title: Nonstationary disposition of valproic acid during prolonged intravenous infusion: contributions of unbound clearance and protein binding.
abstract: Circadian variations in disposition have been observed for a variety of agents, including anticonvulsants. Valproic acid (VPA), an anticonvulsant used to control generalized and partial seizures, has exhibited diurnal oscillations in steady-state concentrations during long-term administration to humans and non-human primates. The present study was conducted to assess potential diurnal changes in the disposition of VPA during prolonged i.v. infusion in rats. Animals, maintained on a strict 12-h per day light cycle, were equipped with venous cannulae and an arterial microdialysis probe. VPA was administered as a 50-mg/kg loading dose followed by a 42 mg/kg/h infusion for 70 h. Blood and microdialysate samples were obtained at timed intervals after establishment of steady-state throughout two complete light/dark cycles; and total (serum) and unbound (microdialysate) VPA was determined by gas chromatography. Modest oscillations (6-7 h period) in total and unbound VPA were observed; clearance and binding parameters were not different between light and dark periods. However, unbound clearance increased, and unbound fraction decreased, with time over the course of the infusion. These results suggest that time-dependent changes in VPA disposition occur in rats, although oscillations in steady-state concentrations do not appear to be diurnal in nature.
authors.affiliation: Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Arens
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Pollack
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002138:Calibration; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014635:Valproic Acid