title: Nicotine, alcohol and drug dependence and psychiatric comorbidity. Results of a national household survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a well-recognised relationship between substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders. This relationship has been well documented in a range of population-based studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to report on consumption patterns of and dependence on nicotine, alcohol and non-prescribed drugs and to report on the levels of psychiatric morbidity in these groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national household study of psychiatric morbidity was conducted in England and Wales. Psychiatric assessment was based on the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R). Measures of nicotine, alcohol and drug use and dependence were obtained. This paper compares the levels of psychiatric morbidity in the non-dependent and the nicotine-, alcohol- and drug-dependent cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve per cent of the non-dependent population were assessed as having any psychiatric disorder compared with 22% of the nicotine-dependent, 30% of the alcohol-dependent and 45% of the drug-dependent population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a clear relationship between dependence on nicotine, alcohol and drugs and other psychiatric morbidity.
authors.affiliation: National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Maudsley Hospital, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8AF, UK. m.farrell@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Howes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bebbington
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brugha
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marsden
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meltzer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology