title: Potential role of human brain microvascular endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of brain abscess: inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.
abstract: Cerebral abscess is a rare complication of staphylococcal septicemia in infants associated with high mortality and morbidity. In the pathogenesis of abscess formation, S. aureus, one major causative agent, interacts with endothelial cells of the brain vessels before reaching the central nervous system. This study examined the growth of S. aureus in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) cultures stimulated with cytokines. IFN-gamma inhibited S. aureus replication by the induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in HBMEC. This activation of IDO in HBMEC could be shown by RT-PCR and by detection of kynurenine in culture supernatants of activated cells. Resupplementation of L-tryptophan abrogated the inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma on the growth of staphylococci, hence confirming the activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase as being responsible for the induced bacteriostasis. Addition of TNF-alpha enhanced the IFN-gamma mediated antibacterial effects, whereas TNF-alpha alone had no influence on staphylococcal growth. Stimulation of HBMEC with IFN-gamma failed to activate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and subsequent production of nitric oxide (NO). Thus, intra- and extracellular depletion of L-tryptophan seems to be an important process in the defense against staphylococcal brain abscesses by means of creating an unfavorable microenvironment.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany. schroten@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schroten
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spors
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hucke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stins
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Däubener
mesh_terms: D001922:Brain Abscess / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000378:metabolism*; D014366:Tryptophan Oxygenase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D014364:Tryptophan; D014366:Tryptophan Oxygenase; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II