title: Identification of up-regulated Ras-like GTPase, Rap1b, by suppression subtractive hybridization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic nephropathy accounts for over 30% of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A number of defined mechanisms and molecules that are involved in its pathogenesis are known, while others remain to be identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to search for new genes that may be relevant to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy during embryonic development, the time when the kidney is most susceptible to various forms of stress. A diabetic state was induced in pregnant mice at day-13 of gestation by administration of streptozotocin. The kidneys of newborn mice with blood glucose level> 200 mg/dL were harvested, mRNA isolated and subjected to SSH-PCR. Several differentially expressed cDNA fragments with up-regulated expression were isolated. One of the cDNA fragments had homology with human Ras-like guanine 5'-triphosphate (GTPase), Rap1b gene. By utilizing the lambdaZAP II mouse cDNA library and SMART RACE amplification, a full-length Rap1b cDNA was isolated. A recombinant protein was generated in pET15b bacterial expression system. An anti-Rap1b antibody was raised in rabbits by immunizing them with the fusion protein, and its specificity was confirmed by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rap1b cDNA had an open reading frame of 552 bp with a predicted putative protein size of approximately 21 kD. In vitro translation verified the authentication of the Rap1b cDNA clone. Northern blot analyses revealed a single approximately 2.3 kb Rap1b mRNA transcript. Its expression was up-regulated in several tissues, including the kidney of newborn diabetic mice. The degree of up-regulation of Rap1b mRNA expression was proportional to the blood glucose levels. Western blot analyses confirmed the hyperglycemia-induced up-regulation of the Rap1b expression. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence studies revealed that Rap1b was expressed in the inner medullary collecting tubules. During hyperglycemia, its expression was accentuated and extended into the outer medullary and cortical collecting tubules. Similar up-regulation of Rap1b was observed when embryonic kidneys, harvested at day-13 of gestation, were exposed to high glucose ambience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that Rap1b, a GTP-binding protein that plays a critical role in various signaling intracellular events, is another molecule that may be relevant to the pathobiology of diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chugh
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Wallner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kanwar
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000502:physiology; D001483:Base Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D005947:Glucose / Q000502:physiology; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011817:Rabbits; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D015854:Up-Regulation; D020668:rap GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; C492136:Rap1b protein, mouse; D020668:rap GTP-Binding Proteins; D005947:Glucose