title: Fiberoptic ductoscopy for breast cancer patients with nipple discharge.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer and precancer are thought to originate in the lining of the milk duct, but until recently, we have not had direct access to this area other than in tissue removed blindly by core biopsy or fine-needle aspiration. Fiberoptic ductoscopy (FDS) is an emerging technique that allows direct visual access of the ductal system of the breast through nipple orifice cannulation and exploration. To date, this technique has been used only in pilot studies. Previously, we have demonstrated that fiberoptic ductoscopy in patients with and without nipple discharge is a safe and effective means of visualizing the intraductal lesion. When combined with cytology, it is a screening technique that has high predictive value.
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied ductoscopy to 415 women with nipple discharge with the specific intent of detecting those patients with nipple discharge who had intraductal carcinoma (DCIS) as the basis of their discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this cohort of patients, ductoscopy was successful in visualizing an intraductal lesion in 166 patients (40%). In these cases, ductal lavage following ductoscopy increased the yield of cytologically interpretable ductal epithelial cells 100-fold compared to discharge fluid alone. In the majority of these patients, FDS examination detected lesions that had the appearance of typical papillomas. However, in 10 patients, the intraductal lesion exhibited one of several atypical features, including bleeding, circumferential obstruction, and gross fungating projections. In eight of these patients, the subsequent histopathology turned out to be DCIS. In two of these eight patients, endoscopic biopsy revealed cytologically malignant cells; in two others, ductal lavage (washings) revealed cytologically malignant cells. In three additional patients, although FDS examination uncovered a typical papilloma that was not biopsied, ductal lavage (washings) revealed cytologically malignant cells. On surgical pathology review of the extirpated lesions, all 11 patients were subsequently shown to have DCIS. Of these 11 cases of DCIS that were initially detected with a combination of FDS and ductal lavage cytology, six were completely negative on mammogram and physical exam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although nipple discharge is an unusual presentation for DCIS, in patients with nipple discharge, FDS with ductal lavage cytology is a useful technique for diagnosing DCIS prior to definitive surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Cancer Hospital/Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Q X
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Z Z
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Barsky
authors.forename: Z M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Shao
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000473:pathology*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D009558:Nipples / Q000378:metabolism*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation