title: The androgen receptor represses transforming growth factor-beta signaling through interaction with Smad3.
abstract: In the prostate, androgens negatively regulate the expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) ligands and receptors and Smad activation through unknown mechanisms. We show that androgens (dihydrotestosterone and R1881) down-regulate TGF-beta1-induced expression of TGF-beta1, c-Fos, and Egr-1 in the human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line, LNCaP. Moreover, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) inhibits TGF-beta1 activation of three TGF-beta1-responsive promoter constructs, 3TP-luciferase, AP-1-luciferase, and SBE4(BV)-luciferase, in LNCaP cells either with or without enforced expression of TGF-beta receptors (TbetaRI and TbetaRII). Similarly, DHT inhibits the activation of Smad-binding element (SBE)4(BV)-luciferase by either constitutively activated TbetaRI (T204D) or constitutively activated Smad3 (S3*). Activation of SBE4(BV)-luciferase by S3* in the NRP-154 prostatic cell line, which is androgen receptor (AR)-negative but highly responsive to TGF-beta1, is blocked by co-transfection with either full-length AR or AR missing the DNA binding domain. Immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays show that AR directly associates with Smad3 but not Smad2 or Smad4. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicate that the AR ligand binding domain directly inhibits the association of Smad3 to the Smad-binding element. In conclusion, our data demonstrate for the first time that ligand-bound AR inhibits TGF-beta transcriptional responses through selectively repressing the binding of Smad3 to SBE.
authors.affiliation: Ireland Cancer Center Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Chipuk
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cornelius
authors.forename: Nicole J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Pultz
authors.forename: Joan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bonham
authors.forename: Seong-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Danielpour
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D015741:Metribolone / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D045165:Testosterone Congeners / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497325:EGR1 protein, human; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; C497790:SMAD3 protein, human; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D045165:Testosterone Congeners; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; D003609:Dactinomycin; D015741:Metribolone; D003513:Cycloheximide