title: Antibacterial prescribing and antibacterial resistance in English general practice: cross sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the relation between community based antibacterial prescribing and antibacterial resistance in community acquired disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional study of antibacterial prescribing and antibacterial resistance of routine isolates within individual practices and primary care groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  405 general practices (38 groups) in south west and north west England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Correlation between antibacterial prescribing and resistance for urinary coliforms and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antibacterial resistance in urinary coliform isolates is common but the correlation with prescribing rates was relatively low for individual practices (ampicillin and amoxicillin r(s)=0.20, P=0.001; trimethoprim r(s)=0.24, P=0.0001) and primary care groups (ampicillin and amoxicillin r(s)=0.44, P=0.05; trimethoprim r(s)=0.31, P=0.09). Regression coefficients were also low; a practice prescribing 20% less ampicillin and amoxicillin than average would have about 1% fewer resistant isolates (0.94/100; 95% confidence interval 0.02 to 1.85). Resistance of S pneumoniae to both penicillin and erythromycin remains uncommon, and no clear relation with prescribing was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine microbiological isolates should not be used for surveillance of antibacterial resistance in the community or for monitoring the outcome of any change in antibacterial prescribing by general practitioners. Trying to reduce the overall level of antibiotic prescribing in UK general practice may not be the most effective strategy for reducing resistance in the community.
authors.affiliation: University of Oxford, Department of Primary Health Care. patricia.priest@dphpc.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Priest
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yudkin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McNulty
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mant
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004739:England; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects; D005194:Family Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents