title: Organo-clay formulation of acetochlor for reduced movement in soil.
abstract: This study aimed to design ecologically acceptable formulations of acetochlor by adsorbing it on montmorillonite exchanged by a small organic cation, phenyltrimethylammonium (PTMA). Adsorption of acetochlor on the clay mineral exchanged with different organic cations and its release from these complexes were determined by GC and modeled by Langmuir equation. Interactions between acetochlor molecules and the exchanged organic cation on the clay surface were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Leaching of acetochlor in soil was determined by a bioassay using a column technique and Setaria viridis as a test plant. The adsorbed amounts of acetochlor on montmorillonite exchanged by PTMA at a loading of 0.5 mmol/g of clay were higher than at a loading up to the cation-exchange capacity, i.e., 0.8 mmol/g, and were higher than obtained by using a clay mineral exchanged by other organic cations. Preloading montmorillonite by PTMA at 0.5 mmol/g yielded maximal shifts of the infrared peaks of the herbicide. The above formulation of acetochlor yielded slow release in water and showed improved weed control in field and greenhouse experiments in comparison with the commercial formulation. The PTMA-clay formulation of acetochlor maintained herbicidal activity in the topsoil and yielded the most significant reduction in herbicide leaching and persistence under field conditions. The application of this formulation can minimize the risk to groundwater and can reduce the applied rates.
authors.affiliation: Seagram Center for Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: El-Nahhal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nir
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Serban
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rabinovitz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077215:Clay; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014052:Toluidines / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D014052:Toluidines; C043377:acetochlor; D000077215:Clay