title: Bivariate analysis of cellular DNA versus RNA content by laser scanning cytometry using the product of signal subtraction (differential fluorescence) as a separate parameter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cytometric methods of bivariate analysis of cellular RNA versus DNA content have limitations. The method based on the use of metachromatic fluorochrome acridine orange (AO) requires rigorous conditions of the equilibrium staining whereas pyronin Y and Hoechst 33342 necessitate the use of an instrument that provides two-laser excitation, including the ultraviolet (UV) light wavelength.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human lymphocytes were deposited on microscope slides and fixed. DNA and double-stranded (ds) RNA were stained with propidium iodide (PI) and protein was stained with BODIPY 630/650-X or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Cellular fluorescence was measured with a laser scanning cytometer (LSC). The cells were treated with RNase A and their fluorescence was measured again. The file-merge feature of the LSC was used to record the cell PI fluorescence measurements prior to and after the RNase treatment in list mode, as a single file. The integrated PI fluorescence intensity of each cell after RNase treatment was subtracted from the fluorescence intensity of the same cell measured prior to RNase treatment. This RNase-specific differential value of fluorescence (differential fluorescence [DF]) was plotted against the cell fluorescence measured after RNase treatment or against the protein-associated BODIPY 630/650-X or FITC fluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The scattergrams were characteristic of the RNA versus DNA bivariate distributions where DF represented cellular ds RNA content and fluorescence intensity of the RNase-treated cells, their DNA content. The distributions were used to correlate cellular ds RNA content with the cell cycle position or with protein content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One advantage of this novel approach based on the recording and plotting of DF is that only the RNase -specific fraction of cell fluorescence is measured with no contribution of nonspecific components (e.g., due to the emission spectrum overlap or stainability of other than RNA cell constituents). Another advantage is the method's simplicity, which ensues from the use of a single dye, the same illumination, and the same emission wavelength detection sensor for measurement of both DNA and ds RNA. The method can be extended for multiparameter analysis of cell populations stained with other fluorochromes of the same-wavelength emission but targeted (e.g., immunocytochemically) for different cell constituents.
authors.affiliation: Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10523, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smolewski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grabarek
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kamentsky
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Darzynkiewicz
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis*; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D019044:Image Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis*; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D011506:Proteins; D012313:RNA; D004247:DNA