title: A new goldfish model to evaluate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of drugs used for motion sickness in different gravity loads.
abstract: This paper proposes a new goldfish model to predict pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic effects of drugs used to treat motion sickness administered in differing gravity loads. The assumption of these experiments is that the vestibular system is dominant in producing motion sickness and that the visual system is secondary or of small import in the production of motion sickness. Studies will evaluate the parameter of gravity and the contribution of vision to the role of the neurovestibular system in the initiation of motion sickness with and without pharmacologic agents. Promethazine will be studied first. A comparison of data obtained in different groups of goldfish will be done (normal vs. acutely and chronically bilaterally blinded vs. sham operated). Some fish will be bilaterally blinded 10 months prior to initiation of the experiment (designated the chronically bilaterally blinded group of goldfish) to evaluate the neuroplasticity of the nervous system and the associated return of neurovestibular function. Data will be obtained under differing gravity loads with and without a pharmacological agent for motion sickness. Experiments will differentiate pharmacological effects on vision vs. neurovestibular input to motion sickness. Comparison of data obtained in the normal fish and in acutely and chronically bilaterally blinded fish with those obtained in fish with intact and denervated otoliths will differentiate if the visual or neurovestibular system is dominant in response to altered gravity and/or drugs. Experiments will contribute to validation of the goldfish as a model for humans since plasticity of the central nervous system allows astronauts to adapt to the altered visual stimulus conditions of 0-g. Space motion sickness may occur until such an adaptation is achieved.
authors.affiliation: Center for Veterinary Medicine/FDA, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lathers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mukai
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Schraeder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006054:Goldfish / Q000502:physiology*; D006112:Gravitation; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023421:Models, Animal; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000378:metabolism; D011398:Promethazine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012018:Reflex; D013026:Space Flight; D018489:Space Motion Sickness / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000502:physiology*; D014785:Vision, Ocular; D014893:Weightlessness
chemical_list: D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D011398:Promethazine; D010424:Pentobarbital