title: Regulation of E-box DNA binding during in vivo and in vitro activation of rat and human hepatic stellate cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to a myofibroblastic phenotype is a key event in liver fibrosis. Identification of transcription factors with activities that are modulated during HSC activation will improve our understanding of the molecular events controlling HSC activation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if changes in E-box DNA binding activity occur during in vitro and in vivo activation of rat and human HSCs and to investigate mechanisms underlying any observed changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nuclear extracts were prepared from rat HSCs isolated and cultured from normal and carbon tetrachloride injured rat livers and from HSCs isolated from human liver. EMSA analysis of E-box DNA binding activity was performed on nuclear extracts to determine changes during HSC activation. Western and northern blot analysis of MyoD and Id1 basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins was performed to confirm expression in HSC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HSC activation was associated with inducible expression of two low mobility E-box binding complexes that were immunoreactive with an anti-MyoD antibody. MyoD mRNA expression was found at similar levels in freshly isolated and activated HSCs; in contrast, MyoD protein expression was elevated in activated HSCs. Activation of rat HSCs was accompanied by reduced expression of the inhibitory bHLH protein Id1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro and in vivo activation of rat and human HSCs is accompanied by induction of MyoD binding to E-box DNA sequences which appears to be mechanistically associated with elevated MyoD protein expression and reduced expression of the inhibitory Id1 protein. Clarification of the role of MyoD and Id1 proteins in HSC activation and liver fibrogenesis is now required.
authors.affiliation: Liver Group, Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Level D, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Smart
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trim
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern / Q000379:methods; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D024721:E-Box Elements / Q000502:physiology*; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497453:ID1 protein, human; C497454:ID1 protein, rat; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D017570:MyoD Protein; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride