title: Sptrx-2, a fusion protein composed of one thioredoxin and three tandemly repeated NDP-kinase domains is expressed in human testis germ cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thioredoxins (Trx) are small redox proteins that function as general protein disulphide reductases and regulate several cellular processes such as transcription factor DNA binding activity, apoptosis and DNA synthesis. In mammalian organisms, thioredoxins are generally ubiquitously expressed in all tissues, with the exception of Sptrx-1 which is specifically expressed in sperm cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report here the identification and characterization of a novel member of the thioredoxin family, the second with a tissue-specific distribution in human sperm, termed Sptrx-2. The Sptrx-2 ORF (open reading frame) encodes for a protein of 588 amino acids with two different domains: an N-terminal thioredoxin domain encompassing the first 105 residues and a C-terminal domain composed of three repeats of a NDP kinase domain. The Sptrx-2 gene spans about 51 kb organized in 17 exons and maps at locus 7p13-14. Sptrx-2 mRNA is exclusively expressed in human testis, mainly in primary spermatocytes, while Sptrx-2 protein expression is detected from the pachytene spermatocytes stage onwards, peaking at round spermatids stage. Recombinant full-length Sptrx-2 expressed in bacteria displayed neither thioredoxin nor NDP kinase enzymatic activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sperm specific expression of Sptrx-2, together with its chromosomal assignment to a position reported as a potential locus for flagellar anomalies and male infertility phenotypes such as primary ciliary dyskinesia, suggests that it might be a novel component of the human sperm axonemal organization.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, S-14157 Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sadek
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Damdimopoulos
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pelto-Huikko
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spyrou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miranda-Vizuete
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009701:Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase / Q000737:chemistry; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013087:Spermatids / Q000378:metabolism; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000737:chemistry*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: C452260:NME8 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013879:Thioredoxins; D009701:Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase