title: Sleep disorders associated with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the frequency of sleep disorders in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients with hypersomnia and to discern the relationship between posttraumatic sleep disorders and pretraumatic sleep symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study using the criterion standard to diagnose sleep disorders in a consecutive sample of TBI patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center with level I trauma center, rehabilitative medicine services, and accredited sleep disorders center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten TBI patients with subjective excessive sleepiness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nocturnal polysomnography followed by Multiple Sleep Latency Test. Subjects who had overt sleep apnea on the first nocturnal polysomnography had a second nocturnal polysomnography with titration of nasal continuous positive airway pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing, narcolepsy, and posttraumatic hypersomnia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A diagnosis of treatable sleep disorder was made in all 10 subjects. Sleep-disordered breathing was found in 7 subjects: overt obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was diagnosed in 5 subjects, rapid eye movement-related OSA in 1, and upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) in 1. Narcolepsy was diagnosed in 2 subjects, and the diagnosis of posttraumatic hypersomnia was made in 1 subject. Three subjects had symptoms of hypersomnia before their injury (1 each with narcolepsy, OSA, UARS), and 2 of these were driving a car at the time of injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatable sleep disorders appear to be common in the sleepy TBI population, but may be largely undiagnosed and untreated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, 77030, USA. Richard.J.Castriotta@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Castriotta
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*