title: Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic esophagomyotomy for children with achalasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minimally invasive esophagomyotomy, consisting of a laparoscopic or thoracoscopic approach, has become a preferred surgical treatment for adults with achalasia. This multicenter study reports on the clinical status of children who have undergone minimally invasive esophagomyotomy for achalasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptomatology for achalasia was assessed in 22 pediatric patients who underwent minimally invasive esophagomyotomy for achalasia between 1995 and 2000. All patients were evaluated for duration of hospitalization, postoperative resumption of feeds, postoperative complications, and symptomatic relief. Participants were assigned pre-and postoperative symptom severity scores ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 3 (severe).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of the 10 females and 12 males at time of surgery was 11.3 years +/- 3.4 (standard deviation). Transabdominal laparoscopic esophagomyotomy with fundoplication was performed in 18 patients, and thoracoscopic esophagomyotomy without fundoplication was performed in 4. Two patients required conversion from transabdominal laparoscopic esophagomyotomy to open esophagomyotomy because of intraoperative esophageal perforation. The mean duration of postsurgical follow-up was 17 +/- 16 (standard deviation) months (range, 1-54 months). Mean duration of hospitalization (days +/- standard error or mean) was less for transabdominal laparoscopic esophagomyotomy than for converted open esophagomyotomy (2.7 +/- 0.3 vs. 9.0 +/- 3.0 days; P < 0.05) or for thoracoscopic esophagomyotomy (4.8 +/- 1.7 days; P = not significant). Mean time to resumption of soft feedings (days +/- standard error or mean) occurred sooner after transabdominal laparoscopic esophagomyotomy than after converted open esophagomyotomy (2.0 +/- 0.2 vs. 5.5 +/- 0.5 days; P < 0.001) or after thoracoscopic esophagomyotomy (4.0 +/- 1.3 days; P = not significant). Patients experienced significant pre-to postoperative improvement in mean severity score with regard to dysphagia (2.6 vs. 0.4; P < 0.001) and regurgitation (1.7 vs. 0.2; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimally invasive esophagomyotomy can provide excellent symptomatic relief from dysphagia and regurgitation for children with achalasia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1752, USA. mmehra@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mehra
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bahar
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ament
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waldhausen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gershman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Georgeson
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Werlin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tolia
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atkinson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000601:surgery*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018662:Fundoplication; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome