title: Back and upper extremity disorders among enlisted U.S. Marines: burden and individual risk factors.
abstract: Although musculoskeletal disorders of the low back and upper extremities can affect military readiness, little is known about their extent and risk factors in the U.S. Marine Corps. Using the Defense Medical Epidemiology and Defense Medical Surveillance System databases, back and upper extremity diagnostic categories were among the top four sources of outpatient visits and duty limitation among enlisted Marines. Back disorders were also found to be the fifth most common cause for lost time. Subsequently, high-risk occupations were identified, age-related trends for clinic visit rates were determined, and rate ratios were computed for the top 15 low back and upper extremity diagnoses among enlisted Marines from 1997 through 1998. Occupational categories with the highest rates of musculoskeletal-related outpatient visits included image interpretation, auditing and accounting, disturbsing, surveillance/target acquisition, and aircraft launch equipment. Significantly increasing linear trends in rates across age groups were found for most diagnoses. For 1998, age-specific rate ratios indicated significantly higher rates for most low back and upper extremity disorders for females; lower rank (i.e., E1-E4) was also a risk, but for fewer diagnoses. The findings emphasize the need to identify modifiable (e.g., work-related, individual) risk factors and to develop focused primary and secondary prevention programs for musculoskeletal disorders in the Marine Corps. Subsequently, these efforts can assist in reducing associated effects, maximizing resource utilization, and enhancing operational readiness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feuerstein
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arroyo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology