title: Ropivacaine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ropivacaine is a relatively new long-acting local anesthetic. It is a pure S(-) isomer, with a high pKa and low lipid solubility. Because of its physical and chemical properties, ropivacaine produces a marked differential in sensory and motor blockades, with a toxic potential lower than other long-acting anesthetic solutions. The purpose of this paper was the evaluation of the literature concerning indications and advantages of ropivacaine for different regional anesthesia techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have evaluated results of prospective, randomized, controlled trials evaluating clinical use of ropivacaine for epidural anesthesia and analgesia, as well as spinal and peripheral nerve blocks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature clearly demonstrates both efficacy and safety of ropivacaine used for epidural anesthesia and analgesia as well as for upper and lower limb peripheral nerve blocks, both single-shot and continuous peripheral blocks. Although ropivacaine has not been registered yet for spinal anesthesia, various studies show its efficacy and safety also in this field. Because of its pharmacodynamic properties, intrathecal ropivacaine seems also interesting for outpatient procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ropivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic with a marked differential blockade between sensory and motor fibres, overall at the low concentrations used for postoperative analgesia. It probably has a slightly lower potency as compared with bupivacaine, but provides similar clinical efficacy in the different fields of regional anesthesia. Ropivacaine is less cardiotoxic and causes less central nervous system toxicity than bupivacaine, and this lower toxic potential has been reported not only with equivalent but also with equipotent concentrations and doses. For this reason, ropivacaine represents a useful alternative to bupivacaine for central and peripheral nerve blocks as well as for the management of postoperative pain relief.
authors.affiliation: Università Vita e Salute, Dipartimento di Anestesiologia, IRCCS H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casati
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santorsola
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cerchierini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moizo
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine