title: Head and neck hypervascular lesions: embolization with ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer--laboratory evaluation in Swine and clinical evaluation in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (a) To assess in swine long-term (12-month) histopathologic changes, particularly, those related to recanalization and angiotoxicity after endovascular delivery of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVAC), and (b) to evaluate initial clinical experience in 18 patients with head and neck tumors and arteriovenous malformations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Embolization with EVAC was performed in one rete each in five swine. After 12 months, an angiogram was obtained, and the contralateral rete was also embolized (acute). Swine were sacrificed and the retia harvested for pathologic examination. In the clinical study, 18 patients with tumors (n = 14), facial arteriovenous malformations (n = 3), and vertebral arteriovenous fistula (n = 1) underwent therapeutic embolization. The technical aspects of EVAC embolization, percentage of occlusion, and clinical complications were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Angiographic 12-month follow-up in swine revealed persistent occlusion of the embolized rete or retia. Histologic examination of the same rete showed vascular occlusion and moderate intraluminal foreign body giant cell reaction; the acutely embolized rete showed no endothelial denudation or angionecrosis. Clinical evaluation in patients revealed satisfactory penetration of lesion vasculature with EVAC when the microcatheter was advanced within 2 cm of a lesion or when percutaneous puncture was performed. There were two transient complications: one increase in a preexisting fifth nerve palsy and one increase in preexisting hemiparesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EVAC is a promising liquid embolic material providing long-term occlusion of blood vessels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif., USA.
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Gobin
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murayama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Milanese
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Duckwiler
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Viñuela
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011145:Polyvinyls; D011859:Radiography; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011145:Polyvinyls; C020320:ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer