title: Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy to exclude upper urinary tract malignancy associated with analgesic nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Analgesic abuse is a potential cause of end-stage renal disease. Such patients bear an elevated risk of developing malignancies, predominantly transitional-cell carcinoma. We report our experience with laparoscopic nephroureterectomy carried out in patients with analgesic nephropathy to exclude upper urinary tract malignancy. All patients were scheduled to be put on the waiting list for cadaveric renal transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1996, nine women and two men with a long-term history of analgesic abuse have undergone laparoscopic nephroureterectomy at our hospital. The median age was 63 years (range 51-70 years). All patients had developed end-stage renal failure secondary to heavy analgesic abuse with a median duration of 14 years (range 7-40 years). The median interval from the beginning of hemodialysis to laparoscopic nephroureterectomy was 36 months (range 6-76 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median operative time was 99 minutes (range 55-170 minutes). There were no conversions to open surgery. Two complications occurred, and three patients required blood transfusions. The median hospital stay lasted 5 days (range 2-12 days), and the median convalescence was 20 days (range 6-44 days). In seven patients, histopathologic examination of the kidney revealed changes attributable to analgesic abuse. None of the patients had a transitional-cell carcinoma, but in two patients, a renal-cell carcinoma stage pT1cN0cM0 grade 2 was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with analgesic nephropathy bear an elevated risk for the development of transitional-cell or renal-cell carcinoma. In these patients, laparoscopic nephroureterectomy combines minimally operative invasiveness with a maximum of diagnostic safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany. doehn@medinf.mu-luebeck.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doehn
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fornara
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fricke
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jocham
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics