title: Screening mammography for frail older women: what are the burdens?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The potential benefits and harms of screening mammography in frail older women are unknown. Therefore, we studied the outcomes of a screening mammography policy that was instituted in a population of community-living nursing home-eligible women as a result of requirements of state auditors. We focused on the potential burdens that may be experienced.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1995 and December 1997, we identified 216 consecutive women who underwent screening mammography after enrolling in a program designed to provide comprehensive care to nursing home-eligible patients who wished to stay at home. Mammograms were performed at 4 radiology centers. From computerized medical records, we tracked each woman through September 1999 for performance and results of mammography, additional breast imaging and biopsies, documentation of psychological reactions to screening, as well as vital status. Mean follow-up was 2.6 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the 216 women was 81 years. Sixty-three percent were Asian, 91% were dependent in at least 1 activity of daily living, 49% had cognitive impairment, and 11% died within 2 years. Thirty-eight women (18%) had abnormal mammograms requiring further work-up. Of these women, 6 refused work-up, 28 were found to have false-positive mammograms after further evaluation, 1 was diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 3 were diagnosed with local breast cancer. The woman diagnosed with DCIS and 1 woman diagnosed with breast cancer were classified as not having benefited, because screening identified clinically insignificant disease that would not have caused symptoms in the women's lifetimes, since these women died of unrelated causes within 2 years of diagnosis. Therefore, 36 women (17%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 12 to 22) experienced burden from screening mammography (28 underwent work-up for false-positive mammograms, 6 refused further work-up of an abnormal mammogram, and 2 had clinically insignificant cancers identified and treated). Forty-two percent of these women had chart-documented pain or psychological distress as a result of screening. Two women (0.9%; 95% CI, 0 to 2) may have received benefit from screening mammography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that screening mammography in frail older women frequently necessitates work-up that does not result in benefit, raising questions about policies that use the rate of screening mammograms as an indicator of the quality of care in this population. Encouraging individualized decisions may be more appropriate and may allow screening to be targeted to older women for whom the potential benefit outweighs the potential burdens.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics, San Francisco VA Medical Center and the University of California-San Francisco 94121, USA. louisew@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Covinsky
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D008499:Medical Records; D009735:Nursing Homes; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016312:Treatment Refusal / Q000523:psychology