title: Preprandial combination of lispro and NPH insulin improves overall blood glucose control in type 1 diabetic patients: a multicenter randomized crossover trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While lispro insulin has been reported to lower postprandial blood glucose concentrations, less consistent effects have been shown for glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Aim of this study was to determine whether pre-meal association of NPH, an intermediate-acting insulin, with lispro improves overall glycemic control in type 1 diabetic patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-five type 1 diabetic patients were studied in a multicenter randomized comparative (human regular vs lispro insulin) crossover (3-month) study in which NPH insulin was given as a dinner or bedtime injection and at breakfast and lunch if necessary. The number of injections was kept constant: 42% and 58% of patients injected insulin 3 and 4 times per day, respectively. Fasting and preprandial blood glucose levels were similar, while postprandial levels improved after lispro compared to human regular insulin (breakfast: 8.28 +/- 2.39 vs 9.28 +/- 2.72 mmol/l; lunch: 8.33 +/- 2.67 vs 9.06 +/- 2.67 mmol/l, dinner: 8.06 +/- 2.72 vs 9.28 +/- 2.44 mmol/l, ANOVA: p = 0.003). HbA1c also improved after lispro: 8.1 +/- 0.9 vs 8.3 +/- 0.8%, p < 0.05. The rate of hypoglycemia was similar. Patients showed better acceptance of lispro treatment (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lispro improves overall blood glucose control in type 1 diabetic patients without increasing the incidence of hypoglycemia. This can be achieved by an optimal combination of lispro insulin with NPH whenever the time intervals between meals are too long.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Annuzzi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Del Prato
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arcari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellomo Damato
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benzi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruttomesso
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Calderini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coscelli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fedele
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galluzzo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giorgino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lapolla
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Orsini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pagano
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riccardi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D008055:Lipids; D007336:Insulin, Isophane