title: Increased production of inflammatory cytokines in patients with silent myocardial ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to examine the inflammatory cytokines in patients with myocardial ischemia to evaluate whether silent ischemia patients exhibit any particular cytokine pattern.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Silent myocardial ischemia is frequently observed in patients with coronary artery disease. Various endogenous mechanisms control a patient's perceived intensity of pain. Among them, the inflammatory process and the related cytokine production are known to modulate the threshold for activating the primary afferent nociceptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-eight patients with reproducible exercise-induced myocardial ischemia were studied: 34 symptomatic patients, with rest and/or stress angina; 44 asymptomatic patients, with no symptoms during daily life activities or during positive exercise stress test. Venous blood samples were taken from all patients to evaluate the expression of CD11b receptors both on neutrophils and monocytes. Frozen plasma samples (at -80 degrees C) were used to quantify the anti-inflammatory (interleukin-4 and -10, transforming growth factor-beta) and the proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, interleukin-1beta and -6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In asymptomatic patients lower CD11b receptor expression and higher concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokines were observed. Proinflammatory cytokine production was similar in the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that an "anti-inflammatory pattern" of cytokine production correlates with silent ischemia and that the immune and inflammatory system activation may be crucial for angina symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Legnano Hospital, Milan, Italy. medicina2legano@ao-legano.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazzone
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cusa
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mazzucchelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vezzoli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ottini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pacifici
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zuccaro
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Falcone
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen