title: Highly active antiretroviral-treated HIV-infected children show fat distribution changes even in absence of lipodystrophy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Combined use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows a precise estimate of regional body composition and intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAT). Data on body composition in HIV-infected children (HIV+) receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with (LD+) and without (LD-) lipodystrophy are lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  DXA scans were performed in 34 HIV+: six LD+, 28 LD- and 34 pair-matched (age, sex and body mass index) healthy controls (HC): six for LD+ (HC+) and 28 for LD- (HC-). MRI scans were performed in 16 HIV+: six LD+, 10 LD- and 16 pair-matched (age and sex) HC. Data were analysed by analysis of variance, post hoc Fisher test and Mann-Whitney test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LD+ and LD- were similar for: previous exposure to zidovudine/zidovudine + didanosine, months on HAART (stavudine + lamuvidine + one protease inhibitor), CD4+ cells, patients with HIV-RNA < 50 copies/ml. In HIV+ and HC, fat mass and distribution were significantly different, whereas lean mass was comparable. Thus, LD+ and LD- as compared to HC+ and HC- respectively showed: (1) reduced fat amount and percentage; (2) lower truncal fat mass; (3) markedly reduced limbs fat mass. Within the HIV+ group, (4) LD+ showed higher fat trunk/fat total (P = 0.04) and lower fat limbs/ fat total ratios (P = 0.009) than LD-; (5) LD+ showed larger IAT areas than LD- and HC (P < 0.0003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased central fat and peripheral lipoatrophy are distinctive features of all HAART-treated children. Changes in body fat composition are detectable by DXA even in the absence of signs of Lipodystrophy. Only LD+ show true central obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Scientific Institute H S. Raffaele, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bricalli
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sala
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Renzetti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manzoni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vanzulli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chiumello
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: di Natale
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viganò
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D000293:Adolescent; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D008060:Lipodystrophy / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male