title: Prediction of lidocaine tissue concentrations following different dose regimes during cardiac arrest using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of our study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model describing the behavior of lidocaine in humans by scaling up physiological variables from animal models of cardiac arrest. We attempted to identify the optimal dose regime for lidocaine during cardiac arrest using this model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We designed a flow-dependent PBPK model representing nine body tissues for lidocaine. Physiological organ flow rates, tissue volumes, and plasma-tissue partition parameters for lidocaine in humans were taken from the literature. Data from published animal studies were used to estimate loss of organ blood flow during cardiac arrest and lidocaine tissue partition coefficients. The model assumed a 70 kg cardiac arrest patient. The following five lidocaine dose regimes were simulated: (1) 4 mg/kg i.v. push (IVP) (2) 1.5 mg/kg IVP then 1.5 mg/kg IVP in 4 min, (3) 3 mg/kg IVP, (4) 2 mg/kg IVP, and (5) 1.5 mg/kg IVP. A simulation of Regimen 2, which is the current American Heart Association (AHA) recommendation, suggests that the concentration of lidocaine is suboptimal at the decision point (3-5 min) to administer another dose. Regimen 4 offers a slightly more rapid progress towards optimal cardiac concentrations and more acceptable brain concentrations compared to regimes 1-3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simulations from our PBPK model suggest that the current AHA lidocaine dose regime for cardiac arrest may not result in optimal lidocaine concentrations in the heart and brain. Simulations suggest that 2 mg/kg IVP may be the most acceptable lidocaine dose regime during cardiac arrest.
authors.affiliation: Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Winchester, VA, USA. jgrillo@earthlink.net
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Grillo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Venitz
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ornato
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine