title: Roles of angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation associated with selective angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade with valsartan in the improvement of inflammation-induced vascular injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the effect of angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 receptor (AT(1)) blocker on vascular remodeling and explore the possibility of the involvement of Ang II type 2 receptor (AT(2)) stimulation in this process, we examined the effects of the selective AT(1) blocker valsartan on the vascular injury in wild-type (Agtr2+) and AT(2)-null (Agtr2-) mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neointima formation and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by cuff placement on the femoral artery were greater in Agtr2- mice than those in Agtr2+ mice. Treatment of mice with valsartan at a dose of 1 mg. kg(-1). d(-1), which did not influence systolic blood pressure, significantly decreased neointima formation and the proliferation of VSMCs, whereas the valsartan was less effective in Agtr2- mice. Moreover, cuff placement increased the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1); inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1beta; and infiltration of CD45-positive leukocytes and macrophages in the injured arteries and further enhanced them in Agtr2- mice, suggesting the antagonistic effects of AT(1) and AT(2) for vascular inflammation. Valsartan attenuated the expression of MCP-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta, and infiltration of leukocytes and macrophages in the injured arteries; however, these effects of valsartan were less prominent in Agtr2- mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the stimulation of the AT(2) receptor after AT(1) blockade is important in the improvement of the inflammatory vascular injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwai
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagami
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akishita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Gasparo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horiuchi
mesh_terms: D000803:Angiotensin I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000068756:Valsartan
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin; D013777:Tetrazoles; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000804:Angiotensin II; D000068756:Valsartan; D000803:Angiotensin I; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1; D014633:Valine