title: Efficacy and safety of risperidone oral solution in agitation associated with dementia in the elderly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD) contribute to caregiver burden and institutionalization of elderly. Neuroleptics are prescribed to control agitation. Side effects of typical neuroleptics are harmful, making atypical neuroleptics an indication.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate efficacy and tolerability of risperidone oral solution (ROS) given once daily to demented elderly outpatients with BPSD (agitation).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n=26), 76.35+/-8.63 years, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. (DSM-IV) criteria for dementia. RSO was given, starting dose of 0.25 mg and increments of 0.25 mg every week. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) assessed cognitive status, Behavioral and Emotional Activities Manifested in Dementia (BEAM-D) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) measured BPSD, Extrapiramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) evaluated extrapyramidal symptoms. Cardiovascular side effects were evaluated clinically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a 26% reduction in agitation and no cardiovascular side effects in the range from 1.0 to 1.25 mg. Side effects were more prevalent above 2.5 mg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risperidone oral solution improved agitation with good tolerability from 0.5 to 1.25 mg. A single dose with increments of 0.25 mg may be more acceptable to patients and caregivers.
authors.affiliation: Psychogeriatric Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laks
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marinho
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rozenthal
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bacaltchuk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stoppe
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bottino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scalco
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000523:psychology; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018967:Risperidone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018967:Risperidone