title: Tuberculosis treatment in nepal: a rapid assessment of government centers using different types of patient supervision.
abstract: METHODS
  Urban and periurban government tuberculosis (TB) treatment clinics in Nepal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess TB treatment supervision strategies and outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three types of treatment centers were selected according to intensity of treatment supervision: Group A-all patients supervised by directly observed therapy (DOT) at the treatment center during the intensive phase; Group B-flexible DOT where patient-nominated treatment supervisors include community or family members; Group C-drugs dispensed monthly and no supervised treatment. The cohort studied comprised all new patients starting treatment during a 5-month period in 1996 (n = 759).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At group A treatment centers, 100% of patients had daily DOT supervised by treatment center staff during the intensive phase. At group B sites, 75% of nominated supervisors were family or community members and 13% of patients had no supervisor. At group C sites 93% of patients were unsupervised. Bacteriologically confirmed cure rates for smear-positive patients were 91% (95%CI 80.3-97.2) for A sites, 57% (95%CI 48.8-64.0) for B, and 34% (95%CI 25.1-40.4) for C. Treatment centers with the best results had good access to laboratory facilities, uninterrupted drug supply, longer clinic hours, standardized TB case management, and support from a non-governmental organization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At government facilities in Nepal, only group A treatment centers achieved World Health Organization global targets for cure. Group B treatment centers showed better outcomes than unsupervised therapy but did not achieve cure targets. Rapid low-cost assessments to collect data that are not routinely reported can improve the evaluation of program aspects such as supervision strategies.
authors.affiliation: Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mathema
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Pande
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jochem
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bam
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McGowan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006077:Government Agencies / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D014504:Urban Health; D014944:World Health Organization / Q000458:organization & administration