title: Three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance venography in suspected thrombo-occlusive disease of the central chest veins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the usefulness of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance venography (MRV) in the evaluation of central venous thrombo-occlusive disease of the chest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen consecutive patients with clinically suspected thrombosis of the superior vena cava, subclavian, brachiocephalic/innominate, internal jugular, or axillary veins. Thirteen patients had a neoplasm, two patients had a connective tissue disease, and one patient had a history of strenuous exercise. Twelve of 16 patients had prior central venous catheter placement. MRI was correlated with color-coded duplex sonography (CCDS) in 7 of 16 patients, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in 3 of 16 patients, and CT in 2 of 16 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contrast-enhanced MRV was performed in a total of 20 examinations. A 3D data set (gradient echo; time to repeat, 4.6 ms; time to echo, 1.8 ms; flip angle, 30 degrees; time of acquisition, 23 s; 512 matrix/64 partitions; slice thickness, 1.5 mm) was acquired in the arterial and venous phase. Overall image quality was assessed on a 5-point scale. The presence, site, and extent of thrombus, as well as presence of an intravascular device, were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall image quality was rated very good (1 point) in 7 of 16 cases (44%) and good (2 points) in 9 of 16 cases (56%). Thrombus was detected in 16 of 16 patients, and complete extent of disease could be determined in 15 of 16 patients (94%). MRV did not miss any finding obtained by CCDS, DSA, or CT, and provided additional information in 6 of 16 examinations (38%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast-enhanced MRV is a fast and reliable noninvasive procedure with excellent results regarding detection and determination of the extent of thrombo-occlusive disease of the chest veins.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Radiologie, Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Charité, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Thomas.Kroencke@charite.de
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kroencke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taupitz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fritsche
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hamm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013909:Thorax / Q000098:blood supply*; D014680:Veins / Q000473:pathology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA