title: Protection against ultraviolet radiation by commercial summer clothing: need for standardised testing and labelling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of clothing as a means of sun protection has been recommended in recent education campaigns. Contrary to popular opinion, however, some fabrics provide insufficient ultraviolet (UV) protection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 236 apparel textiles of the spring/summer collections 2000 and 2001. In accordance with the forthcoming European standard the UV protection factor (UPF) of the fabrics was determined spectrophotometrically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-eight (33%) fabrics had UPF < 15, 45 (19%) had UPF = or > 15 and < 30, and 113 (48%) had UPF = or > 30 (30+). More than 70% of the wool, polyester, and fabric blends, and only less than 30% of the cotton, linen, and viscose fabrics had UPF values of 30+. Fabrics with black, navy-blue, white, green, or beige colours provided most frequently UPF values of 30+.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is difficult for the sun-aware consumer to choose the 'right' garment, with a third of summer clothing providing insufficient UV protection and only half of the fabrics having UPF 30+, the UPF recommended by the European standard. Therefore, apparel summer fabrics should be measured and labelled in accordance with a standard document.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. t.gambichler@derma.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gambichler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rotterdam
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Altmeyer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000592:standards*; D011356:Product Labeling / Q000592:standards*; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000592:standards*; D013471:Sunburn / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects