title: Chromaffin cell mitogenesis by neurturin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor.
abstract: Neurturin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor are novel mitogens for normal adult rat chromaffin cells in vitro. These neurotrophic factors differ from the previously described adult chromaffin cell mitogens, nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, in that their effects are potentiated by depolarization and activation of protein kinase C. Neurturin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor signal via the receptor tyrosine kinase, ret, but may also act independently of ret. Both depolarization and phorbol esters act synergistically with neurturin to up-regulate ret protein expression in chromaffin cell cultures, suggesting a mechanism for potentiation of mitogenesis. However, a direct role for ret in mitogenesis has not been established. Stimulation by neurturin causes increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 in cultured chromaffin cells, and mitogenesis is prevented by inhibitors of their phosphorylation. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase also prevent mitogenesis. The present findings suggest the hypothesis that neurotrophic factors and neurally derived signals might cooperatively regulate chromaffin cell proliferation in vivo in the rat. In addition, trans-synaptic stimulation might provide a route by which epigenetic factors could influence the development of adrenal medullary hyperplasia in humans with hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes 2A and 2B by affecting expression and/or activation of ret.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New England Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, 750 Washington Street, Box 802, Boston, MA 02111, USA. jpowers1@lifespan.org
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Schelling
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Tischler
mesh_terms: D000313:Adrenal Medulla / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019439:Chromaffin Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D051097:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008934:Mitogens / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018813:Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051101:Neurturin; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C495041:Gdnf protein, rat; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D051097:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors; D008934:Mitogens; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D051101:Neurturin; C495057:Nrtn protein, rat; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C416649:Ret protein, Drosophila; C495001:Ret protein, rat; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate