title: Sine-enhanced Shake-and-Bake: the theoretical basis and applications to Se-atom substructures.
abstract: Shake-and-Bake is a dual-space direct-methods procedure for crystal structure determination capable of providing ab initio solutions for structures containing as many as 1200 independent non-H atoms, as well as for heavy-atom substructures containing as many as 160 Se atoms in the asymmetric unit. In traditional Shake-and-Bake, phase refinement in reciprocal space utilizes the technique of parameter shift to reduce the value of a minimal function that considers only the mean-square differences between the current values of the cosine structure invariants and their expected values. A new type of minimal function, termed the sine-enhanced minimal function, considers both cosine and sine values of the structure invariants. Exhaustive tests on six Se-atom substructures, ranging in size from 12 to 160 Se atoms in the asymmetric unit, have shown that a two- to eightfold increase in the percentage of trials that converge to solution is attainable with the technique of sine-enhanced parameter shift. The corresponding sine-enhanced Shake-and-Bake, with suitable default parameter values, is being incorporated into a new distributed version of the SnB computer program.
authors.affiliation: Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute and Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 73 HighStreet, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA. xu@hwi.buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Hongliang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Herbert A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hauptman
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Weeks
mesh_terms: D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D012643:Selenium / Q000737:chemistry*; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D012643:Selenium