title: Dosimetry modeling of inhaled formaldehyde: the human respiratory tract.
abstract: Formaldehyde (HCHO), which has been shown to be a nasal carcinogen in rats and mice, is used widely and extensively in various manufacturing processes. Studies in rhesus monkeys suggest that the lower respiratory tract may be at risk and some epidemiologic studies have reported an increase in lung cancer associated with HCHO; other studies have not. Thus, an assessment of possible human risk to HCHO exposure based on dosimetry information throughout the respiratory tract (RT) is desirable. To obtain dosimetry estimates for a risk assessment, two types of models were used. The first model (which is the subject of another investigation) used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to estimate local fluxes in a 3-dimensional model of the nasal region. The subject of the present investigation (the second model) applied a 1-dimensional equation of mass transport to each generation of an adult human symmetric, bifurcating Weibel-type RT anatomical model, augmented by an upper respiratory tract. The two types of modeling approaches were made consistent by requiring that the 1-dimensional version of the nasal passages have the same inspiratory air-flow rate and uptake during inspiration as the CFD simulations for 4 daily human activity levels. Results obtained include the following: (1) More than 95% of the inhaled HCHO is predicted to be retained by the RT. (2) The CFD predictions for inspiration, modified to account for the difference in inspiration and complete breath times, are a good approximation to uptake in the nasal airways during a single breath. (3) In the lower respiratory tract, flux is predicted to increase for several generations and then decrease rapidly. (4) Compared to first pulmonary region generation fluxes, the first few tracheobronchial generations fluxes are over 1000 times larger. Further, there is essentially no flux in the alveolar sacs. (5) Predicted fluxes based on the 1-dimensional model are presented that can be used in a biologically based dose-response model for human carcinogenesis. Use of these fluxes will reduce uncertainty in a risk assessment for formaldehyde carcinogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA. overton.john@epamail.epa.gov
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Overton
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kimbell
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008433:Mathematics; D051379:Mice; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D051381:Rats; D012119:Respiration; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D005557:Formaldehyde