title: Oral versus intra-vaginal imidazole and triazole anti-fungal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anti-fungals are available for oral and intra-vaginal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this review was to assess the relative effectiveness of oral versus intra-vaginal anti-fungals for the treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis. The secondary objectives of the review were to assess the cost-effectiveness, safety and patient preference of oral versus intra-vaginal anti-fungals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following sources were searched: The Cochrane Library (Issue 4, 1999), MEDLINE (January 1985 to May 2000), EMBASE (January 1980 to January 2000) and the Cochrane Collaboration Sexually Transmitted Disease Group Specialised Register of Controlled Trials. The reference lists of retrieved articles were reviewed manually. The manufacturers of anti-fungals available in the UK were contacted.
  
  
  METHODS
  ~bullet~Randomised controlled trials published in any language. ~bullet~Trials had to compare at least one oral anti-fungal with one intra-vaginal anti-fungal. ~bullet~Women (aged 16 years or over) with uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis. ~bullet~The diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis to be made mycologically (i.e. a positive culture and / or microscopy for yeast). ~bullet~Trials were excluded if they solely involved subjects who were HIV positive, immunocompromised, pregnant, breastfeeding or diabetic. ~bullet~The primary outcome measure was clinical cure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Duplicate scrutiny was performed of the titles and abstracts of the electronic search results. Full article formats of all selected abstracts were retrieved and independently assessed by two reviewers. Independent duplicate abstraction was performed by four reviewers. Disagreements regarding trial inclusion or data abstraction were resolved by discussion between the reviewers. Odds ratios were pooled using the random effects model. Chi-squared tests with a p-value of less than 0.1 indicated heterogeneity in the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen trials are included in the review, reporting 19 oral versus intra-vaginal anti-fungal comparisons. No statistically significant differences were shown between oral and intra-vaginal anti-fungal treatment for clinical cure at short term (OR 1.00 (95% CI, 0.72 to 1.40)) and long term (OR 1.03 (95% CI, 0.72 to 1.49)) follow-up. No statistically significant differences for mycological cure were observed between oral and intra-vaginal treatment at short term (OR 1.20 (95% CI, 0.87 to 1.65)) or long term follow-up (OR 1.30 (95% CI, 0.99 to 1.71)). Two trials each reported one withdrawal from treatment due to an adverse reaction. Treatment preference data were poorly reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No differences exist in terms of the relative effectiveness (measured as clinical and mycological cure) of anti-fungals administered by the oral and intra-vaginal routes for the treatment of uncomplicated vaginal candidiasis. No definitive conclusion can be made regarding the relative safety of oral and intra-vaginal anti-fungals for uncomplicated vaginal candidiasis. The oral route of administration is the preferred route for anti-fungals for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. The decision to prescribe or recommend the purchase of an anti-fungal for oral or intra-vaginal administration should take into consideration: safety, cost and treatment preference. Unless there is a previous history of adverse reaction to one route of administration or contraindications, women who are purchasing their own treatment should be given full information about the characteristics and costs of treatment to make their own decision. If health services are paying the treatment cost, decision-makers should consider whether the higher cost of oral anti-fungal administration is worth the gain in convenience, if this is the patient's preference.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Aberdeen, Westburn Road, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK, AB25 2AY. m.c.watson@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Grimshaw
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mollison
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ludbrook
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D002181:Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014230:Triazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; D014230:Triazoles