title: A compendium of gene expression in normal human tissues.
abstract: This study creates a compendium of gene expression in normal human tissues suitable as a reference for defining basic organ systems biology. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we analyze 59 samples representing 19 distinct tissue types. Of approximately 7,000 genes analyzed, 451 genes are expressed in all tissue types and designated as housekeeping genes. These genes display significant variation in expression levels among tissues and are sufficient for discerning tissue-specific expression signatures, indicative of fundamental differences in biochemical processes. In addition, subsets of tissue-selective genes are identified that define key biological processes characterizing each organ. This compendium highlights similarities and differences among organ systems and different individuals and also provides a publicly available resource (Human Gene Expression Index, the HuGE Index, http://www.hugeindex.org) for future studies of pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, USA.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dangond
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haverty
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Mutter
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Frosch
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Milford
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Crum
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahadevappa
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Warrington
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stephanopoulos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stephanopoulos
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gullans
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000592:standards*; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000592:standards*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics*; D012016:Reference Values