title: Integrating primary medical care with addiction treatment: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of medical disorders is high among substance abuse patients, yet medical services are seldom provided in coordination with substance abuse treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine differences in treatment outcomes and costs between integrated and independent models of medical and substance abuse care as well as the effect of integrated care in a subgroup of patients with substance abuse-related medical conditions (SAMCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial conducted between April 1997 and December 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult men and women (n = 592) who were admitted to a large health maintenance organization chemical dependency program in Sacramento, Calif.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to receive treatment through an integrated model, in which primary health care was included within the addiction treatment program (n = 285), or an independent treatment-as-usual model, in which primary care and substance abuse treatment were provided separately (n = 307). Both programs were group based and lasted 8 weeks, with 10 months of aftercare available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Abstinence outcomes, treatment utilization, and costs 6 months after randomization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups showed improvement on all drug and alcohol measures. Overall, there were no differences in total abstinence rates between the integrated care and independent care groups (68% vs 63%, P =.18). For patients without SAMCs, there were also no differences in abstinence rates (integrated care, 66% vs independent care, 73%; P =.23) and there was a slight but nonsignificant trend of higher costs for the integrated care group ($367.96 vs $324.09, P =.19). However, patients with SAMCs (n = 341) were more likely to be abstinent in the integrated care group than the independent care group (69% vs 55%, P =.006; odds ratio [OR], 1.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-2.97). This was true for both those with medical (OR, 3.38; 95% CI, 1.68-6.80) and psychiatric (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.04-4.25) SAMCs. Patients with SAMCs had a slight but nonsignificant trend of higher costs in the integrated care group ($470.81 vs $427.95, P =.14). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per additional abstinent patient with an SAMC in the integrated care group was $1581.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with SAMCs benefit from integrated medical and substance abuse treatment, and such an approach can be cost-effective. These findings are relevant given the high prevalence and cost of medical conditions among substance abuse patients, new developments in medications for addiction, and recent legislation on parity of substance abuse with other medical benefits.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, 3505 Broadway, 12th Floor, Oakland, CA 94611, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weisner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parthasarathy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome