title: Immunohistochemical analysis of nuclear versus cytoplasmic staining of WT1 in malignant mesotheliomas and primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have indicated certain immunohistochemical markers, including WT1, may be helpful in distinguishing adenocarcinomas from mesotheliomas, but to date there are no reliable, widely accepted, commercially available antibodies positive in mesotheliomas and negative in adenocarcinomas. We compared the nuclear and cytoplasmic staining patterns of WT1 in these 2 malignancies using a commercially available antibody and examined the expression of 2 other previously reported positive markers, calretinin and thrombomodulin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven mesotheliomas and 51 adenocarcinomas, all paraffin embedded, were retrieved from recent case files. The diagnosis of mesothelioma was based on typical clinical and morphologic features, as well as immunohistochemistry; electron microscopy had been performed on 16 cases. The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma was based on typical light microscopic findings and a positive stain for mucin. Commercially available antibodies to WT1, thrombomodulin, and calretinin were applied. Because of the conflict surrounding calretinin, 2 anticalretinin antibodies (from Chemicon Inc and Zymed Laboratories) were utilized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty of 67 mesotheliomas showed strong nuclear staining with WT1. No adenocarcinomas (0/51) showed nuclear staining. Twenty-three of 67 mesotheliomas were positive for thrombomodulin, and 35 of 67 mesotheliomas were positive for calretinin with the Chemicon antibody. Nine of 15 mesotheliomas were positive for calretinin with the Zymed antibody.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thrombomodulin and calretinin did not prove useful in discriminating between mesotheliomas and adenocarcinomas. The degree of positivity with calretinin may be dependent on the specific antibody utilized. Nuclear staining for WT1 is highly specific for mesothelioma and, in the appropriate clinical setting, can be a helpful adjunct in the distinction between adenocarcinomas and mesotheliomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Allred
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008654:Mesothelioma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D025721:WT1 Proteins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D025721:WT1 Proteins