title: The carboxy-terminal calcium binding sites of calmodulin control calmodulin's switch from an activator to an inhibitor of RYR1.
abstract: Calcium and calmodulin both regulate the skeletal muscle calcium release channel, also known as the ryanodine receptor, RYR1. Ca(2+)-free calmodulin (apocalmodulin) activates and Ca(2+)-calmodulin inhibits the ryanodine receptor. The conversion of calmodulin from an activator to an inhibitor is due to Ca(2+) binding to calmodulin. We have previously shown that the binding sites for apocalmodulin and Ca(2+)-calmodulin on RYR1 are overlapping with the Ca(2+)-calmodulin site located slightly N-terminal to the apocalmodulin binding site. We now show that mutations of the calcium binding sites in either the N-terminal or the C-terminal lobes of calmodulin decrease the affinity of calmodulin for the ryanodine receptor, suggesting that both lobes interact with RYR1. Mutation of the two C-terminal Ca(2+) binding sites of calmodulin destroys calmodulin's ability to inhibit ryanodine receptor activity at high calcium concentrations. The mutated calmodulin, however, can still bind to RYR1 at both nanomolar and micromolar Ca(2+) concentrations. Mutating the two N-terminal calcium binding sites of calmodulin does not significantly alter calmodulin's ability to inhibit ryanodine receptor activity. These data suggest that calcium binding to the two C-terminal calcium binding sites within calmodulin is responsible for the switching of calmodulin from an activator to an inhibitor of the ryanodine receptor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Rodney
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krol
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beckingham
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D002118:Calcium