title: Cardiopulmonary bypass induces neurologic and neurocognitive dysfunction in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurocognitive dysfunction is a common complication of cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Elucidating injury mechanisms and developing neuroprotective strategies have been hampered by the lack of a suitable long-term recovery model of CPB. The purpose of this study was to investigate neurologic and neurocognitive outcome after CPB in a recovery model of CPB in the rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasted rats (n = 10) were subjected to 60 min of normothermic (37.5 degrees C) nonpulsatile CPB using a roller pump and a membrane oxygenator. Sham-operated controls (n = 10) were not subjected to CPB. Neurologic outcome was assessed on days 1, 3, and 12 after CPB using standardized functional testing. Neurocognitive outcome, defined as the time (or latency) to finding a submerged platform in a Morris water maze (an indicator of visual-spatial learning and memory), was evaluated daily from post-CPB days 3-12. Histologic injury in the hippocampus was also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurologic outcome was worse in the CPB versus the sham-operated controls at all three measurement intervals (P < 0.001). The CPB group also had longer water maze latencies compared with the sham-operated controls (P = 0.004), indicating significant neurocognitive dysfunction after CPB. No difference in histologic injury between groups was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPB caused both neurologic and neurocognitive impairment in a rodent recovery model. This model could potentially facilitate the investigation of CPB-related injury mechanisms and possible neuroprotective interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mackensen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nellgård
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pineda
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Grocott
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001831:Body Temperature; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen