title: Periodontal infections contribute to elevated systemic C-reactive protein level.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontitis is a local inflammatory process mediating destruction of periodontal tissues triggered by bacterial insult. However, this disease is also characterized by systemic inflammatory host responses that may contribute, in part, to the recently reported higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among patients with periodontitis. Moderate elevation of C-reactive protein (CRP) has been found to be a predictor of increased risk for CVD. Elevated CRP levels in periodontal patients have been reported by several groups. In this study, we examined whether CRP plasma levels are increased in periodontitis and if there is a relation to severity of periodontal disease and to the periodontal microflora.
  
  
  METHODS
  CRP serum levels were assessed using radial immunodiffusion assay in 174 subjects, 59 with moderate mean clinical attachment loss (AL) (2.39+/-0.29 mm) and 50 with high AL (3.79+/-0.86 mm) as compared to 65 periodontally healthy controls (AL, 1.74+/-0.18 mm). Clinical attachment loss, probing depths, and percentage of periodontal pocket sites > or =5 mm were measured. The presence of periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.), Prevotella intermedia (P.i.), Campylobacter recta (C.r.), and Bacteroides forsythus (B.f.) in subgingival plaque samples was measured by immunofluorescence microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant increases in CRP levels were observed in subjects with periodontal disease when compared to healthy controls (P= 0.036). Subjects with high levels of mean clinical attachment loss had significantly higher mean CRP levels (4.06+/-5.55 mg/l) than controls (1.70+/-1.91 mg/l), P= 0.011. The CRP levels were adjusted for factors known to be associated with elevated CRP, including age, smoking, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, and cholesterol. Age and BMI were found to be significant covariates. The reported range for CRP as a risk factor for CVD, peripheral vascular diseases, or stroke is 1.34 mg/l to 6.45 mg/l and the mean of this range is 3 mg/l. The percentage of subjects with elevated levels of CRP > or = 3 mm was significantly higher in the high clinical AL group (38%; 95% Cl: 26.7%, 49.3%) when compared to the control group (16.9%; 95% CI: 9.25%, 24.5%), P= 0.011. The presence of periodontal pathogens P.g., P.i., C.r., and B.f. in subgingival samples was positively associated with elevated CRP levels (P= 0.029).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extent of increase in CRP levels in periodontitis patients depends on the severity of the disease after adjusting for age, smoking, body mass index, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Also, there are elevated levels of CRP associated with infection with subgingival organisms often associated with periodontal disease, including P.g., P.i., C.r., and B.f. Recent investigations emphasized the role of moderate elevated CRP plasma levels as a risk factor for CVD. The positive correlation between CRP and periodontal disease might be a possible underlying pathway in the association between periodontal disease and the observed higher risk for CVD in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Noack
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Genco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trevisan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zambon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Nardin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein