title: Intrauterine growth retardation leads to the development of type 2 diabetes in the rat.
abstract: Intrauterine growth retardation has been linked to the development of type 2 diabetes in later life. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unknown. We have developed a model of uteroplacental insufficiency, a common cause of intrauterine growth retardation, in the rat. Bilateral uterine artery ligation was performed on day 19 of gestation (term is 22 days) in the pregnant rat; sham-operated pregnant rats served as controls. Birth weights of intrauterine growth-retarded (IUGR) animals were significantly lower than those of controls until approximately 7 weeks of age, when IUGR rats caught up to controls. Between 7 and 10 weeks of age, the growth of IUGR rats accelerated and surpassed that of controls, and by 26 weeks of age, IUGR rats were obese (P < 0.05 vs. controls). No significant differences were observed in blood glucose and plasma insulin levels at 1 week of age. However, between 7 and 10 weeks of age, IUGR rats developed mild fasting hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia (P < 0.05 vs. controls). At age 26 weeks, IUGR animals had markedly elevated levels of glucose (P < 0.05 vs. controls). IUGR animals were glucose-intolerant and insulin-resistant at an early age. First-phase insulin secretion in response to glucose was also impaired early in life in IUGR rats, before the onset of hyperglycemia. There were no significant differences in beta-cell mass, islet size, or pancreatic weight between IUGR and control animals at 1 and 7 weeks of age. However, in 15-week-old IUGR rats, the relative beta-cell mass was 50% that of controls, and by 26 weeks of age, beta-cell mass was less than one-third that of controls (P < 0.05). The data presented here support the hypothesis that an abnormal intrauterine milieu can induce permanent changes in glucose homeostasis after birth and lead to type 2 diabetes in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. rsimmons@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Templeton
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gertz
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism; D010179:Pancreas / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose