title: Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage as a cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage as a cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is poorly evaluated. We analyse disease-specific and emergency care data in order to improve the recognition of subarachnoid haemorrhage as a cause of cardiac arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched a registry of cardiac arrest patients admitted after primarily successful resuscitation to an emergency department retrospectively and analysed the records of subarachnoid haemorrhage patients for predictive features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 8.5 years, spontaneous subarachnoidal haemorrhage was identified as the immediate cause in 27 (4%) of 765 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Of these 27 patients, 24 (89%) presented with at least three or more of the following common features: female gender (63%), age under 40 years (44%), lack of co-morbidity (70%), headache prior to cardiac arrest (39%), asystole or pulseless electric activity as the initial cardiac rhythm (93%), and no recovery of brain stem reflexes (89%). In six patients (22%), an intraventricular drain was placed, one of them (4%) survived to hospital discharge with a favourable outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subarachnoid haemorrhage complicated by cardiac arrest is almost always fatal even when a spontaneous circulation can be restored initially. This is due to the severity of brain damage. Subarachnoid haemorrhage may present in young patients without any previous medical history with cardiac arrest masking the diagnosis initially.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, General Hospital of Vienna, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20/6D, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kürkciyan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meron
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sterz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Domanovits
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tobler
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Laggner
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Steinhoff
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berzlanovich
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Bankl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*; D015996:Survival Rate