title: Oppositional defiant disorder with onset in preschool years: longitudinal stability and pathways to other disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the stability and change in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) with onset among preschool children in a pediatric sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 510 children aged 2-5 years were enrolled initially in 1989-1990 (mean age 3.42 years); 280 participated in five waves of data collection over a period of 48 to 72 months (mean wave 5 age, 8.35 years). Test batteries varied by age, but they included the Child Behavior Checklist, developmental evaluation, Rochester Adaptive Behavior Inventory, and a play session (before age 7 years) and a structured interview (Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents, parent and child versions) at ages 7+ years. Consensus diagnoses were assigned by using best-estimate procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wave 1 single-diagnosis ODD showed a significant relationship with both single-diagnosis ODD and single-diagnosis attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at subsequent waves, but not with single-diagnosis anxiety or mood disorders. Single-diagnosis ODD at wave 1 was associated with later comorbidity of ODD/ADHD, ODD/anxiety, and ODD/mood disorders. Stability across waves 2 through 5 was moderate to high for comorbid ODD/anxiety and ODD/ADHD; low to moderate stability for single-diagnosis ODD and single-diagnosis mood disorder; and low for mood disorder, single-diagnosis ADHD, and single-diagnosis anxiety disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preschool children with ODD are likely to continue to exhibit disorder, with increasing comorbidity with ADHD, anxiety, or mood disorders.
authors.affiliation: Childrens Memorial Hospital and Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60614, USA. jlavigne@childrensmemorial.org
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Lavigne
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cicchetti
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Binns
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DeVito
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D017668:Age of Onset; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index