title: Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis comparing rofecoxib with nonselective NSAIDs in osteoarthritis: Ontario Ministry of Health perspective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical trials have shown rofecoxib, a selective inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase-2, to be associated with fewer gastrointestinal complications than non-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential clinical and economic consequences of rofecoxib prescription in Ontario, Canada, for patients with osteoarthritis (OA) aged >65 years who did not respond to paracetamol (acetaminophen) therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Decision analytic modelling study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A model was constructed to compare rofecoxib and nonselective NSAIDs with respect to their gastrointestinal complications in patients with OA. The model had a 1-year horizon and considered direct medical costs from the perspective of the Ontario Ministry of Health. Event rates were estimated from a pooled analysis of 8 phase IIb/Ill clinical trials. The number of perforations, ulcers and bleeds (PUBs) with each strategy was used as the primary measure of effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the base-case scenario, the expected total cost per patient-day on nonselective NSAIDs was 1.60 Canadian dollars (Can dollars) versus 1.67 Can dollars on rofecoxib (1999 values). Rofecoxib was associated with 0.0109 fewer PUBs per patient per year. The incremental cost to avoid 1 additional PUB by substituting rofecoxib for nonselective NSAIDs was 2247 Can dollars. The rofecoxib strategy became dominant if a gastroprotective agent was prescribed to more than 27.5% of the patients receiving nonselective NSAIDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients with OA aged >65 years in whom paracetamol therapy has failed, rofecoxib may represent a cost-effective alternative to nonselective NSAIDs. Increased costs for drug acquisition are offset, in part. by avoidance of gastrointestinal complications and reduced use of gastroprotective agents. Rofecoxib may offer increased benefit among patients at a higher risk of serious gastrointestinal events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pellissier
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Attard
authors.forename: S X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marentette
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D007783:Lactones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009864:Ontario; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000191:economics; D013450:Sulfones
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007783:Lactones; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases