title: Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection in Ethiopian children with tuberculosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Separate risk factors for HIV infection and for tuberculosis (TB) are well-studied, but it is unclear whether these risk factors still apply in the new epidemiologic situation of dual infection. This study examines risk factors associated with seropositivity for HIV in Ethiopian children with clinical TB.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, controlled study of children with TB diagnosed in Addis Ababa from December 11, 1995, to January 28, 1997, in which HIV-positive children were compared with HIV-negative children with regard to sociodemographic background, previous medical history and vaccination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV prevalence among children with clinical TB was 11.2%. High educational status of mothers, low age, loss of one or two parents and earlier Calmette-Guérin bacillus (BCG) vaccination of the child were factors independently related to HIV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Factors associated with HIV infection among children with clinical TB include higher education of parents, higher income and better living conditions. The HIV epidemic might thus modify traditional risk factors for tuberculosis. It might also decrease the overall effect of BCG vaccination given that BCG did not provide protection in children infected with HIV. An expected increase of dually infected children who are younger, more in need of hospitalization and often lacking one or both parents will put an additional burden on the Ethiopian health care system.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Palme
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gudetta
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Degefu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruchfeld
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muhe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giesecke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine