title: The effect of scatter and attenuation on aerosol deposition as determined by gamma scintigraphy.
abstract: Gamma scintigraphy is often used to quantify deposition patterns from aerosol inhalers. The errors caused by scatter and tissue attenuation in planar Tc-99m gamma scintigraphy were investigated based on the data collected from four subjects in this study. Several error correction methods were tested. The results from two scatter correction methods, Jaszczak's method and factor analysis of dynamic sequences (FADS), were similar. Scatter accounted for 20% of raw data in the whole lung, 20% in the oropharynx, and 43% in the central airways and esophagus. Three attenuation correction methods were investigated and compared. These were: uniform attenuation correction (UAC), a known method used for inhalation drug imaging work; the broad-beam attenuation correction used for organ imaging in nuclear medicine; and a narrow-beam inhomogeneous tissue attenuation correction proposed in this study. The three methods differed significantly (p < 0.05), but all indicated that attenuation is a severe quantification problem. The narrow beam attenuation correction with scatter correction, showed that raw data underestimated tracer deposition by 44% in the lung, 137% in the oropharynx, and 153% in the trachea/esophageal region. To quantify aerosol lung deposition using planar scintigraphy even in relative terms, corrections are necessary. Much of the literature concerning quantified aerosol dose distributions measured by gamma scintigraphy needs to be interpreted carefully.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA. zx111@po.cwru.edu
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Berridge
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Heald
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015982:Bias; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004947:Esophagus / Q000187:drug effects*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013667:Technetium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects*; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D013667:Technetium; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide