title: Surgery to the external genitalia.
abstract: Surgery to the external genitalia is one of the most challenging chapters of reconstructive urology, due to the need to correct complex problems such as hypospadias or epispadias (isolated or associated to exstrophies). Although this specialty has shown a continuous technical advancement there is no consensus as to the most efficient surgical procedure or to the best strategy to treat these pathologies. The papers reviewed here reflect these statements and reinforce the idea that surgeons' good sense, allied with their experience in the area, are the factors that define the choice of the ideal surgical option for each case.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. macedojr@usp.br
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srougi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002944:Circumcision, Male; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000601:surgery; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000601:surgery*; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male