title: Structural basis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 protease inhibition by a monoclonal antibody.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the demonstration that the protease of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV Pr) is essential in the viral life cycle, this enzyme has become one of the primary targets for antiviral drug design. The murine monoclonal antibody 1696 (mAb1696), produced by immunization with the HIV-1 protease, inhibits the catalytic activity of the enzyme of both the HIV-1 and HIV-2 isolates with inhibition constants in the low nanomolar range. The antibody cross-reacts with peptides that include the N terminus of the enzyme, a region that is highly conserved in sequence among different viral strains and that, furthermore, is crucial for homodimerization to the active enzymatic form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report here the crystal structure at 2.7 A resolution of a recombinant single-chain Fv fragment of mAb1696 as a complex with a cross-reactive peptide of the HIV-1 protease. The antibody-antigen interactions observed in this complex provide a structural basis for understanding the origin of the broad reactivity of mAb-1696 for the HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases and their respective N-terminal peptides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A possible mechanism of HIV-protease inhibition by mAb1696 is proposed that could help the design of inhibitors aimed at binding inactive monomeric species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gene Manipulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 37 Prague 6, Czech Republic. rezacova@img.cas.cz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rezacova
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lescar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brynda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fabry
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horejsi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sedlacek
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bentley
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001666:Binding Sites, Antibody; D003429:Cross Reactions; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; D016333:HIV Protease; C065184:p16 protease, Human immunodeficiency virus 2