HIV-1 gp41 six-helix bundle formation occurs rapidly after the engagement of gp120 by CXCR4 in the HIV-1 Env-mediated fusion process.
The onset of cell fusion mediated by HIV-1 IIIB Env is preceded by a lag phase of 15-20 min. Fusion mediated by the CD4-independent HIV-1 Env 8x, which is capable of interacting directly with CXCR4, proceeds with a greatly reduced lag phase. We probed the intermediate steps during the lag phase in HIV-1 IIIB Env-mediated fusion with Leu3-a, an inhibitor of attachment of gp120 to CD4, AMD3100, an inhibitor of attachment of gp120 to CXCR4, and C34, a synthetic peptide that interferes with the transition of gp41 to the fusion active state. Inhibitions of fusion as a function of time of addition of C34 and of AMD3100 were equivalent, indicating that engagement of gp120 by CXCR4 and formation of the gp41 six-helix bundle follow similar kinetics. The initial steps in fusion mediated by the CD4-independent Env 8x are too rapid for these inhibitors to interfere with. However, when 8x Env-expressing cells were incubated with target cells at 25 degrees C in the presence of AMD3100 or C34, prior to incubation at 37 degrees C, these inhibitors were capable of inhibiting 8x Env-mediated fusion. To further examine engagement of gp120 by CXCR4 and exposure of binding sites for C34, we have reversibly arrested the fusion reaction at 37 degrees C by adding cytochalasin B to the medium. We show that CXCR4 engagement and six-helix bundle formation only occur after the release of the cytochalasin arrest, indicating that a high degree of cooperativity is required to trigger the initial steps in HIV-1 Env-mediated fusion.
Gallo
S A
SA
Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
Puri
A
A
Blumenthal
R
R
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D003571:Cytochalasin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D015686:Gene Products, env / Q000502:physiology; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000502:physiology*; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008561:Membrane Fusion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000502:physiology*
D015686:Gene Products, env; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41; D010455:Peptides; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D003571:Cytochalasin B