title: Polymorphisms in the TNF-alpha and TNF-receptor genes in patients with coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is both multifactorial and polygenic in nature. Atheroma formation, the pathological hallmark of CAD, is an inflammatory process, with pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), having a major role in its pathogenesis. We have therefore investigated whether polymorphisms in the TNF-alpha (- 238 and - 308), TNF receptor 1 (position - 609 and + 10, intron 6) and TNF receptor 2 (position + 422, codon 198) genes show an association with CAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with angiographically proven single vessel (n = 58) and multivessel (n = 122) CAD were compared to patients with angiographically proven normal coronary arteries (n = 79) and volunteers without clinical evidence of CAD (n = 250). Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP analysis. For the TNF-alpha polymorphisms, a meta-analysis of all published studies was also undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies were found between the normal coronary artery group or healthy volunteers and patients with CAD for any of the polymorphisms. There was also no difference in allele frequency between patients with single- and multivessel disease. For the - 308 and - 238 TNRalpha gene polymorphisms, a meta-analysis of our data and previously published studies failed to demonstrate any significant association with CAD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polymorphisms in the TNF-alpha promoter region and TNF-receptor genes are not associated with the development of CAD.
authors.affiliation: Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool, UK.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pirmohamed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004247:DNA