title: Longitudinal outcome of verbal discourse in children with traumatic brain injury: three-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared changes in discourse ability between two groups of children age 5 to 10 years after brain injury: those with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and those with mild/moderate injury over 3-year follow-up testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three children with TBI were recruited from a larger research project examining cognitive and linguistic recovery after injury. Twenty-two of these patients had severe injuries and 21 sustained mild/moderate injuries. All children were presented an ordered sequence of pictures and asked to verbally produce a story/narrative discourse. Each child was then asked to produce a lesson relating to the story.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The severe group performed significantly worse than the mild/moderate group when performance across all four discourse domains was considered. Both groups improved across time on selected discourse measures. Qualitative analysis suggested that the severe group showed differential rates of improvement across the individual discourse variables over the 3-year interval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe TBI can have a pernicious effect on discourse abilities in children years after injury compared with children with mild/moderate injuries. The major caveat is that the discourse measures must be sufficiently challenging when used to assess older children and children with milder forms of TBI.
authors.affiliation: Center for BrainHealth, Department of Human Development, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 45235, USA. schapman@utdallas.edu
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McKinnon
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D007808:Language Therapy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology*