title: A new radiofrequency thermal balloon catheter for pulmonary vein isolation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to evaluate whether porcine pulmonary vein (PV) isolation (PVI) can be produced by ablation using our novel radiofrequency (RF) thermal balloon catheter (RBC).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It has been proposed that PVI can prevent focal atrial fibrillation (AF) originating in or close to the PV.
  
  
  METHODS
  The RBC is composed of a 12F main shaft, a 4F inner tube and a balloon. Inside the balloon, there is a unipolar coil electrode with a thermocouple sensor mounted along the tube, the former to deliver RF energy (13.56 MHz) and the latter to monitor the temperature. After the presence of a PV potential was confirmed, the RBC was safely inserted into the left atrium (LA) by the trans-septal approach. Once the balloon was inflated and optimally wedged at the junction between the PV and LA, RF energy was applied for 5 min. Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) was repeated up to three times, until elimination of the PV potential or dissociation between the LA and PV was observed. Finally, each heart was examined histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 18 PVs that had PV potentials, PVI was performed, resulting in success in 15 (success rate 83%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 58.0% to 96.3%; failure rate 17%, 95% CI 3.7% to 42.0%). After successful PVI, the PV potentials completely disappeared and the histologic examination revealed circumferential, transmural necrosis around the PV trunks. No major complications, such as PV stenosis or macroscopic thrombosis, were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RBC was useful for PVI.
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura and the Division of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Hiro-o General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Satake
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiroe
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyashita
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009336:Necrosis; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome