a known left ventricular dysfunction should have cardiac catheterization. Patients with CAD who have an estimated annual mortality rate greater than 3% should have cardiac catheterization to determine whether their anatomy is suitable for revascularization. Patients with an estimated annual mortality rate less than 1% can begin to receive medical therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, 1220 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6021, USA. sankey@wharton.upenn.edu
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fihn
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gibbons
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods; D015897:Comorbidity; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015635:Radionuclide Ventriculography; D018570:Risk Assessment