title: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder and risk for major depressive disorder: a preliminary study.
abstract: Investigators examined whether premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) poses a risk for major depressive disorder (MDD). In an initial study, women rated premenstrual symptoms and functional impairment daily for two menstrual cycles. A semistructured diagnostic interview was given to obtain psychiatric histories and differentiate PMDD from premenstrual exacerbations of other disorders. Participants in this pilot study were eight women with PMDD and a random subgroup without PMDD (n = 9) initially. Another semistructured interview was given to diagnose psychiatric disorders occurring during a two-year follow-up interval. In all, seven of the eight women with PMDD developed MDD within two years, including all those who had never had MDD before. The odds that a woman with PMDD developed MDD were 14 times the odds that a woman without PMDD developed MDD ( p <.05). Premenstrual dysphoric disorder may be a prodrome of or causal risk factor for MDD. Preliminary evidence for the diagnostic validity of PMDD is provided.
authors.affiliation: Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center and Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612-3864, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hartlage
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Arduino
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gehlert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors