title: Neuromodulation for chronic refractory angina.
abstract: Neuromodulation is the use of therapies which alter the relationship between the heart, its autonomic innervation and the central nervous system with the objective of reducing the ischaemic burden and diminishing the perception of angina.
authors.affiliation: National Refractory Angina Centre, Mersey Regional Cardiothoracic Centre, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chester
mesh_terms: D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D004723:Endorphins / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation
chemical_list: D004723:Endorphins; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents