title: Upregulation of interleukin-8 expression by prostaglandin D2 metabolite 15-deoxy-delta12, 14 prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) in human THP-1 macrophages.
abstract: Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is one of cytokines detected at sites of inflammation and in macrophage-foam cells of atherosclerotic lesions. The expression of IL-8 gene can be induced in cholesterol loaded THP-1 macrophages by oxidized low density lipoprotein. We report for the first time that the expression of human IL-8 gene in THP-1 macrophages is upregulated in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by prostaglandin D2 metabolite 15-deoxy-delta12, 14 prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), which is a natural ligand for activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma transcription factor. Studies to identify the signal transduction pathways involved showed that IL-8 upregulation-mediated by 15d-PGJ2 was markedly inhibited when the THP-1 macrophages were incubated with a highly selective and cell-permeable inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, 2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone (PD98059). This inhibition was concentration-dependent, suggesting that 15d-PGJ2 regulates the expression of IL-8 gene in THP-1 macrophages through a MAPK signaling pathway. In contrast, THP-1 macrophages when treated with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an anti-oxidant and the selective inhibitor for nuclear factor kappaB, showed an enhanced 15d-PGJ2-mediated upregulation of IL-8 gene expression. The data presented in this report may contribute to unravel some of the mechanisms behind the inflammatory component of atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Room 520, Strom Thurmond Biomedical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Charleston, SC 29403-5729, USA. fuy@musc.edu
authors.forename: Yuchang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Nanlan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Maria F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Lopes-Virella
mesh_terms: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C097240:15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014212:Tretinoin; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015230:Prostaglandin D2