title: Distribution of R- and S-methadone into human milk during multiple, medium to high oral dosing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the interdose milk to plasma ratio (M/P) of R- and S-methadone during multiple dosing in lactating mothers taking medium to high doses of methadone (> 40 mg daily), and to assess likely infant exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight mother/child pairs were studied, initially during their postpartum hospital stay (immature milk), and where possible again after 15 days (mature milk). The women were on a methadone maintenance programme with daily doses of >or=40 mg day-1. Venous blood was collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h and milk was collected from both breasts at 0-4, 4-8, 8-12, 12-16, 16-20, and 20-24 h after dose. R- and S-methadone were quantified by h.p.l.c. The areas under the plasma and milk concentration-time curves (AUC) were estimated and M/P(AUC) was calculated. The relative infant dose of both enantiomers was estimated as the product of drug concentration in milk and an average daily milk intake of 0.15 l kg(-1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For immature milk (n = 8) the M/P(AUC) for R-methadone was 0.68 (95% CI 0.48, 0.89) and for S-methadone 0.38 (0.26, 0.50). For mature milk (n = 2) the M/P(AUCs) for R-methadone were 0.39 and 0.54 and for S-methadone 0.24 and 0.30, respectively. The estimated doses of R- and S-methadone that would be received by the infant via immature milk were 3.5% (2.05, 5.03%) and 2.1% (1.3, 2.8%), respectively, of the maternal dose (assuming 50% of each enantiomer in the dose). The relative infant dose for R- plus S-methadone together was 2.8% (1.7, 3.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breastfeeding during medium to high dose methadone appears to be 'safe' according to conventional criteria because the dosage is < 10%. However because the absolute dose received by the infant is dependent on the maternal dose rate, the risk-benefit ratio should be considered for each individual case. The doses of methadone received via milk are unlikely to be sufficient to prevent the neonatal abstinence syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Christchurch School of Medicine, New Zealand. evan.begg@chmeds.ac.nz
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Begg
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Malpas
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Hackett
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Ilett
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001942:Breast Feeding; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008691:Methadone