title: Effects of inhaled glucocorticoids on bone density in premenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhaled glucocorticoids are the most commonly used medications for the long-term treatment of patients with asthma. Whether long-term therapy with inhaled glucocorticoids reduces bone mass, as oral glucocorticoid therapy does, is controversial. In a three-year prospective study, we examined the relation between the dose of inhaled glucocorticoids and the rate of bone loss in premenopausal women with asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 109 premenopausal women, 18 to 45 years of age, who had asthma and no known conditions that cause bone loss and who were treated with inhaled triamcinolone acetonide (100 microg per puff). We measured bone density by dual-photon absorptiometry at base line, at six months, and at one, two, and three years. Serum osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone and urinary N-telopeptide, cortisol, and calcium excretion were measured serially. We measured inhaled glucocorticoid use by means of monthly diaries, supported by the use of an automated actuator-monitoring device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inhaled glucocorticoid therapy was associated with a dose-related decline in bone density at both the total hip and the trochanter of 0.00044 g per square centimeter per puff per year of treatment (P= 0.01 and P=0.005, respectively). No dose-related effect was noted at the femoral neck or the spine. Even after the exclusion of all women who received oral or parenteral glucocorticoids at any time during the study, there was still an association between the decline in bone density and the number of puffs per year of use. Serum and urinary markers of bone turnover or adrenal function did not predict the degree of bone loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhaled glucocorticoids lead to a dose-related loss of bone at the hip in premenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. eisrael@partners.org
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Israel
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fitzmaurice
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Kotlov
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: LaHive
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: LeBoff
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000187:drug effects; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000187:drug effects; D017697:Premenopause; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide