title: Productivity and medical costs of diabetes in a large employer population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the economic burden of diabetes from an employer's perspective. We analyzed the costs of diabetes, using claims data for an employed population and the prevalence of selected comorbid conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data source is a claims database from a national Fortune 100 manufacturer. It includes medical, pharmacy, and disability claims for all beneficiaries (n >100,000). Both medical and work productivity costs of diabetes patients are compared by age with those of matched control subjects from the overall beneficiary population. Out-of-pocket and intangible costs are excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1998, the employer's mean annual per capita costs were higher for all diabetes beneficiaries than for control subjects ($7,778 +/- 16,176 vs. $3,367 +/- 8,783; P < 0.0001), yielding an incremental cost of $4,410 +/- 18,407 associated with diabetes. The medical and productivity costs for employees with diabetes were significantly (P < 0.0008) higher than for control subjects. The incremental cost of diabetes among employees ranged from $4,671 (aged 18-35 years) to $4,369 (aged 56-64 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes imposes a significant economic burden on employers, particularly when including productivity costs. Employers should select health plans that provide enriched benefits to diabetes patients, including ready access to medical and pharmacy services as well as aggressive diabetes management programs.
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.forename: Kent H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Howard G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: Jason E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kemner
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D015897:Comorbidity; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000191:economics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004526:Efficiency; D004651:Employment / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States