title: The VISA-A questionnaire: a valid and reliable index of the clinical severity of Achilles tendinopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is no disease specific, reliable, and valid clinical measure of Achilles tendinopathy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and test a questionnaire based instrument that would serve as an index of severity of Achilles tendinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Item generation, item reduction, item scaling, and pretesting were used to develop a questionnaire to assess the severity of Achilles tendinopathy. The final version consisted of eight questions that measured the domains of pain, function in daily living, and sporting activity. Results range from 0 to 100, where 100 represents the perfect score. Its validity and reliability were then tested in a population of non-surgical patients with Achilles tendinopathy (n = 45), presurgical patients with Achilles tendinopathy (n = 14), and two normal control populations (total n = 87).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VISA-A questionnaire had good test-retest (r = 0.93), intrarater (three tests, r = 0.90), and interrater (r = 0.90) reliability as well as good stability when compared one week apart (r = 0.81). The mean (95% confidence interval) VISA-A score in the non-surgical patients was 64 (59-69), in presurgical patients 44 (28-60), and in control subjects it exceeded 96 (94-99). Thus the VISA-A score was higher in non-surgical than presurgical patients (p = 0.02) and higher in control subjects than in both patient populations (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The VISA-A questionnaire is reliable and displayed construct validity when means were compared in patients with a range of severity of Achilles tendinopathy and control subjects. The continuous numerical result of the VISA-A questionnaire has the potential to provide utility in both the clinical setting and research. The test is not designed to be diagnostic. Further studies are needed to determine whether the VISA-A score predicts prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Purdam
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Visentini
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maffulli
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Taunton
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000293:injuries*; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices