title: Only carbon dioxide absorbents free of both NaOH and KOH do not generate compound A during in vitro closed-system sevoflurane: evaluation of five absorbents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insufficient data exist on the production of compound A during closed-system sevoflurane administration with newer carbon dioxide absorbents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified PhysioFlex apparatus (Dräger, Lübeck, Germany) was connected to an artificial test lung (inflow at the top of the bellow approximately/= 160 ml/min CO2; outflow at the Y piece of the lung model approximately/= 200 ml/min, simulating oxygen consumption). Ventilation was set to obtain an end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure of approximately 40 mmHg. Various fresh carbon dioxide absorbents were used: Sodasorb (n = 6), Sofnolime (n = 6), and potassium hydroxide (KOH)-free Sodasorb (n = 7), Amsorb (n = 7), and lithium hydroxide (n = 7). After baseline analysis, liquid sevoflurane was injected into the circuit by syringe pump to obtain 2.1% end-tidal concentration for 240 min. At baseline and at regular intervals thereafter, end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure, end-tidal sevoflurane concentration, and canister inflow (T degrees(in)) and canister outflow (T degrees(out)) temperatures were measured. To measure compound Ainsp concentration in the inspired gas of the breathing circuit, 2-ml gas samples were taken and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography plus mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median (minimum-maximum) highest compound Ainsp concentrations over the entire period were, in decreasing order: 38.3 (28.4-44.2)* (Sofnolime), 30.1 (23.9-43.7) (KOH-free Sodasorb), 23.3 (20.0-29.2) (Sodasorb), 1.6 (1.3-2.1)* (lithium hydroxide), and 1.3 (1.1-1.8)* (Amsorb) parts per million (*P < 0.01 vs. Sodasorb). After reaching their peak concentration, a decrease for Sofnolime, KOH-free Sodasorb, and Sodasorb until 240 min was found. The median (minimum-maximum) highest values for T degrees(out) were 39 (38-40), 40 (39-42), 41 (40-42), 46 (44-48)*, and 39 (38-41) degrees C (*P < 0.01 vs. Sodasorb), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With KOH-free (but sodium hydroxide [NaOH]-containing) soda limes even higher compound A concentrations are recorded than with standard Sodasorb. Only by eliminating KOH as well as NaOH from the absorbent (Amsorb and lithium hydroxide) is no compound A produced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium. Linda.Versichelen@rug.ac.be
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Versichelen
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bouche
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rolly
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Van Bocxlaer
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Struys
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: De Leenheer
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Mortier
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000378:metabolism*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D004987:Ethers / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000378:metabolism*; D006878:Hydroxides; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000378:metabolism*; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D004987:Ethers; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D006878:Hydroxides; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; C078742:fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether; C029943:potassium hydroxide