title: Contrasting effects of verapamil and amlodipine on cardiovascular stress responses in hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of two long-acting calcium antagonists of different types on cardiovascular stress responses in hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred and forty-five patients with mild to moderate hypertension and a mean (+/- s.e.mean) age of 51 +/- 0.9 years received for 8 weeks the phenylalkylamine verapamil sustained release (240 mg) and the dihydropyridine amlodipine (5 mg) in a double-blind cross-over design, both after 4 weeks of placebo. Blood pressure, heart rate and plasma noradrenaline were monitored during 3 min of sustained isometric handgrip and 2 min of cold pressor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood pressure was equally reduced by both drugs. After 3 min handgrip, systolic blood pressure, heart rate and rate-pressure product were lower with verapamil compared with amlodipine. Verapamil attenuated the increases in systolic blood pressure (25 +/- 2 vs 30 +/- 2 mmHg, difference 4.6, 95% CI (1.0, 8.1), P < 0.01) and rate-pressure product (3.1 +/- 0.2 vs 3.6 +/- 0.3 x 10(3) mmHg x beats min(-1), difference 0.5, 95% CI (0.1, 0.9), P < 0.01) during handgrip compared with amlodipine. Similar results were observed during cold pressor. Plasma noradrenaline levels were lower with verapamil compared with amlodipine at rest and after both tests, but the increases in plasma noradrenaline were not significantly different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Verapamil is more effective in reducing blood pressure and rate-pressure product responses to stress compared with amlodipine. Although plasma noradrenaline is lower with verapamil at rest and after stress, the increase during stress is not different.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands. JDLEF@KNMG.NL
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lefrandt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heitmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sevre
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castellano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hausberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fallon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urbigkeit
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rostrup
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Agabiti-Rosei
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Rahn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zannad
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: de Kam
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D019722:Sphygmomanometers; D014700:Verapamil / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D017311:Amlodipine; D014700:Verapamil; D009638:Norepinephrine