title: Temporal assessment of Candida risk factors in the surgical intensive care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Risk factors for Candida infection in surgical intensive care units (SICUs) change over time. Risk factor progression may influence Candida colonization and infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter cohort survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three urban teaching institutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 301 consecutively admitted patients in SICUs for 5 or more days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessment of patients on SICU days 1, 3, 4, 6, and 8 and SICU discharge for risk factors, Candida colonization, and antifungal use. Candida colonization status was categorized as noncolonized (NC), locally colonized (LC) if 1 site was involved, and disseminated infection (DI) if 2 or more sites or candidemia were involved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequent risk factors in the 301 patients enrolled were presence of peripheral and central intravenous catheters, bladder catheters, mechanical ventilation, and lack of enteral or intravenous nutrition. Early risk factors included total parenteral nutrition or central catheter at SICU day 1 and previous SICU admissions or surgical procedures. Peak number of risk factors (mean +/- SD) were as follows: 7.2 +/- 2.6 in NC (n = 229), 9.2 +/- 2.3 in LC (n = 45), and 9.2 +/- 2.6 in DI (n = 27). These numbers were reached at day 8 in the NC and LC groups and day 4 in the DI group. The LC and DI groups had more risk factors on each SICU day than the NC group and longer median SICU length of stay (28 days in the DI group vs 11 and 19 days in the NC and LC groups, respectively). Antifungal therapy, while used most frequently in the DI group, was initiated later for this group than in NC and LC groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk factors for Candida infection in SICU patients change over time. Patients with DI demonstrate a greater number of and more rapid increase in risk factors than patients in the LC and NC groups. Presence of early risk factors at the time of SICU admission, a high incidence of risk factors, or a rapid increase in risk factors should prompt clinicians to obtain surveillance fungal cultures and consider empirical antifungal therapy.
authors.affiliation: Detroit Receiving Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA. pmckinno@dmc.org
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: McKinnon
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Devlin
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Barletta
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sierawski
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mosenthal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ambegaonkar
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lubowski
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents