title: Multiple immune functions in rats fed Echinacea extracts.
abstract: This study evaluated acquired-immune functions representing the three major branches of the immune system in male rats fed a commercially available echinacea product. An additional comparison of effects on antibody formation in male and female rats was done using the commercial echinacea product and two echinacea tinctures marketed by local herbalists. In initial testing, we found no evidence of altered natural killer cell activity, T cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity, or specific antibody formation in male rats given either a 225 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg of the commercial echinacea for 6 weeks. Antibody formation was significantly suppressed in female but not male rats given 250 mg/kg for 2 weeks of the commercial echinacea. The local products tested had no effect on antibody formation. We concluded that our study provided no supporting evidence for immunostimulatory activity by the echinacea preparations we examined and, in fact, may be immunosuppressive under some conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Toxicology, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844-2201, USA. ehsouth@uidaho.edu
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: South
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Exon
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects; D020900:Echinacea; D005260:Female; D006433:Hemocyanins; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D006433:Hemocyanins; C032808:keyhole-limpet hemocyanin