title: Heparin and the nonanticoagulant N-acetyl heparin attenuate capillary no-reflow after normothermic ischemia of the lung.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the lung frequently occurs after cardiopulmonary bypass, after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, and especially after lung transplantation. Heparin is known to be protective in ischemia-reperfusion injury, but the risk for bleeding disorders may restrict its use in a variety of diseased conditions. Therefore, we tested the efficiency of nonanticoagulant N-acetyl (NA) heparin to protect from postischemic reperfusion injury of the lung.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pentobarbital-anesthetized, mechanically ventilated Lewis rats were heparinized (100 IU/kg) before insertion of catheters. Additionally, animals received either heparin (200 IU/kg; n = 7), NA heparin (1.1 mg/kg; n = 7), or saline (control, n = 7) before ischemia. After normothermic ischemia for 50 minutes, the left lung was reperfused for 120 minutes, or until the death of the animal. The nonischemic right lung was excluded after 10 minutes of reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survival rate at 120 minutes of reperfusion was 7 of 7 and 6 of 7 in the heparin and the NA-heparin group, but 0 in 7 in the control group (p < 0.01). At 30 minutes of reperfusion, PaO2, blood flow through the ascending aorta and mean systemic blood pressure were also significantly higher in the heparin and the NA-heparin group when compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Pulmonary vascular resistance was significantly lower in the heparin and the NA-heparin groups, and histologic examination of the lungs from these groups confirmed reperfusion of nutritive alveolar capillaries by the presence of red blood cells. Lack of red blood cells in the alveolar capillaries of lung specimens from the control group indicated failure of capillary reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heparin and NA heparin exert similar protection against capillary no-reflow after normothermic ischemia of the lung. This implies that the protective effect of heparin is mediated by properties different from its anticoagulant activity. Thus the nonanticoagulant N-acetyl heparin may pose a safe new therapeutic approach in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury without increasing the risk of hemorrhagic complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vollmar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winning
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Menger
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schäfers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002200:Capillary Resistance / Q000187:drug effects*; D006493:Heparin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology*; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: C089591:N-acetylheparin; D006493:Heparin