title: Musculoskeletal causes of chest pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chest pain is a common presenting problem to general practitioners and accident and emergency departments. Such a symptom generates anxiety in both patients and their medical attendants, for fear that this symptom represents a life threatening event. Numerous investigations often ensue, adding to the physical and financial burden on an already stressed health system. Musculoskeletal causes of chest pain are common but frequently overlooked.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article aims to outline some of the more common musculoskeletal problems which may present as chest pain, and to present a practical approach to their diagnosis and management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is estimated that somewhere in the vicinity of 20-25% of noncardiac chest pain has a musculoskeletal basis. Careful history taking to identify red flag conditions differentiates those who require further investigation. Historical features suggesting a musculoskeletal cause include pain on specific postures or physical activities. A musculoskeletal diagnosis can usually be confirmed by clinical examination alone, the key to which is reproducing the patient's pain by either a movement or more specifically palpation over the structure that is the source of the pain. Confirming the diagnosis, explanation and reassurance allay anxiety. Management strategies include manual therapy, the provision of analgesia and anti-inflammatory agents, either topically, orally or by injection. Focal injection of local anaesthetic alone may also be a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Swinburne University of Technology.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012253:Rib Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D013991:Tietze's Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis