BMP signaling pathways in cartilage and bone formation.
This review focuses on the molecular aspects of osteogenesis and chondrogenesis as they relate to cellular and developmental levels. We discuss BMP (bone morphogenetic protein)-mediated signaling pathways for the patterning of skeletal elements and mechanisms for the induction of cartilage and bone formation. We emphasize BMP-mediated initiation of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis and consider BMP-dependent signaling cascades in mesenchymal progenitor cells during the development of the axial and appendicular skeleton and during growth plate and joint formation. In particular, we discuss BMP-signaling mediators of the Smad and TAK family and the modulation of these signals by cross-talk and integration with other signaling pathways.
Hoffmann
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Osteogenesis Group, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany.
Gross
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D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D052004:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000502:physiology; D002356:Cartilage / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology; D005246:Feedback; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000254:growth & development; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008954:Models, Biological; D005810:Multigene Family; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D057050:Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D019170:Somites / Q000502:physiology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000502:physiology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; D000099151:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 7
D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D052004:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002117:Calcitriol; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D057050:Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; D000099151:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 7; C078717:ROR2 protein, human