title: Recurrent diarrhea in children living in areas with high levels of nitrate in drinking water.
abstract: Given that there was documented evidence of an association between diarrhea and high nitrate ingestion, the authors examined drinking water nitrate concentration and its possible correlation(s) with methemoglobin levels, cytochrome b5 reductase activity, and recurrent diarrhea. In addition, the authors studied histopathological changes in the intestines of rabbits in an animal model. Five village areas were studied, and nitrate concentrations (expressed in mg of nitrate per liter of water) of 26, 45, 95, 220, and 459 existed in the respective villages. The study included 88 randomly selected children who were 8 yr of age or younger; they represented 10% of the total population of each of the areas. Detailed histories of recurrent diarrhea were noted, and medical examinations were conducted. Cytochrome b5 reductase activity and methemoglobin levels were estimated biochemically. Collected data were analyzed statistically with Microsoft Excel software. In addition, the authors exposed rabbits to various levels of nitrate, and histopathological changes of the stomach and intestine (small and large) were evaluated. There was a strong relationship between nitrate concentration and recurrent diarrhea; 80% of the recurrent diarrhea cases were explained by nitrate concentration alone. In the rabbit intestines, lymphocytic infiltration and hyperplasia characterized the submucosa as nitrate concentrations increased.
authors.affiliation: Satellite Hospital, Banipark, Jaipur, India.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bassin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D003579:Cytochrome Reductases / Q000097:blood; D042966:Cytochrome-B(5) Reductase; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D009566:Nitrates / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D011817:Rabbits; D012008:Recurrence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008706:Methemoglobin; D003579:Cytochrome Reductases; D042966:Cytochrome-B(5) Reductase