title: Electromyographic activity of the biceps brachii muscle in shoulders with anterior instability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activity of the biceps muscle in the vulnerable abduction and external rotation position of the shoulder in patients with anterior instability.
  
  
  METHODS
  This experimental study included a prospective analysis of the electromyographic (EMG) data on a group of patients with traumatic unilateral anterior instability of the shoulder. The EMG data of the unstable shoulders was compared with those of the opposite shoulders as control. The optimal sample size for the case-control study was calculated using an nQuery Advisor program (nQuery Advisor 3.0, Statistical Solutions, Cork, Ireland).
  
  
  METHODS
  The EMG analyses were conducted in 76 shoulders in 38 patients who had a traumatic anterior instability in 1 shoulder. The EMG records were obtained at different positions of the shoulder, which included 0 degrees, 45 degrees, 90 degrees, and 120 degrees of shoulder abduction. In each angle of shoulder abduction, the arms were placed in an external rotation as tolerated by the anterior apprehension. The paired-sample t test was used to compare the difference of the root mean square (RMS) voltages between the stable and unstable shoulders in each degree of arm position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RMS voltage of the biceps muscle was significantly greater in the unstable shoulder than the opposite stable shoulder in all positions of the arm (P =.00). The RMS voltage of the biceps was maximal at 90 degrees and 120 degrees of external rotation in the unstable shoulder (P <.05). The RMS voltage of the supraspinatus muscle revealed no differences in any of the test conditions (P =.904,.506,.119, and.781 in 0 degrees, 45 degrees, 90 degrees, and 120 degrees, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the vulnerable abduction and externally rotated position, the biceps muscle plays an active compensatory role in the unstable shoulder but not in the stable shoulder.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, and the Statistics Unit, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. smcknot@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic