title: Development of a system for in vitro neck muscle force replication in whole cervical spine experiments.
abstract: METHODS
  An in vitro biomechanical study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and evaluate a new in vitro whole cervical spine model that provides to the specimen, in vivo-like mechanical characteristics.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In vitro studies of kinematics, kinetics, and trauma using isolated spine specimens (head-T1 vertebra) have usually applied upward force to the head, resulting in tensile spine forces, contrary to the physiological compressive forces present in vivo. Further, the in vitro load-displacement curves have never been compared with the corresponding in vivo data.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel muscle force replication (MFR) system is presented. It consists of a set of compressive forces applied to the various vertebrae and occiput of a whole cervical spine specimen. Two protocols, with and without MFR, were evaluated using standardized flexibility testing. Ranges of motion (ROM) and load-displacement curves were documented, and contrasted with similar in vivo data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results for the MFR were found to be similar to the in vivo measurements, with respect to the intersegmental and whole neck motions as well as the load-displacement curves, thus validating the MFR approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new model advances the in vitro testing, which uses whole cervical spine specimens.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopadics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA. manohar.panjabi@yale.edu
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Panjabi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cripton
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Nain
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DuBois
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009333:Neck / Q000502:physiology*; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000502:physiology; D018583:Pliability; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology