title: Uptake of porcine rubulavirus (LPMV) by PK-15 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The porcine virus denominated La Piedad Michoacan Virus (LPMV) is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae and is the cause of a disease in pigs present only in Mexico. The disease is characterized by meningoencephalitis and respiratory distress in young pigs, epididymitis and orchitis in boars, and reproductive failure and abortion in sows.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cytopathology, morphology, and distribution of the hemagglutination neuraminidase (HN) and nucleoprotein (NP) proteins of LPMV were investigated following inoculation into PK-15 cells. The cytopathic effect was characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolation and the formation of syncytia and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In immunofluorescence assays using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the HN protein at 5-60 min post-infection (early infection), a diffuse immunofluorescence was observed near the cell membrane and adjacent to the nuclear membrane. At 24 h post-infection (late infection), a dust-like immunofluorescence was observed throughout the cytoplasm. LPMV-infected cells incubated with the MAb against the NP protein showed punctate cytoplasmic fluorescence during the early stages of infection. At the late infection stage, these fluorescent particles became larger and were seen predominantly in the cytoplasm of syncytia. This pattern was also apparent by immunohistochemical labeling and immunogold electron microscopy. The latter technique revealed that HN protein was diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm. When using the MAb against the NP protein, nucleocapsid organization was the most prominent feature and resulted in the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies visible by light and electron microscopy. Immunogold labeling of purified nucleocapsids was shown by electron microscopy. Virus particles and nucleocapsids were morphologically similar to members of the Paramyxoviridae family.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The morphologic characteristics of the virions and the distribution patterns of the HN and NP proteins in PK-15 infected cells indicate that the mechanisms of LPMV replication are generally similar to those of the members of the Paramyxoviridae family.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Section of Virology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hernández-Jáuregui
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yacoub
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Curran
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Téllez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Svenda
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ljung
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moreno-López
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000821:virology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000821:virology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D015707:HN Protein / Q000032:analysis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007181:Inclusion Bodies, Viral / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D009698:Nucleoproteins; D019213:Rubulavirus / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019351:Rubulavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D014758:Viral Core Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D014771:Virion / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D015707:HN Protein; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D009698:Nucleoproteins; D014758:Viral Core Proteins