title: Arthroscopic identification of the popliteofibular ligament.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The popliteofibular ligament has recently received recognition as a distinct structure with a significant contribution to posterolateral stability of the knee. The popliteofibular ligament plays a key role in stabilizing the posterolateral corner of the knee by limiting posterior translation, varus angulation, and external rotation (coupled and primary). During arthroscopic procedures, the senior author (R.D.P.) has observed vertically oriented fibers descending from the inferior surface of the intra-articular portion of the popliteus tendon at the popliteal hiatus. This study was performed to determine if these fibers were actually the popliteofibular ligament.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is an anatomic study using a cadaveric knee model to identify the popliteofibular ligament both arthroscopically and through gross anatomic dissection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight fresh human cadaveric knees were examined arthroscopically and the vertically oriented fibers from the inferior surface of the popliteus tendon at the popliteal hiatus were identified and marked with a suture using an arthroscopic suture passer. A dissection of the lateral side of the knee was then performed to identify the marked structure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all specimens, the dissection revealed that the fibers identified and marked arthroscopically had firm attachments to the popliteus tendon superiorly and inserted distally into the posterior aspect of the fibular head. The labeled structure was, therefore, the popliteofibular ligament. The popliteofibular ligament bifurcated distally with 2 insertion sites onto the fibular head.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From this study, we concluded that the vertically oriented fibers descending from the inferior surface of the intra-articular portion of the popliteus tendon at the popliteal hiatus identified during arthroscopy are indeed those of the popliteofibular ligament. It is hoped that this knowledge will lead to improved outcomes in the treatment of injuries to the posterolateral corner of the knee.
authors.affiliation: Section of Sports Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Sports Health, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. eraronowitz@yahoo.com
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Aronowitz
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gatt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000637:transplantation; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012421:Rupture / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*