title: Pioglitazone inhibits growth of carcinoid cells and promotes TRAIL-induced apoptosis by induction of p21waf1/cip1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effect of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonist pioglitazone on growth and TRAIL-induced apoptosis in carcinoid cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Carcinoid cells were incubated without and with pioglitazone. Effects on growth were examined by cell count and cell cycle analysis. p21waf1/cip1 expression was determined by Western blotting. Cytotoxicity assay was performed by FACS analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pioglitazone suppressed the growth and induced apoptosis of carcinoid cells. Additionally, pioglitazone significantly enhanced carcinoid cell death induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). The enhancement of TRAIL-induced apoptosis was associated with an upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21waf1/cip1 in pioglitazone-treated carcinoid cells. Importantly, overexpression of p21waf1/cip1 in carcinoid cells by adenoviral gene transfer of p21 sensitized them to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that pioglitazone inhibits cell growth and sensitizes cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by induction of p21waf1/cip1. Therefore, pioglitazone can be an effective therapeutic adjuvant for the treatment of carcinoid tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa, USA. rgoeke@gmx.net
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Göke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Göke
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Göke
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: El-Deiry
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002452:Cell Count; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000077205:Pioglitazone