title: Serial EEG during human status epilepticus: evidence for PLED as an ictal pattern.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the relationship between periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLED) and status epilepticus (SE), to evaluate the relationship between mortality and periodic patterns, and to determine whether a stereotypic sequence of EEG patterns exists during human SE.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed a prospective clinical and electrographic study comprising 62 episodes of SE, 55 patients, and 254 ictal/postictal EEG recordings. Serial daily EEG were obtained in all cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Partial SE was the predominant clinical type. Four distinct ictal EEG patterns were identified: intermittent EEG seizures (IES), merging EEG seizures (MES), continuous ictal discharges (CID), and periodic epileptiform discharges (PED) which could be lateralized (PLED) or bilateral (PBED). IES was the most common ictal pattern. In the same record, only one combination of ictal patterns was observed corresponding to an association of PLED or PBED and MES pattern. Serial EEG demonstrated that approximately one-third of SE resolved before the second EEG, another one-third persisted and maintained the same ictal pattern throughout the entire evolution, and the final one-third showed variable ictal EEG patterns. PLED were also unequivocally associated with epileptic seizures, and in some patients were the initial ictal pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PLED can be an ictal pattern; and, in contrast to previous observations, no stereotyped sequence of ictal EEG patterns was found. PLED/PBED were not a terminal ictal pattern in every case, and outcome was more related to age and etiology than to specific ictal EEG patterns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garzon
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010507:Periodicity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*