title: Diagnostic status and treatment recommendations for Persian Gulf War Veterans with multiple nonspecific symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unexplained symptoms have frequently been observed in deployed Persian Gulf War veterans (GWVs). Using factor analysis, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has established criteria for Gulf War illness (GWI). We report here on the prevalence of GWI, identify comorbidities, and compare these with those of veterans without GWI.
  
  
  METHODS
  GWVs who consented to complete questionnaires and laboratory measures were given complete physical and mental health examinations. Outcome measures included CDC criteria for GWI, the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36), clinical and laboratory evaluations, and structured psychiatric interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred twenty GWVs were enrolled, and 89 received complete physical and mental health examinations; 83% met CDC criteria for GWI. Veterans with GWI (1) were older, (2) reported more combat exposure, (3) scored higher on measures of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and fibromyalgia, and (4) had poorer health-related quality of life. More than half had anxiety or depressive disorders, and 93% had at least one medical and/or psychiatric diagnosis. The SF-36 predicted mental health status with a positive predictive value of 81.58. By adding the Hamilton D rating for depression, the positive predictive value increased to 88.57.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CDC criteria accurately identified GWVs negative for GWI. Most GWVs were positive for GWI. Neither CDC criteria nor CDC severity rankings distinguish between veterans with psychiatric syndromes and those without: both groups endorsed the same symptoms. More than half of those with GWI had a treatable anxiety or depressive disorder. The SF-36 was a valid predictor of mental health status, particularly when paired with the Hamilton depression interview.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: McQuarrie
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Dashevsky
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Mendenhall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008877:Middle East; D018923:Persian Gulf Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology; D014857:Warfare