title: Changes in contrast sensitivity induced by defocus and their possible relations to emmetropization in the chicken.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether the level of contrast adaptation (CA) relates to refractive development in the chicken. (CA refers to a spatial frequency-selective increase of suprathreshold contrast sensitivity after exposure to low-contrast patterns).
  
  
  METHODS
  CA was determined in individual chicks by comparing their optomotor gain in response to drifting low-contrast stripe patterns before and after treatment with spectacle lenses. The amount of CA was compared with the loss of contrast predicted from defocus at the tested spatial frequency. The reversion of CA and recovery from deprivation myopia were studied while the retinal image features were controlled by forcing the animals to watch spatially filtered digital video clips.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CA was induced by wearing positive and negative lenses for 1.5 hours, both without and with cycloplegia, but was less pronounced in the case of positive lenses when accommodation was intact. The amount of CA at a tested spatial frequency was predicted from the loss of contrast calculated from the modulation transfer function for a defocused optical system. Watching low-pass-filtered video clips induced deprivation myopia and inhibited recovery from it. It also prevented the reversal of CA that was previously induced by deprivation. Both recovery from deprivation myopia and recovery from CA occurred with sharp video clips, although less so than with normal visual exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CA changes with retinal image sharpness and occurs even when accommodation is intact. Because CA correlates with myopia induced by frosted occluders, negative lenses, and low-pass-filtered video clips, and its reversal correlates with recovery from myopia, it is possible that shifts in CA may represent a signal related to refractive error development.
authors.affiliation: University Eye Hospital, Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diether
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gekeler
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schaeffel
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D000221:Adaptation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D005139:Eyeglasses; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D014741:Video Recording