title: Increased reporting of adverse reactions to ACE inhibitors associated with limitations to drug reimbursement for angiotensin-II receptor antagonists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  From February 1998 to September 1999, the Italian Ministry of Health limited angiotensin-II type-1 (AT1) receptor antagonist reimbursement only to patients who necessitated discontinuation of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor treatment due to cough or angioedema. We assessed the consequences of this decision on the reporting of ACE inhibitor-associated adverse drug reactions (ADRs).
  
  
  METHODS
  ACE inhibitor-associated ADRs reported to the national pharmacovigilance system in 1997-2000 in the district of Varese (northern Italy, more than 820,000 inhabitants) were retrieved and analysed. The dispensation of ACE inhibitors and AT, receptor antagonists reimbursed by the National Health System was also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 228 reports of ACE inhibitor-associated ADRs, and cough was the ADR reported in 93.4% of cases. There were no reports of cough in 1997, 50 in 1998, 156 in 1999 and 7 in 2000. In 1998-1999, the dispensation of ACE inhibitors showed little variation, while that of AT1 receptor antagonists grew about twofold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a clear correlation between ACE inhibitor-associated ADR reporting and limitation to AT1 receptor antagonist reimbursement status. Drug reimbursement policies should thus be added to the list of factors that may bias ADR reporting, and health authorities should be aware of this potential bias when defining specific measures to regulate prescription and use of new drugs.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Clinical and Applied Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cosentino
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Leoni
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Michielotto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Punginelli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lecchini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frigo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003371:Cough / Q000188:drug therapy; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors