title: The physical, sexual and emotional violence history of middle-aged women: a community-based prevalence study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine current and lifetime rates of the experience of partner abuse and sexual violence in a community-based sample of middle-aged women and compare these to figures obtained in a general practice setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  This research was part of the Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project (MWMHP), an observational, longitudinal, population-based study of 438 Australian-born women conducted over nine years. In 1996, during the sixth year of the study, we asked the MWMHP participants to complete a self-administered "violence questionnaire", incorporating a modified Conflict Tactics Scale and questions on sexual abuse experienced during childhood and adult life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 395 women remaining in the sixth year of follow-up of the MWMHP, 362 (92%) completed the questionnaire. Overall, 28.5% (n = 101) of the women had experienced some form of domestic violence (physical, sexual or emotional) during their lifetime; 5.5% (n = 15) of women had experienced severe physical abuse in the past year at the hands of a partner; and 11.8% (n = 42) of the women had experienced rape or attempted rape between the age of 16 and the time of our survey. Regarding abuse in childhood, 8.9% (n = 32) of women had experienced physical abuse, 42.3% (n = 152) had experienced non-contact sexual abuse, and 35.7% (n = 128) contact sexual abuse. Compared with the general-practice-based study, rates of childhood physical abuse and penetrative sexual abuse were similar, but rates of less intrusive child sexual abuse were significantly higher in our study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doctors in all areas of medicine who are dealing with middle-aged women need to be aware of the levels of violence sustained by women throughout their lives. Such experiences may have a substantial impact on women's physical and mental wellbeing.
authors.affiliation: Office for Gender and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, VIC.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mazza
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dennerstein
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Garamszegi
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Dudley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology*; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health