title: The relation of glycaemia to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the Diabetic Control and Complications Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have assessed the relation between the quarterly capillary glucose profile and the risk of the development and progression of retinopathy in the DCCT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven point (preprandial and 90-min postprandial for each meal and bedtime) capillary glucose data were analysed from volunteers whose collections were complete in 80 %, or more, of quarterly periods and who were in the study longer than 4 years (n = 296, conventional therapy; n = 269, intensive therapy). The study cohort differed from excluded patients in having more women and lower HbA(1c) at baseline and fewer adolescents, older age and lower baseline mean blood glucose in the intensive therapy group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate analysis showed significant (p < 0.01) associations to sustained 3-step change in retinopathy of each updated glycaemic parameter: mean blood glucose, mean preprandial glucose, mean postprandial glucose, each preprandial, postprandial and bedtime glucose; range glucose, standard deviation glucose; M-value of Schlichtkrull and mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions, albeit with relatively small hazard ratios. Multivariate analyses showed updated mean blood glucose to be the primary risk factor (p < 0.001) with a weak contribution of mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions at baseline (p < 0.005); no other variables added significantly to the model. The association between updated mean blood glucose and risk for retinopathy was nonlinear: risk progressively increased above updated mean blood glucose of 8.3 mmol/l. A gradient of risk could not be determined below this level because events were few.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations provided by quarterly 7-point capillary glucose measurements as an expression of overall glycaemic behaviour, the major risk for progression of retinopathy is conveyed by updated mean blood glucose especially above 8.3 mmol/l.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. service.john@mayo.edu
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Service
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D002196:Capillaries; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood*; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin