title: Influence of leisure activity on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether leisure activities modify the risk for incident dementia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although high educational and occupational attainments have been associated with reduced risk of incident dementia, the relation between leisure activities and dementia risk has not been adequately investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,772 nondemented individuals aged 65 years or older, living in northern Manhattan, New York, were identified and followed longitudinally in a community-based cohort incidence study. Subjects' leisure activities at baseline were assessed, annual examinations with the same standardized neurologic and neuropsychological measures were performed for up to 7 years (mean 2.9 years), and incident dementia was assessed as the main outcome measure. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for age, ethnic group, education, and occupation, were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of incident dementia associated with high leisure activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1,772 subjects, 207 became demented. The risk of dementia was decreased in subjects with high leisure activities (RR, 0.62; 95% CI 0.46 to 0.83). The association of high leisure with decreased RR of incident dementia was present even when baseline cognitive performance, health limitations interfering with desired leisure activities, cerebrovascular disease, and depression were considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that engagement in leisure activities may reduce the risk of incident dementia, possibly by providing a reserve that delays the onset of clinical manifestations of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Division of the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scarmeas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: M X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manly
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors