title: A population-based study of coarctation of the aorta: comparisons of infants with and without associated ventricular septal defect.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a congenital cardiovascular malformation (CCVM) sometimes associated with ventricular septal defect (VSD). Although the phenotypic association is well documented, little research exists on the epidemiological features distinguishing CoA with and without VSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study (1981-1989), a population-based study of CCVM, evaluated 126 infants with "pure" CoA (free of associated cardiac defects) and 67 infants with CoA and VSD (COA/VSD) in comparison to 3,572 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of infants with associated extracardiac anomalies was greater among CoA/VSD than among pure CoA (31% versus 11%). Infants with CoA/VSD were twice as likely as those with pure CoA to be born small for gestational age (23% versus 12%, respectively, compared with 6% of controls). All-cause mortality during the first year of life was higher in CoA/VSD than in pure CoA (21% vs. 7%). Multiple logistic regression models revealed that family history of CCVM was associated with pure CoA (adjusted case-control odds ratio [OR] = 4.6; 99% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5-13.9) and with CoA/VSD (OR = 5.9, CI = 1.2-23.5); maternal history of organic solvent exposures early in pregnancy was also associated with pure CoA (OR = 3.2, CI = 1.0-10.2) and with CoA/VSD (OR = 3.7, CI 0.9-14.9). Additional risk factors, including maternal epilepsy (OR = 5.3, CI = 0.9-30.6), and use of macrodantin (OR = 6.7, CI = 1.4-31.8) were associated only with pure CoA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings highlight possible genetic and environmental differences between pure CoA and CoA/VSD and may stimulate further investigations of the etiology of CoA.
authors.affiliation: American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Wollins
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferencz
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Boughman
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Loffredo
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001011:Aorta / Q000002:abnormalities*; D001017:Aortic Coarctation / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors