title: Activation of barium-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channels mediates remote dilation of coronary arterioles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conducted vasodilation seems to be critical for the functional distribution of blood flow in the skeletal muscle microcirculation. However, this vasoregulatory phenomenon has not been documented in the coronary microcirculation, and its underlying mechanism remains elusive. Because potassium ions are potent metabolic vasodilators in the heart, by activating vascular inward rectifier K(+) (K(ir)) channels, we tested the hypothesis that coronary arterioles exhibit remote vasodilation through activation of this type of channel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Porcine coronary arterioles were isolated, cannulated, and pressurized for in vitro study. Vessels dilated concentration-dependently to extraluminal KCl (5 to 20 mmol/L), bradykinin, adenosine, pinacidil, and sodium nitroprusside. A K(ir) channel blocker, BaCl(2) (30 micromol/L), inhibited vasodilatory responses to KCl and bradykinin but not to adenosine, pinacidil, or nitroprusside. In a flow chamber, localized administration of bradykinin, adenosine, and KCl to the downstream end of the arterioles caused approximately 80% dilation at the site of drug application (local site) and also produced 30% to 60% dilation at the upstream end of arterioles (remote site). Nitroprusside produced a similar dilation at the local site but failed to initiate remote vasodilation. In the presence of Ba(2+), adenosine still dilated the local site, but the local dilations to bradykinin and KCl and the remote dilations to adenosine, bradykinin, and KCl were inhibited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that some modes of local vasodilation can be conducted to remote sites in coronary arterioles and that local and remote dilations can occur through different vasodilatory mechanisms. Activation of K(ir) channels seems critical for some agonist-induced local vasodilations and also for the initiation and/or transmission of signals causing remote vasodilation.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology/Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. ric_rivers@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rivers
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001160:Arterioles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001464:Barium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015221:Potassium Channels; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D001464:Barium; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D000241:Adenosine; D001920:Bradykinin