title: Does thyroid supplementation accelerate tricyclic antidepressant response? A review and meta-analysis of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The delayed onset of therapeutic response to antidepressants remains a major problem in the treatment of depression. Among the strategies to accelerate response to treatment, the early addition of thyroid hormone to antidepressants has been suggested as a viable method. The authors performed a meta-analysis of the literature on the use of thyroid hormone supplementation to accelerate the treatment of depression to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to support the clinical efficacy of this strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both a computer-aided search of the National Library of Medicine MEDLINE and an intensive search by hand were conducted to identify all double-blind, placebo-controlled studies assessing the concomitant administration of thyroid hormone and antidepressant to accelerate clinical response in patients with nonrefractory depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six studies were identified. All were conducted with triiodothyronine (T(3)) and a tricyclic antidepressant. Five of the six studies found T(3) to be significantly more effective than placebo in accelerating clinical response. The pooled, weighted effect size index was 0.58, and the average effect was highly significant. Further, the effects of T(3) acceleration were greater as the percentage of women participating in the study increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis supports the efficacy of T(3) in accelerating clinical response to tricyclic antidepressants in patients with nonrefractory depression. Furthermore, women may be more likely than men to benefit from this intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, USA. laltshuler@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Altshuler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gitlin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mintz
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Szuba
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Leight
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Whybrow
mesh_terms: D000639:Amitriptyline / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007099:Imipramine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D010919:Placebos; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D000639:Amitriptyline; D007099:Imipramine