title: Calcium mediates dorsoventral patterning of mesoderm in Xenopus.
abstract: Calcium signals participate in the differentiation of electrically excitable and nonexcitable cells; one example of this differentiation is the acquisition of mature neuronal phenotypes. For example, transient elevations of the intracellular calcium concentration have been recorded in the ectoderm of early embryos, and this elevation has been proposed to participate in neural induction. Here, we present molecular evidence indicating that voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) are involved in early developmental processes leading to the establishment of the dorsoventral (D-V) patterning of a vertebrate embryo. We report that alpha1S VSCC are expressed selectively in the dorsal marginal zone at the early gastrula stage. The expression of the VSCC correlates with elevated intracellular calcium levels, as evaluated by the fluorescence of the intracellular calcium indicator Fluo-3. Misexpression of VSCC leads to a strong dorsalization of the ventral marginal zone and induction of the secondary axis but no direct neuralization of the ectoderm. Moreover, specific inhibition of VSCC by the use of calcicludine results in ventralization of the dorsal mesoderm. Together, these results indicate that calcium channels regulate mesodermal patterning by specificating the D-V identity of the mesodermal cells. The D-V patterning of the mesoderm has been shown to depend on a gradient of BMPs activity. We discuss the possibility that VSCC affect or act downstream of BMPs activity.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile and Millennium Nucleus in Developmental Biology, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kukuljan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mayor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology; D005775:Gastrula / Q000502:physiology*; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D021122:Protein Subunits; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D015220:Calcium Channels; D004546:Elapid Venoms; D021122:Protein Subunits; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C525812:bmp4 protein, Xenopus; C085673:calcicludin; D002118:Calcium