title: Positron emission tomography in evaluation of dementia: Regional brain metabolism and long-term outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deficits in cerebral glucose utilization have been identified in patients with cognitive dysfunction attributed to various disease processes, but their prognostic and diagnostic value remains to be defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the sensitivity and specificity with which cerebral metabolic patterns at a single point in time forecast subsequent documentation of progressive dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Positron emission tomography (PET) studies of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose in 146 patients undergoing evaluation for dementia with at least 2 years' follow-up for disease progression at the University of California, Los Angeles, from 1991 to 2000, and PET studies in 138 patients undergoing evaluation for dementia at an international consortium of facilities, with histopathological diagnoses an average of 2.9 years later, conducted from 1984 to 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regional distribution of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose in each patient, classified by criteria established a priori as positive or negative for presence of a progressive neurodegenerative disease in general and of Alzheimer disease (AD) specifically, compared with results of longitudinal or neuropathologic analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Progressive dementia was detected by PET with a sensitivity of 93% (191/206) and a specificity of 76% (59/78). Among patients with neuropathologically based diagnoses, PET identified patients with AD and patients with any neurodegenerative disease with a sensitivity of 94% and specificities of 73% and 78%, respectively. The negative likelihood ratio of experiencing a progressive vs nonprogressive course over the several years following a single negative brain PET scan was 0.10 (95% confidence interval, 0.06-0.16), and the initial pattern of cerebral metabolism was significantly associated with the subsequent course of progression overall (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients presenting with cognitive symptoms of dementia, regional brain metabolism was a sensitive indicator of AD and of neurodegenerative disease in general. A negative PET scan indicated that pathologic progression of cognitive impairment during the mean 3-year follow-up was unlikely to occur.
authors.affiliation: Ahmanson Biological Imaging Center, CHS AR-144, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6942, USA. dsilver@ucla.edu
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kung De Aburto
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Czernin
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Rapoport
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pietrini
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Schapiro
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Jagust
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Welsh-Bohmer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alavi
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: de Leon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mielke
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kowell
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gambhir
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Hoh
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Phelps
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose