title: Two newly identified SNPs in the APO AI-CIII intergenic region are strongly associated with familial combined hyperlipidaemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously reported linkage and association of the apoAI-CIII-AIV gene region on chromosome 11 with familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCHL). However, the observed epistasis resulting in an increased susceptibility to FCHL still remains unexplained. We hypothesize that the region between the apo AI and apo CIII genes may harbour functional mutations that might be in linkage disequilibrium with the already identified SstI and MspI polymorphisms, and provide an alternative explanation for the observed relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using sequence analysis, we identified four new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the apo AI-CIII intergenic region. These four variants, T(3213)C, A(3235)C, T(3287)C and A(5132)C, were studied in 30 FCHL probands, 159 hyperlipidaemic relatives, 327 normolipidaemic relatives, and 218 spouses from the same families in which the original results were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The allele frequencies were significantly different between probands and spouses (P < 0.05). Transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) analyses revealed more frequent transmission of the minor alleles to the affected offspring. The minor genotype was associated with elevated plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The T(3213)C and MspI, and the A(3235)C and SstI SNPs were in complete linkage disequilibrium, resulting in two different major haplotypes 2-2-1-2-2-1 and 1-1-2-2-2-2 (MspI-T(3213)C-A(3235)C-T(3287)C-A(5132)C-SstI). Both haplotypes appear to predispose to FCHL independently, and account, together with the wild-type, for almost 90% of those occurring in these FCHL families, extending the high-risk combination of haplotypes that were reported previously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These newly identified additional intergenic SNPs therefore provide an alternative explanation for the observed association of the SstI and MspI polymorphisms to the increased susceptibility for FCHL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Groenendijk
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cantor
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Funke
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Dallinga-Thie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000235:genetics*; D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III; D001056:Apolipoproteins C / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D006950:Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined / Q000235:genetics*; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III; D001056:Apolipoproteins C; D021901:DNA, Intergenic