title: Prediction of clinical outcome after cardiac surgery: the role of cytokines, endotoxin, and anti-endotoxin core antibodies.
abstract: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can lead to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome with organ failure and increased morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms of these findings are still under discussion. We investigated whether anti-endotoxin core antibodies, endotoxin, and proinflammatory cytokines influence the clinical course after cardiac surgery. Seventy-eight patients undergoing CABG using CPB were investigated. Anti-endotoxin core antibodies, endotoxin, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha were measured 24 h preoperatively and up to 72 h postoperatively. Patients with a postoperative mechanical ventilation time below 24 h (n = 65; Group A) were compared to patients with prolonged respirator therapy (>24 h; n = 13; Group B). Preoperative antibody levels were significantly lower in Group B (P < 0.001). In this group, antibody levels remained decreased during the observation period (P < 0.001). Endotoxin significantly increased 30' postoperatively in both groups (P < 0.002). The increase in Group B was 3-fold higher (P< 0.001). IL-8 increased postoperatively in both groups, peaking 3 h after surgery (P < 0.001). In Group B, the IL-8 release was significantly higher than in Group A (P < 0.001). IL-6 significantly increased in both groups, reaching its maximum 24 h postoperatively (P < 0.001). No differences between groups were observed. No significant changes of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were observed. We conclude that anti-endotoxin core antibodies may be predictive of adverse outcome after cardiac surgery. The imbalance between antibodies and endotoxin results in an exaggerated increase in endotoxin and IL-8 with an impact on clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rothenburger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soeparwata
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berendes
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Tjan
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erren
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Böcker
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Scheld
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D011379:Prognosis; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D016207:Cytokines; D004731:Endotoxins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha