title: Induced sputum derives from the central airways: confirmation using a radiolabeled aerosol bolus delivery technique.
abstract: Indirect evidence suggests that induced sputum derives from the surfaces of the bronchial airways. To confirm this experimentally, we employed a radiolabeled aerosol bolus delivery technique that preferentially deposits aerosol in the central airways in humans. We hypothesized that there would be significantly more radioactivity recovered in an induced sputum sample, and greater airways clearance of radiolabeled particles, immediately after a central versus peripheral airways deposition. Ten healthy volunteers underwent radiolabeled aerosol deposition ((99m)Tc sulfur colloid particles) to the central and peripheral airways on separate occasions followed immediately by induced sputum or no sputum (control), while seated in front of a gamma camera. Radioactivity was measured in the selected sputum sample, processed cell pellet, and supernatant fraction. Significantly more radioactivity was present in all portions of the sputum sample after central versus peripheral airways deposition (i.e., selected sample: 15,607 counts +/- 2,985 versus 943 counts +/- 298, p = 0.001). Clearance from the whole lung was significantly greater 40 min after central versus peripheral airways deposition (48 +/- 3% versus 5 +/- 1%, p = 0.0001). Compared with control, induced sputum greatly enhanced clearance after central deposition (48 +/- 3% versus 11 +/- 6%, p = 0.0001), but not after peripheral deposition (5 +/- 1% versus 3 +/- 0.8%). These results provide direct evidence that induced sputum derives from the central airways with little or no contribution from the peripheral airways.
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Alexis
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zeman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alter
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D003371:Cough / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D007553:Isotope Labeling / Q000379:methods; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008214:Lymphocytes; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar; D008297:Male; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance / Q000502:physiology*; D009504:Neutrophils; D010316:Particle Size; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D013183:Sputum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors; D014797:Vital Capacity
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid