title: Beyond enmeshment: evidence for the independence of intrusiveness and closeness-caregiving in married couples.
abstract: In a 1996 article on family theory, we (Green & Werner) proposed that family enmeshment should not be equated with high cohesion and that the construct of enmeshment fails to discriminate between two distinct relationship processes: Closeness-caregiving and intrusiveness. In this study, our model of these two independent dimensions of family connectedness was tested by assessing spouses from 264 couples, using the California Inventory for Family Assessment (CIFA). The CIFA scales showed acceptable reliability. Significant interspouse validity correlations also were obtained. As predicted by our theory, factor analyses distinguished dimensions of intrusiveness (blurring of boundaries) from dimensions of closeness-caregiving (such as warmth and nurturance). On all but two factors, behaviors of only one spouse (but not of both) had interpretable loadings. That is, in most areas, the two spouses' behaviors did not load together to form meaningful factors. The latter finding suggests that family systems theory--with its central notion of reciprocally contingent behaviors between family members--may be useful in understanding only a few dimensions of spouses' behavior (such as reciprocal aggression) whereas personality-in-context theories may be better for understanding most other dimensions (such as warmth and nurturance).
authors.affiliation: California School of Professional Psychology, Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay Area Campus, 1005 Atlantic Avenue, Alameda, CA 94501, USA. PWerner@mail.cspp.edu
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: McKenna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000739:Anecdotes as Topic; D003142:Communication; D004644:Emotions; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000592:standards; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States