title: Subclinical human papillomavirus infection of the cervix.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prospective study to investigate a group of Iraqi woman with proved genital vulval warts, to seek evidence of human papillomavirus infection in apparently normal looking cervixes and to investigate the natural history of infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  From December 1997 to August 1998, 20 women with vulval warts were enrolled along with 20 aged-matched control cases without warts. Their ages ranged between 19-48 years with a mean of 30.4 years, (+/- standard deviation = 2.3) for patients and 18-48 years with a mean of 29.7 (+/- standard deviation = 2.7) for the control group. General and gynecological examinations were carried out. Cervical swabs for associated genital infection, papilloma smears, speculoscopy and directed punch biopsies were carried out to detect subclinical human papillomavirus infections of the cervix and associated intraepithelial neoplasm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cytology results showed that 11 (55%) of patients had evidence of cervical infection by human papillomavirus, 6 (30%) showed mild dysplastic changes, 3 (15%) showed moderate dysplastic changes, whilst 2 (10%) showed no dysplastic changes. Speculoscopy and acetowhitening was positive in 11 (55%) and collated histological results showed evidence of human papillomavirus infection in 9 patients (45%). As for the control group one case (5%) had evidence of human papillomavirus infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subclinical human papillomavirus infection is more common than was previously thought among Iraqi women. It may appear alone or in association with vulval or exophytic cervical warts, or both, and may be more common than the clinically obvious disease. Speculoscopy as an adjunctive method to colposcopy was found to be a simple and an easy to perform technique. Its combination with cytology gave relatively good results when it was used as a triage instrument, and may have a more promising performance in the future.
authors.affiliation: Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Al-Waiz
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Al-Saadi
authors.forename: Z A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Al-Saadi
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Al-Rawi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000821:virology*; D003218:Condylomata Acuminata / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007493:Iraq / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D002577:Uterine Cervical Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*