title: Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene is associated with diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although genetic susceptibility has been proposed as an important factor for the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy, the definitive gene has not been identified. To identify the genetic marker for diabetic nephropathy, we examined the association between the (A-C)n dinucleotide repeat polymorphism upstream of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) gene and diabetic nephropathy in a group of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were divided into three groups based on their urinary albumin excretion rate (AER) and the stage of diabetic retinopathy as follows: uncomplicated group (U), normal albuminuria (AER <20 microg/min) without proliferative retinopathy and with the duration of diabetes more than 20 years (N = 32); microalbuminuria group (M), 20 < or = AER < 200 microg/min (N = 155); overt nephropathy group (O), AER > or = 200 microg/min (N = 63). The region containing the dinucleotide repeat upstream of MMP-9 gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplified products were analyzed with 7% formamide/urea acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The promoter constructs of the MMP-9 gene were transfected with the CMV-beta-galactosidase construct into 293 cells using the liposome method. Twenty-four hours after transfection, cells were harvested, and luciferase and beta-galactosidase activities were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine alleles of the dinucleotide repeat polymorphism (17 to 25 repeats) were identified, and the frequency of each allele in diabetic subjects was not different from that in nondiabetic controls. The frequency of the allele containing 21 repeats (A21) was most abundant (42.4% in control and 45.6% in diabetic subjects), followed by the allele with 23 repeats (A23; 35.4% in control and 27.6% in diabetic subjects). The A21 allele was less frequent in M and O than U (O, 38.9%; M, 45.5%; U, 59.3%, chi2 = 7.18; P < 0.05, O vs. U), while the frequency of the alleles other than A21 was not different among each group. The calculated odds ratio for nephropathy in the noncarrier, heterozygote, or homozygote of A21 allele was 3.38, 1.97, and 0.2, respectively. Furthermore, the promoter assay for the MMP-9 gene revealed that the A21 allele had a higher promoter activity compared with other alleles. No significant correlation was observed between serum MMP-9 concentrations and the MMP-9 gene polymorphism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the patients with A21 allele of the MMP-9 gene may be protected from the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Thus, the microsatellite polymorphism upstream of the MMP-9 gene could be a useful genetic marker for diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haneda
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koya
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Isshiki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikkawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000235:genetics*; D018900:Dinucleotide Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9