title: [Divergent and convergent mechanisms of the integrative activity of the mammalian brain].
abstract: Convergent intercellular synaptic interaction is actualized, mainly, by two neurotransmitter systems: glutamate- and GABA-ergic (excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, respectively). Fast and slow postsynaptic receptors of glutamate- and GABA-ergic synapses are described. All other brain systems are divergent neuromodulators. Modulators are released into the intercellular space and simultaneously interact with a large population of neurons. A hypothesis of divergent modulatory integration is described: the divergently functioning neuromodulators actualize stable functional states of the brain via appropriate long-term modification-inducing receptors. These stable states are a biochemical basis of the motivational and emotional states. Mechanisms of the secondary nuclear signaling triggered by the long-term modification-inducing receptors consolidate the stable states. The hypothesis of divergent modulatory integration is substantiated in the paper on the basis of the evidence obtained by the author and his collaborates. The haloperidol catalepsy and pentile-netetrazole kindling are considered as a behavioral model of the divergent modulatory integration. The experimental data suggest that divergently functioning neuromodulators actualize and consolidate general motivational and emotional states via the appropriate long-term modification-inducing receptors. The consolidation is structurally-specific. The motivational and emotional states concomitant of learning and memory are a specific variation of the general motivational and emotional state depending on the learning situation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bazian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D009042:Motivation; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
vernacular_title: Divrgentnye i konvergentnye mekhanizmy integrativnoĭ deiatel'nosti golovnogo mozga mlekopitaiushchikh.