An adaptation of Brislin's translation model for cross-cultural research.
BACKGROUND
The number of nurse scientists pursuing cross-cultural research using quantitative designs is increasing. Preparation of instruments that are conceptually and functionally appropriate in the language of the participants is a complex process that needs examination.


OBJECTIVE
Brislin's classic model for translation and validation of instruments for cross-cultural research is critiqued. Adaptations and extensions of that model are recommended.


METHODS
Brislin's model guided tool preparation in a cross-cultural investigation. The process is described and lessons learned are outlined and discussed.


CONCLUSIONS
Steps toward a more efficient and valid approach to the preparation of instruments are suggested.
Jones
P S
PS
Loma Linda University School of Nursing, California 92350, USA. pjones@sn.llu.edu
Lee
J W
JW
Phillips
L R
LR
Zhang
X E
XE
Jaceldo
K B
KB
D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D006801:Humans; D019359:Knowledge; D008960:Models, Psychological; D019303:Multilingualism; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016746:Transcultural Nursing; D014175:Translating; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology