title: Modulation of QT interval by cardiac sympathetic nerve sprouting and the mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmia in a canine model of sudden cardiac death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously reported that there is a high incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in dogs with myocardial infarction (MI), complete AV block (CAVB), and nerve growth factor (NGF) infusion to the left stellate ganglion (LSG). Whether or not QT interval prolongation underlines the mechanism of SCD was unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed QT intervals in three groups of dogs. All dogs had CAVB and MI. The LSG group (n = 9) and right stellate ganglion (RSG) group (n = 6) received NGF infusion via the osmotic pumps over a 5-week period to LSG and RSG, respectively. The control group (n = 6) received no NGF. The dogs either died suddenly or were sacrificed within 2 to 3 months after MI. Heart rhythm and QT and RR intervals were monitored using implantable cardioverter defibrillator ECG recordings. There was a time-dependent increase of QTc intervals in the LSG group and a time-dependent decrease of QTc intervals in the RSG group. At the end of NGF infusion, QTc intervals in the LSG group (408 +/- 41 msec) were significantly longer than those in the control (350 +/- 41 msec; P < 0.05) and RSG groups (294 +/- 23 msec; P < 0.01). In the LSG group, 4 of 9 dogs died of SCD. There was no SCD in either the RSG or control group. Immunocytochemical staining showed NGF infusion to LSG and RSG resulted in left and right ventricular sympathetic nerve sprouting and hyperinnervation, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NGF infusion to the LSG in dogs with MI and CAVB resulted in increased QT interval and incidence of ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and SCD, whereas NGF infusion to the RSG shortened QT interval and reduced the incidence of ventricular tachycardia. These findings indicate that QT interval prolongation is causally related to the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia in dogs with nerve sprouting, MI, and CAVB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048-1865, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Z D
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Tebb
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Omichi
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kenknight
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Karagueuzian
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D006327:Heart Block / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D013233:Stellate Ganglion / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000209:etiology*; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D020932:Nerve Growth Factor