title: The changing epidemiology of HIV infection in injecting drug users in Dublin, Ireland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injecting drug users (IDUs) represent 41.6% of the total cohort of HIV-infected patients in Ireland. Between January 1999 and December 2000, referrals to the largest tertiary centre for HIV infection in Dublin have increased dramatically. This has occurred on a background of a reduction in the overall incidence of HIV infection in Ireland between 1990 and 1998. Here we describe the changing epidemiology of HIV disease in IDUs and explore potential aetiological factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study, collecting all data relating to new HIV diagnoses occurring in IDUs, referred to the GenitoUrinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases (GUIDE) clinic between 1987 and 2000. We calculated 6-month incidence rates of new HIV diagnoses in IDUs referred to the GUIDE clinic and performed a more detailed analysis of those patients diagnosed between January 1999 and December 2000, documenting age, sex, time and place of diagnosis, drug use history and primary drug of misuse, needle sharing history, attendance at a drug treatment clinic, prior HIV testing history, hepatitis B and hepatitis C status, and CD4 cell counts and HIV RNA levels at diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of new HIV diagnoses in IDUs increased fivefold between 1995 and 2000. Moreover, 40% of patients diagnosed since then have been under 22 years old. There has also been a significant reversal of the initial male to female ratio seen in the initial epidemic of the 1980s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been a significant increase in the incidence of HIV infection in IDUs between 1995 and 2000. Similar trends have been described recently in other risk groups. The aetiology of these trends is multifactorial, and a multidisciplinary, rejuvenated approach is required to focus on improving health education to reduce both sexual and needle sharing practices.
authors.affiliation: GUIDE Clinic, St James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland. smclarke@gofree.indigo.ie
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bergin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mulcahy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006266:Health Education; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016485:Needle Sharing / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020380:Needs Assessment; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral