title: Prospective study of 90 children requiring treatment for juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome: a report from the Children's Cancer Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report the first large prospective study of children with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) treated in a uniform fashion on Children's Cancer Group protocol 2891.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety children with JMML, various forms of MDS, or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with antecedent MDS were treated with a five-drug induction regimen (standard or intensive timing). Patients achieving remission were allocated to allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) if a matched family donor was available. All other patients were randomized between autologous BMT and aggressive nonmyeloablative chemotherapy. Results were compared with patients with de novo AML.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with JMML and refractory anemia (RA) or RA-excess blasts (RAEB) exhibited high induction failure rates and overall remission of 58% and 48%, respectively. Remission rates for patients with RAEB in transformation (RAEB-T) (69%) or antecedent MDS (81%) were similar to de novo AML (77%). Actuarial survival rates at 6 years were as follows: JMML, 31% +/- 26%; RA and RAEB, 29% +/- 16%; RAEB-T, 30% +/- 18%; antecedent MDS, 50% +/- 25%; and de novo AML, 45% +/- 3%. For patients achieving remission, long-term survivors were found in those receiving either allogeneic BMT or chemotherapy. The presence of monosomy 7 had no additional adverse effect on MDS and JMML.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood subtypes of MDS and JMML represent distinct entities with distinct clinical outcomes. Children with a history of MDS who present with AML do well with AML-type therapy. Patients with RA or RAEB respond poorly to AML induction therapy. The optimum treatment for JMML remains unknown.
authors.affiliation: AFLAC Cancer Center, Emory University/Children's Healthcare, Atlanta, GA, USA. william.woods@choa.org
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Dorothy R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Alonzo
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kobrinsky
authors.forename: Diane C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neudorf
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Beverly J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015479:Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous