title: Drug-induced amnesia is a separate phenomenon from sedation: electrophysiologic evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sedative-hypnotic drugs not only increase sedation, but also impair memory as serum concentration increases. These drugs also produce profound changes in the auditory event-related potential (ERP). The ability of various ERP components to predict changes in sedation and memory produced by various drugs was tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five healthy volunteers randomly received intravenous placebo, midazolam, propofol, thiopental, fentanyl with ondansetron, or ondansetron alone at five different stable target concentrations (three increasing, two decreasing) using a computer-controlled infusion pump to produce varying degrees of sedation without loss of consciousness. ERPs were recorded while volunteer participants detected a deviant auditory stimulus and made a button-press response to a target tone (standard oddball paradigm, 80:20 ratio, to elicit a P3 response). At each target concentration, volunteers learned a list of 16 words. The predictive probabilities (Pk) of various ERP components were determined for word recognition at the end of the day (memory) and log reaction time to the deviant stimulus (sedation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The N2 latency of the ERP consistently predicted log reaction time in all groups (Pk +/- SE from 0.58 +/- 0.04 to 0.71 +/- 0.04). The N2P3 amplitude of the ERP was the best predictor of memory performance for midazolam (Pk, 0.63 +/- 0.04), propofol (Pk, 0.62 +/- 0.05), and thiopental (Pk, 0.66 +/- 0.04). There was a differential ability to predict memory performance from sedation for midazolam and propofol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Midazolam and propofol affect memory differentially from their sedative effects, and these are indexed by specific components of the auditory ERP. These components of the ERP are associated with specific, but not necessarily unique, neuroanatomic structures. Thus, these drugs act by additional mechanisms beyond general central nervous system depression to produce the effects of sedation and memory impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA. veselisr@mskcc.org
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Veselis
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Reinsel
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Feshchenko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000647:Amnesia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000523:psychology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives