title: Etoposide induction of tumor immunity in Lewis lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the antineoplastic effect of etoposide includes alteration in Lewis lung cancer cells which evoke an immunologic response in C57B1/6 host mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of C57B1/6 mice injected with 10(6) Lewis lung cancer (3LL) cells followed by treatment with a single 50 mg/kg dose of etoposide (VP-16), 60% survived over 60 days, in contrast to untreated control mice which died within 30 days. Approximately 40% of surviving mice rejected a subsequent challenge with 3LL. Their splenocytes protected naive mice injected with 3LL. To test if VP-16 treatment produced alterations in 3LL cells, which induce host immunity, leading to tumor rejection, C57B1/6 mice were injected with 3LL cells that had survived an 80-90% lethal concentration of VP-16 in vitro. These cells killed 75% of recipient mice but 60% of the surviving mice rejected challenge with 3LL. Splenocytes harvested from tumor-rejecting mice protected naive mice injected with 3LL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the hypothesis that in addition to its antineoplastic cytotoxic effect, VP-16 induces changes in 3LL cells which are recognized by the host immune system resulting in immune rejection of 3LL. often immunosuppressive and therapeutic advantage is generally based on the tumor cytotoxicity of individual drugs or combinations of drugs [13]. Our earlier work showed a link between the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy with etoposide (VP-16) and the induction of an immune response against syngeneic murine leukemia in the intact host [16]. VP-16 is an immunosuppressive topoisomerase II-inhibiting drug which induces tumor cell apoptosis and is frequently used clinically to treat a variety of tumors [1, 3, 9, 10]. We have noted that the addition of cyclosporin A to VP-16 produces CD8 T lymphocyte-mediated tumor-specific immunity in mice bearing L1210 leukemia [17]. We have extended these experiments to a spontaneously arising non-carcinogen-induced neoplasm, Lewis lung cancer (3LL), and now report that surviving mice successfully treated with VP-16, in the absence of cyclosporin A, reject challenge with 3LL. In addition, results are presented to show that VP-16 modifies 3LL cells rendering them immunogenic. These findings are submitted to support the hypothesis that VP-16-induced cytotoxic changes include cellular membrane alterations in 3LL cells which are recognized by the immune system and cause rejection of this syngeneic lung tumor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92697-1875, USA
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stupecky
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sweet
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eklof
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Arquilla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018827:Carcinoma, Lewis Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005047:Etoposide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D005047:Etoposide