title: Handheld computer use in U.S. family practice residency programs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to evaluate the uses of handheld computers (also called personal digital assistants, or PDAs) in family practice residency programs in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  In November 2000, the authors mailed a questionnaire to the program directors of all American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) and American College of Osteopathic Family Practice (ACOFP) residency programs in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data and patterns of the use and non-use of handheld computers were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 50 percent (306 of 610) of the programs responded to the survey. Two thirds of the programs reported that handheld computers were used in their residencies, and an additional 14 percent had plans for implementation within 24 months. Both the Palm and the Windows CE operating systems were used, with the Palm operating system the most common. Military programs had the highest rate of use (8 of 10 programs, 80 percent), and osteopathic programs had the lowest (23 of 55 programs, 42 percent). Of programs that reported handheld computer use, 45 percent had required handheld computer applications that are used uniformly by all users. Funding for handheld computers and related applications was non-budgeted in 76percent of the programs in which handheld computers were used. In programs providing a budget for handheld computers, the average annual budget per user was 461.58 dollars. Interested faculty or residents, rather than computer information services personnel, performed upkeep and maintenance of handheld computers in 72 percent of the programs in which the computers are used. In addition to the installed calendar, memo pad, and address book, the most common clinical uses of handheld computers in the programs were as medication reference tools, electronic textbooks, and clinical computational or calculator-type programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Handheld computers are widely used in family practice residency programs in the United States. Although handheld computers were designed as electronic organizers, in family practice residencies they are used as medication reference tools, electronic textbooks, and clinical computational programs and to track activities that were previously associated with desktop database applications.
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Lawton, Oklahoma, USA. dancriswell@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: Dan F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Criswell
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Parchman
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D005194:Family Practice / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008838:Microcomputers / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States