title: Randomized controlled trial of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol versus inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane-nitrous oxide: postoperative nausea with vomiting and economic analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To assess the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting after total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol versus inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane-nitrous oxide, the authors performed a randomized trial in 2,010 unselected surgical patients in a Dutch academic institution. An economic evaluation was also performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elective inpatients (1,447) and outpatients (563) were randomly assigned to inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane-nitrous oxide or TIVA with propofol-air. Cumulative incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was recorded for 72 h by blinded observers. Cost data of anesthetics, antiemetics, disposables, and equipment were collected. Cost differences caused by duration of postanesthesia care unit stay and hospitalization were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total intravenous anesthesia reduced the absolute risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting up to 72 h by 15% among inpatients (from 61% to 46%, P < 0.001) and by 18% among outpatients (from 46% to 28%, P < 0.001). This effect was most pronounced in the early postoperative period. The cost of anesthesia was more than three times greater for propofol TIVA. Median duration of stay in the postanesthesia care unit was 135 min after isoflurane versus 115 min after TIVA for inpatients (P < 0.001) and 160 min after isoflurane versus 150 min after TIVA for outpatients (P = 0.039). Duration of hospitalization was equal in both arms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propofol TIVA results in a clinically relevant reduction of postoperative nausea and vomiting compared with isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia (number needed to treat = 6). Both anesthetic techniques were otherwise similar. Anesthesia costs were more than three times greater for propofol TIVA, without economic gains from shorter stay in the postanesthesia care unit
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hassink
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bonsel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moen
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kalkman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015742:Propofol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007530:Isoflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D015742:Propofol