title: Cochlear reimplantation: surgical techniques and functional results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The most common indication for cochlear reimplantation is device failure. Other, less frequent indications consist of "upgrades" (e.g., single to multichannel), infection, and flap breakdown. Although the percentage of failures has decreased over time, an occasional patient requires reimplantation because of device malfunction. The varying designs of internal receiver/stimulators and electrode arrays mandate an examination of the nature and effects of reimplantation for the individual designs. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the reimplantation of several implant designs and to determine whether differences in surgical technique, anatomical findings, and postoperative performance exist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 33 of 618 severely to profoundly deaf adults and children who had implantation at the New York University Medical Center (New York, NY) between February 1984 and December 2000. The subjects had previously had implantation with either a single-channel 3M/House (House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA) or 3M/Vienna (Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria) device or with one of the multichannel Clarion (Advanced Bionics, Sylmar, CA), Ineraid (Smith & Nephew Richards, TN), or Nucleus (including the Contour) devices (Cochlear Corp., Englewood, CO) before reimplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Length of use before reimplantation ranged from 1 month to 13 years and included traumatic and atraumatic (electronic) failures, as well as device extrusion or infection. Results indicated that postoperative performance was either equal to or better than scores before failure. None of the devices explanted caused damage that precluded the implantation of the same or an upgraded device. These findings support the efficacy and safety of internal implant designs as related to the maintenance of a functional cochlea for the purpose of reimplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cochlear reimplantation can be performed safely and without decrement to performance. The number of implanted electrodes at reinsertion were either the same or greater in all cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alexiades
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Roland
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Waltzman
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003638:Deafness / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013063:Speech Discrimination Tests; D013067:Speech Perception; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology