title: Tongue coating and salivary bacterial counts in healthy/gingivitis subjects and periodontitis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The papillary structure of the dorsum of the tongue forms a unique ecological site that provides a large surface area favoring the accumulation of oral debris and microorganisms. These micro-organisms of the tongue may be of influence on the flora of the entire oral cavity. The normal appearance of the dorsum of the tongue is either pinkish or has a thin white coating. For the present study a scoring method was developed to describe the appearance of the dorsum of the tongue in relation to the extent of color and thickness of tongue coating.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the discoloration and coating of the tongue in healthy/gingivitis subjects and periodontitis patients. Furthermore, to determine the relationship between the appearance of the tongue and the bacterial load in salivary samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  2 groups of patients were studied, 70 healthy/gingivitis subjects and 56 periodontitis patients. After scoring of the tongue a salivary sample of each patient was taken and analyzed using a phase-contrast microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This investigation showed that most discoloration was found on the distal part of the tongue. The mean number of bacteria per ml sample in relation to a pink, white and yellow appearance of the tongue was 948, 855 and 900 (x 10(6)) respectively. The mean number of bacteria per ml sample in relation to no, thin and thick coating was 948, 863, and 895 (x 10(6)), respectively. Analysis did not reveal a relationship between discoloration, coating thickness and total bacterial load. The mean number of bacteria per ml in healthy/gingivitis subjects was 860 and in periodontitis patients 918 (x 10(6)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No relationship between the appearance of the tongue and salivary bacterial load could be detected. There was no difference in bacterial load between the healthy/gingivitis and the periodontitis group within the present study population.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for the Health Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mantilla Gómez
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Danser
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sipos
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rowshani
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: van der Velden
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: van der Weijden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003116:Color; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014059:Tongue / Q000473:pathology*