title: Chronic sacral neuromodulation for treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction: long-term results with unilateral implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the therapeutic value of sacral neuromodulation in patients with neurogenic disorders in whom conservative treatment options were unsuccessful. Neurogenic disorders may result in various forms of lower urinary tract dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven patients (19 women, 8 men) aged 18 to 63 years (mean 44.9 years) were subjected to percutaneous test stimulation of the sacral spinal nerves. Their urologic symptoms consisted of bladder storage failure (n = 15) due to detrusor hyperreflexia and/or bladder hypersensitivity, failure to empty due to detrusor areflexia (n = 11), and combined bladder hypersensitivity and detrusor areflexia (n = 1). Twelve patients (11 women and 1 man) underwent chronic sacral neuromodulation with unilateral electrode implantation into one of the dorsal S3 foramina. The follow-up was 89.3 months (range 13 to 126).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Severe side effects were encountered in 2 patients (1 with infection and 1 with adverse sensation during stimulation) and moderate side effects in another 3 patients. In 1 patient, the implant had to be removed during the immediate postoperative period. In 3 patients, the implant was not effective. In 8 patients, the symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction were significantly attenuated (50% or more) for 54 months (range 11 to 96). After this period, all implants became ineffective, except one, which was still in use at the last follow-up visit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unilateral chronic sacral neuromodulation using sacral foramen electrodes can be a valuable, but only temporary, treatment for neurogenic bladder dysfunction. The technique of chronic sacral neuromodulation should be refined to achieve the same and lasting results with implantation systems as achieved with preoperative test stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hohenfellner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Humke
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dahms
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matzel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Thüroff
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schultz-Lampel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012447:Sacrum; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000628:therapy*