title: Effect of feedback regarding urinary cotinine and brief tailored advice on home smoking restrictions among low-income parents of children with asthma: a controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since most smoker parents of children with asthma are unable to quit, an alternative measure that would reduce their children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is to ban smoking in the home.
  
  
  METHODS
  Compared with 136 usual-care controls, 128 intervention-group parents recruited from South Australian pediatric hospital outpatient waiting rooms were given written and verbal feedback about their 1- to 11-year-old child's urinary cotinine-to-creatinine level, information booklets, and two telephone calls encouraging a ban on smoking at home.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 6 months, 49.2% of the intervention group reported having banned smoking in the home compared with 41.9% of controls, but the differential rate of change from baseline was not significant (P = 0.40). At follow-up, there were no significant differences between groups in the percentage reporting bans on smoking in the car, the mean reduction from baseline in total daily consumption or consumption in front of the child, children's urinary cotinine level, or parental smoking cessation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intervention did not change parents' propensity to create or maintain bans on smoking in their homes or otherwise change smoking habits to reduce their children's exposure to ETS. More intensive interventions may be required to achieve change among low-income smoker parents of children with asthma.
authors.affiliation: Center for Behavioral Research in Cancer, Cancer Control Research Institute, Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia. Melanie.Wakefield@accv.org.au
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wakefield
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Banham
authors.forename: Kieran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McCaul
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruffin
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Badcock
authors.forename: Lyn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000652:urine*; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D015415:Biomarkers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005246:Feedback; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013021:South Australia; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003404:Creatinine; D003367:Cotinine