title: Lymphatic absorption is a significant contributor to the subcutaneous bioavailability of insulin in a sheep model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to explore the role of the peripheral lymphatics in insulin absorption following subcutaneous (SC) administration using a sheep model that allows continuous collection of peripheral lymph and simultaneous assessment of systemic bioavailability.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a parallel group design, soluble human insulin (0.5 IU/kg) was administered by bolus SC injection into the interdigital space of the hind leg of non-cannulated control sheep, and sheep in which the efferent popliteal lymph duct was cannulated. A separate group received a bolus IV injection (0.15 IU/kg). Blood was sampled from all animals, and lymph was collected continuously over 12 h postdosing. Samples were assayed for insulin by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SC bioavailability of insulin in control sheep was 31.5+/-3.2%, which was significantly higher than when the peripheral lymph was continuously collected (18.4+/-1.7%). In the lymph-cannulated animals, 17.3+/-1.0% of the dose was collected in peripheral lymph.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the direct measurement of insulin in regional lymph and on the decrease in the systemic bioavailability when regional lymph was continuously collected, the results demonstrate that lymphatic absorption contributed significantly to the overall insulin bioavailability following SC administration to sheep.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Australia. susan.charman@vcp.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Charman
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: McLennan
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Porter
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008196:Lymph / Q000378:metabolism; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin