title: Paternal effects acting during the first cell cycle of human preimplantation development after ICSI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability of human embryos to undergo normal development has been shown previously to be subject to strong paternal (sperm-derived) effects. This study was undertaken to determine whether paternal influences on human embryo quality are detectable as early as the first cell cycle after fertilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  The quality of zygotes and cleaving embryos resulting from sibling donor oocytes fertilized by sperm from different patients were compared in a donor oocyte-sharing programme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fertilizations with sperm from certain individuals repeatedly resulted in the formation of high proportions of zygotes with abnormal pronuclear morphology that subsequently tended to cleave slowly and to show extensive fragmentation and blastomere irregularities. This phenomenon was observed with oocytes from two different donors for each of these individuals and contrasted with normal developmental performance of embryos resulting from sibling oocytes fertilized by sperm from other men with similar basic sperm characteristics. Fertilization rates were not related to these differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data point to a very early onset of paternal effects that condition human embryo development. These effects may be both of genetic (related to the minor gene activity of the male pronucleus) or epigenetic (related to the sperm-derived oocyte-activating factor or sperm centrosome) origin.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Eylau, 55 rue Saint-Didier, 75116 Paris, France. cmendoza@ugr.es
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tesarik
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.forename: Ermanno
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Greco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000502:physiology; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005190:Family; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018587:Oocyte Donation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D015053:Zygote / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure