title: Bromodeoxyuridine induces p53-dependent and -independent cell cycle arrests in human gastric carcinoma cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to clarify the effects of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis, and to demonstrate the role of P53 in these processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We continuously exposed four human gastric carcinoma cell lines with different P53 status (P53 wild-type AGS and MKN-45, P53-mutated MKN-28 and P53-deleted KATO-III) to BrdU in asynchronous and synchronous culture conditions, and analyzed DNA histograms of apoptotic and nonapoptotic cells determined by static DNA cytofluorometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuous exposure to 20 microM BrdU after synchronization with hydroxyurea resulted in S phase delay and G1 arrest in MKN-45 and an increase of apoptosis in the first S/G(2) phase in AGS and MKN-45. In the second S phase, a delay of 3-6 h was observed in all the four cell lines. In asynchronous cultures, continuous exposures to 20 and 200 microM BrdU for 72 h or more caused growth suppression with G(1) and G(2) arrests, respectively, in all the cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggested that the BrdU-induced growth suppression of the cell lines examined was mainly caused by cell cycle arrest rather than cell death, and that the cell cycle arrests in the first S and G(1) phases (elicited by BrdU in the single DNA strand) and those in the second S, G(2) and G(1) phases (elicited by BrdU in the double DNA strands) were mediated by p53-dependent and -independent pathways, respectively.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugihara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hattori
mesh_terms: D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002452:Cell Count; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D019044:Image Cytometry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D011003:Ploidies; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000963:Antimetabolites; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine