title: How many deaths are caused by second hand cigarette smoke?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the number of deaths attributable to second hand smoke (SHS), to distinguish attributable and potentially avoidable burdens of mortality, and to identify the most important sources of uncertainty in these estimates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case study approach, using exposure and mortality data for New Zealand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In New Zealand, deaths caused by past exposures to second hand smoke currently number about 347 per year. On the basis of present exposures, we estimate there will be about 325 potentially avoidable deaths caused by SHS in New Zealand each year in the future. We have explored the effect of varying certain assumptions on which the calculations are based, and suggest a plausible range (174-490 avoidable deaths per year).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attributable risk estimates provide an indication for policy makers and health educators of the magnitude of a health problem; they are not precise predictions. As a cause of death in New Zealand, we estimate that second hand smoke lies between melanoma of the skin (200 deaths per year) and road crashes (about 500 deaths per year).
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, New Zealand. woodward@wnmeds.ac.nz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laugesen
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution