title: Deaths from antidepressants in England and Wales 1993-1997: analysis of a new national database.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prescription of antidepressants has increased substantially over the last 10 years. It is therefore timely to examine trends in mortality associated with overdoses of antidepressants and to compare the relative mortality associated with different antidepressants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from a newly developed national database of deaths from overdose and poisoning in England and Wales between 1993 and 1997. Age and sex specific death rates associated with overdose and poisoning with antidepressants were calculated together with numbers of deaths per 100,000 prescriptions of individual antidepressants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty per cent (2,503) of all deaths from overdose or poisoning were antidepressant related. The number of deaths increased by 18% between 1993 and 1997. Ninety-five per cent of deaths from antidepressants were associated with tricyclic antidepressants, particularly dothiepin and amitriptyline. Tricyclic antidepressants were associated with 5.3 deaths per 100,000 prescriptions, 4.4 for monoamine oxidase inhibitors and 0.4 for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Annual death rates were highest in men aged 30-44 years (18.2 per million) and women aged 45-59 years (14.8). Death rates from antidepressants were 2.5 times higher in the most deprived fifth than in the least deprived fifth of enumeration districts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antidepressants are an important cause of death from poisoning and overdose. SSRIs and newer antidepressants are associated with <10% of the risk of death than the older antidepressants. There is a strong association between area deprivation and deaths from antidepressants.
authors.affiliation: Sutton Hospital, Surrey.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Uren
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majeed
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019992:Databases as Topic; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D062787:Drug Overdose; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents