title: A comparison of fentanyl, sufentanil, and remifentanil for fast-track cardiac anesthesia.
abstract: Cardiac surgery is estimated to cost $27 billion annually in the United States. In an attempt to decrease the costs of cardiac surgery, fast-track programs have become popular. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three different opioid techniques for cardiac surgery on postoperative pain, time to extubation, time to intensive care unit discharge, time to hospital discharge, and cost. Ninety adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery were randomized to a fentanyl-based, sufentanil-based, or remifentanil-based anesthetic. Postoperative pain was measured at 30 min after extubation and at 6:30 AM on the first postoperative day. Pain scores at both times were similar in all three groups (P > 0.05). Median ventilator times of 167, 285, and 234 min (P > 0.05), intensive care unit stays of 18.8, 19.8, and 21.5 h (P > 0.05), and hospital stays of 5, 5, and 5 days (P > 0.05) for the Fentanyl, Sufentanil, and Remifentanil groups did not differ. Three patients needed to be tracheally reintubated: two in the Sufentanil group and one in the Fentanyl group. Median anesthetic costs were largest in the Remifentanil group ($140.54 [$113.54-$179.29]) and smallest in the Fentanyl group ($43.33 [$39.36-$56.48]) (P < or = 0.01), but hospital costs were similar in the three groups: $7841 (Fentanyl), $5943 (Sufentanil), and $6286 (Remifentanil) (P > 0.05). We conclude that the more expensive but shorter-acting opioids, sufentanil and remifentanil, produced equally rapid extubation, similar stays, and similar costs to fentanyl, indicating that any of these opioids can be recommended for fast-track cardiac surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To conserve resources for cardiac surgery, fentanyl-, sufentanil-, and remifentanil-based anesthetics were compared for duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit length of stay, hospital length of stay, and cost. The shorter-acting anesthetics, sufentanil and remifentanil, produced equally rapid extubation, similar stays, and similar costs to fentanyl; thus, any of these opioids can be recommended for fast-track cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, St. Vincent Mercy Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio 43608, USA. engoren@pol.net
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engoren
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luther
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fenn-Buderer
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D017409:Sufentanil
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D010880:Piperidines; D017409:Sufentanil; D000077208:Remifentanil; D005283:Fentanyl