title: Genetic dissection of atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain: novel preliminary data on the pharmacogenetic puzzle.
abstract: Atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine represent a significant improvement over typical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia, particularly regarding extrapyramidal symptoms. Despite their benefits, use is limited by the occurrence of adverse reactions such as sedation and weight gain. This article provides a comprehensive review and discussion of obesity-related pathways and integrates these with the known mechanisms of atypical antipsychotic action to identify candidate molecules that may be disrupted during antipsychotic treatment. Novel preliminary data are presented to genetically dissect these obesity pathways and elucidate the genetic contribution of these candidate molecules to clozapine-induced weight gain. There is considerable variability among individuals with respect to the ability of clozapine to induce weight gain. Genetic predisposition to clozapine-induced weight gain has been suggested. Therefore, genetic variation in these candidate molecules may predict patient susceptibility to clozapine-induced weight gain. This hypothesis was tested for 10 genetic polymorphisms across 9 candidate genes, including the serotonin 2C, 2A, and 1A receptor genes (HTR2C/2A/1A); the histamine H1 and H2 receptor genes (H1R/H2R); the cytochrome P450 1A2 gene (CYPIA2); the beta3 and alpha,alpha-adrenergic receptor genes (ADRB3/ADRAIA); and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Prospective weight gain data were obtained for 80 patients with schizophrenia who completed a structured clozapine trial. Trends were observed for ADRB3, ADRA1A, TNF-alpha, and HTR2C; however, replication in larger, independent samples is required. Although in its infancy, psychiatric pharmacogenetics will in the future aid clinical practice in the prediction of response and side effects, such as antipsychotic-induced weight gain, and minimize the current "trial and error" approach to prescribing.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Clarke Division, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. vincebasile@ica.net
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Basile
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masellis
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: McIntyre
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Meltzer
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011968:Receptors, Histamine / Q000502:physiology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012701:Serotonin / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic; D011968:Receptors, Histamine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D012701:Serotonin; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D003024:Clozapine