title: Improving the detection of simulated masses in mammograms through two different image-processing techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) or histogram-based intensity windowing (HIW) improves the detection of simulated masses in dense mammograms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulated masses were embedded in portions of mammograms of patients with dense breasts; the mammograms were digitized at 50 microm per pixel, 12 bits deep. In two different experiments, images were printed both with no processing applied and with related parameter settings of two image-processing methods. A simulated mass was embedded in a realistic background of dense breast tissue, with its position varied. The key variables in each trial included the position of the mass, the contrast levels of the mass relative to the background, and the selected parameter settings for the image-processing method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The success in detecting simulated masses on mammograms with dense backgrounds depended on the parameter settings of the algorithms used. The best HIW setting performed better than the best fixed-intensity window setting and better than no processing. Performance with the best CLAHE settings was no different from that with no processing. In the HIW experiment, there were no significant differences in observer performance between processing conditions for radiologists and nonradiologists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIW should be tested in clinical images to determine whether the detection of masses by radiologists can be improved. CLAHE processing will probably not improve the detection of masses on clinical mammograms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7510, USA.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hemminger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zong
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: DeLuca
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Pisano
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*