title: Efflux of a suppressive neurotransmitter, GABA, across the blood-brain barrier.
abstract: In this study, GABA efflux transport from brain to blood was estimated by using the brain efflux index (BEI) method. [3H]GABA microinjected into parietal cortex area 2 (Par2) of the rat brain was eliminated from the brain with an apparent elimination half-life of 16.9 min. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) efflux clearance of [3H]GABA was at least 0.153 mL/min/g brain, which was calculated from the elimination rate constant (7.14 x 10(-2) x min(-1)) and the distribution volume in the brain (2.14 mL/g brain). Direct comparison of the apparent BBB influx clearance [3H]GABA (9.29 microL/min/g brain) and the apparent efflux clearance (153 microL/min/g brain) indicated that the efflux clearance was at least 16-fold greater than the influx clearance. In order to reduce the effect of metabolism in the neuronal cells following intracerebral microinjection, we determined the apparent efflux of [3H]GABA in the presence of nipecotic acid, a GABA transport inhibitor in parenchymal cells, using the BEI method. Under such conditions, the elimination of [3H]GABA across the BBB showed saturation and inhibition by probenecid in the presence of nipecotic acid. Furthermore, the uptake of [3H]GABA by MBEC4 cells was inhibited by GABA, taurine, beta-alanine and nipecotic acid in a concentration-dependent manner. It is likely that GABA inhibits the first step in the abluminal membrane uptake by brain endothelial cells, and that probenecid selectively inhibits the luminal membrane efflux transport process from the brain capillary endothelial cells based on the in vivo and in vitro evidence. The BBB acts as the efflux pump for GABA to reduce the brain interstitial fluid concentration.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kakee
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takanaga
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terasaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuruo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism; D002196:Capillaries; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D050485:GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D006207:Half-Life; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008845:Microinjections; D009557:Nipecotic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000378:metabolism; D011339:Probenecid / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013654:Taurine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014316:Tritium; D015091:beta-Alanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D050485:GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009557:Nipecotic Acids; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D014316:Tritium; D015091:beta-Alanine; D013654:Taurine; C030278:nipecotic acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D011339:Probenecid