title: Molecular characterization of the CCR 5 gene in seronegative individuals exposed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both clinical and laboratory evidence in exposed seronegative (ESN) individuals to human HIV-1 has suggested the existence of mechanisms of natural resistance to the infection. A 32 base-pair deletion in the gene that codes for the CCR5, which is the main coreceptor for HIV-1, confers a high degree of resistance to HIV-1 infection. However, the genotype Delta32/Delta32 is present only in 2-4% of Caucasoid ESN individuals suggesting the existence of other mechanisms of protection. Mutations different from Delta32 have also been proposed as playing a role in resistance/susceptibility to this infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To screen for different mutations along the entire coding region of the ccr5 gene that can potentially explain the persistent seronegativity in a group of ESN individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of a total of 86 individuals analyzed for Delta32 mutation by the PCR technique, 36 scored HIV seropositive (SP) and 50 were ESN. The entire group of ESN individuals was screened for other mutations in the ccr5 gene by single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of the mutant allele Delta32 was 4% (4/100) for ESN individuals and 4.2% (3/72) for SP individuals. The homozygous mutant genotype (Delta32/Delta32) was found in only 2% (1/50) of ESN individuals, but in no SP individuals. The heterozygous genotype was found in 8.3% (3/36) of SP individuals and in 4% (2/50) of ESN individuals. The differences in the allelic and genotypic frequencies among the groups were not statistically significant. A comparison between the observed and the expected genotypic frequencies showed that they were significantly different for the ESN group, suggesting a protective, yet indirect effect of the mutant genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The screening of the entire coding region of the ccr5 gene in all ESN did not revealed no other mutations that could account for resistance to HIV-1 infection. Although the CCR5 molecule is the most important coreceptor for HIV-1, mutations in this gene do not account for most of the cases of natural resistance to this virus that have so far been reported.
authors.affiliation: Immunovirology Group, Laboratorio de Virologia, Facultdad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, A.A. 1226, Medellin, Colombia. mtrugel@catios.udea.edu.co
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rugeles
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Solano
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: V I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Bedoya
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Patiño
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D005787:Gene Frequency; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D018023:HIV Seronegativity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D009154:Mutation; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D019713:Receptors, CCR5