title: Time use in clinical encounters: are African-American patients treated differently?
abstract: Racial disparities in the process and outcome of health care may be partially explained by differences in time use during outpatient visits by African-American and white patients. This study was undertaken to determine whether physicians use their time in clinical encounters with African-American patients differently than with white patients. This study was a multimethod, cross-sectional study conducted between October 1994 and August 1995 in 84 family practices in northeast Ohio. Participants were 4,352 white and African-American outpatients visiting 138 physicians. Time use during the patient visit was measured by the Davis Observation Code, which categorizes every 20-second interval into 20 different behavioral categories. Among 3,743 white and 509 African-American patients, after adjustment for potential confounders, visits by African-American patients were slightly longer than visits with white patients (10.7 vs. 10.1 minutes, p = 0.027). After further adjustment for multiple comparisons, physicians spent a lower proportion of time intervals with African-American patients as compared to white patients planning treatment (29.0% vs. 32.1%, p < 0.001), providing health education (16.4% vs. 19.7%, p < 0.001), chatting (5.2% vs. 7.6%, p < 0.001), assessing patients' health knowledge (0.8% vs. 1.2%, p < 0.001), and answering questions (5.8% vs. 6.9%, p = 0.002). Physicians spent relatively more time intervals with African-American patients discussing what is to be accomplished (9.3% vs. 7.6%, p < 0.001) and providing substance use assessment and advice (0.8% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.001). In conclusion, physicians spend time differently with African-American as compared with white patients. These differences may represent appropriate tailoring of services to meet unique needs, but could also represent racial bias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA. mno3p@virginia.edu
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gotler
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Stange
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D009819:Office Visits; D009820:Ohio; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D013996:Time and Motion Studies