title: Results of the management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding from gastroesophageal varices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by rupture of gastric and/or esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis must focus on the initial control of the haemorrhage avoiding further worsening of an already poor liver function and the prevention of early relapsing bleeding. Therapeutic options include endoscopic, pharmacological and surgical methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study of the results obtained after the follow-up of 90 bleeding episodes in a total of 54 patients, 35 men and 19 women, with a mean age of 58 years (range 32-77), to which a therapeutic protocol for acute bleeding secondary to portal hypertension was applied over a 22-months period. Patient classification according to Child-Pugh upon admission was 57% Child A, 34% Child B and 9% Child C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean hospital length of stay was 9 days (2-50). Of the 90 bleeding episodes, 15 were early relapsing bleeding episodes (16.7%). Twelve patients died (mortality rate of 22.2% by patients and 13.4% by bleeding episodes). Twelve emergency surgical procedures were performed because of the persistence of haemorrhage. Forty one per cent of patients were readmitted because of relapsing bleeding at least once during the follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to gastroesophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis requires a combined therapy in order to attain maximum effectiveness in acute haemorrhagic episodes and to address all potential later consequences. Such therapy should be provided in a hospital fully equipped and with specialists in this pathology. Based on our experience, emergency surgery as rescue treatment for persistent or short-term relapsing bleeding should be restricted to patients with good hepatic function because of its high morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: General and Digestive Surgery Service, Ciutat Sanitària i Universitària de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Farran
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biondo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bettónica
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jorba
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Borobia
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jaurrieta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006728:Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D013004:Somatostatin