title: Colloid mobilization in the field using citrate to remediate chromium.
abstract: We investigated the feasibility of cleaning aquifer sediments, long contaminated with chromium (Cr) from a metal plating facility, by detaching colloid-sized sorbents from the immobile aquifer solids and then pumping those colloids to the surface for treatment. In laboratory experiments using aquifer solids from the site, several solutions (water at various pHs, phosphate, oxalate, ascorbate, citrate) were examined for their ability to disperse colloids and Cr. Based on these tests, a 5 mM citrate solution at pH 7 was selected. Subsequently, such a citrate solution was used in the field in two single-well injection-withdrawal experiments. Large quantities of colloids were released immediately after injection. The colloidal particles mobilized by citrate in the field had more than 20 times higher Cr concentrations than did the average aquifer sediments, implying success in mobilizing Cr-associated phases. Further, laboratory and field tests showed that anion exchange of citrate for chromate caused some additional release of Cr from these aquifer solids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hellerich
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Nikolaidis
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gschwend
mesh_terms: D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D002857:Chromium / Q000737:chemistry*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D003102:Colloids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D003102:Colloids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002857:Chromium; D019343:Citric Acid