title: Long-term impact of neonatal breast-feeding on body weight and glucose tolerance in children of diabetic mothers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Offspring born to women with pregnancies complicated by diabetes are at increased childhood risk of developing obesity and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). In population-based studies, breast-feeding has been shown to be protective against obesity and diabetes later in life. To date, the role of breast-feeding on offspring of diabetic mothers (ODM) has not been investigated in this context.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 112 ODM (type 1 diabetes, n = 83; gestational diabetes, n = 29) were evaluated prospectively for impact of ingestion of either diabetic breast milk (DBM) or nondiabetic banked donor breast milk (BBM) during the early neonatal period (day 1-7 of life) on relative body weight and glucose tolerance at a mean age of 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a positive correlation between the volume of DBM ingested and risk of overweight at 2 years of age (odds ratio [OR] 2.47, 95% CI 1.25-4.87). In contrast, the volume of BBM ingested was inversely correlated to body weight at follow-up (P = 0.001). Risk of childhood IGT decreased by increasing amounts of BBM ingested neonatally (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05-0.70). Stepwise regression analysis showed volume of DBM to be the only significant predictor of relative body weight at 2 years of age (P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early neonatal ingestion of breast milk from diabetic mothers may increase risk of becoming overweight and, consequently, developing IGT during childhood. Additional studies are needed to assess long-term consequences that might result from the type of neonatal nutrition in ODM.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Humboldt University Medical School (Charité), Berlin, Germany. andreas.plagemann@charite.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plagemann
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harder
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kohlhoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009035:Mothers; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose