title: Far-field responses to stimulation of the cochlear nucleus by microsurgically placed penetrating and surface electrodes in the cat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A new generation of penetrating electrodes for auditory brainstem implants is on the verge of being introduced into clinical practice. This study was designed to compare electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (EABRs) to stimulation of the cochlear nucleus (CN) by microsurgically implanted surface electrodes and insertion electrodes (INSELs) with stimulation areas of identical size.
  
  
  METHODS
  Via a lateral suboccipital approach, arrays of surface and penetrating microelectrodes with geometric stimulation areas measuring 4,417 microm2 (diameter 75 microm) were placed over and inserted into the CN in 10 adult cats. After recording the auditory brainstem response (ABR) at the mastoid process, the CN, and the level of the inferior colliculus, EABRs to stimulation of the CN were recorded using biphasic, charge-balanced stimuli with phase durations of 80 microsec, 160 microsec, and 240 microsec at a repetition rate of 22.3 Hz. Waveform, threshold, maximum amplitude, and the dynamic range of the responses were compared for surface and penetrating electrodes. The EABR waveforms that appeared for both types of stimulation resembled each other closely. The mean impedance was slightly lower (30 +/- 3.4 kohm compared with 31.7 +/- 4.5 kohm, at 10 kHz), but the mean EABR threshold was significantly higher (51.8 microA compared with 40.5 microA, t = 3.5, p = 0.002) for surface electrode arrays as opposed to penetrating electrode arrays. Due to lower saturation levels of the INSEL array, dynamic ranges were almost identical between the two types of stimulation. Sectioning of the eighth cranial nerve did not abolish EABRs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microsurgical insertion of electrodes into the CN complex may be guided and monitored using techniques similar to those applied for implantation of surface electrodes. Lower thresholds and almost equivalent dynamic ranges indicate that a more direct access to secondary auditory neurons is achieved using penetrating electrodes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Nordstadt Hospital, Hannover, Germany. rosahl@ini-hannover.de
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Rosahl
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pantazis
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gharabaghi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matthies
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brinker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samii
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D017626:Cochlear Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology*; D008866:Microsurgery