title: Up-regulation of upstream stimulatory factors by protein malnutrition and its possible role in regulation of the IGF-binding protein-1 gene.
abstract: Protein malnutrition drastically induces the expression of the IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) gene. We have previously shown that the region between -77 and -112 bp upstream of the rat IGFBP-1 gene contributes to the response of this gene to amino acid limitation. In an attempt to elucidate the basis of the responsiveness of this putative amino acid response unit (AARU), we searched the nucleus of the rat liver for a trans-acting factor whose binding to AARU was dependent on protein nutrition. Liver nuclear extracts of rats fed a protein-free diet and of those fed a control diet were compared by EMSA using the AARU as probe. One of the protein-probe complexes underwent a drastic increase after dietary protein deprivation. Assays using specific antibodies and several competitor oligonucleotides led to identification of the protein composing the complex as upstream stimulatory factor-1 (USF) and USF-2. The binding site of the USF proteins in the AARU turned out to be a CACGGG sequence that was homologous to the consensus USF-binding sequence (E box; CANNTG). Further, Western blot analyses showed that a protein-free diet caused significant increases in USF-1 and USF-2 levels. Thus, elevated expression of the IGFBP-1 gene under protein malnutrition can be attributable to increased binding of USF to its promoter, which results from increased USF levels. The data suggest that the changes in these ubiquitously distributed transcription factors play an important role in the nutritional regulation of expression of mammalian genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsukawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noguchi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors; C497182:Usf1 protein, rat; C497187:Usf2 protein, rat