title: The chorea of McLeod syndrome.
abstract: Among the movement disorders associated with acanthocytosis, McLeod syndrome (McKusick 314850) is the one that is best characterized on the molecular level. Its defining feature is low reactivity of Kell erythrocyte antigens. This is due to absence of membrane protein KX that forms a complex with the Kell protein. KX is coded for by the XK gene on the X-chromosome. We present six males (aged 29 to 60 years), with proven XK mutations, to discuss the chorea associated with McLeod syndrome. The movement disorder commonly develops in the fifth decade and is progressive. It affects the limbs, the trunk and the face. In addition to facial grimacing, involuntary vocalization can be present. In early stages there may only be some restlessness or slight involuntary distal movements of ankles and fingers. Lip-biting and facial tics seem more common in autosomal recessive choreoacanthocytosis linked to chromosome 9. This, together with the absence of dysphagia in McLeod syndrome, may help in differential diagnosis. Recent findings suggest a role for the endothelin system of the striatum in the pathogenesis of McLeod syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Neurologische Klinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany. danek@brain.nefo.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danek
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tison
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oechsner
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kalckreuth
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Monaco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D026921:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002819:Chorea / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018450:Disease Progression; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D007626:Kell Blood-Group System; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; D014743:Videotape Recording; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D026921:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007626:Kell Blood-Group System; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011506:Proteins; C429654:VPS13A protein, human; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; C087883:XK protein, human