title: Detection of micronuclei, cell proliferation and hyperdiploidy in bladder epithelial cells of rats treated with o-phenylphenol.
abstract: o-Phenylphenol (OPP), a widely used fungicide and antibacterial agent, has been considered to be among the top 10 home and garden pesticides used in the USA. Earlier studies have consistently shown that the sodium salt of OPP (SOPP) causes bladder cancer in male Fischer 344 (F344) rats, whereas OPP has produced variable results. This difference has been attributed to the presence of the sodium salt. To determine cellular and genetic alterations in the rat bladder and the influence of the sodium salt, F344 rats were administered 2% OPP, 2% NaCl and 2% NaCl + 2% OPP in their diet for 14 days. Twenty-four hours before being killed the animals were administered 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) by i.p. injection. Bladder cells were isolated, stained with DAPI and scored for the presence of micronuclei and incorporation of BrdU into replicating cells. To determine changes in chromosome number, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a DNA probe for rat chromosome 4. Significant increases in the frequency of micronuclei and BrdU incorporation were seen in bladder cells of rats from all treatment groups. In contrast, the frequency of hyperdiploidy/polyploidy in treated animals was not increased over that seen in controls. A high control frequency of cells with three or more hybridization signals was seen, probably due to the presence of polyploid cells in the bladder. The presence of polyploid cells combined with cytotoxicity and compensatory cell proliferation makes it difficult to determine whether OPP is capable of inducing aneuploidy in the rat urothelium. In summary, these studies show that OPP can cause cellular and chromosomal alterations in rat bladder cells in the absence of the sodium salt. These results also indicate that at high concentrations the sodium salt can enhance chromosomal damage in the rat urothelium.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Uppala
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Rupa
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Eastmond
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D000818:Animals; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000032:analysis; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D011123:Polyploidy; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C004369:2-phenylphenol; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine