title: Twinning rates for North American Holstein sires.
abstract: Calving data of North American Holsteins were analyzed using a linear sire model and a threshold sire model to estimate fixed effects and sire predicted transmitting abilities (PTA) for twinning rate. The data were 1,324,678 births of 37,174 sires of cows from the National Association of Animal Breeders (NAAB) calving ease database. All twins were assumed to be dizygotic. Triplets were not included in the analysis. The twinning rate was 5.02%. The sire model included relationships among sires and fixed effects of herd-years, season, parity, and sire groups. Different estimates of heritability due to models and restrictions on data have been demonstrated. Heritability estimates for the sire of the cow effect were 2.10% by the linear model analysis and 8.71% by the threshold model analysis. Sire PTA for twinning rate ranged from 1.6 to 8.0%. Mean incidence of twins increased from first to fifth and later parities: 1.63, 5.22, 6.66, 7.19, and 7.19%, respectively. Some changes with season were also evident. The incidence of twins was highest in April to June, at 5.88%, and lowest in October to December, at 4.23%. Sire group effects showed that sires born after 1990 had a higher incidence of twins than sires born before 1990. The mean twinning rate for sires born before 1980 was 4.55% compared with a mean of 5.58% for sires born after 1991. Characteristics of individual sire evaluations are discussed. Ample opportunity exists to change the incidence of twins in the Holstein population. Sire selection can be used to reduce the incidence of twins and also the increased cost of production associated with twins. From a national perspective, a reduction in the incidence of twin births can result in a saving of as much as $55 million per year.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3150, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Johanson
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bergert
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Dentine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012621:Seasons; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States