title: Perspectives and implications for the proliferation of non-lethal weapons in the context of contemporary conflict, security interests and arms control.
abstract: This article briefly looks at the characteristics of contemporary conflict and the global political arena, particularly from 1989 and the end of the cold war. The development of and potential roles for second generation non-lethal weapons (NLWs) in war-fighting, peace support operations, and civil policing are discussed. There are arguments both for and against further and rapid development of NLWs. The question of proliferation and arms control is examined within the context of concepts such as the revolution in military affairs (RMA) and factors such as the increasing role of non-state actors, current security requirements and the problems concerning the implementation and enforcement of current and envisaged arms control regimes. Proliferation, which may be vertical or horizontal, may not always be seen as a malign process but rather one which requires specific ethical and operational perspectives. Proliferation is about both technology push and operational requirements. The effectiveness of legislative approaches to controlling proliferation, especially to countries which are considered to have poor human rights records, is discussed and issues about who wants to control NLWs, and why, are raised. Some technologies may be seen as less threatening to existing arms control and management treaties and the ethical debates which surround them. A concern regarding increasing use of non-lethal technologies for political oppression is part of this debate. The issues are illustrated using India as case study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lewer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Feakin
mesh_terms: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D006806:Human Rights / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008891:Military Science / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016495:Police / Q000639:trends*; D012926:Social Control, Formal / Q000379:methods*; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control; D014857:Warfare; D015022:Yugoslavia
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents