title: Physiology and excitation-contraction coupling in the intestinal muscle of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii.
abstract: The intestinal muscles of Procambarus clarkii are striated and yet they are specialized to produce slow peristaltic waves of contraction, not unlike those seen in vertebrate visceral smooth muscle. These muscles cannot be tetanized either by repetitive stimulation or by elevated potassium saline. The excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling mechanism was explored and compared with that known in crustacean skeletal muscle. Contraction is dependent on external Ca2+ which triggers the release of intracellular calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via calcium-induced calcium release (CICR). Whereas contraction force is proportional to [Ca2+]o up to that in normal saline (13.4 mM), higher levels of Ca2+ reduce force. Ryanodine, which blocks calcium release from the SR, abolishes electrically stimulated contractions and CICR. Relaxation is achieved by removal of calcium from the cytosol in at least two ways, first by the re-loading of calcium into the SR by Ca2+-ATPases and second by the movement of calcium out of the cell by extruding it across the sarcolemma via Na+/Ca2+-exchangers. It is hypothesized that the inability of this muscle to show tetanus arises from inactivation of the voltage-gated calcium channels by high calcium. This is supported by the result that caffeine application causes an increase in tonus and size of phasic contractions by circumventing the sarcolemma and dumping SR calcium stores.
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Alberta, Canada. tbrenner@sfu.ca
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wilkens
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D003400:Astacoidea / Q000502:physiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007422:Intestines / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010528:Peristalsis / Q000502:physiology; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D019284:Thapsigargin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D019284:Thapsigargin; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium; C000543:cyclopiazonic acid