title: Microbicide research and development--where to?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Against the backdrop of increasing numbers of HIV infections in women and the limitations of current safer sex messages, several calls have been made for the development of women-initiated methods of prevention as an essential component of the armamentarium to reduce women's vulnerability of acquiring infection with HIV. An effective microbicide is a critical survival tool in instances and situations where existing proven prevention strategies have failed to be adopted.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results of published N-9 clinical trials in terms of anti-HIV activity, safety data, and anti-sexually transmitted infection (STI) activity are discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is no evidence of efficacy against HIV in three clinical trials, there is scanty evidence for protection against STIs, and there is considerable evidence of dose-related adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During this time, a vast array of potential microbicides with differing modes of action have been discovered, and some have undergone preclinical and early clinical testing. Effort, time, and resources might be better spent on advancing preclinical and clinical testing of these other candidate microbicides.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rustomjee
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Abdool Karim
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000517:prevention & control; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000187:drug effects; D017137:Nonoxynol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012107:Research Design; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D017137:Nonoxynol