title: The relative influence of smoking on drinking and drinking on smoking among high school students in a rural tobacco-growing county.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To construct and estimate a model that contains a reciprocal relationship between smoking and drinking and to test whether the gateway drug thesis or the cumulative risk behaviors thesis best fits the data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data (n = 630) are from a survey of all students (50% female; aged 16.2 years on average; 2.4 grade point average; and 57% residing in homes with both mother and father present) in a rural, tobacco-growing county's two high schools, one public (85%) and one private, in 1993. The survey was conducted by the schools as part of their alcohol and other drugs (AOD) prevention programs and was coordinated by the county AOD Council. Students completed the questionnaires in their homerooms. Endogenous predictors of drinking and smoking include student's perception of adult drug behavior, peer pressure to drink, degree to which their friends' drink, and attitudes toward drinking and smoking. Path coefficients were estimated by using LISREL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The strong correlation between smoking and drinking resulted from shared causes, rather than from the effects of one type of drug use on the other. Approval of drinking had the strongest association with being a drinker (beta =.57) and with being a smoker (beta =.37). Those who found smoking offensive were less likely to be a smoker (beta = -.25). However, attitude toward smoking was not associated with being a drinker. Having drinking friends increased both the likelihood of being a drinker (beta =.29) and of being a smoker (beta =.23). Peer pressure to drink increased the likelihood of being a smoker (beta =.14) and of being a drinker (beta =.12). Students with lower grade point averages, males, older students, students in public school, and students with family structures other than both parents living in the same household were more likely to be a drinker and were more likely to be a smoker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the cumulative risk behaviors thesis. The link between both high-risk behaviors, smoking and drinking, results from common causes rather than from drinking leading to smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Ritchey
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hasse
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012306:Risk; D012423:Rural Health; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012931:Social Environment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology