title: Phylogenetic conservation of the makorin-2 gene, encoding a multiple zinc-finger protein, antisense to the RAF1 proto-oncogene.
abstract: Natural endogenous antisense RNAs have been reported in multiple loci, with evidence in some cases supporting a regulatory role for the antisense transcript. Here, we describe a novel gene, makorin RING zinc finger-2 (MKRN2), that overlaps and is antisense to the gene RAF1 in mammals. Phylogenetic analysis of the 3' untranslated region of RAF1 orthologues suggests that this relationship may have existed for up to 450 million years. We have also identified MKRN2 orthologues in two species of fish. This places the gene duplication event that created this locus from an ancestral MKRN1 gene early in vertebrate evolution, over 450 million years ago. Northern blot analyses show that human MKRN2 and RAF1 are co-expressed in tissues and cell lines, raising the possibility of mRNA duplex formation. The encoded makorin-2 protein is likely a ribonucleoprotein of unknown function, but its conservation suggests an important cellular role. The data presented here describe a conserved vertebrate MKRN2 gene that is closely associated with the RAF1 locus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, 2109 Adelbert Rd., BRB 739, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA. gray@wadsworth.org
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Azama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Whitmore
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Nicholls
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005091:Exons; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D020131:Genes, Duplicate; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000235:genetics*; D011519:Proto-Oncogenes; D016372:RNA, Antisense / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D014413:Tuna; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics; D016335:Zinc Fingers
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; C512670:MKRN2 protein, human; C512678:Mkrn2 protein, mouse; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D016372:RNA, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf