title: Comparison of nicardipine versus placebo to control hemodynamic responses during emergence and extubation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare 2 different doses of intravenous nicardipine versus placebo to control heart rate and blood pressure responses to emergence and extubation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital, single-institutional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I through III adult patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  General endotracheal anesthesia was with oxygen and isoflurane and muscle relaxation. At the end of surgery, with at least 2 twitches present by nerve stimulator and end-tidal isoflurane <0.4%, reversal was accomplished with neostigmine and glycopyrrolate. Two minutes post-reversal, the study drug (nicardipine, 0.015 mg/kg; nicardipine, 0.03 mg/kg; or a saline placebo) was given. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured for every minute up to 10 minutes and at 15 minutes postreversal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences among groups in age, gender, ASA class, weight, or heart rate. The nicardipine groups, 0.015 and 0.03 mg/kg, had lower blood pressure values than the placebo group. There was a significant difference in blood pressure among groups, with greater and more consistent attenuation of blood pressure occurring with the larger nicardipine dose. There were no episodes of hypotension or adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with placebo, both nicardipine doses attenuated blood pressure but not heart rate responses during emergence and extubation. Greater blood pressure control occurred with the larger nicardipine dose of 0.03 mg/kg.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160-7415, USA. akovac@kumc.edu
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kovac
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McKinley
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tebbe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020878:Device Removal; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009529:Nicardipine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D009529:Nicardipine