title: Acute precipitants of congestive heart failure exacerbations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have prospectively and systematically explored the factors that acutely precipitate exacerbation of congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Knowledge of such factors is important in designing measures to prevent deterioration of clinical status. The objective of this study was to prospectively describe the precipitants associated with exacerbation of CHF status in patients enrolled in the Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction Pilot Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a 2-stage, multicenter, randomized trial in 768 patients with CHF who had an ejection fraction of less than 40%. Patients were randomly assigned to receive enalapril maleate, candesartan cilexetil, or both for 17 weeks, followed by randomization to receive metoprolol succinate or placebo for 26 weeks. Investigators systematically documented information on clinical presentation, management, and factors associated with the exacerbation for any episode of acute CHF during follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 323 episodes of worsening of CHF occurred in 180 patients during 43 weeks of follow-up; 143 patients required hospitalization, and 5 died. Factors implicated in worsening of CHF status included noncompliance with salt restriction (22%); other noncardiac causes (20%), notably pulmonary infectious processes; study medications (15%); use of antiarrhythmic agents in the past 48 hours (15%); arrhythmias (13%); calcium channel blockers (13%); and inappropriate reductions in CHF therapy (10%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A variety of factors, many of which are avoidable, are associated with exacerbation of CHF. Attention to these factors and patient education are important in the prevention of CHF deterioration.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Coordinating and Research (EPICORE) Centre, Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, 213 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2. ross.tsuyuki@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Tsuyuki
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: McKelvie
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.lastname: Avezum A
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Barretto
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Isaac
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kitching
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Piegas
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004656:Enalapril / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D015985:Precipitating Factors; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D013777:Tetrazoles; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D013777:Tetrazoles; D004656:Enalapril; D008790:Metoprolol; C077793:candesartan cilexetil