title: Reduction of cardiovascular risk by regression of electrocardiographic markers of left ventricular hypertrophy by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electrocardiographic markers of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) predict poor prognosis. We determined whether the ACE inhibitor ramipril prevents the development and causes regression of ECG-LVH and whether these changes are associated with improved prognosis independent of blood pressure reduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study, patients at high risk were randomly assigned to ramipril or placebo and followed for 4.5years. ECGs were recorded at baseline and at study end. We compared prevention/regression and development/persistence of ECG-LVH in the two groups and related these changes to outcomes. At baseline, 676 patients had LVH (321 in the ramipril group and 355 in the placebo group) and 7605 patients did not have LVH (3814 in the ramipril group and 3791 in the placebo group). By study end, 336 patients in the ramipril group (8.1%) compared with 406 in the placebo group (9.8%) had development/persistence of LVH; in contrast, 3799 patients in the ramipril group (91.9%) compared with 3740 in the placebo group (90.2%) had regression/prevention of LVH (P=0.007). The effect of ramipril on LVH was independent of blood pressure changes. Patients who had regression/prevention of LVH had a lower risk of the predefined primary outcome (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) compared with those who had development/persistence of LVH (12.3% versus 15.8%, P=0.006) and of congestive heart failure (9.3% versus 15.4%, P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ACE inhibitor ramipril decreases the development and causes regression of ECG-LVH independent of blood pressure reduction, and these changes are associated with reduced risk of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and congestive heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, and Galesburg Cottage Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois, USA. manthi@galesburg.net.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sleight
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lonn
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pogue
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sussex
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Probstfield
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D011379:Prognosis; D017257:Ramipril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D010919:Placebos; D017257:Ramipril