title: Importance of gender and sex hormones in regulation of susceptibility of the small intestine to peroral infection with Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts.
abstract: This study was performed to investigate whether the gender and sex hormones play a role in susceptibility of the small intestine of mice to peroral infection with Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts. Female animals died significantly earlier than males, and early mortality of females was associated with greater numbers of tachyzoites and severe necrosis in their small intestines. Treatment of female mice with testosterone resulted in markedly reduced intestinal parasite numbers and pathology. Thus, the gender and sex hormones are important factors for determining susceptibility of the small intestine to T. gondii infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, California 94301, USA.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Liesenfeld
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pharke
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D007082:Ileum / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012737:Sex Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D014124:Toxoplasmosis, Animal / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D013739:Testosterone; D007371:Interferon-gamma