title: Cardiovascular effects of carbon monoxide and cigarette smoking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to compare the effects of inhaled carbon monoxide (CO), administered to achieve concentrations similar to those found in cigarette smoking, with the effects of cigarette smoking and air inhalation on heart rate and blood pressure, catecholamine release, platelet activation and C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Carbon monoxide may contribute to smoking-induced cardiovascular disease. Exposure to environmental CO has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Animal and in vitro studies suggest that CO may contribute to atherosclerosis and endothelial injury. There is conflicting evidence about the hemodynamic consequences of exposure to CO and its role in platelet activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a single-blind, crossover design, 12 healthy smokers inhaled CO at 1,200 ppm to 1,500 ppm to simulate CO intake from cigarette smoking, inhaled air on a similar schedule and smoked 20 cigarettes per day, each for seven days. Mean carboxyhemoglobin was 5 +/- 1% on CO treatment, 6 +/- 1% while smoking and 0.4 +/- 0.2% on air inhalations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in blood pressure between the treatments. Mean heart rate was higher during cigarette smoking compared with CO and air inhalations (75 beats/min vs. 66 beats/min; p < 0.05). Plasma levels of platelet factor 4 and CRP and urine epinephrine and norepinephrine were higher while smoking, with no effect of CO compared with air.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carbon monoxide administered under conditions similar to those of cigarette smoking had no significant effect on blood pressure, heart rate, plasma catecholamines, platelet aggregation or CRP. The short-term chronotropic effect, adrenergic-activating, platelet-activating and CRP-increasing effects of smoking in healthy smokers are probably due to components of cigarette smoke other than CO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zevin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gourlay
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Benowitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D002097:C-Reactive Protein