title: Morphine sulfate inhibits hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in endothelial cells and cardiac myocytes.
abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic mitogen, specific for endothelial cells. Hypoxia-induced VEGF in endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes leads to autocrine and paracrine stimulation, respectively. During myocardial ischemia, VEGF is upregulated in the endothelium and myocardium, and may mediate angiogenesis. Morphine sulfate is commonly used in pain relief for patients with acute myocardial infarction. We investigated the effect of morphine sulfate on VEGF expression in cultured endothelial cells and cardiac myocytes subjected to hypoxia. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed that morphine sulfate significantly inhibited hypoxia-induced VEGF expression in mouse heart microvascular endothelial cells (SMHEC4), primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in primary cultures of rat cardiac myocytes (P<0.05). Real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed that morphine treatment (100 ng/ml) of hypoxic HUVECs resulted in a significant reduction in mRNA levels of VEGF(121) and VEGF(165) isoforms. Transfection of HUVECs with a human VEGF promoter-luciferase construct showed that hypoxia-induced transcriptional activation of VEGF was markedly inhibited by morphine sulfate (P<0.05). Phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase and protein kinase C-mediated activation of the VEGF promoter was also inhibited by morphine. The opioid antagonist naloxone significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of morphine in endothelial cells suggesting the involvement of opioid receptors. Our results show that the inhibitory effects of morphine on hypoxia-induced VEGF expression in endothelial cells and cardiac myocytes can lead to a decrease in the autocrine and paracrine stimulation and hence limit neovascularization of the ischemic myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Charboneau
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Barke
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D009294:Narcotics; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D009020:Morphine