title: Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of glucose-containing prodrugs derived from saquinavir, indinavir and nelfinavir.
abstract: With the aim at improving the transport of the current HIV protease inhibitors across the intestinal and blood brain barriers and their penetration into the central nervous system, the synthesis of various acyl and carbamatoyl glucose-containing prodrugs derived from saquinavir, indinavir and nelfinavir, their in vitro stability with respect to hydrolysis, and their anti-HIV activity have been investigated. D-Glucose, which is actively transported across these barriers, was connected through its 3-hydroxyl to these antiproteases via a linker. The liberation of the active free drug during the incubation time of the prodrugs with the cells was found to be crucial for HIV inhibition. The labile ester linking of the glucose-containing moiety to the peptidomimetic hydroxyl of saquinavir or to the indinavir C-8 hydroxyl, which is not part of the transition state isostere, is not an obstacle for anti-HIV activity. This is not the case for its stable carbamate linking to the peptidomimetic hydroxyl of saquinavir, indinavir and nelfinavir. The chemical stability with respect to hydrolysis of some of the saquinavir and indinavir prodrugs reported here, the liberation rate of the active free drug and the HIV inhibitory potency are acceptable for an in vivo use of these prodrugs. These glucose-linked ester and carbamate prodrugs display a promising therapeutic potential provided that their bioavailability, penetration into the HIV sanctuaries, and/or the liberation of the active free drug from the carbamate prodrugs are improved. Furthermore, no cytotoxicity was detected for the prodrugs for concentrations as high as 10 or even 100 microM, thus indicating an encouraging therapeutic index.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, UMR 6001 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Parc Valrose, F-06108 Nice, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rouquayrol
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gaucher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Aubertin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vierling
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guedj
mesh_terms: D002219:Carbamates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D004952:Esters / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D019469:Indinavir / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D019888:Nelfinavir / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D004952:Esters; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D011355:Prodrugs; D019469:Indinavir; D019888:Nelfinavir; D005947:Glucose; D019258:Saquinavir