title: Adolescent use of anabolic-androgenic steroids and relations to self-reports of social, personality and health aspects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the last decade adolescent males have been shown to use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) in order to improve their sports performance and appearance, as well as in combination with alcohol and psychotropic drugs. However, the risk profile of AAS use is still not well understood. This study analysed the importance of social, personality and health factors for the use of AAS.
  
  
  METHODS
  More than 2,700 senior high school students in Uppsala, Sweden, filled out an anonymous closed-response questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings from multiple logistic regression analyses of adolescent males (n = 1,353) showed that immigrant status, average/low self-esteem, average/low perceived school achievement and use of prescription tranquillisers/sedatives had independent significant associations with the use of AAS after controlling for age and previously known factors such as strength training, truancy and heavy alcohol consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The characteristics of AAS users extend beyond activities such as strength training and multiple drug use to include social, personality and health aspects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, PO Box 591, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden. Anna.Kindlundh@farmbio.uu.se
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kindlundh
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hagekull
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Isacson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nyberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001828:Body Image; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012649:Self Concept; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents