title: The role of inflammation in the anaemia of end-stage renal disease.
abstract: Chronic inflammation is a common feature of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that is gaining increasing attention as a major cause of morbidity and mortality. It is well established that ESRD per se carries a heightened risk of inflammatory disorders and other co-morbid conditions, but it should also be pointed out that dialysis treatment per se can bring additional risk factors for inflammation, such as impure dialysate or bio-incompatible membranes. Inflammation has recently been associated with atherosclerosis and malnutrition in ESRD, and this link has led to the development of the malnutrition, inflammation, atherosclerosis (MIA) hypothesis. This describes a syndrome whereby raised levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha) are a common link between malnutrition, inflammation and atherosclerosis. Also, anaemia appears to be an important element linking elevated cytokine levels with poor patient outcomes. Several mechanisms for cytokine-induced anaemia have been proposed, including intestinal bleeding, impaired iron metabolism and suppression of bone marrow erythropoiesis and erythropoietin production. These effects suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines may also be an important cause of lack of response to recombinant human erythropoietin (rh-Epo) therapy. In the light of this putative role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-cytokine agents may prove useful to optimize efficacy of rh-Epo in anaemic chronic renal failure patients. Other potential therapeutic strategies include minimizing exposure to causes of inflammation from various co-morbid conditions, such as persistent infections and chronic heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine K56, Huddinge University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stenvinkel
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000502:physiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators