title: Curtailing unnecessary vancomycin usage in a hospital with high rates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To implement and monitor the effectiveness of a strategy to curb unnecessary use of vancomycin and teicoplanin for inpatients in a teaching hospital/tertiary referral centre where 33% of S. aureus isolates (72% from ICU patients) were methicillin resistant.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 182 vancomycin/teicoplanin inpatient prescriptions surveyed, revealed that only 31 (17%) conformed with Centre for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines. Following education (ward-rounds, bulletins) on appropriate CDC based guidelines for prescribing glycopeptides directed at relevant clinicians, 'Immediate Concurrent Feedback' (ICF) was gradually deployed throughout the hospital. This entailed review of respective inpatient records on the next working day. If the indication was deemed not to conform with our guidelines, the prescriber was issued a memo (copied to the supervising doctor). Each memo detailed the 'errant' incident, listed appropriate indications and explicitly advised desisting from such prescribing and suggested alternative therapy if necessary. Corresponding glycopeptide usage data for our hospital and others in Hong Kong were retrieved and analysed as were samples of records of our inpatients with staphylococcal septicaemia (pre and during ICF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with baseline values, during 2 years of ICF, inpatient prescribing of vancomycin and teicoplanin deemed to conform increased to 71% (773/1086); difference 54% (P < 0.0001, 95% CIs 47-62%). Corresponding average monthly usage (DDDs/1000 admissions) decreased from 76 (pre-ICF) to 45; mean difference 31 (P < 0.0001, 95% CIs 24, 38). Mortality from staphylococcal bacteraemia remained unchanged. No comparable changes in glycopeptide usage ensued in comparator hospitals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICF can be used safely to curb irrational overuse of vancomycin and teicoplanin in a hospital with high methicillin resistant S. aureus infection rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. hrmekcr@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Kumana
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kou
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Seto
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006723:Hong Kong; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017334:Teicoplanin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017334:Teicoplanin; D014640:Vancomycin