title: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of itraconazole capsules for the prevention of deep fungal infections in immunodeficient patients with HIV infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether systemic or deep fungal infections can be prevented, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of itraconazole prophylaxis was undertaken in HIV-infected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-1 infected patients with CD4 counts < 300 cells/microL were treated with itraconazole (200 mg per day) or matching placebo and followed for 2 years. Development of deep fungal infections, episodes of mucocutaneous candidiasis, change in CD4 count, survival and safety data were collected at each study visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and seventy-four patients received study medication, 187 were given itraconazole and 187 matching placebo. Time to development of deep fungal infection did not differ between groups, in an intention to treat analysis. Low CD4 cell count and prior use of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis were significantly associated with a more rapid development of deep fungal infection (P = 0.044 and 0.017, respectively). Itraconazole treatment significantly reduced the incidence of oral candidosis (25% vs. 48% P < 0.001) and time to development of oral candidosis (508 vs. 413 days, P < 0.001) but not the number of deep fungal infections (11 vs. 13). Survival did not differ significantly between groups (nine vs. 14 deaths). CD4 counts decreased significantly over time in both study arms. Adverse events did not differ between groups; 20% vs. 23% stopped study medication due to an adverse experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although itraconazole prophylaxis significantly reduced the number and time to development of oral candidosis, too few episodes of deep fungal infection were noted to determine whether itraconazole prophylaxis was effective for this condition. Chronic itraconazole treatment is well tolerated in HIV-infected patients with marked immunodeficiency.
authors.affiliation: National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia. dsmith@nchecr.unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Youle
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gazzard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tchamouroff
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frechette
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schlech
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Beule
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009181:Mycoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010919:Placebos; D012449:Safety; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010919:Placebos; D017964:Itraconazole