title: Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the six-minute walk test in patients with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our purpose was to evaluate the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) in patients with heart failure (HF) enrolled in the Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 768 patients was enrolled in a multicenter randomized clinical trial evaluating the effect of candesartan, enalapril, and metoprolol on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), 6MWT distance, neurohormones, and quality of life. The 6MWT was performed once at screening and twice at baseline, 18 weeks, and 43 weeks by a standardized method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Test-retest reliability at baseline (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.90), 18 weeks (ICC = 0.88), and 43 weeks (ICC = 0.91) was very good. Baseline 6MWT distance was weakly inversely correlated to the quality-of-life cumulative score (r = -0.26, P =.0001) and moderately inversely correlated to the New York Heart Association functional classification (NYHA-FC) (r = -0.43, P =.001). In the RESOLVD study, the 6MWT was not responsive to change when effect sizes and standardized response means were used. Disease-specific quality of life was responsive to change in patients treated with candesartan and enalapril and NYHA-FC was responsive to change in the candesartan and enalapril combination and for enalapril alone with small effect sizes. The 6MWT, NYHA-FC, and quality of life were not responsive to change during the metoprolol or placebo phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 6MWT is highly reproducible in patients with symptoms of HF. It is somewhat correlated to NYHA-FC and quality of life. Overall, quality of life was most responsive to change, whereas 6MWT and NYHA-FC were comparable but less responsive to change in the RESOLVD study.
authors.affiliation: Preventive Cardiology and Therapeutics Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation-General Division and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Demers
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: McKelvie
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Negassa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004656:Enalapril / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects; D016138:Walking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D013777:Tetrazoles; D004656:Enalapril; D008790:Metoprolol; C081643:candesartan