title: [Neuropsychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuropsychological investigations over the past 20 years have shown the high prevalence of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis, although there are still large gaps. In this article we review current concepts regarding the different types of neuropsychiatric disorders, their physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a classification of the most important types of cognitive and psychiatric alterations in multiple sclerosis, and their physiopathology. We review the methods used in diagnosis, follow up and assessment of these patients. Finally, we analyze the current treatment available for each of these disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although considerable advances have been made in understanding the neuropsychological disorders occurring in multiple sclerosis, there are still many questions to be answered. There is a need for a unified, agreed, validated battery of neuropsychological tests for the study of specific cognitive deficits in multiple sclerosis so that results may be compared. There is also a lack of biological markers which would help in diagnosis and prognosis. Finally the design and carrying out of clinical trials in the search for specific, effective drugs for the treatment of neuroconductual disorders of multiple sclerosis is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, 41071, España. sinue@arrakis.es
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: García-Moreno
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duque
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D016899:Interferon-beta