title: Tumour embolization of the Vx2 rabbit head and neck cancer model with Dextran hydrogel and Holmium-poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres: a radionuclide and histological pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intra-arterial embolization of unresectable malignant tumours with biodegradable microspheres is an effective way of selective anti-tumour therapy. Promising candidates are Dextran hydrogel (Dex) microspheres for chemo-embolization and Holmium-166 poly(L-lactic acid) (166HoPLA) microspheres for radio-embolization. This study was performed to investigate the distribution of intra-arterially injected microspheres both in vivo and histologically in order to establish an optimal size of particles for embolization of head and neck tumours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty rabbits with Vx2 auricular tumours were embolized via the caudal auricular artery with 4 different batches of microspheres: Radioactive (166)HoPLA microspheres sieved between 20 and 50 microm and Dextran hydrogel microspheres sieved between 20 and 100 microm (Dex20), 30 and 100 microm (Dex30) or 50 and 100 microm (Dex50). Dex20 and Dex50 microspheres were labelled with 99mTechnetium in six cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The average particle size of the microspheres was determined. The proportion of microspheres entrapped in the tumour was measured with a gamma camera. The distribution of microspheres around the primary tumour and spill of particles over into lungs or other organs was analysed from histological sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean particle diameter varied from 19 to 66 microm: (166)HoPLA 19+/-11 microm, Dex20 40+/-19 microm, Dex30 50+/-19 microm, Dex50 66+/-21 microm. The 19 microm(166)HoPLA particles proved inadequate for embolization as 51% spilled over into the lungs, whereas over 95% of the 40-66 microm Dex microspheres were retained within the primary tumour area. Particle density in lung tissues proved significantly lower for the Dex50 group. Stray emboli to the brain occurred in two rabbits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this investigation show that both Dextran hydrogel and holmium-166 poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres are potential candidates for embolization of head and neck cancer. In future studies, arterio-arteriolar anastomoses which might confound treatment should be identified and occluded. Particles with a number weighted mean diameter of at least 40 microm and a volume weighted mean size up to 70 microm should be used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands. omfsurg@kmb.azu.nl
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van Es
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Nijsen
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Dullens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kicken
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Bilt
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hennink
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koole
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Slootweg
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods; D003911:Dextrans; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006695:Holmium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008863:Microspheres; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy; D010316:Particle Size; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D011817:Rabbits; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013667:Technetium
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D011868:Radioisotopes; D019344:Lactic Acid; C033616:poly(lactide); D013667:Technetium; D006695:Holmium