title: Fetal and embryonic hemoglobins in erythroblasts from fetal blood and fetal cells enriched from maternal blood in fetal anemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there is a delay or reversal in switch mechanisms from embryonic (e and z) to fetal (g) hemoglobins accompanying the erythroblastosis of anemic fetuses and whether an increased erythroblast count in fetal blood is associated with an increase in feto-maternal cell trafficking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal and maternal blood samples were obtained from 10 cases with rhesus isoimmunization and 2 cases with maternal Parvo-B19 virus at 19-33 weeks' gestation. Blood samples were also taken as controls from 61 fetuses and 86 mothers. Fetal erythroblasts were isolated by triple density gradient centrifugation and magnetic cell sorting with CD71 antibody. Fluorescent antibodies were used to immuno-stain for zeta (z), epsilon (e) and gamma (g) hemoglobin chains. In the maternal samples, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for X and Y chromosomes was also carried out to confirm the presence and proportion of the enriched fetal cells from maternal blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both fetal and maternal blood the percentage of erythroblasts positive for g-globin chain was significantly higher in the anemic fetuses compared to the controls (fetal blood, p<0.001, R=0.91; maternal blood, p<0.001, R=0.56), but there was no significant difference in expression of the e and z-chains. The percentage of cells with Y-signals was also higher in the maternal samples of anemic fetuses compared to normal controls (p<0.001, R=0.56).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the erythroblastosis of anemic fetuses is not accompanied by a delay or a reversal in switch from embryonic to fetal hemoglobin chains. Severe fetal anemia is associated with an increase in feto-maternal cell trafficking.
authors.affiliation: Harris Birthright Research Centre For Fetal Medicine, King's College Trust School of Medicine, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8RX, England.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Mufti
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hambley
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farzaneh
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002452:Cell Count; D004900:Erythroblasts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D005319:Fetal Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D005331:Fetomaternal Transfusion / Q000097:blood*; D005914:Globins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D005914:Globins; D005319:Fetal Hemoglobin