title: [Tic disorders in children and youth - part I].
abstract: The authors present the latest approach to the problem of etiopathology of tic disorders: the role of neurotransmitters and dopamine as well as the role of genetic and immunological factors. They present a classification of tic disorders according to American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edn. (1944) APA Washington. A general description of the clinical picture is given. Preliminary results of own investigations are discussed. Chronic tics were diagnosed in more then 50% of children under study whereas symptoms of Tourette syndrome were observed in 25% of patients. Children under treatment demonstrated the motoric tics which appeared independently or together with vocal ones. Tics were often associated with anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorders and with school problems.
authors.affiliation: Zaklad Rozwoju Dzieci i Mlodziezy, Instytut Matki i Dziecka, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warszawa, Poland. zakroz@imid.med.pl
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gajewska-Zbiegien
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gadamska
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Szilagyi-Pagowska
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pawlik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D020323:Tics; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis