title: Clostridium difficile cytotoxin B in adults with diarrhea: a comparison of patients treated or not treated with antibiotics prior to infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the detection rate of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin B in stool specimens from adults with diarrhea as related to previous antimicrobial treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stool specimens from 802 adult patients with diarrhea and 203 healthy controls were tested for C. difficile cytotoxin B using a cell cytotoxicity assay. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of C. difficile was performed with the E test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 173 patients treated with antimicrobial medication within 5 weeks of onset of diarrhea, 60 (35%) were positive for C. difficile cytotoxin B (group A) compared to only 41 (7%) of 629 untreated patients (group B) and two of the 203 (1%) healthy controls. Compared to patients in group A, patients in group B possessed characteristics not usually connected with C. difficile disease. They were generally younger (median age 40 years vs. 73 years), had been hospitalized less frequently (10% vs. 67%), had more often travelled abroad within the previous 2 weeks (46% vs. 1%), and more often had multiple enteropathogens (41% vs. 3%). Minimal inhibitory concentrations for vancomycin, metronidazole and fucidic acid to C. difficile isolates ranged from 0.5 to 4 mg/L, from 0.125 to 256 mg/L and 0.25 to 4 mg/L, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The detection rate of C. difficile cytotoxin B in patients with diarrhea, not associated with antibiotic treatment, is comparable to that in healthy control subjects. It probably merely reflects a carrier state without clinical significance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Immunology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden. bo.svenungsson@medhs.ki.se
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Svenungsson
authors.lastname: Lagergren A
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lundberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000382:microbiology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000382:microbiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; C031815:toxB protein, Clostridium difficile