title: Liver organotropism and biotransformation of a novel platinum-ursodeoxycholate derivative, Bamet-UD2, with enhanced antitumour activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several members of a novel family of bile acid derivatives with cytostatic and virostatic activity have been synthesized and characterized. The aim of this work was to investigate the liver organotropism and biotransformation of two novel compounds with enhanced DNA-reactivity: Bamet-D3, in which a glycine-polyamine tandem was used as a spacer to separate the glycocholic acid moiety from the platinum(II) atom, and Bamet-UD2, in which cisplatin was directly bound to the carboxylate group of two ursodeoxycholic acid moieties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drug uptake and "in vitro" toxicity were investigated using rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Following i.v. administration of 0.5 mumol cisplatin, Bamet-D3 or Bamet-UD2, bile output, urinary and fecal excretion, organ distribution and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined in short-term (3 h) and long-term (14 days) experiments carried out on anaesthetized and conscious rats, respectively. Liver biotransformation was investigated by HPLC analysis of bile samples. Total platinum was measured by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. Using Nude mice, antitumour activity was investigated in subcutaneously implanted Hepa 1-6 mouse hepatoma cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uptake by rat hepatocytes was Bamet-UD2 (11.3 nmol/mg protein) > Bamet-D3 (5.6 nmol/mg protein) > cisplatin (2.1 pmol/mg protein). Bamet-UD2 induced "in vitro" cell toxicity, which was not observed for Bamet-D3 or cisplatin. On the contrary, no toxicity "in vivo" for Bamet-UD2 was found which was observed for cisplatin and Bamet-D3. This may be related with the fact that bile output of Bamet-UD2, which occurs with no major biotransformation, was > 10 fold higher than that of cisplatin and 3-fold higher than that of Bamet-D3, which was previously transformed into at least three different metabolites. Fecal excretion was Bamet-UD2 > Bamet-D3 > cisplatin, whereas urinary output was Bamet-D3 > cisplatin > Bamet-UD2. Accordingly, a marked liver- and a reduced kidney-vectoriality for Bamet-UD2, but not for Bamet-D3, was observed. Bamet-UD2 and cisplatin, but not Bamet-D3, were efficient in inhibiting tumour growth whereas, only Bamet-UD2 significantly prolonged survival time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There results indicate that Bamet-UD2 is a cisplatin-ursodeoxycholate derivative with strong antitumour activity, marked hepatobiliary organotropism, and reduced toxic side-effects as compared to the parent drug cisplatin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007-Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Larena
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Martinez-Diez
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Monte
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pascual
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Marin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001646:Bile / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001711:Biotransformation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006207:Half-Life; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C416422:Bamet-D3; C416424:Bamet-UD2; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid