title: Ghrelin-producing endocrine tumors of the stomach and intestine.
abstract: Ghrelin is a novel gastrointestinal hormone produced by about 20% of the rat and human gastric neuroendocrine cell population, which possesses strong GH-releasing activity, but also plays other central and peripheral roles, including influence on food intake, gastric motility, and acid secretion. The aim of the present study was to determine whether gastrointestinal endocrine hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions produce ghrelin, at both protein (immunohistochemistry) and mRNA (in situ hybridization and/or RT-PCR) levels, and express the GH secretagogue receptor mRNA by RT-PCR. Sixteen gastric and 20 intestinal carcinoids as well as normal gastrointestinal mucosa and atrophic gastritis-associated neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia were studied. The majority (12 of 16, 75%) of gastric carcinoids and only 5 of 18 (27%) of intestinal endocrine tumors were immunoreactive for ghrelin. In situ hybridization confirmed the immunohistochemical data, but also showed ghrelin mRNA in 1 gastric and 8 intestinal additional tumors. RT-PCR showed ghrelin mRNA in 14 of 14 cases, indicating a low level of ghrelin gene expression in all gastrointestinal endocrine tumors tested. Gastric neuroendocrine hyperplastic cells were also strongly positive for ghrelin. GH secretagogue receptor mRNA was absent in 3 gastric, but present in 7 of 11 intestinal carcinoids studied by RT-PCR. These findings demonstrate that most gastric carcinoids (and related neuroendocrine cell hyperplasias) and some intestinal carcinoids produce ghrelin. These hyperplastic/neoplastic conditions could represent the clinical model to clarify the existence and impact of ghrelin hypersecretion on endocrine and nonendocrine functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 7, I-10126 Turin, Italy. mauro.papotti@unito.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papotti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cassoni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volante
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deghenghi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muccioli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ghigo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D010455:Peptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019382:Human Growth Hormone