title: Rationale of treatment in Graves ophthalmopathy.
abstract: Graves ophthalmopathy is a chronic and multisystem disorder caused by an autoimmune process, characterized by the presence of antibodies that stimulate a general fibroblastic reaction (thyroid gland and lower extremities), and involves orbital fat tissue and muscles. The clinical findings and therapy for the treatment of the exophthalmos, such as changes in extrinsic eye motility, diplopia, optic nerve involvement, and lid retraction, were analyzed, and the various types of surgical treatment currently available for Graves ophthalmopathy were evaluated. The aim was to choose the best option to treat each case. The surgical techniques were transpalpebral decompression by removal of intraorbital fat, three-wall osseous expansion, and zygomatic osteotomy. Adjunctive procedures were lengthening of the levator muscle of the upper eyelid, lengthening of the retractor of the lower eyelid (if necessary), and surgery of the extrinsic muscles to correct diplopia. All these techniques were useful in treating the disease, which is characterized by chronic evolution and, at times, a "malignant" outcome. A total of 39 orbits were treated using different techniques of decompression and secondary adjunctive procedures. Results were analyzed after a minimum 6-month follow-up. It was evident that surgery greatly reduced the degree of exophthalmos and improved eye motility, diplopia, and visual acuity. Close cooperation among a team of specialists, including an endocrinologist, ophthalmologist, neuroradiologist, surgeon, anesthesiologist, and radiotherapist, is essential to manage and to quantify the postoperative results of this complex disorder. The authors' experience and application of different surgical strategies, as based on clinical data and histopathological classification, are presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery and the Interdisciplinary Center for the Study and Treatment of Endocrine Ophthalmopathy, S. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clauser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galiè
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sarti
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dallera
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005094:Exophthalmos / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed