title: A novel approach to calculation of mean mitral valve gradient by Doppler echocardiography.
abstract: The Doppler-derived mean mitral valve gradient (DeltaP(M)) based on the simplified Bernoulli equation requires computerized integration of the Doppler signal and evaluation by a technician with the use of special equipment. We have noted empirically that the DeltaP(M) can be derived by the equation DeltaP(M) = (P(P) - P(T)) / 3 + P(T). Peak (P(P)) and trough (P(T)) pressures are derived from the simplified Bernoulli equation (P = 4V(2)). This equation can be used by the experienced observer to calculate the mean mitral valve gradient without specialized equipment. The purpose of this study is to validate the above empirically derived equation in patients with mitral stenosis. We retrospectively reviewed 41 consecutive studies done at our institution from October 1, 1997, through September 30, 1998, in which mean mitral valve gradient was assessed. Each study was reviewed and the DeltaP(M), P(P), and P(T) were measured for 3 beats by using the software package on an HP Sonos 2500. DeltaP(M) was also calculated with our formula. A linear regression model was used to compare the results of the measured versus the calculated DeltaP(M). The following sub-categories were also evaluated: transthoracic studies (TTE), transesophageal studies (TEE), native valve gradients (NV), prosthetic valve gradients (PV), sinus rhythm (SR), and atrial fibrillation (AF). The results of the regression analysis of the entire population of mean versus calculated DeltaP(M) are n = 41, r = 0.99, P <.001, and standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 0.67. The regression results for the subgroups are as follows: TTE: n = 30, r = 0.99, P <.001, SEE = 0.51; TEE: n = 11, r = 0.99, P <.001, SEE = 59; NV: n = 26, r = 0.99, P <.001, SEE = 0.59; PV: n = 15, r = 0.98, P <.001, SEE = 0.84; SR: n = 23, r = 0.99, P <.001, SEE = 0.58; and AF: n = 18, r = 0.98, P <.001, SEE = 0.82. In conclusion, the simple formula that we have derived is an accurate method for calculation of mean mitral valve gradient, and it is accurate over multiple subgroups. Furthermore, the formula allows visual verification of mean mitral gradient without specialized software.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Echocardiography Laboratory, Albert Einstein Medical Center, 5401 Old York Road, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Devlin
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Oliner
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ioli
authors.forename: V D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Abbrescia
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Kotler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted