title: Singlet oxygen (1O(2)) disrupts platelet aggregates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Important mediators of activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are the oxidants HOCl and chloramine, which generate the nonradical photon-emitting oxidant singlet oxygen (1O(2)). Since 1O(2) inhibits platelet aggregation, we became interested in a possible oxidant mediated reversibility of platelet aggregation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chloramine T (CT) is a stable 1O(2) generator that mimics the natural chloramine N-chloro-taurine. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was incubated with CT 0-8 min after addition of the aggregation agonist (10 microM adenosine-5'-diphosphate, ADP, or 5 microg/ml collagen) and the aggregation was monitored. Platelet function was also analyzed by the platelet function analyzer, PFA-100. Fifty microliters of 200 micromol/l ADP was added to 400 microl PRP. After 1 min at 37 degrees C, 50 microl of 0 or 30 mmol/l CT was added, and after an incubation for 3 min at 37 degrees C, 50 microl of 25% glutaraldehyde was added. The samples were analyzed in a transmission microscope at x3000 and x7000 magnification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chloramines inhibit platelet function in PRP: about 1 mM CT suppresses 50% of the aggregatory capacity of thrombocytes in normal PRP (effective dose 50%, ED(50)=1 mM chloramine), which is identical to the ED(50) for CT in whole blood. The ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation can be reversed by addition of CT: up to 2 min after the addition of ADP as the aggregation inducer, the aggregation is reversible to more than 70% by addition of a 1O(2) release-inducer (3 mM CT). In contrast, addition of CT 8 min after the addition of ADP results only in about 50% reversal of platelet aggregation. The electron microscopic images of platelets before ADP, after incubation for 4 min at 20 micromol/l ADP, after incubation for 1 min at 20 micromol/l ADP, and a further incubation for 3 min at 3 mmol/l CT demonstrate an ADP-dependent formation of platelet aggregates, which are disrupted by 1O(2) into the single platelets; a phenomenon comparable to the decomposition of a puzzle or the continental drift of the major earth plates. The morphology of oxidized and unoxidized platelets is similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that 1O(2) inhibits and reverses platelet aggregation. The physiologic signal action and the direct anticoagulant action of 1O(2) might be a new principle for pharmacologic intervention in atherothrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University, D-35033, Marburg, Germany. thstief@post.med.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Stief
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Feek
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramaswamy
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kretschmer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Renz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fareed
mesh_terms: D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002700:Chloramines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D026082:Singlet Oxygen / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D016877:Oxidants; D026082:Singlet Oxygen; C030816:chloramine