title: Antiretroviral resistance mutations among pregnant human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected women and their newborns in the United States: vertical transmission and clades.
abstract: To assess the impact of antiretroviral resistance on perinatal transmission prevention efforts, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genotypic resistance testing was done for 220 HIV-1-infected, zidovudine (AZT)-exposed pregnant women and 24 of their infected infants. The women were prospectively enrolled in 4 US cities in 1991-1997. Phylogenetic and sequencing analyses revealed 5 women with non-clade B infections traced to western African origins. AZT-associated mutations were detected in 17.3% of pregnant women, whereas genotypic resistance to nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors was infrequent. No significant association was detected between perinatal transmission and the presence of either AZT or nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor resistance-associated mutations. AZT resistance mutations were detected in 2 (8.3%) neonatal samples, but the mutation pattern was not identical to the mother's. Although no effect of viral resistance on mother-infant transmission was demonstrated, the advent of more-potent drug classes and the potential for the rapid emergence of resistance warrant prospective surveillance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, 185 S. Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103, USA. palumbo@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palumbo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dobbs
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Pau
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nesheim
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vink
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Respess
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bulterys
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000821:virology; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease