title: HPV types and cofactors causing cervical cancer in Peru.
abstract: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in Peru of 198 women with histologically confirmed cervical cancer (173 squamous cell carcinomas and 25 cases of adenocarcinoma/adenosquamous carcinoma) and 196 control women. Information on risk factors was obtained by personal interview. Using PCR-based assays on exfoliated cervical cells and biopsy specimens, HPV DNA was detected in 95.3% of women with squamous cell carcinoma and in 92.0% of women with adenocarcinoma/adenosquamous carcinoma compared with 17.7% in control women. The age-adjusted odds ratio was 116.0 (95% Cl = 48.6-276.0) for squamous cell carcinoma and 51.4 (95% Cl = 11.4-232.0) for adenocarcinoma/adenosquamous carcinoma. The commonest types in women with cervical cancer were HPV 16, 18, 31, 52 and 35. The association with the various HPV types was equally strong for the two most common types (HPV 16 and 18) as for the other less common types. In addition to HPV, long-term use of oral contraceptives and smoking were associated with an increased risk. HPV is the main cause of both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in Peruvian women.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Enfermedades Neoplásicas Dr Eduardo Cáceres Graziani, Av. Angamos Este 2520, Lima 34, Peru.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klug
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Almonte
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Velarde
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Galdos
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walboomers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Caceres
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000821:virology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000821:virology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D004279:DNA, Viral