title: A prospective study of stress among women undergoing in vitro fertilization or gamete intrafallopian transfer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether baseline or procedural stress during in vitro fertilization (IVF) or gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) affects pregnancy or live birth delivery rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven clinics in Southern California between 1993 and 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty-one women completed two questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  The number of oocytes aspirated and fertilized, the number of embryos transferred, the achievement of a pregnancy, live birth delivery, and infant outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive-affect negative-affect score at baseline negatively influenced the number of oocytes retrieved and embryos transferred. A higher expectation of pregnancy was associated with greater numbers of oocytes fertilized and embryos transferred. At baseline, the risk of no live birth was 93% lower for women who had the highest positive-affect score compared to those with the lowest score. Furthermore, the score on the Infertility Reaction Scale was related to negative outcomes in live birth delivery, infant birth weight, and multiple births. During the time of the procedure, the PANAS and Bipolar Profile of Moods States results were related to the number of oocytes fertilized and embryos transferred; stress did not affect pregnancy or delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Baseline (acute and chronic) stress affected biologic end points (i.e., number of oocytes retrieved and fertilized), as well as pregnancy, live birth delivery, birth weight, and multiple gestations, whereas (procedural) stress only influenced biologic end points.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0607, USA. hklonoffcohen@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klonoff-Cohen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Natarajan
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sieber
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001723:Birth Rate; D001724:Birth Weight; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000523:psychology*; D015181:Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009865:Oocytes; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013048:Specimen Handling; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires