title: Managing heart failure with immunomodulatory agents.
abstract: The evidence in favor of immune activation as an operative mechanism that contributes to the progression of heart failure continues to accumulate. Indeed, a number of clinical trials have demonstrated the clinical interest of interventions in this area for many years, but none have proven useful. The only trial ever conducted to define the effect of immunotherapy in mortality, however, is the one currently ongoing using Etanercept in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Irrespective of the final outcome of the study, the growing interest in inflammation as a contributory pathway in disease progression has now opened the field to develop new strategies for intervention. Whether specific or non-specific therapies may prove useful will be defined only by the results of randomized clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: DeBakey Heart Center, Methodist Hospital, Winters Center for Heart Failure Research, Gene and Judy Campbell Laboratory for Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lisman
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Stetson
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Koerner
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Torre-Amione
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D000068800:Etanercept; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D006401:Hematologic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000188:drug therapy; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D016207:Cytokines; D006401:Hematologic Agents; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000068800:Etanercept; D010431:Pentoxifylline