title: Relationship of slow and rapid EEG components of CAP to ASDA arousals in normal sleep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Besides arousals (according to the ASDA definition), sleep contains also K-complexes and delta bursts which, in spite of their sleep-like features, are endowed with activating effects on autonomic functions. The link between phasic delta activities and enhancement of vegetative functions indicates the possibility of physiological activation without sleep disruption (i.e., arousal without awakening). A functional connection seems to include slow (K-complexes and delta bursts) and rapid (arousals) EEG events within the comprehensive term of activating complexes. CAP (cyclic alternating pattern) is the spontaneous EEG rhythm that ties both slow and rapid activating complexes together during NREM sleep. The present study aims at exploring the relationship between arousals and CAP components in a selected sample of healthy sleepers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polysomnographic analysis according to the scoring rules for sleep stages and arousals. CAP analysis included also tabulation of subtypes A1 (slow EEG activating complexes), A2 and A3 (activating complexes with fast EEG components).
  
  
  METHODS
  40 sleep-lab accomplished recordings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy subjects belonging to a wide age range (38 +/- 20 yrs.).
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all the arousals occurring in NREM sleep, 87% were inserted within CAP. Subtypes A2 and A3 of CAP corresponded strikingly with arousals (r=0.843; p<0.0001), while no statistical relationship emerged when arousals were matched with subtypes A1 of CAP. Subtypes A1 instead correlated positively with the percentages of deep sleep (r=0.366; p<0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CAP subtype classification encompasses both the process of sleep maintenance (subtypes A1) and sleep fragmentation (subtypes A2 and A3), and provides a periodicity dimension to the activating events of NREM sleep.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Neurologia-Università, Parma, Italia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parrino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smerieri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Terzano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010507:Periodicity; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology