title: TNF-alpha and interleukin 1 activate gastrin gene expression via MAPK- and PKC-dependent mechanisms.
abstract: Helicobacter pylori and proinflammatory cytokines have a direct stimulatory effect on gastrin release from isolated G cells, but little is known about the mechanism by which these factors regulate gastrin gene expression. We explored whether tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1 directly regulate gastrin gene expression and, if so, by what mechanism. TNF-alpha and IL-1 significantly increased gastrin mRNA in canine G cells to 181 +/- 18% and 187 +/- 28% of control, respectively, after 24 h of treatment. TNF-alpha and IL-1 stimulated gastrin promoter activity to a maximal level of 285 +/- 12% and 415 +/- 26% of control. PD-98059 (a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor), SB-202190 (a p38 kinase inhibitor), and GF-109203 (a protein kinase C inhibitor) inhibited the stimulatory action of both cytokines on the gastrin promoter. In conclusion, both cytokines can directly regulate gastrin gene expression via a mitogen-activated protein kinase- and protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. These data suggest that TNF-alpha and IL-1 may play a direct role in Helicobacter pylori-induced hypergastrinemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grand
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Todisco
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Del Valle
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004285:Dogs; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005755:Gastrins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D016296:Mutagenesis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D005755:Gastrins; D007093:Imidazoles; D007375:Interleukin-1; D011725:Pyridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C090942:4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one