title: Screening for tuberculosis upon admission to shelters and free-meal services.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The homeless are at very high risk of suffering tuberculosis (TB). The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and risk factors for tuberculosis infection and disease among the homeless in Barcelona and to evaluate the roles of case finding and contact investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational prevalence study carried out between 1997 and 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  447 homeless patients (394 men and 53 women) were evaluated before admission to shelters and free-meal services. At the same time, 48 co-residents with smear-positive TB patients in 2 long-term shelters were evaluated too. A chest X-ray and Tuberculin Skin Test were performed on all subjects. Sputum smears were processed by the Ziehl-Neelsen and Löwenstein-Jensen procedures in patients with radiographic findings consistent with pulmonary TB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 447 homeless examined, 335 (75%) were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Active pulmonary TB was diagnosed in five persons (1.11%), and 62 (13.8%) had radiographic evidence of inactive pulmonary TB. Tuberculosis infection was associated with age and smoking, but not with sex or alcohol abuse. No significant differences in infection rates were found between the main group and 48 homeless co-residents of smear-positive subjects. Only 16.9% of the homeless with active TB in Barcelona in the same period were diagnosed through active case-finding, the remainder being mainly detected in hospitals (69.8%) and other several centres (13.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Homeless individuals have a very high risk of TB infection and disease and contact investigation requires specific methods for them. Programmes of screening and supervised treatment should be ensured in this group.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Prevenció i Control de la Tuberculosi CAP Drassanes, Barcelona, Spain. 9444jsp@comb.es
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Solsona
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Caylà
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nadal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bedia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mata
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brau
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Milà
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alcaide
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Altet
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Galdós-Tangüis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism; D005260:Female; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*