title: Lymphoproliferative disease after lung transplantation: comparison of presentation and outcome of early and late cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) after lung transplantation has not been fully characterized. In previous studies, the incidence has varied substantially, and most cases have been reported during the first year after transplantation. The purpose of this study was to review our center's experience with PTLD and to analyze the pattern of disease and determinants of outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 494 adult lung (n = 491) or heart-lung (n = 3) recipients, 30 cases of PTLD were retrospectively identified. The cases were classified by site(s) of involvement, histology and time of onset (early, < or =1 year, and late, >1 year after transplantation). The outcome of each case was ascertained, and risk factors for death were analyzed in a multivariate model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTLD was identified in 30 (6.1%) of the recipients during 1,687 patient-years (median 2.8 years) of follow-up. The incidence density was 1.8 cases per 100 patient-years. Fourteen cases were diagnosed during the first year after transplantation, and 16 cases in subsequent years. The incidence density was significantly higher in the first year than in later years (3.3 cases/100 patient-years versus 1.3 cases/100 patient years; p <.008). Presentation in the thorax and involvement of the allograft were significantly more common in the early cases (thorax: 12 of 14, 86%; allograft: 9 of 14, 64%) than in the late cases (thorax: 2 of 16, 12%; allograft: 2 of 16, 12%). There was no difference in survival after the diagnosis of PTLD between the early and late cases, but survival time after diagnosis was significantly longer in cases with, than those without, allograft involvement (median 2.6 years vs 0.2 year, respectively; log rank p = 0.007). The presentation and pattern of organ involvement of PTLD after lung transplantation is related to the time of onset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disease in the thorax and involvement of the allograft are common in the first year after transplantation, but other sites, especially the gastrointestinal tract, predominate later. PTLD that is confined to the allograft appears to have a somewhat better prognosis than disease that involves other sites.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paranjothi
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Yusen
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Trulock
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents