title: Predictors of loud snoring in persons with spinal cord injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Predictors of loud snoring were examined in a cohort of 197 persons with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) recruited by advertisement and from a Veterans Affairs Medical Center SCI Service.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected on age, marital status, antispasticity medications, duration of injury, level and completeness of injury, stature, and weight. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated for all participants. A health questionnaire was used to collect data on snoring and respiratory history. Habitual snorers were defined as those who reported loud snoring more than 1 night per week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age (+/- SD) was 51.2 +/- 14.8 years, and 84 of 197 (42.6%) were habitual snorers. The most obese research subjects, regardless of antispasticity medication use, were more likely to report snoring, but the risk of snoring was greatest among subjects who were obese and used antispasticity medication. Subjects who used antispasticity medication and had a BMI above the median (> or = 25.3 kg/m2) had a 7-fold risk of reporting snoring compared with subjects below the median who did not use antispasticity medication (P = .001). The greatest risk occurred in those who used diazepam alone or baclofen and diazepam together and had a BMI at or above the median. Subjects who used these medications and had a BMI below the median did not have a significantly increased risk. Neurological motor completeness, level of injury, age, and years since injury were not significant predictors of snoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because snoring is a marker for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the data suggest that in obese individuals with SCI, the use of antispasticity medications may be a risk factor for OSA.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts 02132, USA.
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Ayas
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Tun
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garshick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009123:Muscle Hypotonia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents