title: Supercritical fluid extraction of fat from ground beef: effects of water on gravimetric and GC-FAME fat determinations.
abstract: This study investigated the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) extraction of fat from ground beef and the effects of several factors on the gravimetric determination of fat. The use of ethanol modifier with the SC-CO(2) was not necessary for efficient fat extraction; however, the ethanol did increase the coextraction of water. This coextraction of water caused a significant overestimation of gravimetric fat. Oven-drying ground beef samples prior to extraction inhibited the subsequent extraction of fat, whereas oven-drying the extract after collection decreased the subsequent gas chromatographic fatty acid methyl ester (GC-FAME) fat determination. None of the drying agents tested were able to completely prevent the coextraction of water, and silica gel and molecular sieves inhibited the complete extraction of fat. Measurements of collection vial mass indicated that CO(2) extraction/collection causes an initial increase in mass due to the density of CO(2) (relative to displaced air) followed by a decrease in vial mass due to the removal of adsorbed water from the collection vial. Microwave-drying of the empty collection vials removes approximately 3 mg of adsorbed water, approximately 15-20 min is required for readsorption of the displaced water. For collection vials containing collected fat, microwave-drying effectively removed coextracted water, and the vials reached equilibration after approximately 10-15 min. Silanizing collection vials did not significantly affect weight loss during microwave-drying. SC-CO(2) can be used to accurately determine fat gravimetrically for ground beef, and the presented method can also be followed by GC-FAME analysis to provide specific fatty acid information as well.
authors.affiliation: New Crops and Processing Technology Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA. ellerfj@mail.ncaur.usda.gov
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Eller
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002417:Cattle; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D003890:Desiccation; D000431:Ethanol; D005223:Fats / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D008461:Meat Products / Q000032:analysis; D008872:Microwaves; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D005223:Fats; D014867:Water; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000431:Ethanol