title: Recurrent pyelonephritis without vesicoureteral reflux: is there a role for an antireflux procedure?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the results of an endoscopic antireflux procedure in women with recurrent acute pyelonephritis and no evidence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) on voiding cystograms.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1989 to 1999, 603 female patients were hospitalized for acute pyelonephritis with unilateral loin pain, chills, fever, and a positive urine culture. Of these patients, 48 (8%) had recurrent episodes of acute pyelonephritis and underwent a thorough diagnostic work-up including intravenous urography or renal CT scan, cystoscopy, and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). Vesicoureteral reflux was demonstrated in 21 patients, who were then offered an antireflux procedure, either surgical or endoscopic. Another 27 patients had no reflux on VCUG; in 15 cases, the upper urinary tract was normal, and the ureteral orifices did not show any abnormality on cystoscopy. The other 12 patients in this group with a normal VCUG had one or more abnormal findings normally associated with VUR: renal scarring in five and ureteral duplication in two. Golf-hole ureteral orifices were noted in two patients. The intravesical ureter was short (< 5 mm) in five patients. In spite of the normal VCU, we offered these patients endoscopic treatment of VUR by submeatal injection of Teflon or microparticulate silicone (Macroplastic). The median follow-up before treatment was 4 years (range 1-15.3 years); 0.3 episodes of acute pyelonephritis per patient-month of follow-up were noted. The frequence of preoperative and postoperative episodes of acute pyelonephritis was compared with Wilcoxon's paired analysis. The median postoperative follow-up was 3.9 years (range 1.1 months-10.2 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant postoperative complications. One patient had two episodes of acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy. On the whole, 11 patients (91%) were free of recurrent pyelonephritis after treatment. Overall, 0.003 episodes of acute pyelonephritis per patient-month of postoperative follow-up were observed. The result was statistically significant (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recurrent acute pyelonephritis is frequently related to VUR. Intermittent reflux can be difficult to demonstrate on voiding conventional or nuclear cystograms but can be suspected in the presence of ureteral duplication, renal scarring, or abnormal ureteral orifices. Adult patients with recurrent episodes of upper urinary tract infection and normal cystograms should be considered for an endoscopic antireflux procedure in the presence of anatomic abnormalities commonly associated with reflux.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pontchaillou, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manunta
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Patard
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guillé
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moussa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guiraud
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lobel
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012008:Recurrence; D014513:Ureter / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D014567:Urography; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*