title: Macrophage-derived heme-oxygenase-1: expression, regulation, and possible functions in skin repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expression and enzymatic activity of heme oxygenase (HO) has been implicated in the development, as well as in the resolution, of inflammatory conditions. Because inflammation is central to tissue repair, we investigated the presence and potential functions of HO in an excisional model of normal and diabetes-impaired wound repair in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of HO-1 during cutaneous healing was analyzed by RNase protection assay, Western blot, and immunohistochemical techniques in a murine model of excisional repair. Furthermore, we determined HO-1-dependent release of proinflammatory cytokines from RAW 264.7 macrophages by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upon injury, we observed a rapid and strong increase in HO-1 mRNA and protein levels at the wound site. By contrast to normal repair, late stages of diabetes-impaired repair were associated with elevated HO-1 expression. Besides a few keratinocytes of the hyperproliferative epithelium, immunohistochemistry revealed infiltrating macrophages as the predominant and major source of HO-1 at the wound site. In vitro studies demonstrated the potency of exogenous and also endogenous nitric oxide (NO) to strongly induce HO-1 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, L-NIL-mediated enzymatic inhibition of inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) at the wound site in vivo was not paralleled by decreased HO-1 levels. In vitro inhibition of HO-1 enzymatic activity by tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPPIX) in RAW 264.7 macrophages markedly attenuated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), but strongly increased interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) release in RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed injury-mediated increase in HO-1 mRNA and protein at the wound site was due to infiltrating HO-1 expressing monocytic cells. Macrophage-derived HO-1 expression was not under regulatory control by NO in skin repair. We provide evidence that HO-1 might exert a regulatory role in macrophage-derived cytokine release.
authors.affiliation: Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kämpfer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kolb
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manderscheid
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wetzler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pfeilschifter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frank
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D008264:Macrophages / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; C496542:Hmox1 protein, mouse