title: Endoscopic treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux: twelve years' experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the past 12 years, endoscopic treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) has gained in popularity and has proved successful in a high percentage of cases. With improvements in injectable materials and more experience with the technique, the indications for endoscopic treatment have broadened. In the present paper we report our experience on 679 patients and 953 refluxing ureters, treated over the past 12 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reflux ranged from grade II to grade IV. In the first 14 cases Teflon was injected. After 1989, bovine dermal collagen was used in 442 children and, more recently, the Deflux system, a nonallergenic, biodegradable dextranomer in sodium hyaluronan in 223 children. All patients were clinically investigated for voiding dysfunctions and all completed a 1-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 1 or 2 injections the 1-year cystogram showed no VUR in 686 ureters (72%). In grade II, III and IV success rates were, respectively, 83, 69 and 41%. Complications were minimal (1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm endoscopic treatment of VUR is a valid alternative to long-term antibiotic prophylaxis and to open surgery in selected patients. The treatment often failed because of injected material displacement possibly due to voiding dysfunction. The short hospital stay, absence of significant postoperative complications, safety of the available injectable materials and high success rate suggest that endoscopic treatment should be offered to all children with grade II and III VUR, whereas it is questionable in patients with grade IV VUR. In patients with voiding dysfunction, appropriate therapy and voiding rehabilitation should precede treatment of VUR.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, P.zza S. Onofrio, 4, I-00165 Rome, Italy. capozza@opbg.net
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Capozza
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patricolo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lais
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Matarazzo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caione
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D013997:Time Factors; D018666:Ureteroscopy; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000628:therapy*