title: A comparison of three screw types for unicortical fixation in the lateral mass of the cervical spine.
abstract: METHODS
  In vitro comparison of three different screws for unicortical fixation in lateral masses of the cervical spine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the axial load-to-failure of cervical lateral mass screws and their revision screws in a cadaveric model.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Lateral mass screws are used for posterior fixation of the cervical spine. Risks to neurovascular structures have led many surgeons to advocate unicortical application of these screws, although fixation strength may vary with screw design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Screws from three posterior cervical fixation systems were used: Axis, Starlock/Cervifix, and Summit. Tested were 3.5-mm cancellous screws, along with revision screws for each system. The C3-C6 vertebrae from three cadaveric specimens were fixed with screws inserted into the lateral masses at a depth of 10 mm with 30 degrees cephalad and 20 degrees lateral angulation. Coaxial pullout force was recorded for each primary and revision screw.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Axial load-to-failure (mean +/- SD) of the screws was 459 +/- 60 N for Axis screws, 423 +/- 78 N for Starlock screws, and 319 +/- 97 N for Summit screws. The Axis and Starlock screws were significantly stronger than Summit screws (P = 0.017 and P = 0.067, respectively). The load-to-failure of revision screws was much lower than that of primary screws (Axis 54%, Starlock 56%, Summit 63% of the primary screw), without significant difference between screw types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Axis and Starlock screws resisted significantly greater axial load-to-failure than did the Summit screws. For all three systems, the revision screws could not restore the load-to-failure of the primary screw in this model. The tested unicortical screws had a consistently higher load-to-failure than those previously tested under similar conditions, suggesting that currently available screws may be superior to those previously tested.
authors.affiliation: Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hilibrand
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Nien
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nachwalter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siegler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000592:standards*; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing