title: The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on cervical cytologic changes associated with oncogenic HPV among HIV-infected women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), a common condition among HIV-infected women, has been linked to HIV load and immune status. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) improves immunologic and virologic status. This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between HAART use and CIN.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study. The Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) in five cities in the USA (Bronx/Manhattan, New York; Brooklyn, New York; Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles, California; San Francisco Bay area, California; Washington, District of Columbia).
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-infected women were followed every 6 months with Papanicolaou smears and cervicovaginal lavage for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing. To characterize exposures that changed over time and to capture the dynamic nature of cytologic changes, Papanicolaou smear findings from each participant's consecutive visits were defined as a pair. We determined the proportion of all pairs that exhibited either regression or progression, according to HAART exposure, HPV results and Papanicolaou smear status. As participants could contribute multiple pairs, inferences were based on robust methods to adjust for correlated observations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with persistent HPV infection were more likely to have progression of their lesions. After adjustment for CD4 cell count and Papanicolaou smear status, women on HAART were 40% (95% confidence interval, 4-81%) more likely to demonstrate regression and less likely (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.88) to demonstrate progression
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAART altered the course of HPV disease in HIV-infected women, reducing progression and increasing regression. As HPV disease is a common sex-specific manifestation of HIV disease this effect of HAART would be a major additional benefit from this modality of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maimonides Medical Center, New York, NY 11219, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minkoff
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ahdieh
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Massad
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anastos
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Melnick
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muderspach
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palefsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral