title: Apoptosis versus necrosis during cold storage and rewarming of human renal proximal tubular cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent clinical study demonstrated that in renal allografts preserved in the cold apoptosis occurred soon after reperfusion. The mode of cell death during cold storage is generally considered necrotic. Whether apoptosis occurs as a part of cold storage is uncertain. The objective was to determine in human renal tubular cells whether apoptosis is specific for rewarming or it also occurs during cold storage and whether it could be modified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cold storage (4 degrees C) of primary human renal proximal tubular epithelial (RPTE) in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution up to 48 hr caused a time-dependent increase in cell death measured by lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release and vital dye exclusion methods. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that cell death in the cold was necrotic, involving considerable mitochondrial disruption, and was not apoptotic. The TUNEL assay that provides a specific, quantitative measure for apoptosis showed no increase in TUNEL-positivity during flow cytometry of cells stored in cold: 37 degrees C, 0.23+/-0.14%; 24 hr cold, 0.23+/-0.1%; 48 hr cold, 1.79+/-0.58%. Annexin-V staining, a sensitive method for detecting early apoptosis, similarly showed no increase in positively stained cells during cold storage. Addition of antioxidants 2-methyl aminochroman and deferoxamine to UW solution inhibited necrotic cell death and preserved mitochondrial structure. In contrast to cold storage alone, rewarming (37 degrees C for 24 hr) of cold stored cells, however, resulted in significant apoptosis (TUNEL positive: 48 hr cold: 2+/-0.6%, 48 hr cold and 24 hr rewarming: 54+/-17%), which was confirmed by the TEM based on typical apoptotic features. Addition of 2-MAC and DFO significantly inhibited rewarming-induced apoptotic cell death (plus 2-MAC: 3+/-1%, plus DFO: 3+/-2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study in human tubular cells provides evidence that cold storage per se does not result in apoptosis, but is primarily necrotic. However, rewarming is associated with significant apoptosis in the presence of ongoing necrosis, speculatively due to the activation of the apoptotic enzymic process of sublethally injured cells. Inclusion of antioxidants in the storage solution confers protection against both cold storage and rewarming-induced necrosis and apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Salahudeen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine; D000493:Allopurinol; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D005978:Glutathione; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007328:Insulin; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009336:Necrosis; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; D011887:Raffinose; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology; D014021:Tissue Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D014343:Trypan Blue
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D007328:Insulin; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; C055206:University of Wisconsin-lactobionate solution; D000493:Allopurinol; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005978:Glutathione; D014343:Trypan Blue; D000241:Adenosine; D011887:Raffinose