Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene in coke oven workers relative to exposure, alcohol consumption, and metabolic enzymes.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the influence of personal lifestyle--such as smoking and alcohol consumption-on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) concentrations in coke oven workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and to evaluate the association of 1-OHP concentrations with the genetic polymorphism of several metabolic enzymes including cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A1 and glutathione S-tranferases (GSTs).


METHODS
The study population contained 162 coke oven workers and 58 controls employed at the largest iron and steel factory in China. Personal data were collected at the interview. 1-OHP in urine was measured with high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Genetic polymorphisms were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.


RESULTS
A positive association between excretion of urinary 1-OHP and the levels of exposure to PAHs was confirmed. Those people who consumed >or=50 g/day ethanol had significantly higher 1-OHP excretion than did other coke oven workers (p<0.01). No significant difference in urinary 1-OHP was found between smokers and non-smokers, in both controls and exposed subjects. The variant homozygotes at exon 7 of the CYP1A1 gene had significantly higher urinary 1-OHP concentrations than other CYP1A1 genotypes among the exposed workers (p=0.03). There was less association between the concentrations of 1-OHP and the GSTM1, GSTP1, or GSTT1 polymorphism.


CONCLUSIONS
The present study confirmed that urinary 1-OHP is a good biomarker for exposure to PAHs. Alcohol consumption affected urinary 1-OHP excretion. The variant genotypes of the CYP1A1 gene may result in the enhancement of PAH metabolites. It is helpful to understand the role of individual susceptibility on metabolism of carcinogens. These findings suggest that the modulating effect of individual lifestyle factors or genetic nature should be considered in future studies on occupational exposure to PAHs and in evaluating the health risk from harmful chemicals.
Zhang
J
J
Department of Community Health Science, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan. g9615@post.saga-med.ac.jp
Ichiba
M
M
Hara
K
K
Zhang
S
S
Hanaoka
T
T
Pan
G
G
Yamano
Y
Y
Takahashi
K
K
Tomokuni
K
K
D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003077:Coke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000235:genetics; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000032:analysis*; D012907:Smoking / Q000652:urine
D015415:Biomarkers; D003077:Coke; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D007527:Isoenzymes; D009153:Mutagens; D011721:Pyrenes; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1; C496556:GSTP1 protein, human; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene