title: Cones of skin occur where hypertrophic scar occurs.
abstract: Hypertrophic scarring is devastating for the patient, however the pathophysiology and treatment remain unknown after decades of research. The process follows deep dermal injury, occurs only on certain body parts, does not occur in the early fetus or in animals, and is a localized event. This suggests that an anatomic structure in human, deep dermis may be involved. The dermis is a matrix perforated by cones containing many structures including skin appendages and fat domes. We hypothesized that studying the cones might reveal a structure related to scarring. We examined tangential wounds from various body parts on human cadavers along with skin histology from various human body parts, the early fetus, partial thickness burns, hypertrophic scars, and two other species-rats and rabbits. We found that the cones may in fact be the structure. They exist where hypertrophic scar occurs-cheek, neck, chest, abdomen, back, buttock, arm, forearm, dorsal hand, thigh, leg, dorsal foot, helix and ear lobe. They do not exist where hypertrophic scar does not occur-scalp, forehead, concha, eyelid, palm, early fetus, and in rat, or rabbit. It also became apparent that the cones have been omitted from most considerations of skin histology. We suggest that the cones need to be studied in relation to hypertrophic scarring and restored to skin diagrams.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Engrav
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Gibran
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Yunusov
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Reichenbach
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Heimbach
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Isik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002056:Burns / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D002102:Cadaver; D017439:Cicatrix, Hypertrophic / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020405:Dermis / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013045:Species Specificity; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*