title: Insulin activates ATP-sensitive K(+) channels in pancreatic beta-cells through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway.
abstract: Insulin is known to regulate pancreatic beta-cell function through the activation of cell surface insulin receptors, phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and -2, and activation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. However, an acute effect of insulin in modulating beta-cell electrical activity and its underlying ionic currents has not been reported. Using the perforated patch clamp technique, we found that insulin (1-600 nmol/l) but not IGF-1 (100 nmol/l) reversibly hyperpolarized single mouse beta-cells and inhibited their electrical activity. The dose-response relationship for insulin yielded a maximal change (mean +/- SE) in membrane potential of -13.6 +/- 2.0 mV (P < 0.001) and a 50% effective dose of 25.9 +/- 0.1 nmol/l (n = 63). Exposing patched beta-cells within intact islets to 200 nmol/l insulin produced similar results, hyperpolarizing islets from -47.7 +/- 3.3 to -65.6 +/- 3.7 mV (P < 0.0001, n = 11). In single cells, insulin-induced hyperpolarization was associated with a threefold increase in whole-cell conductance from 0.6 +/- 0.1 to 1.7 +/- 0.2 nS (P < 0.001, n = 10) and a shift in the current reversal potential from -25.7 +/- 2.5 to -63.7 +/- 1.0 mV (P < 0.001 vs. control, n = 9; calculated K(+) equilibrium potential = -90 mV). The effects of insulin were reversed by tolbutamide, which decreased cell conductance to 0.5 +/- 0.1 nS and shifted the current reversal potential to -25.2 +/- 2.3 mV. Insulin-induced beta-cell hyperpolarization was sufficient to abolish intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) oscillations measured in pancreatic islets exposed to 10 mmol/l glucose. The application of 100 nmol/l wortmannin to inactivate PI 3-kinase, a key enzyme in insulin signaling, was found to reverse the effects of 100 nmol/l insulin. In cell-attached patches, single ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels were activated by bath-applied insulin and subsequently inhibited by wortmannin. Our data thus demonstrate that insulin activates the K(ATP) channels of single mouse pancreatic beta-cells and islets, resulting in membrane hyperpolarization, an inhibition of electrical activity, and the abolition of [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations. We thus propose that locally released insulin might serve as a negative feedback signal within the islet under physiological conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Goforth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Satin
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000502:physiology*; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004594:Electrophysiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009991:Oscillometry; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D011188:Potassium / Q000502:physiology; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077191:Wortmannin
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D007328:Insulin; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium; D000077191:Wortmannin