title: Iron accumulation in the liver of male patients with Wilson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is accumulating evidence that ceruloplasmin, a copper protein with ferroxidase activity, plays an important role in iron metabolism. The genetic disorder, aceruloplasminemia, can lead to tissue storage of iron as in hemochromatosis. Because most patients with Wilson's disease, a genetic copper toxicosis, have hypoceruloplasminemia, some could be affected by iron overload.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four male patients with Wilson's disease were enrolled in this study of pre- and post-treatment iron metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment copper contents of the liver were high in all four male patients studied as diagnostic of Wilson's disease. Genetic analysis supported their clinical diagnosis of Wilson's disease without a background of hemochromatosis. Pretreatment serum ceruloplasmin levels were <20 mg/dl in all four patients. A standard penicillamine treatment for 3-8.5 yr further decreased their serum ceruloplasmin levels. Post-treatment serum ferroxidase activity was low as was the serum ceruloplasmin protein. Copper contents in the liver decreased after treatment in all subjects. In contrast, nonheme iron in the liver increased during treatment. Pretreatment liver specimens were positive for histochemical iron in two patients, and post-treatment specimens were positive in all four patients. In two patients, serum aminotransferase levels rebounded with elevation of serum ferritin concentration during the treatment period. Subsequent iron reduction by phlebotomy ameliorated their biochemical liver damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iron overload related to hypoceruloplasminemia may be clinically important, particularly in male patients with Wilson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiono
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wakusawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takikawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mabuchi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyajima
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006527:Hepatolenticular Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D007501:Iron; D010396:Penicillamine