title: Skin hydration and possible shunt route penetration in controlled estradiol delivery from ultradeformable and standard liposomes.
abstract: Human skin delivery of estradiol from ultradeformable and traditional liposomes was explored, comparing occlusive and open application, with the aim of examining the role of skin hydration. Partially hydrated epidermis was used for open hydration, but fully hydrated membranes were used for occluded studies. In addition, we developed a novel technique to investigate the role of shunt route penetration in skin delivery of liposomal estradiol. This compared delivery through epidermis with that through a stratum corneum (SC)/epidermis sandwich from the same skin with the additional SC forming the top layer of the sandwich. This design was based on the fact that orifices of shunts only occupy 0.1% of skin surface area and thus for SC/epidermis sandwiches there will be a negligible chance for shunts to superimpose. The top SC thus blocks most shunts available on the bottom membrane. If shunts play a major role then the delivery through sandwiches should be much reduced compared with that through epidermis, taking into consideration the expected reduction owing to increased membrane thickness. After open application, both ultradeformable and traditional liposomes improved estradiol skin delivery, with the ultradeformable liposomes being superior. Occlusion reduced the delivering efficiency of both vesicle types, supporting the theory that a hydration gradient provides the driving force. Shunt route penetration was found to play only a very minor role in liposomal delivery. In conclusion, full hydration of skin reduces estradiol delivery from liposomes and the shunt route is not the main pathway for this delivery.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Studies in Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: El Maghraby
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Barry
mesh_terms: D015060:1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry; D004058:Diffusion; D004337:Drug Carriers; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes; D015060:1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; D004958:Estradiol; D002784:Cholesterol