title: Dietary habit of smokers in a Chinese population.
abstract: The objective of this study is to determine whether smokers have unhealthy dietary habits with respect to cardiovascular diseases and cancer. An age and sex stratified random sample of the Hong Kong Chinese population aged 25 to 74 years (500 men, 510 women) was recruited. A dietary assessment using a food frequency method over a 7 day period, together with a lifestyle questionnaire was administered by a trained interviewer. Approximately half the men were smokers, while only 19/510 women smoked. Smoking was related to lower education level. Male smokers had a lower mean daily consumption of fruits, lower carbohydrate and carbohydrate percentage calorie intake, higher fat and fat percentage calorie intake, and higher vitamin D intake compared with non-smokers. However, the differences were small compared with reported differences in Caucasian populations. No difference in dietary pattern was noted between female smokers and non-smokers. Although there is a tendency for male smokers to have an unhealthy dietary pattern with respect to cardiovascular disease and cancer, the differences between smokers and non-smokers are small, and together with the favourable health features of the Chinese diet, this difference is unlikely to add to the risk of these diseases in smokers or be a confounding factor in examining the aetiology of smoke-related diseases in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sham
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Janus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001824:Body Constitution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004522:Educational Status; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D014807:Vitamin D