title: Regulation of internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation by eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha phosphorylation and translation of a small upstream open reading frame.
abstract: Adaptation to amino acid deficiency is critical for cell survival. In yeast, this adaptation involves phosphorylation of the translation eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2alpha by the kinase GCN2. This leads to the increased translation of the transcription factor GCN4, which in turn increases transcription of amino acid biosynthetic genes, at a time when expression of most genes decreases. Here it is shown that translation of the arginine/lysine transporter cat-1 mRNA increases during amino acid starvation of mammalian cells. This increase requires both GCN2 phosphorylation of eIF2alpha and the translation of a 48-amino acid upstream open reading frame (uORF) present within the 5'-leader of the transporter mRNA. When this 5'-leader was placed in a bicistronic mRNA expression vector, it functioned as an internal ribosomal entry sequence and its regulated activity was dependent on uORF translation. Amino acid starvation also induced translation of monocistronic mRNAs containing the cat-1 5'-leader, in a manner dependent on eIF2alpha phosphorylation and translation of the 48-amino acid uORF. This is the first example of mammalian regulation of internal ribosomal entry sequence-mediated translation by eIF2alpha phosphorylation during amino acid starvation, suggesting that the mechanism of induced Cat-1 protein synthesis is part of the adaptive response of cells to amino acid limitation.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry, the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yaman
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Merrick
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koromilas
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wek
authors.forename: Rushira
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hensold
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hatzoglou
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2; C485648:Git1 protein, rat; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger