title: The neuroendocrinology of chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disturbance of the HPA axis may be important in the pathophysiology of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia. Symptoms may be due to: (1) low circulating cortisol; (2) disturbance of central neurotransmitters; or (3) disturbance of the relationship between cortisol and central neurotransmitter function. Accumulating evidence of the complex relationship between cortisol and 5-HT function, make some form of hypothesis (3) most likely. We review the methodology and results of studies of the HPA and other neuroendocrine axes in CFS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Embase and Psychlit were searched using the Cochrane Collaboration strategy. A search was also performed on the King's College CFS database, which includes over 3000 relevant references, and a citation analysis was run on the key paper (Demitrack et al. 1991).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-third of the studies reporting baseline cortisol found it to be significantly low, usually in one-third of patients. Methodological differences may account for some of the varying results. More consistent is the finding of reduced HPA function, and enhanced 5-HT function on neuroendocrine challenge tests. The opioid system, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) may also be abnormal, though the growth hormone (GH) axis appears to be intact, in CFS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significance of these changes, remains unclear. We have little understanding of how neuroendocrine changes relate to the experience of symptoms, and it is unclear whether these changes are primary, or secondary to behavioural changes in sleep or exercise. Longitudinal studies of populations at risk for CFS will help to resolve these issues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine and the Institute of Psychiatry, London.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wessely
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cleare
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D015673:Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D014667:Vasopressins; D012701:Serotonin; D009270:Naloxone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone