title: Clinical outcomes resulting from telemedicine interventions: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of telemedicine is growing, but its efficacy for achieving comparable or improved clinical outcomes has not been established in many medical specialties. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of telemedicine interventions for health outcomes in two classes of application: home-based and office/hospital-based.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data sources for the study included deports of studies from the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and HealthSTAR databases; searching of bibliographies of review and other articles; and consultation of printed resources as well as investigators in the field. We included studies that were relevant to at least one of the two classes of telemedicine and addressed the assessment of efficacy for clinical outcomes with data of reported results. We excluded studies where the service did not historically require face-to-face encounters (e.g., radiology or pathology diagnosis). All included articles were abstracted and graded for quality and direction of the evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 25 articles met inclusion criteria and were assessed. The strongest evidence for the efficacy of telemedicine in clinical outcomes comes from home-based telemedicine in the areas of chronic disease management, hypertension, and AIDS. The value of home glucose monitoring in diabetes mellitus is conflicting. There is also reasonable evidence that telemedicine is comparable to face-to-face care in emergency medicine and is beneficial in surgical and neonatal intensive care units as well as patient transfer in neurosurgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the widespread use of telemedicine in virtually all major areas of health care, evidence concerning the benefits of its use exists in only a small number of them. Further randomized controlled trials must be done to determine where its use is most effective.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Informatics & Outcomes Research, Oregon Health & Science University, BICC, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97201, USA. hersh@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Hersh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helfand
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greenlick
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000639:trends*; D016896:Treatment Outcome