title: Down-regulation of decorin, a transforming growth factor-beta modulator, is associated with scarless fetal wound healing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) bioactivity has been implicated as a potential regulator of the transition from scarless healing to scar formation in fetal wounds. Decorin is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan that regulates TGF-beta bioactivity and assists in collagen fibrillogenesis. To determine its role in scarless repair, the authors examined decorin expression in fetal fibroblasts, skin, and wounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single, full-thickness, 2-mm open wound was created on the dorsal surface of fetal rats at 16.5 days (E16) and 18.5 days (E18) gestational age (term, 21.5 days [E21]). Wounds were harvested at 24 and 72 hours (n = 12 wounds per time-point). Nonwounded fetal skin at E17, E19, and E21 was harvested for analysis of decorin expression during skin development and as controls for wounds. In addition, fetal (E14, E18) and adult dermal fibroblasts were cultured for in vitro analysis. Reduced-cycle, specific primer, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantitate decorin expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decorin expression increased rapidly with increasing gestational age in both fetal fibroblasts and skin. Expression was increased 22-fold in E18 fibroblasts (P <.002) and 300-fold in adult fibroblasts (P <.001) compared with E14 fibroblasts. In skin, expression increased 74% (P <.01) during the fetal wound healing transition period between E17 and E19. However, in E16 wounds (scarless), decorin expression decreased 59% (P <.006) at 24 hours and 45% (P <.02) at 72 hours. Decorin expression did not change in E18 (scar) wounds at 24 and 72 hours (P >.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early gestation fetal fibroblasts and fetal skin express decorin at lower levels than late gestation fetal and adult fibroblasts and skin. Decorin expression is down-regulated in scarless (E16) compared with scar (E18) wounds. Thus, increased decorin expression is associated with both skin development and scar formation. Conversely, decreased decorin expression is associated with scarless repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Dental Research Institute, UCLA Center for the Health Sciences, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Box 951665, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1665, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Beanes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Fonkalsrud
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Benhaim
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hedrick
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Lorenz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D058575:Decorin; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D058575:Decorin; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D011509:Proteoglycans; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta