title: Differences by sex in cardiovascular disease in Williams syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the incidence and severity of cardiovascular disease in patients with Williams syndrome (WS) and to identify factors contributing to its variable expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data on patients with WS were collected from several WS centers. Elastin gene deletions were confirmed in all patients. Age at diagnosis, growth data, and cardiovascular diagnoses were recorded retrospectively. Cardiac diagnoses were made on the basis of echocardiographic data. The severity of supravalvular aortic stenosis was recorded by using a 4-step scale (none, mild, moderate, severe).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis of the data revealed that the severity of both supravalvular aortic stenosis and total cardiovascular disease was significantly greater in male patients than female patients (P <.002 and P <.002, respectively; Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test). This difference was not accounted for by differences in height, weight, body mass index, or head circumference. The clinical diagnosis of WS was made at a significantly younger age in male patients (P <.01, Student t test). Earlier diagnosis was partly because of increased incidence and severity of cardiovascular disease. Another determinant of early diagnosis was low body mass index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Penetrance and severity of the elastin arteriopathy in patients with WS is affected by sex. We hypothesize that differences by sex in arterial stenoses may be related to prenatal hormonal effects. Future epidemiologic and in vitro studies may provide additional insight into the pathogenetic mechanisms of these observed differences.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Sadler
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Pober
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grandinetti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scheiber
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fekete
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Urbán
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004549:Elastin / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004549:Elastin