title: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: The psychostimulants methylphenidate, amphetamine and pemoline are among the most common medications used today in child and adolescent psychiatry for the treatment of patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Frequently, these medications are used in combination with other medications on a short or long term basis. The present review examines psychostimulant pharmacology, summarises reported drug-drug interactions and explores underlying pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for interactions. A computerised search was undertaken using Medline (1966 to 2000) and Current Contents to provide the literature base for reports of drug-drug interactions involving psychostimulants. These leads were further cross-referenced for completeness of the survey. Methylphenidate appears to be more often implicated in pharmacokinetic interactions suggestive of possible metabolic inhibition, although the mechanisms still remain unclear. Amphetamine was more often involved in apparent pharmacodynamic interactions and could potentially be influenced by medications affecting cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6. No published reports of drug interactions involving pemoline were found. The alpha2-adrenergic agonists clonidine and guanfacine have been implicated in several interactions. Perhaps best documented is their antagonism by tricyclic antidepressants and phenothiazines. In additional, concurrent beta-blocker use, or abrupt discontinuation, can lead to hypertensive response. Although there are few published well-controlled interaction studies with psychostimulants and alpha2-adrenergic agonists, it appears that these agents may be safely coadministered. The interactions of monoamine oxidase inhibitors with psychostimulants represent one of the few strict contraindications.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Charleston 29425-0742, USA. markowij@musc.edu
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Patrick
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants