title: Current management of primary pulmonary hypertension.
abstract: Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a rare disorder with an annual incidence of 1 to 2 per million people. The aetiology of this disorder is unknown, but it appears to result from an abnormal interaction of environmental and genetic factors leading to a vasculopathy. The pulmonary arteries in these patients exhibit a spectrum of pathological lesions ranging from the early medial hypertrophy to the end-stage fibrotic plexiform lesions. This characteristic pathology is also observed in pulmonary hypertension resulting from connective tissue disease (particularly systemic sclerosis), HIV infection, portal hypertension and certain toxins. PPH is a condition that is difficult to diagnose and treat, with a median survival of 2.8 years in historical studies. One of the difficulties in treating patients with PHH is that the subacute nature of disease presentation often prevents an accurate diagnosis during the early stages of the illness. Progressive dyspnoea on exertion is the most common presenting symptom. Diagnostic evaluation should include electrocardiography, chest radiograph and echocardiography, and laboratory and other studies to evaluate for secondary causes (e.g. pulmonary function tests, chest computed tomography and ventilation/perfusion scans, pulmonary arteriogram, cardiopulmonary testing, right heart catherisation). PHH is a disorder for which there is no known cure. Current medical and surgical treatment options for patients with PHH include anticoagulation, vasodilators and transplantation. Calcium channel antagonists are currently the oral drugs of choice for the treatment of patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II disease. These agents, in particular the dihydropyridine compounds, have beneficial effects on haemodynamics and right ventricular function, and possibly increased survival. Epoprostenol is administered by intravenous infusion, and studies have demonstrated short- and long-term improvements in symptoms, haemodynamics and survival. It is well tolerated and has become the treatment of choice for patients with NYHA Class III and IV disease. Inotropic agents are used as a bridge to transplant, which is indicated in patients who do not respond to maximal medical therapy. Experience has shown that single lung, double lung and heart-lung transplantation are approximately of equal efficacy. Currently, single lung transplant appears to be the procedure of choice. Newer agents, such as sildenafil, beraprost and bosentan, are presently being evaluated for the treatment of this disorder. Future study should include elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms in the development of this vasculopathy, which will hopefully lead to the development of improved treatment options for patients with PHH.
authors.affiliation: The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA. eklings@lung.bumc.bu.edu
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Klings
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Farber
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents