title: Bacterial colonization associated with fixed orthodontic appliances. A scanning electron microscopy study.
abstract: This investigation was undertaken to assess bacterial plaque accumulation adjacent to orthodontic brackets. Experiments were carried out on 11 subjects who were scheduled for orthodontic treatment including extraction of two or four premolars. Metal brackets were bonded to the premolars to be extracted using macro-filled bonding composite. A conventional elastomeric ring was placed around one bracket and a steel ligature wire around the bracket on the contralateral tooth. The subjects were told to continue their normal oral hygiene regimen. Teeth were extracted at 1, 2, or 3 weeks after bracket bonding. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of brackets, excess composite, and buccal enamel revealed that mature plaque was present on excess composite at 2 and 3 weeks after bonding, whereas plaque on the gingival enamel surface was still at an early stage of development. The results demonstrate that excess composite around the bracket base is the critical site for plaque accumulation due to its rough surface and the presence of a distinct gap at the composite-enamel interface. The method of ligation does not appear to influence the bacterial morphotypes on both composite and enamel surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Orthodontics and Facial Orthopaedics, Dental Research, University of Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sukontapatipark
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: el-Agroudi
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Selliseth
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thunold
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Selvig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D003188:Composite Resins; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D020724:Elastomers; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000382:microbiology*; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D020724:Elastomers; D013193:Stainless Steel