title: The pharmacokinetics of epidural ropivacaine in infants and young children.
abstract: The pharmacokinetic variables of ropivacaine were characterized after epidural bolus injection in pediatric patients. The subjects, 7 infants (aged 3-11 mo) and 11 young children (aged 12-48 mo), received 1.7 mg/kg of ropivacaine via a lumbar epidural catheter. Total plasma concentrations of ropivacaine measured over 24 h were assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic modeling was performed by Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling analysis. The median peak venous plasma concentrations (C(max)) in infants and young children were 610 microg/L (interquartile range [IQR], 550-725 microg/L) and 640 microg/L (IQR, 540-750 microg/L), respectively. The median times to maximum plasma ropivacaine concentration (T(max)) were 60 min (IQR, 60-120 min) in infants and 60 min (IQR, 30-90 min) in young children. There were no statistical differences between median values of C(max) and T(max) between infants and young children. The calculated clearance (CL) in infants was 4.26 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1) (9% coefficient of variation), and in young children it was 6.15 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1) (11% coefficient of variation). The CL for infants was significantly less than the CL for young children (P < 0.01). The volume of distribution was estimated to be 2370 mL/kg (9% coefficient of variation) for both young children and infants. No systemic toxicity was observed in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed that the pharmacokinetic variables of lumbar epidural bolus ropivacaine in pediatric patients aged 3 to 48 mo are similar to those of adults, except that drug clearance was less in infants compared with older children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. McCann_M@tch.harvard.edu
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McCann
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Sethna
authors.forename: J X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Mazoit
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rifai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hope
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Auble
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Berde
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000577:Amides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine