title: Activation of progelatinase A (MMP-2) by neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase-3: a role for inflammatory cells in tumor invasion and angiogenesis.
abstract: Gelatinase A (MMP-2), a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) involved in tumor invasion and angiogenesis, is secreted as an inactive zymogen (proMMP-2) and activated by proteolytic cleavage. Here we report that polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-derived elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase-3 activate proMMP-2 through a mechanism that requires membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) expression. Immunoprecipitation of human PMN-conditioned medium with a mixture of antibodies to elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase-3 abolished proMMP-2 activation, whereas individual antibodies were ineffective. Incubation of HT1080 cells with either purified PMN elastase or cathepsin G or proteinase-3 resulted in dose-and time-dependent proMMP-2 activation. Addition of PMN-conditioned medium to MT1-MMP expressing cells resulted in increased proMMP-2 activation and in vitro invasion of extracellular matrix (ECM), but had no effect with cells that express no MT1-MMP. MMP-2 activation by PMN-conditioned medium or purified elastase was blocked by the elastase inhibitor alpha(1)-antitrypsin but not by Batimastat, an MMP inhibitor, showing that elastase activation of MMP-2 is not mediated by MMP activities. The PMN-conditioned medium-induced increase in cell invasion was blocked by Batimastat as well as by alpha(1)-antitrypsin, showing that PMN serine proteinases trigger a proteinase cascade that entails proMMP-2 activation: this gelatinase is the downstream effector of the proinvasive activity of PMN proteinases. These findings indicate a novel role for PMN-mediated inflammation in a variety of tissue remodeling processes including tumor invasion and angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, S.A. Localio Laboratory for Surgical Research, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shamamian
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Pocock
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Monea
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whiting
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mignatti
mesh_terms: D056649:Cathepsin G; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018093:Gelatinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000494:pharmacology; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D053146:Myeloblastin; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology*; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D002403:Cathepsins; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; C534094:CTSG protein, human; D056649:Cathepsin G; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase; D053146:Myeloblastin; D018093:Gelatinases; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; C069860:progelatinase