title: Invasive assessment of fetal renal abnormalities: urinalysis, fetal blood sampling and biopsy.
abstract: There are a number of potential biochemical markers that may have some role in predicting renal function postnatally. These include urinary sodium, calcium and beta2-microglobulin. The latter may also be measured in fetal serum. However, the accuracy of these parameters at a point in time is far from perfect as urinary tract obstruction is a progressive disease which may be best defined by repeated observations throughout pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ospedale V. Buzzi, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20147 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nicolini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Spelzini
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001706:Biopsy; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000196:embryology* / Q000652:urine; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D014524:Urethral Obstruction; D016482:Urinalysis; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology* / Q000652:urine; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium