title: Testing candidate genes for non-syndromic oral clefts using a case-parent trio design.
abstract: Markers in five candidate genes were examined on 269 case-parent trios ascertained through a child with an isolated, non-syndromic oral cleft (cleft lip, CL; cleft palate, CP; or cleft lip and palate, CLP). Cases and their parents were ascertained through treatment centers in Maryland. Markers at two of the five candidate genes, transforming growth factor beta3 (TGFbeta3) and MSX1, showed consistent evidence of linkage and disequilibrium due to linkage using several statistical tests (e.g., the global chi-square for TGFbeta3 was 21.1 with 12 df, P = 0.03; that for MSX1 was 8.7 with 3 df, P = 0.03). There was little evidence of heterogeneity in the role of TGFbeta3 between different types of oral clefts, but MSX1 did yield marginal evidence for such heterogeneity. MSX1 also showed evidence for interaction between infant's genotype and maternal smoking, giving a likelihood ratio test for heterogeneity between smoker and non-smoker mothers of 7.16 (2 df, P = 0.03). Using a conditional logistic model to test for gene-gene interaction showed no evidence of interaction between TGFbeta3 and MSX1, with both seeming to contribute independently to risk of isolated, non-syndromic oral clefts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. tbeaty@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Terri H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Beaty
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hetmanski
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Zeiger
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: VanderKolk
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: McIntosh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D016015:Logistic Models; D051957:MSX1 Transcription Factor; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D009679:Nuclear Family; D012107:Research Design; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D051957:MSX1 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta