title: Factors associated with fetal growth and body composition as measured by ultrasound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study seeks to determine which parental demographic and metabolic factors best correlate with fetal growth and body composition as estimated by ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one gravid patients had ultrasound estimates of fetal anthropometry in mid-third trimester. These measurements included estimated fetal weight, abdominal subcutaneous fat, and/or thigh subcutaneous fat thickness. Independent variables included diagnosis of gestational diabetes, parental demographic factors, neonatal sex, and late gestation estimates of carbohydrate metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the multivariate stepwise model the strongest predictor of ultrasound estimated fetal weight was basal hepatic glucose production, followed by late gestation insulin sensitivity (total R (2) = 0.27). The strongest predictors of abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness were weight gain and presence of gestational diabetes (total R (2) = 0.25).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measures of maternal carbohydrate metabolism, rather than fat mass, explain sonographic measurements of fetal weight. We speculate that factors other than maternal carbohydrate metabolism further explain the variances of fetal adiposity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University at MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rohl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huston-Presley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amini
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stepanchak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Catalano
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D020567:Fetal Weight; D005544:Forecasting; D005865:Gestational Age; D005947:Glucose / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000378:metabolism*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose