title: Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have 2- to 6-fold increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to non-DM subjects. Epidemiological data show that DM is synergic with other conventional risk factors. Total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) is an emerging CVD risk factor. We reviewed the literature to explore the relation between tHcy and CVD in patients with DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the MEDLINE database for articles on homocysteine, DM and CVD published from January 1991 to October 2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean plasma tHcy level is usually low or normal in DM patients, except when nephropathy is present. Levels in that case tend to be higher than in non-DM patients. An independent association with tHcy and CVD was shown in retrospective studies, for DM patients. Prospective studies showed an association between elevated tHcy and all cause mortality in DM patients. In general, the association between elevated levels of tHcy and the outcome was stronger than in non-DM individuals, for all types of study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, there are no prospective work that specifically examined the relationship between levels of tHcy and the presence of CVD in the DM population. Nor are there studies to show that treating elevated tHcy results in a reduction of CVD events. Such studies are ongoing. Nevertheless, since hyperhomocysteinemia is potentially reversible with vitamin therapy, interaction of DM with high levels tHcy on the risk of CVD may have consequences with regard to management of primary and secondary prevention in DM patients who are at particularly high risk of CVD events.
authors.affiliation: The Internal Medicine Division of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, H2W 1R7, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Audelin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Genest
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006710:Homocysteine