title: Nasal and paranasal sinus carcinoma: are we making progress? A series of 220 patients and a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors reviewed treatment results in patients with nasal and paranasal sinus carcinoma from a large retrospective cohort and conducted a systematic literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred twenty patients who were treated between 1975 and 1994 with a minimum follow-up of 4 years were reviewed retrospectively. A systematic review of published articles on patients with malignancies of the nasal and paranasal sinuses during the preceding 40 years was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5-year survival rate was 40%, and the local control rate was 59%. The 5-year actuarial survival rate was 63%, and the local control rate was 57%. Factors that were associated statistically with a worse prognosis, with results expressed as 5-year actuarial specific survival rates, included the following: 1) histology, with rates of 79% for patients with glandular carcinoma, 78% for patients with adenocarcinoma, 60% for patients with squamous cell carcinoma, and 40% for patients with undifferentiated carcinoma; 2) T classification, with rates of 91%, 64%, 72%, and 49% for patients with T1, T2, T3, and T4 tumors, respectively; 3) localization, with rates of 77% for patients with tumors of the nasal cavity, 62% for patients with tumors of the maxillary sinus, and 48% for patients with tumors of the ethmoid sinus; 4) treatment, with rates of 79% for patients who underwent surgery alone, 66% for patients who were treated with a combination of surgery and radiation, and 57% for patients who were treated exclusively with radiotherapy. Local extension factors that were associated with a worse prognosis included extension to the pterygomaxillary fossa, extension to the frontal and sphenoid sinuses, the erosion of the cribriform plate, and invasion of the dura. In the presence of an intraorbital invasion, enucleation was associated with better survival. In multivariate analysis, tumor histology, extension to the pterygomaxillary fossa, and invasion of the dura remained significant. Systematic review data demonstrated a progressive improvement of results for patients with squamous cell and glandular carcinoma, maxillary and ethmoid sinus primary tumors, and most treatment modalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progress in outcome for patients with nasal and paranasal carcinoma has been made during the last 40 years. These data may be used to make baseline comparisons for evaluating newer treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. pavel.dulguerov@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dulguerov
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Allal
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Calcaterra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000473:pathology*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome