title: Nutritional status impairments in HIV-infected patients are associated with increased TNF-alpha and IL-6 serum levels but not with viral load.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytokines may alter metabolic pathways and contribute to malnutrition among human immunodefiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble IL-2 receptors (sIL-2R), beta2-microglobulin serum levels and plasma viral load of 45 HIV-positive patients were determined and correlated to nutritional status impairment. Patients were grouped by CD4 counts into categories I (< 200/microl), II (200-499/microl), III (> or = 500/microl). There were 15 healthy controls. A nutritional grading system, based on anthropometric and laboratory data, was devised. Scores ranged from 0 to 5 (eutrophic to malnutrition).
  
  
  RESULTS
  AIDS patients' cytokines and immune marker levels were significantly higher than those of the controls, but not always higher than those of other categories. AIDS patients had higher nutritional deficit grades than category III (p < 0.05) or the controls (p < 0.02) which, except for viral load, correlated with the parameters studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nutritional status impairments in HIV-positive individuals were associated with immune activation but not with viral load.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisa Hospital Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. mclara@cpqhec.fiocruz.br
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Galhardo
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Georg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Morgado
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: de Azevedo
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Sampaio
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Sarno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha