title: Results from the IRS-IV randomized trial of hyperfractionated radiotherapy in children with rhabdomyosarcoma--a report from the IRSG.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the outcome and toxicity of hyperfractionated radiotherapy (HFRT) vs. conventionally fractionated radiotherapy (CFRT) in children with Group III rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred fifty-nine children were enrolled into the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study IV with Group III RMS. Sixty-nine were ineligible for the analysis because of incorrect group or pathologic findings. Of the 490 remaining, 239 were randomized to HFRT (59.4 Gy in 54 1.1-Gy twice daily fractions) and 251 to CFRT (50.4 Gy in 28 1.8-Gy daily fractions). The age range was <1-21 years. All patients received chemotherapy. RT began at Week 9 after induction chemotherapy for all but those with high-risk parameningeal tumors who received RT during induction chemotherapy. The patient groups were equally balanced. The median follow-up was 3.9 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis by randomized treatment assignment (intent to treat) revealed an estimated 5-year failure-free survival (FFS) rate of 70% and overall survival (OS) of 75%. In the univariate analysis, the factors associated with the best outcome were age 1-9 years at diagnosis; noninvasive tumors; tumor size <5 cm; uninvolved lymph nodes; Stage 1 or 2 disease; primary site in the orbit or head and neck; and embryonal histologic features (p = 0.001 for all factors). No differences in the FFS or OS between the two RT treatment methods and no differences in the FFS or OS between HFRT and CFRT were found when analyzed by age, gender, tumor size, tumor invasiveness, nodal status, histologic features, stage, or primary site. Treatment compliance differed by age. Of the children <5 years, 57% assigned to HFRT received HFRT and 77% assigned to CFRT received CFRT. Of the children >or=5 years, 88% assigned to both HFRT and CFRT received their assigned treatment. The reasons for not receiving the appropriate randomized treatment were progressive disease, early death, parent or physician refusal, young age, or surgery. The toxicity assessment revealed more mucositis with HFRT (66%) than with CFRT (46%) (p = 0.03) for the parameningeal patients, and more skin reactions (16%) and nausea/vomiting (13%) with HFRT than with CFRT (7% and 5%, respectively) for patients with nonparameningeal primary tumors (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively). The analysis by treatment actually received revealed a 5-year FFS rate of 73% and OS rate of 77%, with no difference between CFRT and HFRT. As well, there was no difference in FFS or OS between CFRT and HFRT when analyzed by age, gender, tumor size, tumor invasiveness, modal status, histology, stage or site of primary. The 5-year estimated cumulative incidence of failure for the irradiated patients was local, 13%; regional, 3%; and distant, 13%; with no differences between HFRT and CFRT. The 5-year local failure rate by site was orbit, 5%; head and neck, 12%; parameningeal, 16%; bladder/prostate, 19%; extremity, 7%; and all others, 14%. The 5-year regional failure rate was parameningeal,1%; extremity, 20%; and all others, 5%. The 5-year distant failure rate was orbit, 2%; head and neck, 6%; parameningeal, 11%; bladder/prostate, 15%; extremity, 28%; and all others, 17%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HFRT, as given in this study, did not improve local/regional control, FFS, or OS compared with CFRT. The risk of local/regional failure was comparable to that of distant failure in children with Group III RMS. The standard of care for Group III RMS continues to be CFRT with chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5302, USA. sarah@reyes.stanford.edu
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meza
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Breneman
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Crist
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laurie
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Qualman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wharam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology; D012074:Remission Induction; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome