title: Mutations in the factor IX gene (F9) during the past 150 years have relative rates similar to ancient mutations.
abstract: Pollutants and dietary mutagens have been associated with somatic mutation and cancer, but the extent of their influence on germline mutation is not clear. Since deleterious germline mutations can be transmitted for thousands of years, any influence on germline mutation from the vast increase in man-made chemicals of the past 150 years would be an important public health issue. Observed disease causing mutations in the X-linked factor IX gene (F9) of hemophilia B patients originated predominantly in the past 150 years, since the half-life of these mutations in human populations had been about two generations before effective treatment became available about a generation ago. Recent changes in germline mutational processes may be detected by comparison of the observed hemophilia B causing mutation pattern in F9 with the pattern of neutral polymorphisms which occurred over a much longer period of time. By scanning a total of 1.5 megabases of deep intronic regions of F9 in the genomic DNA from 84 individuals, 42 neutral polymorphisms were found in 23 haplotypes that differed by at least 11 mutations from the ancestral primate haplotype. By sequencing F9 in seven non-human primates, 39 of these polymorphisms were characterized as ancient mutations relative to a unanimous ancestral primate allele. This ancient mutation pattern was compared to the recent pattern of hemophilia B causing mutations. Remarkably, no significant difference was found (P=0.5), suggesting that the vast increase in man-made chemicals during the past 150 years has not had a major impact on the pattern of human germline mutation. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous processes dominate germline mutation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California.
authors.forename: Jinong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Joni B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Drost
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Scaringe
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Steve S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sommer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005164:Factor IX / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006071:Gorilla gorilla / Q000235:genetics; D002836:Hemophilia B / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D006922:Hylobates / Q000235:genetics; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D019974:Pan paniscus / Q000235:genetics; D010215:Papio / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005164:Factor IX