title: Midsagittal facial tissue thicknesses of children and adolescents from the Montreal growth study.
abstract: Knowledge of changes in soft tissue depths during growth and development is important in applied contexts of forensics and dentistry as well as in growth research. In forensics, applications include facial reproductions, video superimpositions, and child aging/progressions. Garlie and Saunders (1) recently published radiographic data from the Burlington Canadian growth study; here, we present data from a mixed longitudinal sample of French-Canadian children and adolescents. Females (N = 159) range in age from 6 to 18 years: males (N = 129), from 6 to 19 years. Cephalometric measurements include nine soft tissue thicknesses, two hard tissue distances (sella-nasion and nasion-menton), and three measures of nasal projection. Several tissue thicknesses are moderately correlated with one another. The majority of thicknesses show significant sex differences by the time of adolescence; nasion and upper labial thicknesses are significantly different by sex at all ages from 6 to 18 years, as are the two hard tissue distances. However, thickness at nasion, as well as at glabella, changes little over time. Thickness at pogonion is variable and differs most between males and females at age 16; the length of the anterior inferior portion of the nose is significantly different between the ages of 6 and 12. Measurements display small and slow changes during development. The greatest average change per year (c. 2 mm/yr) is for a hard tissue measure, nasion-menton. The nasal and mid-philtrum regions have greater age changes than do other soft tissue variables. Much of the variation remains unexplained by changes with age or differences between sexes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Texas at Arlington, 76019, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Buschang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011792:Quebec; D012737:Sex Factors