title: Comparative cost effectiveness of varicella, hepatitis A, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several state and local U.S. governments are considering making varicella, hepatitis A, and/or pneumococcal conjugate vaccination conditions of day care or school entry. These requirements will likely be issued sequentially, because simultaneous mandates exacerbate budget constraints and complicate communication with parents and providers. Cost-effectiveness assessments should aid the establishment of vaccination priorities, but comparing results of published studies is confounded by their dissimilar methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed U.S. cost-effectiveness studies of childhood varicella, hepatitis A, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and identified four providing data required to standardize methods. Vaccination, disease treatment, and work-loss costs were estimated from original study results and current prices. Estimated life-years saved were derived from original study results, epidemiological evidence, and alternative procedures for discounting to present values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hepatitis A vaccine would have the lowest health system costs per life-year saved. Varicella vaccine would provide the greatest reduction in societal costs, mainly through reduced parent work loss. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine would cost twice the amount of varicella and hepatitis A vaccines combined and be less cost effective than the other vaccines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatitis A and varicella vaccines, but not pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, meet or exceed conventional standards of cost effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Capitol Outcomes Research, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia 22310, USA. Jacobs@CapitolOutcomesResearch.com
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Meyerhoff
mesh_terms: D019433:Chickenpox Vaccine / Q000191:economics*; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008136:Longevity; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D019433:Chickenpox Vaccine; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines