title: The impact of outpatient diabetes management on serum lipids in urban African-Americans with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treating dyslipidemia in diabetic patients is essential, particularly among minority populations with increased risk of complications. Because little is known about the impact of outpatient diabetes management on lipid outcomes, we examined changes in lipid profiles in urban African-Americans who attended a structured diabetes care program.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of initial and 1-year follow-up lipid values was conducted among patients selected from a computerized registry of an urban outpatient diabetes clinic. The independent effects of lipid-specific medications, glycemic control, and weight loss on serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were evaluated by analysis of covariance and multiple linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 345 patients (91% African-American and 95% with type 2 diabetes), HbA(1c) decreased from 9.3% at the initial visit to 8.2% at 1 year (P < 0.001); total and LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lower, and HDL cholesterol was higher. After stratifying based on use of lipid-specific therapy, different outcomes were observed. In 243 patients not taking dyslipidemia medications, average total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations at 1 year were similar to initial values, whereas in 102 patients receiving pharmacotherapy, these lipid levels were all lower at 1 year relative to baseline (P < 0.001). Mean HDL cholesterol increased regardless of lipid treatment status (P < 0.001). After adjusting for other variables, changes in LDL cholesterol concentration were associated only with use of lipid-specific agents (P = 0.003), whereas improved HbA(1c) and weight loss had no independent effect. Lipid therapy, improved glycemic control, and weight loss were not independently related to changes in HDL cholesterol and therefore could not account for the positive changes observed. Use of lipid-directed medications, improvement in glycemic control, and weight loss all resulted in significant declines in triglyceride levels but only improved HbA(1c) and weight loss had an independent effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among urban African-Americans, diabetes management led to favorable changes in HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, but improved glycemic control and weight loss had no independent effect on LDL cholesterol concentration. Initiation of pharmacologic therapy to treat high LDL cholesterol levels should be considered early in the course of diabetes management to reach recommended targets and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Grady Health System Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.
authors.forename: Diane M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Erdman
authors.forename: Curtiss B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Kurt J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Greenlund
authors.forename: Wayne H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Imad
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: El-Kebbi
authors.forename: Gina J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gallina
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ziemer
authors.forename: Virginia G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: Lawrence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D044383:Black People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides