title: Totally endoscopic computer-enhanced atrial septal defect closure in six patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Totally endoscopic procedures have been introduced into cardiac surgery with the application of telemanipulating robotic systems. We report 6 cases of closed-chest atrial septal defect (ASD) closure using a robotic device.
  
  
  METHODS
  After deflating the right lung, the endoscopic camera and two robotic arms were inserted into the right hemithorax through 8-mm ports. An accessory port was placed for blood suction and for introduction of ancillary endoscopic instruments. After femoral-femoral cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), aortic occlusion, and cardioplegia delivery, the intracardiac correction was carried out in 5 patients with an ostium secundum ASD and in 1 patient with a patent foramen ovale (PFO) and atrial septal aneurysm (ASA). The ASDs were closed with a continuous braided polyester suture. The PFO closure with septal aneurysm plication was carried out with interrupted stiches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean CPB and cross-clamp times were 106 +/- 22 and 67 +/- 13 minutes, respectively. Extubation was carried out within the seventh postoperative hour. All patients returned to normal function within the first postoperative week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Totally endoscopic ASD closure can be carried out safely using robotic techniques with rapid postoperative recovery and an excellent cosmetic result.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Surgery, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy. lucia.torracca@hsr.it
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torracca
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ismeno
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Alfieri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003199:Computer Systems; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006322:Heart Aneurysm / Q000601:surgery; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome