title: Low systemic vascular resistance after cardiopulmonary bypass: incidence, etiology, and clinical importance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low systemic vascular resistance during and immediately after cardiac surgery in which cardiopulmonary bypass is utilized is a well-known phenomenon, characterized as vasoplegia, which appears with an incidence ranging between 5% and 15%. The etiology is not completely elucidated and the clinical importance remains speculative.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective clinical trial, we assessed the incidence of postoperative low systemic vascular resistance in 800 consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valve replacement. We have attempted to identify the predictive factors responsible for the presence of low systemic vascular resistance and we have examined the subsequent postoperative outcome of those patients who developed early postoperative vasoplegia. The severity of vasoplegia was divided into three groups according either to the value of systemic resistance and/or the dose of vasoconstrictive agents necessary to correct the hemodynamic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six hundred twenty-five patients (78.1%) did not develop vasoplegia, 115 patients (14.4%) developed a mild vasoplegia, and 60 patients (7.5%) suffered from severe vasoplegia. Low systemic vascular resistance did not affect hospital mortality but was the cause for delayed extubation and prolonged stay on the intensive care unit (ICU). Logistic regression analysis identified temperature and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, total cardioplegic volume infused, reduced left ventricular function, and preoperative treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors, out of 25 parameters, as predictive factors for early postoperative vasoplegia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The occurrence of low systemic vascular resistance following cardiopulmonary bypass is as high as 21.8%. The etiology of this clinical condition is most probably multifactorial. Mortality is not affected by vasoplegia, but there is a trend to higher morbidity and prolonged stay in the ICU.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Berne, Switzerland. thierry.carrel@insel.ch
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carrel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Englberger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mohacsi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neidhart
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmidli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology*