title: Proteolytic degradation of oral biofilms in vitro and in vivo: potential of proteases originating from Euphausia superba for plaque control.
abstract: This paper deals with enzymatic removal of dental plaque, in vitro as well as in vivo, using proteases from the Antarctic krill shrimp (Euphausia superba), referred to as Krillase. Krillase exhibits both endo- and exopeptidase activity but has no microbicidal effect. In model systems with pure cultures of oral microorganisms. Krillase demonstrated inhibition of microbial adhesion to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Furthermore, a protocol for the growth of reproducible in vitro plaque films has been developed, and effects of Krillase on the plaque film were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that Krillase efficiently released microorganisms from plaque in vitro, the effect being dependent on the enzymatic activity. The surface energy of the substratum had a minor influence on the formation and removal of plaque in vitro. Ellipsometric studies on the formation and enzymatic removal of a salivary pellicle indicated that the enzymatic effect on plaque may partly depend on degradation of the salivary pellicle. Krillase was also able to remove plaque accumulated on dentures in vivo. Our results demonstrate the potential of Krillase for plaque control, and that these enzymes are worthy of further investigations including clinical studies and work to find a suitable vehicle.
authors.affiliation: YKI, Institute for Surface Chemistry, Stockholm, Sweden. cecilia.hahnberg@surfchem.kth.se
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalfas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malmsten
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arnebrant
mesh_terms: D000190:Actinomyces / Q000187:drug effects; D000327:Adsorption; D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D003445:Crustacea / Q000201:enzymology*; D003741:Dental Deposits / Q000382:microbiology; D044622:Dental Pellicle; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003778:Dentures; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012463:Saliva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000187:drug effects; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000187:drug effects; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D017886:Durapatite; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; C409227:euphauserase