title: Rationale for training programs to reduce anterior cruciate ligament injuries in Australian football.
abstract: This commentary presents the rationale for training programs to reduce the incidence of knee injuries. Our studies have revealed that the external knee loading patterns during sidestep cutting are what put the anterior cruciate ligament at greatest risk for injury. Compared to running, sidestep cutting involves similar levels of knee flexion loading but increased loading in varus-valgus and internal rotation of the knee, and these external loads need to be stabilized or supported by the internal structures of the knee. People use a generalized hamstrings and quadriceps co-contraction to stabilize these external loads, thereby reducing ligament loading. It is proposed that perturbation of the joint receptors reinforces the use of selective hamstrings and quadriceps co-contraction patterns superimposed on a generalized co-contraction pattern. This is not by immediate ligamento-muscular protective reflex, which is too slow to provide any adequate support, but by enhanced proprioceptive information that may be used in learning. In contrast, the immediate effect of muscle stretch reflexes would be to reduce co-contraction, a possibly negative outcome for joint stabilization. The effects of different types of training on the control of joint stability are examined. It is proposed that resistance training may not be appropriate because it enhances muscle stretch reflexes, which may reduce co-contraction, and produces no reductions in voluntary activation times and time to peak torque. However, stability and balance training is thought to suppress muscle stretch reflexes and, in turn, enhance co-contraction. Also, stability and balance training that stimulates the knee joint ligament and capsular receptors may reinforce co-contraction patterns to facilitate greater improvements in joint stabilization. Stability and balance training and plyometric training produce reductions in voluntary activation times and times to peak torque, which may decrease muscle response times so players are more able to perform rapid and unexpected sports maneuvers. Training programs that emphasize these neuromuscular mechanisms may enhance protection of the anterior cruciate ligament and reduce the incidence of injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Movement and Exercise Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia. dlloyd@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000503:physiopathology; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001315:Australia; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000517:prevention & control; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D012421:Rupture; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries*