title: Isolation and characterization of a novel lepidopteran-selective toxin from the venom of South Indian red scorpion, Mesobuthus tamulus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scorpion venom contains insect and mammal selective toxins. We investigated the venom of the South Indian red scorpion, Mesobuthus tamulus for the purpose of identifying potent insecticidal peptide toxins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A lepidopteran-selective toxin (Buthus tamulus insect toxin; ButaIT) has been isolated from this venom. The primary structure analysis reveals that it is a single polypeptide composed of 37 amino acids cross-linked by four disulfide bridges with high sequence homology to other short toxins such as Peptide I, neurotoxin P2, Lqh-8/6, chlorotoxin, insectotoxin I5A, insect toxin 15 and insectotoxin I1. Three dimensional modeling using Swiss automated protein modeling server reveals that this toxin contains a short alpha-helix and three antiparallel beta-strands, similar to other short scorpion toxins. This toxin is selectively active on Heliothis virescens causing flaccid paralysis but was non-toxic to blowfly larvae and mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of a Heliothine selective peptide toxin. Identification of diverse insect selective toxins offer advantages in employing these peptides selectively for pest control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. rajendraw2k@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wudayagiri
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Inceoglu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Derbel
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Choudary
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hammock
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012604:Scorpion Venoms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: C469905:Buthus tamulus insect toxin; D007306:Insecticides; D012604:Scorpion Venoms