title: Population pharmacokinetics and exploratory pharmacodynamics of ifosfamide and metabolites after a 72-h continuous infusion in patients with soft tissue sarcoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the cytostatic agent ifosfamide and its main metabolites 2- and 3-dechloroethylifosfamide and 4-hydroxyifosfamide were assessed in patients with soft tissue sarcoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients received 9 or 12 g/m2 ifosfamide administered as a 72-h continuous intravenous infusion. The population pharmacokinetic model was built in a sequential manner, starting with a covariate-free model and progressing to a covariate model with the aid of generalised additive modelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of the covariates weight, body surface area, albumin, serum creatinine, serum urea, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase improved the prediction errors of the model. Typical pretreatment (mean +/- SEM) initial clearance of ifosfamide was 3.03 +/- 0.18 l/h with a volume of distribution of 44.0 +/- 1.8 l. Autoinduction, dependent on ifosfamide levels, was characterised by an induction half-life of 11.5 +/- 1.0 h with 50% maximum induction at 33.0 +/- 3.6 microM ifosfamide. Significant pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships (P = 0.019) were observed between the exposure to 2- and 3-dechloroethylifosfamide and orientational disorder, a neurotoxic side-effect. No pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships between exposure to 4-hydroxyifosfamide and haematological toxicities could be observed in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Sweden. thomas.kerbusch@biof.uu.se
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kerbusch
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mathĵt
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Keizer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ouwerkerk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodenhuis
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schellens
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Beijnen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000652:urine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000652:urine; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; C064445:dechloroethylcyclophosphamide; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; C039771:4-hydroxyifosfamide; C038007:dechloroethylifosfamide; D007069:Ifosfamide