title: Strategies for increasing energy density of dry cow diets.
abstract: The objective of this trial was to compare the effects of increasing dietary energy density from 1.51 to 1.65 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM) by replacing forage with concentrate or by further increasing concentrate via the substitution of corn silage and alfalfa silage by a mixture of straw, starch, and soybean meal. Our hypothesis was that the latter diet would be more glucogenic while increasing rumen fill and be potentially desirable for transition cows. Nine far-off dry cows (greater than 3 wk before parturition at the end of the trial) were fed three diets: low energy diet, [LE, 1.51 Mcal/kg of DM, 14.0% crude protein (CP) and 35% nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC)], high energy diet, (HE, 1.65 Mcal/kg of DM, 13.9% CP and 39.5% NFC) and high energy diet, where a portion of alfalfa and corn silage was replaced by straw, soybean meal, and cornstarch (HES, 1.65 Mcal/kg of DM, 13.5% CP and 40.5% NFC). The experiment was a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Six cows from two squares were used to examine kinetics of DM disappearance from nylon bags suspended in the rumen. Two contrasts of interest were: LE versus HE, HES (effects of energy density) and HE versus HES (method of increasing energy density). Increasing energy density increased the potentially degradable (B) and decreased the undergradable (C) DM fractions of the diets. Because HES had greater B and a faster rate of degradation of fraction B (k), effective rumen degradable DM (ERDDM) was higher in HES compared to HE. Cows fed high energy diets had greater DM intake. No differences in DM intake were observed between HE and HES. Rumen volume or DM pool sizes were not affected by treatment. High energy diets increased total ruminal fluid volatile fatty acid concentration compared with LE. Propionate concentration was higher in cows fed high energy diets compared with cows fed LE. The partial replacement of alfalfa and corn silage by straw, soybean meal, and cornstarch further increased propionate concentration. The greatest increase in serum insulin concentration following feeding was observed in cows fed HE. Cows consuming high energy diets had lower plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) before and after feeding. The HES diet was less effective in decreasing plasma NEFA concentration after feeding compared to HE. In conclusion, increasing diet energy density of far-off dry cows positively affected DMI, ruminal propionate, serum insulin, and plasma NEFA. Increasing energy density with a blend of feeds that represent extremes in rates of carbohydrate fermentation may be a strategy to provide greater amounts of glucogenic precursors. Applicability of this strategy should be examined in transition cows.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rabelo
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bertics
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mackovic
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Grummer
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism; D002149:Energy Intake; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D000455:Medicago sativa; D011247:Pregnancy; D011422:Propionates / Q000032:analysis*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012820:Silage / Q000032:analysis*; D013025:Glycine max; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D011422:Propionates