title: Arsenic trioxide induces multiple myeloma cell apoptosis via disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potentials and activation of caspase-3.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the response of multiple myeloma (MM) cells to arsenic trioxide (As2O3) and their possible mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two MM-derived cell lines RPMI8226 and U266 cells were used as in vitro models. Cell apoptosis was assessed by morphology, flow cytometry, and DNA gel electrophoresis. Mitochondrial transmembrane potentials (delta psi m) were evaluated by measuring cellular Rhodamine 123 staining intensity. Protein expression was analyzed using Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Zero point one to 0.5 mumol/L As2O3 inhibited cell proliferation and 2.0 mumol/L As2O3 induced cell apoptosis, while 1.0 mumol/L As2O3 inhibited proliferation with a weak degree of apoptosis induction in RPMI8226 and U266 cell lines. As2O3-induced apoptosis was accompanied by mitochondrial transmembrane potentials (delta psi m) collapse and caspase-3 activation in the presence of intact membrane. Glutathione depleter buthionine sulfoximine enhanced, while disulfide bond-reducing agent dithiothreitol partially antagonized As2O3-induced delta psi m collapse and apoptosis in MM cells. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) could also induce apoptosis in RPMI8226 cells, but it did not show any cooperative effects with As2O3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As2O3 exerts apoptosis-inducing and growth-inhibiting effects on MM cells, and mitochondrium is a pivotal and common target of As2O3 for apoptosis induction.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000494:pharmacology; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001152:Arsenicals; D010087:Oxides; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D014212:Tretinoin; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide