title: Dixon quantitative chemical shift MRI for bone marrow evaluation in the lumbar spine: a reproducibility study in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to explore the reproducibility of fat-fraction measurements using Dixon quantitative chemical shift imaging (QCSI) in the lumbar spine (L3, L4, and L5) of healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen healthy volunteers were examined at 1.5 T two times to obtain a repeated measurement in the same slice and a third time in three parallel slices. Single slice, two point Dixon SE (TR/TE 2,500/22.3) sequences were used, from which fat-fraction images were calculated. The fat-fraction results are presented as averages over regions of interest, which were derived from the contours of the vertebrae. Reproducibility measures related to repeated measurements on different days, slice position, and contour drawing were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean fat fraction was 0.37 (SD 0.08). The SD due to repeated measurement was small (sigmaR = 0.013-0.032), almost all of which can be explained by slice-(re)-positioning errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When used to evaluate the same person longitudinally in time, Dixon QCSI fat-fraction measurement has an excellent reproducibility. It is a powerful noninvasive tool in the evaluation of bone marrow composition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.maas@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maas
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Akkerman
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Venema
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stoker
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Den Heeten
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000737:chemistry; D000328:Adult; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results