title: Susceptibility to vesicoureteral reflux in Japanese is linked to HLA-DR antigen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether vesicoureteral reflux is associated with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 40 Japanese patients (27 males and 13 females) with reflux. HLA-DR low-resolution genotyping and high-resolution typing of HLA-DRB1 alleles were performed. The frequencies of the HLAs and alleles were calculated and compared with those previously reported in 493 healthy Japanese.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low-resolution typing showed that the frequency of the HLA-DR11 antigen was significantly higher in the patients with reflux than in the control group. High-resolution typing revealed that the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*1101 and 1502 alleles were significantly higher in the patients with reflux than in the control group. In the patients with and without renal scarring, the frequencies of the HLA-DR11 antigens and HLA-DRB1*1101 alleles were significantly lower in those with renal scarring. In the patients with and without the chief complaint of urinary tract infection symptoms, the frequencies of HLA-DR13 antigens and HLA-DRB1*1302 alleles were significantly lower in those with that chief complaint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The susceptibility to reflux is, in part, controlled by HLA genes themselves or an unknown gene or genes, the locus for which is located close to the DRB1 gene. The lack of a HLA-DRB1*1101 allele and DRB1*1302 allele in patients with reflux might be connected with renal scarring and urinary tract infection, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawauchi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sada
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakatani
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D059810:HLA-DR Serological Subtypes; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059810:HLA-DR Serological Subtypes; C080766:HLA-DR11 antigen; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains