title: Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium (M). tuberculosis, to evaluate the value of the beta subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB), the ribosomal siz protein (rpsL), 16Sr RNA (rrs), catalase-peroxidase gene (katG) genes, and inhA regulatory sequence as genetic markers for rifampin (RFP), streptomycin (SM), isoniazid (INH) resistance, and to develop new methods for detecting the drug resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rpoB, rpsL, rrs, katG genes, and inhA regulatory sequence in 85 M. tuberculosis isolates were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), PCR-single-stranded conformation polymorphism analyses (SSCP), PCR-nucleotide sequence analyses (NS) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity of amplifying the drug-resistant genes with PCR was 1-10 pg DNA. Twenty-eight drug-sensitive strains had no alterations in the rpoB, rpsL, rrs, katG genes, and inhA regulatory sequences. 93.3% of 45 M. tuberculosis RFP-resistant (RFPr) isolates had rpoB mutations. Codon 531 and 526 of the rpoB are the most common sites of nucleotide substitutions. 72.5% of 40 SM-resistant (SMr) isolates had an identical mutation at codon 43 of the rpsL gene. No isolates had a mutation at codon 88 of the rpsL. Only 7.5% of these SMr isolates had A-to-C transversions at position 513 of the rrs gene. Of 34 INH-resistant (INHr) isolates, 11.8% had complete katG deletions, 55.9% had mutations in the selected region of katG. Only 8.8% had alterations in the inhA regulatory sequences. 60.9% of RFPr, INHr, and SMr isolates had mutations in genetic markers for these drug resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most drug resistance in M. tuberculosis was due to simple mutations occurring in chromosomally encoded genes. Alterations in rpoB, rpsL and katG gene may be the important mechanism of M. tuberculosis resistance to RFP, SM, and INH. PCR, PCR-SSCP, PCR-NS, and PCR-RFLP are going to become the simple, rapid and reliable diagnostic tests for drug resistance in M. tuberculosis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Center of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing 100091, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000235:genetics*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid; D009154:Mutation; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012293:Rifampin; D013307:Streptomycin
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin; D013307:Streptomycin