title: Hormonal risk factors for endometrial cancer: modification by cigarette smoking (United States).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether smoking modifies the risk of endometrial cancer associated with body mass index (BMI), postmenopausal hormone use, and other hormonal factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using multivariate adjusted models we examined interview data from a population-based case-control study of Wisconsin women (n = 740 cases, n = 2,372 controls).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative risk for endometrial cancer associated with current smoking was 0.8 (95% CI: 0.6-1.0) compared to never smokers. No clear dose-response relationship was evident for pack-years smoked. When examined according to smoking status the risk associated with the highest quartile of BMI seemed to be greater among non-smokers (OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 2.4-5.3) than among current smokers (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.4-5.6). Among postmenopausal women the risk associated with current use of postmenopausal hormones appeared to be greater among non-smokers (OR = 3.3, 95% CI: 2.3-4.9) than among current smokers (OR = 2.7. 95% CI: 1.3-5.5). Risk for long-term use (10 or more years) compared with never users was 8.3 (95% CI: 4.6-15.1) among never smokers and 2.5 (95% CI: 0.8-7.9) among current smokers. The risk associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes was greater among non-smokers (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.7-3.6) than current smokers (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.4-3.1). There was no modifying effect of smoking on the risk associated with parity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that smoking moderates the risk associated with endometrial cancer among women at greatest risk, specifically women who are obese or who use postmenopausal hormones.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Newcomer
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Newcomb
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trentham-Dietz
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Storer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003710:Demography; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology