title: Degradation in soil and water and ecotoxicity of rimsulfuron and its metabolites.
abstract: The degradation and ecotoxicity of sulfonylurea herbicide rimsulfuron and its major metabolites were examined in batch samples of an alluvial sandy loam and in freshwater. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted to simultaneously identify and quantify rimsulfuron and its metabolites, which was successfully validated by GC-MS analysis. In aqueous solutions, pure rimsulfuron was rapidly hydrolyzed into metabolite 1 (N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N-(3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinylurea)), which itself was transformed into the more stable metabolite 2 (N-((3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidineamine)), with half-life (t(1/2)) values of 2 and 2.5 days, respectively. Hydrolysis was instantaneous under alkaline conditions (pH = 10). In aqueous suspensions of the alluvial soil (pH = 8), formulated rimsulfuron had a half-life of 7 days, whereas that of metabolite 1 was similar to that in water (about 3.5 days). The degradation of the two major metabolites was also studied in soil suspensions with the pure compounds at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg l(-1). The half-life of metabolite 1 ranged from 3.9 to 5 days, close to the previous values. Metabolite 2 was more persistent and its degradation is strongly dependent on the initial concentration (C0): half-life values ranged from 8.1 to 55 days at 2-10 mg l(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those determined from the kinetics of metabolite 1 transformation into metabolite 2 (t(1/2) = 8-19 days). The ecotoxicity of the three chemicals was evaluated through their effect on Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay). No effect was observed on D. magna with 24 and 48 h acute toxicity tests. Similarly, no toxic effect was observed with the Microtox test for the three chemicals in the range of concentrations tested that included the field application dose. Thus, being of low persistence and lacking acute toxicity, these chemicals present a low environmental risk. However, chronic effects should be studied in order to confirm the safety of rimsulfuron and its major metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et Aménagements, IATE, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Switzerland. jean.martins@hmg.inpg.fr
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chevre
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spack
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tarradellas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mermoud
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003621:Daphnia; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006207:Half-Life; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D006868:Hydrolysis; D011725:Pyridines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014733:Vibrio; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D011725:Pyridines; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C447879:rimsulfuron