title: Long-term affective disorder in people with mild learning disability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased risk of affective disorder in learning disability has been reported, although the extent to which this is due to adverse social and material circumstances is uncertain and there have been potential limitations in the measurement of affective disorder.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine risk of affective disorder in those classified with mild learning disability in the British 1946 birth cohort and to investigate whether this risk was accounted for by disadvantage in childhood and adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Learning disability was defined as the equivalent of an IQ < or =69 at age 15 years. The Present State Examination at age 36 years and the Psychiatric Symptom Frequency Scale at age 43 years provided psychiatric outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Learning disability was associated with a fourfold increase in risk of affective disorder, not accounted for by social and material disadvantage or by medical disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Learning disability is strongly associated with risk of affective disorder, persisting well into midlife.
authors.affiliation: National Survey of Health and Development, University College London, UK. m.richards@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maughan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strydom
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wadsworth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors