title: Ampicillin use in infant fever: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of perinatal Listeria monocytogenes and enterococcal infections in outpatient febrile infants and to evaluate the need to treat with ampicillin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online bibliographies were searched for articles related to serious bacterial infection and fever in infants. Reference lists from selected and review articles were also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies that reported rates and types of bacterial infection in febrile outpatients younger than 3 months were included. Those performed outside North America, lacking results by age, or those that evaluated selected patient populations were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently reviewed the selected articles for inclusion and abstracted the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen studies, evaluating 5247 febrile outpatients, were included. The prevalences of L monocytogenes and enterococcal infections were 7.3 (binomial exact 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.5-13.3), 1.9 (95% CI, 0.6-4.4), and 5.6 (95% CI, 0.7-2.1) per 1000 febrile infants in the first, second, and third months of life, respectively. To cover 1 infant with serious bacterial infection caused by L monocytogenes and enterococcal infections, the numbers of febrile infants who would need ampicillin were estimated as 138 (95% CI, 76-288) in the first month, 527 (95% CI, 226-1621) in the second month, and 178 (95% CI, 50-1469) in the third month. Enterococcal infections occurred in all ages studied; there were no Listeria infections after 30 days of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The empirical use of ampicillin to cover febrile infants for L monocytogenes and enterococcal infections is most justifiable in the first month of life.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105-0371, USA. jbrow1@chmc.org
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Jane L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000667:Ampicillin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015982:Bias; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016983:Enterococcus; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005334:Fever / Q000382:microbiology*; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes; D008088:Listeriosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D018579:Patient Selection; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010406:Penicillins; D000667:Ampicillin