title: Forced expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16(INK4A) in leukemic U-937 cells reveals dissociation between cell cycle and differentiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate how the tumor suppressor protein p16(INK4A) interferes with growth and differentiation of leukemic U-937 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  U-937 clones constantly overexpressing the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16(INK4A) were established. Clones transfected with empty vector were used as controls. The effects of high-level expression of p16(INK4A) on proliferation and cell cycle progression were investigated (cell cycle distribution, proliferation rate, analyses of different cell cycle regulatory proteins). The effect of introduction of p16(INK4A) on capacity for induced differentiation, assayed by capacity to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium, was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overexpressed p16(INK4A) protein was active as judged by its ability to bind to CDK-4 in a coimmunoprecipitation assay. Clones overexpressing p16(INK4A) grew slower than controls, without any apparent effects on the phosphorylation status of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb). Instead, p16(INK4A) overexpression affected the phosphorylation status of pRb-related pocket protein p130, which was detected in its growth-restraining hypophosphorylated form. Despite an enhanced tendency to accumulate in G(0)/G(1), p16(INK4A)-overexpressing cells were less sensitive to induction of differentiation with vitamin D(3) or ATRA than control cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Constitutive expression of p16(INK4A) in U-937 cells resulted in decreased proliferation as a result of activated p130 rather than pRb. Also, we showed that introduction of p16(INK4A) into U-937 cells impaired their capacity to differentiate. Moreover, the results support the notion that cell differentiation and cell cycle progression are dissociated and independently regulated processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden. gostabergh@telus.net
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bergh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Telleus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fritzon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kornfält
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gullberg
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000494:pharmacology; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020298:U937 Cells / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D002762:Cholecalciferol