title: Comparison of oral and intravenous morphine following acute injury in children.
abstract: The objective of this research was to examine the speed of onset and effectiveness of pain relief between oral and intravenous morphine in acutely injured children. An observational study of children aged 3 to 13 years with closed forearm fractures was performed in three accident and emergency departments. The study gathered information on age, gender, body weight, time of arrival, dose, route and time of morphine administration. Pain assessment using a Faces Scale was documented on arrival and repeated at 10, 30 and 60 minutes after morphine was given. Forty-seven children were studied. Of these, 25 were given intravenous morphine, 22 were given oral morphine. There was no statistically significant difference in age, body weight or time until morphine was administered. The change in median pain scores was analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test. This showed that there was a statistically significant reduction in pain score in the intravenous group compared with the oral group between arrival and 10 minutes after giving morphine and between arrival and 60 minutes after giving morphine. Intravenous morphine appears to give more rapid onset and more prolonged pain relief than oral morphine for children with acute injuries. We recommend that in accident and emergency departments where staff are experienced in paediatric cannulation, morphine should be given via the intravenous route in acutely injured children. However we do not advocate inexperienced staff attempting multiple venepunctures in a child resulting in increased anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Accident and Emergency Department, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Beale
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Oglesby
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Beattie
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001133:Bones of Upper Extremity / Q000293:injuries*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005596:Fractures, Closed / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine