title: Recent trends in the HIV epidemic among injecting drug users in Northern Italy, 1993-1999.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To monitor and describe the time trends of the HIV epidemic among intravenous drug users (IDU) attending drug dependence treatment centres (DDTC) in Northern Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of all seronegative IDU attending DDTC in Lombardy between 1993 and 1999; all had been tested for HIV at least twice. Periodic sample interview surveys were done to assess risk behaviours.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incidence rates of HIV infection were calculated using the person-year (PY) method and expressed as the number of cases per 1000 PY at risk. Background HIV prevalence was calculated by dividing the number of positive cases by the total number of IDU tested at all DDTC in Lombardy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1993 and 1999, 135 seroconversions occurred in 7945 subjects followed for 19 671 PY, yielding an incidence rate of 6.9/1000 PY. Ninety seroconversions occurred among the 6563 males and 45 seroconversions among 1382 females (incidence rates 5.5 and 14.0, respectively). Among the males, the incidence of HIV was 4.5 in those aged less than 25 years and 5.8 in those aged 25 years or more. Among the females, the corresponding figures were 21.1 and 10.3. HIV prevalence decreased over time, and it was higher among females. Sexual behaviours at risk were more common among females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of HIV infection among IDU in Northern Italy was stable between 1993 and 1999. The higher incidence and prevalence among females and the different prevalence of risk behaviours between genders suggest an increasing role of heterosexual transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate (MI), Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sabbatini
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carulli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Corrêa Leite
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicolosi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*