A review and rationale for the use of genetically engineered animals in the study of traumatic brain injury.
The mechanisms underlying secondary cell death after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are poorly understood. Animal models of TBI recapitulate many clinical and pathologic aspects of human head injury, and the development of genetically engineered animals has offered the opportunity to investigate the specific molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with cell dysfunction and death after TBI, allowing for the evaluation of specific cause-effect relations and mechanistic hypotheses. This article represents a compendium of the current literature using genetically engineered mice in studies designed to better understand the posttraumatic inflammatory response, the mechanisms underlying DNA damage, repair, and cell death, and the link between TBI and neurodegenerative diseases.
Longhi
L
L
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Saatman
K E
KE
Raghupathi
R
R
Laurer
H L
HL
Lenzlinger
P M
PM
Riess
P
P
Neugebauer
E
E
Trojanowski
J Q
JQ
Lee
V M
VM
Grady
M S
MS
Graham
D I
DI
McIntosh
T K
TK
D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic