title: Progress in the prevention of otitis media through immunization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the progress that has been made in developing effective vaccines against the major bacterial pathogens responsible for acute otitis media.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of the literature with the aid of the MEDLINE database using the search terms otitis media and otitis media and vaccine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from clinical trials and laboratory studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The heptavalent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine, Prevnar, reduced the incidence of acute otitis media from all causes by 7% in one study and by 6% in another study. For culture-positive pneumococcal otitis media, the point estimate of efficacy was 66.7% in one study, and the reduction in incidence was 34% in another study. A Phase I clinical trial has been completed successfully for a conjugated vaccine against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), which has high immunogenicity for mice and rabbits, induces complement-mediated bactericidal activity against NTHi in rabbits, and is protective against NTHi otitis media in chinchillas. A conjugated vaccine against Moraxella catarrhalis elicits strong immune responses in mice and rabbits and induces complement-mediated bactericidal activity in rabbits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevention of otitis media is likely to require multivalent pneumococcal, NTHi, and M. catarrhalis vaccines, and these vaccines likely can be developed within a decade.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. jsnow@crosslink.net
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Snow
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D016870:Neisseriaceae Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination