title: Comparison of the prevalence of inflammatory cells in subtypes of disc herniations and associations with straight leg raising.
abstract: METHODS
  The prevalence of inflammatory cells in 205 disc herniations (DHs) and nine macroscopically normal discs for comparison was studied immunohistochemically. Inflammatory cells were separately analyzed in subtypes of DH. Immunohistochemical data were related to clinical parameters, the straight leg raising test (SLR) in particular.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of the study were to compare the occurrence of inflammatory cells in various subtypes of DH and to determine the association between clinical data and inflammatory cell occurrence in a more extensive sample of DH, with separate analysis of DH subtypes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have suggested a common occurrence of inflammation and inflammatory cells, particularly macrophages, in DHs. No studies on any larger material comprising different subtypes of DH have been done.
  
  
  METHODS
  For immunohistochemistry the alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase method was used. Monoclonal antibodies to T cells in general (CD2), activated T cells (CD25), B cells (CD22), and macrophages (CD68) were used. Obtained immunostaining results were then compared with clinical data, e.g., duration of pain, SLR, and type of DH (sequesters 86, extrusions 103, protrusions 16). Associations were studied by the chi2 test or Fisher's exact test, as applicable (level of significance P < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abundant T cells were seen in 17% of the 205 DHs, activated T cells in 17%, B cells in 16%, and macrophages in 37%. All cell types were 2-3 times more prevalent in sequestrated discs than in extrusions. In protrusions macrophages were abundantly seen in 25% (4 of 16) and no other inflammatory cells. In patients with positive SLR and a sequestrated disc abundant lymphocytes were seen three times more often than in extrusions. When patients with bilaterally negative SLR were compared with those with tight SLR (< or =30 degrees ) with respect to inflammatory cell occurrence, some significant differences were noted (CD68, P < 0.025; CD25, P = 0.04). A comparison between SLR bilaterally positive and bilaterally negative also showed associations for all four inflammatory cell types (P = 0.016 to P = 0.029). There was no correlation between inflammatory cells and duration of pain. Abundant inflammatory cells were never seen in control discs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When SLR was positive and the DH type was sequestered, inflammatory cells were most commonly seen. Our results showed some statistically significant associations between inflammatory cells and SLR, most clearly when comparing bilaterally positive and negative SLR. Interestingly, a bilaterally positive SLR showed an association with all four inflammatory cell types analyzed. Tight SLR also showed an association, particularly with macrophages. In addition to tissue resorption, they may participate in sciatic pain. Even though lymphocytes were less prevalent, they may have some role in sequestered discs and bilaterally positive SLR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grönblad
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seitsalo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Habtemariam
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kääpä
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karaharju
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007866:Leg / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase