title: Fruiting body formation by Bacillus subtilis.
abstract: Spore formation by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis has long been studied as a model for cellular differentiation, but predominantly as a single cell. When analyzed within the context of highly structured, surface-associated communities (biofilms), spore formation was discovered to have heretofore unsuspected spatial organization. Initially, motile cells differentiated into aligned chains of attached cells that eventually produced aerial structures, or fruiting bodies, that served as preferential sites for sporulation. Fruiting body formation depended on regulatory genes required early in sporulation and on genes evidently needed for exopolysaccharide and surfactin production. The formation of aerial structures was robust in natural isolates but not in laboratory strains, an indication that multicellularity has been lost during domestication of B. subtilis. Other microbial differentiation processes long thought to involve only single cells could display the spatial organization characteristic of multicellular organisms when studied with recent natural isolates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Branda
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: González-Pastor
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ben-Yehuda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Losick
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kolter
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D016296:Mutagenesis; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001616:beta-Galactosidase