title: Soft tissue injuries with the use of safe corridors for transfixion wire placement during external fixation of distal tibia fractures: an anatomic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine which soft tissue structures are at risk and when joint violation can occur during small wire placement for hybrid external fixation of distal tibial fractures while adhering to published guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cadaver anatomic experiment.
  
  
  METHODS
  University orthopaedic program. SUJBECTS: Five embalmed cadavers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Placement of small wire transfixion pins in the distal tibia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dissection and measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four orthopaedic surgeons were shown diagrams that have been widely accepted as allowing for placement of transfixion pins in the distal tibia through safe corridors. Each of the orthopaedic surgeons was then asked to place two transfixion pins into each of five cadaver legs in a position that would provide stable external fixation of the metaphysis to the diaphysis with a circular fixator (forty pins total) for a distal tibial fracture within five centimeters of the plafond. The specimens were dissected, and pins impaling neurovascular structures, tendons, or the ankle capsule were recorded. The superior capsular synovial reflections were measured from the anterior joint line and the tip of the medial malleolus. These measurements were also performed on arthrograms of two extremities before their dissection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-five percent of the pins placed impaled at least one tendon that crosses the ankle joint. Neurovascular structures that were impaled included the saphenous vein (+/-10.5 percent) and the superficial peroneal nerve (+/-7.5 percent). One pin violated the superior capsular synovial reflection, which was an average of thirty-two millimeters (+/-1.58 millimeters) from the tip of the medial malleolus and twenty-one millimeters (+/-1.63 millimeters) from the anteromedial joint line.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that tendons and neurovascular structures above the ankle are at risk during small transfixion pin placement, even when using safe corridors. Pins placed within two centimeters of the anterior joint line or three centimeters from the medial malleolus may be intracapsular.
authors.affiliation: The Rothman Institute at Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vives
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Abidi
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Taliwal
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Sharkey
mesh_terms: D001858:Bone Nails; D001864:Bone Wires; D002102:Cadaver; D016267:External Fixators; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000601:surgery*