title: Transoral approaches to the clivus and nasopharynx.
abstract: This article presents the surgical anatomy of the clivus, nasopharynx, and craniocervical junction as it relates to the transoral approach to the midline basicranium. Particular attention is given to the indications, limitations, and complications of this procedure. The transpalatal approach is discussed in detail. Finally, the transmandibular approach is also briefly discussed.
authors.affiliation: Head and Neck Oncology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UCDMC Center for Skull Base Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Enepekides
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Donald
mesh_terms: D003388:Cranial Fossa, Posterior / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D019291:Skull Base / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D013525:Surgical Instruments