title: Clonal origin of non-medullary thyroid tumours assessed by non-random X-chromosome inactivation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  X-chromosome inactivation analysis was performed in order to assess the clonal origin of non-medullary thyroid tumours and to distinguish between multicentricity and multifocality in multiple papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirteen tumour samples from 31 patients with isolated PTC, 16 patients with multinodular PTC, 14 patients with follicular thyroid adenoma (FTA) and 15 patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) were collected. The corresponding normal thyroid tissues were analysed, and in 14 cases, tumour-surrounding tissue was also studied. Genomic DNA was digested with HpaII and HhaI previous to PCR amplification of the polymorphic CAG repeat, on exon 1 of the human androgen receptor gene (HUMARA). PCR products were analysed by denaturing gel electrophoresis, silver staining and densitometric analysis. PCR products were also used to determine the number of CAG repeats of patients with isolated PTC, FTA, FTC and of 41 healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heterozygosity for the HUMARA polymorphism was found in 64/76 (84%) cases. Lyonization of the thyroid was observed in 15/76 (20%) cases, which were excluded from clonal analysis. Except for two cases of isolated PTC, all tumour samples studied presented monoclonal X-inactivation patterns, while normal thyroid tissue was polyclonal. Monoclonal patterns were also found in 4/14 tumour-surrounding tissues. No difference was found in the length of CAG alleles between patients and controls. Of eight informative cases of multinodular PTC, three showed evidence of multicentricity and five revealed patterns consistent with multifocality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both isolated and multinodular PTC as well as FTA and FTC are of monoclonal origin. Our results also suggest that approximately one-third of multiple PTC have an independent origin for the different nodules (multicentricity). Monoclonality was also found in tissues surrounding some PTC nodules. No association was found between the length of CAG alleles and thyroid malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigacao de Patobiologia Molecular (CIPM), Instituto Portugues de Oncologia de Francisco Gentil, Rua Professor Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal. sonia.moniz@clix.pt
authors.forename: Sónia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moniz
authors.forename: Ana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Catarino
authors.forename: Ana R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Branca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cavaco
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sobrinho
authors.forename: Valeriano
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Leite
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003720:Densitometry; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D011944:Receptors, Androgen