title: Total cavopulmonary conversion and maze procedure for patients with failure of the Fontan operation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hemodynamic abnormalities and refractory atrial arrhythmias in patients late after the Fontan operation result in significant morbidity and mortality. We review our experience with conversion to total cavopulmonary artery connections and arrhythmia surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1994 and 2001, 40 patients underwent Fontan conversion and arrhythmia surgery. Significant hemodynamic lesions such as aortic aneurysm (n = 1), atrioventricular valve insufficiency (n = 8), and pulmonary arterioplasty (n = 9) were repaired concomitantly. Thirty-four patients were in New York Heart Association class III or IV. Mean age at the original Fontan operation was 7.5 +/- 6.5 years and mean age at Fontan conversion was 18.7 +/- 9.0 years. Arrhythmia surgery has evolved from isthmus cryoablation in 10 patients to right-sided maze in 16 patients for atrial reentry tachycardia. The maze-Cox III operation was used for 14 patients with atrial fibrillation. Atrial (n = 33) and dual-chamber (n = 5) pacemakers were placed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There has been no early mortality. Chest tubes were removed on postoperative day 9.0 +/- 6.0. Hospital stay was 11.8 +/- 6.6 days. Three patients required cardiac transplantation at 8 days, 9 months, and 33 months postoperatively. There was 1 death 2 years postoperatively from acute myocardial infarction. For the entire series, arrhythmia recurrence is 12.5%, with only 10% of patients receiving long-term antiarrhythmic medications; these patients were among the first 8 patients in our series. Most patients are in New York Heart Association class I or II. Bruce protocol in 12 patients showed increased tolerance (P <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fontan conversion to total cavopulmonary connection with concomitant arrhythmia surgery is excellent therapy for patients whose Fontan repair has failed. Fontan conversion is safe, improves New York Heart Association class, improves exercise tolerance, and has a low incidence of recurrent arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614, USA. c-mavroudis@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mavroudis
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Backer
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Deal
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnsrude
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strasburger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000601:surgery*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000601:surgery; D018610:Heart Bypass, Right; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure