title: Quinolones and false-positive urine screening for opiates by immunoassay technology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Millions of assays are performed each year to monitor for substance abuse in various settings. When common medications cross-react with frequently used testing assays, false-positive results can lead to invalid conclusions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate cross-reactivity of quinolone antimicrobials in common opiate screening assays and to assess the in vivo implications of this phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  The reactivity of 13 quinolones (levofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, enoxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, trovafloxacin, sparfloxacin, lomefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, norfloxacin, and nalidixic acid) was tested in 5 commercial opiate screening assays from September 1998 to March 1999. In 6 healthy volunteers, we confirmed the cross-reactivity of levofloxacin or ofloxacin with these opiate screening assays.
  
  
  METHODS
  Opiate assay activity (threshold for positive result, 300 ng/mL of morphine).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine of the quinolones caused assay results above the threshold for a positive result in at least 1 of the assays. Four of the assay systems caused false-positive results for at least 1 quinolone. Eleven of the 13 compounds caused some opiate activity by at least 1 assay system. At least 1 compound caused opiate assay activity in all 5 assay systems. Levofloxacin, oflaxacin, and perfloxacin were most likely to lead to a false-positive opiate result. Positive results were obtained in urine from all 6 volunteers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater attention to the cross-reactivity of quinolones with immunoassays for opiates is needed to minimize the potential for invalid test interpretation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 15 Francis St, PBB-A400, Boston, MA 02115, USA. lbaden@partners.org
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Baden
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Horowitz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jacoby
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Eliopoulos
mesh_terms: D042462:4-Quinolones; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D003429:Cross Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D042462:4-Quinolones; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents