title: Fluconazole prophylaxis against fungal colonization and infection in preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Invasive fungal infection is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. We evaluated the efficacy of prophylactic fluconazole in preventing fungal colonization and invasive infection in extremely-low-birth-weight infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial over a 30-month period in 100 preterm infants with birth weights of less than 1000 g. The infants were randomly assigned during the first five days of life to receive either intravenous fluconazole or placebo for six weeks. We obtained weekly surveillance cultures from all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 50 infants randomly assigned to fluconazole and the 50 control infants were similar in terms of birth weight, gestational age at birth, and base-line risk factors for fungal infection. During the six-week treatment period, fungal colonization was documented in 30 infants in the placebo group (60 percent) and 11 infants in the fluconazole group (22 percent; difference in risk, 0.38; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.56; P=0.002). Invasive fungal infection with positive growth of fungal isolates from the blood, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid developed in 10 infants in the placebo group (20 percent) and none of the infants in the fluconazole group (difference in risk, 0.20; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.04 to 0.36; P=0.008). The sensitivities of the fungal isolates to fluconazole did not change during the study, and no adverse effects of the fluconazole therapy were documented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic administration of fluconazole during the first six weeks of life is effective in preventing fungal colonization and invasive fungal infection in infants with birth weights of less than 1000 g.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA. dak4r@virginia.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Hazen
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Patrie
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Donowitz
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000517:prevention & control; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009181:Mycoses / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014250:Trichosporon / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015725:Fluconazole