title: Anti-ischemic effects of angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibition in hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether augmentation of bradykinin (BK) bioavailability with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition is associated with reduced exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in hypertension.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Bradykinin responses are depressed in hypertension, and endothelial dysfunction contributes to myocardial ischemia by promoting abnormal coronary vasomotion during stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen hypertensive (HT) and 17 normotensive (NT), mildly symptomatic patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and ST-segment depression during exercise were studied before and after seven days of oral enalapril (EN), which was titrated from 2.5 to 20 mg daily. Patients underwent two treadmill exercise tests and determination of forearm vasodilator response to BK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite receiving a lower dose of EN (7.8 vs. 14.8 mg, p < 0.001), NT patients had a significant reduction in blood pressure compared to HT patients. Compared to pre-EN, the ischemic threshold, defined as the rate-pressure product at the onset of 1-mm ST depression (p = 0.045), the duration of exercise to 1-mm ST depression (180 +/- 54 s, p = 0.007) and the maximum exercise duration (94 +/- 18 s, p < 0.001) were greater after EN in HT patients, but not in NT subjects (all p > or = 0.3). Patients with a greater drop in blood pressure experienced no improvement in exercise-induced ischemia. Forearm blood flow responses to BK were improved with EN in all patients to a similar extent. Moreover, no correlation was observed between the basal response to BK or the magnitude of its improvement with EN and with either the dose of EN or the improvement in exercise ischemic threshold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise-induced myocardial ischemia is ameliorated in HT patients with CAD by ACE inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1650, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mincemoyer
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Quyyumi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001682:Biological Availability; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004656:Enalapril / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004656:Enalapril; D001920:Bradykinin