title: Heterogeneity of myocardial sleeve morphology and gap junctions in canine superior vena cava.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The myocardial sleeve of the superior vena cava (SVC) has been identified as a potential initiating focus in atrial fibrillation, but information on cell-to-cell linkage at this site is lacking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the SVC in 8 dogs by immunoconfocal and electron microscopy. Cardiomyocytes outlined with vinculin and bearing striations positive for alpha-actinin are found in the proximal segment of the SVC. These cells, grouped in bundles of various orientations according to location, extend cephalically as far as 3 cm from the right atrium (RA)-SVC junction. Comparison between the junctional level and the level 2 cm distal shows that the myocardial layer in the latter is thinner and not as compact and is composed of longer cells (87.3+/-15.7 versus 71.6+/-14.4 micrometer, P<0.01). Gap junctions made of connexin43 (Cx43), Cx40, and Cx45 are aggregated mainly at the intercalated disks, and colocalization of connexins is a common feature throughout the myocardial sleeve. Areas of atypical expression exist, however, characterized by a center of abundant Cx43 labels surrounded by a periphery of scattered tiny Cx40-labeled spots. Although in the ventral subluminal compact myocardial layer, individual cells at both levels are surrounded by similar numbers of cells, the number of aggregation of labeled gap junctions at the distal level is less (2.3+/-0.6 versus 3.7+/-0.9, P<0.01). In addition, electron-microscopic examination demonstrates that the gap junctions at the distal level are smaller in size (0.37+/-0.30 versus 0.55+/-0.34 micrometer, P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The myocardial sleeve in the canine SVC is a heterogeneous structure, which could potentially form a substrate for heterogeneity of electrical coupling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Y N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Severs
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000185:Actinin / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000032:analysis; D017630:Connexins / Q000032:analysis; D004285:Dogs; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis; D000097003:Gap Junction alpha-5 Protein
chemical_list: D000185:Actinin; D018031:Connexin 43; D017630:Connexins; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D000097003:Gap Junction alpha-5 Protein; C082920:connexin 45