title: Prostanoid production via COX-2 as a causative mechanism of rodent postoperative ileus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study demonstrates a significant role for cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and prostanoid production as mechanisms for surgically induced postoperative ileus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats, COX-2+/+, and COX-2-/- mice underwent simple intestinal manipulation. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to detect and localize COX-2 expression. Prostaglandin levels were measured from serum, peritoneal lavage fluid, and muscularis culture media. Jejunal circular muscle contractions were measured in an organ bath, and gastrointestinal transit was measured in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data show that intestinal manipulation induces COX-2 messenger RNA and protein within resident muscularis macrophages, a discrete subpopulation of myenteric neurons and recruited monocytes. The manipulation-induced increase in COX-2 expression resulted in significantly elevated prostaglandin levels within the circulation and peritoneal cavity. The source of these prostanoids could be directly attributed to their release from the inflamed muscularis externa. As a consequence of the molecular up-regulation of COX-2, we observed a decrease in in vitro jejunal circular muscle contractility and gastrointestinal transit, both of which could be alleviated pharmacologically with selective COX-2 inhibition. These studies were corroborated with the use of COX-2-/- mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prostaglandins, through the induction of COX-2, are major participants in rodent postoperative ileus induced by intestinal manipulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine/Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kalff
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Türler
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Billiar
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005663:Furans / Q000494:pharmacology; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007415:Intestinal Obstruction / Q000209:etiology*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout / Q000235:genetics; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000503:physiopathology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011912:Rats, Inbred ACI; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C106876:5,5-dimethyl-3-(3-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl-2(5H)-furanone; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D005663:Furans; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011453:Prostaglandins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D007213:Indomethacin