title: Identifying and assessing the conceptions of teaching of secondary school physics teachers in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent research indicates that how lecturers think about the nature of teaching influences both the way they teach and the way their students learn and ultimately the learning outcomes they achieve. Such research has primarily been conducted at the tertiary level in Western countries and its relevance for school teaching and in non-Western contexts has yet to be demonstrated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Study 1 aimed to develop a model of the conceptions of teaching of Chinese secondary school teachers of physics and an instrument to assess these conceptions. Study 2 then tested the reliability and within-construct validity of responses to the latter and the relationships between teaching experience and gender and teaching conceptions were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The interview sample in Study 1 comprised 18 teachers of physics in Guangdong, China. The instrument was administrated to 450 physics teachers from the province in Study 2.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in-depth emic approach involving both interviews and classroom observations was utilised to develop the model. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the fit of responses to the instrument to the proposed model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five lower order conceptions (Knowledge Delivery, Exam Preparation, Ability Development, Attitude Promotion, and Conduct Guidance) and two higher order orientations (Moulding and Cultivating) were identified. Responses to the instrument were found to be of satisfactory internal consistency reliability and to fit the expected underlying factor model. Neither teaching experience nor gender was found to be related to conceptions of teaching.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model developed differed in some respects from those found in the Western tertiary literature due probably to cultural factors which emphasise more an affective, moral view of teaching and to a school contextual emphasis on exams. The instrument developed had very adequate psychometric properties and seems promising as a tool for assessing teaching conceptions in future research within China and across cultures.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Curriculum Studies and Teaching Material Development, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lingbiao
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002681:China; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003479:Curriculum; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D010825:Physics / Q000193:education*; D011340:Problem Solving; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*