title: Effect of time of insemination on number of accessory sperm, fertilization rate, and embryo quality in nonlactating dairy cattle.
abstract: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of insemination time on number of accessory sperm per embryo (ovum), fertilization rate, and embryo quality. Semen was collected from three fertile Holstein bulls and cryopreserved in egg yolk-citrate-glycerol. In experiment 1, cows were continuously monitored for behavioral estrus by the HeatWatch estrous detection system and were artificially inseminated (AI) with one 0.5-ml straw (25 x 10(6) sperm) at the onset of estrus (AI 0 h), 12 h after onset (AI 12 h), or received natural service at 0 h (Nat 0 h) from one of three bulls. From 150 inseminations, 115 embryos and ova (AI 0 h: n = 39; AI 12 h: n = 39; Nat 0 h: n = 37) were recovered 6 or 7 d after insemination. Fertilization rates differed between treatments (AI 0 h: 67%; AI 12 h: 79%; Nat 0 h: 98%). Median accessory sperm per embryo (ovum) also differed (AI 0 h: 1; AI 12 h: 10; and Nat 0 h: 27) and paralleled the fertilization rate. Embryo quality was not affected by insemination time or natural service. In experiment 2, cows received AI at 0, 12, or 24 h (AI 24 h) after the onset of estrus as determined by HeatWatch. From 154 inseminations, 117 embryos and ova (AI 0 h: n = 39; AI 12 h: n = 39; AI 24 h: n = 39) were recovered 6 or 7 d after insemination. Fertilization rates did not differ in experiment 2 (AI 0 h: 66%; AI 12 h: 74%; AI 24 h: 82%); however, a trend toward a higher fertilization rate accompanied AI 24 h. Median accessory sperm values increased from AI 0 h (1) to AI 24 h (4). Embryo quality declined with AI at increasing intervals after onset of estrus, as percentages of excellent and good, fair and poor, and degenerate embryos were as follows: 77, 15, 8; 52, 38, 10; and 47, 19, 34 for the 0-, 12-, and 24-h inseminations, respectively. Results indicate AI 12 h after the onset of estrus provides a compromise between potential fertilization failure (AI 0 h) and embryo failure (AI 24 h), despite increased accessory sperm per embryo (ovum) after AI 24 h. Artificial insemination 12 h after onset of estrus should optimize fertility of dairy cattle through an acceptable fertilization rate, number of accessory sperm per embryo, and desirable embryo quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA. jdalton@uidaho.edu
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nadir
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bame
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noftsinger
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nebel
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Saacke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001723:Birth Rate; D002417:Cattle / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D004972:Estrus Detection; D005260:Female; D007314:Insemination; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D012661:Semen / Q000502:physiology; D013084:Sperm-Ovum Interactions / Q000502:physiology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors