title: High-frequency ultrasonic attenuation and backscatter coefficients of in vivo normal human dermis and subcutaneous fat.
abstract: In vivo attenuation and backscatter coefficients of normal human forearm dermis and subcutaneous fat were determined in the ranges 14 to 50 MHz and 14 to 34 MHz, respectively. Data were collected using three different transducers to ensure that results were independent of the measurement system. Attenuation coefficient was obtained by computing spectral slopes vs. depth, with the transducers axially translated to minimize diffraction effects. Backscatter coefficient was obtained by compensating recorded backscatter spectra for system-dependent effects and, additionally, for one transducer using the reference phantom technique. Good agreement was seen between the computed attenuation and backscatter results from the different transducers/methods. The attenuation coefficient of the forearm dermis was well described by a linear dependence with a slope that ranged between 0.08 to 0.39 (median = 0.21) dB mm(-1) MHz(-1). The backscatter coefficient of the dermis was generally in the range 10(-3) to 10(-1) Sr(-1) mm(-1) and showed an increasing trend with frequency. No significant differences in attenuation coefficient slope between the forearm dermis and fat were noted. Within the range of 14 to 34 MHz, the ratio of integrated (average) backscatter of dermis to that of fat ranged from 1.03 to 87.1 (median = 6.45), indicating significantly higher backscatter for dermis than for fat. Data were also recorded at the fingertip where the attenuation coefficient slope of the dermis was seen to be higher than that at the forearm.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Human and Machine Haptics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D020405:Dermis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography