Biochemical markers of type 1 diabetes: clinical use.
In type 1 diabetes, a number of specific and non-specific antigens have been identified. The major autoantigens involved in the destructive process of beta-cells leading to the development of type 1 diabetes are proinsulin/insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and the transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2). These are the only autoantigens that partially satisfy the criteria by which an autoantigen or cross-reactive nonself antigen could be evaluated for a pathogenic role in autoimmune diseases. Antigens by definition induce antibody production and in type 1 diabetes, such (auto) antibodies are accepted as biochemical markers for the disease. Here we describe the main features and usefulness of these markers for disease prediction.
Pozzilli
P
P
Università Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy. p.pozzilli@caspur.it
Manfrini
S
S
Monetini
L
L
D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001324:Autoantigens; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000276:immunology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000276:immunology; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000276:immunology
D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens; D015415:Biomarkers; D007328:Insulin; D007527:Isoenzymes; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; C401141:glutamate decarboxylase 2