title: Operative results without invasive monitoring in patients with frontal lobe epileptogenic lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To further explore the still controversial issues regarding whether all or most candidates for epilepsy surgery should be investigated preoperatively with invasive long-term video-EEG monitoring techniques (ILTVE).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied five patients with intractable seizures since early childhood using the same protocol: clinical evaluation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences, long-term video-EEG (LTVE) monitoring with scalp electroencephalogram (EEG), interictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and neuropsychological testing. The patients' seizures had clinical features suggesting a frontal lobe (FL) origin. MRI scans revealed focal cortical dysplasia (CD) in four patients and a probable gliotic lesion in the fifth. The findings in both PET and SPECT images were congruent with those of the MRI. Scalp LTVE failed to localize the ictal onset, although the data exhibited features suggestive of both CDs and FL seizures. On the basis of these results, surgery was performed with intraoperative corticography, and the cortical area exhibiting the greatest degree of spiking was ablated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histopathologic study of four of the resected specimens confirmed the presence of CD, whereas in the fifth, there were features consistent with a remote encephaloclastic lesion. There were no postoperative deficits. Seizures in three of the patients were completely controlled at 2-3.5 years of follow-up; a fourth patient is still having a few seizures, which have required reinstitution of pharmacotherapy, and the fifth has obtained > or =70% control. All patients have had significant improvement in psychosocial measures. For comparison, five patients with generally similar clinical and neuroradiologic features to the previous group underwent preoperative ILTVE monitoring. The surgical outcomes between the two groups have not differed significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that patients with FL epilepsies may be able to undergo successful surgery without preoperative ILTVE monitoring, provided there is high concordance between neuroimaging tests (MRI, SPECT, PET) and the seizure phenotypes, even when routine EEGs and scalp LVTE fail to localize ictal onset unambiguously. The surgical outcomes of these patients generally paralleled those of the other subjects who also had FL epilepsy but who were operated on only after standard ILTVE monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Neuropathology Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mariottini
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lombroso
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: DeGirolami
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fois
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buoni
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: DiTroia
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Farnetani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zalaffi
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Black
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004569:Electroencephalography; D017034:Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome