title: Intrauterine growth of full-term infants: impact of prenatal cocaine exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to estimate the effect of prenatal cocaine exposure on fetal growth and gestational age after controlling for exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana and other covariates; to evaluate whether prenatal cocaine exposure has a disproportionate adverse effect on head circumference compared with overall somatic growth; and to assess whether the effect of prenatal cocaine exposure on fetal growth is mediated by cocaine's suspected effect on gestational age.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population includes 476 neonates participating in the Miami Prenatal Cocaine Study, a longitudinal follow-up of in utero cocaine exposure. The sample, restricted to full-term neonates born to African-American inner-city mothers, included 253 infants exposed prenatally to cocaine (with or without alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana exposure) and 223 non-cocaine-exposed infants, of whom 147 were drug-free and 76 were exposed to varying combinations of alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence based on structural equations and multiple regression models supports a hypothesis of cocaine-associated fetal growth deficits (0.63 standard deviation) and an independent mild effect on gestational age (0.33 standard deviation). There was no evidence of a disproportionate adverse effect on birth head circumference once the impact on overall growth was estimated. There was evidence that some but not all of the cocaine effect on fetal growth was direct and some was indirect, acting via an intermediate influence of cocaine on gestational age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cocaine-associated growth deficits, symmetrical and partially mediated by gestational age, were observed in this sample of inner-city African-American full-term infants prospectively enrolled at birth. Long-term implications will be the subject of future reports from this longitudinal investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA. ebandstr@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Bandstra
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Churchill
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chitwood
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Ofir
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xue
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001724:Birth Weight; D002508:Cephalometry; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine