title: Randomized comparison of chloroquine and amodiaquine in the treatment of acute, uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children.
abstract: The increasing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine (CQ) has created an urgent need for the evaluation of alternative, effective, safe, cheap, readily available and affordable antimalarial treatments. In the present study, the efficacy of amodiaquine (AQ) in the treatment of acute, symptomatic, uncomplicated, P. falciparum malaria was compared with that of CQ, each drug being given at 10 mg/kg per day for 3 days (days 0, 1 and 2). The 210 subjects (104 given AQ and 106 CQ) were Nigerian children aged 5 months-12 years. Fever-clearance times (FCT), parasite densities on days 1-4 and parasite-clearance times (PCT) were all significantly lower with AQ than with CQ. Mean (S.D.) PCT, for example, were 2.6 (0.8) days with AQ and 3.0 (1.0) days with CQ (P = 0.001). The cure rates obtained on days 14, 21 and 28 - 98.1% v. 79.3% (P =0.000), 97.1% v. 64.2% (P = 0.00001) and 95.2% v. 58.5% (P = 0.0000000) with AQ and CQ, respectively - were all also significantly higher with AQ. All but two of the 20 subjects who were considered CQ-treatment failures by day 14 (i.e. two RIII, two RII and 16 RI) responded to subsequent treatment with AQ, with PCT (but not FCT) significantly shorter than during their initial treatment with CQ. In siblings in whom there was clustering of infections, the cure rates were 100% with AQ (N =12) and 63.6% with CQ (N = 11; P = 0.03). Adverse reactions to CQ and AQ were similar and tolerable: pruritus in 10 and 11 children in the AQ and CQ groups, respectively, and gastro-intestinal disturbances which occurred in three children from each group. Haematological parameters were not adversely affected by either drug. At least in the setting of the present study, AQ appears more effective than CQ, effective against CQ-resistant infections, and well tolerated by children with acute, uncomplicated, P. falciparum malaria. It may therefore be useful as an alternative to CQ in areas of CQ resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapuetics and Postgraduate Institute for Medical Research and Training, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. malaria.iba@alpha.linkserve.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sowunmi
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Ayede
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Falade
authors.forename: V N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Ndikum
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Sowunmi
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Adedeji
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Falade
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Happi
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Oduola
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002744:Chlorpheniramine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D016011:Normal Distribution; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D000655:Amodiaquine; D002744:Chlorpheniramine; D002738:Chloroquine