title: Prevention of bone loss and fracture after lung transplantation: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteoporotic fracture is a significant source of morbidity after lung transplantation. Therapies to prevent posttransplant fracture are largely untested among lung transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective uncontrolled study, lung transplant referrals were assessed for bone health with metabolic, radiographic, and bone mineral density measurements. Transplant recipients were treated with an antiresorptive regimen that included a bisphosphonate starting before or after transplantation. One year after transplantation, the fracture rate and bone density of patients in each group were reassessed and compared to historical controls. Between January 1996 and August 1999, 45/50 (90%) lung transplant referrals underwent bone health assessment. Transplant candidates received calcium, vitamin D, and hormone replacement therapy as indicated for hypogonadism. After July 1998, bisphosphonate therapy was added for candidates with osteopenia or osteoporosis (T score <1). After transplantation, all patients received 90 mg of pamidronate i.v. every 12 weeks, regardless of pretransplant bone density. Radiologic evaluation was performed for clinical suspicion of fracture. Bone density was remeasured 1 year after transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most transplant referrals suffered from osteopenia or osteoporosis, and 29% of transplant referrals had prevalent vertebral compression fractures. Hypogonadism was untreated in 50% of men and 20% of women, and 15% of patients had hypovitaminosis D. Of the 21 patients assessed 1 year after transplantation, new fractures occurred in 4% of these patients. Lateral lumbar spine and hip bone density remained stable or improved in 65% and 86% of patients, respectively. Most of those who lost bone density had started bisphosphonate therapy after transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antiresorptive therapy with a bisphosphonate decreases the fracture rate and preserves bone mass 1 year after lung transplantation. In end-stage lung disease patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis, bisphosphonate therapy should be initiated before transplant surgery is contemplated.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84132-1001, USA. barbara.cahill@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: O'Rourke
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stringham
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Karwande
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Knecht
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D019386:Alendronate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015519:Bone Density; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000378:metabolism; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000077268:Pamidronate; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004164:Diphosphonates; D000077268:Pamidronate; D019386:Alendronate