title: A new approach to recording the electromyographic activity of detrusor smooth muscle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extracellular recordings from the whole intact mammalian bladder of the electrical events leading to contraction of the organ have been elusive for almost 50 years despite the widespread potential applications of such a technique. The principal problem is the need to isolate the small real signals reflecting membrane depolarization from the large electromechanical artifact generated as the organ contracts. In this preliminary study we determined whether electrical signals may be isolated and verified as biological using extracellular bipolar reversible suction electrodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six whole excised guinea pig bladders were mounted in an especially constructed organ bath. Electrical activity resulting from nerve stimulation of the organ was recorded using a novel 10 bipolar Pt/PtCl suction electrode simultaneously with changes in intravesical pressure. Mechanical and pharmacological control experiments were performed to determine the true origin of these signals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A predominantly biphasic electrical signal of a mean amplitude plus or minus standard deviation of 647 plus or minus 301 microV. and a mean duration of 293 plus or minus 51 milliseconds was consistently recorded from the serosal surface of all guinea pig bladders. In all cases the electrical signal and mechanical response to stimulation were completely abolished by 1 microM. tetrodotoxin. The signal always preceded any change in intravesical pressure. It was sensitive to changes in the CaCl2 concentration of the superfusate, abolished by purinergic but not cholinergic neuromuscular blockade and independent of electromechanical artifact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this preliminary report we describe a novel technique by which nerve mediated detrusor electrical activity leading to contraction of the whole intact guinea pig bladder may be isolated from artifact and verified as real. We hope that development of this technique may enable its application to the in situ human bladder. However, to our knowledge whether electromyographic activity may be recorded from human detrusor remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology and Nephrology, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ballaro
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mundy
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Craggs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D004566:Electrodes; D004576:Electromyography; D004867:Equipment Design; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000502:physiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology