title: Population pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B in children with malignant diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To construct a population pharmacokinetic model for the antifungal agent, amphotericin B (AmB), in children with malignant diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two compartment population pharmacokinetic model for AmB was developed using concentration-time data from 57 children aged between 9 months and 16 years who had received 1 mg kg(-1) day(-1) doses in either dextrose (doseform=1) or lipid emulsion (doseform=2). P-Pharm (version 1.5) was used to estimate the basic population parameters, to identify covariates with significant relationships with the pharmacokinetic parameters and to construct a Covariate model. The predictive performance of the Covariate model was assessed in an independent group of 26 children (the validation group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Covariate model had population mean estimates for clearance (CL), volume of distribution into the central compartment (V) and the distributional rate constants (k12 and k21) of 0.88 l h(-1), 9.97 l, 0.27 h(-1) and 0.16 h(-1), respectively, and the intersubject variability of these parameters was 19%, 49%, 55% and 48%, respectively. The following covariate relationships were identified: CL (l h(-1)) = 0.053 + 0.0456 weight (0.75) (kg) + 0.242 doseform and V (l) = 7.11 + 0.107 weight (kg). Our Covariate model provided unbiased and precise predictions of AmB concentrations in the validation group of children: the mean prediction error was 0.0089 mg l(-1) (95% confidence interval: -0.0075, 0.0252 mg l(-1)) and the root mean square prediction error was 0.1245 mg l(-1) (95% confidence interval: 0.1131, 0.1349 mg l(-1)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A valid population pharmacokinetic model for AmB has been developed and may now be used in conjunction with AmB toxicity and efficacy data to develop dosing guidelines for safe and effective AmB therapy in children with malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia. christan@chw.edu.au
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: McLachlan
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gunning
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Earl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D000666:Amphotericin B; D005947:Glucose