title: Bioavailability of cadmium from infant diets in newborn rats.
abstract: Infants are exposed to higher levels of cadmium (Cd) from infant and follow-on formulas than from breast milk. We studied the bioavailability of 109CdCl2 from cows' milk formula, soy formula, wheat/oat/milk formula, wholemeal/milk formula and water in 11-day-old rat pups. The pups received a single oral dose of one diet labelled with 109Cd, 0.1 or 0.3 mg Cd/kg body weight. After 2 or 24 h or 4, 9 or 12 days the fractional retention of 109Cd in the whole body, in segments of rinsed small intestine and in tissue was measured in a gamma counter. Pups receiving 109Cd in water or cows' milk formula had the highest mean whole-body retention. It ranged from 67% of the dose in the water group to 52% in the wholemeal/milk formula group 4 days after dosing. The retention of 109Cd in the rinsed small intestine was significantly higher in the water group and the cows' milk formula group than in the cereal-based formula groups at 24 h and 4 days after dosing. It was still high in all groups on day 9, ranging from 26 to 11%. Initially most of the 109Cd was retained in the duodenum but by day 4 it had moved further down into the jejunum. In the liver, the highest and lowest retention on day 4 was 16%, and 3 per thousand of the dose in the water group and wholemeal/milk formula group, respectively. In the kidney, 109Cd was still increasing 12 days after exposure in all groups. Whole-body retention and tissue levels were higher than previously reported in adult animals. The lower bioavailability of 109Cd from the cereal-based formulas compared to water and cows milk formula on the longer survival times is most likely explained by Cd binding to dietary fibre and phytic acid in the cereal-based formulas reducing the intestinal binding and decreasing the bioavailability of Cd. The high retention of 109Cd in the small intestine, leading to a prolonged absorption period, emphasizes the importance of extending studies on neonatal Cd absorption over a long time period in order to detect for example, endpoints, accumulation of Cd in the kidney.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BMC, PO Box 573, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden. Gunilla.Eklund@farmtox.slu.se
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eklund
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Grawé
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oskarsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002104:Cadmium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002106:Cadmium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D002106:Cadmium Radioisotopes; D002104:Cadmium