title: Evaluation of prospective living renal donors for laparoscopic nephrectomy with multisection CT: the marriage of minimally invasive imaging with minimally invasive surgery.
abstract: Laparoscopic technique for excision of a kidney from a living donor has advantages over conventional open surgery, but operative visibility and surgical exposure are limited. Preoperative multisection computed tomography (CT) can provide necessary anatomic information in a minimally invasive procedure. A three-phase examination is suggested: (a) imaging from the top of the kidneys to the pubic symphysis with a section width of 2.5 mm and no contrast medium, (b) scanning of the kidneys and upper pelvis during the arterial phase of enhancement with a section width of 1.0 mm, and (c) scanning of the kidneys and upper retroperitoneum during the nephrographic phase of enhancement with a section width of 1.0 mm. Emphasis in this article is placed on analysis of the venous anatomy because most radiologists are unfamiliar with the anatomic variations. Conventional radiography of the abdomen and pelvis is performed after CT to evaluate the collecting system and ureters and to provide a lower total radiation dose than if CT were used. Of several postprocessing techniques that may be used, the authors prefer maximum intensity projection for arterial evaluation and multiplanar reformatting for venous evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Indiana University Hospital, 550 N University Blvd, Rm 0279, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5253, USA. jrydberg@iupui.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rydberg
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kopecky
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tann
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Persohn
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Leapman
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Filo
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shalhav
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D010535:Laparoscopy; D019520:Living Donors; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*