title: Model testing for reliability and validity of the Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Development of a reliable and valid measure of outcome expectations for exercise appropriate for older adults will help establish the relationship between outcome expectations and exercise. Once established, this measure can be used to facilitate the development of interventions to strengthen outcome expectations and improve adherence to regular exercise in older adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Building on initial psychometrics of the Outcome Expectation for Exercise (OEE) Scale, the purpose of the current study was to use structural equation modeling to provide additional support for the reliability and validity of this measure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The OEE scale is a 9-item measure specifically focusing on the perceived consequences of exercise for older adults. The OEE scale was given to 191 residents in a continuing care retirement community. The mean age of the participants was 85 +/- 6.1 and the majority were female (76%), White (99%), and unmarried (76%). Using structural equation modeling, reliability was based on R2 values, and validity was based on a confirmatory factor analysis and path coefficients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was continued evidence for reliability of the OEE based on R2 values ranging from .42 to .77, and validity with path coefficients ranging from .69 to .87, and evidence of model fit (X2 of 69, df = 27, p < .05, NFI = .98, RMSEA = .07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence of reliability and validity of this measure has important implications for clinical work and research. The OEE scale can be used to identify older adults who have low outcome expectations for exercise, and interventions can then be implemented to strengthen these expectations and thereby improve exercise behavior.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore 21201, USA. bresnick@umaryland.edu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Orwig
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Furstenberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Magaziner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000592:standards*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D016896:Treatment Outcome