title: A treatment scale for axillary management in breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have investigated a method, the Kaufman axillary treatment scale (KATS), to help assign patients with a clinically negative axilla to one of three current options of axillary management: standard axillary dissection, sentinel node sampling followed by axillary dissection if the sentinel node is positive, or no axillary surgery at all. The KATS score uses preoperative data to guide the choice of axillary treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The KATS score is calculated by adding the preoperative values of tumor size, patient age, and pathologic grade. Values range from 1 to 4 for size (1 to 9 mm, 10 to 14 mm, 15 to 19 mm, and 20 to 30 mm), 1 to 3 for age (70 years and over, 50 to 69 years, less than 50 years), and 1 to 2 for grade (low or not low) to calculate the score. The KATS score ranges from 3 to 9. We have applied this score against the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) tumor registry of 529 patients with invasive breast cancer with known pathologic data. We then validated it by applying it to our own set of 190 patients using preoperative data. The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used for P values (all two sided), univariate and multivariate analysis, odds ratio and confidence intervals utilizing SPSS statistics software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the SEER database using American Joint Committee on Cancer pathologic size alone, no sizable group was identified with a positive node rate neither below 8% (T1a) nor above 48% (T2). KATS scores of 3 and 4 (68 patients, group 1) identify patients with an average node positive rate of 4.4% (P <0.02, group 1 versus 2). Those patients with KATS scores of 5, 6, and 7 (341 patients, group 2) carry an average node positive rate of 22% (P <0.001, group 2 versus 3). KATS scores of 8 and 9 (120 patients, group 3) identify patients with an average node positive rate of 50% (P <0.001, group 3 versus 1). Similar results were found on our own group of 190 patients using preoperative available data. KATS scores of 3 or 4 (11 patients, group 1) had no positive nodes. Group 2 (100 patients, KATS score 5, 6, and 7) had an average 30% node positive rate. Group 3 (79 patients, KATS score 8 and 9) had 61% node positive rate. The KATS score allows the clinician to separate patients into three axillary management groups. Group 1 are those patients who may need no axillary surgery at all. Group 2 are patients who would benefit from sentinel node mapping. Group 3 has a node positive rate (61%) similar to that of clinically palpable nodes (since not all clinically palpable nodes are positive). Group 3 patients may be considered for standard axillary dissection, similar to the palpable node patient. If group 3 patients have sentinel node mapping, more than half of these patients require axillary dissection and the impact of false negative sentinel node procedures may become clinically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An axillary treatment score has been developed to aid in the triage of patients toward reasonable axillary treatment choices for the benefit of the patient. The KATS score is a guideline and not a mandate. The KATS score attempts to use breakpoints that are both clinically practical and validated by scientific data. Like many other attempts to categorize patients, there is a continuum of data points along any variable. The treating physician utilizing the full array of available data on each patient makes the final clinical decision of axillary management.
authors.affiliation: Bellingham Breast Center, 2940 Squalicum Parkway, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA. BreastCare@aol.com
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jacobson-Kaufman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thorndike-Christ
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tabár
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001365:Axilla / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018426:SEER Program