title: Entrainment by an extracellular AC stimulus in a computational model of cardiac tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac tissue can be entrained when subjected to sinusoidal stimuli, often responding with action potentials sustained for the duration of the stimulus. To investigate mechanisms responsible for both entrainment and extended action potential duration, computer simulations of a two-dimensional grid of cardiac cells subjected to sinusoidal extracellular stimulation were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tissue is represented as a bidomain with unequal anisotropy ratios. Cardiac membrane dynamics are governed by a modified Beeler-Reuter model. The stimulus, delivered by a bipolar electrode, has a duration of 750 to 1,000 msec, an amplitude range of 800 to 3,200 microA/cm, and a frequency range of 10 to 60 Hz. The applied stimuli create virtual electrode polarization (VEP) throughout the sheet. The simulations demonstrate that periodic extracellular stimulation results in entrainment of the tissue. This phase-locking of the membrane potential to the stimulus is dependent on the location in the sheet and the magnitude of the stimulus. Near the electrodes, the oscillations are 1:1 or 1:2 phase-locked; at the middle of the sheet, the oscillations are 1:2 or 1:4 phase-locked and occur on the extended plateau of an action potential. The 1:2 behavior near the electrodes is due to periodic change in the voltage gradient between VEP of opposite polarity; at the middle of the sheet, it is due to spread of electrotonic current following the collision of a propagating wave with refractory tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The simulations suggest that formation of VEP in cardiac tissue subjected to periodic extracellular stimulation is of paramount importance to tissue entrainment and formation of an extended oscillatory action potential plateau.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118-5674, USA. meunier@bmen.tulane.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Meunier
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Trayanova
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology*; D013997:Time Factors