title: The Ras-Byr2RBD complex: structural basis for Ras effector recognition in yeast.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The small GTP binding protein Ras has important roles in cellular growth and differentiation. Mutant Ras is permanently active and contributes to cancer development. In its activated form, Ras interacts with effector proteins, frequently initiating a kinase cascade. In the lower eukaryotic Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Byr2 kinase represents a Ras target that in terms of signal-transduction hierarchy can be considered a homolog of mammalian Raf-kinase. The activation mechanism of protein kinases by Ras is not understood, and there is no detailed structural information about Ras binding domains (RBDs) in nonmammalian organisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The crystal structure of the Ras-Byr2RBD complex at 3 A resolution shows a complex architecture similar to that observed in mammalian homologous systems, with an interprotein beta sheet stabilized by predominantly polar interactions between the interacting components. The C-terminal half of the Ras switch I region contains most of the contact anchors, while on the Byr2 side, a number of residues from topologically distinct regions are involved in complex stabilization. A C-terminal helical segment, which is not present in the known mammalian homologous systems and which is part of the auto-inhibitory region, has an additional binding site outside the switch I region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The structure of the Ras-Byr2 complex confirms the Ras binding module as a communication element mediating Ras-effector interactions; the Ras-Byr2 complex is also conserved in a lower eukaryotic system like yeast, which is in contrast to other small GTPase families. The extra helical segment might be involved in kinase activation.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Abt. Strukturelle Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Scheffzek
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grünewald
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wohlgemuth
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kabsch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wigler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wittinghofer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herrmann
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012568:Schizosaccharomyces / Q000201:enzymology*; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C077892:BYR2 protein, S pombe; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D018631:ras Proteins