title: Use of systematic reviews in clinical practice guidelines: case study of smoking cessation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the extent to which recommendations in the national guidelines for the cessation of smoking are based on evidence from systematic reviews of controlled trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of recommendations for the national guidelines for the cessation of smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  National guidelines in clinical practice on smoking cessation published in English.
  
  
  METHODS
  The type of evidence (systematic review of controlled trials, individual trials, other studies, expert opinion) used to support each recommendation. We also assessed whether a Cochrane systematic review was available and could have been used in formulating the recommendation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four national smoking cessation guidelines (from Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States) covering 105 recommendations were identified. An explicit evidence base for 100%, 89%, 68%, and 98% of recommendations, respectively, was detected, of which 60%, 56%, 59%, and 47% were based on systematic reviews of controlled studies. Cochrane systematic reviews could have been used to develop between 39% and 73% of recommendations but were actually used in 0% to 36% of recommendations. The UK guidelines had the highest proportion of recommendations based on Cochrane systematic reviews.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of systematic reviews in guidelines is a measure of the "payback" on investment in research synthesis. Systematic reviews commonly underpinned recommendations in guidelines on smoking cessation. The extent to which they were used varied by country and there was evidence of duplication of effort in some areas. Greater international collaboration in developing and maintaining an evidence base of systematic reviews can improve the efficiency of use of research resources.
authors.affiliation: Monash Institute of Health Services Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. chris.silagy@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Silagy
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Stead
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lancaster
mesh_terms: D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D016540:Smoking Cessation