title: Failure to precondition pathological human myocardium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effects of ischemic preconditioning (PC) on diabetic and failing human myocardium and the role of mitochondrial KATP channels on the response in these diseased tissues.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is conflicting evidence to suggest that PC is a healthy heart phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Right atrial appendages were obtained from seven different groups of patients: nondiabetics, diet-controlled diabetics, noninsulin-dependent diabetics (NIDD) receiving KATP channel blockers, insulin-dependent diabetics (IDD), and patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >50%, LVEF between 30% and 50% and LVEF <30%. After stabilization, the muscle slices were randomized into five experimental groups (n = 6/group): 1) aerobic control-incubated in oxygenated buffer for 210 min, 2) ischemia alone-90 min ischemia followed by 120 min reoxygenation, 3) preconditioning by 5 min ischemia/5 min reoxygenation before 90 min ischemia/120 min reoxygenation, 4) diazoxide (Mito KATP opener, 0.1 mm)-for 10 min before the 90 min ischemia/120 min reoxygenation and 5) glibenclamide (10 microm)-10 min exposure prior to PC (only in the diabetic patient groups). Creatine kinase leakage into the medium (CK, U/g wet wt) and MTT reduction (OD/mg wet wt), an index of cell viability, were assessed at the end of the experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ischemia caused similar injury in both normal and diseased tissue. Preconditioning prevented the effects of ischemia in all groups except NIDD, IDD and poor cardiac function (<30%). In the diazoxide-treated groups, protection was mimicked in all groups except the NIDD and IDD groups. Interestingly, glybenclamide abolished protection in nondiabetic and diet-controlled NIDD groups and did not affect NIDD groups receiving KATP channel blockers or IDD groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that failure to precondition the diabetic heart is due to dysfunction of the mitochondrial KATP channels and that the mechanism of failure in the diabetic heart lies in elements of the signal transduction pathway different from the mitochondrial KATP channels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospitals Leicester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Standen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galiñianes
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000502:physiology*; D000368:Aged; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015221:Potassium Channels; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate