title: Ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue produced by the stomach, induces hyperglycemia and reduces insulin secretion in humans.
abstract: Ghrelin, a 28 amino acid gastric hormone is a natural ligand of the GH Secretagogue (GHS) receptor (GHS-R) and strongly stimulates GH secretion though, like synthetic GHS, it shows other endocrine and non-endocrine activities. Aim of the present study was to clarify whether ghrelin administration influences insulin and glucose levels in humans. To this goal, we compared the effects of ghrelin, hexarelin, a synthetic GHS, or placebo on insulin and glucose as well as on GH levels in 11 normal young volunteers (age [mean +/- SEM]: 28.5 +/- 3.1 yr; BMI: 22.2 +/- 0.9 Kg/m(2)). Ghrelin induced very marked increase in GH secretion (DeltaAUC(0-180): 5777.1 +/- 812.6 microg/l/h; p < 0.01) which was not modified by placebo. Placebo administration did not modify insulin and glucose levels. On the other hand, ghrelin administration induced a prompt increase in glucose levels (DeltaAUC(0-180): 1343.1 +/- 443.5 mg/dl/h; p < 0.01 vs. saline). Absolute glucose levels at +15' were already higher than those at baseline (93.9 +/- 7.1 mg/dl; p < 0.01) and persisted elevated up to 165' (90.3 +/- 5.8 mg/dl; p < 0.01 vs. 0'). Ghrelin administration was also followed by a decrease in serum insulin levels (DeltaAUC(0-180): -207.1 +/- 70.5 mU/l/h; p < 0.05 vs. saline). Absolute insulin levels were significantly reduced from 30' (11.4 +/- 0.9 mU/l, p < 0.1 vs. 0'), showed the nadir at +45' (10.0 +/- 0.6 mU/l, p < 0.01 vs. 0') and then persisted lower (p < 0.01) than baseline up to +105'. Hexarelin administration did not modify glucose and insulin levels despite its marked GH-releasing effect (DeltaAUC(0-180): 4156.8 +/- 1180.3 microg/l/h; p < 0.01 vs. saline) that was slightly lower (p < 0.05) than that of ghrelin. In conclusion, these findings show that, besides stimulating GH secretion, ghrelin is a gastric hormone possessing metabolic actions such as hyperglycemic effect and lowering effect on insulin secretion in humans, at least after acute administration.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Broglio
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arvat
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benso
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gottero
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muccioli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papotti
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van der Lely
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deghenghi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ghigo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D054439:Ghrelin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D009842:Oligopeptides; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D010455:Peptides; C086184:hexarelin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone