title: Predictors of mortality at 30 days in high-risk patients treated with direct or rescue stenting for acute myocardial infarction: a single center experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary stenting in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with a very low adverse event rate when performed at selected centers in clinical trials. However, because of exclusion criteria, a low-risk population is usually selected, while potential benefits of stenting should be investigated in an unselected population, including a larger proportion of high-risk patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed results obtained in 120 consecutive high-risk patients (mean age, 64 years; range, 38-95 years; 76% male), so defined according to the presence of 1 of the following: age > 75 years; Killip class 3; cardiogenic shock; 3-vessel or left main disease; ejection fraction < 45%; anterior AMI; previous bypass surgery; and/or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A primary procedure was performed in 63 patients and a rescue procedure in 57 patients. Stenting was attempted in all patients in which coronary occlusion could be crossed with the guidewire (117/120) and was successful in 115/117 (98%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Procedural success (TIMI 3 flow and residual stenosis < 20%) was obtained in 105 patients (88%), while a suboptimal result (TIMI 2 flow) was achieved in 9 patients (8%). At 30 days, twenty patients had died (17% mortality). For patients non in cardiogenic shock, 30-day mortality was 3.2%. At multivariate analysis, cardiogenic shock (p < 0.0001), peak CK-MB mass (p = 0.01), and suboptimal result (p = 0.018) were significant independent predictors of 30-day mortality. Rescue procedures were associated with a significant protective effect with respect to mortality (p = 0.033).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our series, high-risk patients treated with percutaneous intervention for AMI had a very high mortality rate in the presence of cardiogenic shock, despite the use of stents, intra-aortic balloon pumping and abciximab. In the remaining patients, acceptable results were obtained even in the presence of 1 or more risk factors. Rescue stenting does not seem to be associated with increased risk compared to primary stenting.
authors.affiliation: Catheterization Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy. luigilavecchia@libero.it
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vincenzi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cischele
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Righetti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ometto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fontanelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000601:surgery; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007423:Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping / Q000295:instrumentation; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000097:blood; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D015607:Stents; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form