title: Sperm morphological defects related to environment, lifestyle and medical history of 1001 male partners of pregnant women from four European cities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, differences in semen quality have been found among the partners of pregnant women from four European cities: Turku, Copenhagen, Edinburgh and Paris.
  
  
  METHODS
  During this study, slides from the four centres were subjected to a centralized assessment of sperm morphology. The percentages of sperm defects were recorded using a multiple-entry classification enabling the calculation of the multiple anomalies index (MAI), which is the mean number of anomalies per abnormal sperm. The relationships between various sperm abnormalities and self-reported data on medical history, lifestyle and occupational factors were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in the MAI and most of the sperm defects were found between the four cities, and more abnormalities were found in spring than in winter. An increase in some sperm abnormalities was related to medical treatment of the mother during pregnancy, higher birthweight and previous treatment for cryptorchidism. Significant variations of several sperm defects were related to stress, weekly working time, occupational posture and metal welding, suggesting directions for further exposure studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicated that the detailed assessment of sperm abnormalities is a useful biomarker of the effect of various external factors which may qualitatively affect human spermatogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction, GREFH, CECOS (Centre d'Etude et de Conservation des Oeufs et du Sperme humains), Hôpital Cochin, Université Paris V, Paris, France. jacques.auger@cch.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Auger
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eustache
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Skakkebaek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suominen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toppari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vierula
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jouannet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000628:therapy; D003718:Denmark; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011187:Posture; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012606:Scotland; D012621:Seasons; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013082:Sperm Tail / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000002:abnormalities*; D013312:Stress, Physiological