title: Iatrogenic injuries of renal pelvis and ureter following open surgery for urolithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the types of injuries of renal pelvis and ureter following open surgical procedures for urolithiasis and predisposing factors leading to such injuries and discuss various options for the management of iatrogenic injuries of the renal pelvis and ureter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case files and available radiographs of the patients who were managed for ureteral and renal pelvic injuries were reviewed. Initial procedure, mode of injury and clinical course were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study consisted of 13 patients (9 males and 4 females). Age of the patients ranged from 18 to 65 years. Eight patients had injuries of renal pelvis or ureteropelvic junction and 5 patients got ureteral injuries. Primary management of ureteral and renal pelvic injuries was successful in 9 patients. Four patients required further surgery. Three out of 4 patients underwent nephrectomy and in 1 patient renal function deteriorated despite secondary pyeloplasty. Among 3 patients who had nephrectomy, one died postoperatively due to sepsis and haemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injuries of the renal pelvis and ureter have significant morbidity and even mortality. Peroperative recognition of these injuries and appropriate management can prevent the late sequele of these injuries such as stricture formation leading to progressive renal damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naeem
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anwar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*