title: Complications of percutaneous nephrostomy, percutaneous insertion of ureteral endoprosthesis, and replacement procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to record and identify the frequency of complications following percutaneous nephrostomy, replacement of nephrostomy drains and percutaneous insertion of ureteral endoprostheses.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 10-year period 341 patients were referred to our department with indications for percutaneous nephrostomy and/or percutaneous insertion of a ureteral endoprosthesis, and a total of 1036 interventional procedures were performed (nephrostomy, catheter change, stenting).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were three major complications (0.29%): two patients died during the first 30 days after the procedure, due to aggravation of their condition caused by the procedure, and one patient had retroperitoneal bleeding requiring surgery. There were 76 complications of intermediate severity (7.33%): catheter or stent displacement (n = 37, 3.57%) catheter occlusion (n = 18, 1.73%), hematuria (n = 12, 1.16%), and urinary tract infection (n = 9, 0.87%). The 55 minor complications (5.3%) comprised inflammation of the skin at the site of insertion of the percutaneous catheter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The small number of complications observed during acts of interventional uroradiology prove transcutaneous manipulations to be safe medical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece. kaskarelis1@yahoo.com
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kaskarelis
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Papadaki
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Malliaraki
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Robotis
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Malagari
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Piperopoulos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D015607:Stents; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery