title: Increased common carotid intima-media thickness in UK African Caribbeans and its relation to chronic inflammation and vascular candidate gene polymorphisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals of African Caribbean descent who live in the United Kingdom have an increased risk of stroke. The reasons for this are not fully understood, but differences in genetic predispositions or other novel stroke risk factors could play a role. US blacks have been reported to have increased common carotid artery wall thickness, or intima-media thickness (IMT), measured by ultrasound. We measured carotid IMT in UK African Caribbeans compared with UK whites and determined whether different distributions of polymorphisms in potential candidate vascular genes or differences in measures of chronic inflammation or infection could account for any difference.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a population study, common carotid artery IMT was measured in 202 white men and 89 African Caribbean men. The distribution of polymorphisms in ACE, paraoxonase 1, paraoxonase 2, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genes was determined. Serum C-reactive protein and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carotid IMT was increased in African Caribbeans even after controlling for cardiovascular risk factors, including homocysteine and social class: beta=0.113, 95% CI 0.036 to 0.189, P=0.004. There was a significant interaction with smoking and mean IMT (P=0.022), and the difference in both measures of IMT between ethnic groups was largely limited to individuals who had never smoked. There were significant ethnic differences in the distributions of 3 of the 4 candidate genes studied (ACE, paraoxonase 1, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase). H pylori seropositivity was increased in African Caribbeans (78.7% versus 53% in UK whites). However, neither the genetic polymorphisms nor H pylori seropositivity was related to IMT, and ethnic differences in their distribution did not account for the increased IMT seen in African Caribbeans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carotid IMT is increased in UK African Caribbeans even after controlling for conventional risk factors. There are highly significant ethnic differences in the distribution of many potential cerebrovascular candidate genes. Although those we examined did not explain the ethnic differences in IMT, other genetic predispositions or environmental exposures could account for these differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St George's Hospital Medical School, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, London, UK. h.markus@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Markus
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kapozsta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ditrich
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cullinane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D000368:Aged; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000208:ethnology; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004950:Esterases / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D008875:Middle Aged; D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors / Q000235:genetics; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D004950:Esterases; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; C468406:PON1 protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A