title: The expression of Ki-67, MCM3, and p27 defines distinct subsets of proliferating, resting, and differentiated cells.
abstract: The mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (MCM), which are involved in the control of DNA replication, and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, such as p27/KIP1, represent two groups of proteins that are currently under investigation as diagnostic tumour markers. The expression of p27 and MCM3 was compared with the expression of the Ki-67 protein, an approved marker for proliferating cells, extensively used in histopathology and cancer research. The expression pattern of all three proteins was assessed on germinal centres and oral mucosa, which display a well-defined spatio-temporal organization. The expression of the p27 protein was closely related to differentiated cells, whereas MCM3 and Ki-67 were predominantly localized to the regions of proliferating cells. However, it is important to note that considerable numbers of cells that were growth-arrested, as confirmed by the absence of the Ki-67 protein, stained positive for the MCM3 protein. These results were verified in vitro using growth-arrested Swiss 3T3. The MCM3 protein is therefore expressed in cells that have ceased to proliferate, but are not terminally differentiated, according to the absence of p27 protein expression. In conclusion, a combined analysis of Ki-67, MCM3, and p27 protein expression may provide a more detailed insight into the cell proliferation and differentiation processes that determine individual tumour growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany. eendl@fz-borstel.de
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Endl
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kausch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baack
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knippers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerdes
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scholzen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D064126:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 3; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; C066470:MCM3 protein, human; C513269:Mcm3 protein, mouse; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; C413374:p27 antigen; D064126:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 3