title: Elevated levels of Rad51 recombination protein in tumor cells.
abstract: Rad51 is the key enzyme for homologous recombination, an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for the repair of DNA damage and the generation of genetic diversity. Given the observation that many tumors become resistant to radiation therapy and DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics and also that tumor cell populations can acquire a high number of genetic alterations and then expand clonally, dysfunction of the mammalian Rad51 recombinase could play a major role in the multistep process of tumorigenesis. The data we present provide further strong support for this hypothesis. Using anti-Rad51 immunofluorescence staining, widely different tumor cell lines displayed increased numbers of nuclei with focally concentrated Rad51 protein compared with nonmalignant control cell lines. These nuclear foci are thought to represent a repairosome-type assembly of Rad51 and other proteins required for recombinational DNA repair. By Western blot analyses, the net amount of Rad51 protein was increased 2-7-fold in all tested tumor cell lines. Inhibition of de novo protein synthesis by cycloheximide treatment showed a similar half-life of Rad51 protein in normal and tumor cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments did not detect Rad51 gene amplifications in tumors. Because Northern blot analysis demonstrated highly elevated Rad51 mRNA levels, we conclude that the increases in Rad51 protein and nuclear foci formation in tumor cells are the result of transcriptional up-regulation.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Raderschall
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freier
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Suckow
authors.forename: Susann
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schweiger
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haaf
mesh_terms: D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005784:Gene Amplification; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051135:Rad51 Recombinase; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C495153:RAD51 protein, human; D051135:Rad51 Recombinase