title: 3D gadolinium-enhanced MRI venography: evaluation of central chest veins and impact on patient management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the value of a simplified 3D gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) venography for central chest veins.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective study of 24 patients, the MRI findings and medical records were reviewed to determine whether MRI results correlated with subsequent findings, and to determine the effect on clinical management. 3D steady state gradient-echo sequence, fast imaging with steady state precession (FISP), was used. We employed a simplified protocol not requiring bolus timing or subtraction to achieve rapid data acquisition and hence good compliance in this group of frail patients. Following intravenous administration of a bolus of gadolinium, two acquisitions were obtained in order to ensure adequate opacification of all veins. Individual partitions and maximum intensity projections were then analysed to determine whether the veins were patent, stenosed or occluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The indications for MRI were to assess the patency of central veins for the purpose of cannulation or arteriovenous fistula formation in 17 patients. Out of the 12 patients who proceeded to an intervention, MRI venography successfully predicted an appropriate site in 10 patients. In the remaining seven patients, MRI venography was valuable in confirming or excluding the clinical suspicion of central venous thrombosis and directly influenced the management in five patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D gadolinium-enhanced MRI venography is a valuable means of providing a global representation of the central venous system and guiding subsequent central venous cannulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, North Staffordshire NHS Trust, City General, Stoke-on Trent, Staffordshire, UK.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Oxtoby
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Widjaja
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uzoka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D014654:Vascular Patency
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA