Globalization and health: a framework for analysis and action.
Globalization is a key challenge to public health, especially in developing countries, but the linkages between globalization and health are complex. Although a growing amount of literature has appeared on the subject, it is piecemeal, and suffers from a lack of an agreed framework for assessing the direct and indirect health effects of different aspects of globalization. This paper presents a conceptual framework for the linkages between economic globalization and health, with the intention that it will serve as a basis for synthesizing existing relevant literature, identifying gaps in knowledge, and ultimately developing national and international policies more favourable to health. The framework encompasses both the indirect effects on health, operating through the national economy, household economies and health-related sectors such as water, sanitation and education, as well as more direct effects on population-level and individual risk factors for health and on the health care system. Proposed also is a set of broad objectives for a programme of action to optimize the health effects of economic globalization. The paper concludes by identifying priorities for research corresponding with the five linkages identified as critical to the effects of globalization on health.
Woodward
D
D
Globalization, Cross-Sectoral Policies and Human Rights Team, Department of Health and Development, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. woodwardd@who.int
Drager
N
N
Beaglehole
R
R
Lipson
D
D
D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics; D014943:Global Health; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D015980:Public Health Practice; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors