title: Toll-like receptor-4 is expressed by macrophages in murine and human lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaques and upregulated by oxidized LDL.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation is implicated in atherogenesis and plaque disruption. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) and TLR-4, a human homologue of drosophila Toll, play an important role in the innate and inflammatory signaling responses to microbial agents. To investigate a potential role of these receptors in atherosclerosis, we assessed the expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in murine and human atherosclerotic plaques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aortic root lesions of high-fat diet-fed apoE-deficient mice (n=5) and human coronary atherosclerotic plaques (n=9) obtained at autopsy were examined for TLR-4 and TLR-2 expression by immunohistochemistry. Aortic atherosclerotic lesions in all apoE-deficient mice expressed TLR-4, whereas aortic tissue obtained from control C57BL/6J mice showed no TLR-4 expression. All 5 lipid-rich human plaques expressed TRL-4, whereas the 4 fibrous plaques and 4 normal human arteries showed no or minimal expression. Serial sections and double immunostaining showed TLR-4 colocalizing with macrophages both in murine atherosclerotic lesions and at the shoulder region of human coronary artery plaques. In contrast to TLR-4, none of the plaques expressed TLR-2. Furthermore, basal TLR-4 mRNA expression by human monocyte-derived macrophages was upregulated by ox-LDL in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that TLR-4 is preferentially expressed by macrophages in murine and human lipid-rich atherosclerotic lesions, where it may play a role to enhance and sustain the innate immune and inflammatory responses. Moreover, upregulation of TLR-4 in macrophages by oxidized LDL suggests that TLR-4 may provide a potential pathophysiological link between lipids and infection/inflammation and atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Atherosclerosis Research Center, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: X H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Faure
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Equils
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luthringer
authors.forename: X P
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Rajavashisth
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arditi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein