title: Comparison of contrast-enhanced fundamental imaging, second-harmonic imaging, and pulse-inversion harmonic imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility of recent contrast-specific ultrasound techniques in depicting vascular flow and the effects of changing the output power of the transducer and insonation mode on contrast enhancement, the authors performed an experimental study with a flow phantom.
  
  
  METHODS
  While changing the mechanical index and the sound insonation mode (continuous and intermittent), images were obtained with three contrast-enhanced ultrasound techniques: fundamental, second-harmonic, and pulse-inversion harmonic imaging (PIHI) after a bolus injection of microbubble contrast agent. The images were compared on a time-intensity curve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In assessing fixed flow (10 cm/s), PIHI showed the best depiction of flow signal. In intermittent scanning, increases in the mechanical index caused stronger flow signals and longer enhancement duration in all techniques. However, continuous scanning revealed poor depiction of flow signal regardless of the technique or changes in the mechanical index because of significant bubble destruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microbubble-enhanced PIHI with intermittent scanning at a high mechanical index can depict vascular flow highly effectively without shortening the duration of enhancement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology at Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011134:Polysaccharides; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011134:Polysaccharides; C059891:SHU 508