title: The image of the hard palate/nasal fossa floor in panoramic radiography: the controversy is over.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this investigation was to obtain further information about the anatomic structures involved in the formation of the upper image of the hard palate/nasal fossa floor (HP/NFF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three dry human skulls underwent ostectomies along the HP midline (ie, the area of the junction of the nasal septum with the nasal fossa floor) and along posterior portions of the HP/NFF (ie, the horizontal plates of the palatine bones and part of the palatine processes of the maxillae). The radiographs were digitized and preostectomy and postostectomy optical densities were measured. Preostectomy and postostectomy optical densities were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Partial disappearance of the upper image occurred after ostectomy of the junction of the nasal septum with the NFF. Total disappearance occurred only after bilateral ostectomy of the posterior portions of the HP/NFF. The mean increases in regional optical density in terms of pixel gray level after the ostectomies were 70.44%, 72.27%, and 51.40%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The junction of the nasal septum with the NFF and the posterior portions of the HP/NFF form the upper image of the HP/NFF. Most of the image is real, although a small part is a ghost image of the horizontal plates of the palatine bones and of the posterior region of the palatine processes of the maxillae.
authors.affiliation: Stomatology Department, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil. lrazevedo@yahoo.com
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Damante
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D006801:Humans; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic