title: Clinical and morphological features of kidney involvement in primary Sjögren's syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary Sjögren's syndrome is a connective tissue disorder affecting primarily the lacrimal and salivary glands, resulting in xerophtalmia and xerostomia. Extraglandular manifestations are frequent and may include renal involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the prevalence and nature of kidney involvement in 60 Italian patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome, diagnosed according to the European classification criteria. The following renal laboratory tests were performed in all patients: electrolytes in serum and in 24-h urine, creatinine in serum and in 24-h urine, venous pH and HCO(3)(-), urinalysis, urine culture, urinary osmolality and urine pH. A water deprivation test was performed in patients with morning urine osmolalities below the reference values adjusted for age. An oral ammonium chloride loading test was performed in patients with urine pH above 5.5 from morning samples. Renal biopsy was performed in patients with renal involvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen patients (27%) had laboratory evidence of tubular and/or glomerular dysfunction. A variable degree of creatinine clearance reduction was found in eight patients (13%); frank distal tubular acidosis in three (5%); hypokalaemia in four (7%); and pathological proteinuria in 12 (20%). Urine concentrating capacity was defective in 10 out of 48 (21%) tested patients. Only four patients presented with overt clinical manifestations, including hypokalaemic tetraparesis (1), nephrotic syndrome (2), recurrent renal stones with flank pain and haematuria (1). In two patients, signs of renal involvement preceded the onset of sicca syndrome. Renal biopsies from nine patients showed tubulo-interstitial nephritis in six and glomerular disease in three. Patients with renal involvement had a significantly shorter disease duration compared with patients without renal abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kidney involvement is a frequent extraglandular manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome. It is rarely overt and may precede the onset of subjective sicca syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Spedali Civili and Università, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bossini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Savoldi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Franceschini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mombelloni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baronio
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cavazzana
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Valzorio
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mazzucchelli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cattaneo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scolari
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maiorca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*