title: Accurate lymph node assessment prior to trimodality therapy for esophageal carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma has historically been associated with a poor prognosis. Recently, investigators have reported improved outcomes for this patient population with the use of trimodality therapy. These results have fueled the debate regarding which patients may benefit from this aggressive treatment course. This retrospective analysis was conducted in order to evaluate the importance of regional lymph node involvement, determined by surgical staging before the initiation of therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 1991 and June 1999, 45 patients underwent surgical staging with thoracoscopy and/or laparoscopy followed by induction chemoradiation and surgical resection. All patients underwent consultation in our thoracic multidisciplinary clinic. Thoracoscopy included nodal sampling from American Thoracic Society levels 5, 6, 8, and 9 within the mediastinum. Laparoscopy included inspection of the liver and nodal sampling from the lesser curvature and the celiac axis. Preoperative chemoradiation consisted of two cycles of 5-fluorouracil (1000 mg/M2) and cisplatin (100 mg/M2) weeks 1 and 4 with 50.4 Gy. Radiotherapy was delivered at 1.8 Gy/fraction with 39.6 Gy being delivered to the large-field and 10.8 Gy to a small-field boost. The routine surgical procedure was an Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy performed 4 to 6 weeks after completion of induction therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow up was 24 months for all patients. The median overall survival was 23 months, with 1-, 2-, and 3-year survivals of 64%, 42%, and 34%, respectively. Thirty patients had pathological evidence of lymph node disease before therapy. The pathological complete response rate for the entire group was 51%. Node-positive patients had a path complete response rate of 14%, as compared with 59% for those who were NO. The median survival for these two groups was 15 months versus 35 months. Patients whose nodes were cleared by chemoradiation had a 3-year survival of 40%, whereas all patients with persistent nodal disease were dead by 2 years. Twenty-one patients have experienced recurrence of their disease. Thirteen patients had evidence of distant metastasis only, three local only, and five with both.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trimodality therapy offers patients with esophageal cancer an opportunity for long-term survival. Our experience has shown that minimally invasive pretreatment surgical staging provides useful information that can predict complete response and can help in the selection of appropriate patients for aggressive therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore 21201, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suntharalingam
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sonett
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Hausner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schuetz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Krasna
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015996:Survival Rate