title: Tear exchange under hydrogel contact lenses: methodological considerations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize hydrogel lens tear exchange and to apply an optimized method to compare tear exchange of a marketed hydrogel lens to that measured with a prototype silicone hydrogel lens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluorophotometry and a nonpenetrating tracer (70-kDa FITC-dextran) were used with a single extended-wear soft contact lens (EWSCL) material on 11 subjects to characterize tear-exchange kinetics. Twenty to 30 measurements were obtained over a 30-minute period to allow accurate modeling and estimation of the several tear-exchange parameters. Calculated values included tear-replenishment rate (TRR), elimination rate (ER), and the time for 95% of the signal to be eliminated (T(95)). Major experiments were (1) comparison of ER under controlled and physiological conditions, (2) comparison of right and left eyes, (3) repeatability of ER and T(95) on five occasions, and (4) comparison of a marketed lens (oxygen permeability [Dk] 28 x 10(-9) [cm/sec][ml O(2)/ml mm Hg]) to a prototype silicone hydrogel lens (Dk 140 x 10(-9) [cm/sec][ml O(2)/ml mm Hg]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tracer elimination behind a hydrogel contact lens (CL), up to 30 minutes after insertion, was optimally described by double-exponential kinetics. Physiological ER (5-30 minutes after CL insertion) was optimally described by single-exponential kinetics. Overall, physiological ER was 8.8% +/- 3.8% per minute, and T(95) was 31.0 +/- 16.1 minutes (n = 76 and 72 determinations, respectively). Differences between right and left eyes in ER and T(95) were not significant at the 0.05 level. No difference in ER or T(95) was found between habitual and controlled blinking. Mean TRR was 0.67% +/- 0.26% per blink (n = 11 determinations). No differences were shown between ER or T(95) measurements over time. A prototype highly oxygen-permeable silicone hydrogel lens showed higher ER than did a marketed hydrogel lens (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estimates of postlens tear exchange using a slit lamp fluorophotometer are similar to previously reported rates using similar fluorophotometric techniques. Fluorescent decay behind a hydrogel lens is most precisely described using a double-exponential curve equation and tear exchange may be described using ER, TRR and T(95), although the T(95) may be the least reliable of these measures. The technique appears capable of discriminating between lens types.
authors.affiliation: Cornea and Contact Lens Research Unit, School of Optometry and the Cooperative Research Centre for Eye Research and Technology (CRCERT), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Paugh
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keay
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003263:Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism*; D003911:Dextrans; D005260:Female; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D015590:Fluorophotometry; D006801:Humans; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D008297:Male; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003911:Dextrans; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; C015219:fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate