title: Calmodulin binds to K-Ras, but not to H- or N-Ras, and modulates its downstream signaling.
abstract: Activation of Ras induces a variety of cellular responses depending on the specific effector activated and the intensity and amplitude of this activation. We have previously shown that calmodulin is an essential molecule in the down-regulation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/extracellularly regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in cultured fibroblasts and that this is due at least in part to an inhibitory effect of calmodulin on Ras activation. Here we show that inhibition of calmodulin synergizes with diverse stimuli (epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, bombesin, or fetal bovine serum) to induce ERK activation. Moreover, even in the absence of any added stimuli, activation of Ras by calmodulin inhibition was observed. To identify the calmodulin-binding protein involved in this process, calmodulin affinity chromatography was performed. We show that Ras and Raf from cellular lysates were able to bind to calmodulin. Furthermore, Ras binding to calmodulin was favored in lysates with large amounts of GTP-bound Ras, and it was Raf independent. Interestingly, only one of the Ras isoforms, K-RasB, was able to bind to calmodulin. Furthermore, calmodulin inhibition preferentially activated K-Ras. Interaction between calmodulin and K-RasB is direct and is inhibited by the calmodulin kinase II calmodulin-binding domain. Thus, GTP-bound K-RasB is a calmodulin-binding protein, and we suggest that this binding may be a key element in the modulation of Ras signaling.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Biologia Cellular i Anatomia Patològica, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Villalonga
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López-Alcalá
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiloeches
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rocamora
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marais
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bachs
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Agell
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D001839:Bombesin / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011485:Protein Binding; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C501009:HRAS protein, human; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins; D001839:Bombesin; D002118:Calcium