title: Elevated expression of DNA ligase I in human cancers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human DNA ligase I plays an essential role in DNA replication, recombination, and repair by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent 5'-phosphoryl and 3'-hydroxyl termini at single breaks in duplex DNA molecules. DNA ligase I is responsible for the majority of DNA ligase activity present in proliferating cells among four different forms of DNA ligases, designated DNA ligase I, II, III, and IV. In this study, we were interested in comparing DNA ligase I level in human tumors versus normal tissues and in studying whether the inhibition of DNA ligase I could lead to tumor cell death.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA ligase I level was measured by Western immunoblot assay in various human malignant tumor specimens and benign tissues obtained from patients, in peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from healthy donors, and in human tumors grown in nude mice. We also have designed antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs) targeting the mRNA of DNA ligase I and tested whether DNA ligase I antisense ODNs could control tumor cell growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amount of DNA ligase I enzyme in malignant tumors was considerably higher than that in benign normal tissues and peripheral blood lymphocytes. The level of DNA ligase I in human tumors grown in nude mice was also very high, and the expression of DNA ligase I appears to be constitutive during in vivo tumor development. We have observed that DNA ligase I antisense ODN inhibited tumor cell growth in a dose-response manner, but nonspecific control ODNs had little effect on the growth of the same cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of DNA ligase I at higher levels in human tumors than in benign normal tissues and normal peripheral lymphocytes suggests DNA ligase I plays more of a role in proliferating cells than in resting cells. These results, together with our finding that DNA ligase I antisense ODNs can suppress tumor cell proliferation, warrant the design and testing of human DNA ligase I inhibitors as new anticancer agents.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy & Research Center, 14960 Omicron Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245-3217, USA. dsun@saci.org
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Urrabaz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marty
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stringer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Medina-Gundrum
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weitman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D000072481:DNA Ligase ATP; D011088:DNA Ligases / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D004261:DNA Replication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C000607892:LIG1 protein, human; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; D011088:DNA Ligases; D000072481:DNA Ligase ATP