title: The impact of emission power on the destruction of echo contrast agents and on the origin of tissue harmonic signals using power pulse-inversion imaging.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of emission power on ultrasound (US)-induced destruction of echocontrast microbubbles during real-time power pulse inversion imaging (PPI) in myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) and to evaluate the magnitude of noncontrast PPI signals arising from myocardial tissue at variable emission power to define the cut-off emission power for optimal MCE using low power technologies. In vitro studies were performed in a flow phantom using Optison, Definity and AFO 150. PPI signal intensity during real-time imaging at 27 Hz was compared with intermittent imaging at 0.1 Hz to evaluate bubble destruction at variable emission power (MI: 0.09 to 1.3). In healthy volunteers, PPI signal intensities during constant infusion of Optison(R) was studied in real-time PPI 22 HZ and during intermittent imaging triggered end-systolic frames every, every 3rd and every 5th cardiac cycle. In addition, the impact of emission power on nonlinear PPI signals from myocardial structures was studied. In vitro, there was a 40% decrease of real-time PPI signal intensity for Optison and AFO 150 at lowest emission power (0.09), whereas no signal loss was observed for Definity. Increase of emission power resulted in a faster decay for Optison(R) and AFO 150 as compared to Definity. In vivo, real-time PPI during continuous infusion of Optison(R) resulted in a 40% decrease of myocardial signal intensity as compared to intermittent imaging every 5th cardiac cycle, even at lowest possible emission power (mechanical index = 0.09). There was a strong positive relationship between MI and noncontrast myocardial PPI signals in all myocardial segments. PPI signal intensity was found to be lower than 1 dB only for extremely low emission power (MI < 0.2). Destruction of microbubbles during real-time imaging by use of PPI at low emission power varies considerably for different echo contrast agents. However, bubble destruction and the onset of tissue harmonic signals focus the use of real-time perfusion imaging to very low emission power.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strassse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany. k-tiemann@uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tiemann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Veltmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghanem
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lohmaier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuntz-Hehner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ehlgen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schlosser
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Omran
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Becher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003287:Contrast Media; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008863:Microspheres; D009206:Myocardium; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media