title: Th2 cytokine profile in infants predisposes to improved graft acceptance after liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The T helper cell type 1 (Th1) cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma are mediators of acute graft rejection after liver transplantation and Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10, may have a protective role and correlate with graft acceptance. To test the hypothesis that infants aged <1 year have an immunological advantage with regard to graft acceptance because of a partially immature immune system with a physiological balance toward a Th2 cytokine profile, we conducted the present study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the T helper serum cytokine profiles in 105 infants and children after liver transplantation with or without acute graft rejection and analyzed the normal age-distributed concentrations of T helper cytokines in 51 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of acute graft rejection was as follows: 0 to 12 months, 26.8%; 1 to 3 years, 40.0%; and >3 years, 71.8%. There was a significantly lower incidence of acute rejection in infants 0 to 12 months of age compared with children >1 year (11/41 vs. 38/64; P=0.001). In healthy infants, significant increasing Th1 cytokine concentrations and decreasing Th2 cytokine concentrations were found with increasing age. Patients with acute rejection had significantly higher values of Th1 cytokines compared with nonrejecting subjects, who had significantly higher concentrations of Th2 cytokines. A longitudinal analysis of serum cytokines from patients showed that changes of the cytokine patterns in the follow-up did not differ significantly from preoperative values, except in the 4 weeks posttransplant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude from the data that the physiological balance toward a Th2 cytokine profile of infants in the first months of life predisposes to improved graft acceptance. Transplantation of children with biliary atresia as early as possible, avoiding Th1 stimulation by recurrent infections and vaccinations, may have a positive impact on overall tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Hamburg, Germany. ganschow@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ganschow
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Broering
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nolkemper
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albani
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kemper
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Rogiers
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burdelski
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000367:Age Factors; D001656:Biliary Atresia / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma