title: Understanding patient preferences for the treatment of lupus nephritis with adaptive conjoint analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Incorporation of patient preferences into treatment decisions is an essential component of medical care. Conjoint analysis is an established method of eliciting consumer preferences in market research and is being increasingly used to study patient preferences for health care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the value of Adaptive Conjoint Analysis (ACA), a unique method of performing conjoint analysis, and to evaluate patient treatment preferences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interactive computer survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive women (n = 103) with lupus followed in three community rheumatology practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  ACA was used to assess patients' relative preferences for specific cytotoxic medication characteristics, and to estimate the percentage of women preferring cyclophosphamide over azathioprine for different risk-benefit scenarios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All participants were able to complete the conjoint task in 14 +/-5 minutes. Of the nine medication characteristics studied, efficacy and risk for infection had the greatest impact on preference (each accounting for 20% of the variation in preferences), suggesting that patients consider differences in the risk for infection equally as important as differences in the probability of renal survival. Premenopausal women wanting more children were less likely to choose cyclophosphamide compared with their counterparts (56% vs. 80%, P = 0.04). Modest changes in the probability of renal survival or risk for major toxicity lowered the percentage of women preferring cyclophosphamide by more than 20%, irrespective of their desire for more children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACA is a feasible method of assessing how patients consider specific medication characteristics and predicting treatment preferences under different risk-benefit scenarios. ACA may be a valuable tool to incorporate patient preferences into medical decision-making.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8031, USA. liana.fraenkel@med.va.gov
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fraenkel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bodardus
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Wittnik
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Wittink
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003237:Connecticut; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010358:Patient Participation; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D001379:Azathioprine