title: Nitinol stents for palliative treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice: should we stent the sphincter of Oddi in every case?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the necessity of metallic stenting of the sphincter of Oddi in malignant obstructive jaundice when the tumor is more than 2 cm from the papilla of Vater.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven self-expandable biliary stents were used in 60 patients with extrahepatic lesions of the common hepatic or common bile duct and with the distal margin of the tumor located more than 2 cm from the papilla of Vater. Stents were placed above the papilla in 30 cases (group A) and in another 30 with their distal part protruding into the duodenum (group B).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 30-day mortality was 15%, due to the underlying disease. The stent occlusion rate was 17% after a mean period of 4.3 months. No major complications were noted. Average survival was 132 days for group A and 140 days for group B. In group A, 19 patients survived < or = 90 days and in eight of these, cholangitis occurred at least once. Of 11 patients in group A with survival > 90 days, only two developed cholangitis. In group B, 13 patients who survived < or = 90 days had no episodes of cholangitis and in 17 with survival > 90 days, cholangitis occurred in three. There is a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) regarding the incidence of cholangitis in favor of group A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with extrahepatic lesions more than 2 cm from the papilla and with a relative poor prognosis (< or = 3 months), due to more advanced disease or to a worse general condition, the sphincter of Oddi should also be stented in order to reduce the postprocedural morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Heraklion, Medical School of Crete, Heraklion-Stavrakia, Greece. adamhatz@med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hatzidakis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsetis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chrysou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sanidas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petrakis
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Gourtsoyiannis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000497:Alloys; D001661:Biliary Tract Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D002758:Cholangiography; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000209:etiology; D001651:Cholestasis, Extrahepatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D009803:Sphincter of Oddi; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; C013616:nitinol