title: Mitochondrial alterations with mitochondrial DNA depletion in the nerves of AIDS patients with peripheral neuropathy induced by 2'3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC).
abstract: The 2'3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC), a nonazylated dideoxynucleoside analog used for the treatment of AIDS, causes a dose-dependent, painful, sensorimotor axonal peripheral neuropathy in up to 30% of the patients. To investigate the cause of the neuropathy, we performed morphological and molecular studies on nerve biopsy specimens from well-selected patients with ddC-neuropathy and from control subjects with disease, including patients with AIDS-related neuropathy never treated with ddC. Because ddC, in vitro, inhibits the replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), we counted the number of normal and abnormal mitochondria in a 0.04 mm(2) cross-sectional area of the nerves and quantified the copy numbers of mtDNA by competitive PCR in all specimens. A varying degree of axonal degeneration was present in all nerves. Abnormal mitochondria with enlarged size, excessive vacuolization, electron-dense concentric inclusions and degenerative myelin structures were prominent in the ddC-neuropathy and accounted for 55% +/- 2.5% of all counted mitochondria in the axon and Schwann cells, compared with 9% +/- 0.7% of the controls (p < 0.001). Significantly (p < 0.005) reduced copy numbers, with as high as 80% depletion, of the mtDNA was demonstrated in the nerves of the ddC-treated patients compared with the controls. We conclude that ddC induces a mitochondrial neuropathy with depletion of the nerve's mtDNA. The findings are consistent with the ability of ddC to selectively inhibit the gamma-DNA polymerase in neuronal cell lines. Toxicity to mitochondria of the peripheral nerve is a new cause of acquired neuropathy induced by exogenous toxins and may be the cause of neuropathy associated with the other neurotoxic antiretroviral drugs or toxic-metabolic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Neuromuscular Diseases SectionNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Dalakas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Semino-Mora
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leon-Monzon
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D012583:Schwann Cells / Q000473:pathology; D013497:Sural Nerve / Q000473:pathology; D016047:Zalcitabine / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D016047:Zalcitabine