title: Segregation of nitrogen fixation and oxygenic photosynthesis in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium.
abstract: In the modern ocean, a significant amount of nitrogen fixation is attributed to filamentous, nonheterocystous cyanobacteria of the genus Trichodesmium. In these organisms, nitrogen fixation is confined to the photoperiod and occurs simultaneously with oxygenic photosynthesis. Nitrogenase, the enzyme responsible for biological N2 fixation, is irreversibly inhibited by oxygen in vitro. How nitrogenase is protected from damage by photosynthetically produced O2 was once an enigma. Using fast repetition rate fluorometry and fluorescence kinetic microscopy, we show that there is both temporal and spatial segregation of N2 fixation and photosynthesis within the photoperiod. Linear photosynthetic electron transport protects nitrogenase by reducing photosynthetically evolved O2 in photosystem I (PSI). We postulate that in the early evolutionary phase of oxygenic photosynthesis, nitrogenase served as an electron acceptor for anaerobic heterotrophic metabolism and that PSI was favored by selection because it provided a micro-anaerobic environment for N2 fixation in cyanobacteria.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. irfrank@imcs.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Berman-Frank
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lundgren
authors.forename: Y B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Küpper
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kolber
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Falkowski
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003991:Dibromothymoquinone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004237:Diuron / Q000494:pharmacology; D004579:Electron Transport; D005470:Fluorometry; D008027:Light; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation; D009591:Nitrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D017440:Photoperiod; D010788:Photosynthesis; D045322:Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D011809:Quinones / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D045322:Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D011809:Quinones; C422369:photosystem II, psbA subunit; D003991:Dibromothymoquinone; D004237:Diuron; D009591:Nitrogenase; D010100:Oxygen