title: Diphenyleneiodonium inhibits NF-kappaB activation and iNOS expression induced by IL-1beta: involvement of reactive oxygen species.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this work, we studied the mechanisms by which diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) inhibits nitric oxide (NO) synthesis induced by the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1) in bovine articular chondrocytes. To achieve this, we evaluated the ability of DPI to inhibit the expression and activity of the inducible isoform of the NO synthase (iNOS) induced by IL-1. We also studied the ability of DPI to prevent IL-1-induced NF-kappaB activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Northern and Western blot analysis, respectively, showed that DPI dose-dependently inhibited IL-1-induced iNOS mRNA and protein synthesis in primary cultures of bovine articular chondrocytes. DPI effectively inhibited NO production (IC50=0.03+/-0.004 microM), as evaluated by the method of Griess. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation, as evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, was inhibited by DPI (1-10 microM) in a dose-dependent manner. IL-1-induced ROS production, as evaluated by measurement of dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, was inhibited by DPI at concentrations that also prevented NF-kappaB activation and iNOS expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DPI inhibits IL-1-induced NO production in chondrocytes by two distinct mechanisms: (i) by inhibiting NOS activity, and (ii) by preventing iNOS expression through the blockade of NF-kappaB activation. These results also support the involvement of reactive oxygen species in IL-1-induced NF-kappaB activation and expression of NF-kappaB-dependent genes, such as iNOS.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Caramona
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lopes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009861:Onium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009861:Onium Compounds; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C007517:diphenyleneiodonium; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II