title: Intragraft cytokine expression in heart transplants with mild or no histological rejection.
abstract: The study of pro-inflammatory cytokines produced in situ in heart allografts may help to understand the mechanisms of rejection and open new possibilities to control graft rejection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 23 endomyocardial biopsies obtained from 16 transplanted patients treated with triple-drug therapy (azathioprine, prednisone, and cyclosporine) were studied. mRNA expression for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and beta-actin was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern blotting. Semiquantitative analysis was done by establishing the ratio between densitometric integrated value of each cytokine with the beta-actin and correlated with the histopathologic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three groups of biopsies were determined according to the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation criteria: grade 0 (control group, n=12), grade 1A (sub-clinical rejection, n=6) and 'quilty effect' (n=5). An increased expression of mRNA for TNF-alpha and IL-6 (p=0.0091 and 0.0075, respectively) was found associated with rejection grade 1A episodes, mRNA for IL-1 beta was nonspecifically expressed in all the study groups, while IL-10 mRNA was not detected in any of the biopsies studied. mRNA for IL-12 and IL-15 was not associated with rejection. Interestingly, TGF-beta was not detected in any of the biopsies with the 'quilty pattern'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA in situ expression with mild histologically probed rejection episodes may be used in the monitoring of heart transplants.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Builes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zabaleta
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Restrepo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villegas
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: García
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006680:HLA Antigens; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006680:HLA Antigens; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007378:Interleukins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha