title: Film-screen magnification versus electronic magnification and enhancement of digitized contact mammograms in the assessment of subtle microcalcifications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare information drawn from magnification mammography with that extracted from electronic magnification, processing, and display of the digitized contact images.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contact and magnification images of a mammographic statistical phantom were obtained. The magnification films versus the computer-enhanced, digitized images of the corresponding contact mammograms were separately presented to three observers. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to compare lesion detectability. The contact and magnification mammograms of 86 patients with subtle microcalcifications were also studied. The breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) scheme was used to compare the magnification patient films versus the corresponding digitized contact images. Differences in mammographic assessment were evaluated by using the kappa statistic. The dose to breast tissue from contact and magnification mammography was measured to evaluate dose reduction in instances where magnification mammography was to be avoided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lesion detectability was found to be similar when either the digitized film image or the magnification hard-copy film was inspected. Interpretation of patient images by inspection of the contact and magnification screen-film mammograms on a view-box was in excellent agreement with that yielded by inspection of the contact image on a view-box and the computer-enhanced, digitized contact image on a display monitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electronic magnification and processing of the digitized contact image may provide valuable information concerning subtle microcalcifications, rendering magnification mammography unnecessary for many patients with such lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Iraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Perisinakis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Damilakis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kontogiannis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gourtsoyiannis
mesh_terms: D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015588:Observer Variation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011858:Radiographic Magnification / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies