title: Evaluation of a portable blood lead analyzer with occupationally exposed populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This project evaluated a portable electroanalytical instrument that is used to rapidly analyze blood lead levels in individuals, using a fresh whole blood sample (venous).
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples were obtained from 208 lead-exposed employees who donated two 2 ml venous blood samples into "lead-free" evacuated tubes. One blood sample was analyzed onsite using the portable field instrument while the second sample was analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to GFAAS results, employee venous blood lead levels ranged from 1 microg/dl to 42 microg/dl. The mean difference between the results from the field instrument and GFAAS was less than 1 microg/dl. Analysis indicates that the results from the field instrument yielded a slight positive bias overall (P value = 0.0213), with less bias for blood lead levels above 10 microg/dl (P value = 0.0738).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the blood range evaluated (1-42 microg/dl), the instrument performed adequately according to Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments (CLIA) proficiency requirements. The ability of the instrument to perform rapid analysis makes it potentially valuable to occupational health professionals for medical monitoring or on-site investigations.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA. ltaylor@cdc.gov
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Deddens
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ashley
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Sanderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D004566:Electrodes; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D011786:Quality Control; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States; D014489:United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration
chemical_list: D007854:Lead