title: Neuropsychiatry of frontal lobe dysfunction in violent and criminal behaviour: a critical review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the link between frontal lobe dysfunction and violent and criminal behaviour, based on a review of relevant literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles relating evidence of frontal lobe dysfunction with violence or crime were collected through a MEDLINE search using the keyword "frontal lobe" combined with the terms "aggression," "violence," "crime," "antisocial personality disorder," "psychopathy," "impulse control disorders", and "episodic dyscontrol." Reference lists were then searched for additional articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High rates of neuropsychiatric abnormalities reported in persons with violent and criminal behaviour suggest an association between aggressive dyscontrol and brain injury, especially involving the frontal lobes. The studies reviewed support an association between frontal lobe dysfunction and increased aggressive and antisocial behaviour. Focal orbitofrontal injury is specifically associated with increased aggression. Deficits in frontal executive function may increase the likelihood of future aggression, but no study has reliably demonstrated a characteristic pattern of frontal network dysfunction predictive of violent crime.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinically significant focal frontal lobe dysfunction is associated with aggressive dyscontrol, but the increased risk of violence seems less than is widely presumed. Evidence is strongest for an association between focal prefrontal damage and an impulsive subtype of aggressive behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Secure Care Program, Department of Psychiatry, Taunton State Hospital, Taunton, MA, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Brower
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D001689:Biological Psychiatry; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003417:Criminal Psychology; D003418:Criminology; D005625:Frontal Lobe; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards; D012307:Risk Factors; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*