title: Diastolic blood pressure and area of residence: multilevel versus ecological analysis of social inequity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study geographical differences in diastolic blood pressure and the influence of the social environment (census percentage of people with low educational achievement) on individual diastolic blood pressure level, after controlling for individual age and educational achievement. To compare the results of multilevel and ecological analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional analysis performed by multilevel linear regression modelling, with women at the first level and urban areas at the second level, and by single level ecological regression using areas as the unit of analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Malmö, Sweden (population 250 000).
  
  
  METHODS
  15 569 women aged 45 to 73, residing in 17 urban areas, who took part in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (1991-1996).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the "fixed effects" multilevel analysis, low educational achievement at both individual (beta=1.093, SE=0.167) and area levels (beta=2.966, SE=1.250) were independently associated with blood pressure, although in the "random effects" multilevel analysis almost none of the total variability in blood pressure across persons was attributable to areas (intraclass correlation=0.3%). The ecological analysis also found an association between the area educational variable and mean diastolic blood pressure (beta=4.058, SE=1.345).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The small intraclass correlation found indicated very marginal geographical differences and almost no influence of the urban area on individual blood pressure. However, these slight differences were enough to detect an effect of the social environment on blood pressure. The ecological study overestimated the associations found in the "fixed" effects multilevel analysis, and neither distinguished individual from area levels nor provided information on the intraclass correlation. Ecological analyses are inadequate to evaluate geographical differences in health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. Juan.Merlo@smi.mas.lu.se
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merlo
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Ostergren
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hagberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindström
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melander
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Råstam
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berglund
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012931:Social Environment; D013548:Sweden; D014504:Urban Health