Beta (CC)-chemokines as modulators of sleep: implications for HIV-induced alterations in arousal state.
Sleep is altered early in the course of HIV infection, before the onset of AIDS, indicating effects of the virus on neural processes. Previous observations suggest HIV envelope glycoproteins are possible mediators of these responses. Because some beta (CC)-chemokine receptors serve as co-receptors for HIV and bind HIV envelope glycoproteins, we determined in this study whether selected CC chemokine ligands alter sleep and whether their mRNAs are detectable in brain regions important for sleep. CCL4/MIP-1beta, but not CCL5/RANTES, injected centrally into rats prior to dark onset increased non-rapid eye movements sleep, fragmented sleep, and induced fever. mRNA for the chemokine receptor CCR3 was detectable under basal conditions in multiple brain regions. These data suggest some CC chemokines may also be involved in processes by which HIV alters sleep.
Hogan
D
D
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, USA.
Hutton
L A
LA
Smith
E M
EM
Opp
M R
MR
D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000276:immunology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000276:immunology; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D054397:Receptors, CCR3; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000276:immunology; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000276:immunology
C515352:Ccr3 protein, rat; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D054397:Receptors, CCR3; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine