title: Osteoblasts in HIV-infected patients: HIV-1 infection and cell function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-infected patients have been shown to have a severe alteration in osteoblast function that appears to be related to the infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether normal human osteoblasts express CD4, whether osteoblasts from patients with HIV infection are infected by HIV-1 and whether osteoblast dysfunction observed in vivo also occurs in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Osteoblast cultures from bone marrow biopsies of HIV-infected patients (n = 14) and control patients (n = 10) were used in a cross-sectional study and a case-control prospective study. Expression of CD4 was analysed using flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; the presence of HIV-1 particles was determined by measuring p24 antigen in the supernatants of osteoblast cultures and viral DNA or RNA in the osteoblasts using the polymerase chain reaction. Osteoblast function was assessed by measuring cell proliferation, type I collagen and osteocalcin synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In human osteoblasts, CD4 expression could not be determined using flow cytometry, although low levels of mRNA coding for CD4 were detected. HIV infection was not observed in osteoblast cultures from HIV-infected patients nor was there any alteration in replication and synthesis of type I collagen, although osteocalcin synthesis was increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is unlikely that HIV-1 infects human osteoblasts in vivo; therefore, the hypothesis that these cells could act as local HIV-1 reservoirs should be reconsidered.
authors.affiliation: Bone and Joint Physiopathology Research Unit, Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nacher
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mariñoso
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vilella
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hinarejos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Díez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aubia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000235:genetics; D015684:Gene Products, pol / Q000235:genetics; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens; D015683:Gene Products, gag; D015684:Gene Products, pol; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D012333:RNA, Messenger