title: Geographical variation of presentation at diagnosis of type I diabetes in children: the EURODIAB study. European and Dibetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to describe the frequency and degree of diabetic ketoacidosis in children across Europe at the time of diagnosis of Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and to determine if factors such as age and geographical region contribute to the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was part of the EURODIAB project. A total of 24 centres, covering a population at risk of more than 15 million children below 15 years of age, recruited 1,260 children at the time of clinical diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polyuria, by far the most frequent symptom, was observed in 96% of the children. In only 25% of the children was the duration of symptoms less than 2 weeks and this proportion was larger in the under 5 year age-group (37 vs 22%; p < 0. 001). Of the 11 centres that recorded diabetic ketoacidosis status, the overall proportion with diabetic ketoacidosis (pH < 7.3) was 40% (95%-CI: 36-44%) in at least 90 % of cases. After stratification by centre, the odds ratio for diabetic ketoacidosis in the under 5 age-group was 1.02 (95%-CI:0.69-1.49) relative to the older children. There was significant variation between the 11 centres in the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis which ranged from 26 to 67% (p = 0.002). An inverse correlation between the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis and the background incidence rate was found in these centres (Spearman's rank correlation, rs = -0.715;p = 0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rising standards of medical information and greater awareness concurrent with an overall increase in incidence could have resulted in changes in the clinical presentation at onset of Type I childhood diabetes in Europe.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U457, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lévy-Marchal
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011141:Polyuria / Q000209:etiology; D018570:Risk Assessment