title: Endovascular embolization of traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the effectiveness of endovascular embolization on treatment of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula (TCCF).
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1986 to 1997, 482 cases of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula were treated by endovascular embolization in the Beijing Neurosurgical Institute. Several kinds of balloon-catheter were used for embolization. External carotid-cavernous fistulas and rare carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCF) with minute leakage were treated by cyanoacrylate or coils. Although artery approach was applied in most cases (477 cases), vein approach showed its own advantages in some special cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a special "bileakage sign" indicating multileakage of TCCF, which was never mentioned before. All 482 cases were embolized successfully, and 405 cases maintained the patency of internal carotid artery (ICA). No treatment-related deaths occurred and the symptoms and signs of 462 cases were relieved after embolization. Emergency embolization was needed in some conditions such as serious epistaxis, delayed or repeated subdural hematoma, and rapid visual impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovascular embolization of TCCF is a safe and efficient method. Carefully selected operation time, operative approach, and materials are the essential factors to reach a best result.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China. Yang-xj@163.net
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020216:Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D004659:Enbucrilate