title: International neuroblastoma pathology classification for prognostic evaluation of patients with peripheral neuroblastic tumors: a report from the Children's Cancer Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification was established in 1999 for the prognostic evaluation of patients with neuroblastic tumors (NTs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pathology slides from 746 NTs (the Children's Cancer Group [CCG]-3881 and CCG-3891 studies) were evaluated according to the International Classification. First, prognostic effects of the morphologic indicators (grade of neuroblastic differentiation: undifferentiated [U], poorly differentiated [PD] and differentiating [D]; and mitosis-karyorrhexis index [MKI]: low [L-MKI], intermediate [I-MKI], and high [H-MKI]) for tumors in the neuroblastoma (NB) category were tested. Then, prognostic significance of the International Classification for all NTs in four categories (neuroblastoma [NB]; ganglioneuroblastoma, intermixed [GNBi]; ganglioneuroma [GN]; and ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular [GNBn]) was analyzed. Finally, age distribution of the patients in the four categories as well as three subtypes (based on the grade of differentiation) in the NB category was compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 630 NB tumors, 30 GNBi tumors, 10 GN tumors, and 76 GNBn tumors. In the NB category, prognostic effects of the indicators (three grades of differentiation and three mitosis-karyorrhexis index [MKI] classes: low [L], intermediate [I], and high [H]) were affected significantly by the age of the patients. The age-linked evaluation of the indicators according to the International Classification successfully distinguished two prognostic subgroups: the favorable histology (FH) subgroup (PD/D and L/I-MKI tumors in patients age < 1.5 years, D and L-MKI tumors in patients ages 1.5-5.0 years; 90.4% 5-year event free survival [EFS]) and the unfavorable histology (UH) subgroup (U and/or H-MKI tumors in patients of any age, PD and/or I-MKI tumors in patients ages 1.5-5.0 years, any grade of differentiation, and any MKI class in patients age > or = 5 years; 26.9% EFS) (P < 0.0001). The International Classification also distinguished the FH group (FH subgroup with NB, GNBi, and GN tumors) and the UH group (UH subgroup with NB and GNBn tumors) for all NTs (90.8% EFS and 31.2% EFS, respectively; P < 0.0001) and provided independent prognostic information on both patient age and disease stage (P < 0.0001). Among patients with FH tumors, the median ages of patients with the PD and D subtype tumors in the NB category were 0.43 years (range, 0-1.50 years) and 1.50 years (range, 0.02-4.65 years), respectively, and the median ages of patients with GNBi and GN tumors were 3.51 years (range, 0.96-14.85 years) and 4.80 years (range, 1.94-17.05 years), respectively. In contrast, patients with UH tumors generally were older when they were diagnosed, and with median ages of 2.99 years (range, 1.30-8.84 years) for patients with U subtype tumors, 2.59 years (range, 0.0-12.57 years) for patients with PD subtype tumors, 2.16 years (range, 0.35-9.90) for patients with D subtype tumors, and 3.26 years (range, 0.57-15.90 years) for patients with GNBn tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirmed the prognostic significance of the International Classification, substantiated age-linked prognostic effects of the morphologic indicators for patients with the tumors in the NB category, and supported the concept of an age-appropriate framework of maturation for patients with the tumors in the FH group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 91066, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Umehara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Monobe
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hachitanda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Gerbing
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Stram
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Lukens
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Matthay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018305:Ganglioneuroblastoma / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D008938:Mitosis; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology*; D010524:Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis