title: Childhood victimization and alcohol symptoms in females: causal inferences and hypothesized mediators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research has reported a relationship between childhood victimization experiences and alcohol problems in females. This paper has two distinct goals: (1) to determine whether it is appropriate to make a causal inference regarding the association between early child abuse and neglect and alcohol symptoms in females; and (2) to examine five potential mechanisms (depression, worthlessness, social isolation/loneliness, low self esteem, and using alcohol and/or drugs to cope) that may mediate the relationship between child abuse and neglect and alcohol symptomatology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Substantiated cases of child abuse and neglect from 1967 to 1971 were matched on sex, age, race, and approximate social class with nonabused and non-neglected children and followed prospectively into young adulthood. Subjects were administered a 2-h in-person interview, including the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS-III-R) to assess alcohol use and abuse. Analyses are restricted to females in the sample (N = 582).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Structural equation modeling provides support for the inference that childhood victimization plays a causal role in the development of alcohol symptoms in women. There also is support for the hypothesized mediating role of two mechanisms (depression and using alcohol/drugs to cope), but not for the other mediators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence from this prospective study suggests that childhood victimization may be one of the causal factors in the development of alcohol problems in females. Interventions should bedirected at abused and neglected females of all ages to help them to deal with depression and to develop coping strategies to prevent the development of serious alcohol problems.
authors.affiliation: The University at Albany, School of Criminal Justice, NY, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schuck
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Widom
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D018585:Battered Women / Q000523:psychology*; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012649:Self Concept; D012934:Social Isolation