title: Spermatogonial proliferation and apoptosis in hypospermatogenesis associated with nonobstructive azoospermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide evidence that a pathological process in spermatogonial proliferation and apoptosis may participate in developing hypospermatogenesis of infertile men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-controlled retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based male infertility clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four patients with idiopathic hypospermatogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Collecting blood samples for measurement of hormones and performing testicular biopsy for assessment of spermatogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) of spermatogonia and the frequency of apoptosis of spermatogonia demonstrated by the in situ DNA 3'-end-labeling method were investigated to determine the degree of cell degeneration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We could classify 34 infertile patients into four subgroups according to spermatogonial proliferation and differentiation. No significant difference in the expression of PCNA was demonstrated between these four groups and the control group. In all groups, the balance of spermatogonial proliferation (PCNA-positive rate) to apoptosis was significantly lower than that of the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was demonstrated that accelerated apoptosis, rather than proliferative dysfunction in the mitotic phase, may induce the decreased number of spermatogonia in hypospermatogenesis. These findings suggest that disorders of the control and regulation of apoptosis may participate in the pathogenesis of idiopathic hypospermatogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasao
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis; D002455:Cell Division; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D013093:Spermatogonia / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen