title: Neurological changes and emotional functioning in adults with Down Syndrome.
abstract: This study was designed to examine emotional changes in adults with Down Syndrome (DS) over time and whether changes in these psychological variables were associated with brain atrophy on MRI scan and the presence of pathological reflexes on the neurological examination. Participants were 26 adults with DS and their caregivers. Caregivers completed a measure of emotional functioning about individuals with DS at two different time points (1 year apart). Levels of cognitive functioning were measured and neurological and MRI examinations were performed on all subjects at initial testing. Significant group effect separated those with and without pathological findings on MRI and neurological exam across three different scales: depression, indifference, and pragmatic language functioning. Problems of poor pragmatic language functioning appeared later in the course of suspected Alzheimer's disease (AD), as demonstrated by a significant group effect at time 2, but not at initial testing. In these subjects, the primary emotional change was a decline in social discourse (e.g. conversational style, literal understanding, verbal expression in social contexts). These emotional levels were stable over time, regardless of degree of cognitive decline. Specific emotional changes occur during the course of AD which were associated with abnormal findings from MRI and from neurological examination. These results, along with abnormalities in brain imaging and the presence of pathological reflexes, suggested that frontal lobe dysfunction is likely to be an early manifestation of Alzheimer's Disease in Down Syndrome.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Irvine, Medical Center, Neurology Department, 101 City Drive, Route 81, Building 53, Room 225, Orange, California 92868, USA. ldnelson@uci.edu
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Orme
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osann
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Lott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests