[Suicide and attempted suicide in the armed forces in 1998].
Little data exists concerning suicides and attempted suicides on professional duty. Now that the French Army is becoming professional, it is necessary to describe methods of self-destruction, in order to facilitate preventive measures.


METHODS
The French Army operated a surveillance system to record all instances of suicide and attempted suicide. Under this surveillance system, all suicidal acts and attempts must be reported through an anonymous standard form completed by a military physician. This form records demographic data, the circumstances and known motives. For the epidemiological analysis, we used the chi square test and the Student test. A method of indirect standardization was employed to enable comparisons between military suicides and those within the general French population in 1996. We chose a risk of error of 5%.


RESULTS
During the course of 1998, 145 forms were gathered for professional armed forces. Of these, 40 were recorded as actual suicides and 105 as attempted suicides. The suicide rate corresponded to 14p 100,000. Suicides were limited exclusively to males, the average age at death was 36. Comparisons with the French male population at large (using the indirect method of standardization) showed a standardized mortality rate of 0.43 (p > 0.05). Methods of self-destruction employed were mostly hanging and using firearms. Attempted suicide rate was 31.5 p 100,000, with a relatively even balance between males and females. The average age was 30. Methods of self-destruction employed were mostly drug ingestion and laceration. Difficulties with personal relationships were the principal motive recorded, whilst instances of psychiatric diseases were rare. Previous suicide attempts were known in 21% of recorded suicide attempts in 1998 and in 10% of actual suicide. There was no suicidal act during or linked to an outside army operation. The ratio suicide-attempted suicide was 0.38.


CONCLUSIONS
The fact that the rate of suicide in the French Army is lower than the national average could be explained by the medical criteria used to select army personnel on active duty. These results should be interpreted with caution: our data only covers a single year. Moreover, there is a certain bias in the surveillance system used. Measures in the French Army to prevent suicide are based on a significant medical component within units, particularly during operational tours where there is sometimes a psychiatrist. Although the military physician is constrained by professional secrecy, he must execute his duty as an advisor to the commanding officer to signal human factors that need to be taken into account. Responsibility for knowing men and living conditions lies with the commanding officer. Epidemiological surveillance is a key element of analyzing the risks of suicidal. Its contributing role should be regularly reevaluated.
Desjeux
G
G
Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Desgenettes, Service de Médecine des Collectivités, 180, boulevard Pinel, BP 25, 69275 Lyon.
Lemardeley
P
P
Vallet
D
D
Pascal
B
B
Labarère
J
J
D000328:Adult; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D009042:Motivation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires