title: Induced sputum: comparison between isotonic and hypertonic saline solution inhalation in patients with asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sputum induction by hypertonic saline solution inhalation is widely used to study airways secretions in patients with asthma. However, hypertonic saline solution is a potent indirect bronchoconstrictor.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied the validity of isotonic saline solution (0.9%) inhalation as a means to induce sputum by comparing it to hypertonic saline solution (4.5%) inhalation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with moderate-to-severe asthma reporting a clinical history of mucus hypersecretion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects underwent sputum induction twice at 1-week intervals. Saline solution (hypertonic or isotonic) was inhaled for three periods of 5 min. The parameters assessed in sputum samples were cell counts, sodium, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and albumin concentrations, osmolality, and pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity by zymography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximal fall in peak expiratory flow during sputum induction was greater after inhalation of hypertonic saline solution than after inhalation of isotonic saline solution (p < 0.01). Each subject produced analyzable sputum on both visits. There were no statistically significant differences in total and differential sputum cell counts, and the reproducibility coefficients were high for eosinophils and neutrophils when comparing the two methods. Likewise, sputum levels of ECP and albumin as well as sputum pro-MMP-9 activity were not different between the two methods, and were highly reproducible as shown by high intraclass coefficients (Ri) of correlation (0.72, 0.74, and 0.77 for ECP, albumin, and pro-MMP-9, respectively). Sputum sodium concentrations and osmolality were higher after inhalation of hypertonic saline solution (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with moderate-to-severe asthma reporting a clinical history of mucus hypersecretion, inducing sputum by isotonic or hypertonic saline solution inhalation leads to comparable results in eosinophil and neutrophil cell counts and fluid phase mediators/proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pneumology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium. Didier.Cataldo@ulg.ac.be
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cataldo
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Foidart
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Djukanovic
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Louis
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D047091:Eosinophil Granule Proteins; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012260:Ribonucleases; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D047091:Eosinophil Granule Proteins; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012260:Ribonucleases; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9