title: Ureteral stenting after ureteroscopy for distal ureteral calculi: a multi-institutional prospective randomized controlled study assessing pain, outcomes and complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compare postoperative pain, stone-free rates and complications after ureteroscopic treatment of distal ureteral calculi with or without the use of ureteral stents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 113 patients with distal ureteral calculi amenable to ureteroscopic treatment were prospectively randomized into stented (53) and unstented (60) groups. Stones were managed with semirigid ureteroscopes with or without distal ureteral dilation and/or intracorporeal lithotripsy. Preoperative and postoperative pain questionnaires were obtained from each patient. Patients with stents had them removed 3 to 10 days postoperatively. Radiographic followup was performed postoperatively to assess stone-free rates and evidence of obstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six patients randomized to the unstented group were withdrawn from the study after significant intraoperative ureteral trauma was recognized, including 3 ureteral perforations, that required ureteral stent placement, leaving 53 with stents and 54 without for analysis. Patients with stents had statistically significantly more postoperative flank pain (p = 0.005), bladder pain (p <0.001), urinary symptoms (p = 0.002), overall pain (p <0.001) and total narcotic use (p <0.001) compared to the unstented group. Intraoperative ureteral dilation or intracorporeal lithotripsy did not statistically significantly affect postoperative pain or narcotic use in either group (p >0.05 in all cases). Overall mean stone size in our study was 6.6 mm. There were 4 (7.4%) patients without stents who required postoperative readmission to the hospital secondary to flank pain. All patients (85%) who underwent imaging postoperatively were without evidence of obstruction or ureteral stricture on followup imaging (mean followup plus or minus standard deviation 1.8 +/- 1.5 months), and the stone-free rate was 99.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uncomplicated ureteroscopy for distal ureteral calculi with or without intraoperative ureteral dilation can safely be performed without placement of a ureteral stent. Patients without stents had significantly less pain, fewer urinary symptoms and decreased narcotic use postoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Naval Medical Center and Division of Urology, University of California, San Diego, California 92134-1005, USA.
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Borboroglu
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Amling
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Schenkman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monga
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: N Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bishoff
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kane
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D018666:Ureteroscopy