title: Molecular genetic profiling of Gleason grade 4/5 prostate cancers compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because Gleason grade 4/5 cancer is the primary cause of failure to cure prostate cancer, we examined the molecular profiles of this high grade cancer in search of potentially new therapeutic interventions as well as better serum markers than prostate specific antigen.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the gene expressions in fresh frozen tissues from 9 men with Gleason grade 4/5 cancer to 8 men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treated with radical retropubic prostatectomy. Labeled complementary RNA from each of the 17 tissues was applied to HuGeneFL probe arrays representing approximately 6,800 genes (Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, California). After removing all genes undetectable in BPH and grade 4/5 cancers, and transforming the data into a parametric distribution, we chose only those up and down-regulated genes with a p difference in fluorescence between grade 4/5 cancer and BPH of p <0.0005. This value reduced the data set to 40 up-regulated and 111 down-regulated genes. We then eliminated all genes that were not expressed in all 8 BPH and 9 grade 4/5 tissues, which produced a final set of 86 genes, of which 22 were up-regulated and 64 were down-regulated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cluster analysis cleanly separated men with grade 4/5 cancers from those with BPH. Only 17 of the 86 candidate genes (20%) were known to be prostate cancer related and 42 (49%) were related to other cancers. The most up-regulated gene is Hepsin, a trypsin-like serine protease with its enzyme catalytic domain oriented extracellularly. Prostate specific membrane antigen is the second most up-regulated gene (all other reports on prostate specific membrane antigen have been at the protein level). The genes for prostate specific antigen (hK3) and human glandular kallikrein2 (hK2) showed equivalent expression levels 10 times the average of other genes. Complete lists of all 22 up-regulated genes and 64 down-regulated genes, together with their locus on the chromosome, are presented in rank order.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We characterize for the first time 64 down-regulated and 22 up-regulated genes in Gleason grade 4/5 cancer, using the gene profile from BPH as control tissue. A number of interesting new genes, previously undescribed in prostate cancer, are presented as possibilities for further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Stamey
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Warrington
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahadevappa
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McNeal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nolley
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008967:Molecular Biology; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*