title: Skill transfer from virtual reality to a real laparoscopic task.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To validate the usefulness of virtual reality surgical simulators, we investigated the transfer of skills achieved by their use to real tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty medical students underwent a pretest using a real laparoscopic trainer. They were then randomized to the following three groups: group I received no training; group II received training using the Minimal Invasive Surgical Trainer in Virtual Reality (MIST-VR); and group III received training using conventional training exercises. Each group then underwent a posttest. Using the Imperial College Surgical Assessment Device (ICSAD), scores were generated for time taken, distance traveled, number of movements made, and speed of instrument movement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant changes between the MIST-VR group (group II) and the conventionally trained group (group III), were observed in the speed of movement of the left hand and the numbers of movements taken by each hand, when compared to the untrained group (group I).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The training of novices using MIST-VR yields quantifiable changes in skill that are transferable to a simple real task and are similar to the results achieved with conventional training.
authors.affiliation: Academic Surgical Unit, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, London, W2 1NY, England. j.torkington@doctorj.demon.co.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Torkington
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018961:Educational Technology; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*