title: [Retinoscopy. A multi-media teaching program on CD].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinoscopy is a classical method to determine the refraction of the eye by observing the dynamics of reflexes and varying the experimental parameters until a specific reflex (neutralisation point) is observed. Until now photographs and geometrical drawings of the different ray tracings have been commonly used to visualise the pathways. We intend to use new media such as video and CD to offer the students a better understanding of retinoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  With the aid of appropriate experimental devices, retinoscopal reflexes of artificial and human eyes are recorded on video. The video sequences are converted in computer files and together with computer animations of the geometrical ray tracings, text files and audio sequences, they are stored in a suitable CBT-programme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The systematically prepared computer compatible contents offer a modern individually controllable method to perform the instruction programme by multimedia. The CBT-program and the specific files are stored on CDs or can be distributed on the internet. A collection of retinoscopy records of patients, some with extraordinary reflex phenomena is also available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Video and animation procedures are more suitable for matching the dynamic phenomena on retinoscopy than photographs or drawings as they offer a more direct basis for understanding of the sometimes difficult processes of retinoscopy. The collection of recorded reflexes also offers the direct visualised experience of particular patient findings such as the appearance in context of implanted spherical and aspherical intraocular lenses or the irregularities of the optic system of eyes with keratokonus.
authors.affiliation: IPO-Institut für Physiologische Optik, Düsseldorf.
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Werner
mesh_terms: D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D006801:Humans; D007640:Keratoconus / Q000175:diagnosis; D007910:Lenses, Intraocular; D010781:Photography; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012160:Retina; D014741:Video Recording