title: The Arabidopsis protein SHI represses gibberellin responses in Arabidopsis and barley.
abstract: The current model of gibberellin (GA) signal transduction is based on a derepressible system and a number of candidate negative regulators have been identified in Arabidopsis. We previously have reported the identification of the Arabidopsis gene SHORT INTERNODES (SHI) that causes suppression of GA responses when constitutively activated. In this paper, we show by using reporter gene analysis that the SHI gene is expressed in young organs, e.g. shoot apices and root tips. The model predicts a suppressor of GA responses to be active in these tissues to prevent premature growth or development. To study the effect of SHI on GA signaling, we used a functional assay that measures effects of signaling components on a well-defined GA response; the up-regulation of alpha-amylase in barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurones in response to GA treatment. We found that SHI was able to specifically block the activity of a high-isoelectric point alpha-amylase promoter following GA(3) treatment, which further supports that SHI is a suppressor of GA responses. We have identified two putative loss-of-function insertion alleles of SHI and lines homozygous for either of the new alleles show no phenotypic deviations from wild type. Because SHI belongs to a gene family consisting of nine members, we suggest that SHI and the SHI-related genes are functionally redundant. We also show that a functional ERECTA allele is able to partly suppress the dwarfing effect of the shi gain-of-function mutation, suggesting that the erecta mutation harbored by the Landsberg erecta ecotype is an enhancer of the shi dwarf phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Villavägen 6, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fridborg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuusk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sundberg
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001467:Hordeum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D009154:Mutation; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017385:Sequence Homology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D005875:Gibberellins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C120562:short internodes protein, Arabidopsis; D000516:alpha-Amylases