title: Occupational risk for male infertility: a case-control study of 218 infertile and 227 fertile men.
abstract: The aim of the study was to determine if certain occupations pose an increased risk for infertility (of no known cause) among a group of infertile men compared with a group of fertile men. A total of 640 consecutive men whose spouses were unable to conceive were recruited from an infertility clinic. Of these, 218 men (cases) were found to have no known cause for their infertility. A total of 227 men whose spouses were pregnant at the time of the study were recruited as controls. The Singapore Standard Occupational Classification was used to code the subjects' occupations. Semen parameters (density, total sperm counts, motility, viability, and normal morphology) in all of the cases were significantly poorer than those in the controls. The risk for infertility is associated with smoking adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.85 and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.91 to 4.24. Work, independently, is not a risk factor for infertility. Engineering technicians (adjusted OR, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.36 to 5.54), finance analysts (adjusted OR, 4.66; 95% CI, 1.90 to 11.40), corporate and computing managers (adjusted OR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.04 to 5.98), and teachers (adjusted OR, 7.72; 95% CI, 1.86 to 32.10) were at a greater risk of infertility compared with "services and clerical workers." Using services and clerical workers as a reference group, certain occupations are at a higher risk for infertility. Higher work demands and possible electromagnetic field exposure could be contributory factors for infertility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community, Occupational & Family Medicine (MD3), Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore. cofcse@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D009790:Occupations; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility