title: Psychiatric comorbidity in pathological gamblers seeking treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors' goal was to determine the frequency of psychiatric comorbidity among treatment-seeking pathological gamblers, compare the severity of gambling and psychological problems in gamblers with and without comorbid disorders, and investigate differences between gamblers with and without comorbid disorders in the dopamine D(2) receptor gene (DRD(2)).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-nine pathological gamblers who consecutively applied to a specialized outpatient treatment program were evaluated with structured interviews, self-report questionnaires, and psychological scales and were genotyped for a DRD(2) polymorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comorbid psychiatric disorder was present in 43 (62.3%) of the gamblers. The most frequent diagnoses were personality disorders (N=29 [42.0%]), alcohol abuse or dependence (N=23 [33.3%]), and adjustment disorders (N=12 [17.4%]). Gamblers with comorbid psychiatric disorders had gambling scores and psychological scale scores indicating greater severity of gambling and psychopathology. Significant differences in DRD(2) allele distribution were found in gamblers with and without comorbid disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychiatric comorbidity is common among pathological gamblers and is associated with greater severity of clinical problems. The DRD(2) gene could be a liability genetic factor for psychiatric comorbidity in pathological gambling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcala University, Madrid, Spain. aibanez@hrc.insalud.es
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lesieur
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pérez de Castro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernández-Piqueras
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sáiz-Ruiz
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2