title: Moderate hypothermia blunts the inflammatory response and reduces organ injury after acute haemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduced body temperature is a common companion to trauma/haemorrhage. Several clinical studies have identified hypothermia as an independent risk variable predisposing to increased morbidity and mortality. At the same time it is known that most enzymatic reactions are downregulated at temperatures below 37 degrees C. Theoretically this should restrain the inflammatory response and protect the host from remote organ injury. The study was performed to test this hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six male Sprague Dawley rats were used for the experiments. Volume controlled haemorrhagic shock was induced by withdrawal of 2.5 ml blood/100 g body weight over 10 min. Half of the animals (n=13) were then cooled to 32.5-33 degrees C, the other half (n=13) were kept normothermic (37.5+/-0.5 degrees C). Seventy-five minutes after initiation of bleeding, two-thirds of the blood was retransfused. Thereafter the rats were observed for 2 h. Key substances of systemic inflammation were determined (plasma values of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10, and corticosterone; reactive oxygen species in peritoneal phagocytes), plasma markers of organ function and integrity (AST, ALT, alphaGST, creatinine, urea), and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypothermia reduced the release of IL-6 (P<0.01). The reductions of plasma levels of TNFalpha (P=0.07) and IL-10 (P=0.09) were less clear-cut. The release of reactive oxygen species diminished (P<0.01). Organ injury was ameliorated, as reflected by decreased levels of AST (P<0.01), alphaGST (P<0.01), and creatinine (P<0.01). Both groups experienced an almost identical increase of plasma corticosterone. None of the hypothermic rats died, compared to two normothermic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate hypothermia had an organ protective effect in this model of controlled haemorrhagic shock. This coincided with a significant reduction of the proximal cytokine IL-6 and reactive oxygen species, which conceivably influenced the outcome.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division of Protection and Material, Kjeller, Norway. yngvar.gundersen@ffi.no
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gundersen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaagenes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pharo
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Valø
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Opstad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10