title: Biological monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in subjects living in the vicinity of a creosote impregnation plant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to evaluate the environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in nonsmoking adult subjects living in the vicinity of a creosote impregnation plant in Delson, Canada. Urinary metabolites of naphthalene, alpha- and beta-naphthol, and pyrene metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), were used as biomarkers of exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Morning and evening urine samples were collected in mid-August from 30 exposed individuals living at a distance of 50-360 m downwind of the plant and from a control group in the adjoining municipality residing at a distance of 1.9-2.7 km upwind of the plant. Metabolites were measured by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excretion values of alpha- and beta-naphthol were significantly higher in the exposed group than in controls (P < 0.04), after accounting for possible confounding variables by multivariate analyses. The respective geometric mean concentrations (5th and 95th percentiles) of alpha-naphthol for the exposed and nonexposed groups were 2.04 (0.55-6.00) and 1.37 (0.39-7.02) micromol/mol creatinine for evening samples, and 2.49 (0.77-8.43) and 1.17 (0.37-6.88) micromol/mol creatinine for morning samples. Corresponding values for beta-naphthol were 1.78 (0.82-3.67) and 1.36 (0.63-5.07) micromol/mol creatinine for evening samples, and 1.94 (1.03-4.96) and 1.08 (0.49-5.05) micromol/mol creatinine for morning samples. On the other hand, no significant difference in 1-OHP excretion was observed between the exposed and the control group (P>0.5). The respective geometric mean concentrations (5th and 95th percentiles) of 1-OHP for these groups were 0.05 (0.01-0.17) and 0.06 (0.01-0.48) micromol/mol creatinine for evening samples, and 0.05 (0.02-0.12) and 0.05 (0.01-0.42) micromol/mol creatinine for morning samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measurement of alpha- and beta-naphthol urinary concentrations appears to be an approach sufficiently sensitive to reveal differences in low exposure levels of volatile PAHs due to creosote impregnation plant emissions. However, uptake of pyrene due to the plant was too small to contribute significantly to 1-OHP excretion.
authors.affiliation: Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Faculté de medecine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. m.bouchard@rrsss16.gouv.qc.ca
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pinsonneault
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003407:Creosote; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000652:urine; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009281:Naphthalenes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; C031721:naphthalene; D003407:Creosote; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene