title: Altered psychomotor behaviors in mice lacking pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP).
abstract: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been conserved remarkably during evolution and is widely expressed in the mammalian brain. In Drosophila, mutation of the PACAP homologue results in behavioral defects, including impaired olfaction-associated learning and changes in ethanol sensitivity. Here, we report the generation of mice lacking the PACAP gene (PACAP(-/-)). PACAP(-/-) mice were born in the expected Mendelian ratios but had a high early-mortality rate. The surviving adult PACAP(-/-) mice displayed remarkable behavioral changes; they exhibited hyperactive and explosive jumping behaviors in an open field, increased exploratory behavior, and less anxiety in the elevated plus maze, emergence, and novel-object tests. Analysis of PACAP(-/-) mice brains revealed that the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was slightly decreased in the cortex and striatum compared with wild-type mice. The present study provides evidence that PACAP plays a previously uncharacterized role in the regulation of psychomotor behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University Medical School, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shintani
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakaue
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niwa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tashiro
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomimoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kunugi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suetake
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baba
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002375:Catalepsy / Q000139:chemically induced; D017931:DNA Primers; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C495402:Adcyap1 protein, mouse; D017931:DNA Primers; D009479:Neuropeptides; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D012701:Serotonin; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; D006220:Haloperidol