title: [Glomerulonephritis secondary to chronic infection of a ventriculoatrial shunt].
abstract: METHODS
  A 39-year-old man was referred for assessment of a nephrotic syndrome. He reported deteriorating health with bouts of fever and microhaematuria and proteinuria in the past year. At the age of 24 years a ventriculoatrial shunt had been inserted for an internal hydrocephalus. At another hospital he was given steroids for a nephrotic syndrome suspected of being associated with membranoproliferative glomerulitis, but the disease progressed. On admission he had severe generalised oedema with a temperature of 38,5;C. His general condition was poor. He had no neck stiffness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parameters of inflammation were raised. Serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were normal. Levels of complements C3 and C4 were reduced. The proteinuria was 9g/24h. Renal biopsy revealed type 1 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Micrococcus roseus/varians was demonstrated several times by aerobic blood cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The findings suggested chronically infected ventriculoatrial shunt as cause of the glomerulonephritis. The shunt was, therefore, removed. The same pathogens were grown from it on aerobic culture medium. Six months after removal and replacement of the shunt and treatment of the infection the proteinuria had fallen to 0.45 mg/h; serum creatinine was 1.0 mg/dl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis has been demonstrated, secondary forms should be considered in the differential diagnosis. In most cases specific treatment can prevent progression of the renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Nephrologie und Rheumatologie. oezcan22@aol.com
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ozcan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heering
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grabensee
mesh_terms: D000193:Actinomycetales Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015432:Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008837:Micrococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors