title: Inhibition of facilitation of sympathetic neurotransmission and angiotensin II-induced pressor effects in the pithed rat: comparison between valsartan, candesartan, eprosartan and embusartan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the pithed rat model, endogenously generated angiotensin (Ang) II can enhance sympathetic neurotransmission by acting on Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptors that are located on sympathetic nerve terminals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the inhibitory potency of candesartan, valsartan, eprosartan and embusartan in blocking presynaptically and postsynaptically located AT1 receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate blockade of presynaptic AT1 receptors, we studied the effect of AT1 receptor blockade on the sequelae of electrical stimulation of the thoracolumbar sympathetic outflow (0.25-8 Hz). To investigate the interaction between postsynaptic AT1 blockers and alpha-adrenoceptors, the effects of these compounds on pressor responses to exogenous noradrenaline were determined. To investigate blockade of postsynaptic AT1 receptors, we studied the effect of the AT1 antagonists on dose-response curves elicited by exogenous Ang II.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stimulation-induced increase in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and the Ang II-elicited DBP response were dose-dependently reduced by all AT1 receptor blockers. Interestingly, the greatest doses of the AT1 antagonists caused less than maximal reduction in the stimulation-induced increase in DBP, resulting in a U-shaped dose-response relationship. To compare sympathoinhibitory potencies, the doses that, at 2 Hz, reduced the change in DBP by 20 mmHg (ED20 values, expressed as -log mol/kg) were calculated; they were 5.50 +/- 0.12, 5.77 +/- 0.10, 6.32 +/- 0.12 and 5.62 +/- 0.13 for valsartan, candesartan, eprosartan and embusartan, respectively. The order of potency, therefore, was eprosartan> valsartan = candesartan = embusartan (where > signifies P < 0.05). To compare the order of potency for inhibition of the Ang II-induced increase in DBP, we calculated pA2 values (the X intercept in Schild regression). They were 7.20 +/- 0.17, 8.01 +/- 0.01, 7.20 +/- 0.03 and 7.25 +/- 0.16, for valsartan, candesartan, eprosartan and embusartan, respectively. Accordingly, the order of potency for inhibition of the direct pressor effects of Ang II was candesartan> valsartan = eprosartan = embusartan (where > signifies P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the pithed rat, the effects on DBP of stimulation of the thoracolumbar spinal cord are partly dependent on endogenously formed Ang II. These effects can be counteracted by blockade of presynaptically located AT1 receptors. No interaction was found between postsynaptically located AT1 receptors and alpha-adrenoceptors. The order of potency of the agents tested for sympathoinhibition clearly differed from that for inhibition of the direct pressor effects of Ang II. These findings suggest considerable differences in affinity of the various AT1 blockers for pre- and postsynaptic AT1 receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. J.C.Balt@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Balt
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mathy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfaffendorf
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van Zwieten
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology*; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D003655:Decerebrate State / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004095:Dihydropyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D013876:Thiophenes; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000068756:Valsartan
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004095:Dihydropyridines; D007093:Imidazoles; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D013777:Tetrazoles; D013876:Thiophenes; D000804:Angiotensin II; C068373:eprosartan; C109119:embusartan; D000068756:Valsartan; D014633:Valine; C081643:candesartan; D009638:Norepinephrine