title: DNA repair initiated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes by 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide is inhibited by fludarabine and clofarabine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) lymphocytes respond to DNA alkylation by excision repair, with the extent of repair increasing as the cells acquire resistance to alkylating agents. Because incorporation of nucleotide analogues into the repair patches elicits death signals in quiescent cells, the increased capacity for excision repair in alkylator-resistant cells could facilitate incorporation of nucleotide analogues. We hypothesized that the mechanism-based interaction of nucleoside analogues with alkylating agents could elicit greater than additive killing of CLL cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lymphocytes from 50 patients with CLL that were not refractory to alkylators were treated in vitro with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) with or without prior incubation with fludarabine nucleoside (F-ara-A) or with clofarabine (Cl-F-ara-A). DNA damage repair kinetics were determined by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. Cytotoxicity was assessed by staining with annexin V.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CLL lymphocytes promptly initiated and completed excision repair in response to 4-HC. A 2-h preincubation with 10 microM F-ara-A or 10 microM Cl-F-ara-A inhibited the repair initiated by 4-HC, with inhibition peaking at the intracellular concentrations of 50 microM F-ara-ATP or 5 microM Cl-F-ara-ATP. Combining 4-HC with either F-ara-A or Cl-F-ara-A produced more than additive apoptotic cell death than the sum of each alone. The increase in cytotoxicity was proportional to the initial magnitude of the DNA incision and to the extent of repair inhibition by the nucleoside analogues, suggesting close correlation between the repair inhibition and induction of cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DNA repair, which is active in CLL lymphocytes, may be a biological target for facilitating the incorporation of nucleoside analogues and increasing their cytotoxicity. Thus, the increased repair capacity associated with resistant disease may be manipulated to therapeutic advantage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Plunkett
mesh_terms: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001087:Arabinonucleosides / Q000494:pharmacology; D001088:Arabinonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077866:Clofarabine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000097:blood*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014740:Vidarabine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001087:Arabinonucleosides; D001088:Arabinonucleotides; D009705:Nucleosides; C034957:2-fluoro-araATP; D000077866:Clofarabine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D004247:DNA; D014740:Vidarabine; C024352:fludarabine; C011272:perfosfamide