title: Analgesia, sedation, and memory of intensive care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article was to investigate the relationship between analgesia, sedation, and memory of intensive care.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-two adult, cooperative intensive care unit (ICU) patients were interviewed 6 months after hospital discharge about their memory of intensive care. The patient was considered to be cooperative when he/she was aware of self and environment at the interview. The patients were grouped as follows: A (45 patients) substantially no sedation, B (85) morphine, and C (22) morphine and other sedatives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients having no memory of intensive care were 38%, 34%, and 23% respectively, in the three groups. They were less ill, according to SAPS II (P <.05), and had a shorter ICU stay (P <.01). Group C patients were more seriously ill according to SAPS II, duration of mechanical ventilation, and length of stay in ICU and in hospital (P <.001). The incidence of factual, sensation, and emotional memories was not different among the three groups. Females reported at least one emotional memory more frequently than males (odds ratio 4.17; 95% CI 10.97-1.59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patients receiving sedatives in the ICU are not comparable with those receiving only opiates or nothing, due to the different clinical condition. The lack of memory of intensive care is present in one third of patients and is influenced more by length of stay in ICU than by the sedation received. Sedation does not influence the incidence of factual, sensation, and emotional memories of ICU admitted patients. Females have higher incidences of emotional memories than males.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical, Anaesthetic and Radiological Sciences, Section of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Capuzzo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pinamonti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cingolani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bianconi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Contu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gritti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alvisi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000523:psychology*; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000523:psychology*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012677:Sensation / Q000187:drug effects