title: HPLC/1H NMR spectroscopic studies of the reactive alpha-1-O-acyl isomer formed during acyl migration of S-naproxen beta-1-O-acyl glucuronide.
abstract: A widely held view in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies is that the initial 1-isomer to 2-isomer step in the intramolecular acyl migration of drug ester glucuronides is irreversible, and that alpha-1-O-acyl isomers do not occur under physiological conditions. We investigated this hypothesis using high-performance liquid chromatography directly coupled to proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HPLC/1H NMR) and mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to probe the migration reactions of S-naproxen beta-1-O-acyl glucuronide, in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, 37 degrees C. We report the first direct observation of the alpha-1-O-acyl isomer of a drug ester glucuronide (S-naproxen) formed in a biosystem via the facile acyl migration of the corresponding pure beta-1-O-acyl glucuronide. The unequivocal identification of the reactive product was achieved using stopped-flow one-dimensional HPLC/1H NMR and two-dimensional 1H-1H total correlation spectroscopy (1H-1H TOCSY). Parallel LC/ion-trap mass spectrometry yielded the confirmatory glucuronide masses. Moreover, "dynamic" stopped-flow HPLC/1H NMR experiments revealed transacylation of the isolated alpha-1-O-acyl isomer to a mixture of alpha/beta-2-O-acyl isomers; the reverse reaction from the isolated alpha/beta-2-O-acyl isomers to the alpha-1-O-acyl isomer was also clearly demonstrated. This application of "dynamic" stopped-flow HPLC/1H NMR allows key kinetic data to be obtained on a reactive metabolite that would otherwise be difficult to follow by conventional HPLC and NMR methods where sample preparation and off-line separations are necessary. These data challenge the widely held view that the alpha-1-O-acyl isomers of drug ester glucuronides do not occur under physiological conditions. Furthermore, the similar formation of alpha-1-O-acyl isomers from zomepirac and diflunisal beta-1-O-acyl glucuronides has recently been confirmed (Corcoran et al., unpublished results). Such reactions are also likely to be widespread for other drugs that form ester glucuronides in biological systems. Ultimately, the presence of significant quantities of the kinetically labile alpha-1-O-acyl glucuronide isomer may also have toxicological implications in terms of reactivity toward cellular proteins.
authors.affiliation: Biological Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Division, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. olivia.corcoran@bruker-biospin.com
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Corcoran
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Troke
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D000215:Acylation; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D007536:Isomerism; D007700:Kinetics; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009288:Naproxen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D020719:Glucuronides; C430408:naproxen glucuronide; D009288:Naproxen