title: In vivo retinal gene expression in early diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies have demonstrated a causal role for specific molecules in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Among the implicated mediators are growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as adhesion molecules and proliferation- and apoptosis-related genes. However, a coordinated large-scale investigation of gene expression in the diabetic retina has not yet been reported. Here the retinal gene expression profile of diabetic and nondiabetic animals using cDNA microarrays were analyzed and compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long-Evans rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin. Retinal gene expression was analyzed over 3 weeks using high-density nylon filter-based cDNA arrays. Genes were sorted into clusters according to their temporal expression profiles. They were also grouped according to their potential pathophysiological significance. The in vivo gene expression profiles of selected genes were verified via RNase protection assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rat GeneFilter contains a total of 5147 genes, of which 1691 are known genes and 3456 are expressed sequence tags (ESTs). On day 3, the expression of 27 known genes was increased by more than twofold. On days 7 and 21, the corresponding numbers were 60 and 12, respectively. A transient upregulation (>2-fold) in expression was seen in 627 of 5147 total genes. A subset of 926 genes exhibited a modest (<2-fold) decrease in expression. No genes showed a greater than twofold decrease in expression. Overall, the identity of the genes that were upregulated suggests that the response of the retina to the diabetic challenge contains an inflammatory component. Moreover, most regulatory activity occurs during the first week of diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of a rational therapy for diabetic retinopathy will be assisted by detailed knowledge regarding the molecular pathophysiology of the disease. Here, an expression profile of an underlying retinal inflammatory process in early diabetes was extracted. Beyond providing insight into the general nature of the response to a pathogenic challenge, gene expression profiling may also allow the efficient identification of potential drug targets and markers for monitoring the course of disease.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, Surgical Research Laboratories, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Joussen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Poulaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Camphausen
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Beecken
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kirchhof
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Adamis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism*; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger