title: Robotic surgical training in an academic institution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To detail robotic procedure development and clinical applications for mitral valve, biliary, and gastric reflux operations, and to implement a multispecialty robotic surgery training curriculum for both surgeons and surgical teams.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Remote, accurate telemanipulation of intracavitary instruments by general and cardiac surgeons is now possible. Complex technologic advancements in surgical robotics require well-designed training programs. Moreover, efficient robotic surgical procedures must be developed methodically and safely implemented clinically.
  
  
  METHODS
  Advanced training on robotic systems provides surgeon confidence when operating in tiny intracavitary spaces. Three-dimensional vision and articulated instrument control are essential. The authors' two da Vinci robotic systems have been dedicated to procedure development, clinical surgery, and training of surgical specialists. Their center has been the first United States site to train surgeons formally in clinical robotics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Established surgeons and residents have been trained using a defined robotic surgical educational curriculum. Also, 30 multispecialty teams have been trained in robotic mechanics and electronics. Initially, robotic procedures were developed experimentally and are described. In the past year the authors have performed 52 robotic-assisted clinical operations: 18 mitral valve repairs, 20 cholecystectomies, and 14 Nissen fundoplications. These respective operations required 108, 28, and 73 minutes of robotic telemanipulation to complete. Procedure times for the last half of the abdominal operations decreased significantly, as did the knot-tying time in mitral operations. There have been no deaths and few complications. One mitral patient had postoperative bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robotic surgery can be performed safely with excellent results. The authors have developed an effective curriculum for training teams in robotic surgery. After training, surgeons have applied these methods effectively and safely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Center for Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA. chitwoodw@mail.ecu.edu
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Chitwood
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Nifong
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Felger
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ballint
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Mendleson
authors.forename: V B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Albrecht
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000818:Animals; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000379:methods; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D004521:Educational Measurement; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000379:methods; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D014481:United States