title: Comparing methods to identify general internal medicine clinic patients with chronic heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Identification of patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction is the first step in identifying which patients may benefit from clinical practice guidelines. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a computerized tool using clinical information that is commonly available to identify patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional study of patients seen in a Department of Veterans Affairs General Internal Medicine Clinic who had echocardiography or radionuclide ventriculography performed as part of their clinical care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 2246 subjects who had at least one cardiac imaging study. A total of 778 (34.6%) subjects met study criteria for LVSD. Subjects with LVSD were slightly older than subjects without LVSD (70 years vs 68 years, P =.00002) but were similar with regard to sex and race. Subjects with LVSD were more likely to have prescriptions for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, carvedilol, digoxin, loop diuretics, hydralazine, nitrates, and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Of the variables included in the final predictive model, ACE inhibitors, loop diuretics, and digoxin exerted the greatest predictive power. Discriminant analysis demonstrated that models containing pharmacy information were consistently more accurate (75% accurate [65% sensitivity, 81% specificity]) than those models that contained only International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD-9), codes, including ICD-9 codes for congestive heart failure (72% accurate [80% sensitivity, 68% specificity]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that an automated, computer-driven algorithm identifying LVSD permits simple, rapid, and timely identification of patients with congestive heart failure by use of only routinely collected data. Future research is needed to develop accurate electronic identification of heart failure and other common chronic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Northwest Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA. ed.udris@med.va.gov
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Udris
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: McDonell
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Tierney
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fihn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015897:Comorbidity; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D015635:Radionuclide Ventriculography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*