title: Kinesin-dependent movement on microtubules precedes actin-based motility of vaccinia virus.
abstract: Vaccinia virus, a close relative of the causative agent of smallpox, exploits actin polymerization to enhance its cell-to-cell spread. We show that actin-based motility of vaccinia is initiated only at the plasma membrane and remains associated with it. There must therefore be another form of cytoplasmic viral transport, from the cell centre, where the virus replicates, to the periphery. Video analysis reveals that GFP-labelled intracellular enveloped virus particles (IEVs) move from their perinuclear site of assembly to the plasma membrane on microtubules. We show that the viral membrane protein A36R, which is essential for actin-based motility of vaccinia, is also involved in microtubule-mediated movement of IEVs. We further show that conventional kinesin is recruited to IEVs via the light chain TPR repeats and is required for microtubule-based motility of the virus. Vaccinia thus sequentially exploits the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons to enhance its cell-to-cell spread.
authors.affiliation: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rietdorf
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ploubidou
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reckmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holmström
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Frischknecht
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zettl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Way
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens; D016547:Kinesins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000378:metabolism*; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C400287:A36R protein, Vaccinia virus; D000199:Actins; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins; D016547:Kinesins