title: Effects of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator after intraluminal thread occlusion in mice: role of hemodynamic alterations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been suggested that recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) may cause an aggravation of injury after transient focal ischemia via excitotoxic side effects. Such rtPA toxicity would be of major clinical significance since rtPA is increasingly used in stroke treatment. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dose, application time, and hemodynamic changes after intravenous rtPA treatment in focal ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were subjected to a 90-minute episode of middle cerebral artery thread occlusion, and rtPA effects were assessed by laser-Doppler flowmetry, [(14)C]iodoantipyrine autoradiography, and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide evidence that rtPA provokes complex hemodynamic alterations in the ischemic brain tissue, which include an initial hyperperfusion and a more delayed hypoperfusion response. Changes are most pronounced in the periphery of the ischemic infarct, where regional blood flow drops below critical thresholds of tissue viability. Our observations suggest that changes of perfusion may at least partly explain the rtPA-induced increase of infarct size, which has previously been reported and which we also confirmed in the present experiments. Notably, both the secondary hypoperfusion and increase of infarct volume were abolished when rtPA-treated animals received additional heparin infusions. This finding suggests that a secondary hypercoagulability may compromise brain perfusion after rtPA delivery. Accordingly, early treatment with heparin might help to prevent the rtPA-induced changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany. kilic44@yahoo.com
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kilic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bähr
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hermann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000983:Antipyrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D001345:Autoradiography; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; C009591:triphenyltetrazolium; D006493:Heparin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D000983:Antipyrine; C008135:iodoantipyrine