title: Obstetric vacuum extraction: state of the art in the new millennium.
abstract: This article summarizes the current state of knowledge of obstetric vacuum extraction. The discussed topics include the history of vacuum extraction, indications and contraindications, technique of the procedure, currently marketed instruments, special uses of the vacuum extractor, comparison of vacuum extraction with forceps delivery, and maternal and fetal outcomes. Areas of controversy are identified and discussed. Vacuum extraction is replacing forceps as the preferred method of instrumental delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls 57105, USA. pmiksovs@usd.edu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miksovsky
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D002585:Cesarean Section; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000075202:Contraindications; D004841:Episiotomy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D007234:Infant, Premature; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology; D007746:Labor Presentation; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications; D009772:Obstetrical Forceps; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014620:Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation