title: Activation of procollagenases is a key control point in cartilage collagen degradation: interaction of serine and metalloproteinase pathways.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bovine and human cartilages in explant culture respond to proinflammatory cytokines with the up-regulation of procollagenases. In stimulated bovine nasal cartilage (BNC), >90% of collagen is released by day 14 of culture, but collagen release is rarely seen before day 7. The aim of this study was to investigate if activation of procollagenases is a rate-limiting step in cartilage collagen breakdown.
  
  
  METHODS
  BNC and human articular cartilage explants were cultured with interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and/or oncostatin M (OSM) with or without test reagents. Collagen levels were determined by assay of hydroxyproline. Collagenase activity was measured using the diffuse fibril assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of procollagenase activators, matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3), and APMA to IL-1alpha/OSM-stimulated BNC resulted in early release of collagen. The release with APMA was completely blocked by the addition of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1. This shows that procollagenases are present early in the culture period, but cartilage collagen breakdown does not happen until activation occurs. The addition of plasminogen to IL-1alpha/OSM-stimulated cartilage produced early collagen release in bovine and a significant increase in human cartilage. Thus, plasminogen activators (PAs) are present and convert plasminogen to plasmin, a known activator of several MMPs, including collagenases. Addition of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor or a urokinase-type PA inhibitor, 7-amino-4-chloro-3-(3-isothiureidopropoxy) isocoumarin, partially blocked the breakdown of collagen from IL-1alpha/OSM-treated bovine cartilage. This suggests that serine proteinases are involved in the activation cascades of procollagenases that result in cartilage collagen breakdown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The activation of procollagenases is a key control point in cartilage collagen breakdown, and serine proteinase pathways activate MMPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, The Medical School, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, UK.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Cawston
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology*; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism*; D017364:Collagenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053683:Oncostatin M; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000494:pharmacology; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D007375:Interleukin-1; C508351:OSM protein, human; D010455:Peptides; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D013876:Thiophenes; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D053683:Oncostatin M; D010649:Phenylalanine; D010958:Plasminogen; D003094:Collagen; C080985:batimastat; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D017364:Collagenases; C022440:procollagenase; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3