title: Heroin-related noncardiogenic pulmonary edema : a case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the current clinical spectrum of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (NCPE) related to heroin overdose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of all identified patients from August 1994 through December 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban academic hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heroin-related NCPE was defined as the syndrome in which a patient develops significant hypoxia (room air saturation < 90% with a respiratory rate > 12/min) within 24 h of a clinically apparent heroin overdose. This should be accompanied by radiographic evidence of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates not attributable to other causes, such as cardiac dysfunction, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, or bronchospasm, and which resolve clinically and radiographically within 48 h.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven patients were identified during this 53-month period, with a majority being male patients (85%; average age, 34 years). Twenty patients (74%) were hypoxic on emergency department arrival, and 6 patients (22%) had symptoms develop within the first hour. One patient had significant hypoxia develop within 4 h. Nine patients (33%) required mechanical ventilation, and all intubated patients but one were extubated within 24 h. Eighteen patients (66%) were treated with supplemental oxygen alone. Hypoxia resolved spontaneously within 24 h in 74% of patients, with the rest (22%) resolving within 48 h. Twenty patients (74%) had classical radiograph findings of bilateral fluffy infiltrates, but unilateral pulmonary edema occurred in four patients (15%) and more localized disease occurred in two patients (7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NCPE is an infrequent complication of a heroin overdose. The clinical symptoms of NCPE are clinically apparent either immediately or within 4 h of the overdose. Mechanical ventilation is necessary in only 39% of patients. The incidence of NCPE related to heroin overdose has decreased substantially in the last few decades.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco General Hospital, 94110, USA. Ksporer@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Sporer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dorn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D062787:Drug Overdose; D005260:Female; D003932:Heroin / Q000506:poisoning*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D003932:Heroin