title: Enhanced recovery of avian influenza virus isolates by a combination of chicken embryo inoculation methods.
abstract: Since 1993, 14 cases of avian influenza from four different states in the U.S.A. have been diagnosed by virus isolation from eight avian species. Only 11 of the 14 avian influenza virus (AIV) primary isolations would have been successful if only the standard protocol for AIV isolation, i.e., inoculation of specific-pathogen-free embryonating chicken eggs (ECEs) by the chorioallantoic sac (CAS) route, had been followed. Primary isolation attempts were negative for AIV in three cases in which ECEs were inoculated by the CAS route; AIV could not be detected by hemagglutinating activity, agar gel immunodiffusion test or negative stain electron microscopy. However, in these three cases, primary isolations of AIV were achieved by inoculation of ECEs into either the yolk sac or onto the chorioallantoic membrane.
authors.affiliation: California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System-Fresno Branch, University of California, Davis, Fresno 93725, USA.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Woolcock
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Chin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002645:Chickens; D004531:Eggs; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D006387:Hemagglutination, Viral; D005779:Immunodiffusion / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000662:veterinary; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D014422:Turkeys; D014481:United States