title: The effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on the sedative effect of clonidine.
abstract: The mechanism underlying the Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro sedative effect of clonidine, an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, remains uncertain. Because activation of alpha2-adrenoceptors induces release of nitric oxide (NO), we tested the hypothesis that the sedative effect of clonidine depends on NO-related mechanisms. The effect of 7-nitro indazole on the sleeping time induced by clonidine was studied in Wistar rats. In addition, we examined the effect of clonidine, alpha-methyldopa, and midazolam on the thiopental-induced sleeping time in rats pretreated with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME). The sleeping time induced by clonidine was significantly decreased by 7-nitro indazole. Thiopental sleeping time was increased by clonidine, alpha-methyldopa, and midazolam. L-NAME reduced the prolongation effect of clonidine and alpha-methyldopa, but did not alter the effect of midazolam on the thiopental-induced sleeping time. The inhibitory effect of L-NAME on clonidine-dependent prolongation of thiopental-induced sleeping time was reversed by L-arginine. These results suggest that NO-dependent mechanisms are involved in the sedative effect of clonidine. In addition, this effect seems to be specific for the sedative action of alpha2-adrenoceptors agonists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clonidine, an antihypertensive drug, is also a sedative. This sedative effect, although an adverse event in the treatment of hypertensive patients, can be helpful for sedation of surgical patients. The mechanism of this effect, however, is unknown. In this study, we show that the sedative effect of clonidine is mediated by nitric oxide, because it could be prevented by pretreatment with nitric oxide synthase inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. demoura@uerj.br
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soares de Moura
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Resende
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Lemos Neto
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tano
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008750:Methyldopa / Q000494:pharmacology; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D051381:Rats; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D013874:Thiopental / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007191:Indazoles; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008750:Methyldopa; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; C496322:Nos1 protein, rat; D013874:Thiopental; D003000:Clonidine; D008874:Midazolam; C080122:7-nitroindazole; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester