title: Independent effects of intestinal parasite infection and domestic allergen exposure on risk of wheeze in Ethiopia: a nested case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Why asthma is rare in rural subsistence societies is not clear. We tested the hypotheses that the risk of asthma is reduced by intestinal parasites or hepatitis A infection, and increased by exposure to dust-mite allergen or organophosphorus insecticides in urban and rural areas of Jimma, Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 12876 individuals who took part in a study of asthma and atopy in urban and rural Jimma in 1996, we identified all who reported wheeze in the previous 12 months, and a random subsample of controls. In 1999, we assessed parasites in faecal samples, Der p 1 levels in bedding, hepatitis A antibodies, serum cholinesterase (a marker of organophosphorus exposure), total and specific serum IgE, and skin sensitisation to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in 205 cases and 399 controls aged over 16 years. The effects of parasitosis, Der p 1 level, hepatitis A seropositivity, and cholinesterase concentration on risk of wheeze, and the role of IgE and skin sensitisation in these associations, were analysed by multiple logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of wheeze was independently reduced by hookworm infection by an odds ratio of 0.48 (95% CI 0.24-0.93, p=0.03), increased in relation to Der p 1 level (odds ratio per quartile 1.26 [1.00-1.59], p=0.05), and was unrelated to hepatitis A seropositivity or cholinesterase concentration. In the urban population, D pteronyssinus skin sensitisation was more strongly related to wheeze (9.45 [5.03-17.75]) than in the rural areas (1.95 [0.58-6.61], p for interaction=0.017), where D pteronyssinus sensitisation was common, but unrelated to wheeze in the presence of high-intensity parasite infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High degrees of parasite infection might prevent asthma symptoms in atopic individuals.
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, NG5 1PB, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scrivener
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yemaneberhan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zebenigus
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tilahun
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Girma
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McElroy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Custovic
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woodcock
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pritchard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Venn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Britton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D006023:Glycoproteins