title: [History of professionalization of modern clinical pharmacist (3). The birth of clinical medicine and clinical pharmacy].
abstract: At the end of eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century clinical medical and clinical pharmaceutical teaching was organized according to the reformation of the medical system in French Republic. Michel Foucault said in the book "Naissance de la clinique." -- "To all appearance, it was simply reviving, as the only possible way of salvation, the clinical trandition that had been developed in the 18-century. But it was fundamental experience, because, unlike the 18-century clinic, it is not a question of an encounter, after the event, of a previously formed experience and an ignorance to be dissipated. It is a question, in the absence of any previous structure, of a domain in which truth teaches itself, and, in exactly the same way, offers itself to the gaze of both the experienced observer and the naïve apprentice; for both, there is only one language: the hospital, in which the series of patients examined is itself a school."--(M. Foucault, 1963) Clinical pharmaceutical teaching started in the central pharmacy and in the hospital pharmacies in Paris with the rule of 4. ventose in year X. This was the birth of Clinical Pharmacy Practice as a new fundamental experience in France.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Meijo University, Nagoya.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tatsuno
mesh_terms: D015510:Clinical Medicine / Q000266:history*; D005602:France; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000266:history*; D011364:Professional Practice / Q000266:history*