title: Prospective results of a standardized algorithm based on hemodynamic status for managing pediatric solid organ injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controversy surrounds the need for ICU admission, prolonged bed rest, and the duration of activity restrictions for children sustaining blunt trauma. Adult literature supports management based on hemodynamic status, not CT grade.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3-year prospective study of a standardized management algorithm for hemodynamically normal pediatric patients with blunt liver or spleen injury was performed. Patient selection was based on vital signs, irrespective of injury grade on CT. Patients requiring ICU admission for nonliver or nonspleen injury were excluded. Patients were admitted to a surgical ward with serial hematocrit levels. Discharge occurred 48 hours postinjury if patients had no abdominal tenderness, tolerated a regular diet, and had a stable hematocrit. Patients were allowed noncontact activity, including school, after discharge. Patients were followed up at 1 month with ultrasonographic imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-nine patients sustained blunt liver or spleen injury. Forty-five patients were excluded for other injuries (Glasgow Coma Scale < 13, 32 of 45); the remaining 44 patients had a mean age of 8.9 years (range 2 to 17 years), Injury Severity Score 10.6 (range 4 to 33), liver grade 2.1, and splenic injury grade 2.3. Mechanisms of injury were predominately motor vehicle collisions (59%). All patients were managed nonoperatively without transfusion; 43 of 44 patients completed the algorithm. Mean observation was 55.2 +/- 12.3 hours. One-month followup occurred in 33 of 44 patients, with one complication detected and no delayed bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Management of pediatric solid organ injury should be guided by hemodynamic status and not injury grade on CT. Hemodynamically normal children can be safely managed without intensive care monitoring, do not need prolonged hospitalization, and can resume school on discharge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock 72202, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mehall
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ennis
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Saltzman
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chandler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grewal
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D001510:Bed Rest; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013154:Spleen / Q000293:injuries*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000628:therapy*