title: The studies of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia in China--the experiences in Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the past two decades, a large-scale survey of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia was carried out in mainland China, involving nearly one million people in 28 provinces. The incidences of hemoglobin (Hb) variants, alpha-thalassemia and beta-thalassemia were 0.33%, 2.64% and 0.66%, respectively. The chemical structural analysis identified 67 Hb variants. Among them, 20 are new variants. The analysis of the alpha-globin gene organization in 111 HbH patients showed 76 cases (68.5%) were of the deletion type, 8 had Hb Constant Spring and the other cases were of non-deletion type. The results of the molecular characterization of more than 200 beta-thalassemia alleles showed that the most common types of beta-thalassemia mutations in China are CD 41/42 (-4 bp), IVS-II-nt.654 C-->T, CD 17 A-->T, CD 71/72 (+A) and -28 A-->G.
  
  
  METHODS
  To explore the simple method for molecular diagnosis of beta-thalassemia, multiplex allele-specific amplification (MAS-PCR) was used that could simultaneously detect the above five common types of beta-thalassemia mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the molecular analysis of beta-thalassemia intermedia, beta-thalassemia homozygotes or compound heterozygotes combined with alpha-thalassemia, as well as the conjunctive abnormalities of beta-thalassemia heterozygote with triplicated haplotype of alpha-globin genes, were the most common cause of thalassemia intermedia in China. We also used the RT-PCR quantitation method to show that the most common beta-thalassemia allele, IVS-II-nt.654 C-->T, still produced a small amount (about 15%) of normally spliced beta-globin mRNA, therefore, causing beta+-thalassemia. In clinical trials of hydroxyurea (HU) treatment for beta-thalassemia patients, we found that HU may enhance the expression of the beta-globin gene in some patients, leading to an alleviation of clinical symptoms. In the studies of the reversal of aberrant splicing of IVS-II-nt.654 C-->T allele by the antisense approach, we constructed a mammalian expression vector that can produce an antisense RNA targeting against the aberrant splice sites of IVS-II-nt.654 C-->T pre-mRNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated that the antisense RNA produced from the vector could efficiently suppress the aberrant splicing pattern and restore the correct splicing pathway in vitro and in vivo, leading to the improvement of globin chain biosynthesis in thalassemia cells.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, 24/1400 West Beijing Road, 200040, Shanghai, China. ytzeng@ms.stn.sh.cn
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics; D006453:Hemoglobinopathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015994:Incidence; D012326:RNA Splicing; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005914:Globins; D006918:Hydroxyurea