Albumin is a necessary stabilizer of TBE-vaccine to avoid fever in children after vaccination.
A thiomersal-free and also an albumin-free tick-borne encephalitis-vaccine (TBE-vaccine) was developed. This vaccine was approved by the Austrian health authorities in the year 2000. Contrary to previous experience, 779 cases of fever attacks occurred following the first vaccination of children under 15 years of age. The induction of the immune system by different TBE virus (TBEV) vaccines (FSME-Immun [1999], Ticovac [2000] and FSME-Immun [2001] all from Baxter Hyland Immuno, Vienna) was compared in an in vitro immune stimulation test in order to find an explanation for the unexpected fever attacks. It was shown that only Ticovac, which contains no albumin as a stabilizer, can induce relative high amounts of TNF-alpha (P < or = 0.0001) and lower amounts of IL-1 beta (P < or = 0.05). Increase of both cytokines is first observed following an incubation of 4 h. The maximum is reached after 15 h. After 26 h, it has reverted to the original value. The course of concentration of both cytokines corresponds to the time of observed febrile phases. Albumin or immunoglobulin prevents a rise of cytokines so that it is recommended to add the albumin again to the vaccine.
Marth
E
E
Institute of Hygiene of the University of Graz, Universitätspl.4, A-8010 Graz, Austria. egon.marth@kfunigraz.ac.at
Kleinhappl
B
B
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000418:Albumins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004669:Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne / Q000276:immunology*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
D000418:Albumins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal