title: Transient increase in the levels of T-helper 1 cytokines in postmenopausal women and the effects of hormone replacement therapy.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine, at least in part, T-cell function in postmenopausal women and the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Levels of T-helper 1 (Th1) cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) and T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) produced by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated whole blood cells from 72 untreated and 44 HRT-treated women were measured by ELISA. Thirteen of the 44 HRT-treated women were examined before and during HRT. The production of IL-2 increased gradually with advance of the postmenopausal period. The levels of IL-2 in women in the early (< or =10 years) and mid (>10 and <30 years) postmenopausal stages were significantly higher than those in women in their second, third and fourth decades. The level in women in the late (> or =30 years) postmenopausal stage, however, was significantly lower than those in women in the early and mid postmenopausal stages. The level of IFN-gamma was highest in women in the mid postmenopausal stage. On the other hand, the levels of Th2 cytokines did not change with age or after menopause until the mid postmenopausal period but were significantly lower in women in the late postmenopausal stage. IFN-gamma levels in women on HRT were significantly lower than those in untreated postmenopausal women at all postmenopausal stages. HRT induced a significant decrease in the production of IL-2 and IL-4. In conclusion, production of Th1 cytokines is augmented in women after menopause. HRT prevents this increase, thereby improving the aberration of Th1/Th2 balance that is implicated in an inadequate immune response and pathological conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan. kamada@clin.med.tokushima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamada
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Irahara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maegawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohmoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasui
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aono
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000378:metabolism; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D007376:Interleukin-2; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate