title: Men and osteoporosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While strict criteria have been developed for defining osteoporosis in women (bone mineral density measurements more than 2.5 standard deviations below the mean for young adult normal women, i.e. t-score value < -2.5), there still remains a controversy regarding the definition in men. Spinal fractures occur in 5% and hip fractures in 6% of men older than 50 years. There are significant differences between men and women with respect to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, underlying medical conditions and postfracture sequelae.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide an overview of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention of osteoporosis in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Osteoporosis is increasingly recognised. Data from the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study suggests that 30% of men in Australia aged over 60 years will suffer from an osteoporotic fracture. It is estimated that 30-60% of men presenting with spinal fractures will have another illness contributing to their bone loss. Osteoporotic fractures in men are associated with higher morbidity and mortality than in women. Lifestyle changes together with daily calcium supplementation should be implemented and vitamin D3 should be considered in men with osteopenia.
authors.affiliation: University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, New South Wales. terrydiamond@optushome.com.au
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sambrook
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flicker
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nowson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fiatarone-Singh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferris
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: MacLennan
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D002762:Cholecalciferol