title: Effect of a benzodiazepine receptor agonist and corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonists on long-term foot-shock-induced increase in defensive withdrawal behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic life events can induce long-term alterations in neuronal substrates, which may ultimately lead to the development of anxiety disorders. It has been postulated that corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays an important role in anxiety-like behavior.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To study the long-term effects of a single foot-shock experience on defensive withdrawal (DW) behavior in rats. (2) To examine the effects of the benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug chlordiazepoxide on the behavior of preshocked and control rats in the DW test. (3) To study the role of endogenous CRH in the long-term stress-induced increase in DW behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) Rats were exposed to a single session of foot shocks or exposed to the grid cage without receiving any shocks. Two, six and ten weeks later, rats were tested in the DW tests (2, 3). In subsequent experiments, rats were exposed to foot shocks or exposed to the grid cage without receiving any shocks, and 2 weeks later the effect of pharmacological treatments on the behavioral response in the DW test was investigated. Chlordiazepoxide (1, 5, 10 mg/kg BW, i.p.) and the CRH antagonists D-Phe CRH(12-41) (0.2, 1, 5 microg per rat, i.c.v.) and alpha-helical CRH(9-41) (5 microg per rat, i.c.v.) were injected 30 min before the test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single session of foot shocks induced a long-term increase in DW behavior, which persisted after repeated testing for at least 10 weeks. Chlordiazepoxide decreased the latency but did not affect time spent in light, distance moved, or the number of entries in the open field. D-Phe CRH(12-41) had no behavioral effects. alpha-Helical CRH(9-41) increased the time spent outside the box, primarily as a result of effects of alpha-helical CRH(9-41) in controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that preshocked rats display long-term increased anxiety-like behavior in the DW test but that CRH is unlikely to be involved in its expression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85060, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands. a.w.bruijnzeel@med.uu.nl
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Bruijnzeel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stam
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Wiegant
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002707:Chlordiazepoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D058785:GABA-A Receptor Agonists; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D058785:GABA-A Receptor Agonists; C083591:H-R corticotropin-releasing factor (12-41), Phe(12)-Nle(21,38), C(alpha-MeLeu(37))-; D006727:Hormone Antagonists; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; C113202:phenylalanyl corticotropin-releasing factor (12-41); D002707:Chlordiazepoxide; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; C045089:corticotropin releasing hormone (9-41)