title: Bladder stone incidence in persons with spinal cord injury: determinants and trends, 1973-1996.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the current trend in the incidence of an initial bladder stone and the potential contributing factors among persons with spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal cohort of 1336 patients with spinal cord injury who were injured between 1973 and 1996 and followed up on a yearly basis up to 1999 in a single institution was used to estimate bladder stone incidence. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify risk factors for an initial bladder stone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 229 incident bladder stone cases were documented. It is estimated that for those injured in 1973 to 1979, 1980 to 1984, 1985 to 1989, and 1990 to 1996, the 5-year cumulative incidence rate of an initial bladder stone was 29%, 23%, 14%, and 8%, respectively (P <0.0001). This decreasing trend was consistent for various demographic and clinical characteristics. During the first year after injury only, the bladder stone risk increased with decreasing age (P <0.0001) and was greater for whites. A neurologically complete lesion was associated with an increased bladder stone risk in later years (P = 0.008). Males and persons with indwelling and intermittent catheters had a higher risk during all the years after the injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With improvement in urologic rehabilitation, bladder stone incidence has declined during the past several decades. The study results, however, suggest that new strategic interventions may be required to further prevent stone occurrence in individuals with spinal cord injury and a complete neurologic lesion who are using indwelling catheterization, because these patients are still at a relatively higher risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: DeVivo
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D013997:Time Factors; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects