title: Rapid fusion of granules with neutrophil cell membranes in hypertensive patients may increase vascular damage.
abstract: In essential hypertension (EHT) the presence of a metabolic syndrome increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. A cell membrane abnormality is implicated but its role in cardiovascular disease is unclear. Neutrophil accumulation, which occurs by beta2-integrin (CD11b/CD18) expression, followed by release of proinflammatory factors from primary vesicles is an important factor in vascular damage. CD11b and CD69 expression on neutrophils from normal controls and EHT patients was determined by fluorescence-activated cell scanning. Neutrophils were activated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Protein kinase C (PKC) and calpain were inhibited with bisindolylmaleimide and E64d, respectively. In EHT patients CD11b was not increased on neutrophils at rest. However, EHT neutrophils more readily expressed CD11b on incubation in phosphate-buffered saline and more cells went on to exocytose primary granules indicated by expression of CD69. Stimulation with PMA caused more rapid activation in EHT neutrophils with expression of CD11b, followed rapidly by exocytosis of primary granules. Bisindolylmaleimide slowed but did not prevent CD11b expression, which, together with primary granule exocytosis, continued to be faster in EHT neutrophils. E64d also slowed but did not prevent either CD11b expression or primary granule exocytosis, but this inhibitor did abolish the difference between NC and EHT neutrophils. The membrane abnormality in EHT may contribute to cardiovascular risk by increasing the rate of vesicle fusion with the cell membrane to increase neutrophil accumulation and release of inflammatory agents at sites of vascular damage. Calpain activation may be the rate-limiting component that is abnormal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Fardon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000652:urine; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000293:injuries; D002154:Calpain / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002459:Cell Fusion / Q000379:methods; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000378:metabolism*; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D007930:Leucine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008301:Maleimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome; D008875:Middle Aged; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000099192:CD69 Antigens
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D002154:Calpain; D002273:Carcinogens; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D007930:Leucine; D008055:Lipids; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen; D008301:Maleimides; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D000099192:CD69 Antigens; C108192:aloxistatin; C088060:bisindolylmaleimide