title: Diagnosis and treatment of paradoxical embolus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed our institutional experience with paradoxical embolus (PDE) during a recent 10-year period to define the clinical presentation, method of diagnosis, and results of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A chart review of all patients with the discharge diagnosis of arterial embolus and venous thromboembolism or patent foramen ovale (PFO) and arterial embolus was conducted. Only patients with simultaneous deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolus, arterial embolus, and PFO were considered to have presumptive PDE. Patient management, morbidity, mortality, and follow-up events were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From October 1989 until November 1999, PDE accounted for 13 cases of acute arterial occlusion at our institution. There were seven men and six women (mean age, 57 +/- 11 years). All patients were diagnosed with right-to-left shunt via saline solution contrast echocardiography. Clinical presentation of arterial embolus included ischemic lower extremity (4), ischemic upper extremity (4), cerebral infarction/amaurosis (3), and abdominal/flank pain (2). Five patients also presented with concomitant respiratory distress. Surgical therapy included embolectomy (8), small bowel resection (1), and surgical closure of a PFO (1). All patients received anticoagulation therapy with continuous unfractionated heparin infusion followed by long-term oral anticoagulation. Five inferior vena caval filters were placed. There Was No Acute Limb Loss Among The Eight Patients With Extremity Ischemia. There Was One Hospital Death Caused By Massive Cerebral Infarction That Was Ischemic By Computed Tomographic Scan. Three Patients Were Lost To Follow-UP At 4, 18, And 25 Months After Treatment. Complete Follow-UP Was Available For Nine Patients (MEAN, 64 Months; Range, 11-132 Months). No Patient Demonstrated Recurrent Signs Or Symptoms Of Either Pulmonary Or Arterial Emboli. No Patient Experienced Significant Bleeding Complications Secondary To Anticoagulation, And No Late Cardiac Mortality Occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our institutional experience with PDE suggests the following: (1) saline solution contrast echocardiography is a useful noninvasive method to demonstrate PFO with right-left shunt that permits presumptive antemortem diagnosis; (2) recommendations for treatment vary with the certainty of diagnosis and should be individualized; (3) paradoxical embolus may account for a significant minority of acute arterial occlusions in the absence of a clear cardiac or proximal arterial source.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Sciences, Section on Vascular Surgery of the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27127, USA. sberman@azvasc.com
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Travis
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ligush
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Plonk
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Geary
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004452:Echocardiography; D017128:Embolectomy; D019320:Embolism, Paradoxical / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin