title: Spinal ropivacaine for cesarean section: a dose-finding study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The dose-response relation for spinal ropivacaine is undetermined, and there are few data available for obstetric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, randomized, double-blind investigation, the authors studied 72 patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. An epidural catheter was placed at the L2-L3 vertebral interspace. Lumbar puncture was then performed at the L3-L4 vertebral interspace, and patients were randomized to receive a dose of spinal ropivacaine diluted to 3 ml with normal saline: 10 mg (n = 12), 15 mg (n = 20), 20 mg (n = 20), or 25 mg (n = 20). Sensory changes assessed by ice and pin prick and motor changes assessed by modified Bromage score were recorded at timed intervals. A dose was considered effective if an upper sensory level to pin prick of T7 or above was achieved and epidural supplementation was not required intraoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anesthesia was successful in 8.3, 45, 70, and 90% of the 10-, 15-, 20-, and 25-mg groups, respectively. A sigmoid dose-response curve and a probit log dose-response plot were obtained, and the authors determined the ED50 (95% confidence interval) to be 16.7 (14.1-18.8) mg and the ED95 (95% confidence interval) to be 26.8 (23.6-34.1) mg. Duration of sensory and motor block and degree of motor block, but not onset of anesthesia, were positively related to dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ED50 and estimated ED95 for spinal ropivacaine were 16.7 and 26.8 mg, respectively. Ropivacaine is a suitable agent for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, SAR, China. KimKhaw@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Ngan Kee
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine