title: Connection between the inner ear and the lymphatic system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to identify the lymphatic drainage of the inner ear in guinea pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prospective study was performed in guinea pigs by injection of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) into either the right-side scala tympani or the middle ear cavity. The left side was not injected and served as a control. Fifteen minutes after injection, the animals were killed by intracardiac perfusion with paraformaldehyde and tissue specimens (right and left temporal bones, cervical lymph nodes, and the spleen) were collected. The presence of KLH in each specimen was determined by immunohistochemical assay of frozen sections using polyclonal mouse anti-KLH antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After injection into the middle ear, labeled cells were identified in the parotid, superficial ventral, mandibular, and deep cranial cervical lymph nodes. However, after inner ear injections KLH was present in only the parotid and superficial ventral cervical nodes. The spleen contained KLH-positive cells following injection into either the middle or inner ear, but not all animals contained labeled spleen cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inner ear has a connection to the lymphatic drainage system. Because fewer lymph nodes contained labeled cells after inner ear injection than after middle ear injection, it is concluded that the inner ear does not simply drain to the middle ear and subsequently to the lymph nodes but seems likely to have its own connections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Khonkaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yimtae
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Billings
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Keithley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006433:Hemocyanins / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007121:Immunocompetence / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D012533:Scala Tympani / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D006433:Hemocyanins; C032808:keyhole-limpet hemocyanin