title: Expression of RAC 3, a steroid hormone receptor co-activator in prostate cancer.
abstract: RAC 3, one of the p160 family of co-activators is known to enhance the transcriptional activity of a number of steroid receptors. As co-activators are also known to enhance androgen receptor (AR) activity, we investigated the role of RAC 3 in the context of prostate cancer. In prostate cancer cell lines, we found variable levels of the RAC 3 protein with highest expression seen in AR-positive LNCaP cells, moderate expression in AR-negative PC 3 cells and low-level expression in AR-negative DU 145 cells. Immuno-precipitation studies showed that endogenous RAC 3 interacted with the AR in vivo and transfection assays confirmed that RAC 3 enhanced AR transcriptional activity. In clinical prostate tissue, we found strong RAC 3 mRNA expression and immuno-histochemistry demonstrated that in benign tissue, the protein was expressed predominantly in luminal cells, while in primary malignant epithelium it was more homogeneously expressed. In a series of 37 patients, the levels of RAC 3 expression correlated significantly with tumour grade (P = 0.01) and stage of disease (P = 0.03) but not with serum PSA levels. In addition moderate or high RAC 3 expression was associated with poorer disease-specific survival (P = 0.03). We conclude that RAC 3 is an important co-activator of the AR in the prostate and may have an important role in the progression of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Prostate Research Group, School of Surgical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Gnanapragasam
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pulimood
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Robson
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000728:Androgens; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D056921:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D056921:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen