title: The relative stress on the Achilles tendon during ambulation in an ankle immobiliser: implications for rehabilitation after Achilles tendon repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After Achilles tendon repair, immediate weightbearing and immobilisation closer to neutral plantarflexion are thought to limit atrophy and stiffness, but may place deleterious stress on the repair.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the relative stress on the Achilles tendon during weightbearing with immobilisation in varying degrees of plantarflexion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electromyographic (EMG) activity from the plantarflexors was recorded during walking in 10 subjects (six men, four women) without ankle pathology. Four walking conditions were examined: (a) normal walking; (b) immobilised (cam-walker) in neutral plantarflexion; (c) immobilised with a 0.5 inch heel lift; (d) immobilised with a 1 inch heel lift. EMG activity relative to plantarflexor torque was determined for each subject during isometric contractions at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). EMG activity during walking was calculated as a percentage of MVC based on the EMG-torque relation during graded isometric contractions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During normal walking, the plantarflexor torque was estimated to be 30 (12)% (mean (SD)) of MVC, compared with 21 (15)% MVC for immobilisation in neutral (p<0.05), 17 (15)% MVC with the addition of a 0.5 inch heel lift (p<0.01), and 12 (12)% MVC with the addition of a 1 inch heel lift (p<0.01). The 1 inch heel lift resulted in less than 10 degrees plantarflexion in all subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the ankle is immobilised, stress on the Achilles tendon is determined by the degree of plantarflexion and the contractile activity of the plantarflexors. In the immobilised ankle, the addition of a 1 inch heel lift was sufficient to minimise plantarflexor activity during walking.
authors.affiliation: Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Akizuki
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gartman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nisonson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ben-Avi
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: McHugh
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000502:physiology*; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D019415:Torque; D014853:Walkers; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*