title: Reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract with a bovine jugular vein graft fixed with a naturally occurring crosslinking agent (genipin) in a canine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate a newly developed biologic valved conduit fixed with genipin used to reconstruct the right ventricular outflow tract in a canine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh bovine jugular veins with a retained native valve procured from a slaughterhouse were used as raw materials to fabricate the valved conduits. A naturally occurring crosslinking agent, genipin, was used to fix the procured jugular veins. The glutaraldehyde-fixed counterpart was used as a control. A canine model was used in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Echocardiography revealed that the motion of the valvular leaflets in both the glutaraldehyde- and genipin-fixed conduits was satisfactory. The transvalvular pressure gradients of both studied groups were minimal. No endothelium-like cells were observed on the luminal surface of the conduit and the valvular leaflet for the glutaraldehyde-fixed group throughout the entire course of the study. In contrast, endothelium-like cells were observed on the entire surface of the genipin-fixed valved conduit retrieved at 6 months postoperatively in all the cases studied. There was no evidence of luminal fibrous peel in any the valved conduits studied. Degradation of valvular leaflet in one of the glutaraldehyde-fixed conduits was observed. In this particular case, thrombus formation was also observed on the surface of the valvular leaflet. On the other hand, no apparent degradation or thrombus formation was observed on the surfaces of the genipin-fixed valvular leaflet and conduit. A significantly more severe inflammatory reaction was observed for the glutaraldehyde-fixed conduit than for its genipin-fixed counterpart throughout the entire course of the study. The calcium contents of the samples before implantation and those retrieved at distinct implantation duration were minimal for both the glutaraldehyde- and genipin-fixed tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although further studies are necessary, the genipin-fixed valved conduit appears to have great potential in helping mitigate the complications observed in the commercially available conduits.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Veterans General Hospital-Taichung, and College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives; D000818:Animals; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; D002417:Cattle; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography; D005976:Glutaral; D057889:Iridoid Glycosides; D039823:Iridoids; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000637:transplantation*; D011714:Pyrans; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D057889:Iridoid Glycosides; D039823:Iridoids; D011714:Pyrans; C007834:genipin; D005976:Glutaral