title: Thrombin induces interleukin-6 expression through the cAMP response element in vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: The plasma level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) is elevated in patients with acute coronary syndromes and has prognostic value. Thrombin is a potent mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and plays an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis. We examined the mechanism of thrombin-induced IL-6 expression in VSMCs. Thrombin induced IL-6 mRNA and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. Pharmacological inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) suppressed the thrombin-induced IL-6 expression. Deletion and mutation analysis of the promoter region of the IL-6 gene by using luciferase as a reporter showed that the DNA segment between -228 and -150 bp containing the cAMP response element (CRE) site played a critical role. Thrombin also induced phosphorylation of CRE binding protein (CREB) in an ERK- and a p38 MAPK-dependent manner. Overexpression of the dominant-negative form of CREB inhibited thrombin-induced IL-6 mRNA expression. These results suggest that the CRE site and CREB play an important role in thrombin-induced IL-6 gene expression in VSMCs. Transactivation of EGF-R and activation of ERK and p38 MAPK are involved in this process. CREB may be a novel transcription factor that regulates thrombin-induced gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tokunou
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichiki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Funakoshi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iino
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimokawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Egashira
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeshita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology*; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020218:Response Elements; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D013917:Thrombin