title: Tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent proinflammatory gene induction is inhibited by cyclic tensile strain in articular chondrocytes in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the intracellular mechanisms of the action of mechanical strain on articular chondrocytes during inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  One of the major mediators responsible for cartilage destruction in inflamed articular joints is tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). Therefore, in this study we examined the intracellular mechanisms of actions of cyclic tensile strain (CTS) on the recombinant human TNFalpha (rHuTNFalpha)-induced proinflammatory pathways in primary cultures of chondrocytes. The expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for TNFalpha-dependent proinflammatory proteins was examined by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The synthesis of proinflammatory proteins was examined by Western blot analysis in cell extracts, followed by semiquantitative measurement of bands using densitometric analysis. Nitric oxide production was measured by Griess reaction, and prostaglandin E2 production was assessed by radioimmunoassays. The proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes was assessed by incorporation of Na2(35)SO4 in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By exposing chondrocytes to CTS in the presence of TNFalpha in vitro, we showed that CTS is an effective antagonist of TNFalpha actions and acts as both an antiinflammatory signal and a reparative signal. CTS of low magnitude suppresses TNFalpha-induced mRNA expression of multiple proinflammatory proteins involved in catabolic responses, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, and collagenase. CTS also counteracts cartilage degradation by augmenting induction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2. Additionally, CTS augments the reparative process via abrogation of TNFalpha-induced suppression of proteoglycan synthesis. Nonetheless, CTS acts on chondrocytes in a TNFalpha-dependent manner, since exposure of chondrocytes to CTS alone had no effect on these parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTS of low magnitude acts as an effective antagonist of TNFalpha not only by inhibiting the TNFalpha-dependent induction of proinflammatory proteins upstream of mRNA transcription, but also by augmenting the proteoglycan synthesis that is inhibited by TNFalpha.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gassner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011817:Rabbits; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha