title: The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression: 3. Impact of comorbid conduct disorder on service use and costs in adulthood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression in childhood or adolescence often has morbidity implications continuing into adulthood, generating needs for specialist services and support.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the patterns of service use and costs in adulthood of former patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Service use and other cost-related data were collected from former patients. Comparisons were made between those people with and without comorbid conduct disorder in childhood and with data for the general population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data on 91 people with depression (only) and 49 with comorbid conduct disorder revealed high adulthood service utilisation rates and costs. Inpatient care and criminal justice services were used more frequently by the comorbid group and total costs were significantly higher. There were also indications of higher service use by the comorbid group than the general adult population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high and enduring long-term costs associated with childhood depression and conduct disorder give further reason for early and effective intervention.
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Economics of Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, 7 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8F, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCrone
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fombonne
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beecham
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wostear
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008131:London; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis