title: Physiologic characteristics of canine skeletal muscle: implications for timing skeletal muscle cardiac assist devices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimal clinical stimulation for skeletal muscle cardiac assist systems (such as dynamic cardiomyoplasty) is not clearly defined. The pressure-generating capacity of canine skeletal muscle ventricles (SMVs) at a variety of preloads and stimulation frequencies was examined as was time for SMVs to develop peak pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  SMVs were analyzed just after construction and after 3 months of electrical conditioning. Pressure generation and time to develop peak pressure were determined using a distensible mandrel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher preloads resulted in increased pressure generation; conditioned SMVs generated significantly less pressure than unconditioned SMVs. Increasing stimulation frequency from 20 to 50 Hz increased pressure-generating capacity; increases beyond 50 Hz did not result in further increases. Time to 90% peak pressure was least at 10 HZ and 65 Hz.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher stimulation frequencies and preloads result in a more quickly contracting muscle, which generates more pressure. Midrange stimulation frequencies of 30 Hz provide optimal muscle strength and minimize time to develop peak pressure. Initiation of contraction should begin before the time maximal pressure is desired.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Texas Medical School-Houston, USA. george.v.letsou@mail.uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Letsou
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.lastname: Bsee
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Elefteriades
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Francischelli
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Safi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D018421:Cardiomyoplasty; D004285:Dogs; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology