title: A physiologically based pharmacokinetic analysis of capecitabine, a triple prodrug of 5-FU, in humans: the mechanism for tumor-selective accumulation of 5-FU.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the factors governing the dose-limiting toxicity in the gastrointestine (GI) and the antitumor activity after oral administration of capecitabine, a triple prodrug of 5-FU, in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The enzyme kinetic parameters for each of the four enzymes involved in the activation of capecitabine to 5-FU and its elimination were measured experimentally in vitro to construct a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Sensitivity analysis for each parameter was performed to identify the parameters affecting tissue 5-FU concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity analysis demonstrated that (i) the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity in the liver largely determines the 5-FU AUC in the systemic circulation, (ii) the exposure of tumor tissue to 5-FU depends mainly on the activity of both thymidine phosphorylase (dThdPase) and DPD in the tumor tissues, as well as the blood flow rate in tumor tissues with saturation of DPD activity resulting in 5-FU accumulation, and (iii) the metabolic enzyme activity in the GI and the DPD activity in liver are the major determinants influencing exposure to 5-FU in the GI. The therapeutic index of capecitabine was found to be at least 17 times greater than that of other 5-FU-related anticancer agents, including doxifluridine, the prodrug of 5-FU, and 5-FU over their respective clinical dose ranges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was revealed that the most important factors that determine the selective production of 5-FU in tumor tissue after capecitabine administration are tumor-specific activation by dThdPase, the nonlinear elimination of 5-FU by DPD in tumor tissue, and the blood flow rate in tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preclinical Science, Nippon Roche Research Center, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ura
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Horii
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishitsuka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kusuhara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000069287:Capecitabine; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011485:Protein Binding; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D001798:Blood Proteins; D011355:Prodrugs; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000069287:Capecitabine; D005472:Fluorouracil