title: Pharmacokinetics help optimizing mycophenolate mofetil dosing in kidney transplant patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), is now routinely used as immunosuppressant in solid organ transplantation in a fixed daily dose regimen (2 g/d) in association with cyclosporine (CsA) and steroids. However, no correlation has been shown between fixed MMF dose and clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we examined the possibility of optimizing MMF dosing by drug pharmacokinetic monitoring in 46 stable kidney transplant recipients. MPA plasma concentration profiles were measured by a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method 6-9 months after transplantation and related with routine laboratory analysis tests. Since MPA is extensively bound to serum albumin and only the free fraction is pharmacologically active, in a subgroup of 23 patients free plasma MPA was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite a comparable MMF dose, a large interindividual variability in both MPA area under the curve (AUC) from 0 to 12 h (range 10.1-99.8 microg/mL. h) and in trough levels (range 0.24-7.04 microg/mL) was found. Patients with AUC >40 microg/mL. h showed a better (p<0.05) renal function than patients with lower AUC (creatinine clearance 85.7+/-23.2 versus 64.5+/-17.5 mL/min), despite no difference in CsA dose, CsA AUC and blood CsA trough level. The percentage of free plasma MPA but not total MPA correlated with the red blood cell and leukocyte count.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic MMF drug monitoring might contribute to a better management of kidney transplant recipient with the goal of optimizing drug dosing and limiting the risk of MMF-related toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Clinics of Organ Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo--Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy. dcattaneo@marionegri.it
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cattaneo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gaspari
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stucchi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Del Priore
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Perico
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gotti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Remuzzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007206:Individuality; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid