title: Cryptogenic ischemic stroke and paradoxical embolism: should a patent foramen ovale be closed? Case report and literature review.
abstract: Paradoxical embolism is a well-recognized cause of stroke. While the diagnosis in the majority of the cases with a patent foramen ovale is presumptive, numerous treatment strategies have been described. However, there is no single approach that has been overwhelmingly recommended for these patients. A patient is described who presented with ischemic stroke. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed a thrombus that straddled a patent foramen ovale. Anticoagulation with intravenous heparin resulted in resolution of thrombus and neurologic deficit. The literature regarding diagnosis and treatment of paradoxical embolism in the presence of patent foramen ovale is reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, New York, 11201, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rachko
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Safi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yeshou
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pillai
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salciccioli
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D019320:Embolism, Paradoxical / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin