title: Outdoor activities in childhood: a protective factor for cutaneous melanoma? Results of a case-control study in 271 matched pairs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A matched case-control study was performed in Munich, Germany, in 1996-97 to evaluate the risk of cutaneous melanoma due to ultraviolet (UV) exposure behaviour in Southern Bavaria, Germany.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Patients with cutaneous melanoma and controls were investigated by two physicians using a standardized questionnaire to identify risk factors for the development of melanoma, such as professional and leisure sun exposure behaviour. In each person, a total body examination was performed to detect benign skin alterations, phenotypic characteristics and precursor lesions for skin cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 271 melanoma patients and 271 controls were individually matched for residence, age and gender. A multiple conditional logistic regression analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 56 factors, those risk factors with a strong effect on the development of melanoma were: the existence of melanoma in first degree relatives, solar lentigo, actinic keratosis, actinic cheilitis, skin phototype, immediate skin reaction to UV light at the start of the outdoor season, sunburn in childhood and sun exposure during holidays in sunny areas 20 years before melanoma was diagnosed; outdoor activities in childhood were found to be protective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sunburn in childhood and increased sun exposure during annual holidays in sunny areas should be avoided. In contrast, outdoor activities in childhood, including soccer and gardening, should be encouraged because they are associated with a lower risk of melanoma formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm/Donau, Germany. peter.kaskel@medicin.uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaskel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kron
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kind
authors.forename: R U
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krähn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013471:Sunburn / Q000150:complications; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires