title: Percutaneous occlusion of patent foramen ovale in patients with paradoxical embolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A patent foramen ovale can be found in about one quarter of adults and in a small percentage it is a wide opening and may be associated with aneurysmal formation. The association between a wide patent foramen ovale and paradoxical embolism is well established. In such cases percutaneous closure is indicated, as an alternative to life-long anticoagulant therapy or surgery. Percutaneous closure is an attractive technique and is more advantageous than other methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe the first cases of percutaneous occlusion of patent foramen ovale performed in Portugal, using the Amplatzer PFO occluder, in three female patients with documented cerebrovascular accidents due to paradoxical embolism. We also analyze the rationale for using this technique in such patients and its preliminary results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three patients submitted to percutaneous occlusion of patent foramen ovale had a similar history of ischemic cerebrovascular accident. Transesophageal echocardiography showed a wide-open foramen ovale ranging from 9 to 12 mm, with spontaneous right-to-left shunt in all patients, and one of them also had an aneurysmal formation. Total procedure time ranged from 30 to 55 minutes and fluoroscopic time from 9 to 12 minutes. There were no complications and during the short follow up all patients are asymptomatic and free of recurrent events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale is a safe and promising technique in the prevention of recurrent systemic thromboembolism in appropriately selected patients. Prospective studies comparing antithrombotic therapy or surgery with percutaneous closure should clarify its efficacy and therapeutic value.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Cardiologia Pediátrica, Hospital de Santa Marta, Lisboa.
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abreu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agapito
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quininha
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaku
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Antunes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D019320:Embolism, Paradoxical / Q000150:complications*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged