title: Laboratory and field studies on the effect of molinate, clomazone, and thiobencarb on nontarget aquatic invertebrates.
abstract: The midge Chironomus tepperi was used in laboratory experiments to assess the relative toxicity of formulated molinate, clomazone, and thiobencarb, three herbicides used in Australian rice crops. Static bioassays were initiated with first-instar larvae at herbicide concentrations between 0.0625 and 2 times the anticipated field concentrations (AFCs) expected from the registered application rates. Adult emergence success, development time, and wing length were used as indices of the effect of each herbicide. Clomazone had no effect on any parameters at concentrations up to 0.288 mg/L (p > 0.05). Molinate significantly increased development time at concentrations equivalent to the AFC (3.6 mg/L) and above (p < 0.05). Thiobencarb reduced emergence success of adult C. tepperi at 0.0625 times the AFC (0.1875 mg/L) as well as decreasing male adult size and increasing development time for males and females at 0.125 times the AFC (p < 0.05). Nontarget effects of the herbicides on aquatic invertebrate communities were assessed in shallow experimental ponds using commercial application rates. One week after treatment, only thiobencarb had a significant effect, suppressing populations of chironomids, calanoids, and cyclopoids (p < 0.05). Four weeks later, all populations had recovered, equaling or exceeding control densities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Burdett
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Macmillan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001381:Azepines / Q000633:toxicity*; D001699:Biometry; D001824:Body Constitution; D002683:Chironomidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007448:Invertebrates; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D023303:Oxazolidinones / Q000633:toxicity*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D001381:Azepines; D006540:Herbicides; D007555:Isoxazoles; D023303:Oxazolidinones; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C095255:clomazone; C009821:molinate; C037925:benthiocarb