title: Cannabis abuse as a risk factor for depressive symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to estimate the degree to which cannabis abuse is a risk factor for depressive symptoms rather than an effort to self-medicate depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N=1,920) in the 1980 Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study who were reassessed between 1994 and 1996 as part of a follow-up study provided the data. The analysis focused on two cohorts: those who reported no depressive symptoms at baseline (N=849) and those with no diagnosis of cannabis abuse at baseline (N=1,837). Symptoms of depression, cannabis abuse, and other psychiatric disorders were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In participants with no baseline depressive symptoms, those with a diagnosis of cannabis abuse at baseline were four times more likely than those with no cannabis abuse diagnosis to have depressive symptoms at the follow-up assessment, after adjusting for age, gender, antisocial symptoms, and other baseline covariates. In particular, these participants were more likely to have experienced suicidal ideation and anhedonia during the follow-up period. Among the participants who had no diagnosis of cannabis abuse at baseline, depressive symptoms at baseline failed to significantly predict cannabis abuse at the follow-up assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is needed to identify characteristics of individuals who abuse cannabis that account for their higher risk of depression to estimate the degree of impairment resulting from their depression.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania Treatment Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. gbovasso@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Bovasso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012651:Self Medication / Q000523:psychology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids