title: The ultimate challenge of cloacal exstrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our review addresses the various system abnormalities associated with cloacal exstrophy and revisits the question of gender assignment. Gender assignment decisions and psychological aspects of gender issues have become the "ultimate challenge." Exploration of gender identity, gender role behavior and sexual orientation has just begun.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive literature review was performed with all world literature regarding the current management of cloacal exstrophy. Research focused on management principles, outcomes and documentation of concurrent anomalies. We also describe original research evaluating gender identity in our own series of patients raised as girls to illustrate the challenge of treatment and augment the available literature, which is scant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormalities of the vertebral column ranged from hemivertebra to myelomeningocele. With magnetic resonance imaging, the incidence of spinal dysraphism approached 100% and cord tethering was also more frequently recognized. For children with the short bowel syndrome, advances in antibiotic usage, and parenteral and enteral nutrition have increased the survival rate and reduced morbidity. A neurological component has been recognized for bladder function, bladder neck continence, lower extremity function and erectile capacity. Mitrofanoff-type reconstruction with bladder neck closure and continent catheterizable stoma dramatically increased continence. Diminutive or absent penis has been documented in 30% of males, and no documentation of paternity exists. The majority of females have bicornuate uterus. However, ovaries and tubes were generally normal. No reports of proven fertility exist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strategy and timing of surgery relating to gender assignment remain controversial. A desperate need exists for research focusing on gender development and quality of life. Until that time, a cautious watchful approach may be most appropriate as our patients with cloacal exstrophy mature into adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, City University, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Justine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schober
authors.forename: Polly A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Ransley
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D002988:Cloaca / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000002:abnormalities