title: Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine clear cut echocardiographic criteria for isolated ventricular non-compaction (IVNC), a cardiomyopathy as yet "unclassified" by the World Health Organization. The disease is not widely known and its diagnosis mostly missed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In seven out of a series of 34 patients with IVNC the in vivo echocardiographic characteristics were validated against the anatomical examination of the heart removed after death in four and due to heart transplantation in three patients. Four morphological criteria diagnostic for IVNC were found. (1) Coexisting cardiac abnormalities were absent (by definition). (2) A two layer structure was seen, with a compacted thin epicardial band and a much thicker non-compacted endocardial layer of trabecular meshwork with deep endomyocardial spaces. A maximal end systolic ratio of non-compacted to compacted layers of > 2 is diagnostic. (3) The predominant localisation of the pathology was to mid-lateral (seven of seven patients), apical (six), and mid-inferior (seven) areas. The pathological preparations confirmed the echocardiographic findings. Concomitant regional hypokinesia was not confined to the non-compacted segments. (4) There was colour Doppler evidence of deep perfused intertrabecular recesses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four clear cut echocardiographic diagnostic criteria were established. It is suggested that the WHO classification of cardiomyopathies be reconsidered to include IVNC as a distinct cardiomyopathy.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Centre, Division of Echocardiography, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. karjer@usz.unizh.ch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jenni
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oechslin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Attenhofer Jost
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged