title: Pre-hospital aspirin for suspected myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndromes: a headache for paramedics?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain the frequency with which paramedics follow protocols for the administration of aspirin to patients to whom an ambulance is called for chest pain associated with suspected ischaemic heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ambulance services in England and Wales who had conducted a recent aspirin administration audit were identified through the National Clinical Effectiveness Programme for the Ambulance Service Association. Data were requested from each of these services with a 100% return rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine services out of a total of 35 had collected appropriate data. The proportion of patients who were given aspirin by a paramedic varied from 11% to 74%. The range of proportions of patients receiving pre-hospital aspirin increased after adding those patients who had already received aspirin from an alternative health provider, to 19% to 78%. It is estimated that at least 15% to 74% of patients who should have been given aspirin by the various ambulance services did not receive it. The proportion of patients for whom aspirin was judged to be inappropriate ranged from 4% to 35%. The reason for these widely varying and generally poor levels of compliance is not known. However, the range of indications and contraindications to the administration of aspirin varied considerably by ambulance service. This also made the comparison of data from different sources difficult.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aspirin has been shown to be beneficial after a myocardial infarction and for other acute coronary syndromes. However, variances in the proportion of patients with suspected ischaemic heart disease given aspirin in different ambulance services indicates the need for a re-emphasis on the importance of this treatment. A standard protocol for all UK ambulance services should be devised that minimises the number of contraindications to aspirin and otherwise requires its administration to all patients with acute coronary syndromes or suspected myocardial infarction. Regular, standardised audits of compliance should also be conducted and their results widely disseminated.
authors.affiliation: Pre-hospital Emergency Research Unit, University of Wales College of Medicine/Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK. Malcolm.peru@ukgateway.net
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woollard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elwood
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians; D004739:England; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008485:Medical Audit; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014852:Wales
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D001241:Aspirin