title: Dosimetric consequences of tumor mobility in radiotherapy of stage I non-small cell lung cancer--an analysis of data generated using 'slow' CT scans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The target coverage for radiotherapy of early-stage lung cancer was evaluated using two different CT techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A conventional planning CT scan and two limited scans of the tumor region were performed in seven patients with peripheral tumors. Three 'slow' scans (slice thickness 4mm, index 3mm, revolution time 4s/slice) were then performed, followed by three-dimensional image registration. Planning target volumes (PTV) were generated using these GTV-PTV margins: (a) 1cm (PTV1.0); (b) 1.5 cm (PTV1.5); and (c) 0.9, 1.0, and 0.9 cm ('PTV(clinical)') when set-up errors are avoided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTVs derived from three 'slow' scans missed 1.9% of the volume derived from three planning scans for an immobile tumor and 9.3% in the case of a mobile tumor. For an immobile tumor, PTV1.5 achieved comparable coverage to that achieved using PTVclinical, which was generated from three 'slow' scans and a planning scan. For a mobile tumor, PTV(1.5) covered only 89% of the volume captured by PTVclinical. PTV1.0 resulted in inadequate target coverage in all the patients. Reductions in potential lung toxicity (V20) were achievable in six patients despite the larger GTVclinical when treatment set-up errors were minimized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTVs derived using 'slow' CT scans consistently produce superior target coverage than that using conventional scans. This may account for the poor local control observed in stage I lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Rotterdam, Groene Hilledijk 301, 3075 EA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: van Sörnsen de Koste
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Lagerwaard
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Schuchhard-Schipper
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nijssen-Visser
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Voet
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Oei
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senan
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011859:Radiography; D011874:Radiometry; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed; D017211:Treatment Failure