title: Paraquat in developing countries.
abstract: The herbicide paraquat is considered safe by industry and the bulk of regulators worldwide. However, determinants of exposure from 30 years ago persist in developing countries. Little is known about systemic absorption from occupational exposures. The relationships between exposure determinants, levels of external exposure, biomarkers of exposure, and outcomes are not clear. High rates of severe acute poisonings have been documented. In addition, topical injuries occur in as many as 50% of exposed workers. Non-worker populations are also at risk, particularly children. Long-term and delayed health effects include Parkinson's disease, lung effects, and skin cancer. Regulatory agencies have not fully recognized either the inherent toxicity of paraquat or the particular risks derived from exposures in developing countries. Independent risk assessment in the developing-country context and application of the precautionary principle are necessary to prevent adverse effects of dangerous pesticides in susceptible populations.
authors.affiliation: Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica. cwesseli@una.ac.cr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wesseling
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Wendel de Joode
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruepert
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: León
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Monge
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hermosillo
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Partanen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D002648:Child; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006540:Herbicides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010269:Paraquat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D010269:Paraquat