title: Retrospective review of eighteen patients who underwent transtibial amputation for intractable pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amputations are rarely performed solely for pain relief because of concerns regarding the persistence of pain and disability after the procedure. The purpose of this study was to assess the outcome of below-the-knee amputations performed to relieve intractable foot and ankle pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A chart review was conducted to identify all below-the-knee amputations that had been performed for the treatment of chronic foot and ankle pain by three orthopaedic foot and ankle specialists at three institutions. The inclusion criteria included (1) intractable foot or ankle pain as the surgical indication, (2) failure of maximal medical therapy, (3) failure of prior surgical reconstruction, and (4) a minimum follow-up period of twenty-four months after below-the-knee amputation. Patients with diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular occlusive disease, or peripheral neuropathy were excluded. Each participant completed a two-part questionnaire with regard to the levels of disability, function, pain, and recreational activity both before and after the amputation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty patients met the inclusion criteria, and eighteen completed the study. The study group included four women and fourteen men who had an average age of forty-two years (range, twenty-six to sixty-one years) and were followed for an average of forty-one months (range, twenty-five to eighty-five months) after the amputation. When asked whether they would have the below-the-knee amputation done again under similar circumstances, sixteen patients said yes, one was unsure, and one said no. The same distribution was observed when the patients were asked whether they were satisfied with the outcome: sixteen said yes, one was unsure, and one said no. Disability, pain, and recreational status were assessed with a 10-cm visual analog scale. After the amputation, the patients reported a decrease in both pain frequency (with the average score improving from 9.8 to 1.7; p < 0.0001) and pain intensity (with the average score improving from 8.4 to 2.6; p < 0.0001). Ten patients discontinued the use of narcotics, and seven decreased the level and/or dosage. Three patients worked before the amputation, and eight worked after the amputation. The average walking distance increased from 0.3 to 0.8 mile (p = 0.0034).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In selected patients, a below-the-knee amputation may be a good salvage procedure for intractable foot and ankle pain that is unresponsive to all medical and local surgical reconstructive techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Honkamp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amendola
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Saltzman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000843:Ankle Joint; D005260:Female; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies