title: Hemispheric differences in recognizing upper and lower facial displays of emotion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if there are hemispheric differences in processing upper versus lower facial displays of emotion.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Recent evidence suggests that there are two broad classes of emotions with differential hemispheric lateralization. Primary emotions (e.g. anger, fear) and associated displays are innate, are recognized across all cultures, and are thought to be modulated by the right hemisphere. Social emotions (e.g., guilt, jealousy) and associated "display rules" are learned during early child development, vary across cultures, and are thought to be modulated by the left hemisphere. Display rules are used by persons to alter, suppress or enhance primary emotional displays for social purposes. During deceitful behaviors, a subject's true emotional state is often leaked through upper rather than lower facial displays, giving rise to facial blends of emotion. We hypothesized that upper facial displays are processed preferentially by the right hemisphere, as part of the primary emotional system, while lower facial displays are processed preferentially by the left hemisphere, as part of the social emotional system.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 strongly right-handed adult volunteers were tested tachistoscopically by randomly flashing facial displays of emotion to the right and left visual fields. The stimuli were line drawings of facial blends with different emotions displayed on the upper versus lower face. The subjects were tested under two conditions: 1) without instructions and 2) with instructions to attend to the upper face.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Without instructions, the subjects robustly identified the emotion displayed on the lower face, regardless of visual field presentation. With instructions to attend to the upper face, for the left visual field they robustly identified the emotion displayed on the upper face. For the right visual field, they continued to identify the emotion displayed on the lower face, but to a lesser degree.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the hypothesis that hemispheric differences exist in the ability to process upper versus lower facial displays of emotion. Attention appears to enhance the ability to explore these hemispheric differences under experimental conditions. Our data also support the recent observation that the right hemisphere has a greater ability to recognize deceitful behaviors compared with the left hemisphere. This may be attributable to the different roles the hemispheres play in modulating social versus primary emotions and related behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, and the VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. calin-prodan@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Prodan
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Orbelo
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values