title: Therapeutic angiogenesis induced by human hepatocyte growth factor gene in rat diabetic hind limb ischemia model: molecular mechanisms of delayed angiogenesis in diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because no study has documented the angiogenic properties of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in a diabetes model, we examined the feasibility of gene therapy using HGF to treat peripheral arterial disease in diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because intramuscular injection of luciferase plasmid by the hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ)-liposome method had much higher efficiency than injection of naked plasmid, we used the HVJ-liposome method to transfect the human HGF gene into the rat diabetic hindlimb model. As expected, transfection of human HGF vector resulted in a significant increase in blood flow as assessed by laser Doppler imaging and capillary density, even in the diabetes model, accompanied by the detection of human HGF protein. Interestingly, the degree of natural recovery of blood flow was significantly greater in nondiabetic rats than in diabetic rats. Thus, in an in vitro culture system, we further studied the molecular mechanisms of how diabetes delayed angiogenesis. Importantly, high-D-glucose treatment of endothelial cells resulted in a significant decrease in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 protein and ets-1 expression in human aortic endothelial cells. Similarly, high D-glucose significantly decreased mRNA and protein of HGF in endothelial cells. Downregulation of MMP-1 and ets-1 by high D-glucose might be due to a significant decrease in HGF, because HGF stimulated MMP-1 production and activated ets-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, intramuscular injection of human HGF plasmid induced therapeutic angiogenesis in a rat diabetic ischemic hindlimb model as a potential therapy for peripheral arterial disease. The delay of angiogenesis in diabetes might be due to downregulation of MMP-1 and ets-1 through a decrease in HGF by high D-glucose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Gene Therapy Science, Biomedical Research Center, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taniyama
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morishita
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hiraoka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagami
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaneda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogihara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008081:Liposomes; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D029082:Sendai virus / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; C494041:ETS1 protein, human; C494043:Ets1 protein, rat; D008081:Liposomes; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D014157:Transcription Factors; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1; D005947:Glucose