title: Angiostatin enhances B7.1-mediated cancer immunotherapy independently of effects on vascular endothelial growth factor expression.
abstract: Tumors must develop an adequate vascular network to meet their increasing demands for nutrition and oxygen. Angiostatin, a multiple kringle (1-4)-containing fragment of plasminogen, is an effective natural inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis. Here we show that gene transfer of angiostatin into small (0.1 cm in diameter) solid EL-4 lymphomas established in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice led to reduced tumor angiogenesis and weak inhibition of tumor growth. In contrast, when angiostatin gene therapy was preceded by in situ gene transfer of the T-cell costimulator B7.1, large (0.4 cm in diameter) tumors were rapidly and completely eradicated, whereas B7.1 and angiostatin monotherapies were ineffective. Combined gene transfer of B7.1 and angiostatin generated potent systemic antitumor immunity that was effective in eradicating a systemic challenge of 10(7) EL-4 cells. Gene transfer of angiostatin expression plasmids led to overexpression of angiostatin in tumors, increased apoptosis of tumor cells, and decreased density of tumor blood vessels, which may allow the immune system to overcome tumor immune resistance. The latter effects were not the result of a decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor expression, as tumoral vascular endothelial growth factor expression increased slightly after angiostatin gene transfer, presumably in response to increasing hypoxia. These results suggest that combining immunogene therapy with a vascular attack by angiostatin is a particularly effective approach for eliciting antitumor immunity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kanwar
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lehnert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Krissansen
mesh_terms: D043168:Angiostatins; D000818:Animals; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000235:genetics*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D013953:Thymus Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D017931:DNA Primers; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D043168:Angiostatins; D010958:Plasminogen