title: Helicobacter pylori and other enteric bacteria in freshwater environments in Mexico City.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helicobacter pylori infection is common in the Mexican population; however, sources, routes, and risk factors for infection as well as mode of transmission remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  H. pylori was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in three aquatic systems located in the Mexico City area. In addition, microbiologic cultures and physicochemical parameters were measured. The systems were sampled over an 18-month period (1997-1999), resulting in a total of 212 samples for the different analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one percent of the samples (16/77) were positive for H. pylori; of these, 42% (5/12) were confirmed for cagA gene detection by PCR hybridization. Microbiologic samples (n = 74) yielded Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas veronii, and Vibrio fluvialis. In the samples for physicochemical analyses (n = 61), low concentrations of dissolved oxygen were detected and residual chlorine was less than the inactivation dose, both providing conditions for potential survival of H. pylori and other enteric pathogens in these environments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that, in Mexico City, water used for human consumption and irrigation may play an important role as a vehicle in the transmission of H. pylori as well as infection by other known enteric pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología Funcional y Aplicada, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico. mazari@servidor.unam.mx
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazari-Hiriart
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: López-Vidal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castillo-Rojas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ponce de León
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cravioto
mesh_terms: D000333:Aeromonas / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008800:Mexico; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D014504:Urban Health; D014733:Vibrio / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; C080866:cagA protein, Helicobacter pylori