title: Inducible nitric oxide synthase plays a role in LPS-induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.
abstract: The molecular mechanisms underlying endotoxin-induced insulin resistance remain unclear. Endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection is a potent stimulator of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). This study in rats, using the specific iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine, investigated the role of iNOS in endotoxin-induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. LPS injection led to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and increased iNOS protein expression and activity. Aminoguanidine prevented LPS-induced hyperglycemia without affecting insulin levels or iNOS expression. Aminoguanidine attenuated the LPS-induced insulin resistance, reflected by the requirement for a higher glucose infusion rate to maintain euglycemia during a hyperinsulinemic clamp study. Aminoguanidine completely blocked the LPS-elevated hepatic glucose output and also inhibited LPS-induced increases in hepatic glycogen phosphorylase activities and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA expression, key enzymes for glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, respectively. Thus, these data demonstrate an important role for iNOS in LPS-induced insulin resistance, evidenced by the attenuation of LPS-induced hyperglycemia and reversal of increased hepatic glucose output by aminoguanidine. The protective effect of aminoguanidine on insulin resistance is probably by attenuation of hepatic glucose output via its inhibition of key enzymes for glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, including glycogen phosphorylase and PEPCK.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugita
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaneki
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugita
authors.forename: Chieko
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yasuhara
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Tompkins
authors.forename: J A Jeevendra
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martyn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D024981:Glycogen Phosphorylase / Q000378:metabolism; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006146:Guanidines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D024981:Glycogen Phosphorylase; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP); D005947:Glucose; C004479:pimagedine