title: Association studies of CTLA-4, CD28, and ICOS gene polymorphisms with type 1 diabetes in the Japanese population.
abstract: Co-stimulatory molecules of CD28, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and the newly identified inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) are expressed on cell surfaces and provide regulatory signals for T-cell activation. Their genes are candidate susceptibility genes for type 1 diabetes because they co-localize to Chromosome 2q33 with the IDDM12 locus. After determining the genomic structure and screening for polymorphisms of the ICOS gene, we performed association studies between newly identified polymorphisms of the ICOS gene, together with known polymorphisms of CD28 and CTLA-4 genes, and type 1 diabetes. The 49A/G dimorphism in exon 1 and the (AT)n in the 3' untranslated region of the CTLA-4 gene were significantly associated with type 1 diabetes. Evaluation of the CTLA-4 49A-3'(AT)n 86-bp haplotype frequency in patients and controls confirmed the results from the analysis of each polymorphic site. Dimorphism in intron 3 of the CD28 gene was associated with type 1 diabetes only in the early-onset group. In contrast, there was no association with the microsatellite polymorphisms in the ICOS gene or dimorphisms in the promotor region of CTLA-4. Of the three genes encoding co-stimulatory molecules, the CTLA-4 gene appears to confer risks for the development of type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. k-ihara@mailserver.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ihara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kinukawa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuromaru
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagafuchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kohno
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyako
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hara
mesh_terms: D000069594:Abatacept; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000235:genetics*; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000235:genetics*; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein; D007564:Japan; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D011067:Poly dA-dT / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; C556692:ICOS protein, human; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein; D011067:Poly dA-dT; D000069594:Abatacept