title: Agmatine induces apoptosis in rat hepatocyte cultures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Agmatine, the compound formed by decarboxylation of arginine, is believed to be an endogenous neurotransmitter through interaction with the imidazoline receptors. However, it also appears to regulate rat hepatocyte polyamines by modifying both their synthesis and their catabolism. As the decrease in polyamine content has been correlated with apoptosis, we examined the possibility that agmatine has an effect on this phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apoptotic cells were detected by visualizing nuclear shrinkage/fragmentation in hepatocytes cultured at 21 and 5% oxygen tension. Caspase-3 activity, cleavage of PARP, release of cytochrome c and mitochondrial swelling were therefore measured in the two conditions and in the presence or not of agmatine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In rat hepatocytes agmatine promoted apoptosis, procaspase 3 processing and increase of caspase-3 like activity. This occurred through mitochondria swelling and release of cytochrome c. Cyclosporin A and catalase blocked the swelling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experiments show that agmatine, besides all the known biological effects, has also part, at least in hepatocytes, in the modulation of programmed cell death.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gardini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cabella
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cravanzola
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vargiu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Belliardo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Testore
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Solinas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toninello
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grillo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colombatto
mesh_terms: D000376:Agmatine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D011506:Proteins; D000376:Agmatine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C499322:Parp1 protein, rat; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases