title: Psychosocial adaptation of middle childhood boys with hypospadias after genital surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the psychosocial adaptation of boys with hypospadias after genital surgery to a community sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Boys (6 to 10 years) with a history of hypospadias repair (n = 175) were compared with a community sample (n = 333) in a postal questionnaire survey using the Child Behavior Checklist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Few significant differences between cases and controls emerged. Boys with hypospadias were (slightly) lower in social involvement but did not perform more poorly in school. Boys with hypospadias displayed fewer externalizing behavior problems than controls, but a significant difference in nocturnal enuresis was not detected. Level of behavior problems did not differentiate hypospadias severity subgroups, but greater surgical and hospitalization experiences were associated with increased internalizing problems. Poorer cosmetic appearance of the genitals was associated with worse school performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgically corrected hypospadias should not be considered a risk factor for poor psychosocial adaptation in childhood, but emotional problems increase with the number of hospital-related experiences.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Psychiatry and Psychology, University at Buffalo, New York 14222, USA. dsandber@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sandberg
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Meyer-Bahlburg
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Hensle
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kogan
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Reda
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D010553:Personality Development; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment; D016896:Treatment Outcome