title: An implantable neuroprosthesis for restoring bladder and bowel control to patients with spinal cord injuries: a multicenter trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an implanted neuroprosthesis for management of the neurogenic bladder and bowel in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study comparing bladder and bowel control before and at 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation of the neuroprosthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six US hospitals specializing in treatment of SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three neurologically stable patients with complete suprasacral SCIs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Implantation of an externally controlled neuroprosthesis for stimulating the sacral nerves and posterior sacral rhizotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ability to urinate more than 200mL on demand and a resulting postvoid residual volume of less than 50mL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1-year follow-up, 18 of 21 patients could urinate more than 200mL with the neuroprosthesis, and 15 of 21 had postvoid volumes less than 50mL (median, 15mL). Urinary tract infection, catheter use, reflex incontinence, anticholinergic drug use, and autonomic dysreflexia were substantially reduced. At 1-year follow-up, 15 of 17 patients reduced the time spent with bowel management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neural stimulation and posterior rhizotomy is a safe and effective method of bladder and bowel management after suprasacral SCI.
authors.affiliation: Louis Stokes Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, MetroHealth Medical Center, and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA. ghc@po.cwru.edu
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Creasey
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Grill
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korsten
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: U
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Betz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walter
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003248:Constipation / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019051:Rhizotomy; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*