title: Strategies for the implementation of cervical and breast cancer screening of women by primary care physicians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While effective screening tests for the prevention and early detection of cervical and breast cancers exist, poor screening rates are evident. The aim of this paper was to determine the most effective strategies for the implementation of breast and cervical cancer screening delivered to women.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in-depth search of the literature using Medline and the Cochrane Library was carried out between the years 1966 and 2000. Randomized controlled studies addressing the delivery of both breast and cervical screening were retained for the purposes of this review. Absolute difference (AD) in screening was defined as screening rates in the intervention arm--screening rates in the control arm. Number needed to intervene (NNI) is a new term developed for the purpose of this paper and refers to the number of physicians or physician-patient pairs that must be exposed to the intervention before one screening test is performed. NNI is defined as 1/AD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strategies for the implementation of screening tests are divided into three categories: physician-only based, physician and patient based, and patient-only based.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physician-based strategies, especially manual and computer-generated reminders, appear to be the most effective approach in the implementation of breast and cervical cancer delivery to women. Absolute gains in screening rates were as high as 40% with an NNI of 2.5 physicians; therefore, approximately 3 physicians need to be exposed to a reminder notice before 1 physician actually orders the screening tests.
authors.affiliation: Toronto-Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada. rachel.kupets@tsrcc.on.ca
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kupets
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covens
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003201:Computers; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008485:Medical Audit; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010821:Physicians, Family; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D017010:Reminder Systems; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*