title: Increased serum insulin associated with increased risk of prostate cancer recurrence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the present study, we assessed the relationship of serum insulin levels and risk of recurrence in men with localized prostate cancer because of the relationship of insulin to the development of prostate cancer, and because insulin is a growth factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in our study were found through urology and radiation oncology clinics, and all eligible patients were asked to take part. All patients were asymptomatic and had been initially diagnosed on the basis of rising PSA or abnormal physical examination. Histological confirmation of diagnosis was obtained for all subjects. Serum insulin levels were determined by chemoluminescent assay with a standard, commercially available instrument (Immulite Diagnostic Products Corporation, Los Angeles, CA). Patients were divided into three risk groups: Low risk: serum PSA < or = 10, stage < or = T2a, or Gleason grade < or = 6; Medium risk: serum PSA 10-15, Gleason 7 or stage < or = T2b; High risk: Gleason > 7, tumor in seminal vesicle biopsy, serum PSA > 15 or stage T2c or T3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men, 112 in number, with prostate cancer were studied. There was a significant increase in serum insulin with risk group (P = 0.002, one-way ANOVA). Tukey's multiple range test showed that the insulin levels of high risk patients were significantly higher than the insulin levels of medium and low risk patients (P = 0.05) but the insulin levels of medium and low risk patients were not significantly different from one another.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urologists are actively seeking additional biomarkers of prostate cancer aggressiveness. Many prostate cancers are quite indolent and may never cause a problem, but it is now impossible to identify such tumors with certainty. Further studies of serum insulin levels in prostate cancer as a biomarker might, therefore, be worthwhile. With more and better biomarkers, many older men might be spared the rigors of radiation therapy and/or surgery, and their complications. Also, new prostate cancer therapies might be directed toward inhibiting the mitogenic effects of insulin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lehrer
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: Sharodka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stagger
authors.forename: Nelson N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Stock
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000097:blood*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology*; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007328:Insulin; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen