title: Unanticipated plasma concentrations in two clozapine-treated patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report two cases of lower than anticipated clozapine plasma concentrations despite near maximum recommended doses of clozapine 800-900 mg/d in two medication-compliant schizophrenic inpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clozapine therapy was initiated in two male schizophrenic inpatients for treatment of psychotic symptoms refractory to other typical and atypical antipsychotics. Despite receiving adequate doses of clozapine for at least two months, these patients remained symptomatic. Therapeutic drug monitoring was used to target a clozapine plasma concentration of > or =250 ng/mL, the minimum value reported in the literature to be associated with increased clinical response. Clozapine plasma concentrations remained at 200 ng/mL in one patient despite dosage increases from 600 to 800 mg/d. In the second patient, administration of the maximum recommended dose resulted in concentrations between 200 and 250 ng/mL. Increasing the clozapine dosage to 1000 mg/d did not increase the clozapine plasma concentration. Evaluation of the ratio of clozapine plasma concentration clozapine to dose yielded lower than expected values compared with those reported in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These two patients exhibited lower than anticipated clozapine plasma concentrations despite receiving high doses of clozapine. Several studies evaluating clozapine serum concentrations and clinical response have suggested threshold concentrations of > or =350 ng/mL, > or =370 ng/mL, or > or =420 ng/mL. The only study that randomized patients to three concentration ranges found that patients who achieved a clozapine serum concentration in a medium range (mean 251 ng/mL) responded better than patients in a low range (mean 91 ng/mL) and similar to patients in a high range (mean 396 ng/mL). However, attaining plasma concentrations in this range for these patients proved difficult. Reasons for the low concentrations are unclear and may be related to increased metabolic activity at several cytochrome P450 isoenzymes involved in the metabolism of clozapine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These cases illustrate lower than anticipated clozapine plasma concentrations despite high-dose clozapine therapy. Strategies to increase clozapine plasma concentrations in such patients might include adding a drug to partially inhibit the metabolism of clozapine. If those strategies are unacceptable based on risk assessment, patient compliance, or other reasons, clinicians may consider addition of a low-dose typical or other atypical antipsychotic drug to augment clozapine response.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. calfaro@nih.gov
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Alfaro
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Vertrees
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benavides
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003024:Clozapine / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D003024:Clozapine