title: The expanded clinical spectrum of deferoxamine retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe early and unusual features in 16 patients with deferoxamine-induced retinal toxicity and to assess the role of diagnostic tests in the diagnosis and management of patients with the disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, observational case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with deferoxamine retinopathy identified from members of the Vitreous, Retina, and Macula societies of the United States. INTERVENTION/TESTING: The patients underwent complete ophthalmologic examination. Most patients were also evaluated by fluorescein angiography and electrophysiologic testing. The diagnosis was based on the medical history, systemic and ocular findings, and the results of electrophysiologic tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ocular symptoms, ophthalmoscopic, fluoroangiographic, and electrophysiologic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We confirmed previously reported findings in patients with established disease, including macular and/or peripheral pigmentary changes, reduced electroretinographic (ERG) amplitudes, and reduced electrooculographic (EOG) light-peak to dark-trough ratios. Peripapillary, papillomacular, and paramacular patterns of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) degeneration were each observed in one patient. Diffuse RPE or outer retinal fluorescence by fluorescein angiography was a marker for active retinopathy both at the onset of disease and during recurrence and preceded the development of RPE pigment mottling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unusual patterns of deferoxamine retinopathy may occur in addition to the foveomacular and/or peripheral patterns previously described. Fluorescein angiography is particularly useful for determining whether there is ongoing retinal/RPE injury. ERG and EOG testing may indicate earlier or more widespread injury than is suggested by fundus examination alone. Patients who do not discontinue deferoxamine after the development of retinopathy risk further retinal/RPE injury and visual deterioration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, DOB-10 720 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haimovici
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: Evangelos S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Gragoudas
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sokol
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004585:Electrooculography; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D003676:Deferoxamine