title: Effect of low temperature on tracheal smooth muscle contractile and relaxing responses evoked by electrical field stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of low temperature (LT) on the contractile and relaxing responses of rat tracheas (RTs) after electrical field stimulation (EFS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Voltage-dependent (10-60 V, 40 Hz) and frequency-dependent (0.1-60 Hz, 40 V) response curves were constructed at 37 and 18 degrees C after the activation of tracheal intramural nerves with a Grass S88 stimulator. The EFS that produced half of the maximum contractile response (ES50) at 37 or 18 degrees C was determined and considered as the dependent variable. The % relaxation of pre-contracted RTs (EFS; 5 Hz, 40 V) to sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 1 x 10(-7) - 1 x 10(-3) M) isoproterenol (ISP; 1 x 10(-9) - 1 x 10(-5) M) and to 20 mM potassium chloride (KCl) after low-K+ inhibition of the Na+/K+ pump at 18 and 37 degrees C were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the tracheal responses elicited by EFS at 37 and 18 degrees C were completely blocked with 1 microM atropine. LT slightly increases the voltage-dependent ES50, from 33.7 +/- 4.0 to 37.8 +/- 4.8 V, n = 5 but decreases the frequency-dependent ES50 from 19.3 +/- 4.3 to 1.0 +/- 0.28 Hz, n = 5, p < 0.05. Relaxing responses to SNP, ISP and KCl at 37 degrees C correspond to 43.5 +/- 6, 36.7 +/- 12 and 12.1 +/- 1.5% respectively. No significant tracheal relaxations were elicited at 18 degrees C. Our results indicate that in RTs, LT enhances tracheal sensitivity to EFS and decreases it in response to bronchorelaxants. The LT-dependent enhanced contractile response is observed only after a low frequency stimulation range (0.1-20 Hz), that is very close to the frequency of vagal stimuli required for inducing bronchoconstriction in vivo. Furthermore, LT abolishes the sensitivity of RTs to exogenously added bronchorelaxants (NO and ISP). In addition, LT appears to decrease the Na(+)-K+ pump activity; this effect has been associated with increased tracheal hyperreactivity in vitro. ACH appears to be the main endogenous neurotransmitter involved on neurally mediated contractile responses at 37 and 18 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low temperature enhances the contractile response of rat tracheas in response to endogenous ACH release. The effect of LT is limited to frequencies below 20 Hz, which are within the physiological range required for bronchoconstriction. Furthermore, LT severely impairs the sensitivity of RTs to relaxant stimuli, either of endogenous of exogenous origin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067. gonzlop@coqui.net
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Santacana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016084:Bronchoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D007545:Isoproterenol