title: Risk factors affecting survival after brain metastases from non-small cell lung carcinoma: a follow-up study of 70 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors present their experience with the treatment of brain metastases from non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was conducted in which records from 74 patients treated at the authors' institution between 1994 and 1999 were assessed. Survival and functional outcome were reviewed relative to individual patient variables. The median survival time was 12.9 months, with 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival milestones reached by 52.2%, 30.7%. and 18.1% of patients, respectively. Patients were stratified into groups composed of those with synchronous brain metastases (tumors diagnosed within 3 months of NSCLC) and metachronous brain metastases (tumors diagnosed 3 months after NSCLC). The median survival time and 5-year survival rate were 18 months and 28.9% for metachronous, compared with 9.9 months and 0% for synchronous brain metastases. In univariate analyses, the stage of brain metastases, an initial Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score of 90 or less, and conservative therapy for NSCLC were associated with worse outcomes (p < 0.05). In analyses in which tumors were stratified by synchronous compared with metachronous brain metastases, a preoperative KPS score of 90 or less and radiation therapy (RT) alone for brain metastases were associated with worse outcomes in patients with metachronous brain metastases but not with synchronous tumors (p < 0.05). When stratified by preoperative KPS score, the synchronous brain metastases stage or treatment of brain metastases with RT alone were associated with worse outcome in patients with KPS scores of 100, but had no discernible effect on patients with KPS scores of 90 or less (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tumor stage and preoperative KPS score were significantly associated with survival. Craniotomy plus RT significantly improved the prognosis in patients with metachronous brain metastases or those with a preoperative KPS score of 100.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA. jabraham@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Abrahams
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torchia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Putt
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Judy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis