title: Long-term effects of spinal cord stimulation on myocardial ischemia and heart rate variability: results of a 48-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has analgesic properties and may be used to treat pain in patients with therapeutically refractory angina who are unsuitable for myocardial revascularization. Some studies have also demonstrated an anti-ischemic effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term persistence of the effects of SCS on myocardial ischemia and on heart rate variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients (9 males, 6 females, mean age 76 +/- 8 years, range 58-90 years) with severe refractory angina pectoris (Canadian class III-IV), on optimal pharmacological therapy, unsuitable for myocardial revascularization and treated with SCS for a mean follow-up of 39 +/- 27 months (range 9-92 months) were studied. Eleven patients had had a previous myocardial infarction and 5 a coronary artery bypass graft. The mean ejection fraction was 54 +/- 7% (range 36-65%). All patients underwent 48-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring and were randomly assigned to 24 hours without SCS (off period) and 24 hours with SCS (on period). The primary endpoints were: number of ischemic episodes, total duration of ischemic episodes (min), and total ischemic burden (mV*min).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The heart rate was not statistically different during the off and on SCS periods (median 64 and 67 b/min respectively). The number of ischemic episodes decreased from a median of 6 (range 0-29) during the off period to 3 (range 0-24) during the on period (p < 0.05). The total duration of ischemic episodes decreased from a median of 29 min (range 0- 186 min) during the off period to 16 min (range 0-123 min) during the on period (p < 0.05). The total ischemic burden decreased from a median of 2.5 mV*min (range 0-19.5 mV*min) during the off period to 0.8 mV*min (range 0-13 mV*min) during the on period (p = NS). The heart rate variability parameters were similar during the on and off periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SCS exerts long-term anti-ischemic effects.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Umberto I Hospital, Mestre-Venice, Italy. f_dipede@yahoo.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Pede
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zuin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giada
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pinato
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Turiano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bevilacqua
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cazzin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raviele
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015588:Observer Variation; D013116:Spinal Cord; D013995:Time; D013997:Time Factors