title: Highly sensitive determination method for total carbonate in water samples by flow injection analysis coupled with gas-diffusion separation.
abstract: A spectrophotometric method for the determination of total carbonate in water samples was developed. The method is based on the color change of an acid-base indicator in relation to the concentration of permeable gas substances through a membrane. By using a new portable FIA system equipped with a gas-diffusion unit, a highly sensitive and on-site determination of total carbonate in aqueous solutions was investigated. A new color-change system with 4-(2',4'-dinitrophenylazo)-1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid (DNN5S) was developed. Absorbance changes of the reagent solution were measured at 450 nm with a light-emitting diode (LED) as a light source. A new type of gas-diffusion unit was used, and was constructed with double tubing: the inner tubing was a micro porous PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) tubing (1.0 mm inner diameter and 1.8 mm outer diameter, pore size 2 microns, porosity 50%); the outer tubing was made of glass with 2.0 mm inner diameter. The optimized system conditions were as follows: the sample size was 200 microliters, the temperature of the air bath for the gas-diffusion unit was 25 degrees C, and the length of the gas-diffusion unit was 15 cm; each flow rate was 0.3 ml min-1. For measuring carbonate at low concentrations, a method for preparing water with less carbonate was proposed: the carbonate content of the water was decreased down to 5 x 10(-7) M. The calibration graph was rectilinear from 1 x 10(-6) M to 10(-3) M, and the detection limit (corresponding to a signal-to-noise ratio of 3) was 1 x 10(-6) M of carbonate. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of ten measurements of 2.3 x 10(-5) M Na2CO3 solution was 1.9%. The total carbonate in various kinds of water (such as river, sea, rain, distilled and ultra purified) was determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan. oshimam@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takayanagi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Motomizu
mesh_terms: D002254:Carbonates / Q000032:analysis*; D004058:Diffusion; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D005740:Gases; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D005740:Gases; D014867:Water