title: Presence of bacteriophages in animal feed as indicators of fecal contamination.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to determine if indigenous male specific and somatic bacteriophages could be detected in animal feeds and if isolated phages contained RNA or DNA. Seven fresh feeds, 2 fresh feed ingredients, 7 stored feeds, 2 stored feed ingredients, and 8 samples of poultry diets suspected to contain Salmonella spp. were enriched and spot plated for indigenous phages using Escherichia coli Famp and CN-13 as hosts. Bacteriophage numbers were below detection without enrichment, but both male specific and somatic coliphages were detected in all animal feeds, feed ingredients, and poultry diets after 16 h of enrichment, even after the samples had been stored for 14 months of storage at -20 C. Five out of 9 fresh feeds and 7 out of 8 stored feeds contained RNA somatic phages.
authors.affiliation: Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2472, USA.
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Maciorowski
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Pillai
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ricke
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology*; D000818:Animals; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D008297:Male; D011200:Poultry; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000821:virology; D013997:Time Factors