title: Clinical and mutational characteristics of X-linked agammaglobulinemia and its carrier identified by flow cytometric assessment combined with genetic analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), caused by mutations in Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK ), is the most common form of inherited antibody deficiency. We previously reported that a flow cytometric evaluation of BTK expression in monocytes could easily detect XLA as well as its carrier.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to perform further flow cytometric analysis in additional XLA families in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 106 hypogammaglobulinemic males (from 91 families) of various ages with a lack of mature B cells (<1%) were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow cytometric assessment revealed the deficient BTK expression status in 78 families (93 patients), and mutations in BTK were identified in 76 of 78 families with presumed XLA. Of the patients with normal BTK expression, 2 showed missense mutations in which the normal amount of altered BTK transcript would cause the XLA phenotype. As many as 30% of these patients with XLA were clinically or genetically recognized beyond 5 years of age. Higher concentrations (>300 mg/dL) of serum IgG were evident in the cases diagnosed among adults, seemingly preventing severe infections. Fifty-seven of 70 mothers of patients with BTK deficiency were diagnosed as obligate carriers on the basis of a bimodal BTK expression pattern. Nine of the remaining 13 mothers showing nonmosaic BTK expression had no mutations in 2 alleles; surprisingly, the other 4 mothers had the mutated alleles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A diagnostic approach based on flow cytometric assessment for XLA should be initially considered in genetic investigation of antibody deficiencies, regardless of the patient's age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanegane
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Futatani
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsukura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsukada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyawaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000077329:Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase; D000361:Agammaglobulinemia / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D014960:X Chromosome
chemical_list: D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000077329:Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase; C000625949:BTK protein, human