title: Human beta defensin-1 and -2 expression in human pilosebaceous units: upregulation in acne vulgaris lesions.
abstract: A rich residential microflora is harboured by the distal outer root sheath of the hair follicle and the hair canal - normally without causing skin diseases. Although the basic mechanisms involved in the development of inflammation during acne vulgaris remain unclear, microbial agents might play an important role in this process. In this study we have analyzed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry the expression patterns of two antimicrobial peptides, human beta defensin-1 and human beta defensin-2, in healthy human hair follicles as well as in perilesional and intralesional skin of acne vulgaris lesions such as comedones, papules, and pustules. Strong defensin-1 and defensin-2 immunoreactivity was found in all suprabasal layers of the epidermis, the distal outer root sheath of the hair follicle, and the pilosebaceous duct. Marked defensin-1 and defensin-2 immunoreactivity was also found in the sebaceous gland and in the basal layer of the central outer root sheath including the bulge region. The majority of acne biopsies displayed a marked upregulation of defensin-2 immunoreactivity in the lesional and perilesional epithelium - in particular in pustules - and a less marked upregulation of defensin-1 immunoreactivity. The upregulation of beta-defensin expression in acne vulgaris lesions compared to controls suggests that beta-defensins may be involved in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cutaneous Research, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, UK.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chronnell
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ghali
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Cunliffe
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Philpott
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller-Röver
mesh_terms: D000152:Acne Vulgaris / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D012535:Scalp / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015854:Up-Regulation; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C406407:DEFB1 protein, human; C106641:DEFB4A protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D023083:beta-Defensins