title: High expression levels of nuclear factor kappaB, IkappaB kinase alpha and Akt kinase in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been reported that the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is involved in the growth, invasion, and antiapoptotic activity of cultured tumor cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of NF-kappaB and the signaling molecules leading to NF-kappaB activation in 36 untreated biopsy specimens from patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and in 15 specimens from patients with epithelial dysplasia of the oral cavity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the molecules examined, the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB (p65) and IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha) were expressed highly in almost all SCC specimens examined, whereas the samples of normal squamous epithelia adjacent to tumors as well as epithelial dysplasia specimens were negative in for immunohistochemical staining. The invasiveness and metastasis of SCC seemed to correlate with the degree of staining degree in the molecules. Moreover, phosphorylated Akt kinase, which may be associated with antiapoptosis signaling of NF-kappaB, was detected in the same areas where IKKalpha existed in large amounts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that high expression levels of p65 and IKKalpha contribute to malignant behavior and antiapoptotic activity in SCC of the oral squamous epithelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikebe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beppu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shirasuna
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000473:pathology; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C496559:CHUK protein, human; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; C496560:IKBKB protein, human; C496565:IKBKE protein, human