title: Anorectal sphincter function and rectal barostat study in patients following transanal endoscopic microsurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effect of transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) on anorectal sphincter functions and determined the risk factors for anorectal dysfunctions (including incontinence).
  
  
  METHODS
  A study group of 33 patients with small, mobile rectal tumors (adenoma and carcinoma) located up to 12 cm from the anal verge underwent anorectal motility studies (using pull-through anorectal manometry and rectal barostat) and endoanal ultrasound prior to surgery and 3 weeks and 6 months after TEM; controls were 20 healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resting and squeeze anal pressures were reduced 3 weeks after TEM. Resting anal pressure remained reduced 6 months after surgery; the changes were related to low preoperative levels and to the internal anal sphincter defects rather than to the procedure duration or the type of surgery. High-pressure zone length and vector volume were decreased 3 weeks after TEM and restored 6 months later. Rectoanal inhibitory reflex, reflex sphincter contraction, rectoanal pressure gradients, threshold and maximal tolerable volume of rectal sensitivity, and compliance were significantly changed 3 weeks after TEM; only rectal wall compliance remained low at 6 months. The rectoanal inhibitory reflex, reflex sphincter contraction, rectal sensitivity, and compliance were related to the extent and type of excision (partial or full thickness). Anal ultrasound revealed internal anal sphincter defects in 29% of patients studied 3 weeks after TEM. Only 76% of patients were fully continent. Disturbed anorectal function (including partial fecal incontinence) was observed in up to 50% of patients at 3 weeks. Partial and moderate anorectal dysfunction was found in 21% patients 6 months after surgery. The main risk factors of anorectal dysfunctions following TEM included: postoperative internal anal sphincter defects, low preoperative resting anal pressure, disturbed rectoanal coordination, extent (>50% of wall circumference) and the depth (full thickness) of tumor excision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TEM has a relevant but temporary effect on anorectal motility. As a result of TEM procedures 21% of the patients had disturbed anorectal functions, mostly due to the extent or depth of tumor excision (influencing rectal compliance and rectoanal coordination), and to the sphincter defects lowering resting anal pressure. Preoperative anorectal motility studies and anal ultrasound allow the identification of patients with the risk of postoperative anorectal dysfunctions.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland. msherman@cyf-kr.edu.pl
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Walega
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Popiela
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000502:physiology*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D019160:Endosonography; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D011336:Probability; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome