Assessment of pain cognitions in cancer patients with chronic pain.
Although reports suggest that beliefs about pain play an important role in the adjustment and pain experience of non-cancer patients, the impact of cognitions on the pain experience is unknown in cancer patients. This study examined the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Pain Cognition List-Experimental version, a measure developed to assess patients' self-statements about pain and the extent to which patients are effective in dealing with the pain. The Pain Cognition List-Experimental version was administered to 313 cancer patients during hospitalization. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the adequacy of fit for the original five factors. Because of a failure to replicate the factors, exploratory factor analysis was conducted, finding the factors Pain Impact, Social Comparison, Acquiescence, and Outcome Efficacy. The internal consistency for the factor Pain Impact was high (r = 0.89), while the other three factors showed low reliability. The factor Catastrophizing, usually an important factor in non-cancer patients, did not emerge. No differences were found across sex. The factors Pain Impact and Acquiescence provided evidence for concurrent validity. Patients with district nursing showed higher scores on the factors Pain Impact and Acquiescence, and higher scores on Pain Impact and Acquiescence were associated with higher pain intensity scores. This study was an attempt to evaluate pain cognitions and beliefs in cancer patients. It is concluded that the Pain Cognition List for non-cancer patients cannot be easily used in cancer pain patients and that evaluation of pain cognitions in cancer patients is useful. Health care providers evaluating pain in cancer patients with chronic pain need to be aware of the impact pain cognitions have on patients' pain experience. Although more research is needed, measuring pain cognitions should be considered.
de Wit
R
R
Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
van Dam
F
F
Litjens
M J
MJ
Abu-Saad
H H
HH
D002908:Chronic Disease; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results