Stressor characteristics and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom dimensions in war victims.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate how the type of trauma is related to specific symptom patterns in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria.


METHODS
A total of 136 PTSD patients exposed to war-related traumatic experiences were divided in four groups: 79 veterans, 18 former prisoners (who witnessed or were subject to torture or frequent assaults), 15 victims of rape, and 24 refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Each group was homogenous in regard to traumatic experiences.


RESULTS
Significant inter-group differences were found in symptoms listed in the DSM-IV criteria, and under criteria C (avoidance) and D (arousal). No such differences were observed in symptoms listed under criterion B (intrusive symptoms). The results indicate that stressor characteristics may play a role not only in the variety of symptoms exhibited, but particularly in the number of avoidance and arousal symptoms. Victims of rape tended to present with more avoidance symptoms and fewer hyperarousal symptoms, whereas former prisoners and veterans tended to report more hyperarousal symptoms. Rape victims and former prisoners also reported more symptoms than the other groups.


CONCLUSIONS
There is a strong indication that stressor characteristics influence the variety and number of exhibited intrusive, avoidance, and arousal symptoms. More research is needed to precisely define individual symptom dimensions possibly relating to particular stressor characteristics. Additional studies are needed to determine whether PTSD, as it is currently defined in the DSM-IV, is really a homogenous diagnostic category.
Henigsberg
N
N
Vrapce Psychiatric Hospital and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia. neven.henigsberg@zg.hinet.hr
Folnegović-Smalc
V
V
Moro
L
L
D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D017523:Croatia; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011902:Rape / Q000523:psychology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D014104:Torture / Q000523:psychology; D014857:Warfare