title: Identification of osmosensitive and ammonia-regulated genes in rat astrocytes by Northern blotting and differential display reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is in part the result of astrocyte swelling with alterations of glial function. Detoxification of ammonia may be one mechanism by which astrocyte swelling is triggered in HE.
  
  
  METHODS
  The differential display polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) and Northern blot analysis were used for study the functional consequence of cell volume changes and ammonia on gene expression in primary rat astrocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differentially expressed cDNA products were identified with about 92% homology to genes coding for mouse proline rich protein expressed in brain (PRTB), rat clusterin, elongin, and human Kelch motif containing protein. As shown by Northern blot analysis, PRTB and clusterin mRNA levels were upregulated by 19-64% after 4-8 h by both ammonia and hypoosmolarity. Elongin mRNA expression increased by 97% in response to ammonia but slightly by hypoosmolarity. Further, hypoosmotic exposure for 1-24 hours but not ammonia led to an increase of 80% in KMCP mRNA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of these genes offers the opportunity to identify unrecognized molecular mechanisms of HE. The finding that several genes are induced by both, hypoosmolarity and ammonia, supports the view that astrocyte swelling is a major, but not the only pathogenetic event in HE.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany. warskulat@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Warskulat
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kreuels
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Häussinger
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D048429:Cell Size; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051152:Clusterin; D000075065:Elongin; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051152:Clusterin; D000075065:Elongin; D006023:Glycoproteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000641:Ammonia