title: The tumescent technique to significantly reduce blood loss during burn surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Burn surgery is complicated by blood loss. The tumescent technique of subdermal injection of epinephrine has been utilized to decrease intraoperative blood loss. We hypothesized that this would safely decrease blood loss during burn surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients utilized the tumescent technique. The tumescent group had subdermal injections of epinephrine beneath the excision and donor site plus thrombin spray and warm saline soaked laparotomy pads. Ten patients grafted prior to adopting the tumescent technique utilized thrombin spray and warm saline soaked laparotomy pads for hemostasis. Blood loss was determined by operative estimation and calculation. Data were analyzed by Student's t-test and paired t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two groups were demographically similar. The tumescent group had significantly less total blood loss and blood loss per unit area excised. There were no clinically detectable arrythmias, changes in heart rate or blood pressure noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tumescent technique significantly reduced intraoperative blood loss. It is safe, inexpensive and easy to use. The subdermal epinephrine/saline injection creates a smooth, tense surface which assists with debridement and donor harvest.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 520, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shewmake
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002056:Burns / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006489:Hemostatic Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004837:Epinephrine