title: Neuro-immune-endocrine functional system and vascular pathology.
abstract: A new interpretation of the response to injury by the nervous, immune and endocrine system is proposed, in order to integrate biochemical knowledge into the respective clinical areas. The discovery that the signaling molecules of the classical nervous, immune and endocrine systems, that is, the neurotransmitters, cytokines and hormones, respectively, are expressed and perceived by the three systems, has enabled us to establish a functional concept of these systems. The hypothetical integration of different pathological processes in a functional response made up by three phases, the immediate or nervous, intermediate or immune and late or endocrine ones, makes it possible to consider that all of them represent different forms of expression of a functional response whose meaning is always the same, that is, inflammation. If the functions that characterize each one of these three phases represent the activity of the nervous, immune and endocrine systems, the biochemical knowledge could be integrated into the functional meaning of each system.
authors.affiliation: Surgery I Department, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s.n., 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Aller
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Arias
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lorente
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nava
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Durán
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arias
mesh_terms: D004702:Endocrine Glands / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology*; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*