title: Normal brain maturation during childhood: developmental trends characterized with diffusion-tensor MR imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the maturational changes in water diffusion within central gray matter nuclei and central white matter pathways of the human brain by using diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of normal MR examination findings in 153 subjects (age range, 1 day to 11 years) referred for clinical neuroimaging was performed. All studies included diffusion tensor-encoded echo-planar MR imaging. Isotropic diffusion coefficient (D) and diffusion anisotropy (A(sigma)) were measured in the corpus callosum, internal capsule, caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, and thalamus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  exhibited biexponential decay with age in gray and white matter regions, except for monoexponential decay in the genu of the corpus callosum. There was a steep nonlinear increase of A(sigma) in white matter tracts that paralleled the time course of the decline in D. In basal ganglia, only a small linear increase in A(sigma) was observed in patients. A(sigma) changes in the thalamus were intermediate between basal ganglia and white matter structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in magnitude and anisotropy of water diffusion follow stereotypical time courses during brain development that can be empirically described with multiexponential regression models, which suggests that quantitative scalar parameters derived from diffusion-tensor MR imaging may provide clinically useful developmental milestones for brain maturity.
authors.affiliation: Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. mukherjeep@mir.wustl.edu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Shimony
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Conturo
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Almli
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: McKinstry
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies