title: Using contrast-enhanced helical CT to visualize arterial extravasation after blunt abdominal trauma: incidence and organ distribution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the incidence and organ distribution of arterial extravasation identified using contrast-enhanced helical CT in patients who had sustained abdominal visceral injuries and pelvic fractures after blunt trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred sixty-five consecutive patients from four level I trauma centers who had CT scans showing abdominal visceral injuries or pelvic fractures were included in this series. The presence or absence of arterial extravasation, as well as the anatomic sites of arterial extravasation, was noted. We obtained clinical follow-up data, including surgical or angiographic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our series, 104 (18.4%) of 565 patients had arterial extravasation. Of the 104 patients, 81 (77.9%) underwent surgery, embolization, or both. The combined rate of surgery or embolization in patients with arterial extravasation was statistically higher than expected at all four institutions (p <0.001). The spleen was the most common organ injured, occurring in 277 (49.0%) of 565 patients, and arterial extravasation occurred in 49 (17.7%) of 277 patients with splenic injury. Several other visceral injuries were associated with arterial extravasation, including hepatic, renal, adrenal, and mesenteric injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the limited reports of arterial extravasation in the nonhelical CT literature, the percentage (18%) of clinically stable patients in our study with CT scans showing arterial extravasation was higher than anticipated. This finding likely reflects the improved diagnostic capability of helical CT. Although the spleen and liver were the organs most commonly associated with arterial extravasation, radiologists should be aware that arterial extravasation may be associated with several other visceral injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr., H-1307, Stanford, CA 94305-5105, USA.
authors.forename: Dorcas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: R Brooke
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Jeffrey
authors.forename: Stuart E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mirvis
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weekes
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Federle
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prabhakar
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Radin
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Ralls
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014781:Viscera / Q000098:blood supply; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery