title: [Profile of antimicrobial resistance of agents causing urinary tract infections in Chilean children. PRONARES surveillance program].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  PRONARES (Programa Nacional de Vigilancia de Resistencia) is a national surveillance program for antimicrobial susceptibility, focused in different syndromes and among these, urinary tract infections. The work is done in a laboratory net that uses common protocols and whose data are centrally analyzed using the WHONET program.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility of agents causing urinary infections in children in the period 1997-1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the study period, 5,525 strains were analyzed. Of these, 2,307 came from pediatric patients (1,495 hospitalized and 803 ambulatory).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common causative agent was E. coli in 74.2% of cases, followed by Klebsiella spp in 8.2% and other agents in a lower frequency. Of E. coli strains, 74% were resistant to ampicillin, 52% to clotrimoxazole and 30% to first generation cephalosporins. These strains were sensitive to second and third generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin. Strains from nosocomial or community infections had similar antimicrobial susceptibility. Klebsiella spp had a high rate of antimicrobial resistance (over 40%), that was even higher among nosocomial strains. It was 90% susceptible to ciprofloxacin and 100% to imipenem. All centers from which strains came had a similar pattern of susceptibility, with the exception of a pediatric center that had significantly higher resistance levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current therapeutic recommendations for urinary tract infections in children caused by E coli, are still pertinent, but the use of first generation cephalosporins must be cautious. The treatment of Klebsiella spp requires an individual antibiogram.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Microbiología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile. vprado@machi.med.uchile.cl
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Trucco
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Durán
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mamani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Royer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002677:Chile; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents