title: Intracranial image-guided neurosurgery: experience with a new electromagnetic navigation system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of image-guided neurosurgery is to accurately project computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data into the operative field for defining anatomical landmarks, pathological structures and tumour margins. To achieve this end, different image-guided and computer-assisted, so-called "neuronavigation" systems have been developed in order to offer the neurosurgeon precise spatial information.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study reports on the experience gained with a prototype of the NEN-NeuroGuard neuronavigation system (Nicolet Biomedical, Madison, WI, USA). It utilises a pulsed DC electromagnetic field for determining the location in space of surgical instruments to which miniaturised sensors are attached. The system was evaluated in respect to its usefulness, ease of integration into standard neurosurgical procedures, reliability and accuracy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NEN-system was used with success in 24 intracranial procedures for lesions including both gliomas and cerebral metastases. It allowed real-time display of surgical manoeuvres on pre-operative CT or MR images without a stereotactic frame or a robotic arm. The mean registration error associated with MRI was 1.3 mm (RMS error) and 1.5 mm (RMS error) with CT-data. The average intra-operative target-localising error was 3.2 mm (+/- 1.5 mm SD). Thus, the equipment was of great help in planning and performing skin incisions and craniotomies as well as in reaching deep-seated lesions with a minimum of trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NEN-NeuroGuard system is a very user-friendly and reliable tool for image-guided neurosurgery. It does not have the limitations of a conventional stereotactic frame. Due to its electromagnetic technology it avoids the "line-of-sight" problem often met by optical navigation systems since its sensors remain active even when situated deep inside the skull or hidden, for example, by drapes or by the surgical microscope.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Benjamin Franklin Medical Centre, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Suess
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kombos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suess
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mularski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hammersen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brock
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000295:instrumentation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation