title: Microsatellite instability in thyroid cancer: hot spots, clinicopathological implications, and prognostic significance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether microsatellite instability (MSI) in particular loci has clinicopathological significance in thyroid cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six cases of surgically resected thyroid cancer were screened for MSI at nine microsatellites: THRA1, TSHR, D2S123, D11S912, D2S115, D2S399, p53, RET, or BAT-26. Multivariate analysis was performed to test for links between MSI and the clinical parameters of gender, age, histology, stage, nodal involvement, and prognosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  THRA1, residing in the thyroid hormone receptor alpha gene, displayed the highest levels of MSI at 36.5%. MSI in TSHR, located within the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor gene, was found to be linked to cancer in the elderly (>70 years of age) and with high-grade (N 3, 4) nodal involvement. In follicular cancer, MSI in D2S123 occurred at a frequency of 100% (7/7) with no (0%) occurrence of MSI at the nearby D2S115, D2S399, or BAT-26 loci. Regarding prognosis, patients with MSI-positive cancer showed better long-term survival. BAT-26, which is an important marker in colorectal cancer, displayed the lowest frequency of MSI in our panel of thyroid tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas patients with MSI-positive cancer showed better long-term survival, as is the case for colorectal cancer, our finding of the low frequency of MSI in BAT-26 suggests that the biochemical defects governing the spectrum of MSI in thyroid and colorectal cancer are different. MSI in THRA1, TSHR, and D2S123 appears to be an integral part of thyroid carcinogenesis, as evidenced by the high frequency of MSI and significant correlation to clinical data.
authors.affiliation: The Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onda
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takenoshita
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Brogren
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stampanoni
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rampino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm