title: Functional MR imaging of working memory in the human brain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to investigate the functional brain anatomy associated with verbal and visual working memory, functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In ten normal right handed subjects, functional MR images were obtained using a 1.5-T MR scanner and the EPI BOLD technique. An item recognition task was used for stimulation, and during the activation period of the verbal working memory task, consonant letters were used. During the activation period of the visual working memory task, symbols or diagrams were employed instead of letters. For the post-processing of images, the SPM program was used, with the threshold of significance set at p <.001. We assessed activated brain areas during the two stimulation tasks and compared the activated regions between the two tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prefrontal cortex and secondary visual cortex were activated bilaterally by both verbal and visual working memory tasks, and the patterns of activated signals were similar in both tasks. The superior parietal cortex was also activated by both tasks, with lateralization to the left in the verbal task, and bilaterally without lateralization in the visual task. The inferior frontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex and temporal gyrus were activated exclusively by the verbal working memory task, predominantly in the left hemisphere.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prefrontal cortex is activated by two stimulation tasks, and this is related to the function of the central executive. The language areas activated by the verbal working memory task may be a function of the phonological loop. Bilateral prefrontal and superior parietal cortices activated by the visual working memory task may be related to the visual maintenance of objects, representing visual working memory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. dgna@smc.samsung.co.kr
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Na
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: W I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation