title: The rational clinical examination. Does this patient have a torn meniscus or ligament of the knee? Value of the physical examination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While most meniscal or ligamentous knee injuries heal with nonoperative treatments, a subset should be treated with arthroscopic or open surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the accuracy of the clinical examination for meniscal or ligamentous knee injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE (1966-December 31, 2000) and HealthSTAR (1975-December 31, 2000) databases were searched for English-language articles describing the diagnostic accuracy of individual examination items for the knee and a combination of physical examination items (composite examination). Other data sources included reference lists from relevant articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies selected for data extraction were those that compared the performance of the physical examination of the knee with a reference standard, such as arthroscopy, arthrotomy, or magnetic resonance imaging. Eighty-eight articles were identified, of which 23 (26%) met inclusion criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rheumatologist and an orthopedic surgeon independently reviewed each article using a standardized rating scale that scored the assembly of the study, the relevance of the patients enrolled, the appropriateness of the reference standard, and the blinding of the examiner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Summary likelihood ratios (LRs) were estimated from random effects models. The summary LRs for physical examination for tears of the anterior cruciate ligament, using the anterior drawer test, were 3.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7-22.0) for a positive examination and 0.30 (95% CI, 0.05-1.50) for a negative examination; the Lachman test, 25.0 (95% CI, 2.7-651.0) and 0.1 (95% CI, 0.0-0.4); and the composite assessment, 25.0 (95% CI, 2.1-306.0) and 0.04 (95% CI, 0.01-0.48), respectively. The LRs could not be generated for any specific examination maneuver for a posterior cruciate ligament tear, but the composite assessment had an LR of 21.0 (95% CI, 2.1-205.0) for a positive examination and 0.05 (95% CI, 0.01-0.50) for a negative examination. Determination of meniscal lesions, using McMurray test, had an LR of 1.3 (95% CI, 0.9-1.7) for a positive examination and 0.8 (95% CI, 0.6-1.1) for a negative examination; joint line tenderness, 0.9 (95% CI, 0.8-1.0) and 1.1 (95% CI, 1.0-1.3); and the composite assessment, 2.7 (95% CI, 1.4-5.1) and 0.4 (95% CI, 0.2-0.7), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The composite examination for specific meniscal or ligamentous injuries of the knee performed much better than specific maneuvers, suggesting that synthesis of a group of examination maneuvers and historical items may be required for adequate diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Desk A41, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Simel
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Schaffer
mesh_terms: D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001182:Arthroscopy; D002983:Clinical Competence; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010808:Physical Examination; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000293:injuries; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000070600:Tibial Meniscus Injuries