title: A natural history of cleidocranial dysplasia.
abstract: Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia associated with clavicle hypoplasia and dental abnormalities. The condition is caused by mutations in the CBFA1 gene, a transcription factor that activates osteoblast differentiation. Clinical characteristics associated with CCD have previously been described in case reports and small case series. This study was undertaken to gain a more complete delineation of clinical complications associated with CCD. The study population was composed of 90 CCD individuals and 56 relative controls ascertained from genetic and dental practices in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia. A number of previously unrecognized complications were significantly increased including: genua valga, scoliosis, pes planus, sinus infections, upper respiratory complications, recurrent otitis media, and hearing loss. Primary Cesarean section rate was significantly increased compared to relative controls and the general population rate. Finally, dental abnormalities, including supernumerary teeth, failure of exfoliation of the primary dentition, and malocclusion, are serious and complex problems that require intervention. Clinical recommendations based on the results of this study are included.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Flaitz
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hecht
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002973:Cleidocranial Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D005413:Flatfoot / Q000175:diagnosis; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000175:diagnosis; D009139:Musculoskeletal Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis; D010375:Pedigree; D011247:Pregnancy; D015619:Respiratory System Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D014071:Tooth Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014078:Tooth Eruption; D014096:Tooth, Supernumerary / Q000175:diagnosis