title: A novel functional co-operation between MyoD, MEF2 and TRalpha1 is sufficient for the induction of GLUT4 gene transcription.
abstract: We report tripartite co-operation between MyoD, myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) and the thyroid hormone receptor (TRalpha1) that takes place in the context of an 82-bp muscle-specific enhancer in the rat insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) gene that is active in both cardiac and skeletal muscle. In the L6E9 skeletal muscle cell line and in 10T1/2 fibroblasts, a powerful synergistic activation of the GLUT4 enhancer relied on the over-expression of MyoD, MEF2 and TRalpha1 and the integrity of their respective binding sites, and occurred when linked to either a heterologous promoter or in the context of the native GLUT4 promoter. In cardiac myocytes, enhancer activity was dependent on the binding sites for MEF2 and TRalpha1. Furthermore, we show that in 10T1/2 fibroblasts, the forced expression of MyoD, MEF2 and TRalpha1 induced the expression of the endogenous, otherwise silent, GLUT4 gene. In all, our results indicate a novel functional co-operation between these three factors which is required for full activation of GLUT4 transcription.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, SW3 6LY, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Santalucía
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palacín
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yacoub
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zorzano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D006801:Humans; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D051379:Mice; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D020218:Response Elements / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection; D019210:Troponin I / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D017570:MyoD Protein; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; C495692:SLC2A4 protein, human; C495693:Slc2a4 protein, mouse; C495694:Slc2a4 protein, rat; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019210:Troponin I