title: Developmental aspects of human hepatic drug glucuronidation in young children and adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The liver represents one of the major sites of human glucuronidation. Many therapeutic drugs are substrates for UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) leading to the formation of usually inactive glucuronides. Hepatic glucuronidation undergoes significant changes during fetal and neonatal development requiring age adapted drug therapy. Regulation of individual UGT genes during hepatic development has not been defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of 13 UGT genes and glucuronidation activities were analysed in 16 paediatric liver samples (aged 7-24 months), two fetal samples, and 12 adult liver samples (aged 25-75 years) using duplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and specific catalytic UGT activity assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No UGT transcripts were detected in fetal liver at 20 weeks' gestation. In contrast, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, UGT2B4, UGT2B7, UGT2B10, and UGT2B15 transcripts were present without variation in all 28 hepatic samples after six months of age. Significantly lower expression of UGT1A9 and UGT2B4 mRNA was identified in paediatric liver. Hepatic glucuronidation activity in children aged 13-24 months was found to be lower than in adults for ibuprofen (24-fold), amitriptyline (16-fold), 4-tert-butylphenol (40-fold), estrone (15-fold), and buprenorphine (12-fold).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An early phase characterised by the appearance of UGT gene transcripts and a later phase characterised by upregulation of UGT expression is demonstrated during human hepatic development. The differential regulation of UGT1A9 and UGT2B4 expression extends beyond two years of age and is capable of influencing hepatic glucuronidation of common therapeutic drugs in children. The development of hepatic UGT activities is significant for paediatric drug therapy and the prevention of adverse drug effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hannover Medical School, Germany. strassburg.christian@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Strassburg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strassburg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kneip
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barut
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Tukey
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rodeck
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Manns
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008099:Liver / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development*; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase