title: Opioids for the palliation of breathlessness in terminal illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breathlessness is a common symptom in people with advanced disease. The most effective treatments are aimed at treating the underlying cause of the breathlessness but this may not be possible and symptomatic treatment is often necessary. Strategies for the symptomatic treatment of breathlessness have never been systematically evaluated. Opioids are commonly used to treat breathlessness: the mechanisms underlying their effectiveness are not completely clear and there have been few good-sized trials in this area.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of opioid drugs given by any route in relieving the symptom of breathlessness in patients who are being treated palliatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic search was carried out of Medline, Embase, Cinahl, the Cochrane library, Dissertation Abstracts, Cancercd and SIGLE. Review articles and reference lists of retrieved articles were hand searched. Date of most recent search: May 1999
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised double-blind, controlled trials comparing the use of any opioid drug against placebo for the relief of breathlessness were included. Patients with any illness suffering from breathlessness were included and the intervention was any opioid, given by any route, in any dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies identified by the search were imported into a reference manager database. The full texts of the relevant studies were retrieved and data were independently extracted by two reviewers. Studies were quality scored according to the Jadad scale. The primary outcome measure used was breathlessness and the secondary outcome measure was exercise tolerance. Studies were divided into non-nebulised and nebulised and were analysed both separately and together. A qualitative analysis was carried out of adverse effects of opioids. Where appropriate, meta-analysis was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen studies were identified of which nine involved the non-nebulised route of administration and nine the nebulised route. A small but statistically significant positive effect of opioids was seen on breathlessness in the analysis of studies using non-nebulised opioids. There was no statistically significant positive effect seen for exercise tolerance in either group of studies or for breathlessness in the studies using nebulised opioids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence to support the use of oral or parenteral opioids to palliate breathlessness although numbers of patients involved in the studies were small. No evidence was found to support the use of nebulised opioids. Further research with larger numbers of patients, using standardised protocols and with quality of life measures is needed.
authors.affiliation: North London Hospice, Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals NHS Trust, Woodside Avenue, London, UK, N12 8TF. MAFUFOX@aol.com
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Broadley
mesh_terms: D001049:Apnea / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010166:Palliative Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D019452:Terminally Ill
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics