title: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy: appropriate use of self-reporting in clinical practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the factors that may affect adherence to antiretroviral therapy in people with HIV infection and compared the use of three self-report tools to determine client adherence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive, cross-sectional study of 260 HIV-infected clients attending nine HIV outpatient centers in England was conducted using researcher-administered instruments. Self-reports of adherence were assessed using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS), Reported Adherence to Medication Scale (RAM), and the Patient Adjustment to Medication Scale (PAM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate analysis of clients' self-reports indicated a number of associations with adherence. Significant associations with less adherent behavior identified by two or more self-report tools were the reported use of recreational drugs, p =.001; living alone, p =.041; feeling depressed, p =.02; being influenced by the media, p =.037; and lack of a close confidant, p =.037. Greater adherence was associated with clients reporting a positive mental attitude to HIV infection, p =.038. Principal component analysis (PCA) of each self-report tool identified two well-recognized constructs: intentional nonadherence and unintentional nonadherence. In addition, a third construct of following instructions was identified from PAM, a scale developed by the authors. Subsequent regression analysis failed to confirm the associations with adherence suggested by the univariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the design and use of self-report tools to identify client's adherence to complex antiretroviral regimens may need to measure individual constructs of adherence to accurately assess adherence behavior.
authors.affiliation: Richard Wells Research Centre, Wolfson Institute of Health Sciences, Thames Valley University, London. robert.pratt@tvu.ac.uk
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Loveday
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pellowe
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hankins
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loveday
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors