title: Expression of novel ING variants is regulated by thyroid hormone in the Xenopus laevis tadpole.
abstract: The candidate tumor suppressor gene, ING1, encodes several protein isoforms as a result of alternative splicing that may possess agonistic and antagonistic roles in the control of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Recently a related gene, ING2, was isolated in human whose expression is increased in adenocarcinomas. Little is known about the cellular function and regulation of these ING family members, but the fact that ING proteins contain a plant homeodomain finger suggests that these proteins may modulate transcription factor-mediated pathways. To elucidate how ING may interact in different tissues to modulate function, we used amphibian metamorphosis as a model system in which a single stimulus, thyroid hormone (TH), initiates tissue-specific proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. We have isolated the first Xenopus laevis ING2 and demonstrate that transcript levels increase in response to TH treatment. We provide evidence for the existence of splice variants that are differentially expressed in tissues with different TH-induced fates. Western blots using an antibody directed against the highly conserved C-terminal end of ING proteins reveal a tissue-specific pattern of ING isoform expression in adult Xenopus tissues. Analyses of premetamorphic tadpole tissues show a TH-induced accumulation of ING proteins in tail, whereas the levels in the leg are not affected. This TH-induced accumulation is also observed in serum-free tail organ cultures and is prevented by inhibitors of tail apoptosis. Therefore, this work presents the first link between ING expression and a hormonally regulated nuclear transcription factor-mediated apoptotic response opening the possibility that ING family members may be involved in transducing the signal initiated by TH that determines cell fate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gogela-Spehar
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Skirrow
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Riabowol
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Helbing
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free / Q000494:pharmacology; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015723:Gene Library; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000494:pharmacology; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D014981:Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C486712:ING2 protein, Xenopus; C444654:ING2 protein, human; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D014284:Triiodothyronine