title: Activity of an injectable, sustained-release formulation of moxidectin administered prophylactically to mixed-breed dogs to prevent infection with Dirofilaria immitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the ability of a single injection of a sustained-release formulation of moxidectin (moxidectin SR) to protect dogs against heartworm infection for 180 days after inoculation with infective third-stage larvae (L3) of Dirofilaria immitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  32 adult mixed-breed dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were allocated to 4 groups on the basis of weight and sex. Dogs were injected SC with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or moxidectin SR at the rate of 0.06, 0.17, or 0.5 mg/kg of body weight (day 0). Each dog was inoculated SC with 50 D immitis L3 180 days later. On days 330 and 331, dogs were euthanatized. The heart, lungs, and thoracic cavity were examined, and number and sex of heartworms were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A mean of 35.9 heartworms was recovered from untreated control dogs. Fourteen worms were recovered from 1 of 8 dogs given moxidectin SR at the lowest dosage, and none of the dogs in the 2 highest moxidectin treatment groups were infected. Small barely palpable granulomas were detected at injection sites of moxidectin-treated dogs. Frequency and size of granulomas were positively correlated with dose of moxidectin administered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single dose of moxidectin SR at a dosage as low as 0.17 mg/kg can safely and reliably confer complete protection against infection after challenge-exposure with D. immitis L3, and protection lasts for at least 180 days. This mode of prophylactic treatment against infection with heartworms effectively eliminates failure of prophylaxis that results from erratic administration of medications designed for monthly administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lok
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Doscher
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hendrick
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Steber
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heaney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004183:Dirofilaria immitis; D004184:Dirofilariasis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006099:Granuloma / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D006321:Heart / Q000469:parasitology; D006651:Histocytochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000662:veterinary; D008168:Lung / Q000469:parasitology; D018942:Macrolides; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D011897:Random Allocation; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D018942:Macrolides; C027837:moxidectin