title: Protective effect and mechanism of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts for Parkinson disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe the effects of extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGb) on the Parkinson disease (PD) models induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and its ion 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+).
  
  
  METHODS
  MPTP was microinjected into substantia nigra of rats to induce a behavior change of rotation. EGb (ip, 50 or 100 mg.kg(1 . d-1) was pretreated consecutively for 19 d before MPTP administered and 1 d after MPTP administered. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and dopamine (DA) in substantia nigra of model rats were determined. Apoptosis of PC12 cells was induced by MPP+, and the protective effect of EGb (25, 50, and 100 mg/L) was also observed. The cells of apoptosis were observed under a microscope and counted under a fluoroscope after stained with AO/EB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EGb (100 mg . kg-1 . d-1) decreased the duration and frequency of the rotation of rats (P < 0.05, n = 10 ) while EGb (50 or 100 mg/L)inhibited the decreases of DA and SOD and the increase of MDA induced by MPTP, (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01, n = 10). MPP+ (10 micromol/L) induced the apoptosis of PC12 cells, and EGb (50 or 100 mg/L) prevented cells from apoptosis at 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01, n = 3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EGb possesses protective effect on the PD models in vivo and in vitro. The anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis may be one of the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of EGb.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563003, China.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: X N
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology; D016716:PC12 Cells / Q000473:pathology; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000502:physiology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase