title: [Minimally invasive surgical therapy of gynecomastia: liposuction and exeresis technique].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of techniques are available for the correction of gynecomastia. Nonscarring sparing methods are preferred, and the minimally invasive technique is to use liposuction for the gland and the fatty tissue exclusively. In this retrospective study we present our experience with a combination of liposuction and subsequent resection of the remaining gland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two patients (112 breasts) were surgically treated for gynecomastia from January 1996 and September 2000. From 1996 to 1997 all patients suffering from gynecomastia grade Simon I-II were treated by the method described by Rosenberg and Stark, which is exclusively suction of the fatty and glandular tissue. In a retrospective chart study a high recurrence rate was found in these patients. Subsequently we changed our technique to liposuction of the fatty tissue followed by sharp excision of the glandular tissue through the incision made for the liposuction cannula in the submammary fold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Suction alone was not sufficient to remove the glandular tissue; the rate of recurrence after suction was 35%. When sharp resection of the glandular tissue was carried out after the liposuction the recurrence rate dropped to under 10%. In total our complication rate was 50% including minor sequelae. The most frequent complication was unacceptable scarring of the nipple-areola complex. Hypesthesia of the nipple-areola occurred in 13.4% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of liposuction and resection of the glandular tissue is a minimally invasive correction that can be used in all cases of gynecomastia grade Simon I-II.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Plastische und Handchirurgie, Chirurgische Universitätsklinik, Freiburg.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Walgenbach
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andree
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bannasch
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Looden
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Stark
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004322:Drainage; D006177:Gynecomastia / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015187:Lipectomy; D008297:Male; D015414:Mastectomy, Subcutaneous; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies