title: Differential effects of growth hormone therapy in malnourished hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malnutrition is common in chronic hemodialysis patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Several factors such as metabolic acidosis, hyperparathyroidism, and insulin as well as growth hormone (GH) resistance may lead to enhanced protein catabolism. Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) has been proposed as treatment of malnutrition because of its anabolic effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present placebo-controlled, double blind study, the effects of three months of rhGH therapy on nutritional and anthropometric parameters, on bone metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD), as well as on polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) function and quality of life (QoL) were evaluated in 19 malnourished hemodialysis patients (10 females and 9 males) with a mean age of 59.3 +/- 13.4 years. RhGH (0.125 IU/kg) was given three times a week during the first four weeks and 0.25 IU/kg thereafter three times a week after each dialysis session.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentration rose significantly from 169.2 +/- 95.6 ng/mL to 262.9 +/- 144.4 ng/mL (p< 0.01) in the group receiving rhGH. Albumin, prealbumin, transferrin, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, cholinesterase, predialytic creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen showed no significant changes during the three months in both groups. Total body fat (%TBF) was slightly reduced after three months (P = NS) in the patients receiving GH, whereas lean body mass (LBM) remained stable during therapy. Procollagen I carboxy terminal peptide (PICP), a marker of bone formation, increased significantly after three months from 250.1 +/- 112.6 to 478.5 +/- 235.2 microg/L (P < 0.01) in the GH-treated patients, whereas parameters of bone resorption like telopeptide ICTP showed only a slight increase (50.3 +/- 18.5 vs. 70.0 +/- 39.5 microg/L, P = NS). BMD at the lumbar spine decreased significantly after three months in the treatment group (0.8 +/- 0.17 vs. 0.77 +/- 0.16 g/cm2, P < 0.01), whereas BMD at the femoral neck remained stable in both groups. Phagocytic activity of PMNLs increased significantly after three months of therapy with rhGH, whereas other parameters of PMNL function were not affected by GH. QoL was slightly improved in the GH treated group, but decreased markedly in the placebo group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three months of treatment with rhGH in malnourished patients on chronic hemodialysis causes a significant increase in IGF-I levels without significant changes in nutritional and anthropometric parameters. In contrast, bone turnover was enhanced with an initial decrease in BMD at the lumbar spine, and phagocytic activity of PMNLs was increased.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. anton.luger@akh-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kotzmann
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lercher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riedl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kreuzer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frisch
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hörl
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I