title: Myointimal hyperplasia and sympathetic reinnervation following local cold injury and rapid rewarming in the rabbit central ear artery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional and pathological improvements following rapid rewarming in 42 degrees C water was compared with alterations following slow thawing at room temperature (22 degrees C) after frostbite (-9 degrees C, 15 minutes) in vivo of the rabbit central ear artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following two to ten weeks of in vivo regeneration, vascular segments were tested in vitro. Maximal and dose-dependent isometric contractions were induced by exogenous noradrenaline. Sympathetic nerves in the vascular wall were stained with glyoxylic acid. Vascular ring segments were stained with haematoxylin and eosin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following slow thawing, the total uptake, the K+ evoked and the spontaneous release of [3H]noradrenaline in the sympathetic nervous system were strongly reduced two weeks after freezing, with a subsequent increase to control level within 3-4 weeks. After rapid rewarming the total uptake, the spontaneous release and the K+ evoked release of [3H]noradrenaline commenced earlier such that after ten weeks the level was twice as high as following slow rewarming. The glyoxylic acid induced catecholamine fluorescence in sympathetic nerves, revealed an earlier regeneration after rapid rewarming. Haematoxylin and eosin-stained segments revealed less intimal hyperplasia three to 20 weeks after rapid rewarming than after slow thawing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapid rewarming of in vivo frozen arteries in warm water (42 degrees C) did not prevent immediate vasoparalysis and degeneration of sympathetic nerves. However, nerve regeneration occurred earlier and with higher tissue nerve densities as compared to tissue that had been slowly rewarmed. Myointimal hyperplasia was less pronounced after rapid rewarming. Abnormal sympathetic nerve function and myointimal hyperplasia, as observed in this study, may contribute to a greater understanding of sequelae in the human body following frostbite.
authors.affiliation: Division for Environmental Toxicology, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arvesen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maehlen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosén
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aas
mesh_terms: D000320:Adrenergic Fibers / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D004431:Ear, External / Q000098:blood supply*; D005352:Fibromuscular Dysplasia / Q000473:pathology*; D005627:Frostbite / Q000473:pathology*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000294:innervation*; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D017694:Rewarming / Q000379:methods*; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine