title: The importance of vacA, cagA, and iceA genotypes of Helicobacter pylori infection in peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the relationship between the presence of H. pylori virulence factors and clinical outcome in H. pylori infected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA was isolated from an antral biopsy sample and vacA, cagA, and iceA genotype were determined by PCR and a reverse hybridization technique in 183 patients with culture-proven H. pylori infection: 51 with peptic ulcer disease (PUD), 62 with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and 70 with a normal endoscopy (gastritis only; GO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four samples (24%) showed more than one allelic variant in the vacA s- or in-region and/or both iceA1 and iceA2 genotypes, indicating multiple strain infection. These were excluded from statistical analysis. vacA s1 and cagA were significantly more common in PUD than in GERD and GO. Logistic regression analysis showed that GERD patients were more often infected with strains lacking both cagA and iceA than GO patients (OR = 0.36; CI = 0.15-0.89). Trend analysis showed that GERD patients were most often infected with less virulent strains (p < 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple strain infection is common. H. pylori strains possessing the vacA s1 genotype and/or cagA are associated with PUD. GERD patients, infected with H. pylori, mostly carry less virulent strains possessing neither cagA nor iceA1. Our findings support the hypothesis that virulent strains protect against the development of GERD.
authors.affiliation: Regional Public Health Laboratory, Groningen/Drenthe, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Arents
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: van Zwet
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Thijs
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kooistra-Smid
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: van Slochteren
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Degener
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kleibeuker
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: van Doorn
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005756:Gastritis / Q000382:microbiology*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000382:microbiology*; D005838:Genotype; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C074689:VacA protein, Helicobacter pylori; C080866:cagA protein, Helicobacter pylori; C063113:ice nucleation protein