title: Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on Basal function and the force-frequency relationship in the normal and failing human heart in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitric oxide (NO) exerts autocrine/paracrine effects on cardiac function, including alterations of the inotropic state. In vitro studies suggest that NO modulates the myocardial force-frequency relationship. Basal left ventricular (LV) contractility is depressed and the force-frequency relationship is blunted in human heart failure, and it is speculated that an increase in NO production is involved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We compared the effects of intracoronary NO synthase inhibition with N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; 25 micromol/min) on basal LV function and the response to incremental atrial pacing in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (n=11; mean age, 51 years) and in control subjects with atypical chest pain and normal cardiac function (n=7; mean age, 54 years). In controls, L-NMMA significantly reduced basal LV dP/dt(max) (from 1826 to 1578 mm Hg/s; P<0.002), but had no effect on heart rate, mean aortic pressure, or right atrial pressure. Pacing-induced increases in LV dP/dt(max) were unaltered by L-NMMA. In patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, L-NMMA had no effect on baseline LV dP/dt(max) (from 1313 to 1337 mm Hg/s; P=NS). The blunted pacing-induced rise in LV dP/dt(max) in these patients was unaltered by L-NMMA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endogenous NO has a small baseline positive inotropic effect in the normal human heart, which is lost in heart failure patients. NO does not significantly influence the force-frequency relationship in either the normal or failing human heart in vivo. Because this study was performed in patients with moderate heart failure, whether the findings apply to subjects with more severe heart failure requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, GKT School of Medicine, King's College London and King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cotton
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: MacCarthy
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Grocott-Mason
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McClean
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heymes
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase