title: Recurrence of thymoma: clinicopathological features, re-operation, and outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Even after complete resection, recurrence of thymoma is not infrequently observed, and treatment of recurrent thymoma remains controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty-six patients underwent surgically complete resection for thymoma, and 24 of them had a recurrence. Surgical treatment of recurrent thymoma was attempted in 15 patients for a total of 18 times. In the present study, the relevance of clinicopathological features and the re-operation on the survival rate after the recurrence were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequent recurrent type was pleural dissemination (92%), with local recurrence observed in 5%. Overall 5- and 10-year survivals after recurrence were 37 and 16%, respectively. Disease-free interval after initial operation and complication of myasthenia gravis had no significant effect on postrecurrent survival. The use of postoperative mediastinal irradiation had no effect on reducing the recurrence rate or improving survival after recurrence. Two of 15 patients who underwent re-operation died of major complications after It. pleuropneumonectomy for severe pleural dissemination. In the present study, the re-operation was not significantly effective for prolongation of postrecurrence survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that re-operation should not be attempted for all patients with recurrent thymoma. Because effect of subtotal resection for severe pleural recurrence is disappointing, total resection for minimal pleural dissemination or small local recurrence will be undertaken to improve postrecurrent survival. Careful follow-up for > 10 years will increase the chance of the total resection of the recurrent thymoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan. masa24@hsp.md.shinshu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haniuda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Numanami
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makiuchi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Machida
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D015996:Survival Rate; D013945:Thymoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D013953:Thymus Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome