title: Effects of a flexible galantamine dose in Alzheimer's disease: a randomised, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and safety of galantamine in Alzheimer's disease at 3 months using flexible dose escalation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial in 43 centres in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (n=386; 171 women) with a score of 11-24 on the mini mental state examination, and a score> or =12 on the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's disease assessment scale (ADAS-cog) were randomised to placebo, or galantamine escalated over 4 weeks to a maintenance dose of 24 or 32 mg/day. The primary outcome measures were the change in ADAS-cog score and the clinician's interview based impression of change plus caregiver input (CIBIC-plus) score. Activities of daily living (ADL) and behavioural symptoms were secondary outcomes. To compare the effects of highest levels of dosing, an observed cases (OC) analysis was undertaken, with classic intention to treat (ITT) and ITT with last observation carried forward (LOCF) as confirmatory analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 3 months, galantamine (24-32 mg/day) produced a significantly better outcome on cognitive function than placebo (treatment difference=1.9 points on ADAS-cog, p=0.002) and a significantly better global response than placebo, as measured by CIBIC-plus (deterioration in 21% of patients on galantamine v 37% on placebo; p<0.001). Galantamine produced significant benefits on basic and instrumental ADL. Behavioural symptoms did not change significantly from baseline levels in either group. Adverse events (primarily gastrointestinal) were of mild to moderate intensity. There were no important differences between the OC, ITT, and ITT/LOCF analyses. Most patients (82%) who were maintained on the higher dose of galantamine completed the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients on galantamine, compared with those on placebo, experienced benefits in cognitive function and instrumental and basic activities of daily living. Flexible dose escalation of galantamine was well tolerated.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Care of the Elderly, QEII Health Sciences Centre, 1421-5955 Veterans' Memorial Lane, Halifax, Canada B3H 2E1. rockwood@is.dal.ca
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rockwood
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mintzer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Truyen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wessel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005702:Galantamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000187:drug effects; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D005702:Galantamine