title: Immunosensors--principles and applications to clinical chemistry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunosensors are affinity ligand-based biosensor solid-state devices in which the immunochemical reaction is coupled to a transducer. The fundamental basis of all immunosensors is the specificity of the molecular recognition of antigens by antibodies to form a stable complex. This is similar to the immunoassay methodology. Immunosensors can be categorized based on the detection principle applied. The main developments are electrochemical, optical, and microgravimetric immunosensors. In contrast to immunoassay, modern transducer technology enables the label-free detection and quantification of the immune complex.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis of trace substances in environmental science, pharmaceutical and food industries is a challenge since many of these applications demand a continuous monitoring mode. The use of immunosensors in these applications is most appropriate. Similarly, a series of clinical problems may be solved by continuous monitoring of certain analytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical chemists should take advantage of immunosensors in clinical diagnostics. There are many recent developments in the immunosensor field which have potential impacts. The future role of this technique in intralaboratory, as well as bedside testing, will become even more important as the clinical laboratory is faced with increasing pressure to contain costs.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany. luppa@klinchem.med.tu-muenchen.de
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Luppa
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Sokoll
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002624:Chemistry, Clinical / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000295:instrumentation; D007120:Immunochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies