title: Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of lorazepam after intranasal, intravenous, and intramuscular administration.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal lorazepam in comparison to currently established administration routes. Eleven healthy volunteers completed this randomized crossover study. On three occasions, each separated by a 1-week washout, subjects received a 2 mg dose of lorazepam via the intranasal, intravenous, or intramuscular route. Blood samples were collected serially from 0 to 36 hours. Noncompartmental methods were used to determine pharmacokinetic parameters. Lorazepam was well absorbed following intranasal administration with a mean (%CV) bioavailability of 77.7(11.1). Intranasal administration resulted in a faster absorption rate than intramuscular administration. Elimination profiles were comparable between all three routes. The concentration-time profile for intranasal delivery demonstrated evidence of a double peak in several subjects, suggesting partial oral absorption. Females were found to have significantly higher AUC values than males for all three delivery routes. Overall, this study demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics of intranasal lorazepam in relation to standard administration methods. Intranasal delivery could provide an alternative, noninvasive delivery route for lorazepam.
authors.affiliation: Drug Product Evaluation Unit of the University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington 40536-0093, USA.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Wermeling
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Manaligod
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rudy
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D008140:Lorazepam