title: BCR signals target p27(Kip1) and cyclin D2 via the PI3-K signalling pathway to mediate cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of WEHI 231 B cells.
abstract: Cross-linking of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) on immature WEHI 231 B cells results in G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Here we investigated the molecular mechanisms that are necessary and sufficient for these changes to occur. We show that BCR stimulation of WEHI 231 cells results in down-regulation of cyclin D2 and up-regulation of p27(Kip1), which are associated with pocket protein hypophosphorylation and E2F inactivation. Ectopic expression of p27(Kip1) by TAT-fusion protein or retroviral transduction is sufficient to cause G1 cell cycle arrest, followed by apoptosis. In contrast, over-expression of cyclin D2 overcomes the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by anti-IgM, indicating that down-regulation of cyclin D2 is necessary for the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis activated by BCR stimulation. Thus, cyclin D2 and p27(Kip1) have opposing roles in these pathways and our data also suggest that cyclin D2 functions upstream of p27(Kip1) and the pRB pathway and therefore plays an essential part in integrating the signals from BCR with the cell cycle machinery. We next investigated which signal transduction pathways triggered by the BCR regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis via cyclin D2 and p27(Kip1). Inhibition of PI3-K signalling by LY294002 down-regulated cyclin D2 and up-regulated p27(Kip1) expression at both protein and RNA levels, mimicking the effects of BCR-stimulation. Furthermore, ectopic expression of a constitutively active form of AKT blocked the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis triggered by anti-IgM and also abrogated down-regulation of cyclin D2 and up-regulation of p27(Kip1) expression induced by BCR-engagement. These results indicate that BCR activation targets p27(Kip1) and cyclin D2 to mediate cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and that down-regulation of PI3-K/AKT activity post BCR stimulation is necessary for these to occur.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Section of Virology and Cell Biology, Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary's, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Banerji
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Glassford
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Lea
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Klaus
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D056742:Cyclin D2; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016393:Lymphoma, B-Cell / Q000473:pathology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011947:Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell / Q000502:physiology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000502:physiology; D050720:Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p107; D050717:Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002867:Chromones; D056742:Cyclin D2; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D016213:Cyclins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009025:Morpholines; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D011947:Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D050720:Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p107; D050717:Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C080336:CCND2 protein, human; C493837:RBL2 protein, human; C044203:anti-IgM; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C494918:AKT1 protein, human