Genomic expression responses to DNA-damaging agents and the regulatory role of the yeast ATR homolog Mec1p.
Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by arresting the cell cycle and modulating gene expression to ensure efficient DNA repair. The human ATR kinase and its homolog in yeast, MEC1, play central roles in transducing the damage signal. To characterize the role of the Mec1 pathway in modulating the cellular response to DNA damage, we used DNA microarrays to observe genomic expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae responding to two different DNA-damaging agents. We compared the genome-wide expression patterns of wild-type cells and mutants defective in Mec1 signaling, including mec1, dun1, and crt1 mutants, under normal growth conditions and in response to the methylating-agent methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) and ionizing radiation. Here, we present a comparative analysis of wild-type and mutant cells responding to these DNA-damaging agents, and identify specific features of the gene expression responses that are dependent on the Mec1 pathway. Among the hundreds of genes whose expression was affected by Mec1p, one set of genes appears to represent an MEC1-dependent expression signature of DNA damage. Other aspects of the genomic responses were independent of Mec1p, and likely independent of DNA damage, suggesting the pleiotropic effects of MMS and ionizing radiation. The complete data set as well as supplemental materials is available at http://www-genome.stanford.edu/mec1.
Gasch
A P
AP
Departments of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Huang
M
M
Metzner
S
S
Botstein
D
D
Elledge
S J
SJ
Brown
P O
PO
D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000502:physiology*; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000378:metabolism*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008741:Methyl Methanesulfonate / Q000494:pharmacology; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D017385:Sequence Homology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D008741:Methyl Methanesulfonate; D011494:Protein Kinases; C088937:MEC1 protein, S cerevisiae; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases