title: Maternal cytokine levels during pregnancy and adult psychosis.
abstract: We investigated levels of maternal cytokines in late pregnancy in relation to the subsequent development of adult schizophrenia and other psychoses in their offspring. The sample included the mothers of 27 adults with schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses and 50 matched unaffected controls from the Providence cohort of the Collaborative Perinatal Project. Serum samples were analyzed for interleukin 1 beta (IL-1-beta), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by enzyme immunoassay. Maternal levels of TNF-alpha were significantly elevated among the case series (t = 2.22, p =.04), with evidence of increasing odds of psychosis in relation to higher cytokine levels. We did not find significant differences between case and control mothers in the serum levels of IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, or IL-8. These data support previous clinical investigations reporting maternal infections during pregnancy as a potential risk factor for psychotic illness among offspring.
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. sbuka@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Buka
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tsuang
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Torrey
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Klebanoff
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Yolken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha