title: Effects of ecological factors on the survival and physiology of Ralstonia solanacearum bv. 2 in irrigation water.
abstract: The fate of Ralstonia solanacearum bv. 2, the causative agent of brown rot in potato, in aquatic habitats of temperate climate regions is still poorly understood. In this study, the population dynamics and the physiological response of R. solanacearum bv. 2 were tested in sterile pure water and in agricultural drainage water obtained from waterways near potato cropping fields in The Netherlands. The behaviour of five different biovar 2 isolates in drainage water at 20 degrees C was very similar among strains. One typical isolate with consistent virulence (strain 1609) was selected for further studies. The effects of temperature, light, canal sediment, seawater salts, and the presence of competing microorganisms on the survival of strain 1609 were assessed. Moreover, the impacts of the physiological state of the inoculum and the inoculum density were analyzed. The population dynamics of strain 1609 in sterile pure water were also characterized. In sterile pure water, the fate of R. solanacearum 1609 cells depended strongly on temperature, irrespective of inoculum density or physiological state. At 4 degrees C and 44 degrees C, strain 1609 CFU numbers showed declines, whereas the strain was able to undergo several cell divisions at 12 degrees C, 20 degrees C, and 28 degrees C. At 20 degrees C and 28 degrees C, repeated growth took place when the organism was serially transferred, at low inoculum density, from grown water cultures into fresh water devoid of nutrients. Both at low and high cell densities and regardless of physiological state, R. solanacearum 1609 cells persisted as culturable cells for limited periods of time in drainage water. A major effect of temperature was found, with survival being maximal at 12 degrees C, 20 degrees C, and 28 degrees C. Temperatures of 4 degrees C, 36 degrees C, or 44 degrees C induced accelerated declines of the culturable cell numbers. The drainage water biota had a strong effect on survival at 12 degrees C, 20 degrees C, and 28 degrees C, as the persistence of strain 1609 was significantly enhanced in sterile drainage water systems. Furthermore, there was a negative effect of incident light, in a light:dark regime, on the survival of R. solanacearum 1609 in natural drainage water. Also, levels of seawater salts realistic for drainage water in coastal areas were detrimental to strain survival. Ralstonia solanacearum 1609 showed considerable persistence in canal sediment saturated with drainage water, but died out quickly when this sediment was subjected to drying. Evidence was obtained for the conversion of R. solanacearum 1609 cells to nonculturable cells in water microcosms kept at 4 degrees C, but not in those kept at 20 degrees C. A substantial fraction of the cells found to be nonculturable were still viable, as evidenced by the direct viable count and by staining with the redox dye 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride. The potential occurrence of viable-but-nonculturable cells in natural waters poses a problem for the detection of R. solanacearum by cultivation-based methods.
authors.affiliation: Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands. j.d.vanelsas@plant.wag-ur.nl
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: van Elsas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kastelein
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: van Overbeek
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004463:Ecology; D016946:Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D008027:Light; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014871:Water Microbiology