title: Comprehensive tobacco control policies and the smoking behaviour of Canadian adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations of cigarette prices, restrictions on public smoking, and health education with the odds of adult smoking and amount smoked daily.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multi-level analysis of adult (age 25+) smoking patterns in Canada's National Population Health Survey, after adding administrative data on prices, bylaws, and health education according to the survey respondent's place of residence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population based sample of Canadians age 25+ in households (n = 14 355).
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoking status, amount consumed daily.
  
  
  METHODS
  Logistic regression for smoking status, multiple regression for amount smoked, with controls for age, education, marital status; separate analyses for men and women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cigarette prices were positively associated with the odds of being a non-smoker and negatively with amount smoked, for adults of both sexes. Per capita health education expenditures were positively associated with the odds of being a non-smoker and negatively with amount smoked--for men but not women. The restrictiveness of municipal bylaws limiting public smoking was positively associated with the odds of being a non-smoker and negatively with amount smoked--for women but not men. These results are independent of age, education, and marital status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To be effective, tobacco control must comprise a mix of strategies as men and women respond differently to health education and restrictions on public smoking; taxation, reflected in higher cigarette prices, is the only one of these measures related to smoking for both sexes. This model permits calculations of the level of increase in each measure that is required to reduce the prevalence of smoking by a specified amount.
authors.affiliation: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit/Thomas Stephens & Associates, 1118 John Street, Manotick, Ontario, Canada K4M 1A7. tstephens@cyberus.ca
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Pederson
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Koval
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Macnab
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention