title: Equine estrogen metabolite 4-hydroxyequilenin induces DNA damage in the rat mammary tissues: formation of single-strand breaks, apurinic sites, stable adducts, and oxidized bases.
abstract: Epidemiological data strongly suggest that a woman's risk of developing breast cancer is directly related to her lifetime estrogen exposure. Estrogen replacement therapy in particular has been correlated with an increased cancer risk. Previously we showed that the equine estrogens equilin and equilenin, which are major components of the estrogen replacement formulation Premarin (Wyeth-Ayerst), are metabolized to the catechol, 4-hydroxyequilenin which autoxidizes to an o-quinone causing oxidation and alkylation of DNA in vitro [Bolton, J. L., Pisha, E., Zhang, F., and Qiu, S. (1998) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11, 1113-1227]. In the present study, we injected 4-hydroxyequilenin into the mammary fat pads of Sprague-Dawley rats. Analysis of cells isolated from the mammary tissue for DNA single-strand breaks and oxidized bases using the comet assay showed a dose-dependent increase in both types of lesions. In addition, LC-MS-MS analysis of extracted mammary tissue showed the formation of an alkylated depurinating guanine adduct. Finally, extraction of mammary tissue DNA, hydrolysis to deoxynucleosides, and analysis by LC-MS-MS showed the formation of stable cyclic deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine adducts as well as oxidized bases. This is the first report showing that 4-hydroxyequilenin is capable of causing DNA damage in vivo. In addition, the data showed that 4-hydroxyequilenin induced four different types of DNA damage that must be repaired by different mechanisms. This is in contrast to the endogenous estrogen 4-hydroxyestrone where only depurinating guanine adducts have been detected in vivo. These results suggest that 4-hydroxyequilenin has the potential to be a potent carcinogen through the formation of variety of DNA lesions in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: van Breemen
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bolton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001940:Breast / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020552:Comet Assay; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded / Q000187:drug effects*; D003839:Deoxyadenosines / Q000378:metabolism; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004855:Equilenin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D045166:Estradiol Congeners / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006147:Guanine / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011809:Quinones / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D018736:DNA Adducts; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D003839:Deoxyadenosines; D045166:Estradiol Congeners; D011809:Quinones; D006147:Guanine; C065250:4-hydroxy-equilenin; D003849:Deoxyguanosine; D004855:Equilenin