title: Complete transposition of the great arteries: patterns of congenital heart disease in familial precurrence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is considered to be associated only rarely with genetic syndromes and to have a low risk of precurrence among relatives of affected patients. Because most family studies have involved a relatively small number of patients and evaluated all types of TGA as a single group, we performed a large, prospective study investigating the precurrence of congenital heart disease in families of children with complete, nonsyndromic TGA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From January 1997 through December 2000, 370 patients with nonsyndromic, complete TGA were consecutively evaluated and enrolled in the study. The occurrence of cardiac and noncardiac anomalies among relatives of the probands was investigated. Relatives with congenital heart disease were found in 37 of 370 families (10%), including 5 of 37 families (13.5%) with more than one affected relative. TGA itself was the most common precurrent malformation: complete TGA occurred in 6 families and congenitally corrected TGA occurred in 5 families. Precurrence risks for congenital heart disease were calculated at 1.8% (8 of 436) for siblings, 0.5% (4 of 740) for parents, 0.5% (16 of 3261) for first cousins, 0.2% (4 of 2101) for uncles/aunts, and 0.06% (1 of 1480) for grandparents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that TGA is not always sporadic in families. Precurrence of concordant cardiac defects within affected family members supports monogenic or oligogenic inheritance of TGA in certain kindreds. Moreover, the occurrence of complete TGA and congenitally corrected TGA among first-degree relatives in several different families strongly suggests an underlying pathogenetic link between these 2 malformations that has been previously unrecognized.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Digilio
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toscano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calabrò
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pacileo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marasini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Banaudi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giannotti
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dallapiccola
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology