title: Commentary. Balancing sedation and analgesia in the critically ill.
abstract: The authors have presented a template for a systematic approach to comforting critically ill patients that can be modified to suit institutional preferences. In this algorithm, the cause of patient discomfort is sought with the priority given to pain and then to anxiety. Special attention is directed to the identification of correctable causes of pain and anxiety with application of nonpharmacologic techniques or medications to control patient discomfort. This step is followed by subsequent reassessment of the need for sedation or anxiolysis and titration or discontinuation of therapy as able. The benefits of protocol-driven care are becoming increasingly evident, and the authors believe the algorithm outlined here provides a rational and practical approach to patient management. It also prompts the caregiver to reevaluate patients' needs and to keep to patients at target sedation levels. Doing so can promote cost effectiveness, reduce side effects caused by drugs, and decrease morbidity and ICU stay. Any treatment protocol or algorithm is simply a guide to therapy and cannot address every clinical situation. The importance of individualized care and physician or care team judgment must be emphasized.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coursin
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Ely
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: England
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mantz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McKinley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sladen
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Vender
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wild
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000698:Analgesia; D001007:Anxiety; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000592:standards*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic