title: Insulin injections enhance cholesterol gallstone incidence by changing the biliary cholesterol saturation index and apo A-I concentration in hamsters fed a lithogenic diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A link between insulin and cholesterol gallstone disease has often been suspected but never demonstrated. The aim was to evaluate the direct implication of insulin in the gallbladder cholesterol gallstone formation process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hamsters fed with a soft-inducing lithogenic diet, enriched with sucrose, were injected daily, for 1 week, either with long-acting insulin or saline (controls).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin injections doubled the cholesterol gallstone incidence. The cholesterol saturation index (CSI) of bile significantly increased (+19%) and biliary apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) decreased, both in concentration (-71%) and the proportion relative to the total biliary proteins (-25%). No modifications in the biliary bile acid composition were noticed. Hepatic HMGCoA reductase activity was higher (+341%), CYP7A1 activity was lower (-52%), whereas CYP27A1 and CYP7B1 were not affected. The hepatic low-density liprotein (LDL)-receptor and SR-BI masses did not vary. The hepatic total cholesterol content increased (+42%). Fasting plasma phospholipid and triglyceride concentrations significantly decreased (-15 and -60%, respectively), but the cholesterol concentration remained constant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that insulin injections enhance cholesterol gallstone incidence by increasing the CSI of bile and decreasing the concentration and proportion of a biliary anti-nucleating protein, apo A-I. Insulin modulates the major enzymes of cholesterol and bile acid metabolisms in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Nutrition, Bâtiment 447, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dubrac
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parquet
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Blouquit
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gripois
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Blouquit
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Souidi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lutton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood*; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D002788:Cholesterol Esters / Q000378:metabolism; D006224:Cricetinae; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000097:blood; D012016:Reference Values; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D002788:Cholesterol Esters; D007328:Insulin; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D010743:Phospholipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol