title: Chitosan and its derivatives as intestinal absorption enhancers.
abstract: Chitosan is a non-toxic, biocompatible polymer that has found a number of applications in drug delivery including that of absorption enhancer of hydrophilic macromolecular drugs. Chitosan, when protonated (pH<6.5), is able to increase the paracellular permeability of peptide drugs across mucosal epithelia. Chitosan derivatives have been evaluated to overcome chitosan's limited solubility and effectiveness as absorption enhancer at neutral pH values such as those found in the intestinal tract. Trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) has been synthesized at different degrees of quaternization. This quaternized polymer forms complexes with anionic macromolecules and gels or solutions with cationic or neutral compounds in aqueous environments and neutral pH values. TMC has been shown to considerably increase the permeation of neutral and cationic peptide analogs across Caco-2 intestinal epithelia. The mechanism by which TMC is enhancing the intestinal permeability is similar to that of protonated chitosan. It reversibly interacts with components of the tight junctions, leading to widening of the paracellular routes. This chitosan derivative does not provoke damage of the cell membrane, and does not alter the viability of intestinal epithelial cells. Co-administrations of TMC with peptide drugs were found to substantially increase the bioavailability of the peptide in both rats and juvenile pigs compared with administrations without the polymer.
authors.affiliation: Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thanou
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Verhoef
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Junginger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002686:Chitin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048271:Chitosan; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005079:Excipients; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D002686:Chitin; D048271:Chitosan