title: Interstitial microwave thermal therapy for prostate cancer: method of treatment and results of a phase I/II trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interstitial microwave thermal therapy is experimental treatment for prostate cancer with the goal of curing disease, while causing fewer complications than standard treatment options. We present a method for delivering interstitial microwave thermal therapy using microwave radiating helical antennae inserted percutaneously under transrectal ultrasound guidance. We report the results of a trial of this method in 25 patients in whom primary external beam radiation therapy had previously failed. This patient group currently has limited curative options that are associated with a high complication rate. However, these recurrent tumors often remain localized to the prostate, and so they may be amenable to localized therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with proved prostatic adenocarcinoma were candidates for treatment when prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 15 ng./ml. or less and prostate volume was 50 cc. or less. Followup included PSA measurement, digital rectal examination, urinalysis, and documentation of adverse events at 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks. Sextant biopsy was performed at week 24. The procedure involved the insertion of 5 antennae percutaneously through a modified brachytherapy template. The antenna arrangement was determined based on computer simulated predictions of temperature throughout the prostate. The prostate was dissected away from the rectum by an injection of sterile saline to provide a thermal barrier that protected the rectum from thermal damage. Temperatures were monitored using interstitial mapping thermistor probes that were also inserted through the template. A minimum peripheral target temperature of 55C but less than 70C was maintained for 15 to 20 minutes, while the urethra, rectum and hydrodissection space remained below 42C. The urethra and rectum were actively cooled in addition to hydrodissection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peripheral target temperatures of 55C were achieved. The urethra and rectum remained at a safe temperature. The procedure, including setup and treatment, required approximately 2.5 hours of operating room time. At 24 weeks the PSA nadir was 0.5 ng./ml. or less in 52% of patients and 0.51 to 4 ng./ml. was achieved in an additional 40%. The negative biopsy rate at 24 weeks was 64%, assuming that 3 patients lost to followup would have had positive results. No major complications were observed and in most cases minor complications resolved within 3 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interstitial microwave thermal therapy for prostate cancer was developed to heat the prostate safely to a cytotoxic temperature. Experience with 25 patients in whom external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer had failed indicates that the treatment is safe. Although our series indicates that this therapy may be effective, further studies and longer followup are required in larger patient groups to confirm the potential role of this therapy as an option for recurrent and primary prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Physics, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sherar
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gertner
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toi
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Gladman
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trachtenberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003972:Diathermy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome