title: Dual effect of dexamethasone on CYP3A4 gene expression in human hepatocytes. Sequential role of glucocorticoid receptor and pregnane X receptor.
abstract: Although CYP3A induction by dexamethasone has been extensively documented, its mechanism is still unclear because both the role of the glucocorticoid receptor and the ability of dexamethasone to activate the human pregnane X receptor have been questioned. In an attempt to resolve this problem, we investigated the response of CYP3A4 to dexamethasone (10 nm-100 microm) in primary human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells, using a variety of methods: kinetic analysis of CYP3A4 and tyrosine aminotransferase expression, effects of RU486 and cycloheximide, ligand binding assay, cotransfection of HepG2 cells with CYP3A4 reporter gene constructs and vectors expressing the glucocorticoid receptor, pregnane X receptor or constitutively activated receptor. In contrast to rifampicin (monophasic induction), dexamethasone produces a biphasic induction of CYP3A4 mRNA consisting of a low-dexamethasone component (nmol concentrations) of low amplitude (factor of 3-4) followed by a high-dexamethasone component (supramicromolar concentrations) of high amplitude (factor of 15-30). We show that the low-dexamethasone component results from the glucocorticoid receptor-mediated expression of pregnane X receptor and/or constitutively activated receptor which, in turn, are able to transactivate CYP3A4 in a xenobiotic-independent manner. At supramicromolar concentrations (>10 microm), dexamethasone binds to and activates pregnane X receptor thus producing the high-dexamethasone component of CYP3A4 induction. We conclude that, in contrast to the other xenobiotic inducers of CYP3A4, glucocorticoids play a dual role in CYP3A4 expression, first by controlling the expression of PXR and CAR under physiological conditions (submicromolar concentrations) through the classical glucocorticoid receptor pathway, and second by activating the pregnane X receptor under bolus or stress conditions (supramicromolar concentrations).
authors.affiliation: INSERM CNRS, Route de Mende, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pascussi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Drocourt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gerbal-Chaloin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fabre
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maurel
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vilarem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics*; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000502:physiology*; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000502:physiology*; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D003907:Dexamethasone; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D003513:Cycloheximide; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C104464:CYP3A protein, human; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human