title: Cardiac surgery increases the activity of matrix metalloproteinases and nitric oxide synthase in human hearts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heart function is variably impaired after cardiopulmonary bypass. We hypothesized that, similar to other myocardial injury states, cardiopulmonary bypass leads to enhanced activity of nitric oxide synthase and matrix metalloproteinases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained right atrial biopsy specimens and plasma samples at the onset and termination of cardiopulmonary bypass in 10 patients. Biopsy specimens were analyzed for nitric oxide synthase activity by using a citrulline assay, whereas plasma and tissue were analyzed for matrix metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity by using zymography. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 was analyzed by means of Western blotting. The cellular expression of inducible nitric oxide, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 was determined in right atrial biopsy samples from 3 additional patients by using the appropriate conjugated antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nitric oxide synthase activity increased from the beginning to the end of bypass (4.46 +/- 1.07 vs 16.77 +/- 4.86 pmol citrulline/mg of protein per minute, respectively; P =.018). Pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity increased in hearts (199 +/- 41 vs 660 +/- 177 density units/mg protein; P =.008) and plasma (14.1 +/- 4.6 vs 52.2 +/- 5.9 density units/mg protein; P =.008). Pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity increased in the heart (201 +/- 23 vs 310 +/- 35 density units/mg protein, P <.05) but not in plasma. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 expression in the heart decreased (1574 +/- 280 vs 864 +/- 153 density units, P =.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiopulmonary bypass activates enzymes mediating acute inflammation and organ injury (ie, nitric oxide synthase, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and matrix metalloproteinase-2). Decreased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 expression allows relatively unopposed increases in matrix metalloproteinase tissue activity. We postulate that these changes play a role in the pathogenesis of heart dysfunction after bypass surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. imayers@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mayers
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Puttagunta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radomski
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mycyk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sawicki
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Radomski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9