title: Urinary incontinence in pregnancy and the puerperium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the incidence of urinary incontinence (UI) during pregnancy and the puerperium and to identify potential contributing factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive correlational design, using participant interviews and reviews of the existing medical records to determine the incidence of UI in pregnancy and the puerperium and to examine relationships between and among several variables. The variables included parity, episiotomy, use of forceps/vacuum extractor, type of anesthesia, prolonged Stage II labor, and race. Data were collected via two personal interviews and review of medical records. The first interview was conducted during the recruitment of each participant; the second was a telephone interview conducted 4 to 6 weeks postpartum. Data collected from the medical records included obstetric history, weeks of gestation, and estimated date of delivery. Data were entered into data files for analysis with SPSS 8.0 and summarized with descriptive statistics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A secluded area of a university teaching hospital prenatal clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 50 pregnant women, at least 18 years old, who received their care at a large university hospital prenatal clinic in the southeastern part of the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First Interview (N = 50). More than half (62%; n = 31) of the sample reported some degree of involuntary urine loss during their pregnancy. The racial distribution of those reporting UI was the following: white (70%; 21 out of 30); African American (44%; 8 out of 18); Hispanic/Asian (100%; n = 2). Among the participants who experienced UI (n = 31), 76% (n = 23) reported that their health care provider never asked if they were experiencing any UI symptoms. Second Interview (n = 24). Only 48% of the initial participants could be contacted for the second interview because of changes in residence or telephones being disconnected with no forwarding number. Of the women in this sample who reported UI during the first interview (59%; n = 14), 7 (50%) continued to experience UI 4 to 6 weeks postpartum. The 2 remaining participants who reported UI 4 to 6 weeks postpartum (22%) had not experienced UI during pregnancy. Of the participants experiencing postpartum UI, 77% (n = 7) were white. Almost half of the participants with postpartum UI were ages 35 or older (44%; n = 4). Among the participants reporting episiotomy (n = 4), 3 (75%) reported having UI 4 to 6 weeks postpartum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study results support the conclusion that childbirth, specifically vaginal birth, is a major factor in developing UI in the early postpartum period. Age, race, and use of episiotomy appear to be contributing risk factors.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, 32610-0187, USA. spellce@nursing.ufl.edu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spellacy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects; D004841:Episiotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005113:Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007748:Labor Stage, Second; D010298:Parity; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D015144:Southeastern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*