title: Allopregnanolone and pentobarbital infused into the nucleus accumbens substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol are mediated in part by the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor system. We have previously shown that microinjections of the competitive GABA(A) agonist muscimol in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala fully substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of systemic ethanol. However, it is not known whether allosteric binding sites on GABA(A) receptors located within specific limbic brain regions contribute to the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Long-Evans rats were trained to discriminate between intraperitoneal injections of ethanol (1 g/kg) and saline under a fixed-ratio 10 schedule of sucrose (10% w/v) reinforcement. Injector guide cannulae, aimed at both the nucleus accumbens core and the hippocampus area CA1, were then implanted to allow site-specific infusion of GABA(A)-positive modulators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infusion of the neurosteroid 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (allopregnanolone, or 3alpha-5alpha-P) in the nucleus accumbens resulted in dose-dependent full substitution for intraperitoneal ethanol (50% effective dose = 0.38 ng/microl per side). Likewise, injection of the barbiturate pentobarbital into the nucleus accumbens also substituted dose-dependently for ethanol (50% effective dose = 1.55 microg/microl per side). However, infusions of either 3alpha-5alpha-P or pentobarbital in the hippocampus failed to substitute for ethanol and produced inverted U-shaped dose-response curves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that allosteric positive modulation of GABA(A) receptors in the nucleus accumbens produces full substitution for the stimulus effects of ethanol. This suggests that GABA(A) receptors in the nucleus accumbens may play a more influential role in the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol than those in the hippocampus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7178, USA. chodge@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nannini
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Olive
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Mehmert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011280:Pregnanolone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans
chemical_list: D018757:GABA Modulators; D000431:Ethanol; D011280:Pregnanolone; D010424:Pentobarbital