title: Methylation of episomal plasmids as a barrier to transient gene expression via a synthetic delivery vector.
abstract: Efficient and sustained transgene expression are desirable features for many envisioned gene therapy applications, yet synthetic vectors tested to date are rarely successful in achieving these properties. Substantial research efforts have focused on protection of plasmid DNA from nuclease attack as well as increasing nuclear transport of plasmids, resulting in significant but still limited gains. We show here that a further barrier to efficient and sustained expression exists for synthetic vectors: plasmid DNA methylation. We have investigated this barrier for transient expression of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene delivered via Lipofectamine, by testing the effects of culturing C3A human hepatoblastoma cells with 5-Azacytidine (AzaC), an irreversible inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase. To control for loss of plasmids by dilution during mitosis, transfected cells were growth-arrested for 1 week and their subsequent GFP expression quantified by FACS. In the presence of AzaC, a significantly greater fraction of transfected cells remained GFP-positive and possessed higher levels of GFP production relative to AzaC-untreated cells. Additionally, we have applied a Methyl-Assisted PCR (MAP) assay to quantify a subset of methylated CpG sites in the GFP gene. When MAP was performed on plasmids isolated from transfected cells, the extent of methylation was found to be inversely related to the level of GFP expression.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Process Engineering Center and Division of Bioengineering and Environmental Health, 16-436 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sherley
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lauffenburger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008898:Mimosine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D019076:Transgenes / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008898:Mimosine; D001374:Azacitidine