title: Widespread inhibition of sodium channel-dependent glutamate release from isolated nerve terminals by isoflurane and propofol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controversy persists concerning the mechanisms and role of general anesthetic inhibition of glutamate release from nerve endings. To determine the generality of this effect and to control for methodologic differences between previous studies, the authors analyzed the presynaptic effects of isoflurane and propofol on glutamate release from nerve terminals isolated from several species and brain regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Synaptosomes were prepared from rat, mouse, or guinea pig cerebral cortex and also from rat striatum and hippocampus. Release of endogenous glutamate evoked by depolarization with 20 microm veratridine (which opens voltage-dependent Na+ channels by preventing inactivation) or by 30 mm KCl (which activates voltage-gated Ca2+ channels by membrane depolarization) was monitored using an on-line enzyme-linked fluorometric assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glutamate release evoked by depolarization with increased extracellular KCl was not significantly inhibited by isoflurane up to 0.7 mM ( approximately 2 minimum alveolar concentration; drug concentration for half-maximal inhibition [IC50] > 1.5 mM) [corrected] or propofol up to 40 microm in synaptosomes prepared from rat, mouse, or guinea pig cerebral cortex, rat hippocampus, or rat striatum. Lower concentrations of isoflurane or propofol significantly inhibited veratridine-evoked glutamate release in all three species (isoflurane IC50 = 0.41-0.50 mm; propofol IC50 = 11-18 microm) and rat brain regions. Glutamate release was evoked by veratridine or increased KCl (from 5 to 35 mM) to assess the involvement of presynaptic ion channels as targets for drug actions [corrected].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isoflurane and propofol inhibited Na+ channel-mediated glutamate release evoked by veratridine with greater potency than release evoked by increased KCl in synaptosomes prepared from three mammalian species and three rat brain regions. These findings are consistent with a greater sensitivity to anesthetics of presynaptic Na+ channels than of Ca2+ channels coupled to glutamate release. This widespread presynaptic action of general anesthetics is not mediated by potentiation of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors, though additional mechanisms may be involved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lingamaneni
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hemmings
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009411:Nerve Endings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D013574:Synaptosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D015222:Sodium Channels; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D007530:Isoflurane; D015742:Propofol