title: The ability of hyperoxia to limit the effects of experimental detachment in cone-dominated retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the ability of oxygen supplementation to ameliorate the effects of retinal detachment in a cone-dominated retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retinal detachments were created in the right eyes of ground squirrels and the animals immediately placed in normoxic (room air) or hyperoxic (70% oxygen) conditions for 3 days. The retinas were sampled from different regions and investigated morphologically or immunocytochemically by light or confocal microscopy. Agarose embedded sections were immunostained with antibody probes to cytochrome oxidase, synaptophysin, medium-to-long wavelength-sensitive (M/L) cone opsin, rod opsin, excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1), glutamate synthetase (GS), cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP), and peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectin. Retinal wholemounts were labeled with PNA and antibodies to short (S)-wavelength-sensitive cone opsin and rod opsin. Cell death was examined using a TUNEL assay on agarose sections or using toluidine blue staining on semithin sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of dying cells relative to the total nuclei in the photoreceptor layer was significantly reduced, and the total number of nuclei was greater in hyperoxic animals. Triple labeling using TUNEL, anti-M/L cone opsin and anti-rod opsin showed that hyperoxia had a remarkable effect both on the reduction of cone cell death and the maintenance of the overall structure of cone photoreceptors. Analysis of the retinal wholemounts demonstrated the preservation of PNA, S-cone, and rod opsin antibody labeling in the detachments maintained in hyperoxic conditions. Although the disruption of cytochrome oxidase and synaptophysin was seen in normoxic animals, there was minimal disruption in hyperoxic animals. Labeling with anti-EAAT1, anti-GS, and anti-CRALBP was increased in the Müller cells of normoxic animals with detachments, but was decreased in the hyperoxic animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperoxia prevents the degeneration of both rods and cones in retinas heavily dominated by cones and mitigates the effect of detachment on Müller cell reactivity. The current results suggest that the rescue of cones is not secondary to that of rods.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5060, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Linberg
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000378:metabolism; D027341:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000378:metabolism; D018496:Hyperoxia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019887:Peanut Agglutinin; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012589:Sciuridae; D016708:Synaptophysin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C020932:11-cis-retinal-binding protein; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D027341:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1; D019887:Peanut Agglutinin; D016708:Synaptophysin; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase