title: Leptin concentrations are elevated in newborn infants of diabetic mothers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infants of diabetic mothers have been characterized by macrosomia due to hyperinsulinism. A relation has been observed between circulating levels of leptin and the intrauterine growth pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the leptin and insulin concentrations in the cord blood of 29 newborn infants of mothers with type 1 diabetes (iT1DM), 70 newborn infants of mothers with gestational diabetes and 105 newborn infants of nondiabetic mothers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences (p < 0.001) between the 3 groups with the highest leptin levels 24.9 microg/l (range 1.7-94.1) in infants of mothers with iT1DM and the second-highest levels 14.0 microg/l (range 2.6-74.9) in infants of mothers with gestational diabetes (iGDM), whereas the control infants had the lowest leptin levels 10.0 microg/l (range 0.10-45.9). Girls had higher leptin concentrations than boys among the iT1DM and control infants. The insulin concentrations were 18.1 mU/l (range 1.9-123.3), 6.1 mU/l (range 1.1-51.4) and 3.6 mU/l (range 0.5-21.5) in the 3 groups (p < 0.001), respectively. A significant correlation was observed between leptin and insulin concentrations in iGDM and control infants (r = 0.51; p < 0.001 and r = 0.25; p < 0.05). Both absolute and relative birth weights correlated with leptin levels in all 3 groups (r = 0.60, p = 0.01 and r = 0.51, p = 0.05 in iT1DM; r = 0.51 and 0.56, p < 0.001 in iGDM and r = 0.42 and 0.59, p < 0.001 in control infants).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm the relation between leptin concentrations and birth weight. They also suggest that leptin may be involved in the increased accumulation of adipose tissue characteristic of infants of diabetic mothers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, FIN-90230 Oulu, Finland. paivi.tapanainen@ppshp.fi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tapanainen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leinonen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruokonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin