title: Plasmodium falciparum: linkage disequilibrium between loci in chromosomes 7 and 5 and chloroquine selective pressure in Northern Nigeria.
abstract: In view of the recent discovery (Molecular Cell 6, 861-871) of a (Lys76Thr) codon change in gene pfcrt on chromosome 7 which determines in vitro chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, we have re-examined samples taken before treatment in our study in Zaria, Northern Nigeria (Parasitology, 119, 343-348). Drug resistance was present in 5/5 cases where the pfcrt 76Thr codon change was seen (100% positive predictive value). Drug sensitivity was found in 26/28 cases where the change was absent (93% negative predictive value). Allele pfcrt 76Thr showed strong linkage disequilibrium with pfmdr1 Tyr86 on chromosome 5, more complete than that between pfcrt and cg2 alleles situated between recombination cross-over points on chromosome 7. Physical linkage of cg2 with pfcrt may account for linkage disequilibrium between their alleles but in the case of genes pfmdr1 and pfcrt, on different chromosomes, it is likely that this is maintained epistatically through the selective pressure of chloroquine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK. Ipemida.Adagu@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Adagu
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Warhurst
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics*; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009549:Nigeria; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000962:Antimalarials; C109422:CG2 protein, Plasmodium falciparum; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C416369:PfCRT protein, Plasmodium falciparum; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C059987:mdr gene protein, Plasmodium; D002738:Chloroquine