title: Acupuncture for the treatment of cocaine addiction: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Auricular acupuncture is widely used to treat cocaine addiction in the United States and Europe. However, evidence from controlled studies regarding this treatment's effectiveness has been inconsistent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effectiveness of auricular acupuncture as a treatment for cocaine addiction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial conducted from November 1996 to April 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six community-based clinics in the United States: 3 hospital-affiliated clinics and 3 methadone maintenance programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred twenty cocaine-dependent adult patients (mean age, 38.8 years; 69.2% men); 412 used cocaine only and 208 used both opiates and cocaine and were receiving methadone maintenance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to receive auricular acupuncture (n = 222), a needle-insertion control condition (n = 203), or a relaxation control condition (n = 195). Treatments were offered 5 times weekly for 8 weeks. Concurrent drug counseling was also offered to patients in all conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cocaine use during treatment and at the 3- and 6-month postrandomization follow-up based on urine toxicology screens; retention in treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intent-to-treat analysis of urine samples showed a significant overall reduction in cocaine use (odds ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.74; P =.002) but no differences by treatment condition (P =.90 for acupuncture vs both control conditions). There were also no differences between the conditions in treatment retention (44%-46% for the full 8 weeks). Counseling sessions in all 3 conditions were poorly attended.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the clinical context of this study, acupuncture was not more effective than a needle insertion or relaxation control in reducing cocaine use. Our study does not support the use of acupuncture as a stand-alone treatment for cocaine addiction or in contexts in which patients receive only minimal concurrent psychosocial treatment. Research will be needed to examine acupuncture's contribution to addiction treatment when provided in an ancillary role.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, Substance Abuse Center, 34 Park St, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. arthur.margolin@yale.edu
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Margolin
authors.forename: Herbert D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Kleber
authors.forename: S Kelly
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Avants
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Konefal
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gawin
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Midkiff
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: T Ron
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bullock
authors.forename: Patricia D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Culliton
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boles
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vaughan
mesh_terms: D020831:Acupuncture, Ear; D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012944:Social Support; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D016482:Urinalysis