title: Separating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities in girls: a familial risk analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Familial risk analysis was used to clarify the relationship in girls between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities in either mathematics or reading.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors assessed the presence of ADHD and learning disabilities in 679 first-degree relatives of three groups of index children: girls with ADHD and a comorbid learning disability, girls with ADHD but no learning disabilities, and a comparison group of girls without ADHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk for ADHD was similarly higher in families of ADHD probands with and without learning disabilities; both groups had significantly higher rates of ADHD than did families of the comparison girls. In contrast, only among relatives of ADHD probands with a learning disability was there a higher risk for learning disabilities. A strong (although statistically nonsignificant) difference emerged that suggested at least some degree of cosegregation of ADHD and learning disabilities in family members. There was no evidence of nonrandom mating between spouses with ADHD and learning disabilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results extend previously reported findings regarding the relationship of ADHD and learning disabilities to female subjects and raise the possibility that, in girls, the relationship between ADHD and learning disabilities is due to shared familial risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Child Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: DuPre
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010290:Parents; D012107:Research Design; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors