title: Growth hormone for children with chronic renal failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the benefits and harms of recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) treatment in children with chronic renal failure (CRF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline, Embase, article reference lists and through contact with local and international experts in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included if they were carried out in children aged 0-18 years, diagnosed with CRF who are pre-dialysis, on dialysis or post-transplant; if they compared hGH treatment with placebo/no treatment or two doses of hGH treatments; and if they included height outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently assessed studies for methodological quality and extracted data from eligible trials. The primary outcome measure was difference in mean change in height standard deviation score (SDS). Secondary outcome measures included change in height SDS from treatment onset to completion, change in height SDS during puberty, change in height velocity, final height, quality of life and adverse effects. To estimate summary treatment effects, data was pooled using a random effects model with calculation of weighted mean difference (WMD) for continuous outcomes and relative risk for categorical outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten RCTs involving 481 children were identified. Treatment with hGH (28 IU/m(2)/wk) resulted in a significant increase in height standard deviation score (SDS) at one year (four trials, WMD0.77, 95% confidence limits (CI) 0.51 to 1.04), and a significant increase in height velocity at six months (two trials, WMD 5.7 cm/yr, 95%CI 4.4 to 7.0) and one year (two trials, WMD 4.1 cm/yr, 95%CI 2.6 to 5.6), but there was no further increase in height indices during the second year of administration. Compared to the 14 IU/m(2)/wk group, there was a 1.4 cm/yr (0.6 to 2.2) increase in height velocity in the 28 IU/m(2)/wk group. The frequency of reported side effects of hGH were similar to that of the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On average, one year of 28 IU/m(2)/wk hGH in children with CRF results in a 4 cm/yr increase in height velocity above that of untreated controls, however, it is not certain if this will result in an increase in final adult height. Benefits of longer courses or higher doses of treatment warrants further study.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 2145. dushyann@chw.edu.au
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vimalachandra
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cowell
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D013006:Growth Hormone