title: Myocardial protection by ischemic preconditioning and delta-opioid receptor activation in the isolated working rat heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  delta-Opioid receptors are involved in the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning. This study was designed (1) to assess the protective capacities of ischemic preconditioning and the synthetic delta-opioid receptor agonist D-Ala(2)-D-Leu(5) enkephalin (DADLE) in a functionally oriented experimental model of ischemia and reperfusion and (2) to assess whether the effects of both protective measures are similarly blocked by naloxone, a nonspecific delta-opioid receptor antagonist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four isolated working rat hearts were subjected to 45 minutes of hypothermic ischemia at 30 degrees C followed by 25 minutes of normothermic reperfusion. Rats were pretreated with DADLE (1 mg/kg body weight intravenously), naloxone (3 mg/kg body weight intravenously), or a combination thereof within 60 minutes before onset of isolated heart perfusion. During the preischemic perfusion period, 8 hearts per group were preconditioned by one cycle of 5 minutes of normothermic global ischemia and subsequent reperfusion whereas another 8 served as nonpreconditioned controls. The postischemic functional recovery of hearts and their creatine kinase leakage were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with DADLE and ischemic preconditioning improved the postischemic recovery of aortic flow when compared with nonpreconditioning (57.7% +/- 4.0% and 60.8% +/- 4.3% vs 40.0% +/- 4.2% of preischemic baseline value, P <.001). Combined pretreatment with DADLE before ischemic preconditioning afforded additional aortic flow recovery compared with pretreatment with DADLE alone (68.6% +/- 3.3% vs 57.7% +/- 4.0% of preischemic baseline value; P =.038). With combined pretreatment, early postischemic creatine kinase release was lower than control in hearts without pretreatment (0.48 +/- 0.11 vs 0.80 +/- 0.12 IU/5 minutes per heart; P =.001). Naloxone abolished the beneficial functional effects of pretreatment with DADLE and ischemic preconditioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacologic activation of delta-opioid receptors affords improvement of functional protection in isolated working rat hearts similar to that conferred by classic ischemic preconditioning. The combination of both pretreatments reduces ischemic cellular damage and further adds to postischemic functional recovery. These changes are reversed by naloxone, an observation providing evidence that ischemic preconditioning involves signaling through opioid receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karck
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Bolling
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Oeltgen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haverich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016308:Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008297:Male; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D009270:Naloxone; D016308:Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine