title: The effect of preconditioning (ischemic and pharmacological) on myocardial necrosis following coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ischemic preconditioning is known to protect the human heart from ischemic injury during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery but is not practised routinely. Adenosine A1 receptor agonists may confer protection in this setting by mimicking preconditioning. The aim of this study was to compare preconditioning, by ischemia or an adenosine A1 receptor agonist (GR79236X), with an established method of myocardial protection in CABG, namely intermittent cross-clamp fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective double-blind study, 30 CABG patients were randomised to receive: (a) intermittent cross-clamp fibrillation (control), (b) pharmacological preconditioning (GR79236X), or (c) ischemic preconditioning (two 3-min periods of ischemia, each followed by 2 min of reperfusion). Surgery was performed under standardised conditions by one surgeon (WBP). The primary endpoint was cardiac troponin T release.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 91+/-11.6 (S.D.) min. Mean ischemic time was 33+/-5.5 (S.D.) min with no inter-group difference. Mean troponin T at 72 h was highest in the control group (1.32+/-0.99 (S.D.) microg/l), similar in the GR79236X group (1.22+/-1.22 (S.D.) microg/l; P=0.85) and significantly reduced in the ischemic preconditioning group (0.58+/-0.40 (S.D.) microg/l; P=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ischemic preconditioning is superior to the other techniques at limiting myocardial necrosis during CABG. Pharmacological preconditioning may confer some benefit but this was not statistically shown using a specific adenosine A1 agonist (GR79236X).
authors.affiliation: The Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Studies, Department of Cardiology, UCL Hospitals, Grafton Way, London WC1E 6DB, UK.
authors.forename: L K K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Teoh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hulf
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Pugsley
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yellon
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D009336:Necrosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D020107:Troponin T / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D020107:Troponin T; D000241:Adenosine; C082299:N-((1S,trans)-2-hydroxycyclopentyl)adenosine