title: Analgesia for circumcision: effects on newborn behavior and mother/infant interaction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the effectiveness of acetaminophen for pain management during and after circumcision.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, pretest-posttest design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III nursery at a Midwestern hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty full-term newborns, whose mothers had uncomplicated pregnancies and vaginal deliveries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Administration of 10 mg/kg acetaminophen or placebo 1 hour before circumcision.
  
  
  METHODS
  Behaviors (clarity of cues and responsiveness) were observed in newborns during a feeding interaction, and pain distress (percentage of time crying and heart rate) was assessed during and after the circumcision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ANCOVA revealed significant group differences in subscales of the NCAFS (Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale) for newborns, whereas statistically significant differences for mothers were found in the sensitivity to cues and social-emotional growth-fostering scales. A significant increase in heart rate and crying time during the circumcision was noted; however, no significant difference was observed between groups. At the diaper change after the circumcision, the percentage of cry did suggest an effect from the analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings reinforce the reciprocal, synchronous nature of mother-infant interactions during the early postpartum period and the need for pain control after circumcision to promote neonatal comfort and improve mother-infant interaction.
authors.affiliation: Capital University, Columbus, OH 43209, USA. jmacke@capital.edu
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Macke
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002944:Circumcision, Male; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018730:Infant Behavior; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D016389:Maternal-Child Nursing; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000451:nursing*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000082:Acetaminophen