title: Hospitalizations for bacterial endocarditis after renal transplantation in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The national rate of and risk factors for bacterial endocarditis in renal transplant recipients has not been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective registry study of 33,479 renal transplant recipients in the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) between 1 July 1994 and 30 June 1997. Hospitalizations for a primary diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis (ICD-9 codes 421.x) within three years after renal transplant were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Renal transplant recipients had an unadjusted incidence ratio for endocarditis of 7.84 (95% confidence interval 4.72-13.25) in 1996. In multivariate analysis, a history of hospitalization for valvular heart disease (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 25.81, 95% confidence interval 11.28-59.07), graft loss (AOR, 2.81, 95% CI 1.34-5.09), and increased duration of dialysis prior to transplantation were independently associated with hospitalizations for bacterial endocarditis after transplantation. Hospitalization for endocarditis was associated with increased patient mortality in Cox Regression analysis, hazard ratio 4.79, 95% CI 2.97-6.76.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall incidence of bacterial endocarditis was much greater in renal transplant recipients than in the general population, although it is still relatively infrequent. Independent risk factors for bacterial endocarditis in the renal transplant recipients were identified, the most significant of which was valvular heart disease. Endocarditis substantially impacts renal transplant recipient survival.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307-5001, USA. kevin.abbott@na.amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duran
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hypolite
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Agodoa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology