title: Conscious sedation experiences in graduate pediatric dentistry programs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conscious sedation is a behavior modification adjunct taught in all postgraduate pediatric dental residency programs. It has been a decade since the last survey was done specifically related to didactic and clinical aspects of conscious sedation in postgraduate pediatric dental programs. The aim of the study was to determine the clinical and didactic experiences associated with conscious sedation in these programs and to compare some of the findings to those collected a decade ago.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 31-item survey similar to that of a decade ago was constructed and sent to all pediatric dentistry program directors of accredited postgraduate and residency programs in the United States. The items covered several didactics including didactic topics, sedative agents, monitoring, and emergency policy among others. A follow-up mailing was done involving those who had not responded 6 weeks following the initial mailing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four of 58 (93%) program directors returned the 31-item survey. The following are highlighted findings. Conscious sedation among residency programs was achieved most commonly with a combination of sedative agents used with N2O. Midazolam was more popular than chloral hydrate. The oral route was the predominant route of administration. More lecture hours were spent on conscious sedation than 10 years ago. The pre-cordial stethoscope, pulse oximeter, and blood pressure cuff were the most commonly used monitors. Sedative agent and anticipated depth of sedation were the factors most often considered in choosing monitors used during the sedation of a patient. The capnograph was being used more frequently than it was 10 years ago. Programs did not report an increase in sedation emergencies but practiced emergency drills more often and had increased numbers of individuals certified in Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) or Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS). The percent of the total patient population which required sedation is about 1-20%, with most directors reporting an increase in the numbers of sedations done in the past few years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While many factors remained unchanged or slightly modified when compared to the survey done a decade ago, the results of this study suggest that there has been significant changes in several key factors including the most frequently used sedative (i.e., midazolam) and increased preparation in the area of emergency preparedness.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Dentistry Residency program, The Ohio State University and Columbus Children's Hospital, USA. wilson.42@osu.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Griffen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coury
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D022561:Advanced Cardiac Life Support / Q000193:education; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000193:education*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000295:instrumentation; D019296:Capnography / Q000295:instrumentation; D002648:Child; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004499:Education, Dental, Graduate; D004630:Emergencies; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010092:Oximetry / Q000295:instrumentation; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010377:Pediatric Dentistry / Q000193:education*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D019023:Stethoscopes; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen