title: [Pulmonary embolism: the past and . . . the future].
abstract: The history of pulmonary embolism cannot be reconstructed reliably beyond the last two centuries, starting with the Napoleon's times by the works of Laennec. We owe the first pathological and clinical descriptions to European scientists, especially French, German and Italian. Interestingly, some ideas regarding pathophysiology and even hemodynamics can be found in papers published as early as the end of the 19th century. Of note, the strong relationship between venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, suspected already in the middle of the 19th century, resulted later in a new clinical entity named venous thromboembolic disease. Only just before the second world war "modern" diagnostic tests entered into the clinical arena. Beginning with electrocardiography and X-ray techniques including pulmonary angiography, the progress in the field of imaging continued with lung scan, echocardiography, computed tomography, and finally still largely unexplored ultra-fast magnetic resonance imaging techniques: despite this technological development the correct diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in daily practice remains an important challenge. This is due to the lack of a single test which would combine high diagnostic power, round-the-clock availability and reasonably low cost. Though thrombotic origin of pulmonary embolism was well documented for almost two centuries, anticoagulation as a treatment for venous thromboembolism dates back much less than a century and thrombolysis was initiated only 30 years ago. What is even worse, those 30 years were not enough for us to identify clear-cut criteria in the selection between thrombolysis and anticoagulation in individual patients. Not to speak about the problem regarding optimal duration of secondary prophylaxis after a thromboembolic episode. Still how long shall we be debating about the same problems at the bed of our patients with venous thromboembolism? Or maybe the near future will bring completely new answers to our old questions? What type of case report related to pulmonary embolism will have the chance to be accepted for publication in the Italian Heart Journal in the year ... 2050? Future will show? But only if we help it....
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Cardiologia, Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo, Milano.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morpurgo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torbicki
mesh_terms: D005544:Forecasting; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000266:history
vernacular_title: Embolia polmonare: il passato e ... il futuro.