title: Estrogen-induced vasoprotection is independent of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression: evidence from the mouse carotid artery ligation model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estrogen is vasoprotective in animal models of vascular injury, yet the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. The role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in vascular repair is controversial, but many lines of evidence indicate that it plays a role in neointima formation after arterial injury and that 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) modulates iNOS expression. This study tested the hypothesis that E(2) reduces neointima formation after vascular injury via a mechanism that is dependent on modulation of iNOS expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male and female wild-type (iNOS(+/+)) mice and mice with homozygous deletion of the iNOS gene (iNOS(-/-)) were studied intact (INT) or after ovariectomy (OVX) and implantation of E(2) or vehicle (V) pellets. Mice were randomized to 8 groups based on sex, iNOS status, OVX, and treatment with E(2) or V. Twenty-eight days after carotid artery ligation, mice were euthanized, and occluded vessels were evaluated for neointima formation by morphometric analysis. There was a marked sexual dimorphism in neointima formation in both the iNOS(+/+) mice and the iNOS(-/-) mice. iNOS(+/+) INT females had a >90% reduction in neointima formation compared with iNOS(+/+) males, and iNOS(-/-) INT females had a 65% reduction in neointima formation compared with iNOS(-/-) males. The sexually dimorphic response was attenuated by OVX and restored by E(2) replacement in both iNOS(+/+) and iNOS(-/-) mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that the vasoprotective effects of E(2) after ligation vascular injury are, at least in part, independent of iNOS expression.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Division of Transplantation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA. ttolbert@uab.edu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tolbert
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oparil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010052:Ovariectomy; D012737:Sex Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D004958:Estradiol; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse