title: The influence of stimulants, sedatives, and fatigue on tunnel vision: risk factors for driving and piloting.
abstract: A computerized task was used in two studies to examine the influence of stimulants, sedatives, and fatigue on single-target and divided-attention responses in different parts of the visual field. The drug effects were evaluated over time with repeated behavioral and subjective measures against ascending and descending drug levels. In the first study, 18 fully rested participants received placebo, alprazolam (0.5 mg), and dextroamphetamine (10 mg). Alprazolam impairs performance, whereas dextroamphetamine induces enhancement and tunnel vision. Study 2 exposed 32 participants to fatigue and no fatigue with a repeated-measures crossover design. Four independent groups subsequently received placebo, dextroamphetamine (10 mg), caffeine (250 mg), or alcohol (.07%). Under fatigue, stimulants have no performance-enhancing effects, whereas impairment from alcohol is severe. Under no fatigue, alcohol has a modest effect, caffeine has no effect, and dextroamphetamine significantly enhances divided-attention performance coincident with tunnel vision. Participants rate all drug effects more stimulating and less sedating while fatigued. Implications for transportation safety are discussed. Actual or potential applications of this research include driver and pilot training.
authors.affiliation: Profile Associates, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA. profiler@intrex.net
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Spruill
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kanne
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Parkman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000525:Alprazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001334:Automobile Driving; D001359:Aviation; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005221:Fatigue / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D003913:Dextroamphetamine; D000525:Alprazolam