title: Comparison of low cost measurement techniques for long-term monitoring of atmospheric ammonia.
abstract: An inter-comparison of techniques for long-term sampling of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) was conducted with a view to establishing a national network with > 50 sites. Key requirements were for: a low cost system, simplicity and durability to enable a postal exchange with local site operators, a precision of < +/- 20% for monthly sampling at expected NH3 concentrations of 1-2 micrograms m-3, a detection limit sufficient to resolve the small NH3 concentrations (< 0.2 microgram m-3) expected in remote parts of the UK, and a quantitative means to establish quality control. Five sampling methods were compared: A, a commercially available membrane diffusion tube (exposed in triplicate), with membranes removed immediately after sampling; B, the above method, with the membranes left in place until analysis; C, open-ended diffusion tubes (exposed with 4 replicates); D, a new active sampling diffusion denuder system; and E, an active sampling bubbler system. Method D consisted of two 0.1 m acid coated glass denuders in series with sampling at approximately 0.3 l min-1. These methods were deployed at 6 locations in the UK and the Netherlands and compared against reference estimates. Method D was the most precise and sensitive of the techniques compared, with a detection limit of < 0.1 microgram m-3. The bubbler provided a less precise estimate of NH3 concentration, and also suffered several practical drawbacks. The diffusion tubes were found to correlate with the reference at high concentrations (> 3 micrograms m-3), but were less precise and overestimated NH3 at smaller concentrations. Of the passive methods, A was the most precise and C the least precise. On the basis of the results, method D has been implemented in the national network, together with application of method A to explore spatial variability in regions with expected high NH3 concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) (Edinburgh Research Station), Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, UK EH26 0QB. ms@ceh.ac.uk
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Miners
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Milford
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Wyers
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Duyzer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fowler
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D003363:Cost Control; D004058:Diffusion; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D013048:Specimen Handling
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds