title: Caffeine eliminates psychomotor vigilance deficits from sleep inertia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to establish the effects of caffeine on sleep inertia, which is the ubiquitous phenomenon of cognitive performance impairment, grogginess and tendency to return to sleep immediately after awakening.
  
  
  METHODS
  28 normal adult volunteers were administered sustained low-dose caffeine or placebo (randomized double-blind) during the last 66 hours of an 88-hour period of extended wakefulness that included seven 2-hour naps during which polysomnographical recordings were made. Every 2 hours of wakefulness, and immediately after abrupt awakening from the naps, psychomotor vigilance performance was tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the placebo condition, sleep inertia was manifested as significantly impaired psychomotor vigilance upon awakening from the naps. This impairment was absent in the caffeine condition. Caffeine had only modest effects on nap sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caffeine was efficacious in overcoming sleep inertia. This suggests a reason for the popularity of caffeine-containing beverages after awakening. Caffeine's main mechanism of action on the central nervous system is antagonism of adenosine receptors. Thus, increased adenosine in the brain upon awakening may be the cause of sleep inertia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6021, USA. vdongen@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Van Dongen
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mullington
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Szuba
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Dinges
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine