title: Toward an etiological classification of developmental disorders of the kidney and upper urinary tract.
abstract: Toward an etiological classification of developmental disorders of the kidney and upper urinary tract. There are a large number of developmental disorders and syndromes that affect the kidney and upper urinary tract. These have generally been classified according to morphological criteria established decades ago. Although these classifications have been useful, they are incomplete, including some developmental disorders while excluding others. Here, basic cellular and molecular biology studies of kidney and upper urinary tract development in both rodents and humans are utilized to suggest the basis of a new etiologic, if still tentative, classification scheme. This classification may help to identify candidate genes for human diseases by correlating morphology with pathogenetic mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0693, USA.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: Vibha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.forename: Stanley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.forename: Sanjay K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Nigam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000145:classification* / Q000151:congenital / Q000209:etiology*; D014513:Ureter / Q000002:abnormalities*