title: High quantitative job demands and low coworker support as risk factors for neck pain: results of a prospective cohort study.
abstract: METHODS
  A 3-year prospective cohort study among 1334 workers was conducted.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the work-related psychosocial factors of quantitative job demands, conflicting job demands, skill discretion, decision authority, supervisor support, coworker support, and job security are risk factors for neck pain.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Among the various risk factors for neck pain, work-related psychosocial factors play a major role. Previous studies on risk factors for neck pain often had a cross-sectional design, and did not take both physical and psychosocial factors into account.
  
  
  METHODS
  At baseline, data on work-related psychosocial factors were collected by means of a questionnaire. During the 3-year follow-up period, data on the occurrence of neck pain were collected by means of postal questionnaires. Individuals without neck pain at baseline were selected for the analyses. Cox regression analysis was applied to examine the relation between the work-related psychosocial factors and the cumulative incidence of neck pain. Adjustments were made for various physical factors and individual characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis included 977 patients. Altogether, 141 workers (14.4%) reported that they had experienced neck pain at least once during the 3-year follow-up period. The relation of neck pain to high quantitative job demands (relative risk [RR], 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-3.58) and low coworker support (RR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.11-5.29) was statistically significant. An increased risk was found for low decision authority in relation to neck pain (RR, 1.60; 95% CI, 0.74-3.45), but this relation was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High quantitative job demands and low coworker support are independent risk factors for neck pain. There are indications that another risk factor for neck pain is low decision authority.
authors.affiliation: TNO Work and Employment, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands. g.ariens@arbeid.tno.nl
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ariëns
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bongers
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Hoogendoorn
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Houtman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van der Wal
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Mechelen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*