title: Transdermal nicotine in PD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An inverse association between cigarette smoking and the risk of idiopathic PD has been found in many epidemiologic studies. The therapeutic and possible neuroprotective effects of nicotine formulations on parkinsonian symptoms are controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the efficacy and tolerability of transdermal nicotine patches as an add-on treatment for cardinal symptoms were evaluated in 32 nonsmoking patients with PD. After a 1-week run-in phase, patients were randomized to receive nicotine patches (containing 17.5 mg nicotine in the first and 35.0 mg nicotine in the second and third weeks) or identically appearing placebo patches. After this treatment, 3 weeks without patch application followed. The same blinded examiner assessed the patients with the Columbia University Rating Scale, the Webster scale, the Schwab-England scale, a timed walking test, with an instrumental test for fine motor skills and hand tremor, and with the Hamilton Depression Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant drug effects between both groups were observed in any of the scores and quantitative tests. Side effects were mild and comparable in frequency between both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the dosage and the period of treatment chosen, transdermal nicotine patches are not effective as an add-on treatment for symptoms of PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vieregge
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sieberer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hagenah
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vieregge
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000368:Aged; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000187:drug effects; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009538:Nicotine