title: Predictors of depressive symptoms among spouse caregivers in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the predictors of depressive symptoms among spouse caregivers of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Little is known about the strain in giving care to PD patients and how the motor, cognitive, and behavioral complications of PD contribute to depression among spouse caregivers. Forty-five consecutive PD patients and their spouse caregivers agreed to be evaluated after a routine clinic visit. Patient demographic data and the presence of hallucinations, delusions, incontinence, and sleep disturbances were obtained. The patients were assessed using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-motor section), Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) staging, and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) on patients and spouses. Thirty men and 15 women had a mean age of 71.5 years (range 53-85), average PD duration of 10 years (range 1-26), a mean "on" H&Y stage of 2.8 and an MMSE mean score of 26 (range 13-30). There was good correlation between the HAMD-17 and the BDI-II scores in both patients (r = 0.69, P = 0.001) and spouses (r = 0.66, P < 0.001). A moderate correlation was noted between the spouse HAMD-17 score and the patient UPDRS-motor score (r = 0.34; P = 0.02), the age of PD onset (r = 0.33; P = 0.02) and patient HAMD-17 scores (r= 0.29; P = 0.05). A stronger correlation was noted between spouse HAMD-17 scores and the years of PD duration (r= 0.43; P = 0.003). There was a significant difference in the mean spouse HAMD-17 scores among PD patients with sleep disturbances versus those who did not (10.2 vs. 6.4; P = 0.04). However, on stepwise regression analysis, only the duration of PD remained significant (adjusted r = 0.17; P = 0.003). No difference was noted with hallucinations, delusions or incontinence. We concluded that the duration of PD appears to be the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms among spouse-caregivers in this small cohort.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. FernandezH@pol.net
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Tabamo
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000451:nursing*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders; D013315:Stress, Psychological