title: Digital and biological computing in organizations.
abstract: Michael Conrad unveiled many of the fundamental characteristics of biological computing. Underlying the behavioral variability and the adaptability of biological systems are these characteristics, including the ability of biological information processing to exploit quantum features at the atomic level, the powerful 3-D pattern recognition capabilities of macromolecules, the computational efficiency, and the ability to support biological function. Among many other things, Conrad formalized and explicated the underlying principles of biological adaptability, characterized the differences between biological and digital computing in terms of a fundamental tradeoff between adaptability and programmability of information processing, and discussed the challenges of interfacing digital computers and human society. This paper is about the encounter of biological and digital computing. The focus is on the nature of the biological information processing infrastructure of organizations and how it can be extended effectively with digital computing. In order to achieve this goal effectively, however, we need to embed properly digital computing into the information processing aspects of human and social behavior and intelligence, which are fundamentally biological. Conrad's legacy provides a firm, strong, and inspiring foundation for this endeavor.
authors.affiliation: Computer and Information Science Department, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA. cis@umdsun2.umdich.edu
authors.forename: Roberto R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Kampfner
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000266:history; D003201:Computers; D001330:Electronic Data Processing; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D017146:Models, Organizational