title: Generation of diversity in the innate immune system: macrophage heterogeneity arises from gene-autonomous transcriptional probability of individual inducible genes.
abstract: Microbial products such as LPS stimulate macrophages to produce a wide diversity of inducible gene products needed for immediate host defense and priming of an appropriate acquired immune response. In this study, we have examined LPS-inducible gene expression in subclones of a mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264, using cDNA microarrays. Even archetypal target genes such as TNF-alpha were not induced in all subclones, and there was no absolute correlation between expression of pairs of genes. Nevertheless, the array analysis revealed clusters of genes that were more likely to be coexpressed. RAW264 cells stably transfected with luciferase reporter genes driven by LPS-responsive promoters revealed the same kind of clonal heterogeneity. The results indicate that each LPS-inducible gene has its own inherent probability of activation in response to LPS.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and Cooperative Research Center for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ravasi
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Alistair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forest
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Underhill
authors.forename: Brandon J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wainwright
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aderem
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grimmond
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hume
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002999:Clone Cells; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D014644:Genetic Variation; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D000074290:Zinc Finger Protein Gli3
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C108003:GLI3 protein, Xenopus; C065683:GLI3 protein, human; C465571:Gli3 protein, mouse; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D000074290:Zinc Finger Protein Gli3; D008156:Luciferases