title: Effect of synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation on respiratory workload in infants after cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) is commonly used in infants and adults. However, few investigations have examined how SIMV reduces respiratory workload in infants. The authors evaluated how infants' changing respiratory patterns when reducing SIMV rate increased respiratory load. The authors also investigated whether SIMV reduces infant respiratory workload in proportion to the rate of mandatory breaths and which rate of SIMV provides respiratory workloads similar to those after tracheal extubation.
  
  
  METHODS
  When 11 post-cardiac surgery infants aged 2-11 months were to be weaned with SIMV, the authors randomly applied five levels of mandatory breathing: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 breaths/min. All patients underwent ventilation with SIMV mode: pressure control ventilation, 16 cm H2O; inspiratory time, 0.8 s; triggering sensitivity, 0.6 l/min; and positive endexpiratory pressure, 3 cm H2O. After establishing steady-state conditions at each SIMV rate, arterial blood gases were analyzed, and esophageal pressure, airway pressure, and airflow were measured. Inspiratory work of breathing, pressure-time products, and the negative deflection of esophageal pressure were calculated separately for assisted breaths, for spontaneous breaths, and for total breaths per minute. Measurements were repeated after extubation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As the SIMV rate decreased, although minute ventilation and arterial carbon dioxide tension were maintained at constant values, spontaneous breathing rate and tidal volume increased. Work of breathing, pressure-time products, and negative deflection of esophageal pressure increased as the SIMV rate decreased. Work of breathing and pressure-time products after extubation were intermediate between those at a SIMV rate of 5 breaths/min and those at 0 breaths/min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the load to breathing was increased progressively by decreasing the SIMV rate in post-cardiac surgery infants, tidal volume and spontaneous respiratory rate both increased. In addition, work of breathing and pressure-time products were increased depending on the SIMV rate.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Intensive Care Unit, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan. imanakah@hsp.ncvc.go.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imanaka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yagihara
mesh_terms: D000399:Air Pressure; D000758:Anesthesia; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008170:Lung Compliance / Q000502:physiology; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008297:Male; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D014939:Work of Breathing / Q000502:physiology