title: Retinal microvascular abnormalities and incident stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinal microvascular abnormalities reflect damage from hypertension and other vascular processes. We examined the relation of such abnormalities to incident stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 10358 men and women (aged 51 to 72 years) living in four US communities underwent retinal photography and standard grading for retinal microvascular abnormalities. The calibres of all retinal arterioles and venules were measured after digital conversion of the photographs, and a summary arteriole-to-venule ratio (AVR) was calculated as an index of arteriolar narrowing (smaller AVR indicates greater narrowing). Cases of incident stroke admitted to hospital were identified and validated by case record reviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over an average of 3.5 years, 110 participants had incident strokes. After adjustment for age, sex, race, 6-year mean arterial blood pressure, diabetes, and other stroke risk factors, most retinal microvascular characteristics were predictive of incident stroke, with adjusted relative risks of 2.58 (1.59-4.20) for any retinopathy, 3.11 (1.71-5.65) for microaneurysms, 3.08 (1.42-6.68) for soft exudates, 2.55 (1.27-5.14) for blot haemorrhages, 2.26 (1.00-5.12) for flame-shaped haemorrhages, and 1.60 (1.03-2.47) for arteriovenous nicking. The relative risk of stroke increased with decreasing AVR (p=0.03). The associations were similar for ischaemic strokes specifically, and for strokes in individuals with hypertension, either with or without diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinal microvascular abnormalities are related to incident stroke. The findings support a microvascular role in the pathogenesis of stroke. They suggest that retinal photography may be useful for cerebrovascular-risk stratification in appropriate populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705-2397, USA. wong@epi.ophth.wisc.edu
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Couper
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shahar
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wofford
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sharrett
mesh_terms: D001161:Arteriosclerosis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000002:abnormalities*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology