title: BMP signaling pathways in cartilage and bone formation.
abstract: This review focuses on the molecular aspects of osteogenesis and chondrogenesis as they relate to cellular and developmental levels. We discuss BMP (bone morphogenetic protein)-mediated signaling pathways for the patterning of skeletal elements and mechanisms for the induction of cartilage and bone formation. We emphasize BMP-mediated initiation of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis and consider BMP-dependent signaling cascades in mesenchymal progenitor cells during the development of the axial and appendicular skeleton and during growth plate and joint formation. In particular, we discuss BMP-signaling mediators of the Smad and TAK family and the modulation of these signals by cross-talk and integration with other signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Osteogenesis Group, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D052004:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000502:physiology; D002356:Cartilage / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology; D005246:Feedback; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000254:growth & development; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008954:Models, Biological; D005810:Multigene Family; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D057050:Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D019170:Somites / Q000502:physiology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000502:physiology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; D000099151:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 7
chemical_list: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D052004:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002117:Calcitriol; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D057050:Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; D000099151:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 7; C078717:ROR2 protein, human