title: An HLA class-II allele frequent in Eskimos and Amerindians is found in the Tyrolean Ice Man.
abstract: DNA was extracted from specimens derived from the calcaneus of the Tyrolean Ice Man under sterile conditions in a laboratory, where no DNA extractions and PCR experiments had been performed before. Agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining did not reveal any evidence of genomic DNA in the preparation obtained, indicating a high degree of DNA degradation. Nevertheless, we performed PCR amplifications with this sample using primer pairs specific for HLA class II alleles. HLA-DRB and DQB1 alleles were amplified in a nested PCR approach. In one of the reactions, we observed a distinct amplification product, which we directly sequenced. By comparing the obtained nucleotide sequence with a database of HLA alleles we assigned the HLA-DRB1*1402 type to the amplified sample. None of the investigators involved possesses this allele, indicating that no contamination with modern DNA had occurred. The HLA-DRB1*1402 allele is extremely rare in Europe, but is common in Inuits and South American Indians and has previously only once been identified in the laboratory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Blood Group Serology, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria. gottfried.fischer@akh-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fae
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kriks
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jäger
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Platzer
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Mayr
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Volc-Platzer
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005802:Genes, MHC Class II / Q000235:genetics*; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000235:genetics*; D004930:Inuit / Q000235:genetics*; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009106:Mummies; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D004247:DNA