title: Extensive methylation of hMLH1 promoter region predominates in proximal colon cancer with microsatellite instability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter region has been suggested to cause microsatellite instability (MSI) in sporadic colorectal carcinoma (CRC). We studied the methylation profile in a wide region of the hMLH1 promoter and compared with the hMLH1 protein expression and MSI status in 88 cases of sporadic CRC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Na-bisulfite treatment and polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis was performed using 5 sets of polymerase chain reaction primers spanning the promoter region of the hMLH1 to examine methylation status. Results were compared with immunostaining using anti-hMLH1 monoclonal antibody and MSI status of the tumor samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methylation status was classified as full or partial methylation. Full methylation indicates the methylation of all CpG sites in the examined regions. Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter was observed in 88.9% (16 of 18) of CRCs showing high frequency MSI (MSI-H), among which 89% (14 of 16) had full methylation with reduced hMLH1 protein expression. All cases showing full methylation were proximal colon tumors with MSI-H. In cases with partial methylation, only the upstream region of the hMLH1 promoter was methylated. Partial methylation was also shown in 33.3% (6 of 18) of the normal mucosa of MSI-H cases. Frequencies of methylation were significantly correlated with female gender (P = 0.0009) and aging (P = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Full methylation of the hMLH1 promoter region and subsequent gene inactivation may play a crucial role in the carcinogenesis of MSI-H CRCs in the proximal colon. Methylation upstream of the hMLH1 promoter appears to be an early event in the carcinogenesis of MSI-H tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyakura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugano
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maekawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shitoh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kotake
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagai
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000368:Aged; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D003106:Colon / Q000502:physiology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008875:Middle Aged; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1