title: Self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and patients' expectations predict outcomes in asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Certain psychosocial variables are relatively unexplored as possible predictors of asthma outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if asthma self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and unrealistic expectations predict urgent care use and change in health-related quality of life measured by the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire and the SF-36 during 2 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study in a primary care internal medicine practice at a tertiary care center in New York City.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults with moderate asthma who were fluent in either English or Spanish.
  
  
  METHODS
  At enrollment patients were interviewed in-person and completed a series of questionnaires including the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ), the SF-36, the Asthma Self-efficacy Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale, and open-ended questions regarding their expectations of treatment. Patients also completed the AQLQ and SF-36 at various time intervals throughout the study and were interviewed by telephone every 3 months to record recent hospitalizations, emergency department visits and nonroutine office visits for asthma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 224 patients were followed for a mean of 23.8 months. In hierarchical analysis, independent predictors of lower AQLQ scores were less self-efficacy, more depressive symptoms, expecting to be cured of asthma, requiring methylxanthines, being Hispanic or black, and having difficult or very difficult access to asthma care (all at P <0.05). Similar predictors were found for lower SF-36 scores. Another outcome, use of urgent care, was required by 60% of patients during the study period. Predictors of using urgent care were having more depressive symptoms, expecting a cure, being female, requiring oral beta-agonists, and having a history of prior hospitalizations for asthma (all at P <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Less asthma self-efficacy, more depressive symptoms, and unrealistic expectations predict worse asthma outcomes. These relatively unexplored patient-centered variables in asthma are potentially modifiable and may offer new ways to intervene to improve asthma outcomes.
authors.affiliation: New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA. camancus@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mancuso
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rincon
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McCulloch
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Charlson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D020377:Self Efficacy; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome