title: Dietary adipic acid reduces ammonia emission from swine excreta.
abstract: Adipic acid is only partially catabolized when it is fed to animals, and a portion of it is excreted in urine. The excreted portion may lower urinary pH and, as a result, ammonia emission. The present study tested this hypothesis. In Exp. 1, nursery pigs (n = 14) were fed (for a period of 7 d) either a standard nursery diet or the same diet supplemented with 1% adipic acid to assess effects on urinary pH (collected on d 5 or 6) and in vitro ammonia emission from the collected urine samples that were mixed with control feces. In Exp. 2, grower pigs housed 10 each in one of two chambers were fed a control diet or the same diet supplemented with 1% adipic acid. Ventilated air was quantified and analyzed for ammonia using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine the effects of feeding 1% adipic acid on ammonia emission. The results from Exp. 1 showed that adipic acid strongly reduced urinary pH (from 7.7 to 5.5, P < 0.05). In vitro ammonia emission from these urine samples was significantly reduced at all the time points evaluated (1, 3, 18, and 46 h with reductions of 94, 93, 70, and 39%, respectively, P < 0.05). Experiment 2 showed that adipic acid supplementation reduced ammonia emission by 25% (P < 0.05), which corresponded to the predicted reduction in ammonia emission based on the reduction in manure pH observed. In conclusion, feeding adipic acid lowers urinary pH and reduces ammonia emission. The reduction in ammonia emission, though, does not correspond to the reduction in urinary pH but corresponds to the reduction in fecal pH as a result of mixing the urine and feces, in which feces act as a strong buffer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA. t_vankempen@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: van Kempen
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000272:Adipates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002021:Buffers; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis; D011897:Random Allocation; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000272:Adipates; D002021:Buffers; D008372:Manure; D000641:Ammonia; C029900:adipic acid