title: p16/p14(ARF) cell cycle regulatory pathways in primary neuroblastoma: p16 expression is associated with advanced stage disease.
abstract: p16 regulates the G(1)-S cell cycle transition by inhibiting the cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/CDK6-mediated phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb). We examined the possible derangement of the p16-CDK/cyclin D-pRb pathway in 40 primary neuroblastomas including 18 samples in the unfavorable stages (C and D) and 22 in the favorable stages (A, B, and Ds) by PCR, reverse transcription-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry and correlated the results with clinical outcome. No samples harbored alterations of the p16 gene. Interestingly, the samples in the unfavorable stages exhibited expression of p16 mRNA and protein more frequently than those in the favorable stages [mRNA, 9 of 18 (50%) versus 2 of 22 (9%), P = 0.006; protein, 5 of 16 (31%) versus 0 of 18 (0%), P = 0.013]. Alterations of the downstream components of the pathway were infrequent. pRb was deregulated in the majority of samples investigated [27 of 33 (82%), 24 with hyperphosphorylated pRb and 3 with no pRb protein]. The phosphorylation status of pRb did not correlate with p16 protein expression, suggesting that the elevated p16 protein may not be functioning properly to regulate the pathway. Among patients of all stages, p16 expression was significantly associated with a lower overall survival. There was no overexpression of MDM2, and loss of p14(ARF) expression and p53 mutation were infrequent events. Taken together, these findings suggest that up-regulated p16 expression may represent a unique feature of aggressive neuroblastoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics/Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego Medical Center, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omura-Minamisawa
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Diccianni
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Batova
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bridgeman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schiff
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D056741:Cyclin D; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D051361:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009154:Mutation; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011379:Prognosis; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016019:Survival Analysis; D025803:Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D056741:Cyclin D; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D016213:Cyclins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D025803:Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C495900:CDK4 protein, human; C495911:CDK6 protein, human; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D051361:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases