title: 'The metabolism of tumours': 70 years later.
abstract: Otto Warburg's classic treatise on the reprogramming of tumour metabolism from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism was published in London in 1930. Although the Warburg effect is one of the most universal characteristics of solid tumours, the molecular basis for this phenomenon has only recently been elucidated by studies indicating that increased expression of genes encoding glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes in tumour cells is mediated by the transcription factors c-MYC and HIF-1. Whereas c-myc is a direct target for oncogenic mutations, expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is indirectly up-regulated via gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes and loss-of-function mutations in tumour suppressor genes that result increased HIF-1alpha protein expression and/or increased HIF-1 transcriptional activity in a cell-type-specific manner. As a result of genetic alterations and intratumoral hypoxia, HIF-1alpha is overexpressed in the majority of common human cancers relative to the surrounding normal tissue. In human breast cancer and brain tumours, HIF-1alpha overexpression is strongly correlated with tumour grade and vascularity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Semenza
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Artemov
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bedi
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bhujwalla
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chiles
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feldser
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Laughner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Taghavi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhong
mesh_terms: D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016259:Genes, myc; D006019:Glycolysis; D006801:Humans; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009154:Mutation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors