title: Description of ciliary body anatomy and identification of sites for transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in the equine eye.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the most appropriate anatomical location for diode laser probe placement to accurately photoablate the equine ciliary body using a contact, transscleral approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Original research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two freshly enucleated adult equine eyes were evaluated. The horizontal, medial vertical, central vertical, and lateral vertical lengths of the cornea were measured from limbus to limbus. Needles were inserted perpendicular to the sclera at specific distances posterior to the external limbus at the 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12 o'clock positions. The per cent frequency that needles penetrated internal anatomical regions (lens, lens zonules, pars plicata, anterior, middle, and posterior pars plana, ora ciliaris retinae, or retina), when inserted at 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm posterior to the limbus, were calculated for all eyes combined, for right vs. left, for males vs. females, and for three age groups. The internal distance from the limbus to the anterior pars plana, and from the anterior pars plana to the ora ciliaris retinae were also measured in six of the horses (12 eyes). Mean distances and standard deviations were computed for all parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average corneal sizes and standard deviations were: 30.24 mm +/- 1.53 (horizontal); 24.69 mm +/- 1.52 (central vertical); 22.79 mm +/- 1.49 (medial vertical); and 19.79 mm +/- 1.55 (lateral vertical). Internal distances of the pars plicatas ranged from 5.33 mm +/- 0.49 to 10.67 mm +/- 1.15. Internal distances of the pars planas ranged from 0.33 mm +/- 0.49 to 3.17 mm +/- 0.39. High probabilities of penetrating the pars plicata correspond to positions 4 mm posterior to the external limbus dorsotemporal 10, 11 o'clock (OD), and 1, 2 o'clock (OS), dorsonasal 1 o'clock (OD) and 11 o'clock (OS), and ventrotemporal 5-7 o'clock (OU). Low probabilities of penetrating the pars plicata correspond to positions ventronasal 4 o'clock (OD), 8 o'clock (OS) and dorsonasal 2 o'clock (OD), 10 o'clock (OS) at 4 and 6 mm posterior to the external limbus as well as ventrotemporal 4 o'clock (OS), 8 o'clock (OD) at 6 mm posterior to the external limbus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transscleral cyclophotocoagulation may be a viable alternative to medical therapy for control of intraocular pressure in horses with glaucoma. Overall, the most accurate anatomical position on the sclera for cyclophotocoagulation of the equine eye is 4-6 mm posterior to the limbus, avoiding the nasal quadrants. Accurate transscleral cyclophotocoagulation should optimize the therapeutic outcome and minimize potential side-effects such as retinal detachment and cataract formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Tammy_Miller@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wilkie
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoshaw-Woodard
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Stanley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D012590:Sclera