title: Epithelial ovarian tumors of low malignant potential: the role of microinvasion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify prognostic factors that may be used to predict an aggressive disease course and poor outcome in patients with epithelial ovarian tumors of low malignant potential (borderline tumors).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on 126 patients with ovarian borderline tumors were analyzed with regard to demographic characteristics, staging, presence of microinvasion, duration of follow-up, recurrence rate, rate of recurrence as invasive disease, mortality rate, preoperative and postoperative CA-125, and treatment. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to evaluate proportions for statistical significance. Disease-free and overall survival was calculated by using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were followed for a median of 39.0 months (mean 47.8 months). Seven patients (5.6%) had recurrent disease. Advanced stage disease and microinvasion were associated with significantly higher recurrence and mortality rates than were stage I/II disease and borderline tumors without microinvasion, respectively. Two of 13 (15%, 95% CI 8.7, 21.3) patients with microinvasion died of recurrent invasive cancer, whereas only 1 out of 113 patients without microinvasion died of recurrent borderline tumor (OR 20.4, 95% CI 1.2, 239). All 3 patients with an aggressive disease course and poor outcome had increasing CA 125 levels at the time of recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Certain patients with microinvasion may be at higher risk for recurrence as invasive disease and may require different treatment strategies. CA 125 monitoring may have a role in early detection of recurrence in patients with aggressive disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Buttin
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Janet S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rader
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Mutch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D011336:Probability; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors