title: A retinoic acid receptor antagonist suppresses brain retinoic acid receptor overexpression and reverses a working memory deficit induced by chronic ethanol consumption in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic ethanol consumption induces disorders in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, an active derivative of vitamin A. Recent evidence suggests that an alteration in the retinoic acid signaling pathway leads to impairments in learning and memory in adult mice. We have previously shown that chronic ethanol consumption in mice produces an increased expression of the brain retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) mRNA. These results prompted us to examine whether suppressing the overexpression of retinoid receptors in alcohol-treated mice by RAR antagonist administration would reverse their cognitive impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  After 10 months of ethanol consumption (12% v/v in drinking water), C57BL/6 mice were submitted to a working memory task in a T-maze. Then, mice of the control and the ethanol-treated groups received an RARbeta antagonist (CD2665 0.6 mg/kg) for 22 days. The behavioral effect of CD2665 administration was evaluated on a spontaneous alternation task and the neurochemical effect was measured by quantifying the mRNA expression of RARalpha, RARbeta, retinoid X receptor (RXRbeta/gamma) and tissue transglutaminase (tTG; a retinoic acid-target gene).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice submitted to ethanol treatment exhibited a progressive decrease in spontaneous alternation rates over successive trials. Moreover, these mice displayed an increased expression of brain RARbeta and RXRbeta/gamma mRNA, together with an increased level of tTG mRNA and enzymatic activity. The administration of CD2665 to alcohol-treated mice totally reversed the working memory deficit and suppressed the overexpression of brain RARbeta, RXRbeta/gamma and tTG mRNA, whereas the same treatment in control mice decreased only the RARbeta mRNA level without affecting memory performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data point to the potential role of the retinoid signaling pathway in memory processes and suggest that the overexpression of brain RARbeta and RXRbeta/gamma could be responsible, at least in part, for some memory impairments observed during chronic ethanol consumption.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire, Institut des Sciences et Techniques des Aliments de Bordeausc, Université Bordeaux I, Talence, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alfos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boucheron
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pallet
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Higueret
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Enderlin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Béracochéa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jaffard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Higueret
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D012016:Reference Values; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000431:Ethanol; D011503:Transglutaminases