title: Development of a push-pull ventilation system to control solder fume.
abstract: Hand soldering using rosin core solder wire is common in the electronics industry and several studies have implicated the aerosol produced when rosin flux is heated in causing respiratory sensitisation. Control of solder fume is generally achieved using local exhaust hoods, simple blowers with a filter or low-volume high-velocity (LVHV) ventilation systems. None of these provide an ideal control system and so a push-pull ventilation design was developed as an alternative. Laboratory tests of the system's capture efficiency were carried out using nitrous oxide tracer gas. Capture efficiency was generally greater than 90% with the push airflow operating. However, without the push airflow, capture efficiency decreased sharply with increasing distance from the exhaust hood (between 38 and 58% at 420 mm from the front of the exhaust hood with the same exhaust airflow used by the push-pull system). The push-pull system was found to be relatively insensitive to obstructions placed in the path of the air flow or the influence of cross draughts. The system was tested in five electronics factories and the effectiveness was compared to their existing ventilation systems. Where only a small amount of soldering was carried out both the in-house and push-pull systems seemed to provide adequate control of inhalation exposure to rosin-based solder flux fume measured as total resin acids. However, the push-pull system provided more consistent control than the existing ventilation systems when larger quantities of solder were used. In these situations the mean personal exposure level was reduced to below the UK Maximum Exposure Limit (MEL) of 0.05 mg/m(3) 8-h time weighted average in most instances. The corresponding mean personal exposure level with the in-house systems in operation was about three to four times the long-term MEL. Interpretation of these data is complicated because of high background contribution to exposure from poorly controlled soldering operations elsewhere in the factories. However, this study suggests that the in-house systems were relatively inefficient.
authors.affiliation: University of Aberdeen, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Liberty Safe Work Research Centre, Foresterhill Road, AB25 2ZP, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cowie
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Cherrie
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D014691:Ventilation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014896:Welding; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational