title: Mycobacterial cell wall extract for treatment of carcinoma in situ of the bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) established immunotherapy as an effective modality for carcinoma in situ of the bladder and remains the most effective agent for treatment. However, as a live organism it has the potential for undesirable side effects and toxicity. This result has led to the search for other active and safer biological response modifiers. We investigated the efficacy of a mycobacterial cell wall extract (MCWE) from Mycobacterium phlei, which does not contain live bacteria, for management of carcinoma in situ of the bladder in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The requirement for an emulsified preparation was investigated with photon correlation spectroscopy to determine the stability of the bacterial fragments. A total of 61 patients with histologically documented carcinoma in situ completed the study. Cell wall extract from M. phlei suspended in oil droplets to form an emulsion were instilled into the bladder at a dose of 4 mg. once weekly for 6 weeks and then monthly for 1 year. Response assessment was performed at 3-month intervals. Complete response to treatment indicated the absence of endoscopic and histological evidence of carcinoma in situ. Partial responders were those cases in which cystoscopy and biopsies were negative but cytology was suspicious for malignant cells. All other cases were considered failures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The need for an emulsified suspension of the cell wall extract was confirmed by the demonstration that the cell wall extract alone in urine aggregated, whereas the MCWE emulsion had remained stable. Kaplan-Meier estimates showed negative cystoscopy and biopsies in 62.5% at 12, 49.3% at 24 and 41.1% of patients at 60 weeks after therapy. After this point the number of responders had remained stable. Excellent tolerance with minimal toxicity was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates clinical activity of low doses of MCWE against human bladder cancer. The results observed at the dosage used in our trial are less than those observed with live BCG. However, MCWE has a better toxicity profile and can be instilled in the presence of a disrupted urothelium. It also appears to exhibit activity in patients in whom BCG has failed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Ramsey
mesh_terms: D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000628:therapy*; D002457:Cell Extracts; D002473:Cell Wall; D004655:Emulsions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008297:Male; D009168:Mycobacterium phlei / Q000737:chemistry; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D002457:Cell Extracts; D004655:Emulsions; D007155:Immunologic Factors