title: In vivo reduction of chromium (VI) and its related free radical generation.
abstract: Chromium (VI) compounds are widely recognized as human carcinogens. Extensive studies in vitro and in model systems indicate that the reactive intermediate, Cr (V), generated by cellular reduction of Cr (VI), is likely the candidate for the ultimate carcinogenic form of chromium compounds. Here we review our current understanding of the in vivo reduction of Cr (VI) and its related free radical generation. Our results demonstrate that Cr (V) is indeed generated from the reduction of Cr (VI) in vivo, and that Cr (V) thus formed can mediate the generation of free radicals. Cr (V) and its related free radicals are very likely to be involved in the mechanism of Cr (VI)-induced toxicity and carcinogenesis. These studies also illustrate that in vivo EPR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging can be very useful and powerful tools for studying paramagnetic metal ions in chemical and biochemical reactions occurring in intact animals.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002857:Chromium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D023421:Models, Animal; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002614:Chelating Agents; D005609:Free Radicals; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002857:Chromium; D004492:Edetic Acid