title: Soluble adhesion molecules and prediction of coronary heart disease: a prospective study and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have suggested that circulating concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules are useful predictors of risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Larger studies are needed, however, to test this hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured serum concentrations of four soluble cell adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1], vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM-1], E-selectin, and P-selectin) in the stored baseline serum samples of 643 men with coronary heart disease and 1278 controls nested in a prospective sutdy of 5661 men who were monitored for 16 years. We also did a meta-analysis of previous relevant studies to place our findings in context.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules were significantly associated with one another, with other markers of inflammation, and with some classic coronary risk factors. For ICAM-1, the odds ratio for CHD was 1.68 (95% CI 1.32-2.14) in a comparison of men in the top third with those in the bottom third of baseline measurements after adjustments for age and town. This decreased to 1.11 (0.75-1.64) after adjustment for some classic coronary risk factors and indicators of socioeconomic status. For the three other cell adhesion molecules, the odds ratios for CHD, first adjusted for age and town only, and then additionally adjusted for other risk factors, were: VCAM-1: 1.26 (0.99-1.61) and 0.96 (0.66-1.40); E-selectin: 1.27 (1.00-1.61) and 1.13 (0.78-1.62); and P-selectin: 1.23 (0.96-1.56) and 1.20 (0.81-1.76).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measurement of these adhesion molecules is unlikely to add much predictive information to that provided by more established risk factors.
authors.affiliation: BHF Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, W12 0NN, London, UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Danesh
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whincup
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Papacosta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lennon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haskard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D019040:E-Selectin; D019007:P-Selectin; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1