title: The effect of valvular heart disease on maternal and fetal outcome of pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between valvular heart disease (VHD) and maternal and fetal outcome in a relatively large group of patients by a comparison to a well-matched control group.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Available information regarding outcome of pregnancy in women with VHD is limited to either anecdotal reports or small series of patients without an appropriate control. A better understanding of the effects of valvular abnormalities on pregnancy outcome is of value for risk assessment and the design of a therapeutic plan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective evaluation was made of 66 pregnancies in 64 women with VHD cared for at a tertian-care center with a high-risk obstetrics/cardiology clinic and 66 individually selected normal pregnant women matched in age, ethnicity, obstetrical and medical history, time of initial prenatal care, and year of pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with VHD had a significantly higher incidence of congestive heart failure (38% vs. 0%; p < 0.00001), arrhvthmias (15% vs. 0%, p = 0.002), initiation or increase of cardiac medications (41% vs. 2%, p < 0.0001), and hospitalizations (35% vs. 2%, p < 0.0001). Mortality, however, occurred in only one patient (2% vs. 0%, p = NS) with aortic stenosis (AS) and coarctation. Moreover, VHD also had an effect on fetal outcome, resulting in an increased preterm delivery (23% vs. 6%, p = 0.03), intrauterine growth retardation (21% vs. 0%, p < 0.0001), and a reduced birth weight (2,897 +/- 838 g vs. 3,366 +/- 515 g, p = 0.0003). Increased maternal morbidity and unfavorable fetal outcome were seen mostly in patients with moderate and severe mitral stenosis (MS) and AS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnancy in women with MS and AS is associated with marked increase in maternal morbidity and unfavorable effect on fetal outcome, which are related to severity of disease. Despite high maternal morbidity, mortality is rare.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hameed
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Karaalp
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Tummala
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Wani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canetti
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Akhter
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zapadinsky
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Elkayam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis; D001724:Birth Weight; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases; D006801:Humans; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies