title: Forward scatter dose effect at metallic interfaces irradiated by X and gamma ray therapy beams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study forward scattering effects near different metallic interfaces are measured for Co-60 gamma and 6 and 18 MV photon beams. The studied effects are the transport of secondary electrons across the metallic interface and the scattering of photons by the metallic inhomogeneity.
  
  
  METHODS
  All measurements were carried out with a PTW thin-window, parallel plate ionisation chamber (B 23344-036) and an RDM-1F electrometer with digital readout. Thin sheets of aluminium, mild steel, copper, cadmium and lead were used as inhomogeneities. The inhomogeneities were placed between the polystyrene phantom and the front window of the chamber which was maintained at 100 cm SSD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was noticed that for a high energy photon beam (18 MV) the forward scatter dose factor (FSDF) increases rapidly as the thickness of the metallic inhomogeneity increases. For low energy photons, there is a sharp initial decrease of the FSDF until a minimum value is reached followed by a slow increase with increasing thickness of the inhomogeneity. It was also noted that the FSDF variation at off-axis distances has slightly more slope compared with the ionization ratio (IR) curves for both 6 MV and 18 MV photons. However, the variation in slope is prominent for 18 MV compared with 6 MV photon beam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sharp dose decrease observed downstream of a metallic inhomogeneity at relatively low photon energies (Co-60, 6 MV) is attributed to the internal scattering of secondary electrons within the metal. The dose enhancement observed for high energy photon beams is attributed to the domination of the pair production process, increasing with atomic number. Since FSDF is dependent on the photon beam spectra, it can be used as a measure of beam quality across the beam.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ravikumar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ravichandran
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Supe
mesh_terms: D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals; D011874:Radiometry; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D008670:Metals