title: Preparation of calibration materials for microanalysis of Ti minerals by direct fusion of synthetic and natural materials: experience with LA-ICP-MS analysis of some important minor and trace elements in ilmenite and rutile.
abstract: Calibration materials for microanalysis of Ti minerals have been prepared by direct fusion of synthetic and natural materials by resistance heating in high-purity graphite electrodes. Synthetic materials were FeTiO3 and TiO2 reagents doped with minor and trace elements; CRMs for ilmenite, rutile, and a Ti-rich magnetite were used as natural materials. Problems occurred during fusion of Fe2O3-rich materials, because at atmospheric pressure Fe2O3 decomposes into Fe3O4 and O2 at 1462 degrees C. An alternative fusion technique under pressure was tested, but the resulting materials were characterized by extensive segregation and development of separate phases. Fe2O3-rich materials were therefore fused below this temperature, resulting in a form of sintering, without conversion of the materials into amorphous glasses. The fused materials were studied by optical microscopy and EPMA, and tested as calibration materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, equipped with laser ablation for sample introduction (LA-ICP-MS). It was demonstrated that calibration curves based on materials of rutile composition, within normal analytical uncertainty, generally coincide with calibration curves based on materials of ilmenite composition. It is, therefore, concluded that LA-ICP-MS analysis of Ti minerals can with advantage be based exclusively on calibration materials prepared for rutile, thereby avoiding the special fusion problems related to oxide mixtures of ilmenite composition. It is documented that sintered materials were in good overall agreement with homogeneous glass materials, an observation that indicates that in other situations also sintered mineral concentrates might be a useful alternative for instrument calibration, e.g. as alternative to pressed powders.
authors.affiliation: Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim. magne.odegard@ngu.no
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Odegård
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mansfeld
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Dundas
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014025:Titanium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; C029232:ilmenite; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D007501:Iron