title: Impact of generalized social anxiety disorder in managed care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors determined the costs associated with generalized social anxiety disorder in a managed care setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-phase mail and telephone survey was conducted from July to October 1998 in two outpatient clinics of a large health maintenance organization (HMO). The survey assessed direct costs, indirect costs, health-related quality of life, and clinical severity associated with generalized social anxiety disorder, both alone and with comorbid psychopathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The weighted prevalence rate of current generalized social anxiety disorder was 8.2%. In the past year, only 0.5% of subjects with generalized social anxiety disorder had been accurately diagnosed. Yet 44.1% had a mental health specialty visit or had been prescribed an antidepressant, and psychiatric comorbidity was found in 43.6%. Noncomorbid generalized social anxiety disorder was associated with significantly lower health-related quality of life, work productivity, and earnings and greater utilization of health services; generalized social anxiety disorder with comorbid psychopathology was even more disabling. Suicide was attempted by 21.9% of subjects with noncomorbid generalized social anxiety disorder. Persons with average-severity generalized social anxiety disorder had probabilities of graduating from college that were 10 percentage points lower, earned wages that were 10% lower, and had probabilities of holding a technical, professional, or managerial job that were 14 percentage points lower than the comparison group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a community cohort of HMO members, generalized social anxiety disorder was rarely diagnosed or treated despite being highly prevalent and associated with significant direct and indirect costs, comorbid depression, and impairment.
authors.affiliation: Madison Institute of medicine, Unc., Madison, WI 53717, USA. katzd@healthtechsys.com
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Katzelnick
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kobak
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: DeLeire
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Henk
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Greist
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Schneier
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Helstad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012494:Sampling Studies; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014600:Utilization Review