Regulatory mechanisms at the mouse Igf2/H19 locus.
The closely linked H19 and Igf2 genes show highly similar patterns of gene expression but are reciprocally imprinted. H19 is expressed almost exclusively from the maternally inherited chromosome, while Igf2 expression is mostly from the paternal chromosome. In humans, loss of imprinting at this locus is associated with tumors and with developmental disorders. Monoallelic expression at the imprinted Igf2/H19 locus occurs by at least two distinct mechanisms: a developmentally regulated silencing of the paternal H19 promoter, and transcriptional insulation of the maternal Igf2 promoters. Both mechanisms of allele-specific silencing are ultimately dependent on a common cis-acting element located just upstream of the H19 promoter. The coordinated expression patterns and some experimental data support the idea that positive regulatory elements are also shared by the two genes. To clarify the organization and function of positive and negative regulatory elements at the H19/Igf2 locus, we analyzed two mouse mutations. First, we generated a deletion allele to localize enhancers used in vivo for expression of both H19 and Igf2 in mesodermal tissues to sequences downstream of the H19 gene. Coincidentally, we demonstrated that some expression of Igf2 is independent of the shared enhancer element. Second, we used this new information to further characterize an ectopic H19 differentially regulated region and the associated insulator. We demonstrated that its activity is parent-of-origin dependent. In contrast to recent results from Drosophila model systems; we showed that this duplication of a mammalian insulator does not interfere with its normal function. Implications of these findings for current models for monoallelic gene expression at this locus are discussed.
Kaffer
C R
CR
Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Grinberg
A
A
Pfeifer
K
K
D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology*; D020868:Gene Silencing / Q000502:physiology; D005809:Genes, Regulator / Q000502:physiology; D018392:Genomic Imprinting / Q000502:physiology; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D005810:Multigene Family; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014059:Tongue / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D020107:Troponin T / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
C094335:H19 long non-coding RNA; C484353:Mrpl23 protein, mouse; D011506:Proteins; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins; D020107:Troponin T; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II