title: Bloodstream infections after invasive nonsurgical cardiologic procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the incidence, risk factors, and characteristics of bloodstream infections (BSIs) after invasive nonsurgical cardiologic procedures (ICPs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-control study; multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between January 1991 and December 1998, 22 006 ICPs were performed in our hospital and 25 BSIs were documented within 72 hours after ICP. Overall incidence of bacteremia was 0.11% (25 cases) (0.24% after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty [14 cases of 5625 patients], 0.06% [corrected] after diagnostic cardiac catheterization [9 cases of 14 034 patients], and 0.08% [corrected] after electrophysiologic studies [2 cases of 2347 patients]). These 25 patients with bacteremia were compared with 50 controls randomly selected among patients who underwent an ICP but did not have BSIs. Patient-related risk factors for BSI were age older than 60 years (20 cases [80%] vs 28 controls [56%]), valvular disease (4 [16%] vs 1 [2%]), congestive heart failure (7 [28%] vs 1 [2%]), indwelling bladder catheter before the ICP (5 [20%] vs 1 [2%]), more than 1 puncture for the ICP (5 [20%] vs 3 [6%]), a prolonged procedure (83.7 vs 65.1 minutes); and/or more than 1 ICP performed (2 [8%] vs 0). Multivariate analysis identified the presence of congestive heart failure (odds ratio, 21; 95% confidence interval, 6.8-66.0) and age older than 60 years (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-6.3) as independent risk factors for BSI after ICP. Bloodstream infection was detected a median of 1.7 days after the procedure. Gram-negative bacteremia accounted for 17 cases (68%) of the BSIs. Among the patients with BSI, the duration of hospital stay was significantly increased (21 vs 6 days). The overall mortality rate was 0.009% for patients who underwent an ICP (8.0% for the 25 patients with bacteremia documented within 72 hours after ICP).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bloodstream infection should be included among the potential complications of ICP. Elderly patients with recent congestive heart failure episodes constitute a subgroup with a higher risk of postprocedure bacteremia. Therapy with antimicrobial agents against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteremia should be initiated after performing blood cultures in patients with signs suggestive of infection.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón," Doctor Esquerdo 47, Madrid 28006, Spain. pmunoz@micro.hggm.es
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Creixéms
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Delcan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bouza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*