title: Malathion resistance and prevalence of the malathion carboxylesterase mechanism in populations of mosquito vectors of disease in Sri Lanka.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the levels of malathion resistance and prevalence of the malathion carboxylesterase mechanism among mosquitoes in Sri Lanka.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bioassays were carried out using WHO-recommended methods on samples of the following Sri Lankan mosquito vectors: Culex quinquefasciatus, C. tritaeniorhynchus, C gelidus, Anopheles culicifacies B, A. subpictus, Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus. FINDINGS Malathion-specific carboxylesterase mechanisms were found in A. culicifaies and A. subpictus, both giving high rates of insecticide metabolism. In contrast, malathion resistance in C. quinquefasciatus and C. tritaeniorhynchus is linked to broad-spectrum resistance to organophosphorus compounds due to elevated levels of esterases that sequester malaoxon, but are unable to metabolize malathion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistance among the Anophelesspp. must have occurred as a direct result of antimalarial activities, since malathion use in Sri Lanka is limited to public health treatments. In contrast, resistance among Culex spp. has resulted from large-scale use of the organophosphorus insecticide group as larvicides for filariasis control and on rice paddy, where C tritaeniorhynchus predominantly breeds, for agricultural purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Karunaratne
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hemingway
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D009033:Culicidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008294:Malathion / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009032:Mosquito Control; D015995:Prevalence; D013188:Sri Lanka
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; C021528:malathion esterases; D008294:Malathion