title: Pharmacotherapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: expected-cost analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neurobehavioral disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Prevalence estimates in elementary school children generally range from 3% to 8%. ADHD is frequently treated with psychostimulant medications, which have been shown to improve both cognitive and behavioral outcomes for most children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to estimate the total expected costs for the treatment and management of school-age children with ADHD using 6 commonly prescribed pharmacotherapies: methylphenidate immediate-release/extended-release (MPH IR/ER), methylphenidate immediate-release (MPH IR), Metadate CD (branded MPH IR/ER), Concerta (branded MPH ER), Ritalin (branded MPH IR), and Adderall (a combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine salts).
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review and clinical assessment using a 27-question survey instrument were used to capture information on the clinical characteristics of ADHD, including common treatment regimens, clinical management of patients, pathways of care, and components of care. A meta-analysis provided response rates for 3 commonly used pharmacotherapies: Metadate CD, MPH IR, and Adderall. Information from the clinical assessment and the meta-analysis were used to populate a decision-analytic model to compute total expected cost for each comparator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average total annual expected cost per patient was $1,487 for Metadate CD, $1,631 for Concerta. $1,792 for MPH IR/ER, $1,845 for MPH IR, $2,080 for Ritalin, and $2,232 for Adderall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metadate CD had the lowest total expected cost and Adderall had the highest total expected cost among the ADHD pharmacotherapies evaluated. The differences were attributable to differences in drug-acquisition costs and the need for in-school dosing of twice-daily and thrice-daily medications.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research, Secaucus, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Magar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Conners
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Findling
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wineburg
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Carotenuto
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Einarson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iskedjian
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: C090411:Adderall; D000662:Amphetamines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate