title: Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  "Stress" hyperglycemia may be associated with increased mortality and poor recovery in diabetic and nondiabetic patients after stroke. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature relating acute poststroke glucose levels to the subsequent course were done to summarize and quantify this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive literature search was done for cohort studies reporting mortality and/or functional recovery after stroke in relation to admission glucose level. Relative risks in hyperglycemic compared with normoglycemic patients with and without diabetes were calculated and meta-analyzed when possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two studies were identified; relative risks for prespecified outcomes were reported or could be calculated in 26 studies. After stroke of either subtype (ischemic or hemorrhagic), the unadjusted relative risk of in-hospital or 30-day mortality associated with admission glucose level >6 to 8 mmol/L (108 to 144 mg/dL) was 3.07 (95% CI, 2.50 to 3.79) in nondiabetic patients and 1.30 (95% CI, 0.49 to 3.43) in diabetic patients. After ischemic stroke, admission glucose level >6.1 to 7.0 mmol/L (110 to 126 mg/dL) was associated with increased risk of in-hospital or 30-day mortality in nondiabetic patients only (relative risk=3.28; 95% CI, 2.32 to 4.64). After hemorrhagic stroke, admission hyperglycemia was not associated with higher mortality in either diabetic or nondiabetic patients. Nondiabetic stroke survivors whose admission glucose level was >6.7 to 8 mmol/L (121 to 144 mg/dL) also had a greater risk of poor functional recovery (relative risk=1.41; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.73).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute hyperglycemia predicts increased risk of in-hospital mortality after ischemic stroke in nondiabetic patients and increased risk of poor functional recovery in nondiabetic stroke survivors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. scapes@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Capes
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Malmberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pathak
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gerstein
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose