title: Onset and persistence of postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postpartum depressive disorders lead to maternal disability and disturbed mother-infant relationships, but information regarding the rates of major depressive disorder in minority women is noticeably lacking. The goal of this study was to determine whether the risk factors for and rate of postpartum major depressive disorder in a predominantly African American and Hispanic clinic population would be similar to those reported for Caucasian women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Investigators systematically screened all women scheduled for their first postpartum visit on selected days at four publicly funded inner-city community maternal health clinics in Dallas County (N=802). A multistage screening process included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for a maximum of three assessments during the initial 3-5-week postpartum period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated rate of major depressive disorder during the postpartum period among women in this setting was between 6.5% and 8.5%. Only 50% of the depressed women reported onset following birth. Bottle-feeding and not living with one's spouse or significant other were associated with depression at the first evaluation; persistent depressive symptoms were linked with the presence of other young children at home. Greater severity of depressive symptoms at first contact predicted major depressive disorder several weeks later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rates of postpartum depression among Latina and African American postpartum women are similar to epidemiologic rates for Caucasian postpartum and nonpostpartum women. As previously shown for Caucasian women, major depressive disorder in many Latina and African American postpartum women begins before delivery, revealing the need to screen pregnant women for depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA. kimberly.yonkers@yale.edu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Yonkers
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ramin
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rush
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Navarrete
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carmody
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: March
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Heartwell
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Leveno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008427:Maternal Health Services; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*