title: Transforming growth factor beta in human milk does not change in response to modest intakes of docosahexaenoic acid.
abstract: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have been associated with aspects of immune regulation including cytokine production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal dietary supplementation with tuna oil, rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on the concentration of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFbeta1) and TGFbeta2 in breast milk. In this randomized, dietary intervention trial, mothers of term infants consumed a daily supplement of 2000 mg oil containing either placebo (n = 40), 300 mg DHA (n = 40), or 600 mg DHA (n = 40). The DHA increase in milk and plasma was proportional to dietary DHA. There was no relationship between milk DHA status and TGFbeta1 and TGFbeta2 levels.
authors.affiliation: Child Nutrition Research Centre, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hawkes
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makrides
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D010919:Placebos; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D014413:Tuna
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D005395:Fish Oils; D010919:Placebos; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; C509041:TGFB2 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids