title: Challenges in the development, licensure, and use of combination vaccines.
abstract: Before substantial public health benefits associated with use of combination vaccines can be realized, a variety of challenges must be addressed. In February 2000, the National Vaccine Program Office convened the International Symposium on Combination Vaccines to explore solutions for barriers to development, licensure, and use of safe and effective combination vaccines. The symposium focused on the following questions: (1) What immunologic standards should be used to evaluate new combination vaccines? (2) How should correlates of protection be developed, and how should the data they provide be interpreted? (3) What sample size is adequate for prelicensure safety trials of combination vaccines? (4) Should standards for evaluation of combination vaccines containing licensed components be different from standards for evaluation of combinations containing unlicensed components? (5) How can the "great expectations" of postlicensure surveillance be realized? Available data relevant to these issues were presented, providing a foundation for furthering the science of combination vaccines.
authors.affiliation: National Vaccine Program Office, Office of Public Health and Science, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Postema
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Breiman
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D017277:Drug Approval; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008004:Licensure; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D012015:Reference Standards; D018401:Sample Size; D017778:Vaccines, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D007136:Immunoglobulins; D017778:Vaccines, Combined