title: Role of steroidogenic factor 1 and aromatase in temperature-dependent sex determination in the red-eared slider turtle.
abstract: Red-eared slider turtles are genetically bipotential for sex determination. In this species, as in many other reptiles, incubation temperature of the egg determines gonadal sex. At higher incubation temperatures females are produced and increasing temperature appears to increase estrogen production in the embryonic brain. Treatment of eggs incubating at a male-producing temperature with exogenous estrogen causes ovaries to form. At a female-biased incubation temperature, prevention of estrogen biosynthesis or administration of nonaromatizable androgens results in the development of testes. In mammals, steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) regulates most genes required for estrogen biosynthesis, including aromatase. In both mammals and red-eared sliders, SF-1 is differentially expressed in males and females during gonadogenesis. We have examined both SF-1 gene expression and aromatase activity in embryos incubating at different temperatures and after manipulation to change the course of gonadal development. Our findings indicate a central role for SF-1 in enacting the effect of estrogen. Estrogen treatment directly or indirectly downregulates SF-1 and, ultimately, causes development of females. The inhibition of estrogen results in upregulation of SF-1 and male hatchlings. Thus, SF-1 may lie at the center of one molecular crossroad in male versus female differentiation of the red-eared slider.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. crews@mail.utexas.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Crews
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Willingham
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Skipper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001141:Aromatase / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004531:Eggs; D005260:Female; D051717:Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D008297:Male; D010053:Ovary / Q000254:growth & development; D010641:Phenotype; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D019849:Sex Determination Processes; D012733:Sex Differentiation; D054339:Steroidogenic Factor 1; D013696:Temperature; D013737:Testis / Q000254:growth & development; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014426:Turtles / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051717:Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D054339:Steroidogenic Factor 1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D001141:Aromatase