title: Thymidine-dependent attenuation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in adenosine-induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously reported that adenosine-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells was attenuated by cotreating the cells with pyrimidine nucleosides. The mechanism involved in this adenosine-induced apoptosis by the differential supply of nucleosides is studied here with a particular focus on the regulation of apoptosis-associated mitochondrial events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time-dependent changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) after treatment with adenosine and/or thymidine were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cells did not show any decrease of MMP level up to 2.5 h after 1 mM adenosine exposure, whereas cytochrome c release, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity, and DNA fragmentation were already activated, suggesting that mitochondrial depolarization is not a prerequisite of other apoptosis-related mitochondrial events. In contrast, the translocation of Bax to mitochondria and the release of cytochrome c began within the first hour of adenosine treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, it is believed that adenosine-induced apoptosis is mediated by the activation of the caspase cascade by cytochrome c release with concomitant increase of Bax in the mitochondria, which implies that the translocation of Bax might be a leading event in the adenosine-induced apoptosis. Moreover, we found that most of the apoptotic parameters in adenosine-induced cellular changes, such as translocation of Bax, the release of cytochrome c, and the consequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, were attenuated by thymidine supplement, thus indicating that the sensing of a nucleoside or nucleotide balance might be an upstream event of cytochrome c release. Therefore, it can be concluded that thymidine can attenuate adenosine-induced apoptosis by modulating the earliest stage of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Aging and Physical Culture Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D018922:HL-60 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D013936:Thymidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: C494826:BAX protein, human; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D020169:Caspases; D000241:Adenosine; D013936:Thymidine