title: Association of p53, p16, and vascular endothelial growth factor protein expressions with the prognosis and metastasis of gallbladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor suppressor genes were studied in gallbladder disease including cancer for correlation. VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) expression was assessed against Nevin staging and metastasis of gallbladder carcinoma. The importance of p53, p16, and VEGF in gallbladder cancer was estimated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four gallbladder carcinomas, 20 gallbladder adenomas, and 18 chronic cholecystitis specimens were immunohistochemically and histopathologically investigated for the relation of p53, p16, and VEGF to Nevin staging and pathologic grading.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression rate of abnormal p53 in gallbladder carcinomas was significantly higher than that in gallbladder adenoma and chronic cholecystitis (p = 0.003, p = 0.014). The expression rate of abnormal p53 in Nevin staging S1, S2, S3 gallbladder carcinoma was significantly higher than that in S4, S5 (p = 0.01). Abnormal p16 was highest in carcinoma, next in adenoma, and lowest in chronic cholecystitis (p = 0.031, p = 0.017). Gallbladder carcinoma expressed VEGF far more often than adenoma or cholecystitis (p = 0.001); VEGF-positive rates were lower in S1, S2, S3 than S4, S5 by Nevin staging of gallbladder cancer (p = 0.044).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutation of p53 and p16 genes might correlate with progression of of gallbladder carcinoma. Analysis of p53 and p16 can estimate the prognosis of gallbladder cancer. VEGF expression correlates with Nevin staging in gallbladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Z W
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Merrell
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000378:metabolism; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011379:Prognosis; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors