title: An adaptation of Brislin's translation model for cross-cultural research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of nurse scientists pursuing cross-cultural research using quantitative designs is increasing. Preparation of instruments that are conceptually and functionally appropriate in the language of the participants is a complex process that needs examination.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Brislin's classic model for translation and validation of instruments for cross-cultural research is critiqued. Adaptations and extensions of that model are recommended.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brislin's model guided tool preparation in a cross-cultural investigation. The process is described and lessons learned are outlined and discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Steps toward a more efficient and valid approach to the preparation of instruments are suggested.
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Nursing, California 92350, USA. pjones@sn.llu.edu
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: X E
authors.initials: XE
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Jaceldo
mesh_terms: D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D006801:Humans; D019359:Knowledge; D008960:Models, Psychological; D019303:Multilingualism; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016746:Transcultural Nursing; D014175:Translating; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology