title: Testicular sperm extraction combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the treatment of men with persistent azoospermia postchemotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Men who remain azoospermic long after undergoing chemotherapy have generally been considered sterile. The authors report their experience with testicular sperm extraction (TESE) combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) applied to azoospermic men who previously received chemotherapy for a variety of indications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 231 cycles in 198 patients who underwent TESE-ICSI for nonobstructive azoospermia from 1995 to 2000, 20 TESE procedures in 17 patients who previously received chemotherapy were identified. All TESE procedures were performed with microsurgical control under local anesthesia with sedation or general anesthesia. The pretreatment hormonal profile, histology of testicular biopsies, and outcomes of TESE-ICSI in this subgroup of patients were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean patient age was 37.4 years (range, 28-54 years), and the mean follicle-stimulating hormone level was 21.8 mIU/mL (range, 7.1-43.1 mIU/mL). The mean age for female partners was 33.5 years (range, 22-43 years). Six patients had received chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma (34%), four patients had received chemotherapy for testicular neoplasm (24%), two patients had received chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (12%), two patients had received chemotherapy for leukemia (12%), one patient had received chemotherapy for Wilms tumor (6%), one patient had received chemotherapy for mediastinal germ cell tumor (6%), and one patient had received chemotherapy for nephrotic syndrome (6%). Three patients (18%) received additional radiation therapy. The mean interval from chemotherapy to TESE was 16.3 years (range, 6-34 years). All patients had at least two semen analyses to confirm azoospermia. A total of 20 attempts of TESE-ICSI were performed (mean, 1.2 attempts per patient). Testicular histology revealed Sertoli cell-only pattern in 76% of patients. The remaining 24% of patients had hypospermatogenesis as their most advanced spermatogenic pattern. Among the men with Sertoli cell-only pattern, 23% had sperm retrieved by TESE. Sperm retrieval was accomplished in 9 of 20 attempts (45%), with biochemical pregnancy after sperm retrieval in 4 of 9 couples (45%) and clinical pregnancy in 3 of 9 couples (33%). Live deliveries were achieved in 2 of 9 couples (22%). Two healthy boys and one girl were delivered. No correlation was noted between the outcome of TESE-ICSI and the underlying conditions that were treated with chemotherapy nor with the chemotherapeutic agents used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using TESE-ICSI, sperm retrieval leading to pregnancy and the delivery of healthy children is possible for men with long-standing azoospermia after chemotherapy. The prognosis for sperm retrieval was not influenced clearly by the chemotherapy regimen or the disease treated. Diagnostic biopsy also was of limited value in predicting the outcome of sperm retrieval. Despite prolonged nonobstructive azoospermia after undergoing chemotherapy, men no longer should be considered sterile in the era of advanced assisted reproductive techniques.
authors.affiliation: James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology and Cornell Institute for Reproductive Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Palermo
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Veeck
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rosenwaks
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Schlegel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003593:Cytoplasm; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000032:analysis; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; D013094:Spermatozoa; D013737:Testis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone