title: Verbal working memory storage and processing deficits in HIV-1 asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Verbal working memory (WM), which relies on intact functioning of frontostriatal circuits, has been suggested as a cognitive domain that is preferentially affected in HIV-1 infection. Although several studies have found WM impairments in HIV-1 infected patients, Baddeley's classic WM model has not been studied extensively in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used two cognitive neuropsychological approaches to examine verbal WM deficits in 18 HIV-1 seronegative, 16 HIV-1 asymptomatic, and 20 HIV-1 symptomatic patients. First, based on Baddeley's WM model of the Phonological Loop, we used the phonological similarity effect and the irrelevant speech effect to evaluate each individual's phonological store, and the word-length effect and the articulatory suppression effect to evaluate the articulatory control process. Secondly, an individual differences approach, which focuses on the capacity limitation of the WM system and potentially integrates the functions of Baddeley's Central Executive component with the Phonological Loop, was adopted. We evaluated each patient's simultaneous storage and processing of auditory material using the Verbal Memory Span test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HIV-1 symptomatic individuals, but not the HIV-1 asymptomatic subjects, demonstrated impaired short-term storage of verbal material in the phonological store on Baddeley's measures. Although the HIV-1 asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects demonstrated intact rehearsal of speech-based material in the articulatory control process, both groups demonstrated impairment on the Verbal Memory Span test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that deficits in simultaneous short-term storage and processing occur during both early and later stages of HIV-1 infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: York
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013067:Speech Perception; D014705:Verbal Behavior
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens