title: Acidic extracellular pH induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human glioblastoma cells via ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway: mechanism of low pH-induced VEGF.
abstract: Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is associated with disease progression in human glioblastomas. We recently showed that VEGF promoter activity is inversely correlated with tumor extracellular pH (pH(o)) in vivo in the human glioma (U87 MG) xenografts. Here we show that substitution of the neutral culture medium (pH 7.3) with acidic pH medium (pH 6.6) up-regulates VEGF mRNA and protein production in human glioblastoma cells as reflected by Northern blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Functional analysis of the VEGF promoter reveals that the sequence between -961 bp and -683 bp upstream of the transcription start site is responsible for the transcriptional activation of the VEGF gene by acidic pH. This region contains the binding site for AP-1. Consequently, AP-1 luciferase reporter gene was activated by acidic pH. Gel-shift analysis confirmed that AP-1 DNA binding activity is induced under acidic pH. While investigating the upstream signaling pathways, we found that ERK1/2 MAPK is activated and translocates to the nucleus to activate Elk-1, and inhibition of the activation of ERK by specific inhibitors of MEK1 blocks the up-regulation of VEGF by low pH. Dominant negative forms of Ras and Raf abolished the activation of VEGF promoter by acidic pH. These results show that acidic pH activates Ras and the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway to enhance VEGF transcription via AP-1, leading to increased VEGF production.
authors.affiliation: Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Dai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fukumura
authors.forename: Rakesh K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Jain
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017931:DNA Primers; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases