title: Prostate volume and prostate-specific antigen in the absence of prostate cancer: a review of the relationship and prediction of long-term outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk for long-term outcomes associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has not been well characterized. Untreated, BPH can lead to complications and negative outcomes, such as deterioration of bladder function, urinary tract infection, acute urinary retention (AUR), and surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was conducted to summarize the results of studies investigating the relationship of prostate volume and PSA with prediction of long-term outcomes in the absence of prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the studies reviewed, men with moderate to severe symptoms, depressed uroflow, prostatic enlargement and elevated PSA were at greater risk for developing subsequent AUR or surgery. Men with prostatic enlargement had a 3-fold higher risk for acute urinary retention and were 4 times more likely to have had any treatment for BPH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of these studies may assist physicians in discussing treatment options as well as long-term complications with patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lieber
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Girman
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011467:Prostate / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy / Q000652:urine; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen