title: Wolbachia: evolutionary novelty in a rickettsial bacteria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although closely related, the alpha-proteobacteria Wolbachia and the Rickettsiaceae (Rickettsia and Ehrlichia), employ different evolutionary life history strategies. Wolbachia are obligate endocellular symbionts that infect an extraordinary host range and, in contrast to the infectious and pathogenic Rickettsia and Ehrlichia, profoundly influence host reproductive biology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phylogenies of the Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Wolbachia were independently inferred from 16S rDNA sequences and GroEL amino acid sequences. Topologies inferred from both sets of sequence data were consistent with one another, and both indicate the genus Wolbachia shared a common ancestor most recently with Ehrlichia. These two genera are a sister group to the genus Rickettsia. Mapping biological properties onto this phylogeny reveals that manipulation of host reproduction, characteristic of Wolbachia strains, is a derived characteristic. This evolutionary novelty is accompanied by the loss of the ability to infect vertebrate hosts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the contrasting transmission strategies employed by each, Wolbachia is expected to maximize efficiency of vertical transmission, while Ehrlichia and Rickettsia will optimize horizontal transfer of infection. Wolbachia manipulation of host reproduction could thus be viewed as strategy employed by this bacterium to foster its own propagation via vertical transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th Street, Chicago, II 60637, USA. canders@midway.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Karr
mesh_terms: D018834:Chaperonin 60 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D004536:Ehrlichia / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D010802:Phylogeny; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012281:Rickettsia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000502:physiology; D020577:Wolbachia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D018834:Chaperonin 60; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S