title: Genes other than TLR4 are involved in the response to inhaled LPS.
abstract: For several decades, the mouse strains C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScNCr have been known to be hyporesponsive to endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Recently, mutations in Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 have been shown to underlie this aberrant response to LPS. To further determine the relationship between TLR4 and responsiveness to LPS, we genotyped 18 strains of mice for TLR4 and evaluated the physiological and biological responses of these strains to inhaled LPS. Of the 18 strains tested, 6 were wild type for TLR4 and 12 had mutations in TLR4. Of those strains with TLR4 mutations, nine had mutations in highly conserved residues. Among the strains wild type for TLR4, the inflammatory response in the airway induced by inhalation of LPS showed a phenotype ranging from very sensitive (DBA/2) to hyporesponsive (C57BL/6). A broad spectrum of airway hyperreactivity after inhalation of LPS was also observed among strains wild type for TLR4. Although the TLR4 mutant strains C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScNCr were phenotypically distinct from the other strains with mutations in the TLR4 gene, the other strains with mutations for TLR4 demonstrated a broad distribution in their physiological and biological responses to inhaled LPS. The results of our study indicate that although certain TLR4 mutations can be linked to a change in the LPS response phenotype, additional genes are clearly involved in determining the physiological and biological responses to inhaled LPS in mammals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wohlford-Lenane
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Frees
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Arbour
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D016085:Bronchoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016210:Methacholine Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D010993:Plethysmography, Whole Body; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016085:Bronchoconstrictor Agents; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D018925:Chemokines; C404915:Cxcl2 protein, mouse; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016210:Methacholine Chloride; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1