Thyroid disease and its treatment: short-term and long-term cardiovascular consequences.
Thyroid hormones exert important effects on the cardiovascular system, including effects on cardiac systolic and diastolic function, peripheral vascular resistance and arrhythmogenesis. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism often cause opposing effects on cardiovascular physiology in the short term. Increasing evidence suggests that long-term vascular morbidity and mortality occurs in both overt and subclinical thyroid disease.
Osman
F
F
Department of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
Gammage
M D
MD
Franklyn
J A
JA
D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors