title: Hyperbaric spinal levobupivacaine: a comparison to racemic bupivacaine in volunteers.
abstract: Levobupivacaine is the isolated S-enantiomer of bupivacaine and may be a favorable alternative to spinal bupivacaine. However, its clinical efficacy relative to bupivacaine and its dose-response characteristics, in spinal anesthesia, must first be known. This double-blinded, randomized, cross-over study was designed to compare the clinical efficacy of hyperbaric levobupivacaine and bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia. Eighteen healthy volunteers were randomized into three equal groups to receive two spinal anesthetics, one with bupivacaine and the other with levobupivacaine, of equal-milligram doses (4, 8, or 12 mg). We assessed blockade quality and duration with pinprick, transcutaneous electrical stimulation, thigh tourniquet, abdominal and quadriceps muscle strength, modified Bromage scale, and time until achievement of discharge criteria. Sensory and motor block were similar between the same doses of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine (P > 0.56 to 0.86). For example, in the 12-mg groups of levobupivacaine versus bupivacaine, mean duration of tolerance to transcutaneous electrical stimulation at T12 was 100 min for both. The duration of motor block at the quadriceps was 71 versus 73 min, and time until achievement of discharge criteria was 164 min for both. Hyperbaric spinal levobupivacaine has equivalent clinical efficacy to racemic bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in doses from 4 to 12 mg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperbaric spinal levobupivacaine has equivalent clinical efficacy to hyperbaric spinal bupivacaine over the 4-12-mg ranges.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98111, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Alley
authors.forename: Dan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kopacz
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Spencer S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012677:Sensation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine