Identification of the cellular receptor for anthrax toxin.
The tripartite toxin secreted by Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, helps the bacterium evade the immune system and can kill the host during a systemic infection. Two components of the toxin enzymatically modify substrates within the cytosol of mammalian cells: oedema factor (OF) is an adenylate cyclase that impairs host defences through a variety of mechanisms including inhibiting phagocytosis; lethal factor (LF) is a zinc-dependent protease that cleaves mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and causes lysis of macrophages. Protective antigen (PA), the third component, binds to a cellular receptor and mediates delivery of the enzymatic components to the cytosol. Here we describe the cloning of the human PA receptor using a genetic complementation approach. The receptor, termed ATR (anthrax toxin receptor), is a type I membrane protein with an extracellular von Willebrand factor A domain that binds directly to PA. In addition, a soluble version of this domain can protect cells from the action of the toxin.
Bradley
K A
KA
McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
Mogridge
J
J
Mourez
M
M
Collier
R J
RJ
Young
J A
JA
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000737:chemistry*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016466:CHO Cells; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D006224:Cricetinae; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D018000:Receptors, Peptide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000737:chemistry
D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D018000:Receptors, Peptide; C030325:anthrax toxin; C070309:anthrax toxin receptors; D014841:von Willebrand Factor