title: Familial occurrence of tardive dyskinesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Familial occurrence of tardive dyskinesia (TD) and schizophrenia has been hypothesized to confer risk to the development of TD. We investigated these hypotheses in a large patient sample applying standardized methods for phenotype characterization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and twenty-two patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were assessed for TD and for family history of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Thirty-nine patients had 40 affected first-degree family members, one patient having two first-degree relatives. Of these, 17 pairs and one triplet were personally examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1) There was a tendency for TD in the affected relatives to be associated with the TD status of the index-patient; this finding was unrelated to age and doses of neuroleptic medication. 2) No association between a family history of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and TD was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A family history of TD might represent a risk factor for TD, whereas a family history of schizophrenia does not.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Held
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ahle
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maroldt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alfter
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nöthen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rietschel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents