title: Hypoxia-induced enrichment and mutagenesis of cells that have lost DNA mismatch repair.
abstract: Loss of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) increases the risk of spontaneous mutations. We sought to determine whether there was an interaction between hypoxia and MMR deficiency that might contribute to the phenomenon of tumor progression. Human colon carcinoma HCT116+ch2 (MMR-deficient) and HCT116+ch3 (MMR-proficient) sublines were exposed for varying periods of time to an environment of <0.1% O2 and pH as low as 6.1. When a population containing 5% MMR-deficient cells and 95% MMR-proficient cells was subjected to hypoxia for 72 h, the MMR-deficient cells were enriched by a factor of 2-fold in the surviving population, whereas no enrichment was detected in cells maintained under aerobic conditions. The potential of hypoxia to destabilize the genome was determined by measuring the frequency of clones in the surviving population resistant to very high concentrations of 6-thioguanine or cisplatin. A 72-h exposure to hypoxia did not increase the frequency of resistant clones in the MMR-proficient cells but produced a 7.8-fold increase in 6-thioguanine-resistant clones and a 2.5-fold increase in cisplatin-resistant clones in the MMR-deficient cells. Loss of MMR increased the frequency of mutations in a reporter vector sensitive to frameshift mutations in a microsatellite sequence. Exposure to hypoxia for a time period as short as 48 h further increased the number of mutations in both cell types, but the absolute number of mutants was higher in the MMR-deficient cells. These results indicate that hypoxia and its accompanying low pH enrich for MMR-deficient cells and that loss of MMR renders human colon carcinoma cells hypersensitive to the ability of hypoxia to induce microsatellite instability and generate highly drug-resistant clones in the surviving population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0058, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Safaei
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mishima
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niedner
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Howell
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020137:Base Pair Mismatch / Q000235:genetics*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004260:DNA Repair; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured