title: Thymic size on chest radiograph and rapid disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early infection of the thymus, an organ central to the ontogeny of the immune system, has been proposed as a cause of rapid progression in pediatric HIV disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that small thymic volume is associated with rapid disease progression in HIV-infected children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three pediatric radiologists established criteria for rating the size of the thymic profile on chest radiographs. All available baseline chest radiographs were reviewed in a random sequence, with radiologists blinded to study subjects' clinical status. A consensus was reached on whether the thymus was normal or small for age.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective multicenter study of the natural history of HIV-1 infection in children, the Pediatric Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Complications of Vertically Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (P2C2) Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight HIV-infected children and 38 control children (uninfected but born to HIV-infected women) for whom chest radiographs in the first year of life were available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rapid progression of HIV disease, defined as CDC Clinical Category C (severely symptomatic) or Immunologic Category 3 (severe immunosuppression) by 1 year of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at the time of chest radiography was 3.5 months. Ten (17%) HIV-infected children had reduced thymic profile size, whereas no controls did (P = 0.006). Of the 58 (59%) HIV-infected children 34 were classified as rapid progressors, and 9 (26%) of them had reduced thymus size, compared with 1 (4%) of the non-rapid progressor children [odds ratio, 8.28; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0, 70.5; P = 0.035]. Baseline mean CD4+ count was 1642 (95% CI 1322 to 2009) cells/microl for those with normal thymus and 740 (95% CI 380 to 1275) cells/microl for those with reduced thymus (P = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early thymic involution is associated with rapidly progressive disease in HIV-infected children.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA. afmeyers@bu.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Cleveland
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Cranley
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sunkle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Husak
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*