title: High resolution ultrasound characterization of early allograft hemodynamics in pediatric living related renal transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Allograft vascular thrombosis occurs in 5% to 10% of pediatric renal transplants. The hemodynamics of renal allograft immediately after implantation is unclear. High resolution Doppler ultrasound of the renal allograft performed in the operating room after incision closure is an effective and objective method to advance our understanding of baseline renal allograft hemodynamics, and identify unsuspected vascular complications early enough to ensure prompt surgical repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between September 1998 and July 2000 high resolution, color power Doppler ultrasound was prospectively performed on 21 living related renal transplants in the operating room immediately after incision closure. Each ultrasound described allograft anastomotic blood flow, direction of diastolic flow, parenchymal perfusion and resistive indexes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 20 (95%) allografts with good power Doppler perfusion that had satisfactory immediate function with no vascular complications at 9 to 26-month followup. Initially, anastomotic turbulence was described in 15 (71%) allografts, and resistive indexes were abnormal in 8 (38%). Turbulence and abnormal resistive index normalized in all allografts by 1-month followup. Ultrasound of 1 allograft identified unsuspected poor perfusion and reversal of diastolic flow in the operating room after incision closure. In another allograft in which a 4-hour post-transplant ultrasound was compared with the baseline study in the operating room an unsuspected thrombosis of the right common iliac vein was confirmed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Good parenchymal perfusion and forward diastolic flow after renal reperfusion correlated well with immediate graft function. Initial turbulence and abnormal resistive index in the presence of favorable perfusion are misleading and not independent predictors of graft function. Ultrasound performed in the operating room identified 2 unsuspected major vascular complications facilitating prompt surgical correction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Herz
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: McLorie
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hafez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodgers-Herz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Ghoneimi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shuckett
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Merguerian
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Khoury
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000379:methods / Q000502:physiology*; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015424:Reperfusion; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology