title: Scalp nerve blocks decrease the severity of pain after craniotomy.
abstract: Up to 80% of patients report moderate to severe pain after craniotomy. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of scalp block for decreasing postoperative pain in brain surgery. Thirty patients scheduled for supratentorial craniotomy were enrolled. They were randomly divided into two groups: Ropivacaine (scalp block with 20 mL of ropivacaine 0.75%) and Saline (scalp block with 20 mL of saline 0.9%). Anesthesia was standardized. The scalp block was performed after skin closure and before awakening. Postoperative pain was assessed at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 48 h by using a 10-cm visual analog scale. Analgesia was provided with sub- cutaneous codeine as requested by the patient. Average visual analog scale scores were higher in the Saline group as compared with Ropivacaine (3.7 +/- 2.4 vs 2.0 +/- 1.6; P = 0.036). The total dose of codeine did not differ, nor did the duration of time before the first dose of codeine was required in the Ropivacaine (571 +/- 765 min) versus Saline (319 +/- 409 min; P = 0.17) group. In conclusion, we found that postoperative scalp block decreases the severity of pain after craniotomy and that this effect is long lasting, possibly through a preemptive mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Up to 80% of patients report moderate to severe pain after craniotomy. This randomized double-blinded study demonstrated that ropivacaine scalp block decreases the severity of pain after supratentorial craniotomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, CHUM, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boudreault
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fugère
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moumdjian
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bouthilier
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Caron
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Bojanowski
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Girard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D012535:Scalp / Q000294:innervation*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine