title: Pressure flow measurement of hydronephrosis in children: a new approach to definition and quantification of obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hydronephrosis due to obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction is not uncommon in children. The critical level of outflow resistance characterizing obstruction remains to be established. It was previously found in our laboratory that the outflow resistance could be calculated in an animal model by servoregulating the infused flow to preset pressure levels. We determine whether this procedure is also feasible in patients with hydronephrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 46 patients with 48 hydronephrotic kidneys were examined. There were 32 boys and 14 girls with a diagnosis of hydronephrosis and suspected ureteropelvic junction obstruction who underwent a pressure flow study under general anesthesia for evaluation before possible surgery. The kidney was punctured percutaneously under ultrasonic guidance, and the study was performed under fluoroscopy. Flow levels were measured when steady state flow was achieved at pressures 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mm. Hg greater than the intra-abdominal pressure. A conventional Whitaker test at an infusion rate of 10 ml. per minute was performed for comparison. The patient then underwent pyeloplasty if the kidney was considered obstructed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 2 patients excluded from evaluation because of significant leakage of contrast medium. Stable and repeatable recordings were obtained in all pressure flow studies but only in 7 of 46 Whitaker tests. A total of 41 kidneys were considered obstructed at pressure flow studies and operated on. The resistance was pressure dependent. Thus, mean resistance in the previous range 5 to 15 mm. Hg was considered a good overall measure of outflow resistance. Mean resistance less than 0.75 was normal and greater than 1.25 obstruction. There were 7 patients who had crossing vessels and a high mean resistance (3 or greater).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Whitaker test proved to be of no value for calculating the outflow resistance in ureteropelvic junction obstruction. The pressure flow study is superior to the Whitaker test for determining the outflow resistance and also allowing categorization of ureteropelvic junction obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wåhlin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Läckgren
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stenberg
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007223:Infant; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014563:Urodynamics