title: Relapse and recurrence prevention in major depression: a critical review of placebo-controlled efficacy studies with special emphasis on methodological issues.
abstract: This article critically reviews the design and methodology of studies aimed at evaluating relapse and recurrence prevention in major depression. A literature search in MEDLINE was performed with the medical subject headings 'depression', 'recurrence', 'relapse', 'prevention' and 'study'. This search covered the period from January 1990 to July 1999. Only long-term placebo-controlled studies that included patients with non-chronic major depression were selected. Two types of design could be distinguished: randomised withdrawal studies in responders/remitters (N = 11) and extension studies in responders without re-randomisation (N = 3). Randomised withdrawal studies are suitable for demonstrating long-term efficacy for the duration of the study period. However, this design does not permit a clear differentiation between relapse or recurrence and, therefore, is not suitable to demonstrate unequivocally relapse prevention or recurrence prevention. Extension studies in short-term responders without randomisation are not even suitable to demonstrate long-term efficacy.A novel design is proposed that overcomes the weaknesses of designs employed thus far. In essence, this design calls for a long-term randomised placebo-controlled study in patients who are free of medication for a substantial period of time and who fulfil the criteria of major depression (recurrent) in sustained remission (e.g., HDRS < 7) as a possible option.
authors.affiliation: Medicines Evaluation Board of the Netherlands Den Haag, the Hague, The Netherlands. J.G.Storosum@AMC.UvA.nl
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Storosum
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: van Zwieten
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wohlfarth
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van den Brink
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D010555:Personality Inventory; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents