title: Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma: clinical manifestations and factors predictive of visual outcome in 200 consecutive cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the clinical features and management of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma and determine factors predictive of poor visual outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective consecutive noncomparative interventional case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred consecutive patients with circumscribed choroidal hemangioma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcome measures were analyzed in 155 patients with follow-up of at least 3 months and included complete resolution of subretinal fluid, worsening of visual acuity (more than 2 Snellen lines), and poor final visual acuity (20/200 or worse).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were seen at a mean age of 45 years with symptoms of decreased visual acuity (81%), visual field defect (7%), metamorphopsia (3%), floaters (2%), progressive hypermetropia (1%), photopsia (1%), pain (1%), and no symptoms (6%). The referring diagnoses were choroidal hemangioma (29%), choroidal melanoma (29%), choroidal metastasis (9%), retinal detachment (6%), central serous chorioretinopathy (5%), and others. The tumor had a median base of 6.0 mm and median thickness of 3.0 mm. Secondary retinal detachment in the foveal region was present in 81% of the patients. Initial treatment included observation (51%), laser photocoagulation (44%), plaque radiotherapy (4%), external beam radiotherapy (1%), surgical repair of retinal detachment (1%), and enucleation for painful neovascular glaucoma (1%). Kaplan-Meier estimates revealed complete resolution of subretinal fluid in 60% patients at 5 years and 76% patients at 10 years follow-up. By multivariable analysis, clinical factors predictive of complete resolution of subretinal fluid included shorter duration of symptoms (P = 0.03) and inferior quadrant location of tumor (P = 0.001). At initial presentation, 82 of 155 (53%) patients had poor visual acuity (20/200 or worse), and 73 of 155 (47%) patients had good to moderate visual acuity (20/100 or better). Of those 82 patients with poor initial vision, poor final vision was found in 54% at 5 years and 80% at 10 years. Of the 73 patients with good to moderate initial vision, poor final vision was found in 12% at 5 years and 43% at 10 years. By multivariable analysis, clinical factors predictive of poor final visual acuity included poor initial visual acuity (P < 0.001), failure of previous laser photocoagulation before referral (P = 0.01), and tumor management with observation after referral (P = 0.02). Worsening of visual acuity (by more than 2 Snellen lines) was observed in 8% at 5 years and 28% at 10 years of those 82 patients who were initially seen with poor vision. Worsening of visual acuity was found in 10% at 5 years and 30% at 10 years of those 73 patients who initially were seen with good to moderate vision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma is a rare intraocular tumor. In 38% of cases, this tumor is initially misinterpreted before referral as choroidal melanoma or metastasis. Visual acuity is poor in more than 60% of patients at 10 years, despite successful control of associated subretinal fluid in 76% patients.
authors.affiliation: Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Honavar
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cater
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Demirci
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002830:Choroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018324:Hemangioma, Capillary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D007208:Indocyanine Green