title: Vitamin D3 analogue inhibits keratinocyte growth factor signaling and induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer is a worldwide significant health care problem, due to its high incidence and mortality. In particular, androgen-independent tumors have the worst prognosis, because they are refractory to almost all kinds of available therapy. Hence, there is the need of new treatment opportunities targeting androgen-independent, growth factor-mediated, tumor signaling. One of these new promising opportunities is vitamin D3 and its related analogues.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the effect of a vitamin D3 analogue, analogue (V), on proliferation of several human prostate cancer cells in basal condition and after treatment with KGF, one of the intraprostatic growth factors that might participate in the progression of prostate cancer. In addition, in the androgen-independent cell line DU 145, we also studied the effect of analogue (V), KGF, and their mutual interaction on protein tyrosine phosphorylation, bcl-2 expression and apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, we found that analogue (V) dose-dependently decreased basal and KGF-induced prostate cancer cell growth, although to a different extent. Maximal effect was obtained in DU 145 cells. In these cells, KGF stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein corresponding to its receptor, induced bcl-2 expression, and prolonged cell survival. Analogue (V) not only counteracted all these KGF-mediated events, but also decreased basal bcl-2 expression, therefore, allowing DU 145 cells to undergo an apoptotic program.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicated that in prostate cancer cells analogue (V) decreased basal and KGF-induced cell proliferation. This effect, at least in DU 145 cells, is in part mediated by negative interactions with cell survival and KGF signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crescioli
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maggi
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luconi
authors.forename: Gabriella Barbara
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Vannelli
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salerno
authors.forename: Antonio A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sinisi
authors.forename: Lorella
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonaccorsi
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferruzzi
authors.forename: Tullio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barni
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forti
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serio
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004347:Drug Interactions; D051523:Fibroblast Growth Factor 7; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C496453:FGF7 protein, human; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051523:Fibroblast Growth Factor 7; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D002117:Calcitriol