title: Recovery rate and prognosis in older persons who develop acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation increases 10-fold from the ages of 55 to 85 years, yet the rate of recovery and outcomes in older persons who develop acute lung injury are poorly defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine age as an independent risk factor in recovery and intensive care unit discharge after acute lung injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 U.S. university-based medical centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  902 mechanically ventilated patients enrolled in randomized, controlled trials for the treatment of acute lung injury. All patients were managed according to a standardized protocol for ventilator management and weaning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequency and time to achieve well-defined recovery landmarks, duration of ventilation and intensive care unit stay, and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median duration of mechanical ventilation was 19 days (interquartile range, 7 to >28 days) for patients 70 years of age or older (n = 173) compared with 10 days (interquartile range, 5 to 26 days) for patients younger than 70 years of age (n = 729) (P < 0.001). The duration of intensive care unit stay was 21 days for the older group (interquartile range, 11 to >28 days) and 16 days for the younger group (8 to >28 days) (P = 0.004). Survival rates decreased across increasing decades of age (P < 0.001): Patients younger than 70 years of age had a greater 28-day survival rate than patients 70 years of age or older (74.6% vs. 50.3%; P < 0.001). The proportion of survivors achieving physiologic recovery landmarks did not differ between the older and younger age groups, and the median time to pass a 2-hour spontaneous breathing trial was similar between both the older and younger patients (4 days vs. 5 days; P > 0.2). After passing a spontaneous breathing trial, however, older patients required 1 more day than younger patients to achieve unassisted breathing (P = 0.002) and 3 more days to leave the intensive care unit (P = 0.005). In a multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis, age of 70 years or older was a strong predictor of in-hospital death (hazard ratio, 2.5 [95% CI, 2.0 to 3.2]; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the survival rate among patients 70 years of age or older was high, these patients were twice as likely to die of acute lung injury compared with their younger counterparts, even after adjustment for covariates. Older survivors recovered from respiratory failure and achieved spontaneous breathing at the same rate as younger patients but had greater difficulty achieving liberation from the ventilator and being discharged from the intensive care unit.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Center for Health Services Research, 6th Floor, #6109 Medical Center East, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-8300, USA.
authors.forename: E Wesley
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Ely
authors.forename: Arthur P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: B Taylor
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ancukiewicz
authors.forename: Kenneth P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Gordon R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bernard
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003422:Critical Care; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D015300:Ventilator Weaning