title: Interaction of lidocaine with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the ability of lidocaine to inhibit reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species generation by either human leukocytes or cell-free systems via luminol- and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Venous blood was obtained from healthy volunteers and leukocytes were isolated, from which chemiluminescence was generated. Also, chemiluminescence, induced by H(2)O(2), HOCl, peroxynitrite or ferrous iron, was generated in cell-free systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lidocaine produced a concentration-dependent inhibition in chemiluminescence generated by leukocytes (92 +/- 1%, 1 mM). In cell-free experiments, lidocaine (1 mM) markedly inhibited chemiluminescence of xanthine-xanthine oxidase (24 +/- 3%), while it slightly suppressed hypochlorous acid-induced chemiluminescence (9 +/- 2%). Peroxynitrite-induced luminol- and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence were also inhibited by lidocaine at 1 mM (19 +/- 3% and 48 +/- 8%, respectively). Lidocaine did not affect chemiluminescence generated by FeSO(4). However, lidocaine produced a biphasic effect on H(2)O(2)-induced chemiluminescence (37 +/- 5% inhibition at 0.01 mM and 61 +/- 17% activation at 1 mM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lidocaine can elicit direct scavenging activity at high concentrations that might be important at or near the site of injection in local anaesthetic use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06520 Balgat-Ankara, Turkey. gunaydin@med.gazi.edu.tr
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gunaydin
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Demiryurek
mesh_terms: D000166:Acridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002474:Cell-Free System; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008165:Luminol / Q000494:pharmacology; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D019820:Xanthine / Q000378:metabolism; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000166:Acridines; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D016877:Oxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D019820:Xanthine; C033472:10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium; C020748:ferrous sulfate; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D008165:Luminol; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid; D008012:Lidocaine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase