title: Men gain additional psychological benefits by adding exercise to a weight-loss program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adding exercise to a comprehensive weight-loss program might not only attenuate any psychological distress associated with weight-loss attempts but also may provide psychological benefits. This study examined whether a diet-plus-exercise weight-loss program improved psychological outcomes more than a diet-only weight-loss program or an assessment-only control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was part of a larger 1-year randomized weight-loss trial examining the effects of diet and exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors in 264 overweight adults. Psychological measures specific to weight control (e.g., cognitive restraint, disinhibition, hunger, and body dissatisfaction) as well as traditional measures of psychological distress (e.g., symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress) were obtained at baseline and 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men and women in either weight-loss program reported greater restraint, less disinhibition, and less hunger at 1 year than those in no program. Men in the diet-plus-exercise program experienced additional increases in restraint and decreases in hunger than did men in the diet-only program. Women in the diet-plus-exercise program did not experience additional psychological benefits specific to weight control than those in the diet-only program, despite increases in aerobic capacity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pattern seen for overweight men in the diet-plus-exercise program at 1 year-greater restraint, less disinhibition, and less hunger-is similar to the pattern seen in successful weight maintainers. These results underscore the need for innovative strategies that will enhance and sustain the pattern of psychological benefits specific to weight control associated with successful weight loss, especially for overweight women.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Center for Research in Disease Prevention, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA. mkiernan@stanford.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiernan
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stefanick
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Killen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000332:Aerobiosis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000523:psychology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D017697:Premenopause; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D015431:Weight Loss