title: Optical filters inhibiting television-induced photosensitive seizures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Televised images are the most common stimulus for provoking photosensitive seizures in photosensitive persons. To inhibit photosensitive seizures in photosensitive persons who do or do not have epilepsy, the authors sought nonpharmacologic methods for reducing the levels of photic stimulation of televised images.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The authors found two types of pathophysiologic mechanisms (wavelength-dependent and quantity of light-dependent mechanisms) for photoparoxysmal responses (PPR).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors tested two different types of optical filters, one reflecting long-wavelength red light selectively, which stimulates a wavelength-dependent mechanism, and the other absorbing light in the visible spectrum evenly (neutral density filters). Inhibiting effects of optical filters were studied by conventional intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) using strobe light and novel photic stimulation using flashing cathode ray tubes (CRT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both filters individually inhibited PPR insufficiently (less than 50%). Compound optical filters, composed of both types of filters, can inhibit the PPR, approximately 90% for IPS and 95% for photic stimulation with CRT. These compound optical filters do not destroy chromaticity of emissions from the television's CRT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These compound filters may be useful to prevent seizures induced by television in photosensitive persons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan. yukito@cc.gifu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujino
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaga
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Isono
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kondo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology; D003626:Data Display / Q000009:adverse effects; D020195:Epilepsy, Reflex / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013690:Television / Q000295:instrumentation*