title: The impact of repeated treatment with praziquantel of schistosomiasis in children under six years of age living in an endemic area for Schistosoma haematobium infection.
abstract: Praziquantel was given every eight weeks for two years to children aged under six years of age, living in a Schistosoma haematobium endemic area. Infection with S. haematobium and haematuria were examined in urine and antibody profiles (IgA, IgE, IgM, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) against S. haematobium adult worm and egg antigens were determined from sera collected before each treatment. Chemotherapy reduced infection prevalence and mean intensity from 51.8% and 110 eggs per 10 ml urine, respectively, before starting re-treatment programme to very low levels thereafter. Praziquantel is not accumulated after periodic administration in children. Immunoglobulin levels change during the course of treatment with a shift towards 'protective' mechanisms. The significant changes noted in some individuals were the drop in 'blocking' IgG2 and IgG4 whereas the 'protecting' IgA and IgG1 levels increased. The antibody profiles in the rest of the children remained generally unchanged throughout the study and no haematuria was observed after the second treatment. The removal of worms before production of large number of eggs, prevented the children from developing morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. mduluza@blair.co.zw
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mduluza
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Ndhlovu
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Madziwa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Midzi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zinyama
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chandiwana
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nyazema
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hagan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000947:Antigens, Helminth / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002648:Child; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006417:Hematuria / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D011223:Praziquantel / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012008:Recurrence; D019233:Retreatment; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium / Q000276:immunology; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth; D000947:Antigens, Helminth; D011223:Praziquantel