title: Inducing vocal register transition in an in vivo evoked phonation canine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The nature of vocal registers is still a subject of controversy. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the induction of timbre transition of vocal register in an in vivo evoked phonation canine model and thereby confirm vocal register transition as a laryngeal event.
  
  
  METHODS
  A canine midbrain stimulation evoked phonation model was used in this study. To repeat a low-pitched evoked phonation in the model, the low activity of the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle and coordinate actions of other intrinsic laryngeal muscles were kept in a consistent condition by stimulating the same midbrain point with the same electric current intensity at the same timing in the respiratory cycle. The cricothyroid (CT) muscle was activated with an electrical current delivered directly to the muscle during the evoked phonation. Under constant subglottal pressure, CT muscle activity was varied while changes in vocal register of the evoked phonation were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fundamental frequency (F0) of the evoked phonation increased as the stimulating current to the CT muscle increased. In addition to the increase in F0, data collected from six animals demonstrated that timbre register transition was induced by a stepwise increase of current to the CT muscle. The abrupt escalation of F0 and sudden change in sound quality, which could be verified perceptually, manifested the register transition. Frequency spectrum analysis showed that the sound in the modal register contained abundant harmonics that were different from those of the sound in the falsetto register, which contained fewer harmonics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicated that intrinsic laryngeal muscles (especially CT and TA muscle interactions) regulate timbre-register transition in a canine model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000502:physiology; D023421:Models, Animal; D010699:Phonation