title: Sequential changes in luminal microflora and mucosal cytokine expression during developing of colitis in HLA-B27/beta2-microglobulin transgenic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transgenic rats expressing HLA-B27 and human beta2-microglobulin (HLA-B27 rats) spontaneously develop chronic colitis resembling human inflammatory bowel disease. We investigated the sequential changes in the luminal bacterial flora and mucosal cytokine mRNA expression in this model.
  
  
  METHODS
  HLA-B27 rats were maintained in a specific pathogen-free environment, and luminal microflora was evaluated by standard bacterial culture technique. The expression of mucosal cytokine mRNA was analysed by RT-PCR methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical symptoms of colitis appeared at 8 weeks of age. The total number of obligate anaerobes was higher than those of facultative anaerobes during the experimental period. At 6 weeks of age, the colonization of Bacteroides spp., Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. was already detectable at high concentrations, whereas Clostridium spp. and Eubacterium spp. were not detected. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-Ibeta, IL-8 and TNF-alpha) appeared at 8 weeks of age, and these were detectable until 17 weeks. A similar pattern was observed in the expression of Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-gamma). On the other hand, the expression of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta) was weak. IL-4 mRNA expression was weakly detectable only at 6 and 8 weeks of age. The expression of IL-10 and TGF-beta mRNA was scarcely detectable throughout the experimental period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of colitis may be mediated by both the predominant expression of Th1 cytokines and the weakness of Th2 cytokine expression in the mucosa. The colonization of anaerobic bacteria, especially Bacteroides spp., may be initiating and promoting these cytokine responses.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andoh
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsujikawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujiyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bamba
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003092:Colitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D015796:HLA-B27 Antigen / Q000235:genetics*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000032:analysis; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000032:analysis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015796:HLA-B27 Antigen; D007376:Interleukin-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma