title: Determination of carotenoid profiles in grapes, musts, and fortified wines from Douro varieties of Vitis vinifera.
abstract: beta-Carotene and six xanthophylls (lutein, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, luteoxanthin, cryptoxanthin, and echinenone) have been identified and semiquantitatively or quantitatively determined in musts and port wines for the first time. An HPLC method was developed and compared with that of one based on thin layer cromatography with scanning densitometry. The most abundant carotenoids present in red grape varieties are beta-carotene and lutein. In wines, significant quantities of violaxanthin, luteoxanthin, and neoxanthin were found. This study was done with berries (skin and pulp), musts, and fortified wines. Some experiments were performed to follow carotenoid content from grapes to wines. Although the levels of beta-carotene and lutein found in fortified wines were lower than those found in musts, other xanthophylls, such as neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and luteoxanthin, exist in appreciable amounts in young ports.
authors.affiliation: Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 4200-072 Porto, Portugal. pinho@esb.ucp.pt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guedes De Pinho
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Silva Ferreira
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendes Pinto
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Benitez
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hogg
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005285:Fermentation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids; D000431:Ethanol