title: Identifying bacteria in human urine: current practice and the potential for rapid, near-patient diagnosis by sensing volatile organic compounds.
abstract: Urinary tract infection (UTI) represents a significant burden for the National Health Service. Extensive research has been directed towards rapid detection of UTI in the last thirty years. A wide range of microbiological and chemical techniques are now available to identify and quantify bacteria in urine. However, there is a clear and present need for near, rapid, sensitive, reliable analytical methods, preferably with low-running costs, that could allow early detection of UTI and other diseases in urine. Here we review the "state of the art" of current practice for the detection of bacteria in urine and describe the advantages of the recent "e-nose" technology as a potential tool for rapid, near-patient diagnosis of UTI, by sensing volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guernion
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Spencer-Phillips
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Howe
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D001437:Bacteriuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000652:urine; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods; D019963:Clinical Chemistry Tests / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008722:Methods; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000652:urine*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000652:urine; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals