title: The mixed acid-base disturbances of severe canine babesiosis.
abstract: Thirty-four dogs suffering from severe babesiosis caused by Babesia canis rossi were included in this study to evaluate acid-base imbalances with the quantitative clinical approach proposed by Stewart. All but 3 dogs were severely anemic (hematocrit <12%). Arterial pH varied from severe acidemia to alkalemia. Most animals (31 of 34; 91%) had inappropriate hypocapnia with the partial pressure of CO2 < 10 mm Hg in 12 of 34 dogs (35%). All dogs had a negative base excess (BE; mean of - 16.5 mEq/L) and it was below the lower normal limit in 25. Hypoxemia was present in 3 dogs. Most dogs (28 of 34; 82%) were hyperlactatemic. Seventy percent of dogs (23 of 33) were hypoalbuminemic. Anion gap (AG) was widely distributed, being high in 15, low in 12, and normal in 6 of the 33 dogs. The strong ion difference (SID; difference between the sodium and chloride concentrations) was low in 20 of 33 dogs, chiefly because of hyperchloremia. Dilutional acidosis was present in 23 of 34 dogs. Hypoalbuminemic alkalosis was present in all dogs. Increase in unmeasured strong anions resulted in a negative BE in all dogs. Concurrent metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis was identified in 31 of 34 dogs. A high AG metabolic acidosis was present in 15 of 33 dogs. The lack of an AG increase in the remaining dogs was attributed to concurrent hypoalbuminemia, which is common in this disease. Significant contributors to BE were the SID, free water abnormalities, and AG (all with P < .01). Mixed metabolic and respiratory acid-base imbalances are common in severe canine babesiosis, and resemble imbalances described in canine endotoxemia and human malaria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa. andrew.leisewitz@paediatrics.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Leisewitz
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: de Morais
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reyers
mesh_terms: D000137:Acid-Base Imbalance / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000740:Anemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D001404:Babesiosis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies