title: Anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of proanthocyanidins (PA) from grape seeds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Croton oil-induced ear swelling in mice and carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats were prepared. The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was measured by NADPH-diaphoras stain assay, nitric oxide (NO) content by Griess diazotization assay, N-acetyl-beta- D-glucosaminidase (beta-NAG) activity by spectrophotography, malondialdehyde (MDA) content by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) fluorescence technique, and IL-1beta, TNFalpha, and PGE2 content by radioimmunoassay (RIA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PA 10-40 mg/kg ip inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and croton oil-induced ear swelling in mice in a dose-dependent manner. PA 10 mg/kg reduced MDA content in inflamed paws, inhibited beta-NAG and NOS activity, and lowered the content of NO, IL-1beta, TNFalpha, and PGE2 in exudate from edema paws of rats induced by carrageenan. The inhibitory effect of PA on all above indices was more evident than that of dexamethasone 2 mg/kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PA has anti-inflammatory effect on experimental inflammation in rats and mice. Its mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action are relevant to oxygen free radical scavenging, anti-lipid peroxidation, and inhibition of the formation of inflammatory cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Lanzhou Medical College, Lanzhou 730000, China. wyj@lz.gs.cninfo.net.
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: X Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced; D003436:Croton Oil; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D051381:Rats; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C013221:proanthocyanidin; D003436:Croton Oil