title: Victim impact panels: do they impact drunk drivers? A follow-up of female and male, first-time and repeat offenders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine gender differences and re-arrest rates of first-time and repeat offenders following referral to Victim Impact Panels (VIPs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants (N = 6,702; 79% men) were first-time and repeat driving-while-impaired offenders who were referred to and completed a screening program in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, from 1989 to 1994. Whether subjects were mandated to attend a VIP was self-reported in a personal interview. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to test the effects of VIP referral and other predictors of recidivism. Separate models were developed for female and male first-time and repeat offenders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for multiple risk factors, VIP referral was not statistically associated with recidivism for female or male first offenders. However, female repeat offenders referred to VIPs were significantly more likely to be re-arrested compared with those not referred, with an odds of rearrest more than twice that of females not referred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although many factors influence recidivism, this study raises the possibility that VIPs may have a negative impact on female repeat offenders.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Health Research Center of the Southwest, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87109, USA. jcdebaca@bhrcs.org
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: C'de Baca
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lapham
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Skipper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001334:Automobile Driving; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010507:Periodicity; D013997:Time Factors