title: The use of cylindrical coordinates for treatment planning parameters of an elongated 192Ir source.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The doses given to the intima, media, and adventitia are very crucial quantities in intravascular brachytherapy. To facilitate accurate computerized treatment planning calculations, we have determined dose distributions in away-and-along table format around an 192Ir wire source and developed pertinent dosimetric parameters in cylindrical coordinates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Monte Carlo method (MCNP4C code) was used to calculate the dose distributions for the AngioRad 192Ir wire source (model SL-77HS, Interventional Therapies). The calculations were carried out for photon, beta, and electron (conversion and Auger) contributions for radial distances from 0.03 to 2.0 cm with 0.01-cm increments, and up to 2.24 cm from the source center in the longitudinal direction with 0.04-cm resolution. Dose rate values are determined in away-and-along format (cylindrical coordinates) and then converted to spherical coordinate format. Dosimetric parameters, such as the geometry factor, G(r, theta), and anisotropy function, F(r, theta), are generated in both cylindrical (R, Z, phi) and spherical (r, theta, phi) coordinates. The use of a cylindrical coordinate system for treatment planning parameters is proposed as a more suitable approach for accurate calculations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The photon contribution to dose varies nearly inversely with radial distance (from the source center) along the perpendicular bisector with 0.199 x 10(-3) cGy U(-1) s(-1) (0.802 cGy Ci(-1) s(-1)) at 1 cm. The beta and electron contributions start at very high values of about 35.5 x 10(-3) cGy U(-1) s(-1) and 11.0 x 10(-3) cGy U(-1) s(-1), respectively, at 0.03 cm and fall off exponentially to negligible amount near 0.2 cm. The total dose rate at 0.2 cm is 1.428 x 10(-3) cGy U(-1) s(-1) (5.754 cGy Ci(-1) s(-1)). The radial dose function, g(R), is nearly unity between 0.2 cm and 2 cm. Due to the beta and electron dose contributions, g(R) increases steeply to 5.5 as radial distance decreases from 0.2 cm down to 0.03 cm. The F(R, Z) values are close to unity for the majority of the region of interest. In contrast, F(r, theta) experiences a steep rise as shallow angles are approached (closer to the source), related to the beta dose contributions. Accurate treatment planning calculations would be possible with linear interpolation of F(R, Z), but difficult with F(r, theta) in the spherical coordinate system and the original normalization point as recommended in the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group 60 (AAPM TG-60) formalism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AngioRad 192Ir wire source, model SL-77HS, was completely characterized dosimetrically using Monte Carlo methods. The use of cylindrical coordinates and a modified anisotropy function normalization point for dosimetric parameters of an elongated 192Ir source is more suitable for accurate computerized treatment planning calculations in intravascular brachytherapy.
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Medical Center and St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chiu-Tsao
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Liprie
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016880:Anisotropy; D001610:Beta Particles; D001808:Blood Vessels; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004583:Electrons; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D017785:Photons; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D011851:Radioactivity; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes