title: Examination of several potential mechanisms for the negative outcome in a clinical stroke trial of enlimomab, a murine anti-human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antibody: a bedside-to-bench study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Enlimomab, a murine monoclonal anti-human intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 antibody, had a negative outcome in a multicenter acute-stroke trial. We did a bedside-to-bench study in standardized rat stroke models to explore mechanisms for these untoward results.
  
  
  METHODS
  After focal brain ischemia in Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), we administered murine anti-rat ICAM-1 antibody (1A29), subclass-matched murine immunoglobulin (IgG1), or vehicle intravenously. To examine whether rat anti-mouse antibodies were generated against the mouse protein and whether these were deleterious, we sensitized Wistar rats with 1A29 or vehicle 7 days before surgery. Infarct volume, tissue myeloperoxidase activity, neutrophil CD11b expression, and microvascular E-selectin, P-selectin, and ICAM-1 expression were examined 48 hours after surgery. Complement activation was serially assessed for 2 hours after a single injection of either 1A29 or vehicle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1A29 treatment did not significantly reduce infarct size in either strain. 1A29 sensitization augmented infarct size and generated rat anti-mouse antibodies. Although 1A29 inhibited neutrophil trafficking shown by reduction in brain myeloperoxidase activity, circulating neutrophils were activated and displayed CD11b upregulation. Complement was activated in 1A29-sensitized Wistar rats and 1A29-treated SHR. E-selectin (SHR), endothelial P-selectin (Wistar and SHR), and ICAM-1 (SHR) were upregulated in animals treated with 1A29.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration to rats of a murine antibody preparation against ICAM-1, 1A29, elicits the production of host antibodies against the protein, activation of circulating neutrophils, complement activation, and sustained microvascular activation. These observations provide several possible mechanisms for central nervous system-related clinical deterioration that occurred when Enlimomab was given in acute ischemic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furuya
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Azhar
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: McCarron
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ruetzler
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wolcott
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: DeGraba
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rothlein
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Hugli
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: del Zoppo
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hallenbeck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001835:Body Weight; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015926:Complement C3a / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D051379:Mice; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D019087:Selectins / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D020521:Stroke / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D007518:Isoantibodies; D019087:Selectins; C044541:complement C3a, des-Arg-(77)-; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D015926:Complement C3a; D009195:Peroxidase