title: Importation of beef from countries infected with foot and mouth disease: a review of risk mitigation measures.
abstract: Risk mitigation measures to reduce the risks associated with importing beef from countries affected by foot and mouth disease (FMD) consist of controls at the farm of origin, inspection of slaughterhouses and maturation and deboning of carcasses. This assessment evaluates the effect of these measures on the mitigation of the risks presented by meat from cattle with FMD, for each of the different stages of the disease. The four disease stages considered are the incubation period, the period of clinical signs, convalescence and the carrier stage. Efficient animal health systems, disease surveillance, and ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection of all cattle effectively reduce the risk of FMD transmission from cattle slaughtered during the period of clinical signs or convalescence. These measures fail if the cattle are slaughtered during the incubation period, because of the absence of clinical signs. Cattle in this stage of the infection are likely to be viraemic, with FMD virus present in the skeletal muscles. Maturation of the carcasses of viraemic cattle reduces the risk of virus presence in the beef. In addition, deboning and removal of the principal lymph nodes and large blood vessels eliminate a source of FMD contamination of the beef. However, the slaughter of viraemic cattle creates an additional hazard of gross environmental viral contamination of the slaughterhouse facilities. Therefore, the maturation process may create a false sense of security, and the emphasis should instead be placed on disease surveillance within the infected zone and on the farms of origin, to prevent the slaughter of herds that are incubating FMD. Cattle slaughtered during the carrier stage do not pose a risk for the international beef trade.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sutmoller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002353:Carrier State / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D003132:Commerce / Q000592:standards*; D003289:Convalescence; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D008460:Meat / Q000592:standards* / Q000821:virology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014766:Viremia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary