title: Synthesis and purification of 3-hydroxykynurenine-O-beta-glucoside, a primate lens ultraviolet filter, and its application in a two-step assay for beta-glucosidase activity.
abstract: 3-Hydroxykynurenine-3-O-beta-glucoside (3-HKG) functions in the primate lens as a filter of 295- 400-nm light, thereby protecting the retina from damaging UV radiation. Although extensive studies have been conducted to determine the functional role of 3-HKG in the primate lens, an efficient method for its synthesis and purification has yet to be developed. Several procedures have been reported for the synthesis of 3-HKG; however, these procedures either result in low yields or require numerous sequential reactions and purification steps. In this study, we report a two-step synthesis of 3-HKG with a one-step purification and a two- to eightfold increase in yield over previously reported methods. Additionally, an assay was developed to confirm the presence of a beta-glycosidic linkage in the purified reaction product and we propose a method by which 3-HKG can be used as a general probe of beta-glucosidase activity. The assay consists of adding glucose oxidase to the 3-HKG/glucosidase solution and then allowing the hydrogen peroxide, generated from the interaction of glucose with glucose oxidase, to oxidize 3-hydroxykynurenine to xanthomattin (XAN) and 4,6-dihydroxyquinolinequinone carboxylic acid (DHQCA). Both XAN and DHQCA absorb strongly between 400 and 500 nm and the color change of the solution can be seen by eye. In addition, XAN fluoresces in the visible region with lambda(max) = 527 nm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Heckathorn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Gaillard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005949:Glucose Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005960:Glucosides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010078:Oxazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000737:chemistry*; D011323:Primates; D011809:Quinones / Q000737:chemistry*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014966:Xanthenes; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: C402223:3-hydroxykynurenine glucoside; C404024:4,6-dihydroxyquinolinequinonecarboxylic acid; D005960:Glucosides; D010078:Oxazines; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D011809:Quinones; D014966:Xanthenes; C002866:xanthommatin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D005949:Glucose Oxidase; D001617:beta-Glucosidase; D005947:Glucose