title: Space radiation absorbed dose distribution in a human phantom.
abstract: The radiation risk to astronauts has always been based on measurements using passive thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). The skin dose is converted to dose equivalent using an average radiation quality factor based on model calculations. The radiological risk estimates, however, are based on organ and tissue doses. This paper describes results from the first space flight (STS-91, 51.65 degrees inclination and approximately 380 km altitude) of a fully instrumented Alderson Rando phantom torso (with head) to relate the skin dose to organ doses. Spatial distributions of absorbed dose in 34 1-inch-thick sections measured using TLDs are described. There is about a 30% change in dose as one moves from the front to the back of the phantom body. Small active dosimeters were developed specifically to provide time-resolved measurements of absorbed dose rates and quality factors at five organ locations (brain, thyroid, heart/lung, stomach and colon) inside the phantom. Using these dosimeters, it was possible to separate the trapped-proton and the galactic cosmic radiation components of the doses. A tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) and a charged-particle directional spectrometer (CPDS) were flown next to the phantom torso to provide data on the incident internal radiation environment. Accurate models of the shielding distributions at the site of the TEPC, the CPDS and a scalable Computerized Anatomical Male (CAM) model of the phantom torso were developed. These measurements provided a comprehensive data set to map the dose distribution inside a human phantom, and to assess the accuracy and validity of radiation transport models throughout the human body. The results show that for the conditions in the International Space Station (ISS) orbit during periods near the solar minimum, the ratio of the blood-forming organ dose rate to the skin absorbed dose rate is about 80%, and the ratio of the dose equivalents is almost one. The results show that the GCR model dose-rate predictions are 20% lower than the observations. Assuming that the trapped-belt models lead to a correct orbit-averaged energy spectrum, the measurements of dose rates inside the phantom cannot be fully understood. Passive measurements using 6Li- and 7Li-based detectors on the astronauts and inside the brain and thyroid of the phantom show the presence of a significant contribution due to thermal neutrons, an area requiring additional study.
authors.affiliation: NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058-3696, USA. William.Atwell@sw.Boeing.com
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Badhwar
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Atwell
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Badavi
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Cleghorn
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000528:radiation effects; D018480:Astronauts; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000528:radiation effects; D001921:Brain / Q000528:radiation effects; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009502:Neutrons; D009928:Organ Specificity; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011522:Protons; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D013026:Space Flight; D018531:Spacecraft; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000528:radiation effects; D013737:Testis / Q000528:radiation effects; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry; D013909:Thorax / Q000528:radiation effects; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects; D014781:Viscera / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D008094:Lithium