title: Halothane inhibits contraction and action potential duration to a greater extent in subendocardial than subepicardial myocytes from the rat left ventricle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Halothane inhibits the 4-aminopyridine-sensitive transient outward K(+) current (I(to)) which in many species, including humans, plays an important role in determining action potential duration. As I(to) is greater in the ventricular subepicardium than subendocardium, halothane may have differential effects on action potential duration and, therefore, contraction in cells isolated from these two regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Myocytes were isolated from the subendocardium and subepicardium of the rat left ventricle. Myocytes from each region were electrically stimulated at 1 Hz to measure contractions and action potentials and exposed to 0.6 mm halothane (approximately 2 x minimum alveolar concentration(50) for the rat) for 1 min. The time from the peak of the action potential to repolarization at 0 and -50 mV was measured to assess the effects of halothane on action potential duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Halothane inhibited contraction to a significantly (P = 0.002) greater extent in subendocardial myocytes than in subepicardial myocytes: the amplitude of contraction during control conditions was 3.6 +/- 0.4 microm and 3.2 +/- 0.7 microm in subendocardial and subepicardial cells, respectively, and this was reduced to 1.1 +/- 0.2 microm (29 +/- 2% of control, P < 0.0001, n = 10) and 1.4 +/- 0.3 microm (46 +/- 3% of control, P = 0.007, n = 7), respectively, after a 1-min exposure to 0.6 mm halothane. Control action potential duration (at -50 mV) was 67 +/- 10 and 28 +/- 4 ms in subendocardial and subepicardial myocytes, respectively, and these values were reduced to 39 +/- 6 ms (58 +/- 3% of control, P < 0.001) and 20 +/- 3 ms (73 +/- 5% of control, P = 0.009) by halothane, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Action potential duration was reduced to a greater extent in subendocardial than subepicardial myocytes, which would contribute to the greater negative inotropic effect of halothane in the subendocardium. Furthermore, the transmural difference in action potential duration was reduced by halothane, which could contribute to its arrhythmogenic properties.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rithalia
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006221:Halothane