title: On the species of origin: diagnosing the source of symbiotic transcripts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most organisms have developed ways to recognize and interact with other species. Symbiotic interactions range from pathogenic to mutualistic. Some molecular mechanisms of interspecific interaction are well understood, but many remain to be discovered. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from cultures of interacting symbionts can help identify transcripts that regulate symbiosis, but present a unique challenge for functional analysis. Given a sequence expressed in an interaction between two symbionts, the challenge is to determine from which organism the transcript originated. For high-throughput sequencing from interaction cultures, a reliable computational approach is needed. Previous investigations into GC nucleotide content and comparative similarity searching provide provisional solutions, but a comparative lexical analysis, which uses a likelihood-ratio test of hexamer counts, is more powerful.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Validation with genes whose origin and function are known yielded 94% accuracy. Microbial (non-plant) transcripts comprised 75% of a Phytophthora sojae-infected soybean (Glycine max cv Harasoy) library, contrasted with 15% or less in root tissue libraries of Medicago truncatula from axenic, Phytophthora medicaginis-infected, mycorrhizal, and rhizobacterial treatments. Mycorrhizal libraries contained about 23% microbial transcripts; an axenic plant library contained a similar proportion of putative microbial transcripts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparative lexical analysis offers numerous advantages over alternative approaches. Many of the transcripts isolated from mixed cultures were of unknown function, suggesting specificity to symbiotic metabolism and therefore candidates likely to be interesting for further functional investigation. Future investigations will determine whether the abundance of non-plant transcripts in a pure plant library indicates procedural artifacts, horizontally transferred genes, or other phenomena.
authors.affiliation: Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA. pth@santafe.edu
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Hraber
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Weller
mesh_terms: D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D030541:Databases, Genetic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics; D005800:Genes, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D029902:Medicago / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D009868:Oomycetes / Q000235:genetics; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000235:genetics; D020579:Sinorhizobium / Q000235:genetics; D013025:Glycine max / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger