title: Induction of nitric oxide synthesis by probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in J774 macrophages and human T84 intestinal epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) has proved to be beneficial in the treatment of viral- and antibiotic-associated diarrhea but the mechanisms of action remain unknown. Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the protective mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract and may contribute to some of the beneficial effects of probiotics. The aim of the present study was to investigate if induction of NO synthesis is involved in the cellular actions of LGG.
  
  
  METHODS
  NO synthesis and its regulation were measured in cultures of J774 murine macrophages and human T84 colon epithelial cells. NO production was measured as its metabolite nitrite accumulated into the culture medium. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and iNOS mRNA were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In J774 macrophages, LGG induced a low level production of NO in the presence of gamma interferon (IFNgamma) and it was inhibited by NOS inhibitors, cycloheximide and by a NF-kappa B inhibitor pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate. Accordingly, LGG and IFNgamma-stimulation increased iNOS mRNA and protein levels. T84 cells produced NO in response to LGG when first primed with a combination of IL-1beta, TNFalpha and IFNgamma. Lipoteichoic acid (LA), an antigenic structure in gram-positive bacteria, also induced NO formation in J774 cells in the presence of IFNgamma suggesting that LA may be the active component in LGG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LGG induces NO production in J774 macrophages and in human T84 colon epithelial cells through induction of iNOS by a mechanism involving activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB. Induction of iNOS and low-level synthesis of NO may be involved in the protective actions of LGG in the gastrointestinal tract.
authors.affiliation: The Immunopharmacological Research Group, Medical School, University of Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Korpela
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saxelin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mäki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kankaanranta
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moilanen
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology; D007778:Lactobacillus; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C009900:lipoteichoic acid; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II