title: Tics and Tourette syndrome: clinical evaluation of 44 cases.
abstract: We evaluated 44 patients with tics and Tourette's syndrome (TS) emphasising the age of onset of symptoms, sex, classification and localization of tics, associated symptoms and signs and comorbidities. Thirty-three patients (75.2%) had TS defined criteria whereas 10 (22.7%) had chronic motor and/or vocal tics. Simple motor tics were found in 43 cases (97.7%), mainly affecting the eyes (43.2%), mouth (43.2%), face (34.1%). Simple vocal tics occurred in 33 (75%). Coprolalia was found in just 6 cases (13.6%) and copropraxia in just 2 (4.5%). Obsessive compulsive disorder and/or symptoms were found in 26 cases (59.1%) and attention deficit in 17 (38.6%). Eighteen patients (40.9%) had other disorders, such as alcoholism, tabagism, drug abuse, affective disorders, anxiety, sleep and learning disorders. The data obtained are similar to those found by other authors. We highlight the low frequency of coprolalia, as well as the associated neuropsychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Unit, Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas, Federal University of Paraná. hagteive@mps.com.br
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Teive
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Germiniani
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Della Coletta
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Werneck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020323:Tics / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis