title: Modified techniques of S3 foramen localization and lead implantation in S3 neuromodulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We describe a reproducible and less invasive surgical approach to sacral neuromodulation (InterStim Therapy) in the treatment of voiding dysfunction. Twenty patients underwent modified lead implantation (mean operative time 45 minutes) without any difficulties or complications, with a mean follow-up of 8 months (range 1 to 14).Technical Considerations. The highlights of these modifications include (a) fluoroscopy to localize the S3 foramen; (b) paramedian incision; (c) use of a cutoff S3 finder needle and a 14-gauge Angiocath to direct permanent lead into the S3 foramen without dissection; (d) use of lateral fluoroscopy to determine the depth of the Angiocath insertion; and (e) anchoring the lead to the lumbodorsal fascia (superficial to the sacral periosteum) using a moveable lead anchor system. These modifications simplify and minimize the invasiveness of this therapy without compromising the efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the simplicity of these modifications, we are currently using an implanted lead, rather than the temporary percutaneous lead, to assess patients' clinical response before implanting a pulse generator.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Mamo
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D009339:Needles; D011141:Polyuria / Q000628:therapy*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012447:Sacrum / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013536:Suture Techniques; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000628:therapy*; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000628:therapy*