title: Surgical glove perforation in cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, concern for the protection of health care employees and health care recipients has led to increasing awareness of transmitted infections. Sterile surgical gloves were tested to determine the incidence of perforations after being worn during procedures commonly performed by cardiac surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study conducted from January 15, 2000 through February 15, 2000, 953 gloves worn during cardiac surgery were evaluated for punctures. Pairs of sterile latex surgical gloves were collected over a period of one month. Routine tasks included mainly bypass and valve surgery. Impermeability was tested by means of a water retention test according to European standard EN 455 Part 1 performed on 954 (Manufix, Hartmann, Germany) latex gloves. A control group of 50 unused gloves was also evaluated for the presence of spontaneous leakage. Gloves were separated according to whether the wearer was an operator (254 gloves), first assistant (220 gloves), second assistant (272 gloves), or theatre nurse (207 gloves). Gloves with a known perforation occurring during the procedure were not included in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no punctures in the 50 unused gloves. Punctures were detected in 66 of 254 (26.0 %) gloves used by operators, 49 of 220 (22.3 %) used by first assistants, 25 of 272 (9.2 %) used by second assistants, and 78 of 207 (37.7 %) used by theatre nurses. Some gloves had more than one puncture, accounting for the 244 holes detected (operators 75/244 = 30.7 %; first assistants 54/244 = 22.1 %; second assistants 28/244 = 11.5 %; theatre nurses 87/244 = 35.7 %). Sites of scalpel and suture needle injuries were most commonly the thumb (27.3 %) and pointer finger (42.1 %) of the non-dominant hand, followed by, in descending order: middle finger (10.2 %), other fingers (15.7 %), palm (3.8 %) and back of the hand (0.9 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of punctures that occur during cardiac operations is obviously higher than has so far been assumed. Therefore, cardiac surgeons should consider the incidence of unknown glove perforations when planning surgery in patients with infectious diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Witten/Herdecke, Arrenberger Strasse 20, 42217 Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Driever
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beie
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Reifschneider
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Vetter
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D004868:Equipment Failure; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005858:Germany; D005932:Gloves, Surgical / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008853:Microscopy