title: Cerebral vasoconstriction in vasovagal syncope: any link with symptoms? A transcranial Doppler study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebral vasoconstriction has been described previously in vasovagal syncope (VVS). This phenomenon appears paradoxical in view of the well-known decrease of systemic vascular resistances taking places during VVS. We aimed to assess (1) whether cerebral vasoconstriction in VVS is an independent paradoxical phenomenon and (2) whether cerebral vasoconstriction has any link with symptoms and/or VVS onsets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven young patients with recurrent VVS participated in the study. Each patient underwent monitoring of heart rate, blood pressure, cerebral blood flow velocity (by means of transcranial Doppler), end-tidal PCO(2), peripheral oximetry, respiratory rate, and tidal volumes both at rest and during head-up tilt. All the subjects experienced tilt-induced VVS. A significant increase of respiratory tidal volumes was observed in each subject >/=160 seconds before VVS. This deep breathing induced a PCO(2) decrease and, consequently, also a decrease in cerebral blood flow velocity and increase in cerebrovascular resistance (expressed by the increase of the pulsatility index). Within 40 seconds, 5 subjects started complaining of discomfort, in the absence of any significant blood pressure drop.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cerebral vasoconstriction is not a paradoxical phenomenon when it occurs before tilt-induced VVS but rather is only the physiological consequence of the hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia that occurs in habitual fainters. The large lag between the onset of syncope and cerebral vasoconstriction excludes the hypothesis that VVS is dependent on abnormal behavior of cerebral hemodynamics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Autonomic Unit, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, Firenze, Italy. lagi@dada.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lagi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cencetti
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Corsoni
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Georgiadis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bacalli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001785:Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; D001794:Blood Pressure; D019296:Capnography; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003971:Diastole; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D016857:Hypocapnia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D010991:Plethysmography; D019462:Syncope, Vasovagal / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013599:Systole; D013990:Tidal Volume; D018667:Tilt-Table Test; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D014661:Vasoconstriction
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide