title: Managed care, professional autonomy, and income: effects on physician career satisfaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Career satisfaction among physicians is a topic of importance to physicians in practice, physicians in training, health system administrators, physician organization executives, and consumers. The level of career satisfaction derived by physicians from their work is a basic yet essential element in the functioning of the health care system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the degree to which professional autonomy, compensation, and managed care are determinants of career satisfaction among physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis using data from 1996-97 Community Tracking Study physician telephone survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationally representative sample of 12,385 direct patient care physicians. The survey response rate was 65%.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall career satisfaction among U.S. physicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bivariate results show that physicians with low managed care revenues are significantly more likely to be "very satisfied" than are physicians with high managed care revenue (P < .05), and that physicians with low managed care revenues are significantly more likely to report higher levels of clinical freedom than are physicians with high managed care revenue (P < .05). Multivariate analyses demonstrate that, among our measures, traditional core professional values and autonomy are the most important determinants of career satisfaction after controlling for all other factors. Relative income is also an important independent predictor. Multiple dimensions of professional autonomy hold up as strong, independent predictors of career satisfaction, while the effect of managed care does not. Managed care appears to exert its effect on satisfaction through its impact on professional autonomy, not through income reduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that when managed care (or other influences) erode professional autonomy, the result is a highly negative impact on physician career satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Center for Studying Health System Change, Washington, DC, USA. jstoddard@hschange.org
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Stoddard
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hargraves
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vratil
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D014481:United States