title: Measurement of the mechanical power of walking by satellite positioning system (GPS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This descriptive article illustrates the application of Global Positioning System (GPS) professional receivers in the field of locomotion studies. The technological challenge was to assess the external mechanical work in outdoor walking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five subjects walked five times during 5 min on an athletic track at different imposed stride frequency (from 70-130 steps x min(-1)). A differential GPS system (carrier phase analysis) measured the variation of the position of the trunk at 5 Hz. A portable indirect calorimeter recorded breath-by-breath energy expenditure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For a walking speed of 1.05 +/- 0.11 m x s(-1), the vertical lift of the trunk (43 +/- 14 mm) induced a power of 46.0 +/- 20.4 W. The average speed variation per step (0.15 +/- 0.03 m x s(-1)) produced a kinetic power of 16.9 +/- 7.2 W. As compared with commonly admitted values, the energy exchange (recovery) between the two energy components was low (39.1 +/- 10.0%), which induced an overestimated mechanical power (38.9 +/- 18.3 W or 0.60 W x kg(-1) body mass) and a high net mechanical efficiency (26.9 +/- 5.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We assumed that the cause of the overestimation was an unwanted oscillation of the GPS antenna. It is concluded that GPS (in phase mode) is now able to record small body movements during human locomotion, and constitutes a promising tool for gait analysis of outdoor unrestrained walking. However, the design of the receiver and the antenna must be adapted to human experiments and a thorough validation study remains to be conducted.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Terrier
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ladetto
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Merminod
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Schutz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017215:Satellite Communications / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*