title: A long-term, multicenter study of the efficacy and safety of paricalcitol in end-stage renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paricalcitol is a vitamin D analog approved for the prevention and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal failure. This study was designed to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of paricalcitol. Additional analysis evaluated the effects of paricalcitol in hypocalcemic and hyperphosphatemic subpopulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixty-four end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patiesnts on hemodialysis were treated in an open-label, multicenter study lasting up to 13 months in duration. After a baseline or washout period, an initial starting dose of 0.04-0.393 microg/kg was given 2-3 times per week. This dose was adjusted at the discretion of the investigator according to the patient's intact parathyroid hormone level (iPTH), calcium level, and calcium-phosphorus (Ca x P) product. The therapy was intended to reproduce expected clinical use of paricalcitol. Patients represented a wide cross-section of the ESRD population, and were not excluded from the study based on age or underlying disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean paricalcitol dose level throughout the study was 0.10 microg/kg. The mean iPTH levels (baseline mean 628.3 +/- 27.65 pg/ml) decreased rapidly during the first 4 months of therapy, and reached the designated target range (100-300 pg/ml) by month 5 (mean 295.3 +/- 25.69 pg/ml). A maximum mean decrease in iPTH level of 409 +/- 35.01 pg/ml was seen at month 13. Throughout the course of the study, the mean normalized calcium level was maintained well within the normal range (9.44-9.94 mg/dl). The mean phosphorus level was maintained in an acceptable range throughout the study (5.92-6.53 mg/dl). Mean Ca x P product was maintained between 52 and 65. Mean alkaline phosphatase levels decreased significantly from baseline with a maximum mean decrease of 62 +/- 17.3 U/l observed at month 9. In 34 initially hypocalcemic patients (mean of 7.7 mg/dl) iPTH levels decreased from baseline, on average, by 443 +/- 81.86 pg/ml while mean calcium levels rose by 1.2 +/- 0.23 mg/dl to reach the normal range. In 35 initially hyperphosphatemic patients (mean of 8.0 mg/dl) iPTH levels decreased, on average, by 515 +/- 103.31 pg/ml with an associated mean decrease in phosphorus of 0.57 +/- 0.52 mg/dl. Adverse events that were considered by the investigator to have a possible. probable, or definite relationship to study drug occurred in 26% of patients. Other than expected temporary effects of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. the only possible trends for causally-related adverse events were for nausea/vomiting and metallic taste.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This long-term study of paricalcitol demonstrates that it rapidly and effectively suppresses iPTH levels in a wide spectrum of ESRD patients and caused no unexpected adverse events.
authors.affiliation: Ochsner Clinic-New Orleans Chronic Hemodialysis Unit, LA 70121, USA. jlindberg@ochsner.org
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Acchiardo
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Valdin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soltanek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D004872:Ergocalciferols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006962:Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D013651:Taste Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D013997:Time Factors; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D004872:Ergocalciferols; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010758:Phosphorus; C084656:paricalcitol; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium