title: Management of penetrating pancreatic trauma: an 11-year experience of a level-1 trauma center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We present our experience in the management of penetrating pancreatic injuries, focusing on factors related to complications and death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective trauma registry-based analysis of 62 consecutive patients with penetrating pancreatic injuries during an 11-year period. Overall injury severity was assessed by the injury severity score (ISS) and the penetrating abdominal trauma index (PATI). Pancreatic injuries were graded according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) Organ Injury Scaling (OIS). Complications were characterised using standardised definitions. Mortality was recorded as early (within 48 h after admission) and late (after 48 h).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients suffered gunshot wounds and 24 had grade I pancreatic injuries. Shotgun and gunshot wounds were more destructive than stab wounds (higher PATI, number of intraabdominal injuries and mortality). Seventeen patients died. Most deaths occurred within 1 h after admission due to massive bleeding and severe associated injuries. Only one death was potentially related to the pancreatic injury. Mortality rate also correlated with pancreatic injury grading. Sixty-one patients had associated intraabdominal injuries. Combined pancreaticoduodenal injuries were present in 13 patients, and five died. Simple drainage was the most common procedure performed. Pancreas-related complications were found in 12 out of 47 patients who survived more than 48 h; intraabdominal abscess (n=7) that was associated with colon injuries, and pancreatic fistula (n=5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An approach based on injury grade and location is advised. Routine drainage is recommended; distal resection is indicated in the presence of main duct injury, and the management of severe injuries will be tailored according to the overall physiologic status, presence of associated injuries, and duodenal viability. Morbidity and mortality is mainly due to associated injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, University of California, UCSD Medical Center, 200 W. Arbor Dr., San Diego, CA 92103-8896, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Vasquez
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coimbra
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hoyt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fortlage
mesh_terms: D018784:Abdominal Abscess / Q000209:etiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma; D010179:Pancreas / Q000293:injuries*; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014193:Trauma Centers; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery