Embryo transfer: techniques and variables affecting success.
OBJECTIVE
To review the literature on the variables affecting embryo transfer success or failure and to define technical factors associated with optimal outcome.


METHODS
Literature review.


RESULTS
Avoidance of blood, mucus, bacterial contamination, excessive uterine contractions, and trauma to the endometrium is associated with optimal pregnancy and implantation rates after transcervical embryo transfer. A trial transfer, ultrasonographic guidance, and use of "soft" catheters appear to facilitate successful embryo transfer.


CONCLUSIONS
An understanding of the variables associated with embryo transfer success together with adherence to techniques shown to facilitate atraumatic embryo transfer will enhance the efficiency of IVF by maximizing embryo implantation.
Schoolcraft
W B
WB
Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Englewood, Colorado 80110, USA.
Surrey
E S
ES
Gardner
D K
DK
D001755:Blastocyst; D001790:Blood Physiological Phenomena; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009093:Mucus; D011247:Pregnancy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014590:Uterine Contraction / Q000502:physiology