title: Bioactive bone cement as a principal fixture for spinal burst fracture: an in vitro biomechanical and morphologic study.
abstract: METHODS
  An in vitro biomechanical and radiographic study to evaluate the properties of a newly developed bioactive bone cement for stabilization of the fractured spine, suitable for minimally invasive application.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the mechanical stability of the fractured spine after injection of the newly developed bioactive bone cement under quasi-static and cyclic loading regimens.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Bone cement injection has been reported as a potentially useful, minimally invasive technique for treating vertebral body fracture or stabilizing osteoporosis. However, potential problems associated with the use of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) have prompted the search for alternative solutions. The use of bioactive bone cement as a potential replacement for PMMA has been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biomechanical and radiographic analyses were used to test the mechanical stability of the fractured spine. The cement used was formed from hydroxyapatite powder containing strontium and bisphenol A diglycidylether dimethacrylate (D-GMA) resin. Twenty-six fresh porcine spine specimens (T10-L1) were divided into three groups: pilot, intact, and cemented. Spinal stiffness and failure strength were recorded in the intact group with the specimens flexed at 10 degrees. Uniform injuries were created in all specimens of the cemented group, and compressive loading was applied with 10 degrees of flexion until a fracture occurred. The bone cement was injected into the fractured spine, and stiffness was evaluated after 1 hour. Failure strength was also recorded after 3000 and 20,000 fatigue load cycles. Morphology of the specimens was observed and evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results from a cell biocompatibility test indicated that the new bioactive bone cement was favorable for cell growth. Spinal stiffness significantly decreased after fracture (47.5% of intact condition). Instant stiffness of the spine recovered to 107.8% of the intact condition after bone cement injection. After 3000 and 20,000 cycles of fatigue loading, stiffness of the cemented spine was found to be 93.5% and 94.4% of intact stiffness, respectively (P < 0.05). Average failure strength of the spine was 5056 N (after 3000 cycles) and 5301 N (after 20,000 cycles) after bone cement injection and fatigue loading. Radiographs and cross-sectional observations indicated a good cement-bone bonding and fracture fill.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new bioactive bone cement without cytotoxic effect has been developed. Results show that minimally invasive techniques to apply this cement to porcine spines results in augmentation of mild burst fractures such that the original stiffness and strength of the vertebra are recovered. This new cement therefore shows potential as an augmentation to traditional instrumentation in the surgical management of vertebral fractures. The potential for further clinical applications is currently under investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Hong Kong, China. wwlu@hkusua.hku.hk
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Y W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Luk
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Q A
authors.initials: QA
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Leong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D017886:Durapatite; D004867:Equipment Design; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates; D011859:Radiography; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013324:Strontium; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001843:Bone Cements; D008689:Methacrylates; D017886:Durapatite; D013324:Strontium