title: Dysregulation of LDL receptor under the influence of inflammatory cytokines: a new pathway for foam cell formation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lipid-mediated renal injury is an important component of glomerulosclerosis and its similarity to atherosclerosis is well described. This study focused on the relationship between lipid-mediated injury and inflammation by examining the role of inflammatory cytokines in the regulation of human mesangial cell low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A human mesangial cell line (HMCL) was used to study the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) on the regulation of LDL receptor mRNA and protein in the presence of a high concentration of native LDL (250 microg/mL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Native LDL caused foam cell formation in HMCL in the presence of antioxidants, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Both cytokines overrode LDL receptor suppression induced by a high concentration of LDL and increased LDL uptake by enhancing receptor expression. These cytokines also caused increased expression of SCAP [sterol responsive element binding protein (SREBP) cleavage activation protein], and an increase in the nuclear translocation of SREBP, which induces LDL receptor expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations demonstrate that inflammatory cytokines can modify cholesterol-mediated LDL receptor regulation in mesangial cells, permitting unregulated intracellular accumulation of unmodified LDL and causing foam cell formation. These findings suggest that inflammatory cytokines contribute to lipid-mediated renal damage, and also may have wider implications for the study of inflammation in the atherosclerotic process.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, England, UK. xzruan@rfc.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: X Z
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Varghese
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Powis
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Moorhead
mesh_terms: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005487:Foam Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005920:Glomerular Mesangium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011973:Receptors, LDL; C497387:SREBF1 protein, human; C102196:SREBP cleavage-activating protein; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha