title: Contribution of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to deaths associated with peptic ulcer disease: a prospective toxicological analysis of autopsy blood samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Of the side effects occurring in temporal association with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), peptic ulcer disease is reported most often.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To (1) provide information on the temporal association between fatal peptic ulcer presenting as sudden death and NSAID use prior to death, and (2) to examine the diagnostic efficiency of postmortem determination of NSAID levels using high-pressure liquid chromatography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective autopsy study of all cases of sudden death associated with peptic ulcer disease from a total of 1139 medicolegal autopsies performed during a 12-month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postmortem femoral blood samples were analyzed for NSAIDs using high-pressure liquid chromatography, and specimens of gastric and duodenal mucosa were examined for coexisting pathologic conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve fatalities that occurred out of hospital as a result of peptic ulcer disease and presented as sudden death were identified. Autopsy blood samples were positive for NSAIDs in 7 cases (ibuprofen in 4 cases, levels 0.8 to 1.4 microg/mL; diclofenac in 2 cases, levels 0.6 and 1.6 microg/mL; and ketoprofen in 1 case, level 0.3 microg/mL). The ages of the affected individuals (3 men, 4 women) ranged from 43 to 60 years. No other drugs, including corticosteroids, anticoagulants, salicylic acid, and salicylates, were present. Microscopic examination revealed no pathologic antemortem mucosal conditions in any of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the postmortem elucidation of etiopathogenetic factors contributing to fatal peptic ulcer disease, high-pressure liquid chromatography to determine NSAID levels in autopsy blood samples is of considerable diagnostic benefit, especially when combined with histology. The number of cases of sudden death involving younger individuals dying as a result of peptic ulcer disease in temporal association with preceding use of NSAIDs seems to be underestimated from the clinical viewpoint due to the underrepresentation of out-of-hospital fatalities in the field of clinical pathology.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. ifrhh@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsokos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmoldt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D002423:Cause of Death; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000009:adverse effects; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac; D007660:Ketoprofen; D007052:Ibuprofen