title: Relative frequency of malaria pigment-carrying monocytes of nonimmune and semi-immune patients from flow cytometric depolarized side scatter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, it was observed that malaria can be detected by performing automated complete blood count analysis including depolarization measurement of scattered laser light. To explain large discrepancies in sensitivity and specificity observed in semi-immune and nonimmune malaria patients, we determined the relative frequencies of malaria pigment-carrying monocytes (PCM) by flow cytometric measurements combined with rare event analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental cell-sorting unit utilizing argon, krypton, and helium-neon lasers measured the relative frequencies of leukocytes of malaria patients. Single white blood cells showing high intensity in their depolarized side scatter were sorted for subsequent microscopic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From microscopic inspection of sorted cells, we identified malaria PCM as a distinct cluster in scatter diagrams that is well separated from normal leukocytes. For nonimmune patients, the average relative frequency of PCM is 1.5 x 10(-4) (median), for semi-immune patients 8.8 x 10(-4), and for malaria-negative persons 4.4 x 10(-6). Results derived from depolarized side scatter at 488, 633, or 647 nm agree well. Furthermore, malaria pigment-carrying neutrophilic granulocytes were identified microscopically after sorting. We discuss briefly how pigment-carrying neutrophils might be differentiated from normal leukocytes and PCM by using flow cytometry and measuring depolarized side scatter at two wavelengths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm the feasibility of malaria detection by flow cytometry for semi-immune patients and extend malaria detection to nonimmune patients with low frequencies of PCM. High sensitivity and specificity for malaria detection were obtained.
authors.affiliation: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Grobusch
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suttorp
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neukammer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rinneberg
mesh_terms: D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D006420:Hemeproteins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000032:analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D006420:Hemeproteins; D010860:Pigments, Biological; C020753:hemozoin