title: Prevalence of tics in schoolchildren and association with placement in special education.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Based on the knowledge that Tourette's syndrome (TS) is associated with several clinical features that can impair school function and growing evidence that the disorder is much more common than previously thought, the authors hypothesized that TS and related tic disorders would be associated with school problems in the childhood population at large.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct, blinded (to educational placement) interviews of 1,596 schoolchildren in Monroe County, Rochester, NY, were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven percent of 341 students classified as receiving special education (SpEd) had tics compared with 19.7% (p = 0.008) of 1,255 students in regular classroom programs (RegEd). The weighted prevalence estimates for tics were 23.4% in SpEd and 18.5% in RegEd. A higher percentage of students in SpEd (7.0%) met diagnostic criteria for TS than students in RegEd (3.8%; p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although possibly influenced by selection bias, our results indicate that tic disorders are common in children and are highly associated with school dysfunction. Tics may represent an identifiable sign of an underlying brain developmental disorder that contributes to academic difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642, USA. roger_kurlan@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kurlan
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deeley
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Como
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brower
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eapen
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Andresen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004519:Education, Special / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D020323:Tics / Q000453:epidemiology*