title: Muscle ergoreceptor overactivity reflects deterioration in clinical status and cardiorespiratory reflex control in chronic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In chronic heart failure (CHF), overactivation of ergoreceptors (afferents sensitive to the metabolic effects of muscular work) may be a link between peripheral changes, sympathetic overactivation, and increased hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to exercise. The relationship between ergoreceptors, autonomic changes, and the progression of the syndrome has not yet been studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight stable CHF patients (age, 57+/-1 years; ejection fraction, 26+/-2%) were compared with 12 age-matched normal control subjects. The ergoreflex contribution to the ventilatory and hemodynamic responses to exercise, together with peripheral and central chemoreceptor sensitivity, arterial baroreflex sensitivity, plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, and heart rate variability, were measured. Enhanced ergoreflex effects on ventilation (78+/-2% versus 50+/-8%), peripheral chemosensitivity (0.6+/-0.4 versus 0.2+/-0.1 L/min per percent SaO(2)), and central chemosensitivity (2.9+/-0.2 versus 2.0+/-0.2 L. min(-1). mm Hg(-1)) and an impaired baroreflex function (4.1+/-0.6 versus 9.1+/-5.6 ms/mm Hg) were confirmed in CHF compared with control subjects (P<0.01 in all comparisons). Ergoreceptor overactivity was associated with a worse symptomatic state (NYHA class, P<0.05), lower exercise tolerance (peak VO(2), P<0.05), and pronounced exercise hyperventilation (VE/VCO(2), P<0.01). It was also a strong predictor of increased central chemosensitivity (independently of clinical parameters), baroreflex impairment, and sympathetic activation (plasma catecholamines and heart rate variability indexes; all P<0.05). In multivariate analysis, among all reflexes studied, the ventilatory component of the ergoreflex was the only independent predictor of peak VO(2) and VE/VCO(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In CHF, overactivation of the ergoreflex is associated with abnormal cardiorespiratory reflex control, independently of clinical severity. Among impaired reflexes, overactivation of the ergoreflex is an important determinant of exercise hyperventilation and reduced exercise tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Cardiology, Imperial College School of Medicine at the NHLI, London, UK.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Ponikowski
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Capucci
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Coats
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Piepoli
mesh_terms: D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D017704:Baroreflex; D002628:Chemoreceptor Cells / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018450:Disease Progression; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D009475:Neurons, Afferent; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012119:Respiration; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine