title: Dietary betaine accumulates in the liver and intestinal tissue and stabilizes the intestinal epithelial structure in healthy and coccidia-infected broiler chicks.
abstract: The aim of this experiment was to study the patterns of betaine accumulation into intestinal tissue, liver and plasma of broiler chicks with or without coccidial infection. The chicks were raised on a corn-based, low-betaine diet with or without 1000 ppm betaine supplementation and with or without intestinal microparasite (Eimeria maxima) challenge to the age of 21 days. Plasma, liver, intestinal tissue and digesta of non-challenged (NC) birds and plasma and intestinal tissue of coccidiosis challenged (CC) birds were analysed for betaine content. NC birds were also analyzed for homocysteine in plasma and S-adenosylmethionine (S-AM) in liver. The jejunal epithelium was histologically examined for the presence of coccidia and the crypt-villus ratio was measured. Dietary betaine supplementation decreased the plasma homocysteine concentration but had no effect on liver S-AM of NC birds. The data suggest that chicks on a low-betaine diet accumulate betaine into the intestinal tissue. When the diet was supplemented with betaine, betaine accumulated heavily into liver and to a lesser degree into intestinal tissue. The concentration of betaine in jejunal and ileal digesta was low suggesting that dietary betaine was mainly absorbed from the proximal small intestine. The coccidial challenge decreased the concentration of betaine in the liver, but greatly increased that in the intestinal tissue. The crypt-villus ratio was decreased by the dietary betaine supplementation in healthy and challenged chicks, suggesting that dietary betaine both protects the jejunal villi against coccidial infection and also stabilizes the mucosal structure in healthy broiler chicks. These results support our earlier findings suggesting that betaine is likely to act as an important intestinal osmolyte in broiler chicks.
authors.affiliation: Danisco Cultor Innovation, Technology Center, Kantvik, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460 Kantvik, Finland. hannele.kettunen@pp.inet.fi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kettunen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tiihonen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peuranen
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Saarinen
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Remus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001622:Betaine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002645:Chickens; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003044:Coccidia / Q000378:metabolism*; D003048:Coccidiosis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000469:parasitology; D007583:Jejunum / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D006710:Homocysteine; D001622:Betaine; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine