title: Screening for lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effectiveness of screening for lung cancer with chest radiography, sputum cytology or spiral CT has not been established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether screening for lung cancer using regular sputum examinations or chest radiography or CT chest reduces lung cancer mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases, bibliographies, hand searching of a journal and discussion with experts were used to identify published and unpublished trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled trials of screening for lung cancer using sputum examinations, chest radiography or CT chest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intention to screen analysis was performed. Where there was significant statistical heterogeneity relative risks were reported using the random effect model, but for other outcomes the fixed effect model was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven trials were included (6 randomised controlled studies and 1 non-randomised controlled trial) with a total of 245,610 subjects. There were no studies with an unscreened control group. Frequent screening with chest x-rays was associated with an 11% relative increase in mortality from lung cancer compared with less frequent screening (RR 1.11, CI: 1.00-1.23). A non statistically significant trend was observed to reduced mortality from lung cancer when screening with chest x-ray and sputum cytology was compared with chest x-ray alone (RR 0.88, CI:0.74-1.03). Several of the included studies had potential methodological weaknesses. There were no controlled studies of spiral CT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current evidence does not support screening for lung cancer with chest radiography or sputum cytology. Frequent chest x-ray screening might be harmful. Further, methodologically rigorous trials are required.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology and Health Service Evaluation Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3050. ManserRL@mh.org.au
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Manser
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Irving
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Byrnes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed