title: [Sportsman hindfoot pain: role of magnetic resonance imaging].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the outcome of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of sportsman hindfoot pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fortythree professional athletes (31 men, 12 women, age range: 17-37 years) affected by hindfoot pain underwent MRI. Spin echo (SE) T1W, Gradient echo (GE) T2*W, and fat suppression (Short Time Inversion Recovery: STIR) images were acquired with a 0.5 T superconductive unit (Vectra, GE Medical System, Milwaukee, WI, USA). A dedicated extremities transmitter/receiver coil was used. The lesion site, the presence of anatomic variants (os trigonum, Haglund's deformity), and signal intensity changes were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all cases MRI allowed the identification of the cause of the hindfoot pain, in relation to soft tissue (bursae, synovial or nervous structures), bone and articular diseases. Particularly, as regards soft tissue diseases, tendinous abnormalities and inflammatory bursal involvement were frequently found (77% of cases). Bone diseases (22% of cases with posterior talalgia alone), mostly involved the heel (60%), whereas cartilagineous diseases were present in 9% of cases. In 60% of cases an intra-articular osseous or cartilagineous displaced fragment coexisted, determinating joint locking during foot flexo-extension movements. In 38% of cases contemporary involvement of different articular structures was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both MRI high contrast resolution and multiplanar capabilities allow the complete evaluation of hindfoot region. In our experience sagittal and axial planes were particularly well suited for the diagnosis and the assessment of disease extension. Furthermore, T2W (GET2*) and fat suppression (STIR) images allow high sensitivity even in early disease detection, when hyperemia or fluid collection occur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to our results, it seems possible to state that nowadays MRI is the most reliable technique for identifying the causes of hindfoot pain, in order to provide a correct and effective pre-therapeutic planning.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Radiologia, Policlinico Universitario, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iovane
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Midiri
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Bartolotta
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Candela
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carcione
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Macaluso
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Maria
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lagalla
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Cardinale
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006365:Heel / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D013628:Talus / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology*