title: Social approval and facilitation in predicting modeling effects in alcohol consumption.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An important question for alcohol abuse prevention and treatment is whether individuals with high needs for social approval, or those who drink heavily in social contexts, are particularly vulnerable to modeling effects in alcohol consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male and female heavy social drinkers (N=202), as distinguished by these cognitive and situational variables, participated in a multisession dyadic modeling effects study along with a same-sex confederate model who exhibited alternating patterns of heavy and light consumption in an experimental barroom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with high needs for social approval, and those who tend to drink heavily in social contexts, were particularly vulnerable to imitating directional changes in modeled drinking levels across heavy and light consumption experimental sessions. Additionally, modeling effects were revealed, including reductions in drinking levels, regardless of individual characteristics such as demographics or levels of intoxication achieved on "usual drinking occasions."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that individuals exhibiting high needs for social approval, and those who tend to drink heavily in social contexts, may benefit from (1) befriending lower risk models and (2) prevention and/or intervention efforts to reduce risk for substance use by reducing excessive needs for social approval and/or reducing exposure to social contexts where heavy drinking and related risk behavior is normative.
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies on Alcohol, Westat, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. caudilb1@westat.com
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Caudill
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Kong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012928:Social Desirability; D012931:Social Environment; D012932:Social Facilitation
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol