title: Major depression and drug disorders in adolescence: general and specific impairments in early adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify adulthood impairments associated with major depression and drug disorders in adolescence, distinguishing between general impairments for both disorders and specific impairments for each disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within a longitudinal community study (N= 365), the Diagnostic Interview Schedule provided 1-year diagnoses of major depression and drug abuse/dependence at age 18. At age 21, current functioning was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents with either depression or drug disorders had substantial deficits in later functioning, with few impairments shared in common. General areas of impairment included lower global functioning, externalizing behavior problems, and suicidal behaviors. Difficulties specific to depression encompassed multiple internalizing problems: interpersonal difficulties, decreased psychological well-being, career dissatisfaction, and active major depression at age 21. For males only, overall poor health was also a specific depression outcome. Age 21 problems unique to drug disorders included lower likelihood of post-high school education, being fired, and active drug disorders. Males, but not females, were also more likely to report antisocial behaviors in adulthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite several significant commonalities, including suicide attempts, deficits associated with depression and drug disorders were primarily specific, suggesting distinct trajectories. Results highlight the need for specific follow-up services to alleviate continuing problems associated with these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Simmons College Graduate School of Social Work, Boston, MA 02116, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Giaconia
authors.forename: H Z
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Reinherz
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Paradis
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hauf
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Stashwick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012649:Self Concept; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000706:statistics & numerical data