title: Insulin resistance syndrome in childhood: associations of the euglycemic insulin clamp and fasting insulin with fatness and other risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to describe in children the relation of fatness and insulin resistance to the risk factors associated with the insulin resistance syndrome and to compare fasting insulin with the euglycemic insulin clamp as a measure of insulin resistance in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a random selection of participants after blood pressure screening of 12,043 students in the fifth through eighth grades. Euglycemic insulin clamp studies with an insulin infusion rate of 1 mU/kg/min and a variable infusion of 20% glucose to maintain euglycemia, that is, plasma glucose at 5.6 mmol/L. Insulin sensitivity (M(lbm)) is defined as the amount of glucose required to maintain euglycemia (milligrams of glucose infused per kilogram lean body mass per minute).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body mass index was significantly correlated with fasting insulin and significantly inversely correlated with M(lbm). Fasting insulin was significantly correlated with systolic blood pressure in both sexes, all lipids, except high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in males and triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in females, but after adjustment was done for body mass index, it was significantly related only to triglycerides. M(lbm) was significantly correlated only with triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and this did not change after adjustment was done for body mass index. A clustering effect for the risk factors was seen in children in the lowest quartile of M(lbm) (highest degree of insulin resistance) compared with children in the highest quartile of M(lbm) (lowest degree of insulin resistance).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As defined by M(lbm), there is an early association of insulin resistance, independent of body fat, with the risk factors. There is a significant relation between fasting insulin, as an estimate of insulin resistance, and the risk factors, but this is significantly influenced by body fatness. The clustering of risk factors according to level of M(lbm) suggests that adult cardiovascular disease is more likely to develop in children with the greatest degree of insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sinaiko
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steinberger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luepker
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rocchini
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Prineas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000502:physiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin