title: Human aqueous humor levels of oral ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the penetration of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin into the aqueous humor after oral administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alcorcon Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two patients having cataract surgery were randomly divided into 3 groups the day before surgery. The first group received 2 oral 500 mg doses of ciprofloxacin at 12-hour intervals. The second group received a single oral 500 mg dose of levofloxacin. The third group received a single oral 400 mg dose of moxifloxacin. At the time of surgery, 0.1 mL aqueous fluid was aspirated from the anterior chamber just before the operation and immediately stored at -80 degrees C. Drug concentrations were measured using a biological assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean aqueous level of ciprofloxacin was 0.50 microg/mL +/- 0.25 (SD); of levofloxacin, 1.50 +/- 0.50 microg/mL; and of moxifloxacin, 2.33 +/- 0.85 microg/mL. The mean aqueous levels of levofloxacin and moxifloxacin were above the 90% minimum inhibitory concentration for most of the common microorganisms that cause endophthalmitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic concentrations of fluoroquinolones, mainly levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, were reached with oral administration. These antibiotics may be effective for prophylaxis and adjuvant therapy of bacterial endophthalmitis.
authors.affiliation: Fundación Hospital Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain. mcgarcias@fhalcorcon.es
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: García-Sáenz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arias-Puente
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fresnadillo-Martinez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carrasco-Font
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001372:Aza Compounds; D001682:Biological Availability; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006801:Humans; D064704:Levofloxacin; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011804:Quinolines; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001372:Aza Compounds; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D011804:Quinolines; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D064704:Levofloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin; D000077266:Moxifloxacin