title: Smoking and erectile dysfunction: evidence based analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined available evidence concerning the role of smoking in the development of erectile dysfunction. This task involved a complete review of the smoking literature as it pertained to erectile dysfunction and select endothelial diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We comprehensively reviewed the literature, including PubMed and recent abstract proceedings from national meetings relevant to smoking, erectile dysfunction and endothelial diseases. The quality of the evidence was assessed by methods used to develop clinical practice guidelines. Our review involved an objective evaluation of the basic science literature and clinical studies. When necessary, we examined studies of endothelial diseases other than erectile dysfunction because of obvious gaps in the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are strong parallels and shared risks among smoking, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and erectile dysfunction. Clinical and basic science studies provide strong indirect evidence that smoking may affect penile erection by the impairment of endothelium dependent smooth muscle relaxation. The association of erectile dysfunction with risk factors such as coronary artery disease and hypertension appears to be amplified by cigarette smoking. Smoking may increase the likelihood of moderate or complete erectile dysfunction 2-fold. The prevalence of erectile dysfunction in former smokers was no different from that in individuals who had never smoked, implying that smoking cessation may decrease the risk of erectile dysfunction. Case studies and retrospective series have shown an association of smoking with erectile dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Available evidence on the association of smoking with erectile dysfunction is not complete insofar as association linking factors are concerned. However, the evidence of such an association is likely due to the consistency of the relationship of smoking and endothelial disease, and the strength of the association of erectile dysfunction with other endothelial diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: McVary
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carrier
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wessells
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D015984:Causality; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000503:physiopathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D010410:Penile Erection / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*