title: Reporting of near-miss events for transfusion medicine: improving transfusion safety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Half of the reported serious adverse events from transfusion are a consequence of medical error. A no-fault medical-event reporting system for transfusion medicine (MERS-TM) was developed to capture and analyze both near-miss and actual transfusion-related errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective audit of transfusion-related errors was performed to determine the ability of MERS-TM to identify the frequency and patterns of errors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Events and near-miss events (total, 819) were recorded for a period of 19 months (median, 51/month). No serious adverse patient outcome occurred, despite these events, with the transfusion of 17,465 units of RBCs. Sixty-one events (7.4%) were potentially life-threatening or could have led to permanent injury (severity Level 1). Of most concern were 3 samples collected from the wrong patient, 13 mislabeled samples, and 22 requests for blood for the wrong patient. Near-miss events were five times more frequent than actual transfusion errors, and 68 percent of errors were detected before blood was issued. Sixty-one percent of events originated from patient areas, 35 percent from the blood bank, and 4 percent from the blood supplier or other hospitals. Repeat collection was required for 1 of every 94 samples, and 1 in 346 requests for blood components was incorrect. Education of nurses and alterations to blood bank forms were not by themselves effective in reducing severe errors. An artifactual 50-percent reduction in the number of errors reported was noted during a 6-month period when two chief members of the event-reporting team were on temporary leave.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MERS-TM allowed the recognition and analysis of errors, determination of patterns of errors, and monitoring for changes in frequency after corrective action was implemented. Although no permanent injury resulted from the 819 events, innovative mechanisms must be designed to prevent these errors, instead of relying on faulty informal checks to capture errors after they occur.
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, and The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. jeannie.callum@swchsc.on.ca
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Callum
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Merkley
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Pinkerton
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rabin Fastman
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Romans
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Coovadia
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Reis
mesh_terms: D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000145:classification* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012449:Safety; D065227:Transfusion Reaction