title: Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome and Escherichia coli O121 at a Lake in Connecticut, 1999.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have emerged as an important public health problem. Outbreaks attributed to non-O157 STEC rarely are reported. In 1999, follow-up of routine surveillance reports of children with hemolytic- uremic syndrome (HUS) identified a small cluster of 3 cases of HUS, all of whom had spent overlapping time in a Connecticut lake community in the week before onset of symptoms. We conducted an investigation to determine the magnitude and source of the outbreak and to determine risk factors associated with the transmission of illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cohort study and an environmental investigation. The study population included all people who were at the lake in a defined geographic area during July 16-25, 1999. This time and area were chosen on the basis of interviews with the 3 HUS case-patients. A case was defined as diarrhea (>/=3 loose stools/d for >/=3 days) in a person who was at the lake during July 16-25, 1999. Stool samples were requested from any lake resident with diarrheal illness. Stools were cultured for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and E coli O157. Broth cultures of stools were tested for Shiga toxin. Case-patients were asked to submit a serum specimen for antibody testing to lipopolysaccharides of selected STEC. Environmental samples from sediment, drinking water, lake water, and ice were obtained and cultured for E coli and tested for Shiga toxin. An environmental evaluation of the lake was conducted to identify any septic, water supply system, or other environmental condition that could be related to the outbreak.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Information was obtained for 436 people from 165 (78%) households. Eleven (2.5%) people had illnesses that met the case definition, including the 3 children with HUS. The attack rate was highest among those who were younger than 10 years and who swam in the lake on July 17 or 18 (12%; relative risk [RR]: 7.3). Illness was associated with swimming (RR = 8.3) and with swallowing water while swimming (RR = 7.0) on these days. No person who swam only after July 18 developed illness. Clinical characteristics of case-patients included fever (27%), bloody diarrhea (27%), and severe abdominal cramping (73%). Only the 3 children with HUS required hospitalization. No bacterial pathogen was isolated from the stool of any case-patient. Among lake residents outside the study area, E coli O121:H19 was obtained from a Shiga toxin-producing isolate from a toddler who swam in the lake. Serum was obtained from 7 of 11 case-patients. Six of 7 case-patients had E coli O121 antibody titers that ranged from 1:320 to >1:20 480. E coli indicative of fecal contamination was identified from sediment and water samples taken from a storm drain that emptied into the beach area and from a stream bed located between 2 houses, but no Shiga toxin-producing strain was identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings are consistent with a transient local beach contamination in mid-July, probably with E coli O121:H19, which seems to be able to cause severe illness. Without HUS surveillance, this outbreak may have gone undetected by public health officials. This outbreak might have been detected sooner if Shiga toxin screening had been conducted routinely in HUS cases. Laboratory testing that relies solely on the inability of an isolate to ferment sorbitol will miss non-O157 STEC, such as E coli O121. Serologic testing can be used as an adjunct in the diagnosis of STEC infections. Lake-specific recommendations included education, frequent water sampling, and alternative means for toddlers to use lake facilities.
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Intelligence Service, Connecticut Department of Public Health, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. tara.mccarthy@po.state.ct.us
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hadler
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salsbury
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dingman
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Brinkman
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Bibb
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cartter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003237:Connecticut / Q000453:epidemiology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D006463:Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D022621:Shiga Toxin / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D013550:Swimming; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D022621:Shiga Toxin