title: Glenohumeral joint kinematics related to minor anterior instability of the shoulder at the end of the late preparatory phase of throwing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The first aim of this study was an approach to quantify the 3D kinematics of the glenohumeral joint referred to the joint surfaces. The method was used to study the glenohumeral patho-arthrokinematics related to minor anterior instability at the end of the late preparatory phase of throwing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a finite helical axis approach, arthrokinematics focused on: (i) the rotations and shift of the humeral head on the glenoid cavity, and (ii) the migration of contact of the articular surfaces.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Controversy still exists whether the clinical syndrome called 'minor anterior glenohumeral instability' can be validly termed as an instability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Helical CT-data of discrete shoulder positions were three-dimensionally reconstructed. Based on humeral and scapular sets of skeletal landmarks, rotation matrices and translation vectors were estimated and processed in glenohumeral finite helical axes. The finite helical axis parameters of rotation, shift and direction were related to a co-ordinate system embedded on the glenoid, whereas the position of the finite helical axis was related to the articulating surface of the humeral head.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 90 degrees abduction and 90 degrees external rotation to full cocking (90 degrees abduction with full external rotation and horizontal extension), the humeral head in the normal shoulders did not externally/internally rotate on the glenoid. In contrast, a large external rotation component was found in the minor unstable shoulders. The geometrical centre of the humeral head of the normal shoulders translated into a posteriorized position on the glenoid, whereas in minor anterior instability it translated centrally on the glenoid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with in vitro biomechanical research which states that towards full cocking the anterior part of the inferior glenohumeral ligament limits anterior translation and external rotation of the humeral head on the glenoid, the results suggest in minor anterior instability a dysfunction of the anterior part of the inferior glenohumeral ligament.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the so-called 'minor anterior glenohumeral instability syndrome' can validly be stated as an instability problem. The results also indicate that the glenohumeral joint does not move consistently as a ball-and-socket joint, meaning that the concave-convex rules for glenohumeral joint mobilization need 'evidence-based' adjustments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Anatomy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. j.baeyens@pi.be
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Baeyens
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Roy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Schepper
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Declercq
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Clarijs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000502:physiology; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D012399:Rotation; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed