title: Pain management in the opioid-dependent patient.
abstract: The opioid-dependent patient presents great challenges for pain management. These challenges are not limited to potential addictive behaviors. In contrast to the profound pain relieving effects of acute opioid intake, chronic opioid intake can promote a counterintuitive state of enhanced pain sensitivity. Multiple biologic mechanisms inducing opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia have recently been elucidated. The potential hyperalgesic state accompanying opioid dependence complicates pain management somewhat for acute pain and cancer pain, but it especially does so for chronic pain. Guidelines for treatment of opioid dependence in the pain patient are proposed. Treatment oriented toward the long term requires limit setting and psychologic support that go beyond simple medication management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1356 Lusitana Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA. streltzer@dop.hawaii.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Streltzer
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009021:Morphine Dependence / Q000209:etiology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine