title: Evaluating the benefits of increasing measles immunization rates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To calculate the cost-effectiveness, expressed in dollars per quality-adjusted life years (QALY), of increasing measles immunization rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published data were supplemented by expert opinion. We determined the cost savings and value of the health benefits from averting a single case of measles. Next we examined the U. S. data regarding the relationship between pre-school measles immunization and incidence rates. Finally, we calculated the cost-effectiveness of a program that would increase a locality's immunization rate to the point of disease elimination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Averting a single case of measles, using "base case" assumptions, yields societal cost savings of $2,089 and an increase of 0.086 QALYs. Using a very low discount rate increases the total benefits to $2,251 in societal cost savings and 0.150 QALYs in health benefits. In general, programs to raise measles immunization rates are not cost-effective, except possibly during an outbreak of the disease or in areas with very low immunization rates. The extremely low measles incidence rates in the mid-1990s result in such programs having extremely high costs per QALY gained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Programs that are narrowly designed to increase immunization rates alone are not likely to be cost-effective. Yet these programs do have the potential to be cost-effective if the program design and evaluation also recognize the benefits associated with the primary and preventive care that can accompany immunizations. Such programs may also be cost-effective if they are components of a global eradication of measles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zwanziger
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Szilagyi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaul
mesh_terms: D017046:Cost Savings; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015994:Incidence; D008457:Measles / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D026712:Value of Life
chemical_list: D008458:Measles Vaccine