title: The archaeal histone-fold protein HMf organizes DNA into bona fide chromatin fibers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The discovery of histone-like proteins in Archaea urged studies into the possible organization of archaeal genomes in chromatin. Despite recent advances, a variety of structural questions remain unanswered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have used the atomic force microscope (AFM) with traditional nuclease digestion assays to compare the structure of nucleoprotein complexes reconstituted from tandemly repeated eukaryal nucleosome-positioning sequences and histone octamers, H3/H4 tetramers, and the histone-fold archaeal protein HMf. The data unequivocally show that HMf reconstitutes are indeed organized as chromatin fibers, morphologically indistinguishable from their eukaryal counterparts. The nuclease digestion patterns revealed a clear pattern of protection at regular intervals, again similar to the patterns observed with eukaryal chromatin fibers. In addition, we studied HMf reconstitutes on mononucleosome-sized DNA fragments and observed a great degree of similarity in the internal organization of these particles and those organized by H3/H4 tetramers. A difference in stability was observed at the level of mono-, di-, and triparticles between the HMf particles and canonical octamer-containing nucleosomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in vitro reconstituted HMf-nucleoprotein complexes can be considered as bona fide chromatin structures. The differences in stability at the monoparticle level should be due to structural differences between HMf and core histone H3/H4 tetramers, i.e., to the complete absence in HMf of histone tails beyond the histone fold. We speculate that the existence of core histone tails in eukaryotes may provide a greater stability to nucleosomal particles and also provide the additional ability of chromatin structure to regulate DNA function in eukaryotic cells by posttranslational histone tail modifications.
authors.affiliation: Physical Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Library Drive, Room B507, MSC 5055, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomschik
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Karymov
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zlatanova
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Leuba
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001105:Archaea / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002645:Chickens; D002843:Chromatin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D006657:Histones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D006657:Histones; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C094495:histone HMf; D004247:DNA