title: Management of childhood illness at health facilities in Benin: problems and their causes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prepare for the implementation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in Benin, we studied the management of ill children younger than 5 years at outpatient health facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We observed a representative sample of consultations; after each consultation, we interviewed caregivers and reexamined children. Health workers' performance was evaluated against IMCI guidelines. To identify determinants of performance, statistical modeling was performed and 6 focus groups with health workers were conducted to solicit their opinions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether, 584 children were enrolled and 101 health workers were observed; 130 health workers participated in focus group discussions. Many serious deficiencies were found: incomplete assessment of children's signs and symptoms, incorrect diagnosis and treatment of potentially life-threatening illnesses, inappropriate prescription of dangerous sedatives, missed opportunities to vaccinate, and failure to refer severely ill children for hospitalization. Quantitative and qualitative analyses showed various health facility-, health worker-, caregiver-, and child-related factors as possible determinants of health worker performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Action is urgently needed. Our results suggest that to improve health care delivery, interventions should target both the health system and the community level.
authors.affiliation: International Child Survival and Emerging Infections Program Support Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724, USA. axr9@cdc.gov
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Onikpo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lama
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cokou
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Deming
mesh_terms: D001541:Benin; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000628:therapy; D017144:Focus Groups; D006268:Health Facilities / Q000592:standards*; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000592:standards; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008288:Malaria / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000628:therapy; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D000078329:Workforce