title: Phacoemulsification conditions resulting in thermal wound injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine and model the relationships between phacoemulsification conditions and viscoelastic agents that result in thermal wound injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal laboratory, Irvine, California, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mechanical and animal models, various wound sizes, phacoemulsification tips, and dispersive and cohesive viscoelastic agents were evaluated. Settings for phaco power, vacuum, and irrigation levels were controlled within a surgically relevant range. In the mechanical and animal models, incision temperature was assessed as a function of phacoemulsification parameters and time. In the animal model, wound damage was evaluated at the time of surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Induced time delays from the onset of phaco power to the onset of irrigation flow caused a thermal rise at the incision site. In these experiments, lack of irrigation and aspiration resulted in the greatest thermal rise and caused wound damage. Both the cohesive and dispersive viscoelastic agents were associated with a delay in the start of irrigation and aspiration, which resulted in similar maximum temperatures. Mathematical models were developed to estimate the maximum incision temperature from the phacoemulsification power, the duration (seconds) of occlusion, the tip gauge and type, and other phacoemulsification parameters. The models predict that under comparable conditions, occlusion with a viscoelastic agent will result in higher incision temperatures than occlusion with a balanced salt solution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under comparable phacoemulsification conditions, both the cohesive and dispersive viscoelastic agents were associated with elevated temperatures that would be preventable by ensuring irrigation and aspiration flow before the onset of phacoemulsification power.
authors.affiliation: The Laser Center of Michigan, Jackson, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ernest
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rhem
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lavery
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sensoli
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003315:Cornea / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D019781:Corneal Topography; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005126:Eye Burns / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008903:Minerals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018918:Phacoemulsification / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011817:Rabbits; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; C030660:BSS solution; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008903:Minerals; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates