title: Bispectral index monitoring in children undergoing mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this prospective, cohort study of 15 children (median age 7.7 years, range 4.9-16.5 years) undergoing atrial septal defect repair, we evaluated changes in the Bispectral index (BIS) as a potential monitor of level of consciousness during cardiac anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Identical cardiac surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and anaesthetic techniques were used, including mild hypothermia and an early extubation protocol. BIS, mean arterial pressure, heart rate and tympanic temperature were recorded at baseline postinduction (Tbaseline), skin incision (Tincis), sternotomy (Tsternot), aortic cannulation (Tcann), nadir temperature (Tnadir), rewarmed (Trewarmed), immediate post-CPB (TpostCPB), chest drain insertion (Tdrains), sternal wires (Twire), skin closure (Tclosed) and spontaneous movement (Tmove). As a measure of stress response, serum lactate, glucose, norepinephrine and epinephrine levels were measured at Tbaseline, Tsternot, Tcann, Tnadir, Trewarmed and Tdrains. Explicit memory testing was undertaken prior to hospital discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BIS increased significantly during the rewarming phase (Trewarmed versus Tbaseline and Tnadir, P<0.001). Lactate, epinephrine and glucose levels were also significantly elevated at Trewarmed. There were no correlations between BIS and the increase in epinephrine, lactate and glucose during rewarming, nor with changes in heart rate or mean arterial pressure during surgery. All patients had an uneventful recovery without evidence for explicit recall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in BIS during the rewarming phase could reflect an increase in conscious level, and is consistent with the reported risk for awareness during this phase of cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. plaussen@cardio.tch.harvard.edu
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Laussen
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: F X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Demaso
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006339:Heart Rate; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D005947:Glucose; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine