title: Evaluation of cadmium and other metal losses from various municipal wastes during incineration disposal.
abstract: The Japanese intake much more Cd through food than people in other countries, this may be partly caused by the activity of municipal waste incineration disposal. The present study was carried out to examine the behavior of Cd and to identify the other lost metals during municipal waste incineration. Thirty-eight waste samples, including food scraps (FS), animal wastes (AW), horticulture wastes (HW) and sewage sludges (SS) were collected from various places in Japan. Treatment temperatures of 500, 850, and 1000 degrees C were conducted to these samples in laboratory, and thirty-nine kinds of metals were examined. The results showed that average Cd losses were 69% (2.4 mg kg-1) and 74% (2.6 mg kg-1) at 850 and 1000 degrees C, respectively. Furthermore, the losses of 20 other metals were also found, i.e. Sn lost at 500 degrees C, K, Mg, Na, Bi, Cr, Ge, Li, Pb, Sn, Tl, Zn lost at 850 degrees C, and nine more metals, Al, Be, Cs, Nb, Sb, Sr, Th, Y, Zr lost at 1000 degrees C. The lost metals were considered to be transferred into the combustion flue gas, mainly in the forms of metallic chloride compounds, e.g. CdCl2, SnCl4, SnCl2, ZnCl2, PbCl2, etc. On the other hand, no significant losses for Ca, Fe, Ag, Ba, Co, Cu, Ga, Hf, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Sc, Ta, Ti, U, V, W were found at 0.05 probability level. Total metal losses could be calculated at 9.9 and 20 g kg-1, in which major metal (Al, K, Mg, Na) losses were 9.5, 19 g kg-1 and minor and trace metal losses were 0.4, 0.6 g kg-1 at 850 and 1000 degrees C, respectively. Among the four types of waste materials, Cd losses were 0.8-3.7 mg kg-1, occupied about 60-80% at 850 degrees C, and 0.9-3.9 mg kg-1, occupied about 65-85% at 1000 degrees C. The total major metal losses from the four types of waste materials could be calculated at 6.5-15 g kg-1 at 850 degrees C, and 11-31 g kg-1 at 1000 degrees C, minor and trace metal losses were 0.03-1.3 g kg-1 at 850 degrees C, and 0.3-1.5 g kg-1 at 1000 degrees C, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan. zfs@bios.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nanzyo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions / Q000032:analysis; D019187:Cadmium Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D002947:Cities; D005502:Food; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D017745:Incineration; D007564:Japan; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000838:Anions; D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D008670:Metals; D012722:Sewage