title: TGF-beta inhibits muscle differentiation through functional repression of myogenic transcription factors by Smad3.
abstract: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a potent inhibitor of skeletal muscle differentiation, but the molecular mechanism and signaling events that lead to this inhibition are poorly characterized. Here we show that the TGF-beta intracellular effector Smad3, but not Smad2, mediates the inhibition of myogenic differentiation in MyoD-expressing C3H10T1/2 cells and C2C12 myoblasts by repressing the activity of the MyoD family of transcriptional factors. The Smad3-mediated repression was directed at the E-box sequence motif within muscle gene enhancers and the bHLH region of MyoD, the domain required for its association with E-protein partners such as E12 and E47. The repression could be overcome by supplying an excess of E12, and covalent tethering of E47 to MyoD rendered the E-box-dependent transcriptional activity refractory to the effects of Smad3 and TGF-beta. Smad3 physically interacted with the HLH domain of MyoD, and this interaction correlated with the ability of Smad3 to interfere with MyoD/E protein heterodimerization and binding of MyoD complexes to oligomerized E-box sites. Together, these results reveal a model for how TGF-beta, through Smad3-mediated transcriptional repression, inhibits myogenic differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Growth and Development, University of California at San Francisco, 94143, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Derynck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019556:COS Cells; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019281:Dimerization; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D017570:MyoD Protein; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497791:Smad3 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D008156:Luciferases; D005982:Glutathione Transferase