title: Analysis of expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) in multiple myeloma: downregulation of NF-kappa B induces apoptosis.
abstract: Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) is an important transcription factor that regulates survival in many cells. Activated NF-kappa B has been shown to protect some haematopoietic neoplastic cells from apoptosis. In the present study, we analysed NF-kappa B status in 13 primary samples from patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and in four myeloma cell lines including U266, RPMI 8226, HS-Sultan and K620. Constitutive activation of NF-kappa B was evaluated by either immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence using a monoclonal mouse anti-human p65 (Rel A) antibody, which recognizes the unbound, active form of p65 (Rel A). Constitutively active NF-kappa B was present in all MM patient samples as well as in all four myeloma cell lines. Inhibition of constitutively active NF-kappa B, by either proteasome inhibitors (MG132, gliotoxin) or inhibitors of I kappa B phosphorylation (Bay117082, and Bay117085), induced apoptosis as demonstrated by both flow cytometric analysis and light microscopic morphological evaluation. This chemically induced apoptosis was associated with decreased DNA binding of nuclear NF-kappa B as determined by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In addition, adenovirus vector with dominant negative I kappa B alpha (Ad5I kappa B) was used for inhibition of NF-kappa B in the U266 cell line. Compared with wild-type, super-repressor-treated cells showed an increased level of apoptosis. These results suggest that constitutive expression of NF-kappa B plays an important role in plasma cell survival in MM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ergin
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alkan
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; C000606205:Nfkbia protein, mouse; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex