title: Pulmonary function in patients with reduced left ventricular function: influence of smoking and cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The impact of stable, chronic heart failure on baseline pulmonary function remains controversial. Confounding influences include previous coronary artery bypass or valve surgery (CABG), history of obesity, stability of disease, and smoking history.
  
  
  METHODS
  To control for some of the variables affecting pulmonary function in patients with chronic heart failure, we analyzed data in four patient groups, all with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (LV ejection fraction [LVEF] < or =35%): (1) chronic heart failure, nonsmokers, no CABG (n = 78); (2) chronic heart failure, nonsmokers, CABG (n = 46); (3) chronic heart failure, smokers, no CABG (n = 40); and (4) chronic heart failure, smokers, CABG (n = 48). Comparisons were made with age- and gender-matched patients with a history of coronary disease but no LV dysfunction or smoking history (control subjects, n = 112) and to age-predicted norms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to control subjects and percent-predicted values, all groups with chronic heart failure had reduced lung volumes (total lung capacity [TLC] and vital capacity [VC]) and expiratory flows (p < 0.05). CABG had no influence on lung volumes and expiratory flows in smokers, but resulted in a tendency toward a reduced TLC and VC in nonsmokers. Smokers with chronic heart failure had reduced expiratory flows compared to nonsmokers (p < 0.05), indicating an additive effect of smoking. Diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was reduced in smokers and in subjects who underwent CABG, but not in patients with chronic heart failure alone. There was no relationship between LV size and pulmonary function in this population, although LV function (cardiac index and stroke volume) was weakly associated with lung volumes and DLCO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that patients with chronic heart failure have primarily restrictive lung changes with smoking causing a further reduction in expiratory flows.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. johnson.bruce@mayo.edu
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Squires
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Gau
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016276:Ventricular Function / Q000502:physiology