title: Maternal smoking and gestational age in twin pregnancies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A twin pregnancy imposes greater demands on maternal physiology and smoking may thus be associated theoretically with a greater risk of preterm delivery than in singleton pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1989 to 1996 all women who booked for antenatal care at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark were asked to fill in two questionnaires. Apart from smoking habits, these questionnaires provided information on medical and obstetric history together with information on sociodemographic and other lifestyle variables. Gestational age at delivery was calculated from ultrasonographically determined fetal biparietal diameter and information about the last menstrual period. Only women carrying twins were included in the present study (n=401).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean gestational age was 5 days (95% CI 1-9 days) shorter among smokers compared with non-smokers. Among non-smokers mean gestational age was 261 days (+/-18), among women who smoked 1-9 and 10+ cigarettes per day 257 days (+/-23) and 255 days (+/-20), respectively. The overall risk of preterm delivery (< 37 weeks) and delivery before 34 completed weeks was 1.3 (95% CI 0.9-2.2) and 1.4 (95% CI 0.8-2.4), respectively. Primiparous women had shorter gestational age than did multiparous women. Still, among primiparous as well as among multiparous women gestational age decreased with smoking. Adjustment for maternal age, height and prepregnancy weight, alcohol and caffeine intake, marital status, education, occupational status, preterm birth in previous pregnancies, and in vitro fertilization in the present pregnancy did not change the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking has a substantial effect on mean gestational age in twin pregnancies, and a dose response like relationship is present.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Epidemiological Research Unit, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. skejkw@aau.dk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wisborg
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Secher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000209:etiology*; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014427:Twins