Critical aspects of tissue-engineered therapy for bone regeneration.
Recent advances in bone tissue engineering are established on the understanding of an engineered scaffold, the molecular milieu within the osteogenic site, and the cell(s) predisposed to an osteogenic lineage. Advances in the incorporation of a generative vehicle into a skeletal defect require temporal and spatial distribution of the scaffold, growth factor, and cell compatible with enhanced bone healing. Monitoring events culminating in osteogenesis has focused on phenotypic and intracellular indicators. Phenotypic and intracellular indicators include the presence of receptors and intracellular signals that enable cell proliferation and differentiation. Progress in the areas of scaffold design, growth factor utilization, bone cell lineage, and intracellular signaling are reviewed.
Doll
B
B
Carnegie Mellon University, Bone Tissue Engineering Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890, USA. bdoll@cs.cmu.edu
Sfeir
C
C
Winn
S
S
Huard
J
J
Hollinger
J
J
D000818:Animals; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000637:transplantation; D003094:Collagen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004285:Dogs; D004337:Drug Carriers; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008863:Microspheres; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000187:drug effects; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012756:Sheep; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013552:Swine; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D001704:Biopolymers; C525719:Bmp2 protein, mouse; C525720:Bmp2 protein, rat; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006133:Growth Substances; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C499469:recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2; D003094:Collagen