title: Naming, labeling, and packaging of pharmaceuticals.
abstract: The problem of medical errors associated with the naming, labeling, and packaging of pharmaceuticals is discussed. Sound-alike and look-alike drug names and packages can lead pharmacists and nurses to unintended interchanges of drugs that can result in patient injury or death. The existing medication-use system is flawed because its safety depends on human perfection. Simplicity, standardization, differentiation, lack of duplication, and unambiguous communication are human factors concepts that are relevant to the medication-use process. These principles have often been ignored in drug naming, labeling, and packaging. Instead, current methods are based on long-standing commercial considerations and bureaucratic procedures. The process for naming a marketable drug is lengthy and complex and involves submission of a new chemical entity and patent application, generic naming, brand naming, FDA review, and final approval. Drug companies seek the fastest possible approval and may believe that the incremental benefit of human factors evaluation is small. "Trade dress" is the concept that underlies labeling and packaging issues for the drug industry. Drug companies are resistant to changing trade dress and brand names. Although a variety of private-sector organizations have called for reforms in drug naming, labeling, and packaging standards have been proposed, the problem remains. Drug names, labels, and packages are not selected and designed in accordance with human factors principles. FDA standards do not require application of these principles, the drug industry has struggled with change, and private-sector initiatives have had only limited success.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. jkenagy@hbs.edu
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kenagy
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D004345:Drug Industry / Q000592:standards; D004348:Drug Labeling / Q000592:standards*; D004349:Drug Packaging / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008389:Marketing of Health Services; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D009626:Terminology as Topic