title: A controlled trial of an environmental tobacco smoke reduction intervention in low-income children with asthma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of a cotinine-feedback, behaviorally based education intervention in reducing environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and health-care utilization of children with asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial of educational intervention vs usual care.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pediatric pulmonary service of a regional pediatric hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  ETS-exposed, Medicaid/Medi-Cal-eligible, predominantly minority children who were 3 to 12 years old and who were seen for asthma in the hospital's emergency, inpatient, and outpatient services departments (n = 87).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three nurse-led sessions employing behavior-changing strategies and basic asthma education and that incorporated repeated feedback on the child's urinary cotinine level.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary measurements were the urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio (CCR) and the number of acute asthma medical visits. The secondary measurements were number of hospitalizations, smoking restrictions in home, amount smoked, reported exposures of children, and asthma control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention was associated with a significantly lower odds ratio (OR) for more than one acute asthma medical visit in the follow-up year, after adjusting for baseline visits (total visits, 87; OR, 0.32; p = 0.03), and a comparably sized but nonsignificant OR for one or more hospitalization (OR, 0.34; p = 0.14). The follow-up CCR measurement and the determination of whether smoking was prohibited inside the home strongly favored the intervention group (n = 51) (mean difference in CCR adjusted for baseline, -0.38; p = 0.26; n = 51) (60; OR [for proportion of subjects prohibiting smoking], 0.24; p = 0.11; n = 60).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This intervention significantly reduced asthma health-care utilization in ETS-exposed, low-income, minority children. Effects sizes for urine cotinine and proportion prohibiting smoking were moderate to large but not statistically significant, possibly the result of reduced precision due to the loss of patients to active follow-up. Improving ETS reduction interventions and understanding their mechanism of action on asthma outcomes requires further controlled trials that measure ETS exposure and behavioral and disease outcomes concurrently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA. wilsons@pamfri.org
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sudhakar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roberto
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mannino
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mejia
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Huss
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001249:Asthma / Q000628:therapy / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine