title: Structure of plaque at carotid bifurcation: high-resolution MRI with histological correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The composition of carotid atherosclerosis was visualized by using 3D MRI at high resolution with 200-micrometer (3) voxels. Magnetic resonance signal characteristics were correlated with plaque components, including collagenous cap, necrotic core, and calcification, to define resolution and other requirements for future clinical carotid MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one en bloc carotid endarterectomy specimens were imaged ex vivo by 3D gradient-echo MRI by using a 1.5-T clinical scanner with repetition time, echo time, and flip angle of 40 ms, 18 ms, and 20 degrees, respectively. Plaques were placed in Gd-saline and imaged in a solenoid radiofrequency coil. For quantitative tissue-specific signal analysis, techniques were developed to match tissue sections analyzed by MRI and histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three-dimensional imaging resolved complex morphological features not visualized by density- or T(2)-weighted 2D spin-echo imaging. The collagenous cap, necrotic core, and areas of focal calcification showed differing signal characteristics: mean contrast-to-noise ratio for cap versus underlying core was 20. The signal distributions for media and necrotic core overlapped but were resolvable in most specimens. The signal from thrombus was variable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  En bloc specimens provide a useful model for studying plaque MRI. By use of isotropic submillimeter resolution, the collagenous cap and underlying necrotic core typically can be distinguished, and calcification can be identified. Thrombus displays a wide variation in signal intensity. The techniques presented could facilitate future clinicohistological correlation studies for atherosclerotic plaque MRI.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Coombs
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ursell
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saloner
mesh_terms: D002114:Calcinosis / Q000473:pathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009336:Necrosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen