title: Evaluation of indexes of in vivo manganese status and the optimal intravenous dose for adult patients undergoing home parenteral nutrition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are no accurate indexes for determining the status of manganese in humans, and there is no clear recommended daily dose of this essential trace element to be administered in total parenteral nutrition solutions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives were to evaluate accurate indexes of manganese status and elucidate the optimal manganese dose to be administered to adult patients undergoing home parenteral nutrition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were administered total parenteral nutrition solutions providing 0, 1, 2, or 20 micromol Mn/d according to an on-off design, after which manganese concentrations in whole blood and plasma were determined. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to determine the intensity on T(1)-weighted images (MRI intensity) and T(1) values in the globus pallidus. Hematologic and biochemistry tests were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High degrees of correlation were found between whole-blood manganese concentrations and both MRI intensity (r = 0.7728) and T(1) values (r = -0.7519) in the globus pallidus. A strong negative correlation was found between MRI intensity and T(1) values (r = -0.8407). The dose of 1 micromol Mn/d caused no change in MRI intensity or T(1) values, and the whole-blood manganese concentration remained within the normal range in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole-blood manganese concentrations and MRI intensity and T(1) values in the globus pallidus are useful indexes of the status of manganese in humans. The optimal dose of manganese may be 1 micromol/d for adult patients undergoing home parenteral nutrition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternity and Child Nursing, the School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan. takagi@sahs.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Kinya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sando
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wasa
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirabuki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016331:Parenteral Nutrition, Home
chemical_list: D008345:Manganese