title: Stage 1 palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: implications of blood gases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate ratios of pulmonary-to-systemic blood flows (Qp/Qs) after stage I palliation (Norwood operation) for hypoplastic left heart syndrome and to determine whether early postoperative death can be associated with abnormalities of Qp/Qs ratios.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who underwent stage I palliation (Norwood operation) for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (n = 76).
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the last intraoperative blood gas analysis were compared between patients who survived the day of operation (58 of 76) and the patients who died intraoperatively or within 4 hours after operation (18 of 76). Qp/Qs ratios were calculated using the Fick principle from arterial and venous oxygen saturations at estimated pulmonary venous oxygen saturation of 95%. A lower arterial oxygen saturation (SaO(2), 69.0 +/- 20.5% v 77.3 +/- 8.5%; p < 0.05) and more marked metabolic acidosis (pH, 7.244 +/- 0.115 v 7.298 +/- 0.095; p < 0.05; base excess, -6.8 +/- 4.4 v -3.0 +/- 4.2; p < 0.05) were observed in nonsurvivors. Calculated Qp/Qs ratios ranged between 0.2 and 6.5 in survivors and between 0.6 and 1.9 in nonsurvivors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postoperative excessive pulmonary blood flow was not implicated as a cause of death based on blood gas data and Qp/Qs ratios. In nonsurvivors, low cardiac output and hypoxemia were assumed to be major problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Heart and Diabetic Center NRW, Ruhr University of Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany. km@kmstrauss.de
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dongas
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Goelnitz
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Thies
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Breymann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D001158:Arteries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010166:Palliative Care; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D011667:Pulmonary Veins; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen