title: Hyperglycemia prevents isoflurane-induced preconditioning against myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Volatile anesthetics stimulate but hyperglycemia attenuates activity of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-regulated potassium channels. The authors tested the hypothesis that acute hyperglycemia interferes with isoflurane-induced preconditioning in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Barbiturate-anesthetized dogs (n = 79) were instrumented for measurement of hemodynamics. Myocardial infarct size and collateral blood flow were assessed with triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and radioactive microspheres, respectively. All dogs were subjected to a 60-min left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive an infusion of normal saline (normoglycemic controls) or 15% dextrose in water to increase blood glucose concentrations to 300 or 600 mg/dl in the absence or presence of isoflurane (0.5 or 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]) in separate experimental groups. Isoflurane was discontinued, and blood glucose concentrations were allowed to return to baseline values before left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial infarct size was 26 +/- 1% of the left ventricular area at risk in control experiments. Isoflurane reduced infarct size (15 +/- 2 and 13 +/- 1% during 0.5 and 1.0 MAC, respectively). Hyperglycemia alone did not alter infarct size (26 +/- 2 and 33 +/- 4% during 300 and 600 mg/dl, respectively). Moderate hyperglycemia blocked the protective effects of 0.5 MAC (25 +/- 2%) but not 1.0 MAC isoflurane (13 +/- 2%). In contrast, severe hyperglycemia prevented reductions of infarct size during both 0.5 MAC (29 +/- 3%) and 1.0 MAC isoflurane (28 +/- 4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute hyperglycemia attenuates reductions in myocardial infarct size produced by isoflurane in dogs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin and Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kehl
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Krolikowski
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mraovic
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Pagel
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Warltier
authors.forename: Judy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kersten
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane