title: Effect of pulse frequency and interval on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos to Daphnia magna.
abstract: Due to the episodic nature in which organisms are exposed to non-point source pollutants, it is necessary to understand how they are affected by pulsed concentrations of contaminants. This is essential, as standard toxicity tests may not adequately simulate exposure scenarios for short-lived hydrophobic compounds, such as chlorpyrifos (CPF), a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide. Studies were conducted with 7-day old Daphnia magna for 7 days to evaluate the effect of pulse frequency and interval among multiple CPF exposures. Daphnids were exposed to a total exposure of either 12 h at 0.5 microg/l or 6 h at 1.0 microg/l nominal CPF, respectively, in all studies. For interval studies, D. magna were exposed to two pulses of CPF at each concentration, with 0-96-h intervals between pulses. For frequency studies, D. magna were exposed to each CPF concentration altering the pulse scheme by decreasing the exposure duration but increasing the number of pulses, keeping the total exposure time the same. The pulse interval between multiple pulses in these experiments was 24 h. Our results suggest that D. magna can withstand an acutely lethal CPF exposure provided that there is adequate time for recovery between exposures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology and Clemson Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC 29670, USA. rnaddy@ensr.com
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Naddy
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Klaine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D003621:Daphnia; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D014872:Water Movements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004390:Chlorpyrifos