title: IQ and personality traits assessed in childhood as predictors of drinking and smoking behaviour in middle-aged adults: a 24-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The identification of childhood personality predictors of drinking and smoking behaviour in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 24-year follow-up study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prague, the Czech Republic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Combined cohorts of 220 males and females born of unwanted pregnancies, and 220 control subjects, examined with low attrition rates at ages 9-10, 21-23, 28-31 and 32-35.
  
  
  METHODS
  In childhood IQ was assessed by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale, Children (WISC), and personality characteristics were rated by teachers, mothers and classmates. In adulthood questionnaires and face-to-face interviews were used to assess drinking and smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unwanted pregnancy was not related to adult drinking and smoking. The ratings of childhood personality characteristics were condensed into three personality dimensions, i.e. conscientiousness, extroversion and neuroticism, interpreted as three of the Big Five personality dimensions, and found to show some stability into adulthood. Gender, IQ and the three childhood personality traits were used as predictors of adult drinking and smoking behaviour. Adult drinking behaviour was significantly predicted by the block of the three childhood personality traits, low conscientiousness predicting high drinking quantity per occasion (and heavy episodic drinking) whereas extroversion predicted subjects' average daily consumption. Smoking in adulthood was predicted by low IQ and low conscientiousness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IQ and personality traits in children explain to some degree the drinking and smoking behaviour of adult men and women, but the roles of the different components vary according to the form of substance use.
authors.affiliation: Prague Psychiatric Centre, 181 03, Praha 8, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kubicka
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Matejcek
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dytrych
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009790:Occupations; D010551:Personality; D011247:Pregnancy; D011275:Pregnancy, Unwanted; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D012951:Socialization; D014888:Wechsler Scales