title: Chlorproguanil-dapsone for treatment of drug-resistant falciparum malaria in Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resistance to the affordable malaria treatments chloroquine and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine is seriously impeding malaria control through treatment in east Africa. We did an open, alternate drug allocation study to assess the efficacy of chlorproguanil-dapsone in the treatment of falciparum malaria clinically resistant to pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children younger than 5 years with non-severe falciparum malaria, attending Muheza district hospital in Tanzania, were treated with the standard regimen of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine. Patients whose clinical symptoms resolved but who remained parasitaemic 7 days after pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine were followed up for 1 month. Clinical malaria episodes were retreated with either single dose pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine or a 3-day regimen of chlorproguanil-dapsone. Those with parasitaemia after 7 days were treated with chlorproguanil-dapsone. Parasite DNA was collected on day 7 after first treatment with pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine and we looked for point mutations in the genes encoding dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dyhydropteroate synthetase (dhps).
  
  
  RESULTS
  360 children were enrolled and treated with pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine. On day 7, 192 (55%) of 348 had cleared parasitaemia. Of the remaining 156 parasitaemic children, 140 (90%) were followed up to day 28, and 92 (66%) of 140 developed clinical malaria. These 92 patients were alternately retreated with either pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (46) or chlorproguanil-dapsone (46). 28 (61%) of 46 children retreated with pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine were still parasitaemic at day 7, compared with three (7%) of 44 [corrected] children retreated with chlorproguanil-dapsone. Resistance to pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine increased from 45% (156/348) at the first treatment to 61% (28/46) after retreatment. 83 of 85 parasite isolates collected after the first pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine treatment, and before and after the second treatments with pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine and chlorproguanil-dapsone showed triple-mutant dhfr alleles, associated with a variety of dhps mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients treated with pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, who remain parasitaemic at day 7, develop new malaria symptoms within 1 month. Chlorproguanil-dapsone was a practicable therapy under these circumstances. Analysis of parasite dhfr and dhps before and after treatment supports the view that pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance in this part of Africa is primarily due to parasites with three mutations in the dhfr domain.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, Amani-Tanga, Tanzania. tkmuta@ud.co.tz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mutabingwa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nzila
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mberu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nduati
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Winstanley
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hills
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Watkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003622:Dapsone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D017354:Point Mutation; D002727:Proguanil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013636:Tanzania
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004338:Drug Combinations; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; C007030:chlorproguanil; D003622:Dapsone; D002727:Proguanil; D011739:Pyrimethamine