title: Neuropathic central pain: epidemiology, etiology, and treatment options.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nociceptive pain is a major problem in clinical neurology. Peripheral nerve injury may change the physiology of the dorsal horn so that pain becomes progressively centralized.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review mechanisms underlying the plasticity of dorsal root ganglia and dorsal horn neurons that lead to central pain from a peripheral nerve injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence is reviewed that points to molecular changes in nociceptive terminals, ectopic firing of afferent pain fibers at the level of the dorsal root ganglia, and physiologic changes of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor that cause chronic nociceptive pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Central sensitization is the physiologic manifestation of many severe peripherally induced pain states. It is maintained by nociceptive input and a physiologic change in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. It consists of: (1) hypersensitivity at the site of injury; (2) mechanoallodynia; (3) thermal hyperalgesia; (4) hyperpathia; (5) extraterritoriality in the case of complex regional pain syndrome/reflex sympathetic dystrophy; and (6) associated neurogenic inflammation, autonomic dysregulation, and motor phenomena.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, USA. robert.schwartzman@drexel.edu
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schwartzman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grothusen
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kiefer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rohr
mesh_terms: D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000503:physiopathology; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000503:physiopathology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D059408:Pain Management; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000502:physiology; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate