title: Renal function and structure in albuminuric type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy the cause of albuminuria is heterogeneous and our knowledge of the relationship between kidney structure and function in these patients is limited. Therefore, a long-term study evaluating the structural-functional relationship in albuminuric type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mesangial volume of total glomerular volume (Vv (mes/glom)), fractional area of focal interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy of cortical area (FF) and percentage of sclerosed glomeruli (S/G) were measured on kidney biopsies from 49 type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined at least 3 times (median 8 (range 3-20)) in each patient. Patients were followed for 7.0 (1.1-17) years. Albuminuria and blood pressure were measured every 3-6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biopsies revealed diabetic glomerulopathy (DG-group) in 69% of the patients (27 male/7 female) and normal glomerular structure (n=9) or glomerulonephritis (n=6) were found in 31% (13 male/2 female) (NDG-group). In the DG-group GFR decreased from 97+/-5 to 66+/-5 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (mean+/-SE) (P<0.001), with a rate of decline in GFR of 5.3+/-0.8 ml/min/year and in the NDG-group from 93+/-7 to 74+/-11 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (P<0.01), with a rate of decline in GFR of 3.2+/-0.9 ml/min/year, P=0.09 between groups. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased from 109+/-2 to 100+/-2 mm Hg (P<0.001) (DG-group) and remained unchanged in the NDG-group. An association between Vv (mes/glom) and rate of decline in GFR was revealed mainly in the NDG-group (DG-group; r=0.31, P=0.07 and NDG-group; r=0.74, P<0.01). Furthermore, the rate of decline in GFR seemed to be associated with FF in the NDG group (r=0.48, P=0.07). Percentage of S/G was not associated with the rate of decline in GFR. Vv (mes/glom) was associated with mean albuminuria during follow-up in the DG group; r=0.38, P<0.03 (NDG group; r=0.51, P=0.09). Albuminuria was an independent predictor of the rate of decline in GFR in both groups (DG-group; r=0.40, P<0.05 and NDG-group; r=0.61, P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study revealed a tendency to a faster rate of decline in GFR in the DG-group compared to the much smaller NDG-group, characterized by marked heterogeneity of the underlying kidney lesions and rate of GFR loss. A large mesangial volume fraction was associated with increased albuminuria and loss in GFR. Albuminuria acted as a progression promoter in both groups.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark. pkc@novonordisk.com
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Parving
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000652:urine*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D005920:Glomerular Mesangium / Q000473:pathology; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000473:pathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged