title: Inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase blocks enhanced Gi-protein expression following ethanol treatment in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic alcohol abuse is one of the major contributors to the onset and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We have previously identified increased expression and function of inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins (Gi-proteins) in primary human and animal models of HCC. Stimulation of Gi-proteins in HCC stimulates cell mitogenesis, an effect not observed in hepatocytes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ethanol and ethanol metabolism on Gi-protein expression in an experimental model of HCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacological agents that inhibit alcohol metabolism were used in conjunction with ethanol or ethanol metabolites. We were also able to assess the relative contribution of alcohol and acetaldehyde, the major metabolite of alcohol, on Gi-protein expression in HCC and hepatocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  These studies used the rat hepatic tumorigenic H4IIE cell line in conjunction with isolated rat hepatocytes. Cells were cultured in vitro and exposed to ethanol, ethanol in the presence of an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitor, or acetaldehyde for varying lengths of time. Ethanol metabolism and changes in Gi-protein expression were subsequently determined by assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to ethanol alone led to significant dose and time dependent increases in Gialpha1/2 and Gialpha3 protein and mRNA expression in HCC cells. In contrast, ethanol failed to alter Gialpha1/2, and only moderately affected Gialpha3 protein expression in isolated cultured hepatocytes. Pretreatment of HCC cells and hepatocytes with 4-methyl pyrazole (4-MP, 10 microm) significantly inhibited alcohol metabolism. Treatment of HCC cells with 4-MP inhibited changes in Gi-protein expression following exposure to ethanol (25 mm, 24 h). In addition, the increased expression of Gi-proteins observed after exposure to ethanol in HCC were mimicked by direct exposure of HCC cells to acetaldehyde in a dose and time dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that alcohol metabolites, not alcohol, lead to increased Gi-protein expression in HCC in vitro. Ethanol and ethanol metabolites, in contrast, fail to significantly alter Gialpha1/2 protein expression in hepatocytes. These data may have significant implications in HCC progression in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kovach
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Sitzmann
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: McKillop
mesh_terms: D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000201:enzymology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D051381:Rats; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins