title: Hardware in the medial malleolus: is it intra-articular?
abstract: This paper is a radiographic approach to ascertain if the hardware at the medial malleolus is intra-articular. A human tibia was removed from a skeleton and pins were placed in the medial malleolus representing pins that would be intra- and extra-articular (in the mortise). Radiographs were obtained at precise rotation intervals. Those pins that were placed intra-articularly could not be made to appear otherwise. The pin that was placed extra-articularly was visualized on a single view to be extra-articular. Therefore, if hardware can be demonstrated to be extra-articular on any one view then it is not intra-articular.
authors.affiliation: steve@romiti.org
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Romiti
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Leitschuh
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D001858:Bone Nails; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods