title: Cardiopulmonary function in horses during anesthetic recovery in a hydropool.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of water immersion in horses recovering from general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 healthy adult horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Horses were anesthetized 3 times with halothane and recovered from anesthesia while positioned in lateral or sternal recumbency in a padded recovery stall or while immersed in a hydropool. Cardiovascular and pulmonary functions were monitored before and during anesthesia and during recovery until horses were standing. Measurements and calculated variables included carotid and pulmonary arterial blood pressures (ABP and PAP respectively), cardiac output, heart and respiratory rates, arterial and mixed venous blood gases, minute ventilation, end expiratory transpulmonary pressure (P(endXes)), maximal change in transpulmonary pressure (deltaP(tp)max), total pulmonary resistance (RL), dynamic compliance (Cdyn), and work of breathing (W).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immersion in water during recovery from general anesthesia resulted in values of ABP, PAP P(endXes), deltaP(tp)max, R(L), and W that were significantly greater and values of Cdyn that were significantly less, compared with values obtained during recovery in a padded stall. Mode of recovery had no significant effect on any other measured or calculated variable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in pulmonary and cardiovascular function between horses during recovery from anesthesia while immersed in water and in a padded recovery stall were attributed to the increased effort needed to overcome the extrathoracic hydrostatic effects of immersion. The combined effect of increased extrathoracic pressure and PAP may contribute to an increased incidence of pulmonary edema in horses during anesthetic recovery in a hydropool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Bayly
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Keegan
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Weil
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ragle
mesh_terms: D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006221:Halothane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006875:Hydrotherapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D007101:Immersion; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006221:Halothane