title: A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study on the polysomnographic withdrawal effects of zopiclone, zolpidem and triazolam in healthy subjects.
abstract: Rebound effects after withdrawal from hypnotics are believed to trigger their chronic use and to enhance the risk of tolerance and dependence. It was the purpose of this study to investigate the acute polysomnographic withdrawal effects after a 4 week treatment with standard doses of the non-benzodiazepine hypnotics zopiclone and zolpidem compared with triazolam and placebo. Healthy male subjects between 22 and 35 years of age participated in a parallel study design. They received either zopiclone 7.5 mg (n=11), zolpidem 10 mg (n=11), triazolam 0.25 mg (n=10) or placebo (n=7) over 4 weeks in randomized and double-blind order. Sleep EEG was registered during 2 nights before treatment under placebo, on days 1, 27 and 28 of treatment and on days 29,30,41 and 42 under placebo. Total sleep time and sleep efficiency were lower in the 1st night after discontinuation of triazolam (p < 0.05, t-test). After withdrawal from zopiclone or zolpidem slight but not significant rebound effects concerning sleep continuity were observed. Self-rating scales showed minimal rebound insomnia after discontinuation of all three hypnotics. In the placebo group no changes of sleep parameters were observed. Assuming that rebound insomnia is part of a withdrawal reaction, this study indicates that the risks of tolerance and dependency are low when administering zopiclone or zolpidem at the recommended doses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Hauptstrasse 5 79104 Freiburg, Germany. Ulrich_Voderholzer@psyallg.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Voderholzer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Riemann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hornyak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Backhaus
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feige
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hohagen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D010879:Piperazines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017286:Polysomnography; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012016:Reference Values; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; D014229:Triazolam / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010879:Piperazines; D011725:Pyridines; C515050:zopiclone; D014229:Triazolam; D000077334:Zolpidem