title: Low level of brain dopamine D2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: association with metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of dopamine in the addictive process (loss of control and compulsive drug intake) is poorly understood. A consistent finding in drug-addicted subjects is a lower level of dopamine D2 receptors. In cocaine abusers, low levels of D2 receptors are associated with a lower level of metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex. Because the orbitofrontal cortex is associated with compulsive behaviors, its disruption may contribute to compulsive drug intake in addicted subjects. This study explored whether a similar association occurs in methamphetamine abusers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen methamphetamine abusers and 20 non-drug-abusing comparison subjects were studied with positron emission tomography (PET) and [11C]raclopride to assess the availability of dopamine D2 receptors and with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose to assess regional brain glucose metabolism, a marker of brain function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methamphetamine abusers had a significantly lower level of D2 receptor availability than comparison subjects (a difference of 16% in the caudate and 10% in the putamen). D2 receptor availability was associated with metabolic rate in the orbitofrontal cortex in abusers and in comparison subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower levels of dopamine D2 receptor availability have been previously reported in cocaine abusers, alcoholics, and heroine abusers. This study extends this finding to methamphetamine abusers. The association between level of dopamine D2 receptors and metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex in methamphetamine abusers, which replicates previous findings in cocaine abusers, suggests that D2 receptor-mediated dysregulation of the orbitofrontal cortex could underlie a common mechanism for loss of control and compulsive drug intake in drug-addicted subjects.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA. volkow@bnl.gov
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Volkow
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sedler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gatley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hitzemann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gifford
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pappas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003192:Compulsive Behavior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D008694:Methamphetamine