title: Expense and benefit of neoadjuvant treatment in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effectiveness of neoadjuvant treatment (NT) prior to resection of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE) in terms of prolonged survival has not been proven by randomized trials. Facing considerable financial expenses and with concerns regarding the consumption of the patient's remaining survival time, this study aims to provide rationales for pretreating resection candidates.
  
  
  METHODS
  From March 1986 to March 1999, patients undergoing resection for SCCE were documented prospectively. Since 1989, NT was offered to patients with mainly upper and middle third T3 or T4 tumors or T2 N1 stage who were fit for esophagectomy. Until 1993, NT consisted of chemotherapy. Since that time chemoradiation has also been applied. The parameters for expense and benefit of NT are costs, pretreatment time required, postoperative morbidity and mortality, clinical and histopathological response, and actuarial survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and three patients were treated, 170 by surgery alone and 33 by NT + surgery. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were 52% to 30% and 12% to 6%, respectively (p = n.s.). The response to NT was detected in 23 patients (70%). In 11 instances (33%), the primary tumor lesion was histopathologically eradicated. Survival following NT + surgery was significantly prolonged in node-positive patients with a median survival of 12 months to 19 months (p = 0.0193). The average pretreatment time was 113 +/- 43 days, and reimbursement for NT to the hospital amounted to Euro 9.834.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NT did not increase morbidity and mortality. Expenses for pretreatment, particularly time and costs, are considerable. However, taking into account that the results are derived from a non-randomized study, patients with regionally advanced tumor stages seem to benefit, as seen by their prolonged survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Trauma Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany. heise@bethlehem.de
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Heise
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heep
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frieling
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarbia
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Röher
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D015251:Epirubicin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015251:Epirubicin; D002945:Cisplatin; D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil