title: The monarch butterfly controversy: scientific interpretations of a phenomenon.
abstract: The future development and use of agricultural biotechnology has been challenged by two preliminary studies indicating potential risk to monarch butterfly populations by pollen from corn engineered to express proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis. Likewise, these studies have also challenged the way in which science should be performed, published in scientific journals and communicated to the public at large. Herein, we provide a history of the monarch controversy to date. We believe a retrospective view may be useful for providing insights into the proper roles and responsibilities of scientists, the media and public agencies and the consequences when they go awry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Cornell University/NYSAES, Geneva, NY 14456, USA. ams5@cornell.edu
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Sears
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D001709:Biotechnology; D002080:Butterflies; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000235:genetics*; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011639:Public Opinion; D011640:Public Policy; D014481:United States; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis