title: Validity of pulse oximetry during maximal exercise in normoxia, hypoxia, and hyperoxia.
abstract: During exercise, pulse oximetry is problematic due to motion artifact and altered digital perfusion. New pulse oximeter technology addresses these issues and may offer improved performance. We simultaneously compared Nellcor N-395 (Oxismart XLTM) pulse oximeters with an RS-10 forehead sensor (RS-10), a D-25 digit sensor (D-25), and the Ivy 2000 (Masimo SETTM)/LNOP-Adt digit sensor (Ivy) to arterial blood oxygen saturation (Sa(O(2))) by cooximetry. Nine normal subjects, six athletes, and four patients with chronic disease exercised to maximum oxygen consumption (VO(2 max)) under various conditions [normoxia, hypoxia inspired oxygen fraction (FI(O(2))) = 0.125; hyperoxia, FI(O(2)) = 1.0]. Regression analysis for normoxia and hypoxic data was performed (n = 161 observations, Sa(O(2)) = 73-99.9%), and bias (B) and precision (P) were calculated. RS10 offered greater validity than the other two devices tested (y = 1.009x - 0.52, R(2) = 0.90, B+/-P = 0.3 +/- 2.5). Finger sensors had low precision and a significant negative bias (D-25: y = 1.004x - 2.327, R(2) = 0.52, B+/-P = -2.0 +/- 7.3; Ivy: y = 1.237x - 24.2, R(2) = 0.78, B+/-P = -2.0 +/- 5.2). Eliminating measurements in which heart rate differed by >10 beats/min from the electrocardiogram value improved precision minimally and did not affect bias substantially (B+/-P = 0.5 +/- 2.0, -1.8 +/- 8.4, and -1.25+/-4.33 for RS-10, D-25, and Ivy, respectively). Signal detection algorithms and pulse oximeter were identical between RS-10 and D-25; thus the improved performance of the forehead sensor is likely because of sensor location. RS-10 should be considered for exercise testing in which pulse oximetry is desirable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaya
authors.forename: Harm J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bogaard
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Kyuichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niizeki
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hopkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D010092:Oximetry / Q000592:standards*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen