title: Speech outcome after closure of oronasal fistulas with bone grafts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the outcome of speech after complete closure of oronasal fistulas with bone grafts and to determine the possible relationship between outcome of speech and the size and location of the oronasal fistulas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten unilateral cleft lip and palate patients with postoperative oronasal fistulas, ranging in age from 7 to 14 years, underwent secondary alveolar cleft repair and closure of the oronasal fistulas with an iliac bone graft. All patients underwent videofluoroscopic evaluation of the velopharyngeal valve, audiologic assessment, and speech evaluation (resonance, nasal emission, articulation, intelligibility, and nasalance) preoperatively. The examinations were repeated 3 months postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six patients had preoperative velopharyngeal competency (60%). Of the 4 patients with slight to mild velopharyngeal incompetency preoperatively, 2 developed velopharyngeal competency postoperatively. All patients had satisfactory audiologic function preoperatively. Every patient also was intelligible before and after surgery. Eight patients (80%) showed nasal emission before surgery and 7 of these patients improved postoperatively (P <.01). Nine patients had articulation errors before surgery, with no significant improvement postoperatively. Nasalance was significantly improved in selected sequences. All patients had variable levels of nasality preoperatively; 8 showed a significant decrease of nasality postoperatively (P <.002). The results were not related to location or size of the oronasal fistulas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant improvement in speech is noticeable after closure of oronasal fistulas. Early oronasal fistula closure might prevent permanent speech distortions acquired by the cleft palate patients at an early age.
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. stevebureau@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bureau
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Penko
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McFadden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000150:complications; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016155:Oral Fistula / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010156:Palatal Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013062:Speech Articulation Tests; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014833:Voice Quality