title: Expression of cell-cycle regulatory proteins in endometrial carcinomas: correlations with hormone receptor status and clinicopathologic parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The normal human endometrium is characterized by hormone-dependent variations in the levels of cell-cycle regulatory proteins during the menstrual cycle. As this tightly controlled system is disturbed in endometrial carcinomas, we analyzed which cell-cycle regulators are involved in endometrial carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed Western blot analysis of five cell-cycle stimulating (cyclins D1, E, B1, cdk2, cdk4) and three cell-cycle inhibiting (p16(INK4a), p21(WAF1), Rb) proteins in 41 endometrial carcinoma specimens. In addition, expression of the estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER, PR), Ki67, and, in selected cases, p16, cyclin E, and cyclin B1 was studied by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found upregulation of all analyzed cell-cycle regulators in most tumors compared to normal endometrial tissue samples. Overexpression of cyclin E, cyclin B1, and p21 was associated with a less differentiated phenotype. In addition, high levels of cyclin E, cdk2, and cdk4 correlated with weak/absent ER expression, and p16 and p21 overexpression was significantly associated with low PR immunoreactivity. Cyclin B1 expression correlated with cyclin E, cdk2, cdk4, p21, Rb, and Ki67, and cyclin E expression with cyclin D1 and Rb.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that cyclin E and cyclin B1 might be the major cell-cycle regulators involved in proliferation and reduced differentiation of endometrial carcinomas. In addition, p16, p21, and Rb appear to be uncoupled from their normal cell-cycle inhibiting function in many endometrial carcinomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecopathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany. milde@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Milde-Langosch
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bamberger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goemann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rössing
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rieck
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kelp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Löning
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008875:Middle Aged; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; C495900:CDK4 protein, human; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases