title: [Cost and effectiveness of exercise therapy for patients with essential hypertension].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While exercise therapy is established as an appropriate treatment for essential hypertension, its economic profile has not been fully evaluated. The purpose of this study is to evaluate cost and effectiveness in comparison with drug therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study subjects were hypertensive patients under treatment at an outpatient clinic. Fifty-seven were selected on a non-randomized manner for exercise therapy and the same number of patients was chosen for drug therapy after matching age, sex, medication and complications. The following data were collected during three months of intervention. 1) Effectiveness: Change of systolic blood pressure before and after the intervention. 2) Cost: equipment, personnel expenses for exercise therapy and fees for health check-ups (exercise therapy); fees for consultation, laboratory examination and medications (drug therapy), 3) Cost-effectiveness: cost per 1 mmHg systolic blood pressure reduction. We evaluated the variance of cost-effectiveness by controlling the number of program participants, personnel expenses, and equipment expenses of exercise therapy. We also simulated how the cost-effectiveness of exercise therapy would improve by modifying the number of exercise participants, personnel and equipment expenses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cost-effectiveness per 1 mmHg systolic blood pressure reduction was yen 11,268 for exercise therapy and yen 2,441 for drug therapy. Extending program facilities and increasing the number of participants would improve the cost-effectiveness of exercise therapy, but there were limitations to how far this could be achieved in the hospital setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in cost-effectiveness between exercise and drug therapies are attributed to differences in personnel expenses. Although they could be reduced by managerial effort of the hospital to some extent, outsourcing of exercise therapy to community-based facilities should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Economics & Health Promotion Sciences, Division of Health Sciences & Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakubo
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged