title: Beta-blocker supplementation of standard drug treatment for schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many people with schizophrenia or similar severe mental disorders do not achieve a satisfactory treatment response with ordinary antipsychotic drug treatment. In these cases, various add-on medications are used, among them beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (beta-blockers).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical effects of beta-blockers as an adjunct to antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia or similar severe mental disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Publications in all languages were searched from the following databases: Biological Abstracts (1982-2000), The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2000), The Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register (November 2000), EMBASE (1980-2000), LILACS (1982-1996), MEDLINE (1966-2000) and PsycLIT (1974-2000). Reference sections of included papers were screened.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised controlled trials comparing beta-blockers with placebo as an adjunct to conventional antipsychotic medication for those with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were selected and then data extracted, independently, by at least two reviewers. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of homogeneous dichotomous data were calculated using the Peto method. A random effects model was used for heterogeneous dichotomous data. Weighted mean differences were calculated for continuous data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Currently the review includes five studies but data are poorly presented and there is no evidence of any effect of beta-blockers as an adjunct to conventional antipsychotic medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present beta-blockers cannot be recommended in the treatment of schizophrenia. Any possible benefit of adjunctive beta-blockers is obscured by poor reporting within included studies. Existing data on beta-blockers as adjunctive medication to antipsychotics for those with schizophrenia should be collected and re-analysed in order to allow confident conclusions about the effect of this treatment or the need for further trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Lapinlahdentie, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, FIN-00029. maxim.cheine@huch.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cheine
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahonen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wahlbeck
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D015990:Placebo Effect; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents