title: Plasma levels of thrombin-antithrombin complexes predict preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Decidual hemorrhage (abruption) is strongly associated with preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes (PPROM). Moreover, thrombin enhances decidual matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and MMP has been strongly linked to PPROM. The current study sought to determine whether increased thrombin activation, as assessed by circulating maternal plasma thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes, predicted subsequent PPROM.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a nested, case-control study of plasma TAT levels, measured by sensitive immunoassay, among 27 women with a singleton preterm birth preceded by PPROM and 54 matched, term controls. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to identify the optimal TAT cut-off level predicting PPROM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean gestational age at delivery in cases was 33.3 weeks, compared to 39.7 weeks in controls (p < 0.001). Compared with controls, women with PPROM had increased median plasma TAT levels in both the second trimester (5.1 microg/l (range 2.2-26.3 microg/l) vs. 3.2 microg/l (range 1.3-7.3 microg/l); p = 0.001) and third trimester (7.0 microg/l (range 2.6-85.8 microg/dl) vs. 4.8 microg/l (range 1.7-15.4 microg/dl); p = 0.01). In the PPROM group, 16.0% of the women exhibited bleeding during the pregnancy, while the corresponding value among controls was 3.6% (p = 0.07). In the second trimester, the odds ratio for PPROM with a TAT level of > 3.9 microg/l was 6.0 (95% CI 1.67-21.1). This value predicted PPROM with a sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 68% and positive and negative predictive values of 82% and 97%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Second-trimester elevated plasma TAT concentrations are predictive of subsequent PPROM. These data provide further evidence that PPROM is associated with decidual thrombin activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuczynski
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Funai
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lockwood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000990:Antithrombin III; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000097:blood*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000097:blood*; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C046193:antithrombin III-protease complex; D000990:Antithrombin III; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases