title: Comparison between different laboratory tests for the detection and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a possible complication of heparin therapy that can evolve with life-threatening thromboembolism, for which early diagnosis is essential. However, the specific laboratory approach to the diagnosis of HIT is still controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sera from 13 patients with HIT, from 15 patients with non-HIT thrombocytopenia, and from 10 normal subjects were used to compare nonfunctional and functional methods to detect anti-heparin:PF-4 antibodies and platelet activation. We used three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and the particle gel immunoassay as nonfunctional tests, and platelet aggregometry, CD62p (p-selectin) phenotypical expression, and Annexin V binding as functional assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD62p expression was positive in 85% of the cases and Annexin V was positive in 40% of the HIT cases examined. Aggregometry gave variable results that depend strongly on the donor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional tests for platelet activation are more reliable for HIT diagnosis than the nonfunctional tests. We conclude that the phenotypical expression of p-selectin detected by flow cytometry on activated platelets appears to be a good functional marker for the diagnosis of HIT and its possible thromboembolic complications.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Anatomy, Maggiore Hospital, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43100 Parma, Italy. vitale@unipr.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tazzari
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mazza
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zauli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Caimi
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Manzoli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Conte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000032:analysis; D000906:Antibodies; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000737:chemistry; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D015539:Platelet Activation; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D000906:Antibodies; D019007:P-Selectin; D006493:Heparin