Estimation of endotoxin-like substances in deep seawater by using bioassay.
Deep seawater has recently been under trial as a fundamental material for mineral water, food, face lotion and an efficacious reagent for the cure of atopic dermatitis in Japan. However, little is known about the biologically effective substances, including toxic compounds in deep seawater. In this study, we investigated the effects of deep seawater on the function of murine macrophages in vitro, and examined the endotoxin-like substances in seawater. Mitochondrial activity and NO production in macrophage cells cultured with stimulants were enhanced in a depth dependent manner by pretreatment with deep seawater. In addition, fractions from deep seawater, enriched by hydrophobic column chromatography, activated the macrophage cells much more than the corresponding fractions from surface seawater. Furthermore, the effects of the fractions on macrophage cells remained significant, even with the addition of polymyxin B. which is a specific inhibitor of endotoxins. These results indicate that endotoxins and unknown substances, which affect macrophage functions, exist in a depth dependent manner in seawater.
Takagi
Kuniaki
K
Department of Environmental Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Shizuoka, Japan. takagku@ys7.u-shizuoka-ken-ac.jp
Inamura
Tatsumi
T
Kawajiri
Masahiro
M
Noya
Kazuo
K
Hagiwara
Yoshitugu
Y
Suketa
Yasunobu
Y
D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D003358:Cosmetics; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D007249:Inflammation; D007564:Japan; D008264:Macrophages; D051379:Mice; D012623:Seawater / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
D003358:Cosmetics; D004731:Endotoxins; D014873:Water Pollutants