title: Patient self-management of acute asthma: adherence to national guidelines a decade later.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children in the emergency department (ED) with acute asthma were enrolled to assess the impact of asthma on their activities of daily living and evaluate their access to care and preventive strategies, determine the proportion who adhered to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) guidelines for proper steps to take at home during an acute asthma exacerbation, and compare adherence rates for those with persistent and mild intermittent asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children 2 to 18 years old who presented to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's ED with acute asthma exacerbations were enrolled prospectively. Parents and patients completed the 108-item Asthma Exacerbation Response Questionnaire with a focus on determining the home management steps they took both at the onset of the asthma exacerbation and just before coming to the ED.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 433 children studied, 76% had at least 1 doctor visit, 75% had at least 1 ED visit, and 43% had at least 1 hospitalization for asthma in the preceding 12 months. Overall, 64% had persistent asthma by NHLBI criteria, yet just 4% were cared for by an allergist or pulmonologist, 38% took daily anti-inflammatory therapy, and 18% received a daily inhaled corticosteroid. Also, 48% did not use a holding chamber with their metered-dose inhalers, and 66% did not use their peak flow meters. Regarding exacerbation response, 71% did not have a written action plan, and 89% did not maintain a symptom diary. Both at the onset of wheezing and just before coming to the ED, administration of a beta2-agonist was the only step that the majority of children performed. One-third or fewer followed the other steps recommended by the NHLBI, including using a peak flow meter, beginning oral corticosteroids, calling or going to see the doctor, or going to the ED. Children with persistent asthma were not more adherent to the guidelines than those with mild intermittent disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asthma has a significant adverse effect on the lives of these children. The NHLBI guidelines, first published a decade ago, were designed to reduce asthma's increasing morbidity and mortality, but this study uncovered a high rate of nonadherence with many aspects of the guidelines, including preventive strategies and home management of an exacerbation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. scarfone@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Scarfone
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zorc
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Capraro
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012648:Self Care; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors