title: Variation in alcohol pharmacokinetics as a risk factor for alcohol dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The significant association between alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-2 genotype and alcohol-dependence risk, demonstrated in both Asian and non-Asian populations, suggests a link between the metabolism of alcohol (ethanol) and individual differences in susceptibility to dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested this hypothesis by following up on subjects who took part in the Alcohol Challenge Twin Study conducted in 1979-1981 and comparing the blood and breath alcohol results in that study between subjects who subsequently did or did not meet diagnostic criteria for lifetime alcohol dependence in 1992-1993.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects who met DSM-III-R criteria for lifetime alcohol dependence at follow-up had higher blood and breath alcohol values after alcohol challenge than never-dependent subjects. Multivariate analysis showed independent effects of susceptibility to alcohol dependence and smoking status on blood alcohol concentrations, whereas habitual alcohol intake at the time of the initial study had marginally significant effects. The risk of alcohol dependence was 2-fold higher in men and 3-fold higher in women with blood or breath alcohol concentrations in the highest quartile than in the lowest quartile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In view of this association and the known genetic influences on both alcohol pharmacokinetics and alcohol dependence, it is probable that part of the heritability of dependence is mediated by genes (other than the known ADH2 and ADH3 polymorphisms) affecting alcohol metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. johnwhit@bioc.rpa.cs.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Whitfield
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Birley
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001944:Breath Tests; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D014427:Twins
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D000431:Ethanol; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase