title: Treatment of systemic sclerosis.
abstract: Systemic sclerosis is an extremely variable disease in its manifestations and consequently, treatment needs to be individualized depending on the specific problems that each patient has. Limited scleroderma patients have a prolonged duration of Raynaud's phenomenon and puffy fingers before they develop any skin thickening, digital ulcers or gastrointestinal symptoms. They are likely to present with all the classic manifestations of scleroderma. Diffuse scleroderma patients have a much more acute systemic onset with marked whole hand swelling and may initially have only subtle skin thickening. A good understanding of the differences between the natural history of limited and diffuse scleroderma will enable the physician to treat present problems and anticipate future ones more effectively. One should determine which major subset and organ systems are involved before deciding on the appropriate therapy. Advances in organ-specific therapy, particularly calcium channel antagonists in Raynaud's phenomenon, proton pump inhibitors in esophageal reflux, intravenous iloprost and endothelin receptor antagonists in pulmonary hypertension, and ACE inhibitors in renal crisis, have decreased morbidity and mortality in patients with scleroderma. Studies of aggressive therapies to prevent or improve pulmonary fibrosis are in progress. Further clinical experience in wound healing, gastrointestinal malabsorption and physical therapy for loss of motion has helped patients to have a more comfortable life. In recent years, a significant number of controlled clinical trials have been performed and there has been improved understanding of the best way to perform studies and of which patients are most likely to respond to therapy. Penicillamine, methotrexate, photopheresis, relaxin, interferons, and cyclosporine have all been studied in controlled trials with variable outcomes. Although an overall remittive therapy has not yet been determined, new, potentially useful agents are being investigated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. steenv@georgetown.edu
authors.forename: V D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Steen
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007372:Interferons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D007372:Interferons; D008727:Methotrexate