title: Association of cytokine polymorphic inheritance and in vitro cytokine production in anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic variations in cytokine genes are thought to regulate cytokine protein production. However, studies using T cell mitogens have not always demonstrated a significant relationship between cytokine polymorphisms and in vitro protein production. Furthermore, the functional consequence of a polymorphism at position -330 in the IL-2 gene has not been described. We associated in vitro protein production with cytokine gene polymorphic genotypes after costimulation of cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  PBL were isolated from forty healthy volunteers. Cytokine protein production was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Polymorphisms in interleukin- (IL) 2, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), tumor growth factor (TGF-beta), and interferon (IFN-gamma) were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical difference between protein production and cytokine polymorphic variants in the IL-10, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha genes was not evident after 48-hour stimulation with concanavalin-A. In contrast, after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation significant differences (P<0.05) were found among high and low producers for IL-2, IL-6, and among high, intermediate, and low producers for IFN-gamma, and IL-10. Augmented levels of IL-2 in individuals that were homozygous for the polymorphic IL-2 allele were due to an early and sustained enhancement of IL-2 production. No association was found among TNF-alpha and TGF-beta genotypes and protein production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polymorphisms in IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-gamma genes are associated with their protein production after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation. The profound effect of the IL-2 gene polymorphism in homozygous individuals may serve as a marker for those that could mount the most vigorous allo- or autoimmune responses, or perhaps become tolerant more easily.
authors.affiliation: NIDDK-Navy Transplantation and Autoimmunity Branch, National Naval Medical Center, Bldg. 46 rm. 2421, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Darrin Cox
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Craighead
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: DiMercurio
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Koziol
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Harlan
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Blair
mesh_terms: D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000276:immunology*; D003208:Concanavalin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D018106:CD28 Antigens; D017252:CD3 Complex; D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003208:Concanavalin A; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma