title: The familial phenotype of obsessive-compulsive disorder in relation to tic disorders: the Hopkins OCD family study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorders have phenomenological and familial-genetic overlaps. An OCD family study sample that excludes Tourette's syndrome in probands is used to examine whether tic disorders are part of the familial phenotype of OCD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty case and 73 control probands and their first-degree relatives were examined by experienced clinicians using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Anxiety version. DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses were ascertained by a best-estimate consensus procedure. The prevalence and severity of tic disorders, age-at-onset of OCD symptoms, and transmission of OCD and tic disorders by characteristics and type of proband (OCD + tic disorder, OCD - tic disorder) were examined in relatives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Case probands and case relatives had a greater lifetime prevalence of tic disorders compared to control subjects. Tic disorders spanning a wide severity range were seen in case relatives; only mild severity was seen in control relatives. Younger age-at-onset of OCD symptoms and possibly male gender in case probands were associated with increased tic disorders in relatives. Although relatives of OCD + tic disorder and OCD - tic disorder probands had similar prevalences of tic disorders, this result is not conclusive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tic disorders constitute an alternate expression of the familial OCD phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grados
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Riddle
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoehn-Saric
authors.forename: O J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Bienvenu
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Walkup
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nestadt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics