title: A technique for laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous drainage of infected pancreatic necrosis and pancreatic abscess.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous drainage has been shown to be an acceptable method for treating both pancreatic abscesses and infected pancreatic necrosis. However, percutaneous techniques have certain shortcomings, including the time and labor required and failure of the catheters to adequately drain the particulate debris. Growing experience around the world indicates that there is a role for retroperitoneal laparoscopy as a means of facilitating the percutaneous drainage of infected pancreatic fluid collections and avoiding a laparotomy. Our technique is discussed in this paper.
  
  
  METHODS
  Once infection is documented in a pancreatic fluid collection by fine-needle aspiration, one or more percutaneous drains are placed into the fluid collection(s). A computed tomography (CT) scan is repeated. If further drainage is indicated, retroperitoneoscopic debridement is performed. Using a combination of the percutaneous drain(s) and the post-drain CT scan, ports are placed and retroperitoneoscopic debridement of the necrosectum is performed under direct visualization. Prior to completion of the operation, a postoperative lavage system is created.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six patients with infected pancreatic necrosis have been treated with this technique. Prior to commencement of our laparoscopic protocol, all six patients would have required open necrosectomy. Four of the six patients were managed with retroperitoneoscopic debridement and catheter drainage alone. Complications included a colocutaneous fistula and a small flank hernia. There were no bleeding complications and no deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although open necrosectomy remains the standard of care for the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis and pancreatic abscess, there is growing evidence that laparoscopic retroperitoneal debridement is feasible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Center for Video-Endoscopic Surgery, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. khorvath@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wherry
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pellegrini
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Sinanan
mesh_terms: D018784:Abdominal Abscess / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D003646:Debridement / Q000379:methods*; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D019283:Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed