title: Relation between changes in long-latency stretch reflexes and muscle stiffness in Parkinson's disease--comparison before and after unilateral pallidotomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of posteroventral pallidotomy on both the size of long-latency stretch reflex (LLR) and the muscle stiffness in the wrist flexor muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven consecutive patients (right-handed, 6 men and 5 women) underwent left-side microelectrode-guided pallidotomy. The LLR of the contralesional forearm was studied at baseline and 2-3 months after surgery while patients continued to take their optimal medical regimens ('on' period). Patients were instructed not to respond to the perturbation (passive mode) or to oppose the mechanical extensor perturbation (active mode).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stretch reflex evoked by extension perturbations of the wrist consisted of a short-latency reflex (M1) and an LLR (M2). Pallidotomy had no effects on the size of M1 components in both passive and active mode and on that of M2 component in the passive mode, however, it significantly reduced M2 component in the active mode (P<0.05). The inherent muscle stiffness over 60 ms period of mechanical stretch was not influenced by pallidotomy in any experimental condition (preoperative vs. postoperative or passive mode vs. active mode). The hand displacement following M2 component increased significantly after pallidotomy in both passive (P<0.005) and active mode (P<0.05). The inverted value of the displacement following M2 component correlated with the size of M2 component (r=0.60, P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pallidotomy decreased the transcortical reflex gain, probably at cortical level, and consequently reduced muscle stiffness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Neurology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan. rkhayasi@palette.plala.og.jp
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tada
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003704:Dementia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009127:Muscle Rigidity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012026:Reflex, Stretch / Q000502:physiology*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D007980:Levodopa