title: Effects of survivin antagonists on growth of established tumors and B7-1 immunogene therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family, is detectable in most types of cancer, and its presence is associated with a poor prognosis. We determined the effects of gene-based therapies that inhibit survivin function in a mouse tumor model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using five to six mice per treatment group, we injected tumors derived from mouse EL-4 thymic lymphoma cells with plasmids encoding antisense survivin, a dominant-negative mutant survivin, and the T-cell costimulator B7-1. Expression of endogenous survivin and the proteins encoded by the injected plasmids were examined by immunohistochemical staining of tumor sections and by western blot and flow cytometry analyses of isolated tumor cells. Tumor growth, the generation of antitumor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity, apoptosis, and the contribution of leukocyte subsets to antitumor activity were measured. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Large (1.0-cm diameter) tumors had approximately 10-fold more survivin than small (0.2-cm diameter) tumors. At 28 days after injection, antisense and dominant-negative mutant survivin plasmids statistically significantly inhibited the growth of both small (P =.006 and P =.0018, respectively) and large (P<.001 for both plasmids) EL-4 tumors compared with tumors injected with empty plasmid. The growth of large tumors was further inhibited by intratumoral injection with antisense survivin and B7-1 (P =.004); thus, inhibition of survivin expression renders large tumors susceptible to B7-1-mediated immunotherapy. Mice whose tumors were completely eradicated by injection of B7-1 remained tumor free for 26 days after re-injection with EL-4 cells (when the experiment ended). Compared with tumors injected with empty plasmid, tumors injected with survivin-based plasmids had increased apoptosis, and animals bearing such tumors generated more antitumor CTLs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intratumoral injection of plasmids that block survivin expression and stimulate the generation of tumor-specific CTLs may be beneficial for the treatment of large lymphomas.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kanwar
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kanwar
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Krissansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017209:Apoptosis; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016373:DNA, Antisense / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D018628:Gene Dosage; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D018390:Gene Targeting; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology; D007167:Immunotherapy; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008212:Lymphocyte Depletion; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D000077022:Survivin; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology; D013953:Thymus Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; C107489:BIRC5 protein, human; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D016373:DNA, Antisense; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D000077022:Survivin