title: Patient education for preventing diabetic foot ulceration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ulceration of the feet, which can result in loss of limbs and even death, is one of the major health problems for people with diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of patient education on the prevention of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible studies were identified by searching the Wounds Group Specialised Trials Register, which is compiled from regular searches of the major health care databases including MEDLINE, Cinahl and EMBASE, hand searching of wound care journals and relevant conference proceedings. For this review the Register was searched up to March 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which evaluated educational programmes for the prevention of foot ulcers in people with diabetes mellitus. There was no restriction on language of the publications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data extraction and assessment of study quality were undertaken by two reviewers independently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methodological quality of the 8 included RCTs was poor. The internal validity score (range 0 - 10) of individual RCTs ranged from 2 to 4. Four trials compared the effect of intensive with brief educational interventions; 2 of these reported clinical endpoints. One study involving high-risk patients reported a reduction in ulcer incidence (Peto OR: 0.28 (95% CI 0.13,0.59)) and amputation rate (Peto OR: 0.32 (0.14,0.71)) after 1 year. The other RCT did not find an effect at seven years follow-up. Participants' foot care knowledge significantly improved with education in 2 trials. In one trial, foot care knowledge was significantly worse at 6 months, although foot care behaviour improved significantly. Non-calcaneal callus was significantly reduced by education in one trial. One RCT did not find that patient foot care education, as part of a general diabetes education program reduced foot ulceration compared with usual care. Patient education as part of a complex intervention targeted at both people with diabetes and doctors reduced the number of serious foot lesions at one year, in one RCT (OR: 0.41(0.16-1.00)) and improved foot care behaviour. Evidence from 2 RCTs comparing the effect of patient-tailored education in addition to usual care was conflicting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RCTs evaluating education for people with diabetes, aimed at preventing diabetic foot ulceration, are mostly of poor methodological quality. Existing data suggests that patient education may reduce foot ulceration and amputations, especially in high-risk patients. Foot care knowledge and behaviour of patients seem positively influenced by patient education in the short term. Because of conflicting results and the methodological shortcomings more RCTs are needed.
authors.affiliation: EMGO-Institute, Faculty of Medicine, VU Medical Center, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands. GD.Valk.EMGO@med.vu.nl
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Valk
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kriegsman
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Assendelft
mesh_terms: D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic