title: Iontophoretic delivery of ropinirole hydrochloride: effect of current density and vehicle formulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this work were 1) to establish the feasibility of the transdermal iontophoretic delivery of ropinirole hydrochloride; 2) to investigate the possibility of delivering therapeutic doses of this drug; and 3) to determine the key factors that control ropinirole electrotransport.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of in vitro transdermal iontophoretic experiments were instituted to study the effects of drug concentration, co-ion concentration, intensity of current, and application time on ropinirole flux. The convective contribution to ropinirole electrotransport was evaluated by following the transport of the electroosmotic marker mannitol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ropinirole flux decreased dramatically in the presence of competing ions. This effect was observed even when the molar fraction of the two competing cations was kept constant. Anodal flux of mannitol decreased with drug concentration, indicating a possible alteration of the skin permselectivity. In the absence of competing co-ions, ropinirole transport number reached a maximum value (8-13%). In these conditions, the main factor controlling drug delivery was the intensity of current applied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transdermal iontophoresis allowed the delivery of therapeutic doses of ropinirole. The dose administered and the input rate were controlled by the judicious choice of the key delivery factors here described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luzardo-Alvarez
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Delgado-Charro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blanco-Méndez
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008954:Models, Biological; D009995:Osmosis; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles / Q000737:chemistry*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D007211:Indoles; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; C046649:ropinirole