title: The use of impedance index in the surveillance of PTFE femorodistal grafts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impedance is the equivalent in pulsatile flow of resistance in steady flow. The impedance index has been used successfully in the surveillance of vein grafts, but its use has not been reported in the context of PTFE femorodistal grafts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight patients (median age 68 years (IQR 59-73 years) and 20 men) undergoing 28 PTFE femorodistal grafts with a vein cuff were evaluated prospectively comparing the impedance index with standard duplex graft surveillance. All grafts were performed for critical ischaemia. At risk grafts were identified and treated appropriately after angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary patencies at 1 and 2 years were 82% and 50% respectively. Duplex identified 11 at risk grafts of which 9 had an identifiable correctable lesion. Impedance analysis overpredicted at risk status when compared with duplex in the immediate postoperative phase and was unsuccessful in detecting inflow disease or low flow relating to cardiac failure. Using a threshold index of 0.5, impedance analysis has a sensitivity of 87%, specificity of 88%, with positive and negative predictive values of 76% and 94% respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impedance index is a non-invasive method of graft surveillance which is applicable to PTFE femorodistal bypasses and may be a useful alternative to duplex although formal validation studies will be required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Wijesinghe
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D023821:Limb Salvage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene