title: Twinning rate in a sample from a Brazilian hospital with a high standard of reproductive care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies on twin births have been motivated mostly by the positive correlation between twinning rate and human fertility, prematurity, low birth weight, increased risk of infant death and long term risk for morbidity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper intends to estimate the incidence of multiple births in a private hospital in Brazil with a high standard of reproductive care, and to evaluate the effects of maternal age, gestation order and assisted fertilization on twinning rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  First-class tertiary private hospital, São Paulo, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The multiple birth rate was investigated among 7,997 deliveries from 1995 to 1998, including 7,786 singletons, 193 twins, 17 triplets and one quadruplet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rates per 1,000 dizygotic and monozygotic pairs and for triplets were estimated as 19.51, 4.50 and 2.13, respectively. The dizygotic and triplet rates were the highest observed in Brazil up to the present day. The twinning rate among primigravidae older than 30 years was very high (45.02 per 1,000) and was due to a disproportionately high frequency of dizygotic pairs. The triplet rate was also very high among the mothers of this age group (5.71 per 1,000). These facts are strong indicators that these women were the ones most frequently submitted to assisted reproductive techniques. The mean maternal age of the studied population was about six years higher than that estimated for mothers in the general population of southeastern Brazil. Primigravidae aged under 30 years as well as multigravidae showed similar twinning rates, which were almost 20 per 1,000. Among the deliveries of multigravidae older than 30 years, an unusually high frequency of monozygotic twins was observed (7.04 per 1,000), probably as a consequence of the residual effect of long-term use of oral contraceptives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dizygotic twinning rate increased from 13.51 to 28.98 per 1,000 over the four years studied, with the twinning rate for primigravidae over 30 years old in 1998 being twice that observed in 1995. The mean maternal age was also high during this period, but the extremely high increase in twinning rate observed cannot be attributed solely to this variable. Assisted fertilization seems to be the most probable cause of this unusually high twinning rate.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. gloriadc@usp.br
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Duccini dal Colletto
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Mattos Segre
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beiguelman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D020073:Gravidity; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014310:Triplets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data