title: Primary cricopharyngeal dysfunction: treatment with balloon catheter dilatation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary cricopharyngeal dysfunction (PCD) is a rare, idiopathic, functional disorder of the upper esophageal sphincter, characterized by dysphagia, frequent aspiration, and functional narrowing at the level of the upper esophageal sphincter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five of 29 patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia were found to have PCD. Patients presented with severe dysphagia and predisposition to aspiration. Radiography demonstrated narrowing at the level of the upper esophageal sphincter and aspiration. An endoscope could be introduced into the esophagus in only 2 patients before dilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In contrast to organic stenoses, these functional upper esophageal sphincter stenoses were dilated without difficulty with a balloon catheter. After low-pressure (1.5-2 atm) progressive balloon dilation (to 20 mm), superficial mucosal injury was observed only in one patient. After dilatation, symptoms resolved and barium swallow demonstrated normal passage through the upper esophageal sphincter. During a mean follow-up of 21 months (7-33), redilation was necessary in only 1 case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Balloon catheter dilatation of PCD is minimally invasive and provides both important diagnostic information and effective therapy. It should be the first choice of therapy for PCD.
authors.affiliation: I. Department of Medicine, Baranya County Hospital, Pécs, Hungary.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Solt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bajor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moizs
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grexa
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Horváth
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D003413:Cricoid Cartilage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome