title: Selection and fading of resistance mutations in women and infants receiving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 vertical transmission (HIVNET 012).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the emergence and fading of NVP resistance (NVP(R)) mutations in HIV-1-infected Ugandan women and infants who received single dose NVP to prevent HIV-1 vertical transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined NVP(R) in women and infants who received NVP in the HIVNET 012 clinical trial, including 41 out of 48 women with infected infants, 70 randomly-selected women with uninfected infants, and 33 out of 49 infected infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma HIV-1 was analyzed using the Applied Biosystems ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NVP(R) mutations were detected in 21 out of 111 (19%) women tested 6-8 weeks after delivery. The rate of NVP(R) was similar among women whose infants were or were not HIV-1 infected. K103N was the most common mutation detected. NVP(R) mutations faded from detection within 12-24 months in all 11 evaluable women. High baseline viral load and low baseline CD4 cell count were associated with development of NVP(R). NVP(R) mutations were detected in 11 out of 24 (46%) evaluable infants who were infected by 6-8 weeks of age. The most common NVP(R) mutation detected in infants was Y181C. Those mutations faded from detection by 12 months of age in all seven evaluable infants. Of nine evaluable infants with late HIV-1 infection, only one had evidence of NVP(R).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NVP(R) was detected more frequently in infants than women following NVP prophylaxis, and different patterns of NVP(R) mutations were detected in women versus infants. NVP(R) was detected infrequently in infants with late HIV-1 infection. NVP-resistant HIV-1 faded from detection in women and infants over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Eshleman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mracna
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Guay
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deseyve
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mirochnick
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Musoke
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glenn Fowler
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mofenson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mmiro
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009154:Mutation; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019829:Nevirapine; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase