title: Opioid action on respiratory neuron activity of the isolated respiratory network in newborn rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Underlying mechanisms behind opioid-induced respiratory depression are not fully understood. The authors investigated changes in burst rate, intraburst firing frequency, membrane properties, as well as presynaptic and postsynaptic events of respiratory neurons in the isolated brainstem after administration of opioid receptor agonists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Newborn rat brainstem-spinal cord preparations were used and superfused with mu-, kappa-, and delta-opioid receptor agonists. Whole cell recordings were performed from three major classes of respiratory neurons (inspiratory, preinspiratory, and expiratory).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mu- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists reduced the spontaneous burst activity of inspiratory neurons and the C4 nerve activity. Forty-two percent of the inspiratory neurons were hyperpolarized and decreased in membrane resistance during opioid-induced respiratory depression. Furthermore, under synaptic block by tetrodotoxin perfusion, similar changes of inspiratory neuronal membrane properties occurred after application of mu- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists. In contrast, resting membrane potential and membrane resistance of preinspiratory and majority of expiratory neurons were unchanged by opioid receptor agonists, even during tetrodotoxin perfusion. Simultaneous recordings of inspiratory and preinspiratory neuronal activities confirmed the selective inhibition of inspiratory neurons caused by mu- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists. Application of opioids reduced the slope of rising of excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by contralateral medulla stimulation, resulting in a prolongation of the latency of successive first action potential responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mu- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists caused reduction of final motor outputs by mainly inhibiting medullary inspiratory neuron network. This inhibition of inspiratory neurons seems to be a result of both a presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition. The central respiratory rhythm as reflected by the preinspiratory neuron burst rate was essentially unaltered by the agonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. shinhiro@nms.ac.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Joensen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Onimaru
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lindahl
mesh_terms: D019900:3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)- / Q000494:pharmacology; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000819:agonists*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D019900:3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer; D009020:Morphine