title: Influence of mobile phones on accuracy of ECG interpretation algorithm in automated external defibrillator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Automated External Defibrillators (AED) are a recommended tool for out-of-hospital emergency medical services. Mobile phones (GSM) are a potential source of electromagnetic interference which may cause failure of ECG interpretation and subsequent inappropriate action of AED's.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the influence of 900 MHz GSM phones on the accuracy of automatic ECG interpretation with a GSM Mobile Station Tester with adjustable power and mode of transmission (Hewlett-Packard HP5515A), GSM phones (Alcatel, Ericsson, Nokia, Panasonic), ECG simulator (Metron) and four AEDs (Fore Runner-Hewlett-Packard, Heartstart 3000-Laerdal, Cardio-Aid 100-Artema, Heartstream XLT-Agilent). The protocol included 18 different ECG patterns, different ECG voltages, and different power and mode of transmission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first stage of the protocol included minimal power of signal transmitted from GSM Mobile Station Tester and maximum power of GSM phone's signal--hence maximal potential interference to AED. The protocol was based on close direct contact between the GSM phone and the AED device. Regardless of the ECG pattern, with both 0.5 and 1.0 mV ECG voltage, and the GSM phone placed on various parts of AED device or at the patient cable, no failure of AED algorithm occurred. No detectable noise was seen at AED's ECG display.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AEDs seems to be well protected against clinically significant failure caused by noise from 900 MHz GSM phones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Postgraduate Medical School, Grochowski Hospital, Grenadierow 51/59, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland. stkarcz@kkcmkp.pl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karczmarewicz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janusek
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buczkowski
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gutkowski
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kułakowski
mesh_terms: D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000592:standards*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013689:Telephone / Q000295:instrumentation