title: High vegetable and fruit diet intervention in premenopausal women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether diet intervention can promote increased vegetable and fruit intake, as reflected in increased plasma carotenoid and decreased plasma total homocysteine concentrations, in premenopausal women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, a precancerous condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled diet intervention study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three free-living premenopausal women who had been diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 27) or a control (n = 26) group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individualized dietary counseling to increase vegetable and fruit intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diet was assessed by food frequency questionnaire. Plasma carotenoids and total homocysteine were measured at enrollment and at 6 months follow up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Associations between baseline plasma concentrations of carotenoids and homocysteine and influencing factors were examined with multiple regression analysis. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to test for group by time effects in these plasma concentrations. Plasma carotenoids at baseline and 6 months in the study groups, and differences in homocysteine concentrations from baseline to 6 months, were compared with independent sample t tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant group by time effects (P<.01) in plasma carotenoid and homocysteine concentrations. In the intervention group, total plasma carotenoids increased by an average of 91%, from 2.04+/-0.13 (mean+/-standard error of the mean) to 3.90+/-0.56 micromol/L and plasma total homocysteine was reduced by 11%, from 9.01+/-0.40 to 8.10+/-0.44 micromol/L (P<.003). Neither changed significantly in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individualized dietary counseling can effectively promote increased vegetable and fruit intake in premenopausal women. This dietary pattern may reduce risk for cancer and other chronic diseases and also promote an improvement in folate status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0901, USA. clrock@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huizar
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Saenz
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Behling
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ruffin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006293:Health Promotion; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D017697:Premenopause; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D002338:Carotenoids; D005492:Folic Acid