title: Myocardial connections between left atrial myocardium and coronary sinus musculature in man.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anatomic studies have shown that muscle morphologically identical to that of the atrial myocardium consistently surrounds the coronary sinus (CS). The CS musculature is connected to the left atrial (LA) myocardium in a variable fashion, with fewer connections in its distal portion. The aim of this study was to document the presence of connections between the LA myocardium and the CS musculature, using pacing maneuvers in man, and to study their potential association with natural atrial arrhythmia occurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients (19 men; mean age 50.5 years) underwent electrophysiologic study, during which a decapolar catheter with 2-mm interelectrode spacing every 10 mm was inserted into the CS, with the proximal electrode pair positioned at the ostium. Associated atrial arrhythmias were paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in 5, typical atrial flutter in 13, LA flutter in 1, and other in 11. Baseline S1 and a single extrastimulus were delivered during distal and proximal CS pacing, while recordings were obtained from the four remaining bipoles. During distal CS pacing, double potentials with increasing interpotential interval from proximal to distal CS as a function of extrastimulus prematurity were detected in nine patients, suggesting block in a discrete local pathway distally connecting the CS to the LA and leading to reversion of low LA activation. Local delay in this pathway without complete CS-LA block resulting in LA activation fusion was observed in eight patients. A single nonfractionated potential at the distal CS, even at the shortest attainable S1-S2 coupling interval, which was interpreted as no block within distal CS-LA connection(s), was observed in the other 13 patients. History of atrial fibrillation or atypical atrial flutter was found in 8 of 9 patients with block at the distal CS-LA connection but in only 3 of 13 patients with no CS-LA connection block (P = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability to dissociate the LA from the distal CS suggests the presence of discrete connections between these structures in man. This observation appears to be associated with the clinical occurrence of atrial arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Rouen University Hospital, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Anselme
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saoudi
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016279:Atrial Function, Left / Q000502:physiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*