title: Endoscopic sphincterotomy for stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) is one of the causes of postcholecytectomy syndrome and biliary pain. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) is recommended in some cases for patients refractory to conservative treatment. By the Milwaukee classification, patients with biliary pain can be divided into three groups. Group I patients show all the objective signs suggestive of a disturbed bile outflow-i.e., elevated liver function tests, dilated common bile duct (CBD), and delayed contrast drainage during endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP). Group II patients have biliary-type pain along with one or two of the criteria from group I. Group III patients have only biliary pain, with no other abnormalities. This study confirms the effectiveness of EST for the relief of symptoms in group I patients (papillary stenosis).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1989 and 1999, we treated eight patients clinically diagnosed as having group I papillary stenosis by EST. Their ages ranged from 52 to 73 years. In addition to biliary pain, all patients were found to have dilated CBD, elevated enzyme levels, and delayed contrast drainage at ERCP. None of the patients had CBD stones or other causes of obstruction. Sphincter of Oddi manometry was not performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EST was successfully performed in eight patients. Each patient had a very large papilla. A false orifice was found in one patient. In five patients, endoscopic cannulation of the bile duct was very difficult. The use of a long, tapered catheter and guidewire papillotomy was necessary in four patients. A precut papillotomy was performed in one patient. All patients achieved resolution of their symptoms after EST. There were no complications. The average length of the follow-up period was 26 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SOD is a real entity that continues to pose a diagnostic dilemma. EST is an effective and safe modality for the treatment of papillary stenosis (group I patients). SOD manometry is not necessary before EST in group I patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. csugawa@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sugawa
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ukawa
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D000368:Aged; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D003137:Common Bile Duct Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009803:Sphincter of Oddi / Q000601:surgery*; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome