title: Serologic and clinical outcomes of 1536 Alaska Natives chronically infected with hepatitis B virus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of the outcome of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of and risk factors for adverse events (hepatocellular carcinoma and end-stage liver disease) and clearance of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and surface antigen (HBsAg) in carriers of HBV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cohort study of hepatitis B carriers who were observed for a median of 12.3 years as part of an active surveillance program to detect carriers with hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  126 communities in Alaska.
  
  
  METHODS
  1536 Alaska Natives with chronic hepatitis B.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bivariate comparisons, multivariable models, and other statistical methods were used to examine the relationships of risk factors to outcomes and clearance of HBeAg and HBsAg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1536 chronic HBV carriers were followed up for 19 430 person-years from their first HBsAg-positive test result. At the first serologic test, 641 were HBeAg positive and 893 were anti-HBe positive. Older carriers were more likely than younger carriers to clear HBeAg (P < 0.001). The observed probability of clearing HBeAg within 10 years of diagnosis was 72.5%. Clearance of HBsAg occurred in 106 (7%) of all carriers and was positively associated with older age and positive result on initial anti-HBe test. The incidence of adverse events was 2.3 per 1000 carrier-years, and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was 1.9 per 1000 carrier-years (2.3 in men and 1.2 in women). Risk for hepatocellular carcinoma increased with age, among those of Yupik Eskimo ethnicity, and among carriers who reverted from anti-HBe to HBeAg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HBsAg-positive carriers, observed clearance of HBeAg was more than 70% during the first 10 years of follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Viral Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Medical Center, c/o Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508-5932, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holck
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bulkow
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Snowball
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000413:Alaska / Q000453:epidemiology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000208:ethnology / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens / Q000097:blood*; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D004930:Inuit; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance
chemical_list: D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens