title: Molecular cloning and functional characterization of chicken toll-like receptors. A single chicken toll covers multiple molecular patterns.
abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLR) in the innate immune system have not been identified in non-mammalian vertebrates. Two types of TLR were cloned from a chicken bursa cDNA library using degenerate primers based on the consensus sequences of mouse and Drosophila Toll and designated as chicken TLR (chTLR) type 1 and type 2. Of the nine human TLRs reported to date, these chTLRs showed the highest homology to human TLR2. The extracellular regions of type 1 and type 2 contained a distinct approximately 200-amino acid stretch and were 45.3 and 46.3% homologous to that of human TLR2. The intracellular Toll/interleukin-1R homology domain of type 1 and type 2 was perfectly identical to each other and highly homologous (80.7%) to that of human TLR2. Both types were widely detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting in various chicken organs, especially those rich in connective tissue. Both genes were mapped to chromosome 4q1.1, suggesting that they arose by gene duplication. By reporter gene assay, type 2 and to a lesser extent type 1, selectively signaled the presence of mycoplasma macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2/M161Ag in the human embryonic kidney 293 cell system. Cotransfection of type 2 and human CD14 or MD-2 into human embryonic kidney 293 cells allowed the response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), whereas type 1 did not signal LPS or any other microbial components tested. These results indicated that chTLR type 2 covers two major microbe patterns, lipoproteins and LPS, which are regulated by TLR2 and TLR4 in mammals. In oviparous animals, the duplicated TLRs in the pattern-recognition system may function for host-pathogen discrimination in a manner that is distinct from that in mammals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toyoshima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seya
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002645:Chickens; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015723:Gene Library; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011817:Rabbits; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D008156:Luciferases