title: Spine loading characteristics of patients with low back pain compared with asymptomatic individuals.
abstract: METHODS
  Patients with low back pain and asymptomatic individuals were evaluated while performing controlled and free-dynamic lifting tasks in a laboratory setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate how low back pain influences spine loading during lifting tasks.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  An important, yet unresolved, issue associated with low back pain is whether patients with low back pain experience spine loading that differs from that of individuals who are asymptomatic for low back pain. This is important to understand because excessive spine loading is suspected of accelerating disc degeneration in those whose spines are damaged already.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 22 patients with low back pain and 22 asymptomatic individuals performed controlled and free-dynamic exertions. Trunk muscle activity, trunk kinematics, and trunk kinetics were used to evaluate three- dimensional spine loading using an electromyography- assisted model in conjunction with a new electromyographic calibration procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with low back pain experienced 26% greater spine compression and 75% greater lateral shear (normalized to moment) than the asymptomatic group during the controlled exertions. The increased spine loading resulted from muscle coactivation. When permitted to move freely, the patients with low back pain compensated kinematically in an attempt to minimize external moment exposure. Increased muscle coactivation and greater body mass resulted in significantly increased absolute spine loading for the patients with low back pain, especially when lifting from low vertical heights.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest a significant mechanical spine loading cost is associated with low back pain resulting from trunk muscle coactivation. This loading is further exacerbated by the increases in body weight that often accompany low back pain. Patient weight control and proper workplace design can minimize the additional spine loading associated with low back pain.
authors.affiliation: Biodynamics Laboratory, Ohio State University, 1971 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. marras.1@osu.edu
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Marras
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001835:Body Weight; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D012016:Reference Values; D013131:Spine / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing