title: Presence of carotenoid, an anticarcinogenic marker, in nipple aspirates postlactation.
abstract: Case-controlled studies have identified a protective effect of lactation against breast cancer; however, little is known about the nature of this protective mechanism. The purpose of this study was to examine postweaned, nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) from women, ages 18 to 45, for carotenoid, a known antioxidant and anticarcinogenic marker, and compare carotenoid availability in NAF with that reported in colostrum. Women who had lactated at least 6 months and weaned for at least 6 months were recruited into the study A prestudy and poststudy serum prolactin level was obtained. NAF was obtained through a nipple aspirator method. Total carotenoid ranged from 0.4 to 4.0 microg/mL, with a mean level of 1.9+/-1.2 (SD). Women who had weaned earlier (<12mo) had significantly more carotenoids than those who had lactated longer (>12mo) (P = 0.04). These levels were similar to those known to occur in colostrum. This research elucidates possible mechanisms of the protective effect of lactation on the microenvironment of the breast.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Covington
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitchell-Gieleghem
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eto
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grubbs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis*; D003126:Colostrum / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009558:Nipples / Q000378:metabolism*; D010298:Parity; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D013396:Suction; D013997:Time Factors; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D002338:Carotenoids; D011388:Prolactin