title: Atrial fibrillation-induced atrial contractile dysfunction: a tachycardiomyopathy of a different sort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although AF-induced atrial contractile dysfunction has significant clinical implications the underlying intracellular mechanisms are poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the right atrial appendages of 59 consecutive patients undergoing mitral valve surgery (31 in SR, 28 in chronic AF) thin muscle preparations (diameter<0.7 mm) were isolated. Isometric force of contraction was measured in the presence of different concentrations of Ca(2+) and isoprenaline. To assess the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the force-frequency relationship and the post-rest potentiation were studied. The myocardial density of the ryanodine-sensitive calcium release channel (CRC) of the sarcoplasmic reticulum was determined by [3H]ryanodine binding. Myocardial content of SR-Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA), phospholamban (Plb), calsequestrin (Cals) and the Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchanger (NCX) were analyzed by Western blot analysis. Adenylyl cyclase activity was measured with a radiolabeled bioassay using [32P]ATP as a tracer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 72 muscle preparations of SR patients contractile force was 10.9+/-1.8 mN/mm(2) compared to 3.3+/-0.9 mN/mm(2) (n=48, P<0.01) in AF patients. The positive inotropic effect of isoprenaline was diminished but the stimulatory effect on relaxation and the adenylyl cyclase were not altered in AF patients. The force-frequency relation and the post-rest potentiation were enhanced in atrial myocardium of AF patients. The protein levels of CRC, SERCA, Plb, and Cals were not different between the two groups. In contrast, the Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchanger was upregulated by 67% in atria of AF patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AF-induced atrial contractile dysfunction is not due to beta-adrenergic desensitization or dysfunction of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and thus is based on different cellular mechanisms than a ventricular tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Instead, downregulation or altered function of the L-type Ca(2+)-channel and an increased Ca(2+) extrusion via the Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchanger seem to be responsible for the depressed contractility in remodeled atria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. schotten@fys.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schotten
authors.forename: Maura
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greiser
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benke
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buerkel
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ehrenteidt
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stellbrink
authors.forename: Jaime F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Vazquez-Jimenez
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schoendube
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hanrath
authors.forename: Maurits
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Allessie
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D020517:Atrial Appendage / Q000378:metabolism*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000378:metabolism; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000378:metabolism; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D007545:Isoproterenol; D002118:Calcium