title: Regulating c-Ras function. cholesterol depletion affects caveolin association, GTP loading, and signaling.
abstract: Cholesterol-rich and caveolin-containing microdomains of the plasma membrane, termed "caveolae," have been implicated in signal transduction. However, the role of caveolae in regulating the Ras-MAP kinase cascade is incompletely understood. The mammalian Ras isoforms (H, N, and K) use different membrane anchors to attach to the plasma membrane and thereby may localize to functionally distinct microdomains, which might explain isoform-specific signaling. Here, we show that, in Cos epithelial cells, endogenous K-Ras colocalizes largely with caveolin, whereas N-Ras localizes to both caveolar and noncaveolar subdomains; H-Ras localization was below detection limits. We find that epidermal growth factor (EGF) activates N-Ras but fails to activate K-Ras in these cells. Extraction of cholesterol with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin disrupts complex formation between caveolin and K- and N-Ras and, strikingly, enables EGF to activate both K-Ras and N-Ras. While cholesterol depletion enhances GTP-loading on total c-Ras, activation of the downstream MEK-MAP kinase cascade by EGF and lysophosphatidic acid but not that by phorbol ester is inhibited. Thus, plasma membrane cholesterol is essential for negative regulation of c-Ras isoforms (complexed to caveolin), as well as for mitogenic signaling downstream of receptor-activated c-Ras.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Center for Biomedical Genetics, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kranenburg
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Verlaan
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Moolenaar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D051242:Caveolin 1; D022461:Caveolins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D006224:Cricetinae; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D051242:Caveolin 1; D022461:Caveolins; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D002784:Cholesterol; D018631:ras Proteins