title: How are visuospatial working memory, executive functioning, and spatial abilities related? A latent-variable analysis.
abstract: This study examined the relationships among visuospatial working memory (WM) executive functioning, and spatial abilities. One hundred sixty-seven participants performed visuospatial short-term memory (STM) and WM span tasks, executive functioning tasks, and a set of paper-and-pencil tests of spatial abilities that load on 3 correlated but distinguishable factors (Spatial Visualization, Spatial Relations, and Perceptual Speed). Confirmatory factor analysis results indicated that, in the visuospatial domain, processing-and-storage WM tasks and storage-oriented STM tasks equally implicate executive functioning and are not clearly distinguishable. These results provide a contrast with existing evidence from the verbal domain and support the proposal that the visuospatial sketchpad may be closely tied to the central executive. Further, structural equation modeling results supported the prediction that, whereas they all implicate some degree of visuospatial storage, the 3 spatial ability factors differ in the degree of executive involvement (highest for Spatial Visualization and lowest for Perceptual Speed). Such results highlight the usefulness of a WM perspective in characterizing the nature of cognitive abilities and, more generally, human intelligence.
authors.affiliation: U Colorado at Boulder.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4671-7843
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Naomi P
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4901-808X
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rettinger
authors.forename: Priti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hegarty
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011897:Random Allocation; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013037:Spatial Behavior; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*