title: Effect of melting point of chiral terpenes on human stratum corneum uptake.
abstract: The effect of melting point of chiral penetration enhancers on their stratum corneum uptake was investigated. The pure enantiomers of a chiral compound often possess different melting points, and therefore dissimilar solubilities, to the racemate because of variations in their crystal structure. Two terpenes, menthol and neomenthol, saturated in propylene glycol/water, were applied to stratum corneum. Racemic menthol melts at approximately 33 degrees C, some 9 degrees C lower than the pure enantiomers, whereas racemic neomenthol melts at 26 degrees C higher than the study temperature, considered as the theoretical melting point of its enantiomers, which are both liquids. Terpene solubility increased with the propylene glycol content of the vehicle. The lower melting forms of both penetration enhancers possessed the highest solubility in every vehicle. Maximum stratum corneum uptake was obtained from formulations containing the lower melting forms of each enhancer in 60% w/w propylene glycol systems (highest concentration used). Compared with menthol, the larger melting point difference between optical forms of neomenthol produced bigger differences in their uptake. Thus melting point depression of menthol and neomenthol, by selection of the appropriate optical form, increased the amount of terpene delivered to the stratum corneum, in agreement with theoretical predictions.
authors.affiliation: Drug Delivery Group, Postgraduate Studies in Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, Bradford, UK.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Mackay
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Barry
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D012995:Solubility; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D013729:Terpenes; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols