title: Three-dimensional ballistocardiography and respiratory motion in sustained microgravity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We measured the three-dimensional ballistocardiogram (BCG) in a free-floating subject in sustained microgravity during spaceflight to test the usefulness of such measurements for future non-invasive monitoring of cardiac function, and to examine the effects of respiratory movement on the BCG in three axes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acceleration was measured using a three-axis accelerometer fastened to the lumbar region of the subject while simultaneous recordings of ECG, and respiratory motion via impedance plethysmography were also made. Data were recorded during a 146-s period of inactivity on the part of the subject during which time there was no contact with the spacecraft.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total body motion due to respiratory activity was consistent with that calculated from the known action of the diaphragm and conservation of momentum. The accelerations due to cardiac activity, ensemble averaged over the R-R interval, were greatest along the head-to-foot axis. Maximum amplitude of the HIJK complex of the BCG generated by ventricular ejection was greatest in the head to foot axis (approximately 70 x 10(-3) m x s(-2)), but there were also substantial accelerations along the dorsoventral axis of up to 43 10(-3) m x s(-2), that are not measured interrestrial two-dimensional studies. The amplitude of the BCG was strongly affected by lung volume, with accelerations being reduced 50 to 70% between end-inspiration and end-expiration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest a greatly reduced transmission of the cardiac motion to the body at end-expiration (FRC) than at higher lung volumes. The BCG might be further developed as a non-invasive means of monitoring parameters such as stroke volume in microgravity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0931, USA. kprisk@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Prisk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verhaeghe
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Padeken
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamacher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paiva
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D001450:Ballistocardiography; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration; D014893:Weightlessness