title: Giant multimodal heart motoneurons of Achatina fulica: a new cardioregulatory input in pulmonates.
abstract: The regulation of the heartbeat by the two largest neurons, d-VLN and d-RPLN, on the dorsal surface of visceral and right parietal ganglia of Giant African snail, Achatina fulica, was examined. Using the new method of animal preparation, for the first time, discrete biphasic inhibitory-excitatory junction potentials (I-EJPs) in the heart and several muscles of the visceral sac were recorded. The duration of hyperpolarizing phase (H-phase) of biphasic I-EJPs was 269+/-5.6 ms (n=5), which is 2-3 times less than that of the cholinergic inhibitory JPs (682+/-68.5 ms, n=5). The H-phase of I-EJPs was not altered by the application of atropine, picrotoxine, succinylcholinchloride, D-tubocurarine and tetraethylammonium or substitution of Cl(-) ions. Even the low-frequency neuronal discharges (1-2 imp/s) evoked significant facilitation and potentiation of the H-phase. Between the multimodal neurons d-VLN/d-RPLN and mantle or visceral organs there is evidence of direct synaptic connections. These neurons were found to have no axonal branches in the intestinal nerve as once suspected but reach the heart through several other nerves. New giant heart motoneurons do not interact with previously identified cardioregulatory neurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Physiology, Saint Petersburg University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zhuravlev
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bugaj
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kodirov
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Safonova
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Staruschenko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003292:Convulsants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000494:pharmacology; D010852:Picrotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D012908:Snails / Q000502:physiology*; D013390:Succinylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019789:Tetraethylammonium / Q000494:pharmacology; D014403:Tubocurarine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001285:Atropine; D003292:Convulsants; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D010852:Picrotoxin; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D013390:Succinylcholine; D019789:Tetraethylammonium; D014403:Tubocurarine