title: [Direct carotid-cavernous fistulas: endovascular treatment using a detachable balloon].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carotid cavernous fistulas are abnormal communications between the cavernous sinus and the internal and/or external carotid artery. They may be spontaneous or acquired. Two basic types are distinguished as a function of the aetiology, clinical features and treatment. The direct type is usually due to trauma while the indirect is of varied aetiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a series of seven cases of direct carotid-cavernous fistulas, four post-traumatic and three spontaneous, with initial symptoms of ocular involvement and ophthalmoparesia predominantly. All were treated, in our hospital, by embolization with a detachable balloon in the venous variant of the fistula in six cases and by carotid occlusion in one case. Only one severe complication due to distal embolization occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is necessary to consider the diagnosis of carotid-cavernous fistulas in patients complaining of acute alterations of ocular motility, headache and/or other ocular symptoms, especially when there is a clinical history of head injury. There should be minimal delay between diagnosis and treatment since there is a high risk of hemorrhage and irreversible sequelae caused by alteration of the venous drainage when they are long-standing. The treatment of choice for direct fistulas is by detachable balloon, which has been shown to be superior to other techniques.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Radiología, Unidad de Radiología Intervencionista, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, 46009, España. evafa@terra.es
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Fages-Caravaca
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Tembl-Ferrairo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lago-Martín
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vázquez-Añón
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mainar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020216:Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D002404:Catheterization; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed