title: Developmental sequence from disruptive behavior diagnosis to adolescent alcohol dependence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to clinically describe the relationship of disruptive behavior disorders with both alcohol dependence and the use of a variety of substances.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Child Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism was used to collect data on 54 adolescents with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence. The frequency and age at onset of the disruptive behavior disorder diagnoses were examined as well as age at first use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and other street drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly three-quarters of the alcohol-dependent adolescents had at least one disruptive behavior disorder diagnosis. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) typically occurred first, followed by conduct disorder. Substance use began with alcohol or tobacco, followed by marijuana and then other street drugs. Alcohol dependence began significantly later than the onset of either ADHD or conduct disorder and significantly later than the first use of tobacco.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disruptive behavior diagnoses, particularly conduct disorder, typically precede the initiation of use of a variety of substances that, in turn, precede the diagnosis of alcohol dependence in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242-1047, USA. samuel-kuperman@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuperman
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Schlosser
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bucholz
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hesselbrock
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D010553:Personality Development; D012306:Risk; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs