title: WWOX, the FRA16D gene, behaves as a suppressor of tumor growth.
abstract: We recently reported the cloning of WWOX, a gene that maps to the common fragile site FRA16D region in chromosome 16q23.3-24.1. It was observed that the genomic area spanned by WWOX is affected by chromosomal translocations and homozygous deletions. Furthermore, the high incidence of allelic loss in breast, ovarian, prostate, and other cancers affecting this region suggests that WWOX is a candidate tumor suppressor gene. Expression of WWOX is highly variable in breast cancer cell lines, with some cases showing low or undetectable levels of expression. In this report, we demonstrate that ectopic WWOX expression strongly inhibits anchorage-independent growth in soft agar of breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-435 and T47D. Additionally, we observed that WWOX induces a dramatic inhibition of tumorigenicity of MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells when tested in vivo. We also detected the common occurrence of aberrant WWOX transcripts with deletions of exons 5-8 or 6-8 in various carcinoma cell lines, multiple myeloma cell lines, and primary breast tumors. These aberrant mRNA forms were not detected in normal tissues. Interestingly, we further observed that proteins encoded by such aberrant transcripts display an abnormal nuclear localization in contrast to the wild-type WWOX protein that localizes to the Golgi system. Our data indicate that WWOX behaves as a potent suppressor of tumor growth and suggest that abnormalities affecting this gene at the genomic and transcriptional level may be of relevance in carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bednarek
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Keck-Waggoner
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Laflin
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Bergsagel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kiguchi
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Aldaz
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics; D002885:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005091:Exons; D017353:Gene Deletion; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins