title: Head growth and neurodevelopment of infants born to HIV-1-infected drug-using women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe neurodevelopment and head growth in HIV-1-infected and exposed uninfected infants with and without in utero exposure to opiates and cocaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from a multicenter cohort study of HIV-1-infected women and their children, the authors fit repeated measures regression models to estimate the effects of HIV-1 infection and in utero hard drug exposure on head circumference and Bayley Scales of Infant Development standard scores during the first 30 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1,094 infants included in the analysis, 147 (13%) were HIV-1-positive and 383 (35%) were exposed in utero to opiates or cocaine (drug-positive). Mean 4- month Bayley mental scores were lower in infants with only HIV-1 positivity (HIV-positive and drug-negative) (-8.2 points, p < 0.0001) or only drug exposure (HIV-negative and drug-positive) (-4.4 points, p = 0.0001) and tended to be lower in infants with both factors (HIV-positive and drug-positive) (-3.7 points, p = 0.0596), compared with those who were HIV-1-negative and not drug exposed (HIV-negative and drug-negative). However, by 24 months of age, there was no longer a decrement among HIV-negative and drug-positive infants, whereas HIV-1 infection was still associated with a decrement relative to uninfected infants. Similar results were seen for Bayley motor scores and for head circumference Z scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-1 infection and in utero opiate and cocaine exposure decrease birth head circumference and slow neurodevelopment at 4 months. At 24 months of age, however, only HIV-1 infection is associated with decreased neurodevelopment and head circumference. There may be some postnatal recovery from the effects of in utero hard drug exposure. Importantly, the detrimental effects of HIV-1 positivity and maternal hard drug use on neurodevelopment at 4 months are not additive, although they are additive for birth head circumference.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612-7330, USA. cmacmillan@uic.edu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Macmillan
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Magder
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brouwers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hittelman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lasky
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Malee
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mellins
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Velez-Borras
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006257:Head / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies