title: Characterization of Glis2, a novel gene encoding a Gli-related, Krüppel-like transcription factor with transactivation and repressor functions. Roles in kidney development and neurogenesis.
abstract: In this study, we describe the characterization of a gene encoding a novel Krüppel-like protein, named Glis2. Glis2 encodes a relatively proline-rich, basic 55.8-kDa protein. Its five tandem Cys(2)-His(2) zinc finger motifs exhibit the highest homology to those of members of the Gli and Zic subfamilies of Krüppel-like proteins. Confocal microscopic analysis demonstrated that Glis2 localizes to the nucleus. Analysis of the genomic structure of the Glis2 gene showed that it is composed of 6 exons separated by 5 introns spanning a genomic region of more than 7.5 kb. Fluorescence in situ hybridization mapped the mouse Glis2 gene to chromosome 16A3-B1. Northern blot analysis showed that the Glis2 gene encodes a 3.8-kb transcript that is most abundant in adult mouse kidney. By in situ hybridization, expression was localized to somites and neural tube, and during metanephric development predominantly to the ureteric bud, precursor of the collecting duct, and inductor of nephronic tubule formation. One-hybrid analysis using Glis2 deletion mutants identified a novel activation function (AF) at the N terminus. The activation of transcription through this AF domain was totally suppressed by two repressor functions just downstream from the AF. One of the repressor functions is contained within the first zinc finger motif. The level of transcriptional activation and repression varied with the cell line tested, which might be due to differences in cell type-specific expression of co-activators and co-repressors. Our results suggest that Glis2 behaves as a bifunctional transcriptional regulator. Both the activation and repressor functions may play an important role in the regulation of gene expression during embryonic development.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Section Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurebayashi
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perantoni
authors.forename: Yong-Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Anton M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jetten
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D015723:Gene Library; D006639:Histidine / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007668:Kidney / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques; D016335:Zinc Fingers
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C447919:GLIS2 protein, human; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D006639:Histidine; D008156:Luciferases; D003545:Cysteine