title: Reflections on human presence in space.
abstract: Humankind's exploration of Space has until now been understood as analogous to that of planet Earth: sending out crews to far-off, unknown lands in the hope of finding supplies of food, water or energy along with shelter and living-space. But Space is turning out to be much less hospitable than our earthly milieu in terms of resources as well as energy costs. It seems appropriate to ask what level of adaptation is needed for humans to travel and live in the cosmos, and to assess if the next logical step should necessarily be a programme of conquest analogous to that of the Moon--for example, towards Mars. Should we not rather be making more use of Earth's immediate neighbourhood, namely the sphere of a million of kilometres we call "Greater Earth"? In the same way, it is appropriate to ask questions about the conception of human beings which will from now on sustain the conquest of Space. The astronaut of the last forty years is the direct heir of the explorers of Ancient and Modern times; now, through the influence of science and technology, humanity has been put "into motion" not only geographically, but also in its most essential foundations: culture, psychology, philosophy. If the development of telepresence technology now gives us the ability to talk about a "Greater Human Being", it is chiefly through freedom of choice for oneself, for humanity and even for Earth.
authors.affiliation: CNES-DG, 2 place Maurice Quentin, F-75039, Paris, Cedex 01.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arnould
mesh_terms: D018480:Astronauts; D005101:Expeditions; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D006801:Humans; D010684:Philosophy; D013026:Space Flight / Q000639:trends*; D014893:Weightlessness