title: Night shift work, light at night, and risk of breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to light at night may increase the risk of breast cancer by suppressing the normal nocturnal production of melatonin by the pineal gland, which, in turn, could increase the release of estrogen by the ovaries. This study investigated whether such exposure is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case patients (n = 813), aged 20-74 years, were diagnosed from November 1992 through March 1995; control subjects (n = 793) were identified by random-digit dialing and were frequency matched according to 5-year age groups. An in-person interview was used to gather information on sleep habits and bedroom lighting environment in the 10 years before diagnosis and lifetime occupational history. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by use of conditional logistic regression, with adjustment for other potential risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breast cancer risk was increased among subjects who frequently did not sleep during the period of the night when melatonin levels are typically at their highest (OR = 1.14 for each night per week; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.28). Risk did not increase with interrupted sleep accompanied by turning on a light. There was an indication of increased risk among subjects with the brightest bedrooms. Graveyard shiftwork was associated with increased breast cancer risk (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.0 to 2.5), with a trend of increased risk with increasing years and with more hours per week of graveyard shiftwork (P =.02, Wald chi-squared test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study provide evidence that indicators of exposure to light at night may be associated with the risk of developing breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA. sdavis@fhcrc.org
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Mirick
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008029:Lighting; D008550:Melatonin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009790:Occupations; D010870:Pineal Gland / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012636:Secretory Rate / Q000528:radiation effects; D012890:Sleep; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance
chemical_list: D008550:Melatonin