title: Individual differences in sucrose consumption in the rat: motivational and neurochemical correlates of hedonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rats exhibit marked individual differences in consumption of freely available sucrose; however, the underlying mechanism(s) contributing to such interindividual differences remain unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study examined whether: 1) motivational differences (as reflected by the degree of operant output to procure sucrose reward) underlie variability in sugar consumption, and 2) whether potential differences in dopaminergic and/or opioidergic systems contribute to such differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the initial experiment, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into those that spontaneously consumed High or Low amounts of sucrose, based on the consumption of freely available sugar (+/-2 SD from group median) over 7 consecutive test days. The potential differences in their motivation to seek and "earn" sucrose solution rewards were measured using the progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance of both groups on the PR schedule was sensitive to the concentration of sucrose (i.e. the higher the concentration, the greater the behavioral output). Furthermore, the High sucrose consumers earned a greater number of reinforcements (20% sucrose solution) than the Low group. Parenthetically, the degree of behavioral output by the High (but not the Low) group was comparable to that emitted for water under water-deprived condition. Treatment with the opioid antagonist, naloxone, attenuated PR performance for sucrose, whereas d-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) enhanced it. Furthermore, naloxone attenuated amphetamine-enhanced responding for sucrose reward, suggesting an interaction between the dopaminergic and opioidergic systems in the mediation of sucrose reward.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the contention that motivational differences may partially account for individual variability in sucrose consumption, and that dopaminergic and/or opioidergic agents differentially affect the "wanting" and/or "liking" of sucrose in the High and Low sucrose consumers.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Anisman
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Merali
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects*; D001067:Appetite Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007206:Individuality; D009042:Motivation; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D013395:Sucrose; D014868:Water Deprivation
chemical_list: D001067:Appetite Depressants; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D013395:Sucrose; D003913:Dextroamphetamine