title: Polyamine depletion in human melanoma cells leads to G1 arrest associated with induction of p21WAF1/CIP1/SDI1, changes in the expression of p21-regulated genes, and a senescence-like phenotype.
abstract: The cell cycle regulatory events that interface with polyamine requirements for cell growth have not yet been clearly identified. Here we use specific inhibitors of polyamine biosynthetic enzymes to investigate the effect of polyamine pool depletion on cell cycle regulation. Treatment of MALME-3M cells with either the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor alpha-difluoromethylornithine or the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitor MDL-73811 lowered specific polyamine pools and slowed cell growth but did not induce cell cycle arrest. By contrast, treatment with the combination of inhibitors halted cell growth and caused a distinct G1 arrest. The latter was associated with marked reduction of all three polyamine pools, a strong increase in p21(WAF1/CIP1/SDI1) (p21), and hypophosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. All effects were fully prevented by exogenous polyamines. p21 induction preceded p53 stabilization in MALME-3M cells and also occurred in a polyamine-depleted, p53-nonfunctional melanoma cell line, indicating that p21 is induced at least in part through p53-independent mechanisms. Conditional overexpression of p21 in a fibrosarcoma cell line was shown previously to inhibit the expression of multiple proliferation-associated genes and to induce the expression of genes associated with various aspects of cell senescence and organism aging. Polyamine depletion in MALME-3M cells was associated with inhibition of seven of seven tested p21-inhibited genes and with induction of 13 of 14 tested p21-induced genes. p21 expression is also known to induce a senescence-like phenotype, and phenotypic features of senescence were observed in polyamine-depleted MALME-3M cells. Cells increased in size, appeared more granular, and expressed senescence-associated beta-galactosidase. Cells released from the polyamine inhibition lost the ability to form colonies, failed to replicate their DNA, and approximately 25% became bi- or multinucleated. These events parallel the outcome of prolonged p21 induction in fibrosarcoma cells. The results of this study indicate that polyamine pool depletion achieved by specific biosynthetic enzyme inhibitors causes p21-mediated G1 cell cycle arrest followed by p21-mediated changes in gene expression, development of a senescence-like phenotype, and loss of cellular proliferative capacity.
authors.affiliation: Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Diegelman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alm
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Roninson
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Porter
mesh_terms: D012437:Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015317:Biogenic Polyamines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000502:physiology; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D003839:Deoxyadenosines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000518:Eflornithine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D065108:Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015317:Biogenic Polyamines; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D003839:Deoxyadenosines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D065108:Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitors; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C065859:MDL 73811; D012437:Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase; D000518:Eflornithine