title: Postural activity of the diaphragm is reduced in humans when respiratory demand increases.
abstract: 1. Respiratory activity of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles is normally co-ordinated with their other functions, such as for postural control of the trunk when the limbs move. The integration may occur by summation of two inputs at the respiratory motoneurons. The present study investigated whether postural activity of the diaphragm changed when respiratory drive increased with hypercapnoea. 2. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of the diaphragm and other trunk muscles were made with intramuscular electrodes in 13 healthy volunteers. Under control conditions and while breathing through increased dead-space, subjects made rapid repetitive arm movements to disturb the stability of the spine for four periods each lasting 10 s, separated by 50 s. 3. End-tidal CO(2) and ventilation increased for the first 60-120 s of the trial then reached a plateau. During rapid arm movement at the start of dead-space breathing, diaphragm EMG became tonic with superimposed modulation at the frequencies of respiration and arm movement. However, when the arm was moved after 60 s of hypercapnoea, the tonic diaphragm EMG during expiration and the phasic activity with arm movement were reduced or absent. Similar changes occurred for the expiratory muscle transversus abdominis, but not for the erector spinae. The mean amplitude of intra-abdominal pressure and the phasic changes with arm movement were reduced after 60 s of hypercapnoea. 4. The present data suggest that increased central respiratory drive may attenuate the postural commands reaching motoneurons. This attenuation can affect the key inspiratory and expiratory muscles and is likely to be co-ordinated at a pre-motoneuronal site.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. p.hodges@shrs.uq.edu.au
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heijnen
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gandevia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D012119:Respiration; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D013270:Stomach / Q000502:physiology