title: Morphometry of nucleoli and expression of nucleolin analyzed by laser scanning cytometry in mitogenically stimulated lymphocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various attributes of nucleoli, including abundance of the nucleolar product (rRNA), correlate with cell-proliferative status and are useful markers for tumor diagnosis and prognosis. However, there is a paucity of methods that can quantitatively probe nucleolus. The aim of the present study was to utilize the morphometric capacity of the laser scanning cytometer (LSC) to analyze nucleoli and measure expression of the nucleolar protein nucleolin (NCL) in individual cells and correlate it with their state of proliferation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human lymphocytes were mitogenically stimulated, and at different time points their nucleoli were detected immunocytochemically using NCL Ab. The frequency of nucleoli per nucleus, their area, and the level of expression of NCL, separately in the nuclear and nucleolar compartments, were estimated in relation to the G(0) to G(1) transition and the cell cycle progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first 24 h of stimulation, when the cells underwent G(0) to G(1) transition, their RNA content was increased nearly 8-fold, the level of NCL per nucleus also increased 8-fold, the NCL per nucleolus increased 12-fold, nucleolear area increased 3-fold, and NCL/nucleolar area increased nearly 4-fold. During the subsequent 24-48 h of stimulation, when cells were progressing through S, G(2), and M and reentering the next cycle, the number of nucleoli per nucleus was increased and a massive translocation of NCL from nucleoli to nucleoplasm was observed; its overall level per nucleus, however, still remained high, at 6-fold above of that of G(0) cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While high expression of NCL in the nucleolar compartment correlates with the rate of rRNA accumulation in the cell and is a sensitive marker of the G(0) to G(1) transition, the cells progressing through the remainder of the cycle are better distinguished from G(0) cells by high overall level of NCL within the nucleus. Such an analysis, when applied to tumors, may be helpful in obtaining the quantitative parameters related to the kinetic status of the tumor-cell population and tumor prognosis. The capability of LSC to measure the protein translocation between nucleolus and nucleoplasm can be used to study the function and regulatory mechanisms of other proteins that reside in these compartments.
authors.affiliation: Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gorczyca
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smolewski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grabarek
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ardelt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ita
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Melamed
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Darzynkiewicz
mesh_terms: D002466:Cell Nucleolus / Q000502:physiology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D008938:Mitosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D056489:Nucleoplasmins; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000502:physiology; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D000097796:Nucleolin
chemical_list: D008934:Mitogens; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D056489:Nucleoplasmins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012313:RNA; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D000097796:Nucleolin