The development of scholarship in the Igakkan. (1) The founding of the Igakkan.
The Igakkan was an institute for medical education in Tokugawa Japan, which was founded by Taki Motoaka (1693-1766) in 1765 and became a bakufu institution in 1791. This paper looks at the latter process (for the purpose of this abstract, I will refer to this as bureaucratization) in the context of Tokugawa educational policy, particularly in comparison with Shoheiko, a school for training bureaucrats. Also, this paper examines sources written during the Kansei period (1789-1801), many of which have been neglected in the field. I show that the Kansei reforms significantly shaped medical thought in the late Tokugawa period. The paper is divided into three parts, and will be published in this and the two forthcoming issues.  The titles of the three parts are as follows: Part 1. The Founding of the Igakkan Part 2. Government doctors during the Kansei Reform Period, As Seen in Yoshino zoshi Part 3. The Place of Evidential Scholarship in the late Tokugawa Period. In Part 1, I show that while the Shoheiko confirmed Shushigaku (sometimes referred to as Neo-Confucianism) as an orthodoxy, supporting the existing political structure, the scholars in the Igakkan were never confined by Sushigaku.
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D000047:Academies and Institutes / Q000266:history*; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000266:history*; D006076:Government; D006077:Government Agencies / Q000266:history*; D049671:History, 18th Century; D007564:Japan; D010686:Philosophy, Medical / Q000266:history*