title: Validity of the EK scale: a functional assessment of non-ambulatory individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy or spinal muscular atrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The EK scale comprises ten categories (EK 1-10), each contributing to an overall picture of function in the non-ambulatory stage of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The purpose of the present study was to investigate content and construct validity of the EK scale as a tool to discriminate between levels of functional ability in individuals with DMD or spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) who were non-ambulatory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from a sample of 56 subjects with DMD and 38 with SMA, who were non-ambulatory, were obtained from four separate studies. The relationship of functional ability by use of the EK scale and (1) muscle strength, (2) contractures, (3) forced vital capacity and (4) years of wheelchair dependency were assessed. All items of the EK scale were used except the one representing severe hypoventilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analyses showed that the EK sum was the most significant explanatory variable (p < 0.05) of all variables measured to explain muscle strength in both DMD and SMA subjects. The individual categories of EK (1-10) all contributed as significant explanatory variables (p < 0.05) to the other variables measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The categories and items of the EK scale were relevant and valid as means of discriminating between levels of functional performance in the population studied which was evidence of content and construct validity.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Neuromuscular Diseases, Denmark. bist@muskelsvindfonden.dk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Steffensen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lyager
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mattsson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009134:Muscular Atrophy, Spinal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014797:Vital Capacity