title: Trifolium pratense (red clover) exhibits estrogenic effects in vivo in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats.
abstract: Studies were conducted using an ovariectomized rat model to determine the estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity of Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) extracts. A red clover extract, standardized to contain 15% isoflavones was administered by gavage [250, 500 and 750 mg/(kg x d)] to virgin, ovariectomized 50-d-old Sprague-Dawley rats, for 21 d in the presence and absence of 17beta-estradiol [50 microg/(kg x d)]. Estrogenic effects included an increase in uterine weight, vaginal cell cornification and mammary gland duct branching. Red clover produced a dose-dependent increase in uterine weight and differentiated vaginal cells at the two higher doses, but it did not stimulate cell proliferation in the mammary glands. Neither antiestrogenic nor additive estrogenic properties were observed in any of the tissues studied. These data suggest that red clover extract is weakly estrogenic in the ovariectomized rat model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UIC/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical and Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Joanna E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Burdette
authors.forename: Jianghua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lantvit
authors.forename: Eula
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Krishna P L
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: Samad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hedayat
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Van Breemen
authors.forename: Andreas I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Constantinou
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pezzuto
authors.forename: Norman R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Farnsworth
authors.forename: Judy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bolton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000494:pharmacology; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010052:Ovariectomy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D029921:Trifolium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014599:Uterus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D014621:Vagina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D007529:Isoflavones; D010936:Plant Extracts; D004958:Estradiol