title: A pilot evaluation of alfentanil-induced miosis as a noninvasive probe for hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activity in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The opioid alfentanil is a CYP3A4 substrate whose plasma clearance depends exclusively on hepatic CYP3A4 activity. Alfentanil clearance is an excellent in vivo probe for hepatic CYP3A4 activity and drug interactions in humans. However, such pharmacokinetic studies are invasive and time-consuming, and they require extensive analytical effort. This investigation tested the hypothesis that alfentanil-induced miosis (drug effect) can be used as a surrogate measure for alfentanil plasma concentrations and that alfentanil effect clearance will reflect plasma clearance; thus alfentanil can serve as a noninvasive probe for hepatic CYP3A4.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six healthy volunteers were studied in a 3-way randomized crossover design. Each volunteer received 1 mg intravenous midazolam, followed 1 hour later by 15 microg/kg intravenous alfentanil, after CYP3A4 induction (rifampin [INN, rifampicin]), CYP3A4 inhibition (troleandomycin), and control. Dark-adapted pupil diameter and dynamic light response were measured coincident with venous blood sampling for up to 8 hours. Midazolam and alfentanil were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plasma concentrations of alfentanil and midazolam (an additional CYP3A4 probe) and pupil diameter versus time data were analyzed by use of noncompartmental modeling. Pupil diameter change was analyzed analogously to determine the area under the alfentanil effect (miosis)-time curve (AUEC), effect clearance (CL(miosis)), and effect half-time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with control, CYP3A4 induction and inhibition significantly altered the clearances of alfentanil (2.8 +/- 1.4, 5.3 +/- 1.0, and 0.42 +/- 0.1 ml/kg/min, respectively; P <.05 versus control) and midazolam. Dark-adapted resting diameter (in millimeters) was the best measure of alfentanil pupil effects. Alfentanil-dependent miosis was significantly altered by CYP3A4 modulation, and log(diameter(0) - diameter(t)) versus time curves resembled alfentanil plasma disposition. AUEC(infinity) values after control, CYP3A4 induction, and inhibition were 280 +/- 150, 120 +/- 22, and 1030 +/- 240 mm x min, respectively (P <.05 versus control). Effect clearances (CL(miosis)) were 4.2 +/- 1.3, 8.8 +/- 2.4, and 1.2 +/- 0.8 microg/mm x min, respectively, and effect half-times were 62 +/- 23, 34 +/- 27, and 211 +/- 35 minutes, respectively (P <.05 versus control). CL(miosis) was significantly correlated with plasma clearances of alfentanil (r = 0.77, P <.001) and midazolam (r = 0.80; P <.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alfentanil effect (miosis) may be a sensitive and reliable surrogate for plasma alfentanil concentrations. Alfentanil effect kinetics may be used as a noninvasive surrogate for conventional pharmacokinetics. CL(miosis) appears to be a suitable noninvasive in vivo probe for hepatic CYP3A4 activity, and it merits further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, and the Anesthesiology Service, Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phimmasone
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kharasch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015760:Alfentanil / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019540:Area Under Curve; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015877:Miosis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects; D012293:Rifampin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D018757:GABA Modulators; D015760:Alfentanil; D008874:Midazolam; D012293:Rifampin