title: Proposal of a new grading system for evaluation of tongue hemiatrophy as a late effect of brachytherapy for oral tongue cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate tongue hemiatrophy as a late effect of brachytherapy, a new grading system was designed and applied to patients who had received low dose rate (LDR) or high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy for early tongue cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between December 1998 and April 1999, 49 patients who had received brachytherapy for early tongue cancer (T1/T2=22:27) at Osaka University Hospital were investigated. All patients had undergone either LDR or HDR brachytherapy with Ir-192 (LDR/HDR=30:19) between 1980 and 1998. Atrophic changes in their tongue were classified into four categories (G0-G3): G3, not able to protrude the tongue beyond incisors; G2, hemiatrophy is seen on the irradiated side in the resting position of the tongue; G1, deviation of the tip of the tongue to the irradiated side is seen when protruded; and G0, none of these signs. The relationship between tongue hemiatrophy and tumor factors, treatment factors, and patients' functional impairment was then investigated. The median time from treatment to assessment was 75 months (range 8-219 months). Volume index was defined as the number of needles that were implanted vertically into the tongue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen patients were classified as G0, 29 as G1, five as G2, and one as G3. None of the G0 patients showed any speech or swallowing dysfunction, pain or contracted feeling, or general dissatisfaction with post-treatment tongue status. There was a tendency for such problems to increase with the tongue hemiatrophy grade. The frequency of T2 and non-superficial type tumors also tended to increase with the tongue hemiatrophy grade. The volume index of the G2-3 hemiatrophy group was significantly larger than that of the G0-1 group (P=0.041).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new grading system makes evaluation of atrophic changes in the tongue after brachytherapy easy and effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Multidisciplinary Radiotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine (D10), 2-2 Yamada-oka Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizutani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Teshima
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001284:Atrophy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D013997:Time Factors; D014059:Tongue / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy