title: Countrywide spread of CTX-M-3 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing microorganisms of the family Enterobacteriaceae in Poland.
abstract: Eighty-four clinical isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae, recovered from 1998 to 2000 in 15 hospitals in 10 Polish cities, were analyzed. All the isolates produced beta-lactamases with pIs of 8.4 and 5.4, and the pI 8.4 enzymes were demonstrated to hydrolyze cefotaxime but not ceftazidime in the in vitro bioassay. PCR analysis and DNA sequencing have revealed that in all cases the pI 8.4 beta-lactamase was probably the CTX-M-3 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) variant, which was originally identified in 1996 in Praski Hospital in Warsaw. In the majority of isolates, bla(CTX-M-3) genes resided within large conjugative plasmids with similar fingerprints, which, in the context of the high degree of diversity of the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA types of the isolates, suggested that horizontal transfer of plasmids was likely the main mechanism of CTX-M-3 spread. The dissemination of plasmids was probably preceded by the center-to-center transmission of several strains, as indicated by the identification by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of closely related or possibly related Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Citrobacter freundii isolates in five different hospitals. CTX-M-3-producing organisms revealed a very high degree of diversity in beta-lactam resistance levels and patterns. This was attributed to several factors, such as the production of other beta-lactamases including additional ESBLs, possible quantitative variations in CTX-M-3 expression, segregation of AmpC derepressed mutants, and permeability alterations.
authors.affiliation: Sera & Vaccines Central Research Laboratory, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baraniak
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fiett
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sulikowska
authors.forename: Waleria
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hryniewicz
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gniadkowski
mesh_terms: D003227:Conjugation, Genetic; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010641:Phenotype; D011044:Poland; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C417271:beta-lactamase CTX-M-3; C415153:oxyiminocephalosporinase type II; D001618:beta-Lactamases