title: The effects of pneumoperitoneum and patient position on hemodynamics during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to prospectively examine the combined effects of pneumoperitoneum and the reverse Trendelenberg position on cardiac hemodynamics during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy as performed by a single surgeon were enrolled in the study. Hemodynamic data were collected continuously using a transthoracic bioimpedance monitor. All patients were subjected to insufflation pressures of 15 mmHg. Data were examined using mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac index fell 11% with induction of anesthesia (p < 0.05), with stroke volume decreasing 7.2% (p < 0.05). Insufflation caused significant decreases in stroke volume (SV) left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV) but not cardiac index (CI). Placing the patients in the reverse Trendelenberg position caused no significant changes in these parameters. There were no significant differences between ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) classes I and II patients when compared to ASA III patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy experience significant hemodynamic depression. The effect of general anesthesia is the most profound. Insufflation of the abdomen caused more mild hemodynamic effects in our study. The addition of a reverse Trendelenberg position did not alter the patient's hemodynamic status.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery, Research Computing, Anesthesia, The Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital, One Atwell Road, Cooperstown, NY 13326, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zuckerman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rauscher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heneghan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial; D011187:Posture; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume