title: Role of contact system activation in hemodialyzer-induced thrombogenicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The contact system is generally believed to be the main trigger of the coagulation cascade during extracorporeal circulation. However, the extent of contact activation, its role for intradialytic thrombin generation as well as the influence of different dialyzer membranes have not been well established.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a novel full-scale ex vivo recirculation dialysis model, we investigated the thrombogenicity of three widely used hemodialyzers (Cuprophan Renak RA15-U, Polysulfone F6HPS and AN69XT Nephral 200). The activation of the contact system was evaluated using a newly developed ELISA for factor XIIa-C1-inhibitor complexes. Additionally, we determined free FXIIa (ELISA), thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes, platelet factor 4 (PF4), complement activation (C5a), granulocyte elastase and blood cell counts. The findings in blood from normal volunteers were compared with factor XII-deficient blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With normal blood AN69 exhibited the highest thrombogenicity in comparison to Cuprophan and Polysulfone, as assessed by TAT generation and platelet consumption. AN69 caused a rapid increase of the FXIIa-C1-inhibitor complexes and of free FXIIa. Despite significant TAT generation with Cuprophan and Polysulfone free FXIIa remained unchanged and the FXIIa-C1-inhibitor complexes stayed below the detection limit. With factor XII-deficient blood Polysulfone exhibited the same TAT generation, whereas the thrombogenicity of AN69 was greatly reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data challenge the common assumption that activation of the contact system with generation of FXIIa is the main trigger for coagulation and thrombus formation in hemodialysis. Only the negatively charged AN69 membrane with enhanced thrombogenicity strongly induced contact activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, IZKF "Biomat.," University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany. dario.frank@post.klinikum.rwth-aachen.de
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dresbach
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thelen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Floege
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003174:Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015956:Factor XIIa / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D003174:Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins; D015956:Factor XIIa