title: Retinoic acid enhances the cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine and cisplatin in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinoids, which are derivatives of vitamin A, are important factors involved in the control of biologic functions such as cell growth and differentiation, development, and carcinogenesis. We have shown previously that the naturally occurring retinoids all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cisretinoic acid (9cRA) induce growth inhibition followed by apoptosis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells in vitro.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of retinoids in combination with the chemotherapeutic drugs gemcitabine and cisplatin.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis by different combinations of retinoids and cytotoxic drugs were studied by using the T3M-4 and BxPc-3 cell lines. For in vivo studies, T3M-4 cells were injected subcutaneously in nude mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells with ATRA or 9cRA before the addition of the drugs resulted in significant reduction in cell number compared with treatment with the drugs alone. Pre-treatment with 9cRA followed by gemcitabine or cisplatin alone also resulted in a strong increase in the percentage of cells undergoing programmed cell death, or apoptosis. Furthermore, there was an indication that the combination of ATRA and gemcitabine caused increased apoptosis in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results clearly suggest the need for additional studies exploring the potential role of the combination of retinoids and gemcitabine in the management of pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Colston
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Dalgleish
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D014212:Tretinoin; D002945:Cisplatin; D000093542:Gemcitabine