title: Citric acid-enhanced Helicobacter pylori urease activity in vivo is unrelated to gastric emptying.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a previous study, the use of a citric acid test meal produced a rapid dose-dependent increase in urease activity that was significantly greater than that resulting from a pudding meal, ascorbic acid or sodium citrate. The mechanism was hypothesized to be related to the ability of citric acid to delay gastric emptying and possibly to enhance intragastric distribution of the urea.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of sodium citrate, two doses of citric acid and a pudding meal on gastric motor function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven normal healthy volunteers were investigated using non-invasive techniques to measure gastric emptying and gastric motility. We evaluated gastric emptying using the Meretek 13Ceebiscuit solid phase gastric emptying breath test, which employs a 340-calorie biscuit containing 200 mg of the edible 13C-blue-green alga Spirulina platensis, after the administration of test meals of pudding, 2 g and 4 g of citric acid and 2 g of sodium citrate. Electrogastrograms (Digitrapper EGG) were also recorded for 30 min before and 180 min after the test meal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gastric emptying, as assessed by the half-time (T1/2), was delayed similarly with the pudding (136.8 +/- 9 min) and with 4 g of citric acid (144.5 +/- 7 min) (P > 0.7). Sodium citrate (108.7 +/- 6 min) and 2 g of citric acid (110.1 +/- 6 min) had similar effects on gastric emptying (P=0.986), and were significantly less effective in delaying gastric emptying (P < 0.01) compared to pudding or 4 g of citric acid. The electrogastrograms remained normal and there were no differences among meals and no relation with the gastric emptying results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased intragastric urea hydrolysis associated with citric acid test meals cannot be attributed to delayed gastric emptying. Changes in the intragastric distribution of urea or a direct effect of citric acid on the bacteria (e.g. via the cytoplasmic protein, UreI) are more likely to be responsible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shiotani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaoka
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Osato
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001944:Breath Tests; D002951:Citrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003611:Dairy Products; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000473:pathology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D019343:Citric Acid; D014508:Urea