title: Complementary feeding practices and dietary intakes from complementary foods amongst weanlings in rural Malawi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to estimate the quantity and nutritive quality of the complementary diet in rural Malawi, and to identify feeding practices, nutrients and dietary modifiers of iron and zinc bioavailability that may limit the quality of the diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study design included an anthropometric survey, a feeding practices questionnaire, and an interactive, 24 h recall dietary data survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four rural villages in Balaka district, southern Malawi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers resident in the study communities with breastfed children aged up to 24 months were eligible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stunting was prevalent among these weanlings. Maize was the predominant food source, with limited contribution of animal foods. Deficits in dietary energy and several nutrients were found when compared to estimated needs. When expressed per kg body weight, energy intakes appeared adequate. The bioavailability of zinc was low due to a high phytate:zinc molar ratio. Iron bioavailability was also low due to low intake of absorption enhancers such as meat/fish/poultry protein and ascorbic acid. Dietary quality was poorest for 6 to 8-month-old infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iron, zinc and calcium were the most limiting nutrients to the quality of the diet, partly exacerbated by the poor bioavailability of iron and zinc. Increased total intake and bioavailability of iron and zinc would improve the complementary diets.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study was funded by the Thrasher Research Fund, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. chotz@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hotz
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D001682:Biological Availability; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000592:standards*; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008295:Malawi; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010833:Phytic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D012423:Rural Health; D014886:Weaning; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry*; D015032:Zinc / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D010833:Phytic Acid; D015032:Zinc; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D002118:Calcium