title: Is nausea associated with chronic hepatitis C infection?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatitis C virus is a common chronic infection that is widely associated with symptoms of fatigue and pain in the right upper quadrant. Nausea may be an underrecognized symptom. This study was designed to study the frequency of nausea in patients with hepatitis C virus infection compared to controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study design with consecutive outpatients was used. Three groups were administered a dyspepsia and a previously validated Nausea Profile questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 64 hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients, 53 liver disease controls (LC), and 64 normal controls (NC) were studied. An increased period prevalence of nausea was found in HCV patients 43% versus 29.7% in NC and 18.9% in LC (p = 0.009). There was an increased frequency of fatigue and abdominal pain in HCV patients over 1 month compared to LC and NC combined (p = 0.0001 and 0.0065 respectively). The Nausea Profile score revealed statistically higher total scores and higher subscale scores in the HCV group compared to controls. The total NP score expressed as a percentage of the maximum was 27% in HCV versus 12.7% for LC and 9.2% for NC (p = 0.0005). The odds of nausea using logistic regression were 2.1 CI (1.0-4.5) in HCV patients compared to controls (p = 0.05). Using linear regression, higher Nausea Profile scores were found to be independently associated with the diagnosis of HCV (.0005), fatigue (p = 0.0003), and abdominal pain (p = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HCV infection is associated with an increased risk for nausea. The strong association between abdominal pain and nausea may be a clue to the etiology of nausea in these patients. Further etiological studies are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Health Evaluation Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University-The Hershey Medical Center, 17033, USA.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Chinchilli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D010414:Pennsylvania; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors