title: Steroids, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and stents for superior vena caval obstruction in carcinoma of the bronchus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Superior vena caval obstruction (SVCO) is an uncommon manifestation of carcinoma of the bronchus characterised by neck swelling and distended veins over the chest. In recent years, the majority of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with SVCO at diagnosis have tended to receive chemotherapy whilst the majority of patients presenting with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and SVCO have tended to receive radiotherapy. Steroids may also be prescribed. Stenting now provides a further treatment option which may be combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy or used on its own. The optimal timing of stenting at present is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relative effectiveness of treatments currently employed in the management of SVCO.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic searching of Cochrane Clinical Trials register, Medline and Embase. Identification of further studies from references cited in trials identified by electronic searching.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both randomised and non-randomised controlled trials in which patients with carcinoma of the bronchus and a diagnosis of SVCO had been treated with any combination of the following treatment modalities: steroids, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or insertion of an expandable metal stent.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 3 randomised and 98 non-randomised studies of which 2 and 44 respectively met the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SVCO was present at diagnosis in 10.0% of patients with SCLC and 1.7% of patients with NSCLC. In one randomised trial in SCLC, the rate of SVCO relapse was not significantly reduced by giving radiotherapy on completion of chemotherapy. In the other, in NSCLC, the addition of induction chemotherapy to a course of synchronous chemo-radiotherapy did not increase the rates of relief of SVCO. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy relieved SVCO in 77%; 17% of those treated had a recurrence of SVCO. In NSCLC, 60% had relief of SVCO following chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy; 19% of those treated had a recurrence of SVCO. Insertion of an SVC stent relieved SVCO in 95%; 11% of those treated had further SVCO but recanalisation was possible in the majority resulting in a long-term patency rate of 92%. Morbidity following stent insertion was greatest if thrombolytics were administered. No study described the effectiveness of steroids in SVCO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are effective in relieving SVCO in a proportion of patients whilst stent insertion appears to provide relief in a higher proportion and more rapidly. The optimal timing of stent insertion (whether at diagnosis or following failure of other modalities) is currently uncertain. The effectiveness of steroids in SVCO remains uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Kent Oncology Centre, Hermitage Lane, Maidstone, Kent, UK, ME16 9QQ. nrowell@lineone.net
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Rowell
authors.forename: F V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Gleeson
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000150:complications*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000150:complications*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015607:Stents; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013479:Superior Vena Cava Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids