title: Adenosine receptor antagonists and retinal neovascularization in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of adenosine receptor (AdoR) antagonists in human retinal endothelial cell function in vitro has previously been determined. In this study, efficacy of AdoR antagonist administration in reducing retinal neovascularization was examined in a mouse pup model of oxygen-induced retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A previously described model of oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization in newborn mouse pups was used to examine the effect of various AdoR antagonists on neovascularization. The nonselective AdoR antagonist xanthine amine congener (XAC), the A(2A)-selective antagonist ZM241385, the A(2B)-selective antagonists 3-N-propylxanthine (enprofylline) and 3-isobutyl-8-pyrrolidinoxanthine (IPDX), and the A(1)-selective antagonist cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (CPX) were used. After the hyperoxia exposure the animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of pharmacologically relevant doses of AdoR antagonists for 5 days. Control animals received vehicle (0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) alone. The animals were then killed and perfused with fluorescein-dextran. Wholemounts of retinas from one eye were prepared and examined, whereas the retinas of the contralateral eye were embedded, sectioned, and stained for counting neovascular nuclei extending beyond the internal limiting membrane into the vitreous.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Angiography of wholemount retinas showed reduction of neovascular tufts in animals treated with selective A(2B) AdoR antagonists. Quantification of the extraretinal neovascular nuclei showed that only animals treated with XAC, enprofylline, or IPDX showed a significant reduction in retinal neovascularization. By contrast, neither CPX nor ZM241385 had an effect on neovascularization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The A(2B)-selective AdoR antagonists inhibited oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization in vivo and may provide a basis for developing pharmacologic therapies for the treatment of proliferative retinopathies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0267, USA.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Mino
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Spoerri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caballero
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Player
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belardinelli
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Biaggioni
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C439368:3-isobutyl-8-pyrrolidinoxanthine; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D014970:Xanthines; C051869:8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine; C034347:enprofylline