title: Sex determination in the chicken embryo.
abstract: The chicken embryo represents a suitable model for studying vertebrate sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation. While the basic mechanism of sex determination in birds is still unknown, gonadal morphogenesis is very similar to that in mammals, and most of the genes implicated in mammalian sex determination have avian homologues. However, in the chicken embryo, these genes show some interesting differences in structure or expression patterns to their mammalian counterparts, broadening our understanding of their functions. The novel candidate testis-determining gene in mammals, DMRT1, is also present in the chicken, and is expressed specifically in the embryonic gonads. In chicken embryos, DMRT1 is more highly expressed in the gonads and Müllerian ducts of male embryos than in those of females. Meanwhile, expression of the orphan nuclear receptor, Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF1) is up-regulated during ovarian differentiation in the chicken embryo. This contrasts with the expression pattern of SF1 in mouse embryos, in which expression is down-regulated during female differentiation. Another orphan receptor initially implicated in mammalian sex determination, DAX1, is poorly conserved in the chicken. A chicken DAX1 homologue isolated from a urogenital ridge library lacked the unusual DNA-binding motif seen in mammals. Chicken DAX1 is autosomal, and is expressed in the embryonic gonads, showing somewhat higher expression in female compared to male gonads, as in mammals. However, expression is not down-regulated at the onset of testicular differentiation in chicken embryos, as occurs in mice. These comparative data shed light on vertebrate sex determination in general.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Centre for Hormone Research, The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia. smithc@cryptic.rch.unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Sinclair
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002642:Chick Embryo; D057137:DAX-1 Orphan Nuclear Receptor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D051717:Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009095:Mullerian Ducts / Q000196:embryology*; D010053:Ovary / Q000196:embryology*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D019849:Sex Determination Processes; D012733:Sex Differentiation; D054339:Steroidogenic Factor 1; D013737:Testis / Q000196:embryology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D057137:DAX-1 Orphan Nuclear Receptor; C110547:DMRT1 protein; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051717:Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C539966:Nr0b1 protein, mouse; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D054339:Steroidogenic Factor 1; D014157:Transcription Factors; C515058:steroidogenic factor 1, mouse