title: Leptin within healthy and diseased human gingiva.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plasma leptin concentrations are reported to be elevated in patients with inflammatory diseases. There is no consensus concerning the biological mechanism for this phenomenon. To date, tissue leptin concentrations have not been assessed within normal or inflamed gingiva. The purpose of this study was to assess concentrations of human leptin within healthy and diseased gingiva to define its possible role in periodontal disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy (non-hemorrhagic gingiva adjacent to a < or =3 mm gingival sulcus) and inflamed gingiva (hemorrhagic gingiva adjacent to a > or =3 mm periodontal pocket) were studied. Leptin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; to assess potential vascular expansion), and interleukin-6 (IL-6; to assess periodontal disease activity and severity) concentrations were assessed within solubilized gingival biopsies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were grouped by sulcular depth and compared by factorial analysis of variance, regression analysis, and Scheffé comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leptin concentrations were highest within gingiva adjacent to a < or =3 mm sulcus and progressively declined within gingiva adjacent to a > or =3 mm sulcus. VEGF concentrations were highest within gingiva adjacent to 4 to 6 mm pockets and nearly equivalent in healthy (< or =3 mm sulcus) and severely diseased gingiva (>6 mm sulcus). IL-6 was positively correlated and leptin negatively correlated with adjacent probing depth; IL-6 concentration was significantly higher and leptin significantly lower in gingiva adjacent to >6 mm pockets compared to sites adjacent to <6 mm pockets (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human leptin is present within healthy and marginally inflamed gingiva and decreases in concentration as the adjacent probing depth increases. When leptin concentrations decreased (> or =3 mm sulcus), VEGF concentrations increased, suggesting that leptin could be released from gingiva coincident to vascular expansion. Thus, gingiva, in addition to adipose tissue, could be a source of circulating leptin in patients with periodontal disease. This possibility requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, University of Mississippi School of Dentistry, Jackson 39216-4505, USA. rjohnson@sod.umsmed.edu
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Serio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000378:metabolism*; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012044:Regression Analysis; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors