title: Hemoglobin, muscle oxidative capacity, and VO2max in African-American and Caucasian women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this paper was to determine whether differences in hemoglobin (Hb) and muscle aerobic capacity exist between African-American (AA) and Caucasian (CA) premenopausal women and to determine whether Hb and aerobic capacity of the muscle are associated with the racial differences in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max).
  
  
  METHODS
  43 AA and 46 CA sedentary premenopausal women were subjects. Percent body fat was determined by four-compartment model, leg lean tissue by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, VO2max during a graded exercise test, aerobic capacity of the calf muscle by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and serum Hb by the cyanide method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AA women had reduced VO2max (AA 29.3 +/- 3.0 vs CA 33.6 +/- 5.6 mL.kg(-1) bdw(-1).min, P < 0.01), reduced muscle aerobic capacity (AA 24.3 +/- 5.8 vs CA 21.3 +/- 4.8 s, P = 0.01, where lower values indicate higher aerobic capacity), and reduced Hb (AA 11.8 +/- 1.3 vs CA 12.9 +/- 0.8 g.dL(-1), P < 0.01). The racial difference in VO2max persisted whether the values were unadjusted or adjusted for fat-free mass or leg lean tissue. Multiple regression analysis revealed that both Hb and muscle aerobic capacity were related to VO2max after adjusting for each other, race, and either fat-free mass or leg lean tissue. Being AA was associated with reduced VO2max in mL O2.kg leg lean tissue(-1).min(-1) (zero-order simple Pearson-product correlation -0.60, P < 0.01). When multiple regression was used, the correlation between race and VO2max decreased but persisted (-0.40, <0.01) after adjusting for Hb and muscle aerobic capacity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that differences in Hb and aerobic capacity of muscle are related to reduced VO2max in AA women. However, Hb and aerobic capacity of the muscle can only partially explain the racial differences in VO2max.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-1250, USA. Ghunter@uab.edu
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Weinsier
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Enette Larson-Meyer
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Newcomer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins