title: The first in vivo observation of (13)C-(15)N coupling in mammalian brain.
abstract: [5-(13)C,(15)N]Glutamine, with (1)J((13)C-(15)N) of 16 Hz, was observed in vivo in the brain of spontaneously breathing rats by (13)C MRS at 4.7 T. The brain [5-(13)C]glutamine peak consisted of the doublet from [5-(13)C,(15)N]glutamine and the center [5-(13)C,(14)N]glutamine peak, resulting in an apparent triplet with a separation of 8 Hz. The time course of formation of brain [5-(13)C,(15)N]glutamine was monitored in vivo with a time resolution of 20-35 min. This [5-(13)C,(15)N]glutamine was formed by glial uptake of released neurotransmitter [5-(13)C]glutamate and its reaction with (15)NH(3) catalyzed by the glia-specific glutamine synthetase. The neurotransmitter glutamate C5 was selectively (13)C-enriched by intravenous [2,5-(13)C]glucose infusion to (13)C-label whole-brain glutamate C5, followed by [(12)C]glucose infusion to chase (13)C from the small and rapidly turning-over glial glutamate pool, leaving (13)C mainly in the neurotransmitter [5-(13)C]glutamate pool, which is sequestered in vesicles until release. Hence, the observed [5-(13)C,(15)N]glutamine arises from a coupling between (13)C of neuronal origin and (15)N of glial origin. Measurement of the rate of brain [5-(13)C,(15)N]glutamine formation provides a novel noninvasive method of studying the kinetics of neurotransmitter uptake into glia in vivo, a process that is crucial for protecting the brain from glutamate excitotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Laboratory, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 660 South Fair Oaks Avenue, Pasadena, California 91105, USA. mrs@hmri.org
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanamori
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid