title: Unprecedented forms of vanadium observed within the blood cells of Phallusia nigra using K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy.
abstract: Fits to the vanadium K-edge X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of five whole blood cell samples from the tunicate Phallusia nigra revealed unprecedented forms of intracellular vanadium. Endogenous vanadium was divided between the V(III) ion (74.2+/-5.1% of total V) and the vanadyl ion [V(IV)=O](2+) (25.2+/-5.4% of total V). The V(III) fraction included both [V(H(2)O)(6)](3+) (36.7+/-5.5%) modeled as VCl(3) in 1 M HCl, and three previously unprecedented chelated V(III) forms (37.5+/-4.6%). Two of these could be represented by the model ligand environments V(acetylacetonate)(3) (17.9+/-3.2%) and K(3)V(catecholate)(3) (13.1+/-4.7%), implying DOPA-like complexation. The third chelated form was represented by the 7-coordinate N(2)O(5) complex Na[V(edta)(H(2)O)] (8.0+/-1.8%). This coordination array, suggestive of a novel mononuclear V(III) protein site, contributed only to fits to samples 1, 2, 3 and 5, which were prepared in the presence of DTT. Endogenous V(IV) (25.2+/-5.4%) was principally modeled as VOCl(2) in 1 M HCl. EPR spectra (averages: A(parallel)=(1.842+/-0.006)x10(-2) cm(-1); A( perpendicular)=(0.718+/-0.007)x10(-2) cm(-1); g(parallel)=1.936+/-0.002; g( perpendicular)=1.990+/-0.001) confirmed the predominance of the aquated vanadyl ion. Blood cell sample five uniquely required the XAS spectrum of VOSO(4) in 0.1 M H(2)SO(4) solution (13.0%) and of [OV(V)(pivalate)(3)] (3.1%) to successfully fit the XAS pre-edge energy region. This endogenous V(V) signal is also unprecedented. These results are compared with those of analogous fits to the blood cells of Ascidia ceratodes and may support assignment of P. nigra to a different genus.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, SLAC, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kustin
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Hodgson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D014561:Urochordata / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014639:Vanadium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D014639:Vanadium