title: Fluctuation of extracellular hypocretin-1 (orexin A) levels in the rat in relation to the light-dark cycle and sleep-wake activities.
abstract: Hypocretins/orexins are neuropeptides implicated in sleep regulation and the sleep disorder narcolepsy. In order to examine how hypocretin activity fluctuates across 24 h with respect to the sleep-wake cycle, we measured changes in extracellular hypocretin-1 levels in the lateral hypothalamus and medial thalamus of freely moving rats with simultaneous sleep recordings. Hypocretin levels exhibited a robust diurnal fluctuation; levels slowly increased during the dark period (active phase), and decreased during the light period (rest phase). Levels were not correlated with the amount of wake or sleep in each period. Although an acute 4-h light-shift did not alter hypocretin levels, 6-h sleep deprivation significantly increased hypocretin release during the forced-wake period. Hypocretin activity is, thus, likely to build up during wakefulness and decline with the occurrence of sleep. These findings, together with the fact that a difficulty in maintaining wakefulness during the daytime is one of the primary symptoms of hypocretin-deficient narcolepsy, suggest that hypocretin activity may be critical in opposing sleep propensity during periods of prolonged wakefulness.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University Center for Narcolepsy, 701B Welch Rd, 1st Floor, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujiki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ripley
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mignot
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004027:Diencephalon / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D007026:Hypothalamic Area, Lateral / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D020644:Midline Thalamic Nuclei / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000068797:Orexins; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D000068797:Orexins