title: Upper gastrointestinal complications: the causes, consequences, and clinical outcomes.
abstract: Studies reveal that cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitors seem to markedly lessen the risk of ulcers and upper gastrointestinal complications. Discussion, however, continues whether COX-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of clinical events to the same degree as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D001241:Aspirin