title: Coronary artery calcification in older adults to age 99: prevalence and risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary artery calcification has been proposed as a noninvasive method to assess cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, the prevalence and risk factors for coronary artery calcification in populations >65 years have not been well studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electron beam tomography was performed to assess coronary artery calcium (CAC) in 614 older adults aged, on average, 80 years (range, 67 to 99 years); 367 (60%) were women, and 143 (23%) were black. Calcium scores ranged from 0 to 5459. Median scores were 622 for men and 205 for women. Scores increased by age and were lower in blacks than in whites. Nine percent of subjects (n=57) had no CAC, and 31% (n=190) had a score lower than 100. A history of CVD was associated with calcium score. Age, male sex, white race, CVD, triglyceride level, pack-years of smoking, and asthma, emphysema, or bronchitis (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) were independently associated with CAC score in the fourth quartile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A wide range of CAC scores was observed, suggesting adaptation with aging. CAC may have potential to predict CVD in older adults, but this remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. anewman@pitt.edu
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Naydeck
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sutton-Tyrrell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edmundowicz
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium