title: A method to measure the oxidizability of both the aqueous and lipid compartments of plasma.
abstract: The lipophilic radical initiator (MeO-AMVN) and the fluorescent probe C11BODIPY581/591 (BODIPY) were used to measure the lipid compartment oxidizability of human plasma. Aqueous plasma oxidizability was initiated by the aqueous peroxyl radical generator, AAPH, and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) was employed as the marker of the oxidative reaction. The distribution in aqueous and lipid compartments of the two radical initiators was determined by measuring the rate of consumption of the plasma hydrophilic and lipophilic endogenous antioxidants. In the presence of AAPH (20 mM), the order of consumption was: ascorbic acid > alpha-tocopherol > uric acid > beta-carotene, indicating a gradient of peroxyl radicals from the aqueous to the lipid phase. When MeO-AMVN was used (2mM), beta-carotene was consumed earlier than uric acid and almost at the same time as alpha-tocopherol, reflecting the diffusion and activation of MeO-AMVN in the lipophilic phase. The rate of BODIPY oxidation (increase in green fluorescence) significantly increased after the depletion of endogenous alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene, whereas it was delayed for 180 min when AAPH was used instead of MeO-AMVN. The measurement of lipid oxidation in plasma was validated by adding to plasma the two lipophilic antioxidants, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene, whose inhibitory effects on BODIPY oxidation were dependent on the duration of the preincubation period and hence to their lipid diffusion. DCFH oxidation induced by AAPH only began after uric acid, the main hydrophilic plasma antioxidant, was consumed. In contrast, when MeO-AMVN was used, DCFH oxidation was delayed for 120 min, indicating its localization in the aqueous domain. In summary, the selective fluorescence method reported here is capable of distinguishing the lipophilic and hydrophilic components of the total antioxidant capacity of plasma.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Chimico Farmaceutico TossicologicoUniversity of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aldini
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Yeum
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: N I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Krinsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000578:Amidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001896:Boron Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000032:analysis; D005470:Fluorometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010949:Plasma / Q000378:metabolism*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: C095489:4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene; D000578:Amidines; D000975:Antioxidants; D001391:Azo Compounds; D015415:Biomarkers; D001896:Boron Compounds; D005452:Fluoresceins; D008055:Lipids; D009570:Nitriles; D019207:beta Carotene; D014867:Water; C065013:2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein; C109522:V 70; C046728:2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane); D024502:alpha-Tocopherol