title: Maternal treatment with somatotropin during early gestation affects basic events of myogenesis in pigs.
abstract: The effects of maternal treatment with somatotropin during early gestation on fetal muscle development were determined. Crossbred gilts received daily injections of either 3 ml of a placebo ( n=31) or of 6 mg porcine somatotropin ( n=31) from day (d) 10 to 27 of gestation and samples were collected from d 28 embryos, d 37 and 62 fetuses, and from neonates. Administration of somatotropin increased the total number of fibres (primary and secondary fibres) in neonatal semitendinosus muscle of middle- and low-weight littermates, whilst no increase was observed in psoas major muscle. Somatotropin induced increases in muscular protein concentration, creatine kinase activity, muscle fibre girth, as well as type II to type I fibre conversion which revealed an advanced degree of differentiation at birth. Treatment effects on prenatal development preceded these changes. Increased DNA concentrations at d 28 of gestation indicate stimulation of cellular proliferation during the embryonic stages. Thereafter, the withdrawal of somatotropin caused a transient delay of differentiation as indicated by lower protein concentrations and creatine kinase activity compared with controls at d 37 of gestation. This was compensated again at d 62, and the number of semitendinosus primary fibres was increased in middle-weight fetuses, whereas secondary or total fibre number did not yet differ. However, enhanced expression of Myf5 and MyoD indicates higher numbers of initially determined, proliferating myoblasts that may have contributed to increased formation of secondary fibres. In conclusion, maternal somatotropin is an influential factor in early pregnancy capable of affecting the basic events of myogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Muscle Biology and Growth, Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany. rehfeldt@fbn-dummerstorf.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rehfeldt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vanselow
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fürbass
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fiedler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nürnberg
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Clelland
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Stickland
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ender
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008867:Microtomy; D018656:Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch / Q000166:cytology*; D018657:Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch / Q000166:cytology*; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology* / Q000201:enzymology; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000235:genetics; D051787:Myogenic Regulatory Factor 5; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis; D013552:Swine; D015534:Trans-Activators
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D017570:MyoD Protein; D051787:Myogenic Regulatory Factor 5; D015534:Trans-Activators; D012313:RNA; D013006:Growth Hormone; D004247:DNA; D003402:Creatine Kinase