title: Beta-blockers: a new therapy in congestive heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Until recently, use of beta-blockers was contraindicated in treatment of patients with congestive heart failure. However, empirical evidence suggests that adding beta-blockers to the standard therapy can slow the progression of heart failure and reduce mortality, including sudden cardiac death.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the results of major, prospective, randomized controlled trials on the effects of beta-blockers in congestive heart failure and to provide recommendations for clinical practice and patients' education.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE (1989-2001) and biomedical databases (1995-2001) were searched for literature on the use of beta-blockers in patients with congestive heart failure. Information on major randomized controlled trials of at least 6 months' duration with mortality as a major end point were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both selective and nonselective beta-blockers significantly reduce mortality due to all causes; decrease need for hospitalization due to cardiovascular causes; and improve patients' New York Heart Association functional classification, hemodynamic status, left ventricular ejection fraction, and signs and symptoms of congestive heartfailure. However, clinical use of beta-blockers remains limited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strong empirical evidence supports adding beta-blockers to the standard therapy for congestive heart failure. Future efforts should be directed toward establishing the safety and efficacy of beta-blockers in patients with severe heartfailure.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Meghani
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists