title: Is hyperglycemia seen in children during cardiopulmonary bypass a result of hyperoxia?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to identify whether elevated PaO (2) itself can directly cause hyperglycemia in newborns and to document any additional effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on this response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Piglets were exposed to either normoxia (88 +/- 6 mm Hg) or hyperoxia (470 +/- 28 mm Hg) in the following studies. Anesthetized 3-day-old neonatal pigs were either ventilated for 2 hours of normoxia (n = 5) or hyperoxia (n = 5) or placed on normothermic, normoxic cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 6) and then randomly assigned to either undergo a 2-hour normoxic period or a 1-hour hyperoxic episode, followed by a return to normoxia for an additional hour. Blood glucose levels were measured in all animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant changes were observed in blood glucose levels in neonatal pigs that underwent 2 hours of normoxic ventilation (5.0 +/- 0.6 mmol/L) or cardiopulmonary bypass (6.6 +/- 1.6 mmol/L). However, the ventilatory model showed a significant and sustained (P <.001) hyperglycemic response after both 1 hour (8.6 +/- 1.0 mmol/L) and 2 hours (9.8 +/- 1.6 mmol/L) of hyperoxia. In the cardiopulmonary bypass model, exposure to 1 hour of hyperoxia elicited a significant (P <.05) hyperglycemic response (10.3 +/- 1.2 mmol/L), followed by a return to normal blood glucose levels (6.6 +/- 1.6 mmol/L) with a return to normoxia. This hyperoxia-mediated hyperglycemic response was confirmed when data examined from children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for primary repair of their congenital defects also identified a significant positive correlation (r = 0.72, P =.02) between oxygen levels and blood glucose levels measured before and at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperoxia triggers a hyperglycemic response in both ventilatory and bypass models. Cardiopulmonary bypass does not exacerbate this response, as shown by the similar levels of hyperglycemia sustained for the duration of the hyperoxic exposure in both experimental models. Therefore, not only may hyperoxia play a crucial role in the hyperglycemic response seen during neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass, but its effect on glucose homeostasis should be considered whenever children are exposed to hyperoxia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Bandali
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Belanger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wittnich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000209:etiology*; D018496:Hyperoxia / Q000150:complications*; D013552:Swine