title: Effects of S-2474, a novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, on amyloid beta protein-induced neuronal cell death.
abstract: 1. The accumulation of amyloid beta protein (Abeta) in the brain is a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinical trials of AD patients with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) indicate a clinical benefit. NSAIDs are presumed to act by suppressing inhibiting chronic inflammation in the brain of AD patients. 2. In the present study, we investigated effects of S-2474 on Abeta-induced cell death in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. 3. S-2474 is a novel NSAID, which inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and contains the di-tert-butylphenol antioxidant moiety. S-2474 significantly prevented neurons from Abeta(25 - 35)- and Abeta(1 - 40)-induced cell death. S-2474 ameliorated Abeta-induced apoptotic features such as the condensation of chromatin and the fragmentation of DNA completely. 4. Prior to cell death, Abeta(25 - 35) generated prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) and free radicals from neurons. PGD(2) is a product of cyclo-oxygenase (COX), and caused neuronal cell death. 5. S-2474 significantly inhibited the Abeta(25 - 35)-induced generation of PGD(2) and free radicals. 6. The present cortical cultures contained little non-neuronal cells, indicating that S-2474 affected neuronal survival directly, but not indirectly via non-neuronal cells. Both an inhibitory effect of COX-2 and an antioxidant effect might contribute to the neuroprotective effects of S-2474. 7. In conclusion, S-2474 exhibits protective effects against neurotoxicity of Abeta. Furthermore, the present study suggests that S-2474 may possess therapeutic potential for AD via ameliorating degeneration in neurons as well as suppressing chronic inflammation in non-neuronal cells.
authors.affiliation: Discovery Research Laboratories, Shionogi and Co. Ltd., 12-4 Sagisu 5-Chome, Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553-0002, Japan. tatsurou.yagami@shionogi.co.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yagami
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asakura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakaeda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kambayashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
mesh_terms: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D003499:Cyclic S-Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005260:Female; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C409872:((E)-(5)-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylidene)- 2-ethyl-1,2-isothiazolidine-1,1-dioxide); D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D003499:Cyclic S-Oxides; D013844:Thiazoles