title: The lung as a route for systemic delivery of therapeutic proteins and peptides.
abstract: The large surface area, good vascularization, immense capacity for solute exchange and ultra-thinness of the alveolar epithelium are unique features of the lung that can facilitate systemic delivery via pulmonary administration of peptides and proteins. Physical and biochemical barriers, lack of optimal dosage forms and delivery devices limit the systemic delivery of biotherapeutic agents by inhalation. Current efforts to overcome these difficulties in order to deliver metabolic hormones (insulin, calcitonin, thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] and growth hormones) systemically, to induce systemic responses (immunoglobulins, cyclosporin A [CsA], recombinant-methionyl human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [r-huG-CSF], pancreatic islet autoantigen) and to modulate other biological processes via the lung are reviewed. Safety aspects of pulmonary peptide and protein administration are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorium voor Farmacotechnologie en Biofarmacie, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: R U
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Agu
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ugwoke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Armand
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kinget
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Verbeke
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000378:metabolism; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000378:metabolism; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D010455:Peptides; D011506:Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013972:Thyrotropin; D002116:Calcitonin; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin