title: Evolution of IESs and scrambling in the actin I gene in hypotrichous ciliates.
abstract: Germ-line (micronuclear) genes in hypotrichous ciliates are interrupted by numerous, short, noncoding, AT-rich segments called internal eliminated segments, or IESs. IESs divide a gene into macronuclear destined segments, or MDSs. IESs are excised from micronuclear genes, and the MDSs are spliced when a micronuclear genome is processed into a macronuclear genome after cell mating. In the micronuclear version of the actin I gene intramolecular recombination between IESs during evolution has put MDSs into a scrambled disorder in some but not all hypotrichs. Studies using rDNA sequences to define phylogenetic relationships among eight hypotrichs suggests that evolution of the micronuclear actin I gene proceeds by successive addition of IESs in earlier diverging species, without MDS scrambling. Continued addition of IESs and recombination among IESs in later diverging species produced actin I genes with scrambled MDSs. Subsequent to MDS scrambling, additional IESs were inserted into the more recently evolved species. Thus, IES insertions and gene scrambling occur in a progressive manner during species evolution to produce micronuclear actin I genes of increasing structural complexity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-034, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D016798:Ciliophora / Q000235:genetics*; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal