title: Trends in HIV seroprevalence and risk among gay and bisexual men who inject drugs in San Francisco, 1988 to 2000.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine trends in HIV infection and risk behaviors among street-recruited self-identified gay and bisexual male injection drug users (IDUs) in San Francisco.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trends in HIV infection and risk behaviors were calculated for gay/bisexual ( n = 1594 interviews) IDUs in 26 semiannual cross sections from 1988 to 2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV seroprevalence among gay/bisexual IDUs decreased from the range of 35% to 45% in 1988/1989 to 25% in 1996 and then began to increase, reaching 42% in 2000. In contrast, HIV prevalence among heterosexual male IDUs remained stable during the study period. For gay/bisexual IDUs, injection and sex-related HIV risk behaviors declined modestly throughout the study period. As of the last cross section (July 2000), however, over a third of respondents reported recent syringe sharing or unprotected anal sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gay/bisexual men who inject drugs continue to be at elevated risk for HIV, suggesting that interventions such as amphetamine drug treatment and sexual risk reduction programs targeted at this population are needed.
authors.affiliation: Drug Policy Research Center, Health Program, RAND, Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, San Francisco, California, USA. rickyb@rand.org
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bluthenthal
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kral
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lorvick
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seal
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Edlin
mesh_terms: D006678:HIV / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D020010:Heterosexuality; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology*