title: A pilot study on anticancer activities of Chinese leek.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the anticancer activities of Chinese leek (Allium tuberosum Rottler; [CL]).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh CL was extracted and reconstituted in phosphate-buffered saline. The in vitro antiproliferation activities of the extract were tested with two murine cancer cell lines and four human cancer cell lines. The in vivo anticancer effects were tested in C57BL mice with lung metastases of B16-F10 melanoma. The mice were inoculated with B16-F10 melanoma cells by intravenous (IV) injection on day 1. CL extract was given on days 6-8 by either IV injection or oral gavage. The lung metastases were examined on day 16.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extract inhibited the in vitro growth of all six cancer cell lines studied. The dose-response curves were sigmoidal with IC50 (50% inhibition concentrations) in the range of 2.5-13.0 mg of raw material per milliliter for the six cancer cell lines. At the CL concentration of 8-100 mg of raw material per milliliter, all the cells underwent apoptosis, and no live cells were left after being exposed to CL for 4-6 hours. Typical apoptosis-specific cell morphology changes were observed under a microscope. The induction of cancer cell apoptosis by CL extract was further verified by the DNA ladder assay. Treatment with a daily oral dose of the extract (equivalent to 2.5 or 12.5 mg of raw material per gram of body weight) reduced the B16-F10 melanoma lung metastatic colonies in mice by 40% (p < 0.03). IV injection of the extract (equivalent to 1.25 or 6.25 mg of raw material per gram of body weight) did not show any effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CL extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. Oral administration of CL extract significantly reduced lung metastases in the present animal model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA. shaoj@stjohns.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D019697:Onions; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011897:Random Allocation; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal