title: The effect of evening alcohol consumption on next-morning glucose control in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alcohol is associated with acute hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. After drinking alcohol in the evening, delayed hypoglycemia has also been described, although its cause is unknown. We performed a controlled study to investigate this phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  We admitted six men with type 1 diabetes (aged 19-51 years, HbA(1c) 7.0-10.3%) on two occasions, from 5:00 P.M. to 12:00 noon the following day. They received regular insulin injections before standardized meals, at 6:00 P.M. and 8:00 A.M., and a basal insulin infusion (0.15 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1)) from 11:00 P.M. They drank either dry white wine (0.75 g/kg alcohol) or mineral water at 9:00 P.M. over 90 min. Blood glucose, alcohol, insulin, cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon levels were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood ethanol reached a mean (SEM) peak of 19.1 (1.2) mmol/l and was undetectable by 8:00 A.M. There were no significant differences in evening or overnight blood glucose levels between the studies. In the morning, fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels were significantly lower after consumption of wine (postprandial peak 8.9 [1.7] vs. 15 [1.5] mmol/l, P < 0.01), and from 10:00 A.M., five subjects required treatment for hypoglycemia (nadir 1.9-2.9 mmol/l). None of the subjects had hypoglycemia after consumption of water. After consumption of wine, growth hormone secretion was significantly reduced between midnight and 4:00 A.M. (area under the curve 2.1 [1.1] vs. 6.5 [2.1] microg. l(-1) x h(-1), P = 0.04). There were no differences in insulin or other hormone levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In type 1 diabetes, moderate consumption of alcohol in the evening may predispose patients to hypoglycemia after breakfast the next morning. This is associated with reduced nocturnal growth hormone secretion. Patients should be informed of this risk and advised regarding appropriate preventative measures.
authors.affiliation: Bournemouth Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK. ben.turner@gstt.sthames.nhs.uk
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sherwin
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cavan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014920:Wine
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D005934:Glucagon; D006854:Hydrocortisone