title: Clozapine and haloperidol in moderately refractory schizophrenia: a 6-month randomized and double-blind comparison.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the demonstrated efficacy of clozapine in severely refractory schizophrenia, questions remain regarding its efficacy for primary negative symptoms, comparison with a moderate dose of a first-generation antipsychotic, and adverse effects during a longer-term trial. This study examined its efficacy in partially responsive, community-based patients, compared clozapine with moderate-dose haloperidol, and extended treatment to 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, 29-week trial comparing clozapine (n = 37) with haloperidol (n = 34). Subjects with schizophrenia who were being treated in community settings at 3 collaborating clinical facilities were enrolled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects treated with haloperidol were significantly more likely to discontinue treatment for lack of efficacy (51%) than were those treated with clozapine (12%). A higher proportion of clozapine-treated subjects met an a priori criterion of improvement (57%) compared with haloperidol-treated subjects (25%). Significantly greater improvement was seen in symptoms of psychosis, hostile-suspiciousness, anxiety-depression, thought disturbance, and total score measured on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. No differences were detected in negative symptoms using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale or the Schedule for Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Subjects treated with clozapine experienced more excess salivation, dizziness, and sweating and less dry mouth and decreased appetite than those treated with haloperidol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with a first-generation antipsychotic given in a moderate dose, clozapine offers substantial clinical benefits to treatment-refractory subjects who can be treated in the community. Advantages are seen in a broad range of symptoms but do not extend to negative symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Marder
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Schooler
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wirshing
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Umbricht
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wirshing
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Safferman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ganguli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McMeniman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borenstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000855:Anorexia / Q000139:chemically induced; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003024:Clozapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004244:Dizziness / Q000139:chemically induced; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol