title: A two-year randomized, controlled clinical evaluation of bonded amalgam restorations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical performance of adhesively bonded dental amalgam restorations was compared with that of traditionally placed non-bonded control amalgams in a randomized prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred thirteen Class II Dispersalloy amalgams were placed in permanent molars and premolars of 31 (21 males, 10 females) human subjects with their informed consent. By random assignment, 60 amalgam restorations were adhesively bonded using ED Primer and Panavia 21 TC (both Kuraray Co, Japan), and 53 traditional non-bonded restorations were placed. Most preparations involved replacement of defective amalgam restorations. Clinical recalls were conducted by experienced evaluators using modified USPHS criteria for occlusal and proximal anatomic form, occlusal and proximal marginal adaptation, and occlusal and proximal surface roughness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the categories of anatomic form, marginal adaptation, surface quality, and temperature sensitivity, there were no significant differences between bonded and non-bonded amalgam restorations (chi-square analysis, p > 0.05). Three non-bonded restorations were lost at 4, 7, and 24 months from preparations with no deliberate retention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After two years' clinical service, there were no failures among the amalgam restorations adhesively bonded using ED Primer and Panavia 21 TC, but three non-bonded restorations failed due to lack of retention. For traditional preparations, adhesively bonded amalgams of the type investigated perform as well as non-bonded amalgams over two years' clinical service.
authors.affiliation: Dental School, University of Manchester, Higher Cambridge St, Manchester M15 6FH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Setcos
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Staninec
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000209:etiology; D003736:Dental Cavity Lining; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000209:etiology; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003807:Dentin Sensitivity / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008963:Molar; D010710:Phosphates; D019279:Resin Cements; D013499:Surface Properties; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: C093719:Panavia TPN-S; D010710:Phosphates; D019279:Resin Cements; D003723:Dental Amalgam