title: Adherence to combination antiretroviral treatment in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the level of nonadherence to combination antiretroviral therapy of HIV-infected children and to identify the main problems faced by caregivers when giving medicines to children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was administered to the caregivers of HIV-infected children who were under combination antiretroviral treatment and were followed at our institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 44 children (mean age, 9.4 years); 13 were treated with a two-drug regimen, 30 with a three-drug regimen, and 1 with a four-drug regimen. Each child received a mean of 8.1 pills and/or syrup doses. In 54.5% of treatments, food restrictions were necessary. The mother was the main person giving medicines to the child (56.8%). A complete written schedule of the child's treatment was present in 50% of families. About 20.5% and 31.8% of children had missed at least one dose of antiretroviral drugs in the last 3 days before assessment and since last visit (1-2 months earlier), respectively. Main problems reported by caregivers were: (a) too many medicines/ pills (34%); (b) difficulty in swallowing pills (29.5%); (c) taking medicines at school or out of home (27.3%); (d) child resisting/refusing therapy/spitting out (25%); and (e) food interactions (22.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed high level of nonadherence was similar to what was reported by other pediatric studies. Specific interventions aimed at improving compliance in pediatric patients were identified: improvement of anti-HIV drug formulations, better counselling for children and their families, and tailoring of antiretroviral treatment. However, caution is necessary in generalizing our results due to the small sample size and to the heterogeneity of the cohort.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. pontals@yahoo.com
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pontali
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feasi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Toscanini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bassetti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Gol
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nuzzolese
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bassetti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017028:Caregivers; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors