title: Correction of skull defects using hydroxyapatite cement (HAC)--evidence derived from animal experiments and clinical experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of satisfactory cranioplasty material and technique has been a continuing bio-engineering challenge. Cranial defects resulting from trauma, tumour or infection are most frequently reconstructed with nonviable alloplastic materials. At present, all synthetic or biological materials in the use for human cranioplasty are more or less ideal.
  
  
  METHODS
  The in vivo properties of a fully resorbable bony substitute--hydroxyapatite cement (HAC, BoneSource) are described in clinical investigations and animal experiments. HAC is prepared from calcium phosphate precursors which are hydrated and harden endothermically at 37 degrees C to form hydroxyapatite. Bone formation and resorption characteristics of HAC are examined in an adult minipig cranial defect model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cranial bone integrity has been restored in ten of eleven patients. Radiographic examination 6 months after surgery reveal a successful reconstruction of the skull defects. Sections of the cranial defect site from animals sacrificed at 12, 18 and 40 weeks demonstrate that new bone formation proceeds in HAC filled osseous defects. Histomorphological evaluation of HAC resorption and new bone formation indicates that HAC is nearly completely resorbed within 40 weeks and replaced by new bone with no loss in size or volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydroxyapatite cement (HAC) has an excellent biocompatibility (non-immunogenic and non-toxic), seems to be an optimal implant for cranial reconstruction and provides a biological scaffold for bone formation. However, further studies need to be conducted to determine the long-term stability of HAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School and Hospital, University of Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verheggen
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Merten
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D003399:Craniotomy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017886:Durapatite / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019990:Perioperative Care; D011859:Radiography; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001843:Bone Cements; D017886:Durapatite