title: Toxicity of amiodarone and amiodarone analogues on isolated rat liver mitochondria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amiodarone is a well-known mitochondrial toxin consisting of a benzofuran ring (ring A) coupled to a p-OH-benzene structure substituted with 2 iodines and a diethyl-ethanolamine side chain (ring B).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To find out which part of amiodarone is responsible for mitochondrial toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amiodarone, ring A and B without the ethanolamine side-chain and iodines (B0), ring A and B with iodines but no ethanolamine (B2), ring B with 1 iodine and no ethanolamine (C1) and ring B with ethanolamine and 2 iodines (D2) were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In freshly isolated rat liver mitochondria, amiodarone inhibited state 3 glutamate and palmitoyl-CoA oxidation and decreased the respiratory control ratios. B0 and B2 were more potent inhibitors than amiodarone and B2 more potent than B0. C1 and D2 showed no significant mitochondrial toxicity. After disruption, mitochondrial oxidases and complexes of the electron transport chain were inhibited by amiodarone, B0 and B2, whereas C1 and D2 revealed no inhibition. Beta-oxidation showed a strong inhibition by amiodarone, B0 and B2 but not by C1 or D2. Ketogenesis was almost unaffected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amiodarone, B0 and B2 are uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, and inhibit complexes I, II and III, and beta-oxidation. The benzofuran structure is responsible for mitochondrial toxicity of amiodarone and the presence of iodine is not essential.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spaniol
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bracher
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Follath
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krähenbühl
mesh_terms: D000638:Amiodarone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010171:Palmitoyl Coenzyme A / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D010171:Palmitoyl Coenzyme A; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D000638:Amiodarone