title: Late-onset complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to report the late morbidity of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in a pediatric population and to identify possible risk factors for complications developing after PEG insertion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PEG was placed in 110 children between 1 May 1990 and 1 January 1997 using the pull technique. A retrospective study of late-onset complications was performed, with a follow-up period ranging from 1 to 8 years. All the complications occurring more than 6 days after PEG insertion were recorded, except for gastrostomy tube obstruction and accidental tube dislodgement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of late-onset complications related to PEG in our patients varied from 3.8 to 4.4 per 10 5 days. The overall rate of late-onset complications was 44% (48 complications observed in 29 patients [26%]). Seventy-five percent of the complications appeared during the first 2 years after PEG insertion. Nine different types of complication have been identified: intragastric buried or extruded gastrostomy (n = 24), gastric metaplasia granulation tissue around the site of gastrostomy (n = 8), intragastric pseudotumoral proliferative gastric mucosa (n = 4), intragastric mucosal ulceration (n = 3), cutaneous necrosis (n = 3), cologastric fistula (n = 2), gastrostomy closure delay after tube removal (n = 2), subcostal neuralgia (n = 1), and peritonitis (n = 1). Wilcoxon and chi-square tests were used to compare the clinical characteristics of the patients and the type of material used in the two populations, with and without complications. No clinical risk factor for the development of complications could be identified. Intragastric buried or extruded gastrostomy appeared more frequently with the use of one type of button than with the use of tubes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors' experience suggests that PEG is associated with significant late morbidity, which is mainly observed within the first 2 years after PEG insertion. However, no risk factor for the development of such complications could be identified.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Lille Faculty of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Lille, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ségal
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guimber
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Ganga-Zandzou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turck
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gottrand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005773:Gastroscopy / Q000379:methods; D005774:Gastrostomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors