title: Influence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene-308 polymorphism on the development of coronary vasculopathy after cardiac transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been implicated in cardiovascular disease. Polymorphism of the TNF-alpha gene promoter region (position -308) influences an individual's production of TNF-alpha. This affects susceptibility to acute rejection after cardiac transplantation. Because the highest serum levels of TNF-alpha have been found in recipients with cardiac transplant vasculopathy and because TNF-alpha blockade can prevent the disease in rabbits, we investigated the effect of TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism on the development of vasculopathy in human cardiac allograft recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using sequence-specific primers to the TNF-alpha gene and polymerase chain reaction, the genotypes of 147 cardiac transplant recipients and 134 heart donors were identified. An association was sought between the presence of high-producing (A homozygotes, GA heterozygotes) or low-producing (G homozygotes) TNF-alpha genotype and the development of coronary vasculopathy, diagnosed by routine surveillance coronary angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 31.9% of recipients and 27.0% of donors were high TNF-alpha producers. The presence of the high-producing TNF-alpha allele led to an earlier diagnosis of vasculopathy; 3.42 years (+/- 91.3 days) vs 3.84 years (+/- 76.3 days) for high- and low-producing cardiac graft recipients, respectively; 3.52 years (+/- 87.3 days) vs 3.78 years (+/- 77.4 days) for high- and low-producing donor grafts, respectively. However, neither of these differences were significant. By Kaplan Meier actuarial analysis and log-rank test, TNF-alpha polymorphism had no effect on the freedom from vasculopathy when considering either recipient (p = 0.99) or donor (p = 0.86) TNF-alpha genotype. Multivariate analysis identified increasing donor age and the number of acute rejection episodes of International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade 3 or greater as independent risk factors for vasculopathy in both the recipient and donor cohorts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polymorphism at position -308 in the promoter region of the TNF-alpha gene fails to predict the development of cardiac transplant-related vasculopathy and cannot be used as a genetic risk marker. This may be because of the effects of immunosuppressive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Transplant Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, United Kingdom, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Densem
authors.forename: I V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yonan
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Brooks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000473:pathology*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C439524:TNF protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha