title: Increased retinal endothelial cell monolayer permeability induced by the diabetic milieu: role of advanced non-enzymatic glycation and polyol pathway activation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased vascular permeability could be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. The present study was aimed at assessing whether high glucose concentrations can impair retinal endothelial cell barrier function directly, irrespective of changes in other determinants of permeability, and the role of non-enzymatic glycation and polyol pathway activation in these alterations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine retinal endothelial cells (BREC) were exposed for various periods to high glucose vs iso-osmolar mannitol and normal glucose containing media+/-agents mimicking or inhibiting advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation and polyol pathway activation. Monolayer permeability was assessed by measuring the transendothelial passage of (125)I-labeled proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Permeability increased significantly (up to +70%) in BREC exposed to high glucose, but not to mannitol, for 1-30 days, vs normal glucose control cells. Exposure to AGE-modified bovine serum albumin (BSA) (> or = 90%) and, to a lesser extent, sorbitol (+28%) mimicked the high glucose effect. The AGE formation and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor aminoguanidine significantly reduced (by 60%) changes induced by 30-day exposure to high glucose, whereas methylguanidine, which inhibits only NOS activity, did not affect permeability. Aldose reductase or sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors decreased (by approximately 40%) the enhanced leakage produced by 1-day, but not 30-day, incubation in high glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results indicate that high glucose is capable of impairing retinal endothelial cell barrier function directly and that non-enzymatic glycation and polyol pathway activation may mediate these changes, with AGEs participating in the long-term alterations and increased flux through the sorbitol pathway in the short-term effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences (Endocrinology), 'La Sapienza' University, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leto
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pricci
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Amadio
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iacobini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cordone
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Diaz-Horta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barsotti
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rotella
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: di Mario
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pugliese
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004727:Endothelium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000502:physiology; D008353:Mannitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008760:Methylguanidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011108:Polymers / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000502:physiology; D013012:Sorbitol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006146:Guanidines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D011108:Polymers; C024617:polyol; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D008353:Mannitol; D013012:Sorbitol; D008760:Methylguanidine; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; C004479:pimagedine