title: [Effective dose in X-ray examinations: comparison between spiral CT and urography in the study of renal colic].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to calculate the effective dose in patients with renal colic undergoing spiral CT examination and IVU examination, and to verify the ability of the systems to measure the effective dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dose measurements were carried out for both diagnostic techniques by employing an anthropomorphic phantom with thermoluminescence detectors (TLDs) fitted inside the phantom. The data so obtained were compared with dose estimations based on published tables, which allow to obtain the effective dose on the basis of the experimental value of common dose indicators, the performance of the equipment and the setting of the acquisition parameters for such examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The absorbed dose inside the phantom had an homogeneous distribution during the spiral CT examination, while during the IVU there were significant differences in the absorbed dose between different zones of the body, due to the geometry of the x-ray beam. The mean effective dose, which corresponds to the average of values absorbed by males and females, measured by TLD dosimeters for spiral CT examination was 3.3 time that for IVU. For both spiral CT and IVU the dose to the male was significantly lower than that to the female, owing to the anatomic position of female gonads that are completely exposed to the x-ray radiations during the study, while male gonads lie outside of the exposed area. Both methods for estimating the effective dose in spiral CT, based on CTDI value, significantly underestimated the value derived from experimental TLDs measurement. The evaluation of effective dose in IVU, based on the measurement of the skin dose in air, overestimated the measurement performed by TLDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dose measurement performed by TLD dosimeters fitted inside an anthropomorphic phantom has the advantage of calculating experimentally the absorbed dose in different anatomic districts. However, the method is quite difficult, and introduces some imprecisions due to the simplified morphology of the phantom and the measuring system of TLDs (+/- 10%). Another possibility is to make theoretical estimations on the basis of simple dose measurements. Also these methods are affected by many factors that may introduce imprecisions, such as the patient geometry which has a considerable effect on the dose distribution inside the body. Therefore the methods of measurement based on CTDI value can provide only rough estimations of effective dose. The same considerations can be applied to IVU; in this case the theoretical estimations are based on skin dose measurements, which are very accurate but cannot foresee the behaviour of x-rays inside the patient. As regards the diagnostic procedures evaluated, the gonadic absorbed dose has a greater effect on the effective dose value as a consequence of the weight tissue ratio Wt. In this respect we should underline that, while female gonads are completely irradiated during spiral CT and IVU examinations, the male gonads are exposed only to diffuse radiation; this entails a great difference between the effective dose to the male and that to the female. For this reason the effective dose should be expressed not only for the average man (that is the mean value between males and females), but also distinguishing by patient sex. Although the comparison of different evaluating methods confirmed the difficulties in obtaining the exact effective dose, all the measurements performed with IVU and spiral CT showed that the effective dose for CT is 3.3 times that for IVU. However, the excellent image quality obtained by spiral CT and the high intrinsic contrast of stones probably makes it possible to reduce the dose with this technique, preserving an acceptable quality of the diagnostic images.
authors.affiliation: Servizio di Fisica Sanitaria, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Denaro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bregant
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cupardo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Guarrini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rimondini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pozzi Mucelli
mesh_terms: D003085:Colic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003108:Colonic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014567:Urography