title: Calcium/calmodulin-modulated chloride and taurine conductances in cultured rat astrocytes.
abstract: Osmotically swollen rat cerebral astrocytes develop an increased anion conductance which can mediate chloride and taurine release. We used whole cell patch clamp to study mechanisms that modulate this conductance. Astrocyte chloride conductance increased within 4 min of exposure to 200 mOsm medium and was 670+/-123% of its initial value after 15 min (mean+/-S.E.M.). This conductance was substantially reduced in 0.1 mM extracellular calcium with 20 mM BAPTA added to the electrode solution and was completely inhibited with calcium-free perfusion solution containing 1 mM EDTA (n=4). The conductance increase in 200 mOsm medium also was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by nimodipine with a calculated K(i) of 0.31+/-0.4 microM and mean+/-S.E.M. inhibition of 84.4+/-4% at 100 microM nimodipine. In the presence of 100 microM W-7, a calmodulin antagonist, the mean+/-S.E.M. conductance increase after 15 min was 223+/-40% of the initial value while 300 microM W-7 or 100 microM trifluoperazine inhibited the conductance increase completely (n=6). With taurine as the major anion in electrode and perfusion solutions, a significant conductance increase was observed in 200 mOsm medium. This conductance increase was inhibited by 300 microM W-7 or 100 microM nimodipine. We conclude extracellular calcium influx via L-type calcium channels leads to increased astrocyte anion conductance in 200 mOsm conditions via calmodulin-dependent activation of anion channels. Efflux of anionic taurine from swollen astrocytes also may be affected by calcium influx through a similar calcium/calmodulin-dependent process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA. guangze.li@wright.edu
authors.forename: Guangze
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism*; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007038:Hypotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009553:Nimodipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013654:Taurine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002147:Calmodulin; D002614:Chelating Agents; D002712:Chlorides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007038:Hypotonic Solutions; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013654:Taurine; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D009553:Nimodipine; C017967:W 7; C025603:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; D002118:Calcium