title: Aristolochic acid impedes endocytosis and induces DNA adducts in proximal tubule cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aristolochic acid (AA), present in Aristolochia plants, appears to be the toxin responsible for Chinese herbs nephropathy (CHN), a rapidly progressive tubulointerstitial nephritis. One of the earliest sign of CHN is the urinary excretion of low-molecular-weight proteins (LMWP), suggesting that AA is toxic to proximal tubules (PT).
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of AA on PT functions including reabsorption of LMWP were investigated on the well-established opossum kidney (OK) cell line, a model for PT, and compared with those of the classical PT toxin cadmium chloride (CdCl2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  OK cell monolayers internalized albumin and beta2-microglobulin by receptor-mediated endocytosis, both proteins apparently competing for the same receptor, a complex of megalin and cubulin. The process was significantly impaired by 24-hour preincubation with AA (10 or 20 micromol/L) or CdCl2 (15 micromol/L). Furthermore, 24-hour exposure to AA followed by its removal during one to six days led to a persistent inhibition of the uptake of albumin, in contrast to the substantial recovery observed after CdCl2 removal. Neither AA nor CdCl2 affected cell viability, Na+-glucose cotransport or total rate of protein synthesis. AA significantly decreased megalin expression and formed specific DNA adducts in OK cells, similar to those found in kidneys from CHN patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data support the involvement of AA in the early PT dysfunction found in CHN; furthermore, they suggest a causal relationship between DNA adduct formation, decreased megalin expression, and inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis of LMWP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, University of Brussels Medical School, Brussels, Belgium. clebeau@ulb.ac.be
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lebeau
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Arlt
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schmeiser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boom
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Verroust
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Devuyst
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beauwens
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D034341:Aristolochic Acids; D019256:Cadmium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000378:metabolism*; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D026561:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D009893:Opossums; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000506:poisoning*; D011506:Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000502:physiology; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D034341:Aristolochic Acids; D018736:DNA Adducts; D026561:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2; D010616:Phenanthrenes; D011506:Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D012709:Serum Albumin; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; C000228:aristolochic acid I; D019256:Cadmium Chloride