title: Transmission blocking vaccine studies in leishmaniasis: I. Lipophosphoglycan is a promising transmission blocking vaccine molecule against cutaneous leishmaniasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New strategies for control of leishmaniasis is needed as chemotherapy using antimonial drugs is prolonged, expensive, associated with side effects and relapses. Vector control has limitations and a vaccine which may be the best approach is not available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the level of inhibition of promastigote development and gut morphology in infected Phlebotomus duboscqi sandflies fed on different groups of BALB/c mice immunised with rgp63, lipophosglycan (LPG) or their cocktail and whole parasite antigens prepared from L. major culture-derived promastigotes.
  
  
  METHODS
  BALB/c mice were immunised adequately with Leishmania major-derived antigens namely, crude whole parasite (WPA), recombinant 63 kilodalton glycoprotein (rgp63), LPG and a cocktail composed of rgp63 plus LPG antigens. Laboratory reared Phlebotomus duboscqi sandflies, the natural vector for L. major were later allowed to feed on immunised animals, interrupted and allowed to continue feeding on infected animals for an equal amount of time until they became fully engorged. The sandflies were maintained on apples as a carbohydrate source in an insectary maintained at a temperature of 25 degrees C and 80% relative humidity. Some of the sandflies were dissected on days 2, 4 and 6 after feeding and observed using the light and the transmission electron microscopy for any changes in their gut morphology. The remaining sandflies were all dissected on the sixth day post-feeding and examined for procyclics, nectomonads, haptomonads and metacyclic promastigote forms of Leishmania.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sandflies which had previously fed on WPA, LPG plus rgp63 cocktail and LPG-immunised mice showed the lowest infection rates compared to control sandflies fed on saline immunised mice (p < 0.05). A significant number of procyclic promastigotes, the first developmental form of the parasite in culture as well as in the sandfly was observed in sandflies which fed on LPG-immunised mice (p < 0.05). The dominant parasite form in sandflies which fed on rgp63 or LPG-immunised mice was the nectomonad form but very few of the infective metacyclic forms (p < 0.05). Control sandflies fed on saline immunised or infected mice alone displayed a normal pattern of parasite development up to the metacyclic stage. Studies showed that two possible mechanisms through which immune sera from immunised mice may cause inhibition of parasite development is by exflagellation of nectomonad forms and degeneration of the sandfly midgut epithelium as revealed by light and electron microscopy studies respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown that immune-mediated transmission blocking may be applied to Leishmania infections. Based on observation of the procyclic promastigotes, the dominance of the nectomonad forms, low infectivity rates in sandflies fed on LPG-immunised mice, we concluded that LPG stands out to be a promising transmission blocking vaccine candidate in leishmaniasis.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Tonui
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mbati
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Anjili
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Orago
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Turco
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Githure
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Koech
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006028:Glycosphingolipids / Q000276:immunology*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000276:immunology*; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission*; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010691:Phlebotomus / Q000469:parasitology; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D006028:Glycosphingolipids; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines; C008290:lipophosphonoglycan; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; C055146:glycoprotein gp63, Leishmania