title: A Phase I study of infusional vinblastine in combination with the P-glycoprotein antagonist PSC 833 (valspodar).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  PSC 833 is a second-generation P-glycoprotein (Pgp) antagonist developed to reverse multidrug resistance (MDR). The authors conducted a Phase I study of orally administered PSC 833 in combination with vinblastine administered as a 5-day continuous infusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine patients with advanced malignant disease were enrolled in the trial and treated with escalating doses of PSC 833. Pharmacokinetic interactions between PSC 833 and vinblastine were anticipated. Accordingly, when dose limiting toxicities were observed, the dose of vinblastine was reduced as PSC 833 was escalated. Three schedules and two formulations of PSC 833 were used in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum tolerated doses of PSC 833 were 12.5 mg/kg orally every 12 hours for 8 days for the liquid formulation in combination with 0.9 mg/m(2) per day vinblastine as a continuous intravenous infusion (CIV) for 5 days; and 4 mg/kg orally every 6 hours for 8 days for the microemulsion formulation in combination with 0.6 mg/m(2) per day vinblastine CIV for 5 days. The principal toxicities for PSC 833 were ataxia and paresthesias and for the combination, constipation, fever. and neutropenia. Increased oral bioavailability and increased peak and trough concentrations were observed with the microemulsion formulation. Significant interpatient variability in pharmacokinetic parameters was observed. Ten patients studied at the MTD for PSC 833 (4 mg/kg orally every 6 hours for 8 days) had inhibition of rhodamine efflux from CD56 positive peripheral lymphocytes as a surrogate for Pgp antagonism. Among 43 evaluable patients with clear cell carcinoma of the kidney, 3 patients had complete responses, and 1 patient had a partial response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PSC 833 in combination with vinblastine can be administered safely to patients provided the vinblastine dose is adjusted for pharmacokinetic interactions. The high interpatient variability is a significant confounding factor. Surrogate studies with CD56 positive cells suggest that Pgp inhibition in the clinical setting is achievable. Improved methods for predicting pharmacokinetic interactions should improve future studies.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. sebates@helix.nih.gov
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meadows
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bakke
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Choyke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goldspiel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chico
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Robey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergan
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Figg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fojo
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000306:Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003524:Cyclosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004655:Emulsions; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008875:Middle Aged; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D013601:T-Lymphocytes; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D003524:Cyclosporins; D004655:Emulsions; D014747:Vinblastine; C070272:valspodar