title: Determination of amphetamine and its metabolite p-hydroxyamphetamine in rat urine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography after dabsyl derivatization.
abstract: The consumption of amphetamine is illicit and controlled due to both the elicited behavioural deviations and the toxicity effects reported in abusers. Thus, amphetamine levels in biological samples must be monitored in several clinical and forensic circumstances. In spite of the interspecies differences in the preferred route of biotransformation, benzylmethylketone, benzoic acid and 4-hydroxyamphetamine are the principal metabolites of amphetamine. However, the clinical and forensic studies are focused in the parent compound and in 4-hydroxyamphetamine since benzylmethylketone is a minor metabolite in human and benzoic acid is also an endogenous compound. In the present study amphetamine and its metabolite, 4-hydroxyamphetamine, are quantified in urine by HPLC after derivatization with 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride (dabsyl chloride). This derivatization procedure transforms amphetamine and its hydroxylated metabolite in compounds with similar lipofilicity, enabling their quantitative and simultaneous extraction with an organic solvent. The precision of the HPLC technique was 7.3 and 10.0% for amphetamine and 4-hydroxyamphetamine derivatives, respectively. For the overall procedure, including enzymatic hydrolysis, derivatization and extraction of the derivatives, the obtained values were 9.3 and 6.2%. Recoveries obtained from spiked urines for amphetamine and 4-hydroxyamphetamine were better than 97% and 94% (mean value), respectively. The detection limits of the method was 10 ng for both compounds. The principal advantages of the present proposed method are the stability of the dabsyl derivatives at room temperature and the detection carried out in the visible region, reducing the interferences detected.
authors.affiliation: CEQUP, Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050/047 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bastos
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D051381:Rats; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D004124:p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry*; D010136:p-Hydroxyamphetamine / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; C010572:4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride; D004124:p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene; D000661:Amphetamine; D010136:p-Hydroxyamphetamine