title: Periodontal changes in liver cirrhosis and post-transplantation patients. I: clinical findings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclosporin A (CsA) is widely used to prevent liver transplantation failure. CsA-induced gingival overgrowth is a common side effect. However, the effect of cirrhotic liver disease, liver transplantation, and immunosuppressive therapy on the periodontium is yet unclear. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to examine the effect of liver cirrhosis, transplantation, and immunosuppressive therapy on the periodontium.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimental group (LC) consisted of 13 liver cirrhosis patients. A second experimental group (PT) included 24 patients, post-liver transplantation, receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Seventeen healthy subjects formed a control group. The Ramfjord index teeth were recorded for plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival overgrowth (GO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean PI and mean GI for the LC, PT, and C groups were not statistically different (P >0.05). Mean PD for the LC (3.32+/-0.24 mm) and PT group (3.41+/-0.13 mm) was significantly higher (P = 0.0001, ANOVA) compared to the C group (2.45+/-0.16 mm). Likewise, CAL for the LC (4.89+/-0.47 mm) and PT group (4.68+/-0.47 mm) was significantly higher (P = 0.001, ANOVA) than the C group (2.78+/-0.23 mm). Patients in the PT group exhibited the greatest mean GO scores (0.88+/-0.09) compared to the LC group (0.37+/-0.07) and the C group (0.09+/-0.02). All 3 groups were significantly different from each other (P = 0.0001) despite great variability within the groups. GO in the CsA-treated patients (1.1+/-0.09) was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) than in those treated with tacrolimus (0.57+/-0.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liver cirrhosis patients demonstrated greater pocketing and attachment loss compared to healthy matched controls. These same differences were observed in patients post-transplantation. Gingival overgrowth occurred as a result of the immunosuppressive therapy with CsA, while to a lesser degree with tacrolimus. Replacement of CsA by tacrolimus in patients manifesting gingival overgrowth might be recommended whenever possible to overcome this problem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. barakori@zahav.net.il
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oettinger-Barak
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barak
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Machtei
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ardekian
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baruch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peled
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005885:Gingival Hyperplasia / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D016559:Tacrolimus