title: Oxygen transport dynamics of acellular hemoglobin solutions in an isovolemic hemodilution model in swine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the perceived advantages of a hemoglobin-based blood substitute is the provision of oxygen-carrying capacity. Although the hemodynamic response to the infusion of acellular hemoglobin solutions has been extensively studied, less is known about the oxygen transport dynamics of such solutions. We hypothesized that acellular hemoglobin solutions are useful oxygen carriers in anemic states and that higher P50 solutions transport O2 more efficiently than low P50 solutions. We sought to quantify O2 transport dynamics of hemoglobin solutions in an isovolemic hemodilution model in swine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen swine were anesthetized, ventilated, and instrumented for hemodynamic measurements and for withdrawal of arterial and mixed venous blood. The swine were randomized into three groups and progressively bled from an initial hematocrit (Hct) of 30% to Hcts of 19%, 13%, and 8% using isovolemic exchange with pyridoxalated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate (PHP, n = 6); an identical hemoglobin solution without the pyridoxalation, resulting in a low P50 solution (POE-Hb, n = 6); or an osmotically similar control solution of pentastarch (PS, n = 6). Hemodynamic measurements, arterial and mixed venous O2 content, and O2 extraction ratio (ER), were determined in whole blood (WB), the red blood cell (RBC) phase, and the plasma phase utilizing a compartmentalized approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was higher with hemodilution in the PHP and POE-Hb groups than in the PS group (p < 0.05). Cardiac index increased with hemodilution in all groups, but was significantly less than the cardiac index in the PS group at Hcts = 19% and 13%. Oxygen delivery and consumption were maintained at all hematocrits at baseline levels in the PHP and POE-Hb groups, but O2 delivery was significantly decreased in the PS group at Hct = 8% (p < 0.05 for PS vs. baseline and p < 0.05 for PHP and POE-Hb vs. PS). Oxygen extraction ratio increased with progressive hemodilution in both the RBC hemoglobin and plasma phases to a maximum of 39% for PHP and 36% for POE-Hb at Hct = 8%. The percent contribution from the plasma phase to total oxygen delivery and consumption likewise increased with hemodilution to maximum values of 52.7% (PHP) and 68.2% (POE-Hb) for delivery and 40.9% (PHP) and 39.3% (POE-Hb) for consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acellular hemoglobin solutions provide a significant contribution to O2 delivery and consumption, particularly in severe anemia, in this model of isovolemic exchange. The differences in the P50 of the two hemoglobin solutions do not appear to significantly influence oxygen dynamics over the range of hematocrits studied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. VASLE001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Vaslef
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kaminski
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Talarico
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006400:Hematocrit; D006438:Hemodilution; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects*; D011897:Random Allocation; D015532:Rehydration Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012769:Shock / Q000628:therapy*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D015532:Rehydration Solutions