title: The visibility of illicit drugs: implications for community-based drug control strategies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined differences between the visibility of drugs and drug use in more than 2100 neighborhoods, challenging an assumption about drug use in poor, minority, and urban communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A telephone survey assessed substance use and attitudes across 41 communities in an evaluation of a national community-based demand reduction program. Three waves of data were collected from more than 42 000 respondents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measures of neighborhood disadvantage, population density, and proportion of minority residents explained more than 57% of the variance between census tracts in visibility of drug sales but less than 10% of tract-to-tract variance in drug use. Visible drug sales were 6.3 times more likely to be reported in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods than in the least disadvantaged, while illicit drug use was only 1.3 times more likely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most disadvantaged neighborhoods have the most visible drug problems, but drug use is nearly equally distributed across all communities. Thus, efforts to address drug-related problems in poorer areas need to take into account the broader drug market served by these neighborhoods.
authors.affiliation: Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass., USA. saxe@brandeis.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saxe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kadushin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beveridge
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Livert
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tighe
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rindskopf
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brodsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D008297:Male; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs