title: Nuclear factor-kappa B decoy attenuates neuronal damage after global brain ischemia: a future strategy for brain protection during circulatory arrest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have reported that cis element decoy oligodeoxynucleotides against nuclear factor-kappa B block the activation of genes that mediate ischemic injury. To improve brain protection during circulatory arrest in cardiac surgery, we evaluated the efficacy of nuclear factor-kappa B decoy oligodeoxynucleotides in preventing neuronal damage after global brain ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hemagglutinating virus of Japan-liposome complex with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled nuclear factor-kappa B decoy oligodeoxynucleotides was injected through the carotid artery during 20 minutes of global brain ischemia in rats to evaluate the efficacy of transfecting the decoy oligodeoxynucleotides. The messenger RNA levels of several factors related to ischemia-reperfusion injury in the hippocampus were estimated by a real-time polymerase chain reaction method 1 hour after reperfusion. Neuronal damage was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling staining and by using immunohistochemical study of microtubule-associated protein 2 in the hippocampus CA-1 region 7 days after ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Introduction of the nuclear factor-kappa B decoy oligodeoxynucleotides into rat brain neurons through the carotid artery during global brain ischemia was markedly successful. The polymerase chain reaction study showed that the transfected nuclear factor-kappa B decoy oligodeoxynucleotides effectively inhibited the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha interleukin 1 beta and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 messenger RNA 1 hour after global brain ischemia. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling staining and microtubule-associated protein 2 immunohistochemistry showed that the transfected nuclear factor-kappa B decoy oligodeoxynucleotides significantly attenuated the neuronal damage 7 days after global brain ischemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic transfection of nuclear factor-kappa B decoy oligodeoxynucleotides during brain ischemia may be useful for attenuating neuronal damage, suggesting a strategy for cerebral protection against global ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitagawa-Sakakida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morishita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaneda
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kohmura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshimine
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005544:Forecasting; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006624:Hippocampus; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B