title: Pathogenesis of paralytic ileus: intestinal manipulation opens a transient pathway between the intestinal lumen and the leukocytic infiltrate of the jejunal muscularis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the existence of a pathway between intraluminal products and the muscularis leukocytic infiltrate.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Mild intestinal manipulation or lipopolysaccharide initiates an intense inflammatory response within the intestinal muscularis, resulting in paralytic ileus. A major potential morbidity factor in ileus is luminal bacterial overgrowth.
  
  
  METHODS
  ACI rats were subjected to small bowel manipulation, after which fluorescent carboxylated or paramagnetic microspheres were administered into the gut lumen. Animals were killed between 0 and 24 hours; unoperated rats served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intestinal manipulation led to an early transient transference of microspheres from the intestinal lumen into mesenteric lymph that was not observed in unmanipulated controls. A time- dependent, significant increase in microsphere-laden phagocytes was observed within the intestinal muscularis. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy of the intestinal muscularis identified the phagocytes as extravasating ED1+ monocytes. Interruption of the lymphatics abolished the accumulation of microsphere-laden monocytes within the muscularis, although a significant monocytic recruitment could still be observed within the intestinal muscularis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that intestinal manipulation leads to a transient increase in mucosal permeability and that the extraintestinal endocytotic uptake of transferred particles by circulating monocytes precedes their infiltration into the gut wall. The transference of luminal bacterial products may follow a similar route and time course as the microspheres. The authors hypothesize that endogenous bacterial products act synergistically with the inflammatory response within the postsurgical intestinal muscularis, leading to an exacerbation of postoperative ileus.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery, Cell Biology, and Medicine/Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Nicolas T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beer-Stolz
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007418:Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction / Q000209:etiology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D007579:Jejunal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D007962:Leukocytes; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008863:Microspheres; D010587:Phagocytosis; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D051381:Rats; D011912:Rats, Inbred ACI; D013997:Time Factors