title: Dehydroascorbic acid, a blood-brain barrier transportable form of vitamin C, mediates potent cerebroprotection in experimental stroke.
abstract: Neuronal injury in ischemic stroke is partly mediated by cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Although the antioxidant ascorbic acid (AA) or vitamin C does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), its oxidized form, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), enters the brain by means of facilitative transport. We hypothesized that i.v. DHA would improve outcome after stroke because of its ability to cross the BBB and augment brain antioxidant levels. Reversible or permanent focal cerebral ischemia was created by intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice treated with vehicle, AA, or DHA (40, 250, or 500 mg/kg), either before or after ischemia. Given before ischemia, DHA caused dose-dependent increases in postreperfusion cerebral blood flow, with reductions in neurological deficit and mortality. In reperfused cerebral ischemia, mean infarct volume was reduced from 53% and 59% in vehicle- and AA-treated animals, respectively, to 15% in 250 mg/kg DHA-treated animals (P < 0.05). Similar significant reductions occurred in nonreperfused cerebral ischemia. Delayed postischemic DHA administration after 15 min or 3 h also mediated improved outcomes. DHA (250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg) administered at 3 h postischemia reduced infarct volume by 6- to 9-fold, to only 5% with the highest DHA dose (P < 0.05). In contrast, AA had no effect on infarct volumes, mortality, or neurological deficits. No differences in the incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage occurred. Unlike exogenous AA, DHA confers in vivo, dose-dependent neuroprotection in reperfused and nonreperfused cerebral ischemia at clinically relevant times. As a naturally occurring interconvertible form of AA with BBB permeability, DHA represents a promising pharmacological therapy for stroke based on its effects in this model of cerebral ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Agus
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Winfree
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: McTaggart
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Choudhri
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mocco
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pinsky
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Israel
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Golde
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001692:Biological Transport; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003683:Dehydroascorbic Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D051379:Mice; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000502:physiology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015424:Reperfusion; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D003683:Dehydroascorbic Acid