title: Non-radioactive digoxigenin DNA labeling and immunologic detection of HSV PCR products.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common cause of human skin and mucous membrane infections, and also causes sporadic meningoencephalitis. As a new method for rapid HSV diagnostics, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been introduced in clinical laboratories. Radioactive labeling of DNA probes has become a common practice in experimental laboratories. To avoid radioactive labeling of HSV oligonucleotide probes or PCR products, non-radioactive compounds, which are easily detected by enzyme or immunoassay techniques, are introduced.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was (1) to introduce non-radioactive labeling of HSV DNA probe by digoxigenin-labeled dUTP; (2) to establish a rapid and reliable laboratory method for rapid HSV diagnostics; (3) to compare the PCR method with the standard virology techniques, such as cell culture virus isolation and HSV direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA).
  
  
  METHODS
  We have tested the efficiency of PCR method and non-radioactive labeling of HSV DNA probe for detection of HSV from 30 clinical specimens (skin and mucous membrane swabs). HSV was detected in the specimens by standard virology techniques and PCR. Replicated HSV DNA was non-radioactively labeled by random incorporation of digoxigenin-labeled deoxyuridine triphosphate (DIG-dUTP), and the hybrids were detected by the antibody conjugates and the appropriate enzyme-mediated staining reaction (DIG DNA labeling and detection kit non-radioactive, Boehringer Mannheim GmbH).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-radioactive labeling of hybridization DNA probes with digoxigenin-dUTP was obtained. HSV DNA was successfully multiplied and detected in the HSV-infected cell culture supernatant; however, it was not detected in the clinical specimen supernatant or sediment. HSV DNA was detected by direct PCR method in non-centrifugated clinical specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PCR method could be successfully used for diagnoses of HSV infections. Since the sensitivity of this method is partly limited by the virus quantity in the specimen, we recommend cultivating the virus in the cell culture at least 24 h prior to PCR. The use of non-radioactive labeling of hybridization DNA probes, such as random primed DNA labeling with digoxigenin-dUTP, has proven both sensitive and specific, and more appropriate for diagnostic purposes than radioactive DNA labeling to be used until standardized commercial tests appear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, A. Stampar School of Public Health, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 4, 10,000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broketa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vince
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Drazenović
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mlinarić-Galinović
mesh_terms: D003470:Culture Media; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D004076:Digoxigenin; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018139:Simplexvirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004279:DNA, Viral; D004076:Digoxigenin