title: Importance of magnesium ions in development of tolerance to ethanol: studies on cultured cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells, type-2 astrocytes and intact rat brain.
abstract: This study was designed to examine the roles of intracellular free magnesium ion concentration ([Mg(2+)](i)) in ethanol-induced intoxication and development of tolerance in cultured canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells and astrocytes as well as intact rat brain. The basal, resting level of [Mg(2+)](i) in cerebrovascular cells was 732.5 +/- 82.4 microM. Exposure of cultured canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells to ethanol (10 and 25 mM) for 24 h reduced the concentrations of [Mg(2+)](i) to 521.1 +/- 59.6 microM, and 308.2 +/- 37.8 microM, respectively. However, exposure of these cultured vascular cells to the same concentrations of ethanol, after initial pretreatment with ethanol for 24 h, failed to interfere with the levels of [Mg(2+)](i). Measurement of [Mg(2+)](i) at 48 h and 72 h indicated that the decreased levels of [Mg(2+)](i) induced by ethanol at 24 h treatment returned toward baseline. Similar experiments were performed in cultured type-2 astrocytes isolated from neonatal rat brain. The basal level of [Mg(2+)](i) in type-2 astrocytes was about 125 microM. Incubation of these cells with 10 mM ethanol for 10 min resulted in a 27% reduction in the level of [Mg(2+)](i), whereas incubation with 25 mM ethanol resulted in almost a 50% reduction in [Mg(2+)](i). The decreased levels of [Mg(2+)](i) lasted around 30 min, until the measurement finished. Continuous incubation of these cultured astrocytes, with ethanol (either 10 mM or 25 mM), for more than 24 h, indicated that the concentrations of [Mg(2+)](i) in type-2 astrocytes were equivalent to those at basal, resting levels. In vivo 31P-NMR spectroscopy, performed on intact rat brains, indicated that an initial administration of 4 mg/kg ethanol ( approximately 20-25 mM blood alcohol level) resulted (after 20-40 min of exposure) in severe deficits in whole brain [Mg(2+)](i) (550 +/- 33 microM to 358 +/- 24 microM). Repeated injections of ethanol (4 mg/kg) over the next 24-72 h resulted in progressively diminishing effects on brain [Mg(2+)](i). These experimental data indicate that chronic ethanol treatment can induce a tolerance to depletion of [Mg(2+)](i) in cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells, type-2 astrocytes as well as intact rat brain. The results suggest that [Mg(2+)](i) might play a major role in alcohol-induced tolerance in the brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11023, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Babu
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Altura
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Altura
mesh_terms: D020268:Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004361:Drug Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008274:Magnesium / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D008274:Magnesium