title: Diaphragmatic injury. A clinical review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent experience at King Fahad Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was reviewed to identify the pitfalls in the diagnosis of diaphragmatic injuries, and attempt to develop a scheme by which early diagnosis is achieved in order to avoid the sequelae of delayed presentations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of patients admitted to the surgical service, with the diagnosis of diaphragmatic injury was undertaken during the period June 1994 through to June 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total number was 8 patients, and the age ranged between 6-71 years. Of these patients 5 were diagnosed immediately post-traumatic, 2 with delayed presentation, and one with recurrent post-traumatic repair. This case was excluded. Six patients presented following blunt and one after penetrating trauma. Rupture occurred mainly on the left dome of the diaphragm in 5 patients and on the right in 2. Complications ranged from mild chest symptoms to severe respiratory and multi-system involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diaphragmatic injuries occurred in 2%-5% of multiple trauma victims. It is considered a predictor of serious associated injuries, However, as many as 10%-30% are missed during the initial evaluation. A high index of suspicion is required, and judicious use of diagnostic aids should be employed to reach early diagnosis to avoid the sequelae of missed injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, King Fahad University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. abdelhadi_m@hotmail.com
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Abdel Hadi
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Mulhim
authors.forename: N I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Al-Awad
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Al-Awami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies