title: Posthatch oral estrogen exposure impairs adult reproductive performance of zebra finch in a sex-specific manner.
abstract: We determined whether short-term, posthatch oral exposure to estradiol benzoate (EB) or the industrial surfactant octylphenol (OP) could impair the reproductive performance of zebra finches. If so, naturally occurring phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens might influence reproduction in wild populations. Chicks were given oral administration of 10 or 100 nmol EB per gram of body mass (earlier work showed the latter to be the minimum oral dose required to maximally masculinize female song nuclei) or an equimolar amount of OP daily from 5 through 11 days of age. Canola oil was used as a vehicle and control. Reproductive testing was done either in individual pair cages or in communal cages that permitted self-selection of mates, N = 10 pairs per group. Pairs consisted of EB-treated males and females, EB-treated males paired with canola-treated females, vice versa, and canola-treated males and females. Posthatch EB treatment produced sex-specific impairments in reproduction that, in some instances, were additive when both sexes were treated. Egg production was reduced and egg breakage was increased in 100 nmol/g EB-treated male and female pairs. The incidence of missing eggs was increased in 10 nmol/g EB-treated male and female pairs. Candled fertility was reduced in both groups containing 100 nmol/g EB-treated males. The number of hatched chicks was severely reduced in all EB-treated groups. No adverse effects of OP treatment were detected. These significant treatment effects (all P < 0.05) show that posthatch EB treatment profoundly disrupts the reproductive performance of zebra finches, suggesting that exposure to estrogens in the wild could impair the reproductive performance of wild populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8532, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Millam
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Craig-Veit
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Quaglino
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Erichsen
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Famula
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fry
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010058:Oviposition / Q000187:drug effects*; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D012733:Sex Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000187:drug effects*; D020308:Songbirds / Q000196:embryology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C074283:estradiol 3-benzoate; D004958:Estradiol; C080417:4-octylphenol