title: Inspiratory CO2 increases orthostatic tolerance during repeated tilt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The partial pressure of end tidal CO2 (PetCO2) is known to decrease with head-up tilt. Decreases in arterial CO2 reduce cerebral blood flow (CBF) and may increase the incidence of presyncope. We measured cerebral and central cardiovascular responses to repeated tilt where: 1) PetCO2 was allowed to change with tilt (eucapnic): and 2) PetCO2 was clamped at supine levels (isocapnic).
  
  
  METHODS
  In eight healthy subjects breath-by-breath measurements were made of ventilation (VE) and PetCO2 along with beat-by-beat measurements of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and middle cerebral artery mean flow velocities (MFV). Following 30-min in the supine position, a series of six 10-min 90 degrees head-up tilts were performed, with 30-s of supine between each. Presyncopal subjects were returned immediately to the supine position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical comparisons were made between the supine, and the first and last minute of the first tilt. BP, HR responses were not different between the eu- and isocapnic conditions; however, by the end of the first tilt VE was significantly higher than supine. MFV and BP at brain level decreased and HR increased from supine to tilt. MFV was higher in the isocapnic compared with the eucapnic condition but decreased from the beginning to the end of the first tilt in both conditions (i.e., tilt #1: eucap. 49.4 to 46.7; isocap. 65.0 to 59.6 cm s(-1); p < 0.05) while the BP remained constant. Five subjects were presyncopal in the study. With isocapnic tilt, presyncopal time was not reduced but was extended in four of the five subjects (2.2, 5.5, 6.3 and 31 min) yet at presyncope the values for MFV, BP and HR were the same in both conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inspiratory CO2 contributed to increased MFV at the beginning of tilt and increased orthostatic tolerance.
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada. ablaber@sfu.ca
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Blaber
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bondar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moradshahi
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Serrador
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hughson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013575:Syncope / Q000503:physiopathology; D018667:Tilt-Table Test
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide