title: Comparison of exercise test scores and physician estimation in determining disease probability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recent American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association exercise testing guidelines provided equations to calculate treadmill scores and recommended their use to improve the predictive accuracy of the standard exercise test. However, if physicians can estimate the probability of coronary artery disease as well as the scores can, there would be no reason to add this complexity to test interpretation. To compare the exercise test scores with physician's estimation of disease probability, we used clinical, exercise test, and coronary angiographic data to compute the recommended scores and print patient summaries and treadmill reports.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether exercise test scores can be as effective as expert cardiologists in diagnosing coronary disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred ninety-nine consecutive male patients without previous myocardial infarction with a mean +/- SD age of 59 +/- 11 years were considered for this analysis. With angiographic disease defined as any coronary lumen occlusion of 50% or more, 58% had disease. The clinical/treadmill test reports were sent to expert cardiologists and to 2 other groups, including randomly selected cardiologists and internists, who classified the patients as having high, low, or intermediate probability of disease and estimated a numerical probability from 0% to 100%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five expert cardiologists returned estimates on 336 patients, 37 randomly chosen practicing cardiologists returned estimates on 129 patients, 29 randomly chosen practicing internists returned estimates on 106 patients, 13 academic cardiologists returned estimates on 102 patients, and 27 academic internists returned estimates on 174 patients. When probability estimates were compared, the scores were superior to all physician groups (0.76 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve to 0.70 for experts [P=.046], 0.73 to 0.58 for cardiologists [P=.003], and 0.76 to 0.61 for internists [P=.006]). Using a probability cut point of greater than 70% for abnormal, predictive accuracy was 69% for scores compared with 64% for experts, 63% to 62% for cardiologists, and 70% to 57% for internists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although most similar to the disease estimates of the presence of clinically significant angiographic coronary artery disease provided by the expert cardiologists, the scores outperformed the nonexpert physicians.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division (111C), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lipinski
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Froelicher
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Osterberg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Atwood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010808:Physical Examination; D011336:Probability