title: Successful aging in the oldest old: Who can be characterized as successfully aged?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Successful aging is a worldwide aim, but it is less clear which indicators characterize elderly persons as successfully aged. We explored the meaning of successful aging from 2 perspectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of data from the first cross-sectional part of the longitudinal Leiden 85-plus Study, conducted in Leiden, the Netherlands. All inhabitants of Leiden aged 85 years were eligible. Data were obtained from 599 participants (response rate, 87%). Successful aging from a public health perspective was defined as a state of being. All participants were classified as successful or not successful based on optimal scores for physical, social, and psychocognitive functioning and on feelings of well-being, using validated quantitative instruments. Qualitative indepth interviews on the perspectives of elderly persons were held with a representative group of 27 participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although 45% (267/599) of the participants had optimal scores for well-being, only 13% (79/599) had optimal scores for overall functioning. In total, 10% (58/599) of the participants satisfied all the criteria and could be classified as successfully aged. The qualitative interviews showed that most elderly persons viewed success as a process of adaptation rather than a state of being. They recognized the various domains of successful aging, but valued well-being and social functioning more than physical and psychocognitive functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If successful aging is defined as an optimal state of overall functioning and well-being, only a happy few meet the criteria. However, elderly persons view successful aging as a process of adaptation. Using this perspective, many more persons could be considered to be successfully aged.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. leiden85plus@lumc.nl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Faber
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bootsma-van der Wiel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Exel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gussekloo
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lagaay
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Dongen
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Knook
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van der Geest
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Westendorp
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003071:Cognition; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology