title: Decreased macular leukocyte velocity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals have decreased macular capillary blood flow in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Macular leukocyte velocity and perceived leukocyte density were determined in 41 HIV-infected individuals without cytomegalovirus retinitis and 31 HIV-negative control subjects using the blue field simulation technique (BFS-2000, Oculix, Inc., Jenkintown, PA). Velocity and density measurements for HIV-infected individuals were compared to current and lowest previous CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, HIV RNA blood levels, and blood leukocyte counts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean macular leukocyte velocity was lower in HIV-infected individuals than in controls (P = 0.0006). No correlations were identified between velocity measurements and the following factors in HIV-infected individuals: current or lowest previous CD4+ T-lymphocyte count; or HIV RNA blood level. Mean perceived leukocyte density in HIV-infected individuals was lower than in controls (P = 0.003), but was not correlated with blood leukocyte count in HIV-infected individuals. No relationships were identified between macular leukocyte velocity and duration of medication use or duration of elevated CD4+ T-lymphocyte count in patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced macular leukocyte velocity may have important implications for understanding the retinal microvasculopathy of HIV disease, the pathogenesis of opportunistic retinal infections, and visual dysfunction in HIV-infected individuals who do not have opportunistic retinal infections. We found no evidence that macular leukocyte velocity increased with immune reconstitution.
authors.affiliation: Southern California HIV/Eye Consortium, the Ocular Inflammatory Disease Center, Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095-7003, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Cumberland
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Minassian
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ransome
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cornish
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002196:Capillaries; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015828:Eye Infections, Viral / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014788:Vision, Entoptic
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral