title: Stimulation of endothelin B receptors in astrocytes induces cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation and c-fos expression via multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways.
abstract: The vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin (ET-1) exerts its physiological and pathological effects via activation of ET(A) and ET(B) receptor (ET-R) subtypes. In this study, we demonstrate that both ET-R subtypes are highly expressed in rat astrocytes in vivo, indicating that these cells are potential targets of the biological effects of ET-1 in the brain. In cultured cortical astrocytes, both ET-R subtypes are expressed, and selective stimulation of ET(B)-R with ET-1 induces phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). The signal transduction pathway activated by ET-1 includes the Rap1/B-Raf and the Ras/Raf-1 complexes, protein kinase C (PKC) together with extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), and the ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) isoforms RSK2 and RSK3, two kinases that lie immediately downstream of ERK and are able to phosphorylate CREB. Moreover, ET-1 activates the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent, but not the c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent pathway. By using selective protein kinase inhibitors and expression of dominant-negative Rap1 protein, we also found that the Rap1/PKC/ERK-dependent pathway induces the phosphorylation of activating transcription factor-1, CREB, and Elk-1, whereas the p38MAPK-dependent pathway only causes CREB phosphorylation. ET-1-induced transcription of the immediate early gene c-fos requires the concomitant activation of both the PKC/ERK- and p38MAPK-dependent pathways, because inhibitors of either pathway block the ET-1-induced increase of c-fos mRNA. Our findings indicate that changes in the expression of cAMP response element-dependent immediate and delayed response genes could play a pivotal role in the physiological effects elicited by ET-1 in astrocytes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Synaptic Neurophysiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schinelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zanassi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paolillo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Feliciello
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gallo
mesh_terms: D051697:Activating Transcription Factor 1; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A; D044023:Receptor, Endothelin B; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020827:rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051697:Activating Transcription Factor 1; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D019332:Endothelin-1; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A; D044023:Receptor, Endothelin B; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin; D014157:Transcription Factors; C482123:Braf protein, rat; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020827:rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins