title: Chronic effects of arterial balloon dilatation on internal mammary artery endothelial function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Manipulation for harvesting of the internal mammary artery (IMA) for coronary artery bypass grafting has been shown to acutely impair endothelium-dependent, but not endothelium-independent contractions and relaxations. Recently the use of a novel arterial balloon catheter to dilate the IMA has shown an increased IMA flow while preserving endothelial cell integrity and function acutely. This study examines the chronic effects on endothelial function of IMA segments subjected to arterial balloon catheter dilatation in comparison to either no manipulation (control), luminal dilatation with papaverine, or temporary occlusion with soft or hard jaw in a porcine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine IMAs were harvested one month after instrumentation. Ten IMA segments in each group were obtained and placed in organ chambers under isometric tension. Maximal endothelium-dependent contractions with arachidonic acid and relaxations with acetylcholine, and endothelium-independent contractions with norepinephrine and relaxations with sodium nitroprusside were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endothelium-dependent contractions and relaxations were significantly impaired after hard jaw occlusion one month after IMA manipulation compared to control, long balloon, fibrous jaw, and papaverine groups. Endothelium-independent contractions and relaxations of IMA smooth muscle were unaffected at one month after manipulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that arterial long balloon dilatation is not detrimental to endothelial cell function chronically and is therefore an effective and atraumatic method to relieve IMA spasm before coronary bypass grafting.
authors.affiliation: Research Center and Department of Surgery, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dumont
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Perrault
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Desjardins
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrier
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chavanon
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fonger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008323:Mammary Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009126:Muscle Relaxation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013552:Swine; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000009:adverse effects