title: Ropivacaine with or without clonidine improves pediatric tonsillectomy pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if preemptive analgesia with ropivacaine hydrochloride with or without clonidine hydrochloride decreases pain and hastens recovery after tonsillectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, triple-blinded trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  University referral center; pediatric ambulatory practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four children, aged 3 to 15 years, undergoing tonsillectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received injections in the tonsillar fossae of isotonic sodium chloride, ropivacaine, or ropivacaine plus clonidine prior to tonsil excision.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visual analogue (pain) scale scores at rest and when drinking, opioid use, recovery time to normal activity, and incidence of symptoms such as otalgia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain was reduced on postoperative day 0 in the ropivacaine-treated and ropivacaine plus clonidine-treated groups as compared with the isotonic sodium chloride-treated group (P<.05). Pain was also decreased in the ropivacaine plus clonidine-treated group on postoperative days 3 and 5 (P<.05). Intravenous narcotic use was decreased on day 0 in the ropivacaine-treated and ropivacaine plus clonidine-treated groups (P<.05). Cumulative codeine use was similar at day 3 for all patients, but was decreased at day 5 in the ropivacaine plus clonidine-treated group (P<.05). The incidence of otalgia decreased from 89% (16/18) in the isotonic sodium chloride-treated group to 63% (12/19) in the ropivacaine-treated and 61%(11/18) in the ropivacaine plus clonidine-treated groups (P<.01). Recovery to normal activity was shortened from 8.1 +/- 1.6 days to 5.8 +/- 2.9 days (mean +/- SD) in the isotonic sodium chloride-treated and ropivacaine plus clonidine-treated groups, respectively (P =.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preincisional injection of ropivacaine with clonidine prior to tonsillectomy has a preemptive analgesic effect that outlasts the local anesthetic and decreases pain, opioid use, and the time to return to normal activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. cmgianno@texaschildrenshospital.org
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giannoni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: F K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Enneking
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D014068:Tonsillectomy
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000700:Analgesics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D003000:Clonidine