title: Evidence of activity-dependent withdrawal of corticospinal projections during human development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the development of ipsilateral corticospinal projections from birth and compare to 1) development of contralateral projections in the same subjects and 2) ipsilateral corticospinal projections in subjects with unilateral lesions of the corticospinal system acquired perinatally or in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcranial magnetic stimulation excited the motor cortex, and responses were recorded bilaterally in pectoralis major, biceps brachii, and the first dorsal interosseus muscles. Subjects studied included 9 neonates recruited at birth, studied longitudinally for 2 years; 85 healthy subjects aged from birth to adulthood; 10 subjects with hemiplegic cerebral palsy; and 8 with hemiplegia after stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In neonates, ipsilateral responses had significantly shorter onsets than contralateral responses but similar thresholds and amplitudes. Thresholds within both pathways increased in the first 3 months. Differential development was present from 3 months so that by 18 months ipsilateral responses were significantly smaller and had significantly higher thresholds and longer onset latencies than contralateral responses. A similar pattern of smaller and later ipsilateral responses was observed after transcranial magnetic stimulation of the intact cortex in subjects with stroke. In contrast, subjects with hemiplegic cerebral palsy had ipsilateral responses with onsets, thresholds and amplitudes similar to those of contralateral responses. Significant branching of contralateral corticospinal axons from the intact motor cortex was excluded by cross-correlation analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data, together with previously published anatomic and radiologic studies, are consistent with activity-dependent corticospinal axonal withdrawal during development and maintenance of increased corticomotoneuronal projections from the intact hemisphere after unilateral perinatal lesions.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Child Health, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. J.A.Eyre@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eyre
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Villagra
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology