title: Characterization of human GRK7 as a potential cone opsin kinase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Homozygous inactivation of the mouse gene for GRK1 (G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1, or rhodopsin kinase) causes severe defects in the recovery of cone phototransduction. However, electroretinographic (ERG) analyses of human oguchi patients with defective GRK1 alleles showed normal or slightly abnormal photopic responses. It remains unclear why the loss of GRK1 yields such different phenotypes in the recovery of mouse and human cones. We examined the localization and enzyme activity of GRK7, the human ortholog of the seventh member of the GRK family, in an attempt to understand its potential role in photopic vision.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bioinformatic approaches were used to identify the human GRK7 gene. Human and bovine GRK7 cDNAs were isolated by RT-PCR. Recombinant GRK7, expressed in insect cells, was used to phosphorylate activated rhodopsin. Antibodies raised against GRK7 peptides were used to examine the retina specific expression of GRK7 by immunoblotting and its subcellular localization by immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The human GRK7 gene is located on chromosome 3q21, spans at least 10 Kb and consists of 4 exons. In human, GRK7 is expressed exclusively in the retina and is found in all retinal neurons, and specifically, in cone outer segments. Recombinant human GRK7 catalyzes rhodopsin phosphorylation in a light dependent manner. We provide evidence that GRK1 and GRK7 are co-expressed in human cones. In contrast, mouse GRK7 is expressed in many tissues including retina where photoreceptors apparently do not express GRK7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of GRK7 in human, but not in mouse, cone outer segments suggests that GRK7 may function to provide the normal photopic vision reported by oguchi patients with a defective GRK1 gene. The absence of GRK7 expression in cone outer segments of mice is consistent with the notion that mouse cones rely solely on GRK1 to shutoff cone visual pigments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA. jason.chen@hmbg.utah.edu
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Church-Kopish
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Frederick
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Baehr
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D002893:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3 / Q000235:genetics; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D005136:Eye Proteins; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D051606:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 1; D054768:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000201:enzymology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; D012243:Rhodopsin; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051606:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 1; C496764:GRK1 protein, human; C111571:GRK7 protein, human; C496762:Grk1 protein, mouse; C496765:Grk1 protein, rat; D054768:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases