title: Sex differences in cardiac catheterization: the role of physician gender.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many studies indicate that women are less likely than men to undergo cardiac procedures after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), raising concerns of sexual bias in clinical care. However, no data exist regarding the relationship between patient sex, physician sex, and use of cardiac procedures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether sex differences in cardiac catheterization after AMI were greater when patients were treated by male attending physicians compared with female attending physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of data from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project, a retrospective medical record review. A total of 104 >231 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries who were hospitalized in US acute care hospitals for an AMI between January 1994 and February 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  Use of cardiac catheterization within 60 days of admission, compared between the 4 groups of patient sex-physician sex combinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women underwent fewer cardiac catheterizations than men when treated by either male physicians (38.6% vs 50.8%; P =.001) or female physicians (34.8% vs 45.8%; P =.001). Sex differences in procedure use were not greater when a patient and physician were of different sexes (P for interaction =.85). After potential confounders in multivariable analysis were accounted for, women were less likely to undergo cardiac catheterization (risk ratio, 0.90 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.88-0.92]), regardless of the treating physician's sex. Patients treated by male physicians were more likely to undergo cardiac catheterization (risk ratio, 1.06 [95%CI, 1.02-1.10]) than those treated by female physicians, regardless of patient sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women who have had an AMI undergo a cardiac catheterization less often than men, whether treated by a male or female physician. These results suggest that factors other than sexual bias by male physicians toward women account for sex differences in cardiac procedure use.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, PO Box 208025, New Haven, CT 06520-8025, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rathore
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Radford
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaccarino
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Krumholz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015982:Bias; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000628:therapy*; D010822:Physicians, Women; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors