title: Estradiol supplementation suppresses hyperventilation-induced attacks in postmenopausal women with variant angina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine whether estradiol (E2) supplementation suppresses anginal attacks in women with variant angina.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Estrogen is known to improve endothelial function. Coronary spasm plays an important role in the pathogenesis of not only variant angina but also ischemic heart disease in general, and endothelial dysfunction seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of coronary spasm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen postmenopausal women with variant angina (mean age 54.2 years) were given a hyperventilation (HV) test, a provocation test for coronary spasm, in the early morning of day 1 (baseline), day 3 (after 2-day transdermal E2 supplementation, 4 mg) and day 5 (after 2-day placebo administration). We measured the flow-mediated (endothelium-dependent) dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery with the ultrasound technique before each HV test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anginal attacks with ST segment elevation were induced by HV in all patients on days 1 and 5. However, no attacks were induced on day 3. Supplementation with E2 augmented FMD (3.5 +/- 0.6*, 8.9 +/- 0.7 and 4.0 +/- 0.5* on days 1, 3 and 5, respectively; *p < 0.01 vs. day 3). The serum E2 levels on days 1, 3 and 5 were 22.7 +/- 2.8*, 96.2 +/- 9.2 and 30.7 +/- 7.1* pg/ml, respectively (*p < 0.01 vs. day 3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results demonstrated for the first time, to our knowledge, that E2 supplementation suppresses the HV-induced attacks in women with variant angina, in part because of the improvement of endothelial function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan. koumei@gpo.kumamoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Motoyama
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kugiyama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yasue
mesh_terms: D000788:Angina Pectoris, Variant / Q000150:complications*; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol