title: Pervasive influence of large-scale climate in the dynamics of a terrestrial vertebrate community.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Large-scale climatic variability has been implicated in the population dynamics of many vertebrates throughout the Northern Hemisphere, but has not been demonstrated to directly influence dynamics at multiple trophic levels of any single system. Using data from Isle Royale, USA, comprising time series on the long-term dynamics at three trophic levels (wolves, moose, and balsam fir), we analyzed the relative contributions of density dependence, inter-specific interactions, and climate to the dynamics of each level of the community.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite differences in dynamic complexity among the predator, herbivore, and vegetation levels, large-scale climatic variability influenced dynamics directly at all three levels. The strength of the climatic influence on dynamics was, however, strongest at the top and bottom trophic levels, where density dependence was weakest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the conflicting influences of environmental variability and intrinsic processes on population stability, a direct influence of climate on the dynamics at all three levels suggests that climate change may alter stability of this community. Theoretical considerations suggest that if it does, such alteration is most likely to result from changes in stability at the top or bottom trophic levels, where the influence of climate was strongest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. esp10@psu.edu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Forchhammer
mesh_terms: D028202:Abies / Q000254:growth & development*; D000818:Animals; D002980:Climate; D003670:Deer / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D008824:Michigan; D008954:Models, Biological; D011156:Population Density; D011157:Population Dynamics; D019596:Wolves / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*