title: A comparison of conformal and intensity-modulated techniques for oesophageal radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the potential of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to reduce lung irradiation in the treatment of oesophageal carcinoma with radical radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A treatment planning study was performed to compare two-phase conformal radiotherapy (CFRT) with IMRT in five patients. The CFRT plans consisted of anterior, posterior and bilateral posterior oblique fields, while the IMRT plans consisted of either nine equispaced fields (9F), or four fields (4F) with orientations equal to the CFRT plans. IMRT plans with seven, five or three equispaced fields were also investigated in one patient. Treatment plans were compared using dose-volume histograms and normal tissue complication probabilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 9F IMRT plan was unable to improve on the homogeneity of dose to the planning target volume (PTV), compared with the CFRT plan (dose range, 16.9+/-4.5 (1 SD) vs. 12.4+/-3.9%; P=0.06). Similarly, the 9F IMRT plan was unable to reduce the mean lung dose (11.7+/-3.2 vs. 11.0+/-2.9 Gy; P=0.2). Similar results were obtained for seven, five and three equispaced fields in the single patient studied. The 4F IMRT plan provided comparable PTV dose homogeneity with the CFRT plan (11.8+/-3.3 vs. 12.4+/-3.9%; P=0.6), with reduced mean lung dose (9.5+/-2.3 vs 11.0+/-2.9 Gy; P=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IMRT using nine equispaced fields provided no improvement over CFRT. This was because the larger number of fields in the IMRT plan distributed a low dose over the entire lung. In contrast, IMRT using four fields equal to the CFRT fields offered an improvement in lung sparing. Thus, IMRT with a few carefully chosen field directions may lead to a modest reduction in pneumonitis, or allow tumour dose escalation within the currently accepted lung toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Radiotherapy, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, Surrey, UK
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nutting
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bedford
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Cosgrove
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dearnaley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D017564:Radiation Pneumonitis / Q000517:prevention & control; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal