title: Alcohol and gambling pathology among U.S. adults: prevalence, demographic patterns and comorbidity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to determine the prevalence and demographic distribution of problem gambling, pathological gambling, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in the United States, and to examine the co-occurrence of gambling pathology and alcohol pathology in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative sample (N = 2,638) of U.S. adults age 18 and older was surveyed in the year 2000 using computer-assisted telephone interviewing. Respondents' gambling pathology and alcohol dependence were assessed by the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current pathological gambling had an overall prevalence of 1.3% as measured by the DIS and 1.9% as measured by the SOGS, with a higher prevalence among minorities and lower socioeconomic status (SES) respondents. Current and lifetime alcohol pathology was more common among males and young adults than among females and older adults. Current pathological gambling and alcohol dependence were correlated, and the highest correlation was found among higher SES respondents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of current pathological gambling in the United States is higher than reported in past surveys. Minorities and lower SES Americans have higher than average rates of current pathological gambling. However, when higher SES persons are classified as current pathological gamblers, they are more likely than lower SES persons to be dependent on alcohol.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Welte
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wieczorek
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tidwell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003710:Demography; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology