title: Aetiology, previous menstrual function and patterns of neuro-endocrine disturbance as prognostic indicators in hypothalamic amenorrhoea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypothalamic amenorrhoea (HA) is a syndrome associated with infertility and osteopenia in reproductive-age women.
  
  
  METHODS
  To understand better the natural history of this disorder, 28 women participated in a retrospective, questionnaire-based analysis to elucidate factors associated with spontaneous recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  54% of subjects developed HA related to an eating disorder, 21% related to stress +/- weight loss, and 25% without obvious contributing factors (idiopathic). HA associated with a clear precipitant had a better prognosis than idiopathic HA (71 versus 29% recovery; P < 0.05). Reversal of the inciting factor appeared necessary but not sufficient for recovery (83% recovery if factor reversed). Normal menarche occurred in 61% of subjects, oligomenorrhoea in 32%, and primary amenorrhoea in 7%. Oligomenorrhoea and normal menarche showed a trend toward better prognosis than primary amenorrhoea (NS). Compared with controls, 46% of HA patients had decreased frequency of LH pulses, 7% decreased amplitude, 18% decreases in both frequency and amplitude, 18% absent pulses, and 11% normal-appearing pulses. Pulse pattern at baseline did not predict recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The aetiology of HA at the time of presentation predicts subsequent recovery of menstrual function. In stress, weight loss, or eating disorder-related HA, rates of recovery exceeded 80% when precipitating factors were reversed. Idiopathic HA may represent a different disorder as recovery rates were <30%.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Endocrine Unit and National Center for Infertility Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street BHX 5, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007027:Hypothalamic Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008598:Menstruation; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013577:Syndrome; D015431:Weight Loss