title: Measurement of human tricarboxylic acid cycle rates during visual activation by (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
abstract: Measurement by (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the incorporation of label from [1-(13)C] glucose, initially into C4 of glutamate, allows the regional tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux (F(TCA)) to be determined in the human brain. In this study, a direct (13)C MRS approach was used at 3T, with NOE enhancement and (1)H decoupling with WALTZ16, to determine basal F(TCA) in six volunteers. The values found in the visual cortex are similar to those reported in previous (13)C MRS studies, and consistent with PET measurements of the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose, CMRglc. In two preliminary activation studies using light emitting diode (LED) goggles flashing at 8 Hz, compared to darkness as control, increases in F(TCA) were found from 0.60 +/- 0.10 to 0.94 +/- 0.03 micromol/min/g (56%) and from 0.34 +/- 0.14 to 0.56 +/- 0.07 micromol/min/g (65%). These are upper estimates, but they are similar to the increases in CMRglc reported in PET studies, and strongly suggest, in contrast to these PET studies, that cerebral glucose is metabolized oxidatively, even during intense visual stimulation. This is supported by the observation that very little (13)C label is incorporated into C3 lactate, as would be expected if glucose were metabolized anaerobically. There is evidence for incorporation of glucose into cerebral glycogen, but this is a relatively minor component of cerebral glucose metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chhina
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuestermann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halliday
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Bachelard
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000502:physiology; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D005947:Glucose