title: Endogenous origin of the lymphatics in the avian chorioallantoic membrane.
abstract: The lymphatics of the intestinal organs have important functions in transporting chyle toward the jugulosubclavian junction, but the lymphangiogenic potential of the splanchnic mesoderm has not yet been tested. Therefore, we studied the allantoic bud of chick and quail embryos. It is made up of endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm and fuses with the chorion to form the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) containing both blood vessels and lymphatics. In day 3 embryos (stage 18 of Hamburger and Hamilton [HH]), the allantoic mesoderm consists of mesenchymal cells that form blood islands during stage 19 (HH). The endothelial network of the allantoic bud, some intraluminal and some mesenchymal cells express the hemangiopoietic marker QH1. The QH1-positive endothelial cells also express the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3), whereas the integrating angioblasts and the round hematopoietic cells are QH1-positive/VEGFR-3-negative. The ligand, VEGF-C, is expressed ubiquitously in the allantoic bud, and later predominantly in the allantoic epithelium and the wall of larger blood vessels. Allantoic buds of stage 17-18 (HH) quail embryos were grafted homotopically into chick embryos and reincubated until day 13. In the chimeric CAMs, quail endothelial cells are present in blood vessels and lymphatics, the latter being QH1 and VEGFR-3 double-positive. QH1-positive hematopoietic cells are found at many extra- and intraembryonic sites, whereas endothelial cells are confined to the grafting site. Our results show that the early allantoic bud contains hemangioblasts and lymphangioblasts. The latter can be identified with Prox1 antibodies and mRNA probes in the allantoic mesoderm of day 4 embryos (stage 21 HH). Prox1 is a specific marker of the lymphatic endothelium throughout CAM development.
authors.affiliation: Anatomisches Institut der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papoutsi
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Tomarev
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eichmann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pröls
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Christ
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilting
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002645:Chickens; D002678:Chimera; D002823:Chorion / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000637:transplantation; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D004729:Endothelium, Lymphatic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology; D011784:Quail; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3; D000098551:Prospero-Related Homeobox 1 Protein
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D000098551:Prospero-Related Homeobox 1 Protein; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3