title: Interactive roles of superoxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat intestinal injury provoked by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
abstract: The role of nitric oxide (NO) formed by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), superoxide and the lipopolysaccharide from luminal bacteria in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced intestinal injury was investigated in the rat. Administration (s.c. or p.o.) of indomethacin (10 mg kg(-1)), flurbiprofen (40 mg kg(-1)) or diclofenac (40 mg kg(-1)) increased the vascular leakage of radiolabelled albumin in the jejunum, determined after 24 h, associated with the induction of iNOS, assessed by the conversion of radiolabelled L-arginine. Pre-treatment with ampicillin (200 mg kg(-1) day(-1), p.o.), metronidazole (200 mg kg(-1) day(-1), p.o.), or polymixin B (15 mg kg(-1) day(-1), s.c.), inhibited indomethacin-induced lesion formation, reduced microvascular leakage and prevented the expression of iNOS activity. Administration of the highly selective iNOS inhibitor, GW273629 ((R)-2-amino-4,4-dioxo-6(1-iminioethylamino)-4-thiahexanoic acid; 5 mg kg(-1), s.c.), 18 h after indomethacin, likewise prevented the intestinal lesions and attenuated the microvascular leakage. Superoxide dismutase conjugated with polyethylene glycol (3000 U kg(-1), i.v.), inhibited the indomethacin-induced lesions and microvascular leakage, but not the expression of iNOS activity. These findings suggest that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs compromise mucosal integrity, leading to luminal bacterial translocation. This provokes iNOS induction, leading to microvascular injury involving both NO and superoxide.
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Whittle
mesh_terms: D000667:Ampicillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005840:Gentian Violet; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D007583:Jejunum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010619:Phenazines; D011112:Polymyxin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000494:pharmacology; D013481:Superoxides
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C409003:GW 273629; C035863:Gram's stain; D010619:Phenazines; D013450:Sulfones; D013481:Superoxides; D008795:Metronidazole; D000667:Ampicillin; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D011112:Polymyxin B; D005840:Gentian Violet; D007213:Indomethacin