title: Entry point soft tissue damage in antegrade femoral nailing: a cadaver study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little attention is paid to insertion site morbidity associated with antegrade femoral nailing. However, residual peritrochanteric pain after nailing is not uncommon. Additionally, the end branches of the medial femoral circumflex artery (m.f.c.a.) supplying the femoral head are in close proximity to the insertion site of the nail, and the occurrence of avascular necrosis of the femoral epiphysis after nailing in adolescents is rather frequent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess iatrogenic soft tissue injuries at the site of nail insertion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nailing with a reamed AO universal femoral nail was performed on sixteen adult cadavers followed by dissection of the proximal part of the femur to assess possible damage to the soft tissues. Three entry portals were defined. (A) entry portal lateral to the junction of the neck and the greater trochanter; (B) entry portal at the base of the greater trochanter anterior to a line along the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck; and (C) entry portal at the base of the greater trochanter posterior to a line along the axis of the femoral neck (at the piriformis fossa).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Group A, partial avulsion of the piriformis and the obturator internus tendon were present in four and in one of five specimens, respectively. Group B showed injuries to the piriformis tendon in two and to the gluteus minimus tendon in one of four cases. In Group C, partial avulsion of the piriformis, obturator internus, and obturator externus tendon were encountered in five, six, and two of seven specimens, respectively. Anterior branches of the ramus profundus of the m.f.c.a. within the synovial fold were damaged in all of these cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To select the best nail entry portal, the ease of nail insertion must be weighed against the resulting soft tissue damage at the site of insertion. The nail entry portal at the piriformis fossa, although geometrically ideal and most recommended, causes the most significant damage to muscle and tendons as well as to the blood supply to the femoral head. Therefore, even if reported only once, the occurrence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head after nailing in adults is a possible complication of this nail entry portal. The authors therefore prefer to avoid this entry portal in every case. The nail entry portal anterior to the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck, as in group B, although better with respect to the soft tissue damage, has the worst geometric and biomechanical disadvantages. The results of the current study favor the nail entry portal lateral at the greater trochanter as in Group A, which is equal to the entry portal B with respect to the soft tissue damage but allows introduction of the nail into the medullar cavity without difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Zurich, Balgrist Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dora
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leunig
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rothenfluh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ganz
mesh_terms: D001858:Bone Nails / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002102:Cadaver; D005270:Femur Head; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000209:etiology*