title: Salvage of immature forearm fistulas for haemodialysis by interventional radiology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The goal of this article is to assess the value of endovascular techniques for the salvage of fistulas that fail to mature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 6-year period, 52 dysfunctional and 17 thrombosed immature forearm fistulas (mean age 10 weeks) were treated by interventional radiology. Angiography was performed by puncture of the brachial artery but dilation of underlying stenoses was performed after cannulation of the fistula itself, whenever possible, with a balloon never smaller than 5 mm. Embolization or ligation of any type of vein was never indicated and never performed. For thrombosed fistulas, significant clots were removed by manual catheter-directed aspiration. A covered stent (Passager) was used in cases of dilation-induced rupture not controlled by balloon tamponade.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An underlying stenosis was diagnosed in 100% of cases. Half of them were located in the anastomotic area. The initial success rate of interventional radiology was 97%. Dilation-induced rupture occurred in nine cases (13%) but stents were necessary in only two cases. The rate of significant clinical complications was 2.8% (bacteraemia, pseudoaneurysm). Primary and secondary patency rates at 1 year were 39 and 79%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Delayed maturation of native fistulas should lead systematically to imaging as an underlying stenosis is diagnosed in all cases. Interventional radiology can treat the majority of cases and achieve a 97% success rate but early recurrence of stenoses can occur. Multidisciplinary re-evaluation of the patient must, therefore, be performed after radiological salvage of the fistula.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Vascular Radiology, Clinique St-Gatien, Tours cedex, France. luc.turmel@wanadoo.fr
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Turmel-Rodrigues
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mouton
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birmelé
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Billaux
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ammar
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Grézard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hauss
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pengloan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D021721:Balloon Occlusion; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D015642:Radiology, Interventional; D012008:Recurrence; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012421:Rupture; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D015607:Stents; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D014654:Vascular Patency