title: In utero therapy for lower urinary tract obstruction.
abstract: Lower urinary tract obstruction has a significant impact on neonatal and child health. Pulmonary hyperplasia and renal impairment could be direct or indirect consequences of this condition leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Evaluation of fetuses with suspected lower urinary tract obstruction is performed not only to confirm the diagnosis but also to assess renal prognosis. Ultrasound examination and urinary analysis aid in the evaluation of these fetuses. The decision to perform fetal intervention in these cases is a difficult one. Vesico-amniotic fetal shunting, open fetal surgery and more recently endoscopic fetal surgery for this condition are available as possible modalities of fetal intervention. Case selection for fetal intervention is extremely important in order to both avoid unnecessary intervention in those unlikely to survive, and also to avoid procedure related complications in fetuses likely to do well without intervention. Vesico-amniotic shunting has the advantage of bypassing the obstruction, however it is often associated with complications. Open fetal surgery is not usually recommended because of the complications and high fetal loss rate. Endoscopic surgery to visualise and treat the cause of lower urinary tract obstruction has been tried. Fetal endoscopic surgery is in its infancy and endoscopic procedures are limited to a few groups. This current review addresses evaluation, case selection and therapeutic options for lower urinary tract obstruction in utero. It also discusses the limited data against which the efficacy of the various options can be assessed. The current state of fetal intervention is detailed in the present review.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Fetal Care, Queen Charlotte's & Chelsea Hospital, London, UK. s.agarwal@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Fisk
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020684:Cystoscopes; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery* / Q000652:urine; D005333:Fetus / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D014524:Urethral Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D016482:Urinalysis; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery