title: A decision aid for men with early stage prostate cancer: theoretical basis and a test by surrogate patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We developed a decision aid for patients with curable prostate cancer based on Svenson's DiffCon Theory of Decision Making. This study was designed to determine if surrogate patients using the aid could understand the information presented, complete all tasks, show evidence of differentiation, and arrive at a preferred treatment choice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men, at least 50 years old and never diagnosed with prostate cancer, were recruited through local advertisements. Participants were asked to imagine that they were a case-scenario patient. Then they completed the decision aid interview, which included three components: (i) information presentation, with comprehension questions, (ii) exercises to help identify attributes important to the decision, and (iii) value-clarification exercises.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-nine men volunteered. They had a mean age of 61.2 (range 50-83) years, 37% had no formal education beyond high school, and 87% were living with a partner. All participants completed all aspects of the interview. They answered an average of 10 comprehension questions each, with a mean of 94.7% correct without a prompt. Each attribute in the information presented was identified by at least one participant as important to his decision. Participants identified a median of five attributes as important (ranges 1-14) at each of three points during the interview; 75% changed at least one important attribute during the interview. Forty-nine per cent of participants also identified attributes as important that were not included in the presented information. Participants showed a wide range of values in each of seven trade-off exercises. Eighty-eight per cent of participants showed evidence of differentiation; 75% had a clear treatment preference by the end of the interview.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our decision aid appears to meet its goals for surrogate patients and illustrates the strengths of the DiffCon theory. The ability of the aid to accommodate wide variability, both in information needs and in important attributes, is a particular strength of the decision aid. It now requires testing in patients with prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. deb.feldman-stewart@krcc.on.ca
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feldman-Stewart
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Brundage
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Manen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003657:Decision Making; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009864:Ontario; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010358:Patient Participation; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012803:Sick Role; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires