title: Increased cortical kynurenate content in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation may play a role in the pathogenesis of several human brain diseases. One of the key metabolites in this pathway, kynurenine, is either transaminated to form the glutamate receptor antagonist, kynurenate, or hydroxylated to 3-hydroxykynurenine, which in turn is further degraded to the excitotoxic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist quinolinate. Because a hypoglutamatergic tone may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, it is conceivable that alterations in kynurenine pathway metabolism may play a role in the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tissue levels of kynurenine, kynurenate, and 3-hydroxykynurenine were measured in brain tissue specimens obtained from the Maryland Brain Collection. All three metabolites were determined in the same samples from three cortical brain regions (Brodmann areas 9, 10, and 19), obtained from 30 schizophrenic and 31 matched control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kynurenate levels were significantly increased in schizophrenic cases in Brodmann area 9 (2.9 +/- 2.2 vs. 1.9 +/- 1.3 pmol/mg protein, p <.05), but not in Brodmann areas 10 and 19. Kynurenine levels were elevated in schizophrenic cases in Brodmann areas 9 (35.2 +/- 28.0 vs. 22.4 +/- 14.3 pmol/mg protein; p <.05) and 19 (40.3 +/- 23.4 vs. 30.9 +/- 10.8; p <.05). No significant differences in 3-hydroxykynurenine content were observed between the two groups. In both groups, significant (p <.05) correlations were found in all three brain areas between kynurenine and kynurenate, but not between kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine (p >.05). In rats, chronic (6-months) treatment with haloperidol did not cause an increase in kynurenate levels in the frontal cortex, indicating that the elevation observed in schizophrenia is not due to antipsychotic medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data demonstrate an impairment of brain kynurenine pathway metabolism in schizophrenia, resulting in elevated kynurenate levels and suggesting a possible concomitant reduction in glutamate receptor function.
authors.affiliation: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21228, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwarcz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rassoulpour
authors.forename: H Q
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Medoff
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tamminga
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000737:chemistry*; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007736:Kynurenic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D007737:Kynurenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; C005045:3-hydroxykynurenine; D007737:Kynurenine; D007736:Kynurenic Acid; D006220:Haloperidol