title: Nasotracheal intubation: a randomized trial of two methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several techniques have been suggested to reduce the trauma of nasotracheal intubation, although no comparative studies exist. The authors evaluated red-rubber catheters as a guide to nasotracheal intubation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children presenting for elective surgery were randomized to undergo red-rubber catheter-guided nasotracheal intubation or to have the nasotracheal tube alone inserted. After general anesthesia and paralysis with vecuronium, the nares were prepared with topical vasoconstrictor. The nasotracheal tube was softened with warm water. In the catheter-guided group, the nasotracheal tube tip was fitted to the trailing end of the red-rubber catheter, and the two were advanced together. The red-rubber catheter was retrieved from the nasopharynx, disconnected, and removed. In the other group, the nasotracheal tube was advanced blindly into the nasopharynx. In both groups, intubation was then completed during direct laryngoscopy using Magill forceps. A blinded observer swabbed the pharynx and rated the severity of bleeding based on reference photographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age, weight, snoring history, and difficulty of intubation were not different between groups. Obvious bleeding was lower using the red-rubber catheter technique (10 vs. 29%, P = 0.013), which took longer to perform (74 vs. 56 s, P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the incidence of bleeding in both groups was similar, severity of bleeding was reduced in the catheter-guided group during nasotracheal intubation. Use of a red-rubber catheter may reduce the trauma associated with nasotracheal intubation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anestesiology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. tomelwood@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Elwood
authors.forename: Duane M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Stillions
authors.forename: Dawn W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Bradford
authors.forename: Chandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramamoorthy
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose