title: Amino acids protect epithelial cells from local toxicity by absorption enhancer, sodium laurate.
abstract: To develop the safe absorption-enhancing formulation attenuating the local toxicity caused by an absorption enhancer, sodium laurate (C12), the effects of amino acids on the local toxicity by C12 were examined in rats. The absorption of phenol red, an unabsorbable marker drug, was significantly enhanced by 10 mM C12 in an in situ colon loop study and the addition of L-glutamine (L-Gln), L-arginine, or L-methionine at 10 mM did not change the promoting effect of C12. However, C12 significantly increased the elution of phospholipids, total protein, and lactate dehydrogenase, which are markers for local toxicity, from colon, but these amino acids attenuated the local toxicity caused by C12 significantly. Transport study using an Ussing-type chamber showed that the permeability of colonic membrane to phenol red was significantly enhanced by C12 and that L-Gln did not decrease the permeability enhanced by C12. Transmucosal electrical resistance was extensively decreased by C12, indicating that C12 could enhance the drug absorption at least partly by expanding the paracellular route. L-Gln significantly, but not completely, recovered resistance lowered by C12. Electrical potential difference was markedly reduced by C12, suggesting that C12 lowered the viability of mucosal cells, but 10 mM L-Gln significantly recovered potential difference almost to the control level. These results suggested the possibility that absorption-enhancing formulation with low local toxicity, which is low enough to be used practically, could be developed by using an amino acid like L-Gln as an ingredient attenuating the local toxicity caused by C12.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sone
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogawara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001692:Biological Transport; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D007850:Lauric Acids / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008715:Methionine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D007850:Lauric Acids; D010743:Phospholipids; D005973:Glutamine; C030358:lauric acid; D001120:Arginine; D008715:Methionine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase