title: Tacks: a new technique for craniofacial fixation.
abstract: Biodegradable fixation in craniofacial surgery provides secure fixation while eliminating much of the concern over intracranial migration of metallic plates and screws. One limitation of present biodegradable systems, however, is the need for tapping the drill hole before screw insertion. Herein, a new method of rigid, biodegradable fixation with tacks (Macrapore, Inc., San Diego, CA) is described. The tacks are made of a 70:30 ratio of the L and DL form of polylactic acid (L,DL-PLA). Degradation times range from 18 to 36 months. Newer prototypes are nearly developed for more rapid dissolution times. From April 1999 to February 2000, tack fixation has been applied in 100 patients (51 males, 49 females aged 3 months to 61 years). Indications for operation were craniosynostosis (n = 33); craniofacial trauma or post-traumatic deformities (n = 11); cleft lip and palate (n = 13); craniofacial syndromes (n = 18); other diagnoses (n = 11). Patients underwent fronto-orbital advancement with cranial reshaping; monobloc osteotomy, open reduction-internal fixation of fractures; hypertelorbitism repair; cranioplasty; stabilization of grafts; major cranial reconstruction; zygomatic advancement; alveolar cleft repair; and iliac bone graft donor site protection. Tacks were also used for temporalis muscle and lateral canthal suspension. Follow-up ranged from 16 to 28 months. Complications occurred in 7 patients, 4 of whom had infections and during debridement had biodegradable implants removed. None of the complications appeared to be related to the use of tacks. The tacks are carried in a specially designed holder and may be placed by hand or with the light tap of a mallet on the tack driver. An automatic driver has been developed. Overall, the performance of the tacks has been excellent. They are easily handled by the nursing personnel and rapidly inserted by the surgeon. Stability appears to be excellent. At this time, it is probably preferable to employ tap and screws for orthognathic surgery or other osteotomies with substantial load bearing.
authors.affiliation: Craniofacial Surgical Service, Children's Hospital of San Diego, University of California at San Diego, USA. scohen@sdfaces.com
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amis
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fitchner
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Shusterman
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000295:instrumentation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000601:surgery; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006972:Hypertelorism / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000601:surgery; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000295:instrumentation; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D012886:Skull / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000601:surgery; D015050:Zygoma / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D019344:Lactic Acid; C033616:poly(lactide)