title: Psychophysiological responses in ADHD boys with and without conduct disorder: implications for adult antisocial behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have demonstrated that the presence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood increases the risk of antisocial behavior developing in adulthood. However, because previous research did not consider comorbid conduct disorder (CD), the question of whether ADHD by itself or only the association of ADHD with CD implies a risk of adult antisocial behavior developing is still under discussion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Because several characteristics of psychophysiological response had been shown to be associated with future increased likelihood of adult antisocial behavior, autonomic arousal as well as electrodermal responses to orienting and aversive stimuli were assessed in 26 boys with ADHD+CD compared with 21 boys with ADHD alone and 21 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Boys with a comorbid condition of ADHD+CD showed a decrement of autonomic responses and a more rapid habituation to orienting and aversive startling stimuli compared with age-matched children with ADHD alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Boys with ADHD+CD show a psychophysiological response pattern that is very similar to that reported in antisocial personalities. These findings give further support for a high persistence of antisocial behavior from childhood to adulthood, while no evidence was found that ADHD itself is associated with a predisposition to antisocial behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Aachen Technical University, Aachen, Germany. sherpertz@post.klinikum.rwth-aachen
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Herpertz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wenning
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qunaibi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sass
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herpertz-Dahlmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009949:Orientation; D013216:Reflex, Startle