title: Sperm nuclear matrix association of the PRM1-->PRM2-->TNP2 domain is independent of Alu methylation.
abstract: Genes or multigenic chromosomal regions are organized by the nuclear matrix into a series of functionally discrete genic domains. Biophysical analysis of the human chromosome 16p13.13 region has shown that the PRM1-->PRM2-->TNP2 protamine containing multigenic locus is bounded by two sperm nuclear matrix attachment regions (MAR). This domain exists in a transcriptionally readied or potentiated (i.e. open) chromatin state when associated with the nuclear matrix. The MAR-bounded PRM1-->PRM2-->TNP2 locus is nestled in an Alu repetitive element dense region. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization, analysis of sperm nuclear matrix/halo preparations showed that the PRM1-->PRM2-->TNP2 domain specifically localizes to the sperm nuclear matrix. This raised the question of whether nuclear matrix association and gene expression in this locus is mediated by Alu methylation. The methylation status of the various Alu elements contained within the human PRM1-->PRM2-->TNP2 locus was therefore assayed. The seven Alu elements tested, including those associated with the matrix attachment regions within the PRM1-->PRM2-->TNP2 locus, were fully methylated in sperm DNA. Conversely, these same Alu repeats were hypomethylated within the erythroleukaemic cell line, K562, which does not express any of the genes from this domain. This study shows that Alu methylation status is independent of attachment of PRM1-->PRM2-->TNP2 locus to the nuclear matrix and that Alu methylation does not play a leading role in the regulation of this domain.
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Heng
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Krawetz
mesh_terms: D020087:Alu Elements; D000818:Animals; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D002885:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D015530:Nuclear Matrix / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011479:Protamines / Q000235:genetics*; D020086:Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C082073:PRM1 protein, human; C513176:Prm1 protein, mouse; D011479:Protamines; C489505:Tnp2 protein, mouse; C068621:protamine 2; C053886:spermatid transition proteins