title: Functional magnetic resonance imaging of odor identification: the effect of aging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sense of smell declines with age and impairment in olfaction has been observed in some neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Functional neuroimaging techniques enable researchers to observe brain regions activated by olfactory stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  We gave three mainly olfactory-mediated odors (limonene, methylsalicylate, and eugenol) to six young and six elderly subjects and observed the areas activated by using blood oxygen level dependent contrast functional magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group mapping of young subjects showed extensive activation in the orbitofrontal cortex, commonly believed to be the olfactory cortex, some limbic areas (the hippocampus and the thalamus), regions involved with gustatory sensation (the anterior insula and the inferior postcentral gyrus), superior and inferior temporal gyri, and cerebellum. In the elderly group, only the left inferior temporal gyrus and the primary visual cortex reached accepted significance levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have therefore confirmed previous reports of brain regions involved in olfactory processing in young volunteers and demonstrated decreased activation in elderly volunteers.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Age Research Unit, Department of Health Care of the Elderly, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom. yus@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Critchley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suckling
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ouldred
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*