title: Soldier acceptability of a camouflage face paint combined with DEET insect repellent.
abstract: Under operational conditions, current doctrine requires separate application of the standard military insect repellent and camouflage face paint. Working with an industrial partner, Amon Re, Inc., we developed a combined camouflage face paint and insect repellent that offers excellent protection from arthropod disease vectors. We undertook a study to determine whether the new product was acceptable to soldiers under field conditions. A new formulation of camouflage face paint containing the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-3-methyl-benzamide (DEET) was tested for user acceptability during a joint-service, multinational, military field training exercise (Operation Cobra Gold 1999) in Thailand. Soldiers testing the camouflage face paint were members of one of three companies (A, B, and C) of 1st Battalion, 21st Infantry Regiment, 25th Infantry Division. Soldiers in A company (N = 98) received standard military camouflage face paint and the U.S. military's Extended Duration Topical Insect and Arthropod Repellent containing 33% DEET, soldiers in B company (N = 75) received a new formulation of camouflage face paint without DEET, and soldiers in C company (N = 88) received the new formulation of camouflage face paint containing 30% DEET. Every soldier who volunteered to participate completed the study and submitted responses to the questionnaire. The different treatments were evaluated while soldiers spent 4 days conducting simulated combat exercises in a hot, tropical environment in central Thailand. Soldiers were provided the test materials, given a briefing on the study, and completed an initial questionnaire on May 19, 1999. Soldiers completed a final questionnaire after they returned from the training exercise on May 24, 1999. Results of the study indicated that soldiers found the new formulation of 30% DEET camouflage face paint easier to apply (88% of respondents) and remove (77%) than the current standard issue camouflage face paint. Soldiers liked the new 30% DEET camouflage face paint formulation better (61%) and were more likely to recommend it (67%) than the old camouflage face paint formulation. Although the addition of DEET to the camouflage face paint occasionally caused minor irritation after application for a short period (less than 15 minutes), the new camouflage face paint formulation with 30% DEET was evaluated most often (72%) as either good or excellent. The new 30% DEET camouflage face paint formulation offers significant operational advantages: protection from disease-transmitting arthropods, elimination of the need to carry separate insect repellent and camouflage face paint, and reduction in the time required to apply repellent and camouflage face paint separately.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Debboun
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sithiprasasna
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strickman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D003671:DEET; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008889:Military Personnel; D010150:Paint; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D003671:DEET