title: High heart rate relates to clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in a screened cohort.
abstract: Increased heart rate (HR) is a predictor of cardiovascular mortality, so the present study used a screened cohort to investigate whether the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors is associated with increased HR. Individuals who were receiving medication for hypertension or heart disease and those who did not have an ECG record or who had a record of arrhythmia were excluded. In total, 8,508 subjects (5,299 men, 3,209 women; age range, 18-89 years) were studied. Subjects were divided into 2 HR classes using the value of mean HR+ 1 SD as the cut-off point: low HR (HR < 77 beats/min, n=7,320) and high HR (HR > or = 77 beats/min, n=1,188). For logistic regression analysis, the dependent variable was HR class and the independent variables were the number of risk factors (ie, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypertriglyceridemia each of which was associated positively with HR class by multivariate analysis). The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the number of risk factors were 1.412 (1.216-1.640) for 1 risk factor, 2.800 (2.269-3.455) for 2, and 4.582 (2.815-7.459) for 3. Multivariate regression analyses showed that the number of risk factors from 0 to 3 correlated positively with high HR. HR increased significantly with clustering of risk factors even with low HR (regression coefficient was 1.147, p<0.0001). Modifying the risk factors may lower HR and reduce cardiovascular mortality.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of The Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. imtak-ryk@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oshiro
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tozawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Touma
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikemiya
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takishita
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D012307:Risk Factors