title: The measurement level and trait-specific reliability of 4 scales of shoulder functioning: an empiric investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate 4 scales of shoulder function with respect to (1) their precision at different levels of shoulder function and (2) the measurement level of their raw scores (interval vs ordinal).
  
  
  METHODS
  Partial credit model calibration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Office of private practice orthopedic surgeon with practice limited to the shoulder.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred ninety-two shoulder patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Patient Self-Evaluation Form (function subscale, modified), the disability subscale of the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, the Simple Shoulder Test, and the function subscale of the University of Pennsylvania Shoulder Scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients' responses were calibrated by using a partial credit model. We calculated standard errors of measurement and plotted the 95% confidence interval for different levels of shoulder functioning. We compared scales' raw scores with their equal interval measures obtained in the Rasch calibration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The scales did not measure all levels of shoulder functioning with equal precision, suggesting that commonly used reliability estimates misrepresent scale precision in certain subpopulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The scales' raw scores were found to be not of equal interval, calling into question the scoring systems recommended by the developers of these scales and the use of the scores in some statistical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence on Healthy Aging with Disabilities, VA Rehabilitation R&D, Houston, TX, USA. karonc@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gartsman
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Roddey
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012782:Shoulder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires