title: The stereoselective targeting of a specific enzyme-substrate complex is the molecular mechanism for the synergic inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by (R)-(-)-PPO464: a novel generation of nonnucleoside inhibitors.
abstract: The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor pyrrolopyridooxazepinone (PPO) derivative, (+/-)-PPO294, was shown to be active toward wild type and mutated HIV-1 RT and to act synergistically in combination with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (Campiani, G., Morelli, E., Fabbrini, M., Nacci, V., Greco, G., Novellino, E., Ramunno, A., Maga, G., Spadari, S., Caliendo, G., Bergamini, A., Faggioli, E., Uccella, I., Bolacchi, F., Marini, S., (1999) J. Med. Chem. 42, 4462-4470). The (+/-)-PPO294 racemate was resolved into its pure enantiomers, and the absolute configuration was determined by x-ray analysis. Only one enantiomer, (R)-(-)-PPO464, displayed antiviral activity against both the wild type and the K103N mutant HIV-1 RT and was found to interact exclusively with the reaction intermediate formed by RT complexed with both the DNA and the nucleotide substrates. Being the first compound of its class to display this behavior, (R)-(-)-PPO464 is the representative of a novel generation of nonnucleoside inhibitors. (R)-(-)-PPO464 showed significant synergism when tested in combination with other RT inhibitors and efficiently inhibited viral replication when tested against the laboratory strain HIV-1 IIIB or against either wild type or multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice and rats showed a more favorable profile for (R)-(-)-PPO464 than for the corresponding racemate. (R)-(-)-PPO464 was also found to easily cross the blood-brain barrier. The coadministration of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir increased the bioavailability of (R)-(-)-PPO464, having little effect on its plasma and brain elimination rates.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Genetica Biochimica ed Evoluzionistica IGBE-CNR, Pavia 27100, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramunno
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nacci
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spadari
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fiorini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baldanti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paolucci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zavattoni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergamini
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Galletti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muck
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hubscher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giorgi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guiso
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caccia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Campiani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001381:Azepines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009154:Mutation; D011485:Protein Binding; D011725:Pyridines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000494:pharmacology; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013696:Temperature; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013997:Time Factors; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001381:Azepines; C443127:PPO 464; D011725:Pyridines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D019438:Ritonavir