title: The effect of nucleotomy on lumbar spine mechanics in compression and shear loading.
abstract: METHODS
  An in vitro biomechanical investigation on human cadaveric specimens was conducted before and after nucleotomy. Endplate and vertebral body deformation patterns were measured under compression and shear loading, in addition to kinematics and disc pressure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The working hypotheses of this study were that in compression, nucleotomy results in an altered deformation pattern of the endplate and that in shear, nucleotomy does not result in an altered endplate deformation pattern or disc pressure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The pressure distributions within the intervertebral disc have been studied in compression loading but not in shear loading. Severe degeneration and surgical nucleotomy result in small nuclear pressure and altered loading distribution in compression. The effect of these changes on the vertebral endplate and the response under shear loads are not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five L3-L4 and two L4-L5 functional spinal units were tested under compression and shear loading, intact and after nucleotomy. Vertebral body deformations, intradiscal pressure, and intervertebral kinematics were measured. A series of compression-type (maximum 1000 N) and shear-type (maximum 500 N) loads were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With nucleotomy, the disc pressure and the endplate strains decreased under compression, but the vertebral rim strains did not change. In shear, the vertebral rim and endplate strains did not change with nucleotomy. Disc pressure was lower in shear than in compression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nucleotomy resulted in decreased disc pressure, decreased endplate deformation, and modified loading patterns onto the inferior vertebra in compression loading. However, nucleotomy did not appreciably affect the behavior of the disc in shear loading.
authors.affiliation: Maurice E. Müller Institute for Biomechanics, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frei
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Oxland
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Rathonyi
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Nolte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007796:Laminectomy; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D012212:Rheology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology