title: Hyperglycemia inhibits endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by posttranslational modification at the Akt site.
abstract: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is activated by phosphorylation of serine 1177 by the protein kinase Akt/PKB. Since hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial superoxide overproduction increases O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification and decreases O-linked phosphorylation of the transcription factor Sp1, the effect of hyperglycemia and the hexosamine pathway on eNOS was evaluated. In bovine aortic endothelial cells, hyperglycemia inhibited eNOS activity 67%, and treatment with glucosamine had a similar effect. Hyperglycemia-associated inhibition of eNOS was accompanied by a twofold increase in O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification of eNOS and a reciprocal decrease in O-linked serine phosphorylation at residue 1177. Both the inhibition of eNOS and the changes in its post-translational modifications were reversed by antisense inhibition of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine pathway, or by blocking mitochondrial superoxide overproduction with uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) or manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Immunoblot analysis of cells expressing myc-tagged wild-type human eNOS confirmed the reciprocal increase in O-linked N-acetylglucosamine and decrease in O-linked serine 1177 phosphorylation in response to hyperglycemia. In contrast, when myc-tagged human eNOS carried a mutation at the Akt phosphorylation site (Ser1177), O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification was unchanged by hyperglycemia and phospho-eNOS was undetectable. Similar changes in eNOS activity and covalent modification were found in aortae from diabetic animals. Chronic impairment of eNOS activity by this mechanism may partly explain the accelerated atherosclerosis of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: X L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edelstein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dimmeler
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brownlee
mesh_terms: D000117:Acetylglucosamine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000201:enzymology*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D009154:Mutation; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C496314:NOS3 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D000117:Acetylglucosamine