title: Structural features underlying the multisite phosphorylation of the A domain of the NF-AT4 transcription factor by protein kinase CK1.
abstract: The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the NF-AT family of transcription factors play a key role in the activation of T lymphocytes and in the control of the immune response. The mechanistic aspects of NF-AT4 phosphorylation by protein kinase CK1 have been studied in this work with the aid of a series of 27 peptides, reproducing with suitable modifications the regions of NF-AT4 that have been reported to be phosphorylated by this protein kinase. The largest parent peptide, representing the three regions A, Z, and L spanning amino acids 173-218, is readily phosphorylated by CK1 at seryl residues belonging to the A2 segment, none of which fulfill the canonical consensus sequence for CK1. An acidic cluster of amino acids in the linker region between domains A and Z is essential for high-efficiency phosphorylation of the A2 domain, as shown by the increase in K(m) caused by a deletion of the linker region or a substitution of the acidic residues with glycines. Individual substitutions with alanine of each of the five serines in the A2 domain (S-177, S-180, S-181, S-184, and S-186) reduce the phosphorylation rate, the most detrimental effect being caused by Ser177 substitution which results in a 10-fold drop in V(max). On the contrary, the replacement of Ser177 with phosphoserine triggers a hierarchical effect with a dramatic improvement in phosphorylation efficiency, which no longer depends on the linker region for optimal efficiency. These data are consistent with a two-phase phosphorylation mechanism of NF-AT4 by CK1, initiated by the linker region which provides a functional docking site for CK1 and allows the unorthodox phosphorylation of Ser177; once achieved, this phosphoserine residue primes the phosphorylation of other downstream seryl residues, according to a hierarchical mechanism typically exploited by CK1.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica and Centro di Studio delle Biomembrane del CNR, Università di Padova, viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Oriano
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Burzio
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boschetti
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meggio
authors.forename: Catherine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Allende
authors.forename: Jorge E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Allende
authors.forename: Lorenzo A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Pinna
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000737:chemistry; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D047388:Casein Kinases; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D010766:Phosphorylation; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000737:chemistry*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012694:Serine / Q000737:chemistry; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry*; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D012694:Serine; D011494:Protein Kinases; D047388:Casein Kinases; D000409:Alanine