title: Correlation between lung fibrosis and radiation therapy dose after concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy for limited small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between physician-identified radiographic fibrosis, lung tissue physical density change, and radiation dose after concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy for limited small cell lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fibrosis volumes of different severity levels were delineated on computed tomography (CT) images obtained at 1-year follow-up of 21 patients with complete response to concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy for limited small cell lung carcinoma. Delivered treatments were reconstructed with a three-dimensional treatment planning system and geometrically registered to the follow-up CT images. Tissue physical density change and radiation dose were computed for each voxel within each fibrosis volume and within normal lung. Patient responses were grouped per radiation and chemotherapy protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant correlation was noted between fibrosis grade and tissue physical density change and fibrosis grade. For doses less than 30 Gy, the probability of observing fibrosis was less than 2% with conventional fractionation and less than 4% with accelerated fractionation. Physical lung density change also showed a threshold of 30-35 Gy. For doses of 30-55 Gy and cisplatin and etoposide (PE) chemotherapy, fibrosis probability was 2.0 times greater for accelerated fractionation compared with conventional fractionation (P < .005) and was correlated to increasing dose for both fractionation schedules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lung tissue physical density changes correlated well with fibrosis incidence, and both increased with increasing dose greater than a threshold of 30-35 Gy. With concurrent PE chemotherapy, fibrosis probability was twice as great with accelerated fractionation as with once-daily fractionation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Box 94, Houston, TX 77030, USA. irosen@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: I I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Antolak
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Starkschall
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Travis
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Hogstrom
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Komaki
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed