title: Cost-effectiveness of a collaborative care program for primary care patients with persistent depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors evaluated the incremental cost-effectiveness of stepped collaborative care for patients with persistent depressive symptoms after usual primary care management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care patients initiating antidepressant treatment completed a standardized telephone assessment 6-8 weeks after the initial prescription. Those with persistent major depression or significant subthreshold depressive symptoms were randomly assigned to continued usual care or collaborative care. The collaborative care included systematic patient education, an initial visit with a consulting psychiatrist, 2-4 months of shared care by the psychiatrist and primary care physician, and monitoring of follow-up visits and adherence to medication regimen. Clinical outcomes were assessed through blinded telephone assessments at 1, 3, and 6 months. Health services utilization and costs were assessed through health plan claims and accounting data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients receiving collaborative care experienced a mean of 16.7 additional depression-free days over 6 months. The mean incremental cost of depression treatment in this program was $357. The additional cost was attributable to greater expenditures for antidepressant prescriptions and outpatient visits. No offsetting decrease in use of other health services was observed. The incremental cost-effectiveness was $21.44 per depression-free day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A stepped collaborative care program for depressed primary care patients led to substantial increases in treatment effectiveness and moderate increases in costs. These findings are consistent with those of other randomized trials. Improving outcomes of depression treatment in primary care requires investment of additional resources, but the return on this investment is comparable to that of many other widely accepted medical interventions.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Sudies, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington 98101-1148, USA. simon.g@ghc.org
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Katon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: VonKorff
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Unützer
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rutter
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ludman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents