title: Probability binning comparison: a metric for quantitating multivariate distribution differences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While several algorithms for the comparison of univariate distributions arising from flow cytometric analyses have been developed and studied for many years, algorithms for comparing multivariate distributions remain elusive. Such algorithms could be useful for comparing differences between samples based on several independent measurements, rather than differences based on any single measurement. It is conceivable that distributions could be completely distinct in multivariate space, but unresolvable in any combination of univariate histograms. Multivariate comparisons could also be useful for providing feedback about instrument stability, when only subtle changes in measurements are occurring.
  
  
  METHODS
  We apply a variant of Probability Binning, described in the accompanying article, to multidimensional data. In this approach, hyper-rectangles of n dimensions (where n is the number of measurements being compared) comprise the bins used for the chi-squared statistic. These hyper-dimensional bins are constructed such that the control sample has the same number of events in each bin; the bins are then applied to the test samples for chi-squared calculations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a Monte-Carlo simulation, we determined the distribution of chi-squared values obtained by comparing sets of events from the same distribution; this distribution of chi-squared values was identical as for the univariate algorithm. Hence, the same formulae can be used to construct a metric, analogous to a t-score, that estimates the probability with which distributions are distinct. As for univariate comparisons, this metric scales with the difference between two distributions, and can be used to rank samples according to similarity to a control. We apply the algorithm to multivariate immunophenotyping data, and demonstrate that it can be used to discriminate distinct samples and to rank samples according to a biologically-meaningful difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Probability binning, as shown here, provides a useful metric for determining the probability with which two or more multivariate distributions represent distinct sets of data. The metric can be used to identify the similarity or dissimilarity of samples. Finally, as demonstrated in the accompanying paper, the algorithm can be used to gate on events in one sample that are different from a control sample, even if those events cannot be distinguished on the basis of any combination of univariate or bivariate displays. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Research Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3015, USA. Roederer@drmr.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roederer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Treister
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Herzenberg
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000166:cytology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011336:Probability; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology