title: Nitration as a mechanism of Na+, K+-ATPase modification during hypoxia in the cerebral cortex of the guinea pig fetus.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that hypoxia induces nitric oxide synthase-mediated generation of nitric oxide free radicals leading to peroxynitrite production. The present study tests the hypothesis that hypoxia results in NO-mediated modification of Na+, K+-ATPase in the fetal brain. Studies were conducted in guinea pig fetuses of 58-days gestation. The mothers were exposed to FiO2 of 0.07% for 1 hour. Brain tissue hypoxia in the fetus was confirmed biochemically by decreased ATP and phosphocreatine levels. P2 membrane fractions were prepared from normoxic and hypoxic fetuses and divided into untreated and treated groups. The membranes were treated with 0.5 mM peroxynitrite at pH 7.6. The Na+, K+-ATPase activity was determined at 37 degrees C for five minutes in a medium containing 100 mM NaCl, 20 mM KCl, 6.0 mM MgCl2, 50 mM Tris HCl buffer pH 7.4, 3.0 mM ATP with or without 10 mM ouabain. Ouabain sensitive activity was referred to as Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Following peroxynitrite exposure, the activity of Na+, K+-ATPase in guinea pig brain was reduced by 36% in normoxic membranes and further 29% in hypoxic membranes. Enzyme kinetics was determined at varying concentrations of ATP (0.5 mM-2.0 mM). The results indicate that peroxynitrite treatment alters the affinity of the active site of Na+, K+-ATPase for ATP and decreases the Vmax by 35% in hypoxic membranes. When compared to untreated normoxic membranes Vmax decreases by 35.6% in treated normoxic membranes and further to 52% in treated hypoxic membranes. The data show that peroxynitrite treatment induces modification of Na+, K+-ATPase. The results demonstrate that peroxynitrite decreased activity of Na+, K+-ATPase enzyme by altering the active sites as well as the microenvironment of the enzyme. We propose that nitric oxide synthase-mediated formation of peroxynitrite during hypoxia is a potential mechanism of hypoxia-induced decrease in Na+, K+-ATPase activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, USA. mishra@drexel.edu
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Qayyum
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Zubrow
authors.forename: Q M
authors.initials: QM
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kubin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delivoria-Papadopoulos
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Mishra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology*; D005333:Fetus; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012016:Reference Values; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase