title: Beraprost sodium regulates cell cycle in vascular smooth muscle cells through cAMP signaling by preventing down-regulation of p27(Kip1).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Beraprost sodium (BPS), a prostacyclin (PGI(2)) analogue, has been reported to exhibit beneficial effects on atherosclerosis in both human and animal models. To clarify the underlying mechanism, we investigated the effects of BPS on neointimal formation after balloon injury in the canine coronary artery. Furthermore, we determined its anti-atherosclerotic effects in cultured smooth muscle cells (SMCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult beagle dogs (10-12 kg) were fed on a high-cholesterol diet (10 g/day) and underwent balloon-denudation of the coronary artery. The dogs were divided into two groups: a BPS-treated group (20 microg/kg per day) and a control group. Twenty-eight days after injury, the dogs were killed and the coronary arteries were examined morphometrically. Three days after injury, the proliferative activity in the medial layer of the coronary artery was evaluated by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, and p27(Kip1), a cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor, expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. We also examined the effects of BPS on SMC proliferation based on BrdU incorporation and cell cycle analysis. In addition, p27(Kip1) regulation was evaluated in primary-cultured SMCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BPS administration decreased the intima/media ratio (I/M) by 88% in the control group. Three days after injury, BPS attenuated the proliferation rate of the cells in the media of the coronary artery by 35%, and maintained p27(Kip1) expression, which declined in the control cells. In the cultured proliferating SMC, BPS prevented the down-regulation of p27(Kip1). The 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-br-cAMP), a cAMP analogue, had similar actions as BPS in the regulation of p27(Kip1). The proliferation of cultured SMC was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, and cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase was induced by BPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that BPS inhibits neointimal formation after balloon denudation in the coronary artery through its inhibitory effect on SMC proliferation by preventing p27(Kip1) down-regulation.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Osaka, Japan. in1041@poh.osaka-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ii
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoshiga
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Negoro
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakakoji
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nishiguchi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kohbayashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hanafusa
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D023903:Coronary Restenosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D023421:Models, Animal; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C048081:beraprost; D011464:Epoprostenol; D000242:Cyclic AMP