Vitamin D control of osteoblast function and bone extracellular matrix mineralization.
Vitamin D is the major regulator of calcium homeostasis and protects the organism from calcium deficiency via effects on the intestine, kidney, parathyroid gland, and bone. Disturbances in the vitamin D endocrine system (e.g., vitamin D-dependent rickets type I and type II), result in profound effects on the mineralization of bone. Recent studies with vitamin D receptor knockout mice also show effects on bone. It is questioned whether vitamin D has a direct effect on bone formation and mineralization. In rickets and particular vitamin D receptor knockout mice, calcium supplementation restores bone mineralization. However, the vitamin D receptor is present in osteoblasts, and vitamin D affects the expression of various genes in osteoblasts. This review focuses on the role of vitamin D in the control of osteoblast function and discusses the current knowledge of the direct effects of vitamin D on mineralization. Moreover, the role of vitamin D metabolism and the mechanism of action of vitamin D and interaction with other hormones and factors are discussed.
van Leeuwen
J P
JP
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands. vanleeuwen@inw3.fgg.eur.nl
van Driel
M
M
van den Bemd
G J
GJ
Pols
H A
HA
D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000502:physiology; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division; D002460:Cell Line / Q000187:drug effects; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000502:physiology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000502:physiology; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000502:physiology; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000378:metabolism; D015676:Osteonectin / Q000502:physiology; D053495:Osteopontin; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000502:physiology; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000172:deficiency / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012279:Rickets / Q000503:physiopathology; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000502:physiology; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000502:physiology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000503:physiopathology; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase; D000097568:Matrix Gla Protein
D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002112:Calcifediol; D002117:Calcitriol; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein; D008903:Minerals; D015675:Osteocalcin; D015676:Osteonectin; D053495:Osteopontin; D010958:Plasminogen; D011453:Prostaglandins; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014807:Vitamin D; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase; D000097568:Matrix Gla Protein; C546871:IBSP protein, human; C546872:Ibsp protein, mouse; C546873:Ibsp protein, rat; C506895:SPP1 protein, human; C506896:Spp1 protein, mouse; C506897:Spp1 protein, rat