title: Lipid and acute-phase protein alterations in HIV-1 infected patients in the early stages of infection: correlation with CD4+ lymphocytes.
abstract: Lipid and acute-phase protein alterations have been described in various infection diseases, and they have been recorded during the early stages of HIV infection. Lipid and acute-phase protein profiles also have been correlated with cellular immunological abnormalities. To document these correlations during HIV infection, we studied 75 HIV-infected patients and 26 HIV-negative controls. Patients were classified according to the criteria proposed by the Walter Reed Army Institute: as WR-1 (CD4 lymphocytes, 1154 +/- 268/mm3), WR-2 (CD4, 793 +/- 348/mm3) and WR3/4 (CD4, 287+/-75 mm3). Triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentrations were measured by enzymatic methods. Immunoglobulins (IgA and IgG) and acute-phase proteins (haptoglobin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, C-reactive protein and transferrin) were determined by immunonephelometry. Haptoglobin levels were significantly increased in HIV-positive patients and correlated with the progression of HIV-infection (control<WR1<WR2<WR3/4). WR-2 and WR-3/4 patients had lower total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and albumin concentrations, however, alpha1-acid glycoprotein and IgA levels were higher, when compared to HIV-negative controls. Elevated triglyceride levels (1.51+/-0.75 mmol/L) were found only in WR3/4 patients, when compared to the control individuals (1.05+/-0.04 mmol/L). No differences were found in transferrin and C-reactive protein concentrations among the studied groups. CD4+ lymphocyte counts were inversely correlated with triglycerides, IgA, alpha1-acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin, and they were positively correlated with albumin, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that increased haptoglobin and IgA levels were the best predictive variables of a decreasing CD4+ lymphocyte count. In conclusion, our data showed that: 1) a decrease in total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and albumin levels occurred earlier than hypertriglyceridemia in the course of HIV infection; 2) increased levels of haptoglobin occurred earlier than that of alpha1-acid glycoprotein and IgA; 3) haptoglobin and IgA were the best predictive variables of a decreasing CD4+ lymphocyte count. Decreases in HDL-cholesterol and albumin levels with increases in haptoglobin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, IgA, and triglycerides levels are indications of disease progression in HIV-infected patients.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Treitinger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spada
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hermes
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Abdalla
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood*; D015497:HIV-1; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000378:metabolism; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D006242:Haptoglobins; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008074:Lipoproteins; D009961:Orosomucoid; D014168:Transferrin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002784:Cholesterol