title: Allergen-specific T cell reactivity in cord blood: the influence of maternal cytokine production.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Successful pregnancy is dependent upon T helper (Th)2-type-dominated immunological responsiveness in gestation-associated compartments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In our study we observed the influence of the maternal Th2-associated cytokine pattern on the naive fetal T cell phenotype and asked if circulating Th2 cytokines of atopic mothers affects the Th1/Th2 differentiation of the fetus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the corresponding mothers were isolated. The proliferative response of CBMC and PBMC to Betalactoglobulin (BLG) was assessed by liquid scintillation counting. The cytokines interferon (IFN)-gamma, and interleukin (IL)-5, IL-10 and IL-13 in the cell culture supernatants were measured using the ELISA technique. We then defined two subgroups based on maternal levels of specific IgE against aeroallergens: sensitized mothers (MA(+)) and their neonates (NMA(+)) (n = 18) and non-sensitized mothers (MA(-)) and their neonates (NMA(-)) (n = 29).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly all mothers (98%) and neonates (92%) had a positive proliferation response after stimulation with BLG (mean stimulation index (10-90 percentile): neonates: 7 (2-15); mothers 14 (5-29)). In supernatants of BLG-stimulated cell cultures, sensitized mothers showed a significantly lower IFN-gamma concentration in comparison to non-sensitized mothers (MA(+) = 25; MA(-) = 123 IU/L; P < 0,05), whereas the neonates did not differ significantly (NMA(+) = 306; NMA(-) = 224 IU/L; n. s.). Nor was any difference found in the IL-13 concentration between the two groups of sensitized and non-sensitized mothers (MA(+) = 48; MA(-) = 125 pg/mL; n. s.). CBMC of neonates with a sensitized mother showed significantly higher IL-13 concentrations in response to BLG than neonates of non-sensitized mothers (NMA(+) = 1442, NMA(-) 738 pg/mL; P < 0.05). The IL-5 and IL-10 concentrations did not differ significantly within the neonatal and the maternal subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggests that maternal sensitization to allergens is associated with the reduced maternal production of the Th2 antagonist IFN-gamma and elevated production of the Th2 cytokine IL-13 in the offspring.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, Freiburg, Germany. Kopp@kikli.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zehle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pichler
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Szépfalusi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moseler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deichmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuehr
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D000939:Epitopes; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007229:Infant Welfare; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007782:Lactoglobulins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D011897:Random Allocation; D012882:Skin Tests; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D016207:Cytokines; D000939:Epitopes; D007782:Lactoglobulins; D007073:Immunoglobulin E