title: Immune function, telomerase, and angiogenesis in patients with primary, operable nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: tumor size and lymph node status remain the most important prognostic features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung carcinoma usually is advanced at the time of presentation and frequently shows metastatic spread. In recent times, prognostic factors such as c-erbB-2 in patients with breast carcinoma have provided useful information and beneficial therapeutic targets. The objective of this study was to evaluate angiogenesis, immune function, and telomerase expression in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) to determine their prognostic significance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT; n = 115 patients), interleukin-2r (IL-2r; n = 40 patients), microvessel density (MVD; n = 81 patients), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; n = 61 patients). Three-year survival follow-up information was available for most patients, and a comprehensive review of clinicopathologic features was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty percent of tumors showed nuclear staining for hTERT, 55% of tumors showed some degree of lymphocyte IL-2r expression, 33% of tumors were recorded with an MVD that was higher than average, and VEGF staining was detected in 85% of tumors. None of the parameters measured had an impact on survival. hTERT expression was correlated with lymph node status. Lymph node status and tumor size were identified as independent prognostic factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study failed to identify a marker of prognosis for patients with NSCLC other than tumor size and lymph node status in this population. Telomerase expression was associated with metastases, raising the possibility that this enzyme is involved in the metastatic process. Tumor cell VEGF expression was identified frequently: This growth factor may have potential as a target for antiangiogenic therapy. Lung carcinoma typically is the result of large numbers of mutations. Further understanding of the biologic implications of these mutations will lead to the development of effective prognostic markers and treatments for patients with NSCLC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. toomeydeirdre@hotmail.com
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Toomey
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Condron
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Conroy
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Broe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bouchier-Hayes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D011379:Prognosis; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D019098:Telomerase / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D019098:Telomerase