title: Combined IL-12 and GM-CSF gene therapy for murine hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: Among various immunotherapeutic approaches, interleukin-12 (IL-12) is particularly appealing because of its superior antitumor effects, which have been demonstrated in preclinical as well as clinical studies. However, IL-12 therapy was often accompanied by severe side effects due mainly to the supranormal induction of interferon-gamma. To optimize the therapeutic efficacy and lower the side effects of IL-12, we have investigated the antitumor activity of combined IL-12 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene therapy in a highly malignant and poorly immunogenic murine hepatocellular carcinoma model. Using a versatile hydrodynamics-based DNA delivery method, we showed that the combined gene delivery of IL-12 and GM-CSF induced very strong antitumor cellular immunity and achieved significant therapeutic efficacy, whereas each cytokine gene alone yielded appreciable but less effects. We also observed that the combined therapy induced lower levels of interferon-gamma than did IL-12 alone. These results suggest that combined IL-12 and GM-CSF therapy can render a stronger antitumor effect as well as lowering potential side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Z Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000235:genetics*; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018664:Interleukin-12; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor