title: Aortic valve endothelial cells undergo transforming growth factor-beta-mediated and non-transforming growth factor-beta-mediated transdifferentiation in vitro.
abstract: Cardiac valves arise from endocardial cushions, specialized regions of the developing heart that are formed by an endothelial-to-mesenchymal cell transdifferentiation. Whether and to what extent this transdifferentiation is retained in mature heart valves is unknown. Herein we show that endothelial cells from mature valves can transdifferentiate to a mesenchymal phenotype. Using induction of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), an established marker for this process, two distinct pathways of transdifferentiation were identified in clonally derived endothelial cell populations isolated from ovine aortic valve leaflets. alpha-SMA expression was induced by culturing clonal endothelial cells in medium containing either transforming growth factor-beta or low levels of serum and no basic fibroblast growth factor. Cells induced to express alpha-SMA exhibited markedly increased migration in response to platelet-derived growth factor-BB, consistent with a mesenchymal phenotype. A population of the differentiated cells co-expressed CD31, an endothelial marker, along with alpha-SMA, as seen by double-label immunofluorescence. Similarly, this co-expression of endothelial markers and alpha-SMA was detected in a subpopulation of cells in frozen sections of aortic valves, suggesting the transdifferentiation may occur in vivo. Hence, the clonal populations of valvular endothelial cells described here provide a powerful in vitro model for dissecting molecular events that regulate valvular endothelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paranya
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vineberg
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dvorin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaushal
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rabkin
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Schoen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bischoff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002999:Clone Cells; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D012756:Sheep; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta