title: Psychological treatments for epilepsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological interventions such as relaxation therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, EEG bio-feedback and educational interventions have been used alone or in combination in the treatment of epilepsy, to reduce the seizure frequency and improve the quality of life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether the treatment of epilepsy with psychological methods is effective in reducing seizure frequency and/or leads to a better quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group trial register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2001), MEDLINE using OVID (1966 - May 2001) and cross references from identified publications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized or quasi-randomized studies assessing one or more types of psychological or behaviour modification techniques for patients with epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently assessed the trials for inclusion and extracted data. Primary analyses were by intention to treat. Outcomes included reduction in seizure frequency, and quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found three small trials (50 patients) of relaxation therapy. They were of poor methodological quality and a meta-analysis was therefore not undertaken. No study found a significant effect of relaxation therapy on seizure frequency. One trial found cognitive behavioural therapy to be effective in reducing depression, among people with epilepsy with a depressed affect, whilst another did not. One trial of group cognitive therapy found no significant effect on seizure frequency. Two trials of combined relaxation and behaviour therapy and one of EEG bio-feedback and two of educational interventions did not provide sufficient information to assess their effect on seizure frequency. Combined use of relaxation and behaviour modification was found beneficial for anxiety and adjustment in one study. In one study EEG bio-feedback was found to improve the cognitive and motor functions in subjects with greatest seizure reduction. Educational interventions were found to be beneficial in improving the knowledge and understanding of epilepsy, improving compliance to medication and improving social competencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In view of methodological deficiencies and limited number of patients studied, we have found no reliable evidence to support the use of these treatments and further trials are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Apollo Hospitals, 21 Greams Lane, Off Greams Road, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India, 60006. rsridharan@vsnl.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramaratnam
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012064:Relaxation Therapy