title: [Geographical distribution of the male/female ratio of cardiovascular mortality in Spain].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the geographic distribution of the male/female ratio (MFR) of mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in 1991-1995 in Spain, and to examine wether the differences between men and women in exposure to cardiovascular risk factors could explain such distribution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality data come from National Vital Statistics. Age-adjusted mortality rates for the period 1991-1995 were calculated for IHD and CVD using the direct method, in population aged 40 to 79 years. Data on tobacco and alcohol consumption, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, obesity, sedentariness, and health services use come from the 1993 Spanish National Health Survey, and socioeconomic data from the 1991 Population Census. Data were analyzed by correlation and Poisson regression methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MFR of mortality from IHD and CVD are higher in the provinces of the north of Spain, and are correlated negatively with mortality from IHD and CVD. This negative association is stronger for mortality in women than in men. Among the risk factors examined, only MFR of alcohol consumption showed a significant (p < 0.05) association with MFR of mortality from IHD and CVD. MFR of alcohol consumption explains 23 and 14% of the provincial variation in MFR of mortality from IHD and CVD, respectively, and showed a U shaped relationship with MFR of mortality for both diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Provinces in the north of Spain, which register the lowest cardiovascular mortality, show the highest MFR of IHD and CVD mortality, because of the lower mortality in women than in men. As derived from the dose-response relationship between MFR of IHD and CVD mortality and the MFR of alcohol consumption, a higher alcohol consumption in men could contribute to a higher MFR of cardiovascular mortality in some Spanish provinces.
authors.affiliation: Centro Universitario de Salud Pública (CUSP). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Consejería de Sanidad. Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guallar-Castillón
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodríguez Artalejo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Banegas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lafuente
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Del Rey Calero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology