title: Treadmill training of infants with Down syndrome: evidence-based developmental outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  On average, infants with Down syndrome (DS) learn to walk about 1 year later than nondisabled (ND) infants. The purpose of this study was to determine if practice stepping on a motorized treadmill could help reduce the delay in walking onset normally experienced by these infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty families of infants with DS were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. All infants were karyotyped trisomy 21 and began participation in the study when they could sit alone for 30 seconds (Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition 1993, item 34). Infants received traditional physical therapy at least every other week. In addition, intervention infants received practice stepping on a small, motorized treadmill, 5 days per week, for 8 minutes a day, in their own homes. Parents were trained to support their infants on these specially engineered miniature treadmills. Every 2 weeks research staff went into the homes and tested infants' overall motor progress by administering the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition, monitored growth status via a battery of 11 anthropometric measures, and checked parents' compliance with physical therapy and treadmill intervention. The primary measures of the intervention's effectiveness were comparisons between the groups on the length of time elapsed between sitting for 30 seconds (entry into the study) and 1) raising self to stand; 2) walking with help; and 3) walking independently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental group learned to walk with help and to walk independently significantly faster (73.8 days and 101 days, respectively) than the control group, both of which also produced large effect size statistics for the group differences. The groups were not statistically different for rate of learning to raise self to stand but there was a moderate effect size statistic suggesting that the groups were meaningfully different in favor of the experimental group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence that, with training and support, parents can use these treadmills in their homes to help their infants with DS learn to walk earlier than they normally would. Current research is aimed at 1) improving the protocol to maximize outcome; 2) determining the impact of treadmill practice on walking gait patterns; 3) testing the application to other populations with a history of delays in walking; and 4) determining the long-term benefits that may accrue from this form of activity. motor development, Down syndrome, early intervention, walking.
authors.affiliation: Division of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2214, USA. ulrichd@umich.edu
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Angulo-Kinzler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yun
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry; D002657:Child Development; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D026241:Exercise Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006128:Growth; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008124:Locomotion; D016138:Walking