Continuous positive airway pressure versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants.
BACKGROUND
Recurrent apnea is common in preterm infants, particularly at very early gestational ages. These episodes of loss of effective breathing can lead to hypoxemia and bradycardia which may be severe enough to require resuscitation including use of positive pressure ventilation. Theophylline and continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) are two treatments that have have been used to prevent apnea and its consequences.


OBJECTIVE
The main objective was to determine in preterm infants with recurrent apnea, if treatment with CPAP compared with treatment with theophylline leads to a clinically important reduction in apnea or use of mechanical ventilation, without clinically important side effects.


METHODS
Searches were made of the Oxford Database of Perinatal trials, the Cochrane Collaboration Clinical Trials Register, MEDLINE 1966 - July 2001, EMBASE 1980 - July 2001, CINAHL 1982 - July 2001(using text words 'theophylline', 'caffeine', 'CPAP', 'CDAP', 'positive pressure', 'apnea or apnoea' and MeSH term 'infant, premature'), previous reviews including cross references, abstracts, conferences and symposia proceedings, expert informants, mainly in the English language. Abstracts of the Society for Pediatric Research were searched from 1996 - 2001 inclusive.


METHODS
All trials using random or quasi-random allocation to CPAP or theophylline in preterm infants with clinical recurrent apnea/bradycardia were eligible.


METHODS
Data were extracted using standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration and its Neonatal Review Group, with separate evaluation of trial quality and data extraction by each author and synthesis of data using relative risk.


RESULTS
Only one eligible trial was found. The use of mask CPAP is associated with a higher treatment failure rate as measured by less than a 50% reduction in apnea or use of an alternative treatment [RR 2.89 (95% CI 1.12, 7.47); RD 0.42 (95% CI 0.11, 0.74)]. For every 2.4 infants (95% CI 1.4, 9.5) treated with mask CPAP rather than theophylline, there results one treatment failure. In the mask CPAP group there is more use of IPPV [RR 3.09 (1.42, 6.70); RD 0.58 (95% CI 0.30, 0.86). For every 1.7 infants (95% CI 1.2, 3.3) treated with mask CPAP rather than theophylline, one infant is intubated for IPPV. In the mask CPAP group, there are trends towards more deaths in the first year, and in death or major disability in survivors at follow up, which do not reach significance. There are no differences in rates of necrotizing enterocolitis or major disability in survivors at follow up.


CONCLUSIONS
Theophylline is more effective than mask CPAP for preterm infants with apnea. Since CPAP is no longer administered by mask, the results of this review have limited importance for current clinical practice. Further evaluation of the benefits and harms of CPAP vs theophylline for preterm infants with apnea requires further trials in which CPAP is administered by current methods.
Henderson-Smart
D J
DJ
NSW Centre for Perinatal Health Services Research, Queen Elizabeth II Institute for Mothers and Infants, Building DO2, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2006. dhs@perinatal.usyd.edu.au
Subramaniam
P
P
Davis
P G
PG
D001049:Apnea / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D013806:Theophylline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D013806:Theophylline