title: Volumetric analysis reveals corticospinal tract degeneration and extramotor involvement in ALS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pathologic changes in the motor cortex and corticospinal tracts in ALS may be reflected by abnormal signal intensities on conventional MRI. The sensitivity of these changes in detecting underlying pathology remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used automated image analysis to quantify volumes of cerebral gray and white matter in 16 patients with ALS (eight limb onset, eight bulbar onset) and eight normal controls. Previously they had demonstrated a reduction in N-acetyl aspartate/creatine + phosphocreatine (NAA/[Cr + PCr]) measured by (1)H-MRS in the subcortical white matter in the motor cortex region in the patients with bulbar-onset ALS. To determine whether this resulted from axonal degeneration, they also compared gray and white matter volumes in the patients with limb- and bulbar-onset ALS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in the total brain volumes of gray or white matter for the three subject groups (p > 0.23). Comparison of the total ALS group and controls revealed localized deficits in gray matter volume centered on Brodmann areas 8, 9, and 10 bilaterally. Comparison of the patients with limb- and bulbar-onset ALS revealed deficits in the white matter volume in the bulbar-onset group, extending bilaterally from the precentral gyrus into the internal capsule and brainstem, consistent with the course of the corticospinal tract. There was no loss in gray matter volume in the precentral gyri.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The loss of gray matter in the frontal regions (total ALS group) provides further support that ALS is a multisystem disorder. In addition, there is in vivo evidence of axonal degeneration in the subcortical white matter in the motor region in patients with bulbar-onset ALS. This is consistent with a "dying back" process affecting cortical motoneurons in bulbar-onset ALS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Guy's, Kings & St. Thomas' School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK. c.ellis@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suckling
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amaro
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Bullmore
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Leigh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000473:pathology*; D001284:Atrophy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D011522:Protons; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D011522:Protons