title: Chromium chloride inhibits oxidative stress and TNF-alpha secretion caused by exposure to high glucose in cultured U937 monocytes.
abstract: Chromium supplementation has been proposed to promote the action of insulin and the lowering of blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. However, the molecular mechanism by which chromium increases insulin sensitivity is not known. Using U937 monocytes as a cell culture model, this study demonstrates that chromium inhibits the secretion of TNF-alpha, a cytokine known to inhibit the sensitivity and action of insulin. U937 cells were cultured with high levels of glucose (mimicking diabetes) in the presence or absence of chromium chloride in the medium at 37 degrees C for 24 h. This study demonstrates that chromium supplementation prevents the increase in TNF-alpha levels and oxidative stress caused by the high levels of glucose in cultured U937 monocytic cells. Similarly, chromium supplementation prevented elevated TNF-alpha secretion and lipid peroxidation levels in H(2)O(2)-treated U937 cells. This study demonstrates for the first time that chromium supplementation inhibits TNF-alpha secretion in U937 monocytes cultured in high-glucose medium, which appears to be mediated by its antioxidative effect. This provides evidence for a novel molecular mechanism by which chromium supplementation may increase insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA. sjain@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017608:Chromium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004336:Drug Antagonism; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002712:Chlorides; D017608:Chromium Compounds; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C017133:chromous chloride; D005947:Glucose