title: What is the relevance of the HOPE study in general practice?
abstract: The unique findings from the HOPE (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation) study strongly support extending the use of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor ramipril as a preventive agent for patients at high risk of cardiovascular events with normal left ventricular function. In addition, ramipril provides significant benefit in diabetic patients. These findings will impact on how ramipril is used in primary care, where ACE inhibitors are currently underprescribed. Patients reflecting the inclusion criteria of the HOPE study should be considered as suitable candidates for long-term ramipril therapy as an addition to their existing drug regimen. Screening should include control of kidney function (by serum creatinine), particularly within the first two weeks of treatment, in addition to regular monitoring of serum potassium. However, the HOPE study shows that ramipril is well tolerated at high doses and over a long treatment period. The effectiveness of therapy should also be regularly reviewed and dose adjustments made where necessary. If concern remains, referral to a specialist--a cardiologist or a diabetologist--may ultimately be necessary.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department M (Diabetes and Endocrinology), Aarhus Kommunehospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mogensen
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Castaigne
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Commerford
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Distiller
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Jaunatey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nosadini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Novials
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ostergren
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palma-Gámiz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perrone-Filardi
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Schipperheijn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Senges
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trevisan
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000465:Algorithms; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D017257:Ramipril / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D017257:Ramipril; D001241:Aspirin