title: Pre-conditioning activates adenosine utilization in a cost-effective way during myocardial ischaemia.
abstract: During pre-conditioning the interstitial concentration of adenosine, in contrast to lactate, presents a die-away curve-pattern for every successive episode of ischaemia. This die-away pattern might not necessarily be attributed to diminished adenosine production. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether pre-conditioning alters the metabolic turnover of adenosine as observed by the lactate production during ischaemia. Interstitial levels of metabolites in pre-conditioned (n=21) and non-preconditioned (n=21) porcine hearts were monitored with microdialysis probes inserted in both ischaemic and non-ischaemic tissue in an open chest heart model. Three subgroups perturbated with either plain microdialysis buffer (control), buffer containing adenosine (375 microM), or buffer containing deoxyadenosine (375 microM) were studied. All animals were subjected to 90 min of equilibrium microdialysis before 40 min of regional myocardial ischaemia and 120 min of reperfusion. Pre-conditioning consisted of four repetitive episodes of 10 min of ischaemia and 20 min of reperfusion. Significantly higher levels of inosine and lactate were found in the ischaemic tissue of the pre-conditioned subgroup receiving adenosine (P < 0.05) compared with the other two subgroups receiving deoxyadenosine and plain buffer, respectively. This difference was only valid for pre-conditioned ischaemic myocardium, and hence equal amounts of inosine and lactate were produced in the non-preconditioned ischaemic myocardium regardless of the presence of adenosine or deoxyadenosine. In the non-ischaemic myocardium baseline levels of metabolites were measured in all subgroups. Pre-conditioning favoured degradation of exogenous adenosine to inosine successively ending up in enhanced lactate production. This was probably because of the involvement of the hexose monophosphate pathway in the pre-conditioned ischaemic myocardium. This route may therefore be supplementary in energy metabolism as a metabolic flow can be started by adenosine ending up in lactate without initial adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) investment. Utilization of adenosine in this way may also explain the successive die-away pattern of adenosine seen in consecutive pre-conditioning cycles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wikström
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kavianipour
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ronquist
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waldenström
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D003839:Deoxyadenosines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000502:physiology; D007288:Inosine / Q000378:metabolism; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010427:Pentose Phosphate Pathway / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D003839:Deoxyadenosines; D019344:Lactic Acid; D007288:Inosine; D000241:Adenosine