title: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Antimalarial Alkaloids Febrifugine and Isofebrifugine and Their Biological Activity.
abstract: Antimalarial alkaloids febrifugine (1) and isofebrifugine (2) were efficiently synthesized from simple achiral starting materials on the basis of the catalytic asymmetric synthesis. The first key reaction was performed using the tin(II)-mediated catalytic asymmetric aldol protocol to afford chiral aldehyde 3 in high yield with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities. The second key step, a Mannich-type reaction, did not give satisfactory results according to the conventional methods. We then developed a novel aqueous Mannich-type three-component reaction of an aldehyde, an amine, and a vinyl ether using a Lewis acid-surfactant combined catalyst (LASC), and the key intermediates 16 and 17 were obtained in high yields. The final coupling reactions of bromoacetone 14 with 4-hydroxyquinazoline were carried out using basic conditions, and successive deprotection gave 1 and 2, respectively, without any isomerization. These unambiguous total asymmetric syntheses revealed that the absolute configurations of febrifugine and isofebrifugine were not (2'S,3'R) and (2'R,3'R) as reported previously but (2'R,3'S) and (2'S,3'S), respectively (1' and 2'). Finally, antimalarial activities of the synthesized febrifugine and isofebrifugine, and their antipodes, were examined. It was revealed that the activities and selectivities of natural febrifugine and isofebrifugine were much higher than those of the antipodes.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
authors.forename: Sh&umacr;
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Ritsu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Haruro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishitani
authors.forename: Hye-Sook
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wataya