title: Connexin 43 expression and proliferation of human limbal epithelium on intact and denuded amniotic membrane.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stem cell (SC)-containing limbal basal epithelium and transient amplifying cell (TAC)-containing corneal basal epithelium lie on different mesenchymal matrices. The gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) is absent in the limbal basal epithelium but is present in the corneal basal epithelium, suggesting that the expression of Cx43 denotes SC differentiation into TACs. Amniotic membrane (AM) can expand limbal epithelial progenitor cells in vivo and in culture for subsequent corneal surface reconstruction. In this study, the modulation of Cx43 expression, gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC), and proliferative activity of ex vivo expanded human limbal epithelial (HLE) cells on intact and epithelially denuded AM was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  HLE cells were expanded on intact (i.e., remaining devitalized amniotic epithelium) or epithelially denuded AM (EDTA-treated). Cx43 expression and 24-hour 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-5'monophosphate (BrdU) labeling index (percentage) were determined by double immunostaining. GJIC was investigated by a scrape-loading dye transfer assay. In a subset of cultures Cx43 and K3 keratin as well as BrdU-retaining nuclei were analyzed in the stratified epithelium obtained 5 days after subcutaneous transplantation in NIH bg-nu-xidBR mice of AM cultures continuously labeled with BrdU for 7 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The outgrowth rate, overall, was significantly higher on EDTA-treated AM than on intact AM (P < 0.05). Cx43 was expressed in 12.4% +/- 14.5% (n = 5) on intact and 57.5% +/- 18.2% (n = 5) on EDTA-treated AM (P < 0.05). The BrdU labeling index was 2.4% +/- 0.9% (n = 5) for the intact AM group, which was significantly less than 22.5% +/- 8.2% (n = 5) for EDTA-treated AM (P < 0.05). BrdU-labeled cells did not express Cx43. The dye transfer assay revealed reduced GJIC on both AM-cultured groups compared with the control culture on plastic (P < 0.002). GJIC on intact AM (17%) was reduced compared with that on EDTA-treated AM (27%; P = 0.42). After xenotransplantation, the basal layer of the stratified epithelium was Cx43 and K3 keratin negative and retained BrdU on intact AM, resembling characteristics of the limbal basal epithelium in vivo. In contrast, that of EDTA-treated AM was Cx43 and K3 keratin positive without BrdU retention, resembling characteristics of the corneal epithelium in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that denudation of the devitalized amniotic epithelium to expose its basement membrane might be a microenvironmental cue to promote TAC differentiation. The model system described herein is ideal for future exploration of the exact mechanistic operation in the microenvironmental niche that maintains the "stemness" of limbal SCs as well as in the signal that promotes corneal TAC differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grueterich
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Espana
authors.forename: Scheffer C G
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Tseng
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000166:cytology*; D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004261:DNA Replication; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism*; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D017629:Gap Junctions; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism; D016850:Limbus Corneae / Q000166:cytology*; D051379:Mice; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D007633:Keratins