title: Tumor necrosis factor alpha, but not Fas, mediates hepatocellular apoptosis in the murine ischemic liver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Apoptosis of hepatocytes is a central feature of ischemic injury in the liver. The aim of this study was to identify extracellular inducers of apoptosis in the murine ischemic liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  Involvement of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and Fas signaling was evaluated using various knockout mice (TNF-receptor 1 [TNF-R1]-/-, Fas[lpr]-/-, and Fas ligand[gld]-/-) and wild-type mice pretreated with pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of TNF-alpha synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of TNF-alpha was increased after ischemia and reperfusion in wild-type mice and TNF-R1-deficient mice when compared with sham-operated animals. Pentoxifylline prevented up-regulation of TNF-alpha expression. Inhibition of TNF-alpha resulted in significant decrease of serum aspartate aminotransferase levels and prolonged animal survival. Markers of apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining, cytochrome C release, and caspase 3 activity) were consistently decreased, and animal survival was prolonged after blocking TNF-alpha. In contrast, inhibition of Fas signaling did not alter parameters of tissue injury or apoptosis, and animal survival remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identify TNF-alpha as a crucial inducer of apoptotic cell death in the ischemic liver. A role for Fas could not be identified. These findings may lead to novel strategies to prevent ischemic injury of the liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Hannes A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Rüdiger
authors.forename: Pierre-Alain
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Clavien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D008115:Liver Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000494:pharmacology; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D015996:Survival Rate; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; C505658:Fasl protein, mouse; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019014:fas Receptor; D010431:Pentoxifylline