title: Macrolide resistance among invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macrolide antibiotics, including erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin, are the mainstays of empirical pneumonia therapy. Macrolide resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, is increasing in the United States. Whether resistance is a significant problem or whether macrolides remain useful for treatment of most resistant strains is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the epidemiology of macrolide-resistant pneumococci in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of 15 481 invasive isolates from 1995 to 1999 collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Active Bacterial Core surveillance system in 8 states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trends in macrolide use (1993-1999) and resistance and factors associated with resistance, including examination of 2 subtypes, the M phenotype, associated with moderate minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and the MLS(B) phenotype, associated with high MICs and clindamycin resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1993 to 1999, macrolide use increased 13%; macrolide use increased 320% among children younger than 5 years. Macrolide resistance increased from 10.6% in 1995 to 20.4% in 1999. M phenotype isolates increased from 7.4% to 16.5% (P<.001), while the proportion with the MLS(B) phenotype was stable (3%-4%). The median erythromycin MIC (MIC(50)) of M phenotype isolates increased from 4 microg/mL to 8 microg/mL. In 1999, M phenotype strains were more often from children than persons 5 years or older (25.2% vs 12.6%; P<.001) and from whites than blacks (19.3% vs 11.2%; P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the setting of increasing macrolide use, pneumococcal resistance has become common. Most resistant strains have MICs in the range in which treatment failures have been reported. Further study and surveillance are critical to understanding the clinical implications of our findings.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop C-23, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Vugia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pass
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schaffner
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Cieslak
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Maupin
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Zell
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Facklam
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Whitney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D018942:Macrolides; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010641:Phenotype; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D018942:Macrolides