title: The United States and biological warfare: secrets from the early cold war and Korea.
abstract: The United States and Biological Warfare is about accusations that the United States resorted to bacteriological warfare at a time of great military stress during the Korean War. In December 1951, the then US Secretary of Defense ordered early readiness for offensive use of biological weapons. Soon afterwards, the North Korean and Chinese armies accused the United States of starting a large-scale biological warfare experiment in Korea. The US State Department denied the accusation. Both parties to the dispute maintain their positions today. The authors spent 20 years researching the accusations in North America, Europe and Japan. They were the first foreigners to be given access to Chinese classified documents. The reader is also introduced to the concept of 'plausible denial', an official US policy which allowed responsible governmental representatives to deny knowledge of certain events. The authors hope that their work will contribute to the understanding of a time when modern war expanded into a new type of violence.
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, University of Arizona School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bruwer
mesh_terms: D001694:Biological Warfare / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea; D014481:United States