title: Melatonin elicits nuclear exclusion of the human androgen receptor and attenuates its activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The androgen receptor (AR) promotes growth and functionality of androgen sensitive benign and cancer tissues. The pineal hormone melatonin is an androgen protagonist in vivo and in vitro. The interference of melatonin in the AR cascade was explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of melatonin on AR expression, level, agonist and androgen-response element (ARE) binding, reporter gene activity and intracellular localization were explored in prostate cancer LNCaP cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Melatonin increased immunoreactive AR cells in the absence and presence of dihydrotestosterone. Despite this increase and maintenance of AR agonist binding capacity, the androgen-induced reporter gene activity and suppression of AR-mRNA were attenuated. Immunocytochemical analysis and subcellular fractionation studies revealed nuclear exclusion of AR by melatonin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The melatonin-mediated nuclear exclusion of the AR may explain the attenuation of AR activity in the prostate cancer cells. This is the first demonstration of a hormone-induced mislocalization of the AR in prostate epithelial cells and may represent a novel route for regulating AR activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiochemistry, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rimler
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Culig
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Levy-Rimler
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lupowitz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klocker
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matzkin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zisapel
mesh_terms: D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009277:Nandrolone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D009277:Nandrolone; C100075:mibolerone; D008550:Melatonin