title: Management of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is the chronic obstruction of the arteries supplying the lower extremities. The most common symptom is intermittent claudication resulting in aching pain, numbness, weakness, or fatigue in the muscle groups of the lower extremities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the key words "peripheral arterial disease," "intermittent claudication," "atherosclerosis," and "cardiovascular disease," MEDLINE databases were searched from 1970 to the present. The most recent articles pertinent to current treatment recommendations for PAD and intermittent claudication were selected to document this review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptoms of intermittent claudication are induced by walking or exercise and usually resolve with rest. Disease severity varies from patients who are asymptomatic to those who have unremitting symptoms. A high overlap exists between PAD and coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. Risks for long-term morbidity and mortality are identical for PAD, intermittent claudication, and coronary artery disease. Treatment of PAD is aimed at maintaining or improving functional status, reducing or eliminating ischemic symptoms, and preventing disease progression. Exercise and aggressive risk factor modification represent the cornerstones of treatment. Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, lipid abnormalities, hypertension, C-reactive protein, lipoprotein(a), and hyperhomocystinemia. Antiplatelet and lipid-altering therapies decrease risk of atherosclerotic vascular complications and are being studied to improve intermittent claudication. Cilostazol, a new antiplatelet, antithrombotic agent, reduces claudication symptoms. Angiogenic growth factors have shown preliminary success in patients with rest pain and ischemic ulcers and are being investigated for use in patients with intermittent claudication. Invasive revascularization procedures can be considered for patients with critical limb ischemia or when medical therapy fails.
authors.affiliation: Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135-2997, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Schainfeld
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008019:Life Style; D016239:MEDLINE; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors