title: Bond strength of brackets cemented with light-cured glass-ionomer cements to contaminated enamel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of contamination on the bond strength of orthodontic brackets cemented with either a commercial (Fuji Ortho LC) or an experimental light-cured glass-ionomer cement to enamel, and the effect of etching times on the bond strength.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulated metal brackets were applied with the cements to bond polished and etched (37% phosphoric acid) bovine enamel with and without contamination by water, human saliva, and blood. After 1-day water immersion, the shear bond strengths were measured. The fractured surfaces were examined using SEM. Additional tests were conducted on: (1) the Knoop hardness of the contaminated cements, (2) the HEMA composition of the cements, (3) the viscosity of the cements, and (4) the intensity of transmitted visible light through the contaminants. The results were compared by ANOVA and Duncan's tests at P=0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Water and saliva reduced the bond strength to polished and etched enamel, except for the bond strength of Fuji Ortho LC to polished enamel. The blood contamination produced poor bond strengths to polished and etched enamel. The experimental cement showed higher bond strengths to polished enamel with water and saliva contamination than Fuji Ortho LC. The bond strength of the experimental cement to etched enamel with and without contamination were comparable to those of Fuji Ortho LC. SEM micrographs revealed that the specimens exhibiting high bond strengths to polished and etched enamel mainly had cement-enamel interface failure and cement-metal mesh interface failure, respectively. Fuji Ortho LC had higher HEMA concentration than the experimental cement. The highest viscosity was measured with blood, followed by saliva and water. Blood contamination, showing the highest attenuation of the light intensity, reduced Knoop hardness of the experimental cement and Fuji Ortho LC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan. itoh@college.fdcnet.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood; D002417:Cattle; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D008027:Light; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D012463:Saliva; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014783:Viscosity; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D003722:Dental Alloys; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C095451:Fuji Ortho LC; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008689:Methacrylates; D014867:Water; C005044:hydroxyethyl methacrylate