title: Improved bone-screw interface with hydroxyapatite coating: an in vivo study of loaded pedicle screws in sheep.
abstract: METHODS
  An in vivo sheep model with loaded pedicle screws was used, wherein each animal served as its own control.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of hydroxyapatite (HA) coating on the bone-to-implant interface in loaded spinal instrumentations.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Spinal instrumentation improves the healing rate in spinal fusion, but screw loosening constitutes a problem. HA coating of other implants has resulted in favorable effects on the bone-to-implant interface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine sheep were operated on with destabilizing laminectomies at two levels: L2-L3 and L4-L5. Each level was stabilized separately with a four-screw instrumentation. Uncoated screws (stainless steel) or the same type of screws coated with plasma-sprayed HA were used in either the upper or the lower instrumentation in a randomized fashion. The animals were killed at 6 or 12 weeks after surgery. The specimens were embedded in resin, ground to approximately 10 microm, and stained with toluidine blue. Histomorphometric evaluation was carried out in a Leitz Aristoplan (Wetzlar, Germany) light microscope equipped with a Leitz Microvid unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average percentage of bone-to-implant contact after 6 weeks was 69 +/- 10 for the HA-coated screws and 18 +/- 11 for the uncoated screws (P < 0.03), and after 12 weeks 64 +/- 31 (HA-coated) and 9 +/- 13 (uncoated, P < 0.02). The average bone volume in the area close to the screw was significantly higher for the HA-coated screws at both 6 and 12 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HA coating improved the bone-to-implant interface significantly, indicating that HA coating can become useful for improving the purchase of pedicle screws.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden. bengt.sanden@ortoped.uas.lul.se
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sandén
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Olerud
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Larsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001863:Bone Screws; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D017886:Durapatite; D005260:Female; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D012756:Sheep; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D017886:Durapatite