title: Differential effects of non-genotoxic carcinogens and proliferating agents on cell growth, survival and apoptosis in hepatic cells in vitro.
abstract: Many nongenotoxic carcinogen's (ngc) produce hyperplastic lesions from which neoplastic foci may arise. Modulation of the rate of apoptosis by some ngc's within these lesions may be critical to their mechanism of tumour promotion but some may be cytotoxic. To establish if these compounds are apoptotic or necrotic in vitro, three ngc's (12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA); nickel, and di(2-ethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP), two noncarcinogenic hepatoproliferating agents (1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB; HGF) and an in vitro genotoxic reference compound (7-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (70H2AAF) were used to induce mitogenic or growth responses in two liver cell-lines HepG2 and JTC-15. MTT and 3H-thymidine incorporation assays were used to measure cell growth and DNA replicative activity respectively. Rates of apoptosis were assayed using FITC-annexin V with propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Responses in HepG2 cells were HGF (proliferation at > or = 3 ng/ml), TPA (cell growth at > or = 8 ng/ml), DEHP (proliferation at > or = 0.05 microg/ml). NiCl2 and 70H-2AAF were cytotoxic above 0.001 microg/ml and 100 ng/ml respectively. An equivocal result was obtained for DCB. Responses in JTC-15 cells were HGF (proliferation, 3 ng/ml), TPA (DNA replication, 10 ng/ml), and DEHP (cell mass, 2.5 microl/ml). NiCl2 and 70H-2AAF were cytotoxic above 0.01 microg/ml and 110 mg/ml respectively. Equivocal results were obtained for DCB. In flow cytometry assays apoptotic and necrotic populations were not clearly separable. Approximate rates of apoptosis in HepG2 were: control 8.7%; DEHP, 10.19%. NiCl2, 12.67%; 70H2AAF, 16.56%; TPA, 19.72%; HGF, 23.73%; DCB, 24.59%; positive apoptotic control (taxol) 26.94%. These data show apoptosis was increased in chemically activated populations of HepG2. The ngc, DEHP, unexpectedtly produced proliferation in HepG2 and almost totally suppressed apoptosis in vitro in HepG2 relative to the non-carcinogenic hepatoproliferators. The rate of apoptosis induced by the ngc TPA was not considered to be sufficiently different to the rates of apoptosis induced by the noncarcinogenic hepatoproliferators. The results emphasize the importance of considering necrotic reactions from effects on apoptosis in detecting non-genotoxic carcinogens.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Centre and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, UK.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Rainsford
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002452:Cell Count; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002722:Chlorobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006881:Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene / Q000494:pharmacology; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009532:Nickel / Q000494:pharmacology; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000378:metabolism; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D002722:Chlorobenzenes; D008934:Mitogens; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D006881:Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene; D009532:Nickel; D004247:DNA; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate; C018511:4-dichlorobenzene; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D013936:Thymidine