title: Intranasal sumatriptan in post-ECT headache: results of an open-label trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Significant headaches occur in up to 45% of patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as a result of treatment. Headaches may at times be severe and affect patient compliance with this treatment modality. The 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist sumatriptan has been reported to be effective for post-ECT headache in several case reports. The aim of the present open-label study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of intranasal sumatriptan for post-ECT headache.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing ECT who experienced moderate-to-severe post-ECT headache were enrolled in the study. Patients were asked to rate their headache severity and describe headache characteristics using a standard headache diary. Headaches rated as severe or moderate were treated with 20 mg of intranasal sumatriptan. Additional headache ratings were recorded at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2 hours after sumatriptan administration and compared with baseline values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight female patients (ages 34-45 years old) participated in the trial and experienced a total of 13 post-ECT headaches, which were treated with intranasal sumatriptan. Of the headaches treated, six (46.2%) were described as severe and seven (53.8%) were characterized as moderate in severity. Twelve (92.3%) of the treated headaches responded by the 2 hour posttreatment time point and 11 (84.6%) had responded within 1 hour. Comparisons made at the 1- and 2-hour time point revealed a statistically significant improvement from baseline (p = 0.002). Of the 12 headaches that responded, 6 (50%) were reported as no pain and 5 (38.5%) were reported as only mild pain at 1 hour following treatment. At the 2-hour assessment, an additional headache, which had previously not responded, was rated at mild resulting in six (50%) headaches with complete resolution of pain and six (50%) with a decrease in pain symptoms from moderate or severe to mild. Overall, sumatriptan treatment was well tolerated, and no significant adverse effects or changes in vital signs were recorded. In no case was a second dose of sumatriptan given. The most common complaint was the taste of the medication (n = 4), which was not treatment limiting. No patient withdrew from the study due to an adverse event.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranasal sumatriptan spray may be an effective, well-tolerated, and prompt treatment for patients experiencing moderate-to-severe post-ECT headache. Preventing post-ECT headache may contribute to patient compliance with the ECT treatment modality. Additionally, the known pharmacologic effects of sumatriptan and the generally positive results found in the present study suggest that ECT-induced headache is vascular in origin. Further placebo-controlled, double-blind studies are needed to confirm our open-label results.
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425-0742, USA. markowij@musc.edu
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kellner
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: DeVane
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Beale
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Folk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Liston
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018170:Sumatriptan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D018170:Sumatriptan