title: The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) generic model for the production of Thai fermented pork sausage (Nham).
abstract: Nham is a traditional Thai fermented pork sausage. The major ingredients of Nham are ground pork meat and shredded pork rind. Nham has been reported to be contaminated with Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. Therefore, it is a potential cause of foodborne diseases for consumers. A Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) generic model has been developed for the Nham process. Nham processing plants were observed and a generic flow diagram of Nham processes was constructed. Hazard analysis was then conducted. Other than microbial hazards, the pathogens previously found in Nham, sodium nitrite and metal were identified as chemical and physical hazards in this product, respectively. Four steps in the Nham process have been identified as critical control points. These steps are the weighing of the nitrite compound, stuffing, fermentation, and labeling. The chemical hazard of nitrite must be controlled during the weighing step. The critical limit of nitrite levels in the Nham mixture has been set at 100-200 ppm. This level is high enough to control Clostridium botulinum but does not cause chemical hazards to the consumer. The physical hazard from metal clips could be prevented by visual inspection of every Nham product during stuffing. The microbiological hazard in Nham could be reduced in the fermentation process. The critical limit of the pH of Nham was set at lower than 4.6. Since this product is not cooked during processing, finally, educating the consumer, by providing information on the label such as "safe if cooked before consumption", could be an alternative way to prevent the microbiological hazards of this product.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 73/1 Rama 6 Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok 10400 Thailand.
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Paukatong
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kunawasen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D003663:Decision Trees; D005285:Fermentation; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005513:Food Inspection; D005515:Food Labeling; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008460:Meat; D008461:Meat Products / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000592:standards*; D008670:Metals / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D009573:Nitrites