title: Percutaneous ethanol injection of autonomous thyroid nodules with a volume larger than 40 ml: three years of follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Autonomous thyroid nodules are conventionally treated by surgery or radioiodine. Percutaneous ethanol injection is a recognized alternative approach. An assessment of the long-term success and safety was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four patients (seven men and 27 women; age range: 32-80 years; mean: 56 +/- 13 years) with an autonomous thyroid nodule (ATN) > 40 ml (volume range 41-180 ml; mean: 63.6 +/- 34.5 ml) were treated with ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI). All patients were hyperthyroid with increased radionuclide uptake in the nodule at scintigraphy. Serial serum (free T3, free T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)) and ultrasound studies were performed at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months after the first PEI session. Scintigraphy was performed before treatment and 1 month after the serum TSH became detectable or alternatively after 6 months, even if the TSH was still undetectable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each patient had 1-11 sessions of PEI, with an injection of 3-14 ml of ethanol per session (total amount of ethanol per patient: 20-125 ml). Within 3 months from the end of the treatment, the recovery of extranodular uptake on isotope scan and the normalization of TSH levels were observed in 30/34 patients. A reduction (average: 62.9%) of nodule volume was recorded in all patients and only 4/34 patients were refractory to PEI. The responsiveness of ATN to PEI appeared to be dependent on the initial nodule volume (3/4 failures in patients had nodule volumes > 60 ml). Side-effects were always self-limiting. During follow-up (6-36 months) no recurrence was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the treatment of ATN > 40 ml with PEI would appear to be a valid alternative approach to traditional methods of treatment. It is safe, well tolerated and inexpensive. Its acceptability when compared with surgery and radiodioine has still to be assessed.
authors.affiliation: Unità Operativa di Oncologia, Ospedale S. Giovanni di Dio, Frattamaggiore, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Del Prete
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caraglia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giuberti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lupoli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abbruzzese
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Capasso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000431:Ethanol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy; D015552:Injections, Intralesional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D000431:Ethanol