title: Reduction of transmission stages concomitant with increased host immune responses to hypervirulent Sarcocystis singaporensis, and natural selection for intermediate virulence.
abstract: Parasite virulence (pathogenicity depending on inoculum size) and host immune reactions were examined for the apicomplexan protozoan Sarcocystis singaporensis. This parasite is endemic in southeastern Asia and multiplies as a proliferation (merozoite) and transmission stage (bradyzoite) in rats. Virulence in wild brown rats of parasites freshly isolated in the wild (wild-type) was surprisingly constant within the endemic area and showed an intermediate level. In contrast, serially passaged parasites either became avirulent or virulence increased markedly (hypervirulence). Production of transmission stages was maximal for the wild-type whereas numbers were significantly reduced for hypervirulent and avirulent (shown in a previous study) parasites. Analyses of B and T cell immunity revealed that immune responses of WKY rats to the transmission stage were significantly higher for hypervirulent than for wild-type parasites. These results suggest that it is the immune system of the host that is not only responsible for reduction of transmission stages in individual rats, but also could act as a selective force that maintains intermediate virulence at the population level because reduction of muscle stages challenges transmission of S. singaporensis to the definitive host. Collectively, the presented data support evolutionary theory, which predicts intermediate rates of parasite growth in nature and an 'arms race' between host immunity and parasite proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Emil Wolff Strasse 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany. tojack@uni-hohenheim.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jäkel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scharpfenecker
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jitrawang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rückle
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kliemt
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mackenstedt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hongnark
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Khoprasert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002455:Cell Division; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D012522:Sarcocystis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012523:Sarcocystosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000635:transmission; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013785:Thailand; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D016207:Cytokines