title: Autoactivation of Xenopus Thyroid Hormone Receptor beta Genes Correlates with Larval Epithelial Apoptosis and Adult Cell Proliferation.
abstract: The thyroid hormone (T(3))-dependent amphibian metamorphosis involves degeneration of larval tissues through programmed cell death (apoptosis) and concurrent proliferation and differentiation of adult cell types. As the mediators of the causative effects of T(3) on metamorphosis, both thyroid hormone receptor (TR) alpha and beta genes have been found to be expressed in different tissues during this process. In particular, the Xenopus TRbeta genes have been shown to be regulated by T(3) at the transcriptional level and their expression correlates with organ-specific metamorphosis. We demonstrate here by in situ hybridization that the Xenopus TRbeta genes are regulated in a cell-type specific manner that correlates with tissue transformation. In particular, they are found to be expressed in the larval intestinal epithelial cells prior to their apoptotic degeneration and in the proliferating cells of the adult epithelium, connective tissue, and muscles. However, they are repressed again upon the differentiation of these adult cells. These results implicate that TRbeta participates both in inducing apoptosis and stimulating cell proliferation during development. Copyright 1997 S. Karger AG, Basel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Embryology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Md., USA.
authors.forename: Y.-B.
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: A.
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishizuya-Oka