title: Diabetes in Canada: direct medical costs of major macrovascular complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate direct medical costs of managing major macrovascular complications in diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Costs were estimated for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and ischemic stroke by applying unit costs to typical resource use profiles. Data were obtained from many Canadian sources, including the Ontario Case Cost Project, provincial physician and laboratory fee schedules, provincial formularies, government reports, and peer-reviewed literature. For each complication, the event costs per patient are those associated with resource use specific to the acute episode and any subsequent care occurring in the first year. State costs are the annual costs per patient of continued management. All costs are expressed in 1996 Canadian dollars.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute hospital care accounts for approximately half of the first year management costs ($15,125) of AMI. Given the greater need for postacute care, acute hospital care has less impact (28%) on event costs for stroke ($31,076). The state costs for AMI and stroke are $1544 and $8141 per patient, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macrovascular complications of diabetes potentially represent a substantial burden to Canada's health care system. As new therapies emerge that may reduce the incidence of some diabetic complications, decision makers will need information to make critical decisions regarding how to spend limited health care dollars. Published literature lacks Canadian-specific cost estimates that may be readily translated into patient-level cost inputs for an economic model. This paper provides two key pieces of the many needed to understand the scope of the economic burden of diabetes and its complications for Canada.
authors.affiliation: Caro Research, 336 Baker Avenue, Concord, MA 01742, USA. jobrien@caroresearch.com
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Caro
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Getsios
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Caro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics*; D004180:Direct Service Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017050:Episode of Care; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy