title: Activating mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor: management of hypocalcemia.
abstract: Activating mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) can cause isolated hypoparathyroidism. Treatment of hypocalcemia in these patients remains to be optimized, because the use of 1-hydroxylated vitamin D3 derivatives can cause hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. We identified activating CaR mutations in 8 (42%) of 19 unrelated probands with isolated hypoparathyroidism. The severity of hypocalcemic symptoms at diagnosis was independent of age, mutation type, or mode of inheritance but was related to the degree of hypocalcemia; serum Ca was 1.97 +/- 0.08, 1.82 +/- 0.14, and 1.54 +/- 0.22 mmol/liter, respectively, in asymptomatic (n = 7), mildly symptomatic (n = 8), and severely symptomatic patients (n = 6). Hypocalcemia segregated with the CaR mutation, but no phenotype-genotype relationships were identified. Fourteen patients received regular 1-hydroxylated vitamin D3 treatment (mean duration, 7.2 +/- 4.9 yr). Nine had hypercalciuric episodes, which were associated with nephrocalcinosis in eight cases. Serum Ca during treatment predicted hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis poorly, because either or both of the latter could develop in hypocalcemic patients. Thus, mutational analysis of the CaR gene should be considered early in the work-up of isolated hypoparathyroidism. Treatment options should be weighed carefully in patients with serum Ca below 1.95 mmol/liter. The risk of nephrocalcinosis during treatment can be minimized by carefully monitoring urinary Ca excretion.
authors.affiliation: Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 87042 Limoges, France. anne.lienhardt@unilim.fr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lienhardt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lagarde
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rigaud
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kottler
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garabédian
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D007011:Hypoparathyroidism / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009397:Nephrocalcinosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D010375:Pedigree; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D002118:Calcium