title: Antioxidant activity of carbocysteine lysine salt monohydrate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reactive oxygen radicals are involved in many respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Carbocysteine lysine salt monohydrate (CLS) is a mucoactive drug effective in the treatment of bronchopulmonary diseases characterized by mucus alterations, including COPD. In the present study, the antioxidant activity of CLS was studied in vitro in three different oxygen radical producing systems, i.e. bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) from patients affected by COPD, ultrasound treated human serum and cultured human lung endothelial cells challenged with elastase.
  
  
  METHODS
  BAL, exposed or not to different concentrations of CLS (1.5-30 mM), was assayed for free radical content by fluorometric analysis of DNA unwinding (FADU) or by cytochrome c reduction kinetics. Human serum was treated with ultrasound in the presence or absence of CLS (1.5, 2.5 mM) or N-acetyl cysteine (NAC; 4, 5 mM) and assayed for free radical content by FADU. Human endothelial cells cultured in vitro from pulmonary artery were incubated with elastase (0.3 IU/mL), in the presence or absence of glutathione (GSH; 0.65 mM) or CLS (0.16 mM). The supernatant was tested for cytochrome c reduction kinetics whereas cell homogenates were assessed for xanthine oxidase (XO) content by SDS-PAGE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that CLS is more effective as an in vitro scavenger in comparison to GSH and NAC. CLS reduced the damage of DNA from healthy donors exposed to COPD-BAL and was able to quench clastogenic activity induced in human serum by exposure to ultrasound at concentrations as low as 2.5 mM. NAC protect DNA from radical damage, starting from 5 mM. In human lung endothelial cells cultured in presence of elastase, CLS (0.16 mM) decreased xanthine oxidase activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that CLS could act by interfering with the conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase into superoxide-producing xanthine oxidase. The antioxidant activity of CLS could contribute to its therapeutic activity by reducing radical damage to different lung structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pinamonti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Venturoli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chicca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barbieri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sostero
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ravenna
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Daffonchio
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Novellini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciaccia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002233:Carbocysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004249:DNA Damage; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; C034932:carbocysteine-lysine; D002233:Carbocysteine; D005978:Glutathione