title: Improved lymphatic mapping technique for breast cancer.
abstract: Breast sentinel lymph node biopsy is becoming more common. However, the best injection technique is not well established. Currently the gold standard is peritumoral injection. However, for upper outer quadrant tumors there is considerable axillary "shine through" which makes the identification of the radioactive sentinel lymph node difficult. We undertook a study to compare an injection in Sappey's subareolar plexus to the gold standard of peritumoral injection. Between December 1997 and March 1998, 85 patients with breast cancer were enrolled in the study. All patients were injected with 2 cc of normal saline containing 1.0 mCi of unfiltered technetium sulfur colloid in Sappey's subareolar plexus in the clock position of the breast cancer. In the operating room the patients underwent a peritumoral injection of 5 cc of 1% isosulfan blue. All blue and radioactive lymph nodes were identified and removed. The majority of the tumors were in the upper outer quadrant and were diagnosed by core biopsy. Only half of the patients had palpable tumors and approximately 25% had previous upper outer quadrant biopsy incisions. Peritumoral blue dye injection yielded an identification rate of 94%, with 99% of these being blue and radioactive. Three patients had radioactive lymph nodes with no blue lymph nodes identified. One of these patients had a micrometastasis. Injection in Sappey's subareolar plexus in the clock position of the tumor drained to the same sentinel lymph node as peritumoral injection. This injection technique solved the two major problems confronting the wide adoption of sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer staging. First, it eliminates axillary "shine through" which will allow nonspecialist surgeons to more easily identify the radioactive axillary sentinel lymph node. Second, it allows for easier isotope injection by the technician or nuclear medicine physician, by eliminating the need for three-dimensional localization. This new technique should allow the majority of breast cancer patients who are treated by nonspecialist surgeons to be offered this less morbid, more accurate procedure.
authors.affiliation: General Surgery Department, St. Paul Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA. Beitsch@aol.com
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Beitsch
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whitworth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abarca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D061305:Lymphoscintigraphy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C025484:iso-sulfan blue; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid