title: Robotically assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since the advent of laparoscopic surgery in 1987 and the introduction of robotics into medicine in 1991, medical technology has advanced to robotic applications in performing surgery. In our study, we investigated the feasibility of performing simple laparoscopic maneuvers and laparoscopic cholecystectomy using a robotic surgical system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used a ZEUS robotic system (Computer Motion Inc, Goleta, Calif), consisting of 3 interactive robotic arms fixed at the operating table and remotely controlled by the surgeon. After initial training, using a bench model and 3 isolated porcine livers to perform cholecystectomy, 7 female pigs underwent robotically assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The surgeon, seated at the console, manipulated the 3-mm laparoscopic instruments and performed the surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Robotically assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy was accomplished in all 7 pigs, with a mean operative time of 46 minutes (range, 30-62 minutes). There were no complications. The mean time to setup of the robotic system decreased from 30 minutes to 14 minutes. All the robotic maneuvers were performed without any particular difficulties, and the movements were stable, accurate, and reliable, with good control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary experimental study showed that robotically reproduced laparoscopic maneuvers, such as tying, suturing, dissection, clipping, and cautery, seemed to be as accurate and as fast as maneuvers made without robotics. We conclude that our initial experimental and animal study confirmed the feasibility of robotically assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Further reports are needed to show that robotics can be used for clinical applications in surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Surgical Specialty and Organ Transplantation "P. Stefanini," University of "La Sapienza," Policlinico Umberto I degrees, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy. davide.lomanto@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lomanto
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Cheah
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Goh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012371:Robotics; D013552:Swine