title: [Meningococcal W135 infection epidemics associated with pilgrimage to Mecca in 2000].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  On April 3 and 7, 2000, four cases of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 infection were diagnosed in France in Raj pilgrims and their close relatives. Two cases were fatal. Due to the rarity of this strain in France, a strain belonging to a clonal complex implicated in several epidemics in Europe and North America, and it high mortality observed, The French General Direction of Heal issued recommendations on April 8th for rifampicin chemotherapy for all pilgrims and relatives living in their home. The national disease watch (Institut de Veille Sanitaire, InVS) conducted an investigation to describe the epidemic and follow the diffusion of the strain in the population and assess the impact of preventive measures taken as well as need for other specific measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case was considered to be confirmed when the strain isolated from usually sterile media after March 22 was found to be identical to the epidemic strain (W135, 2a: P1-2.5--clonal complex ET37). A case was considered probable when a pilgrim or in a person in contact with a pilgrim had clinical meningitis (purulent cerebrospinal fluid or purpura fulminans) or when the identified strain was in the W135 serogroup but could not be further identified. A standardized questionnaire developed in collaboration with the European countries concerned by the epidemic was filled out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By November 20, 2000, 25 confirmed and 2 probable cases were identified; 85% of the cases occurred during the first 7 weeks of the epidemic. Mortality was 18%. Patients aged over 50 years accounted for 66% of the cases (6/9) occurring before April 9, 2000 and 17% of the cases (3/18) observed after this data. Four patients had single-joint arthritis. No cluster cases could be identified. Four cases occurred among 19,100 pilgrims (attack rate 21/100,000), 9 among persons living with pilgrims, 7 among subjects in direct contact with pilgrims but not living with them, and 7 among persons who had no identifiable contact with pilgrims. These last 7 cases occurred after the 3rd week of the epidemic. No cases occurred among persons who had taken rifampicin chemoprophylaxis. Eighteen cases occurred after diffusion of the prophylaxis recommendations including 5 in a population directly concerned by the recommendations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the epidemic strain is not different from other strains in terms of virulence and transmissibility. Eight months after the Raj, the number of cases related to the epidemic remained limited in France. The characteristics of the most recent cases do however suggest an epidemic clone persists in the general population. The Direction of Health recommends vaccination using the quadrivalent A,C,W135,Y vaccine for the 2001 Raj.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Veille Sanitaire, 12, rue du Val d'Osne, F94415 Saint-Maurice.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Matsika-Claquin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perrocheau
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Taha
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levy-Bruhl
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Renault
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Desenclos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012067:Religion; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D014195:Travel