title: Discovering the invisible Puerto Rican slave family: demographic evidence from the eighteenth century.
abstract: Traditional notions that family life among slaves during the pre-plantation period in the non-Hispanic Caribbean was necessarily unstable are fading in light of new research. Although marriage among this segment of the population in Caguas, Cayey, San Germán, and Yauco--rural parishes in Puerto Rico--involved only a fraction of the overall number of marriages in these communities, the marriage of slaves was much more frequent than previously assumed. Family life among the eighteenth-century Puerto Rican slave population appears to have been quite stable, as shown by the reconstruction of birth intervals for both married and unmarried mothers. Married and unmarried mothers exhibited similar reproductive behavior. These results strongly suggest that a majority of the unmarried slave mothers lived in unions that were not institutionally recognized, but that were nevertheless stable, as indicated by the high percentage of their children born at intervals comparable to those of married mothers. If unmarried mothers were living in stable consensual unions, then our understanding of these slave family units during the colonial period must be reassessed not only for Puerto Rico but possibly for the rest of the Caribbean and Latin America.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Stark
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000266:history*; D001721:Birth Intervals; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005192:Family Health; D049671:History, 18th Century; D006801:Humans; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011647:Puerto Rico