title: Changes in selenium, zinc, copper and cadmium contents in human milk during the time when selenium has been supplemented to fertilizers in Finland.
abstract: Sodium selenate has been supplemented to all agricultural fertilizers used in Finland since 1984. We followed the changes in selenium, cadmium, zinc and copper content in Finnish human milk between the years 1987 and 1993-1995. A total of 257 milk samples was collected, four weeks after delivery, in two areas: In Helsinki, an urban area, and in Kuopio, a rural area, where elevated copper concentrations have been found in the bedrock. Direct atomic absorption spectrophotometric methods without digestion were used for the analyses. The dependence of trace element content on study time, living area, smoking habits, fish eating frequency, and parity of mothers was studied by analysis of covariance. Inter-element correlations and correlations with mothers' age and fat content in milk were studied by partial correlation. Significant increases were observed in mean selenium (16.4 microg/l and 18.9 microg/l, p < 0.001) and in fat contents (3.4% and 4.0%, p < 0.001), whereas significant decreases were seen in mean zinc (3.00 mg/l and 1.47 mg/l, p < 0.001), copper (0.52 mg/l and 0.43 mg/l, p < 0.001) and cadmium contents (0.095 microg/l and 0.062 microg/l, p < 0.01). In 1987, zinc had a positive correlation with copper and fat. Copper correlated inversely with the mothers' age. In 1993-1995, selenium correlated positively with copper, and zinc correlated inversely with mothers' age. Mothers living area had an effect on copper content in milk. Our results confirm that selenium supplementation to fertilizers in Finland has increased the selenium level in human maternal milk and most likely it also has an effect on the zinc and copper concentrations in maternal milk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Kuopio, Finland. Marjatta.Kantola@uku.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kantol
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vartiainen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism*; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005223:Fats / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005308:Fertilizers; D005387:Finland; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012643:Selenium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000494:pharmacology; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005223:Fats; D005308:Fertilizers; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D003300:Copper; D012643:Selenium; D015032:Zinc