title: Characterization of [3H]flunitrazepam binding to melanin.
abstract: In both clinical and forensic toxicology, the analysis of hair for drugs is an important tool to determine drug use in the past or to verify abstinence from illegal drugs during extended periods. Melanin is proposed as one of the factors that influences drug incorporation to hair and we have characterized the binding of the drug flunitrazepam to melanin in vitro. The drug was 3H labeled and melanin granules from cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, were used according to the suggested standard for melanin studies. We observed a rapid Langmuir-like binding followed by a slower diffusion-limited binding that may be interpreted as an initial surface binding followed by deeper bulk binding. From three concentrations of melanin, with a 60-min incubation time, a mean saturation value of 180 +/- 20 pmol/mg was calculated. The binding of a group of benzodiazepines and tranquilizers was compared to the binding of [3H]flunitrazepam by means of displacement experiments. These drugs showed binding characteristics similar to [3H]flunitrazepam except phenobarbital, which had a lower affinity to melanin. The method presented in this study allowed measurements with low melanin and drug concentrations and it has the strength of directly measuring the amount of drug bound to melanin, in contrast to previous indirect methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, 581 85, Sweden.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Testorf
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kronstrand
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lundström
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahlner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D001665:Binding Sites; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005445:Flunitrazepam / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008974:Mollusca; D014316:Tritium
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D008543:Melanins; D014316:Tritium; D005445:Flunitrazepam