title: Azoles for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis associated with asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Allergic Broncho-pulmonary Aspergillosis is hypersensitivity to the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus that complicates patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis. The mainstay of treatment for ABPA remains oral corticosteroids, though this does not completely prevent exacerbations and may not prevent the decline in lung function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review was to determine the efficacy of azoles in the treatment of Allergic Broncho-pulmonary Aspergillosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Airways Group Asthma register was searched using the terms: (allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis OR aspergillosis OR allergic pulmonary aspergillosis OR allergic fungal and disease OR allergic mycotic and disease) AND (azole OR triazole OR itraconazole OR ketoconazole).
  
  
  METHODS
  All controlled trials that assessed the effect of azole antifungal agents compared to placebo or other standard therapy for ABPA were reviewed. Patients with cystic fibrosis were not included.
  
  
  METHODS
  All identified trials were independently reviewed by both reviewers & all data collected. Trial quality was scored by the Cochrane assessment of allocation concealment & the Jadad scale of methodological quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve trials were identified, but only three were prospective, randomised and controlled. One demonstrated a reduction in immunological markers of disease activity and symptom scores using ketoconazole 400 mg daily for 12 month. There was no significant improvement in lung function. The other two examined the use of itraconazole for 16 weeks. In one there was a reduction in sputum eosinophils by 35% compared to 19% with placebo (p<0.01). In the same trial, the number of exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids was 0.4 per patient with itraconazole compared with 1.3 per patient with placebo (p<0.03). Meta analysis of data from both trials showed that itraconazole treated patients were more likely to have decline in serum IgE over 25% or more (Odds Ratio 3.3; 95% confidence intervals 1.3, 8.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Itraconazole modifies the immunologic activation associated with ABPA and improves clinical outcome in ABPA at least over the period of 16 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Locked Bag No 1, Hunter Region Mail Centre, NSW, Australia, 2310. pwark@mail.newcastle.edu.au
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wark
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001229:Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications*; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D017964:Itraconazole; D007654:Ketoconazole