title: Potential role of pharmacogenomics in reducing adverse drug reactions: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adverse drug reactions are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Although many adverse drug reactions are considered nonpreventable, recent developments suggest these reactions may be avoided through individualization of drug therapies based on genetic information, an application known as pharmacogenomics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential role of pharmacogenomics in reducing the incidence of adverse drug reactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE English-language only searches for adverse drug reaction studies published between January 1995 and June 2000 and review articles of variant alleles of drug-metabolizing enzymes published between January 1997 and August 2000. We also used online resources, texts, and expert opinion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed inclusion criteria were used to select studies. We included 18 of 333 adverse drug reaction studies and 22 of 61 variant allele review articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  All the investigators reviewed and coded articles using standardized abstracting forms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 27 drugs frequently cited in adverse drug reaction studies. Among these drugs, 59% are metabolized by at least 1 enzyme with a variant allele known to cause poor metabolism. Conversely, only 7% to 22% of randomly selected drugs are known to be metabolized by enzymes with this genetic variability (range, P =.006-P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that drug therapy based on individuals' genetic makeups may result in a clinically important reduction in adverse outcomes. Our findings serve as a foundation for further research on how pharmacogenomics can reduce the incidence of adverse reactions and on the resulting clinical, societal, and economic implications.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Institute for Health Policy Studies, and Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California St, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. kathryn@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Veenstra
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oren
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sadee
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014859:Warfarin; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System