title: Effects of retinal glial cells on isolated rat retinal ganglion cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of retinal glial cells on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival was investigated in cocultures of pure, isolated retinal glial cells with pure, isolated RGCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  RGCs from 2-day-old rats were cocultured for 48 hours, avoiding direct contact between cell types, with either nonconfluent retinal glial cells from 3-day-old rats or confluent retinal glial cells from 3-day-old, 12-day-old, or 1-year-old rats. Survival of RGCs was evaluated by flow cytometry. Amino acids were determined in culture medium. The effects of glutamate antagonists, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione and MK801, a nitric oxide (NO) scavenger, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (c-PTIO), and an NO synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonconfluent retinal glial cells significantly reduced the survival of small and large RGCs, but confluent retinal glial cells reduced the survival of only small RGCs, regardless of the rat's age at the time of retinal glial cell harvesting. Profiles of some amino acids significantly varied, depending on the culture condition. Cocultures of RGCs with nonconfluent retinal glial cells released significantly more glutamate into the medium than cocultures of RGCs with confluent retinal glial cells or RGCs in pure culture. The glutamate antagonists improved the survival of RGCs cocultured with nonconfluent retinal glial cells, especially when the two were administered in combination, and in the case of large RGCs. c-PTIO and L-NAME, also improved the survival of RGCs cocultured with nonconfluent retinal glial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adverse effects of retinal glial cells on the survival of RGCs varied by size of the RGCs and retinal glial cell confluence. Glutamate and NO may be involved in retinal glial cell-related antisurvival effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical University, Yamanashi, Japan. kenjik@res.yamanashi-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iizuka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Araie
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsukahara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester