title: Age-dependent changes in the regulation of cyclooxygenases in the gastrointestinal tract after gram-negative endotoxemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclooxygenases (COXs) modulate prostaglandin synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract. Prostaglandins have been shown to have a cytoprotective effect on bowel mucosa in adults, but no similar data are available in neonates. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate age-dependent changes in gastrointestinal tract COX regulation after Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide exposure in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stomach, small bowel, and large bowel COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA levels (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique) and protein content (Western blot) were obtained from neonates (younger than 3 days old) and adult rats 18 hours after exposure to E. coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide toxin. Untreated animals served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stomach, small bowel, and large bowel tissue COX-1 mRNA levels in the newborn were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than in the adult. No age-dependent differences were found for COX-2 mRNA levels. After lipopolysaccharide exposure, no significant changes in COX-1 levels were seen at either age, whereas COX-2 mRNA levels were increased only in the stomach for both ages. Western blot analysis of small bowel tissue for COX-1 and COX-2 showed no lipopolysaccharide-induced changes in protein content, but the COX-1 content was significantly lower in the newborn (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the rat, COX expression in the gastrointestinal tract is regulated in an age-dependent fashion. Lower COX-1 expression and a lack of observable increase in COX-2 mRNA levels in the newborn small bowel after endotoxemia may render the bowel more susceptible to bowel injury early in life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reno
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Trevenen
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Belik
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D017931:DNA Primers; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000201:enzymology*; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000201:enzymology; D004926:Escherichia coli; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011453:Prostaglandins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496513:Ptgs1 protein, rat