title: The optimal length of insertion of central venous catheters for pediatric patients.
abstract: Incorrect positioning of central venous catheters (CVC) in infants and children may lead to serious complications such as perforation of the heart or great vessels. CVC position is not usually assessed until the first postoperative chest radiograph, potentially leaving malposition undetected for several hours. We studied a series of 452 right internal jugular and subclavian catheter placements in infants and children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease, and measured the distance from the skin insertion site to the radiographic junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium (RA). Based on these data, the following formulae predict that a CVC will be positioned above the RA 97% of the time: correct length of insertion (cm) = (height in cm/10) - 1 for patients < or =100 cm in height, and (height in cm/10) - 2 for patients >100 cm in height. Weight-based recommendations were also developed which predict placement of CVC above the RA 98% of the time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study assessed central venous catheter placement in 452 infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery. Simple, clinically useful guidelines based on height and weight were developed to prevent malposition of these catheters, which may cause serious complications such as perforation of the heart or great vessels.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Anesthesiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030-2399, USA. dra@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Andropoulos
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Bent
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Skjonsby
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stayer
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D018475:Head-Down Tilt; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000293:injuries; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology