title: Transforming growth factor-beta and Ras regulate the VEGF/VEGF-receptor system during tumor angiogenesis.
abstract: The formation of new microvasculature by capillary sprouting, or angiogenesis, is a prerequisite for solid tumor growth. The genetic alterations required to activate the angiogenic program in tumor angiogenesis are still only vaguely known, but dominantly acting oncoproteins may have a much greater impact than previously realized. Here we have studied the consequences of oncogenic transformation on tumor angiogenesis in a mouse mammary carcinoma model. We provide evidence that the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and of the VEGF receptor-2 (Flk-1), a signaling system centrally involved in tumor angiogenesis, occurs efficiently in tumors formed by Ras-transformed mammary epithelial cells and that both TGF-beta1 and hypoxia are potent inducers of VEGF expression in these cells. VEGF induction in the tumor periphery is mainly triggered by TGF-beta1, whereas VEGF expression in perinecrotic areas is regulated by both hypoxia and TGF-beta1. As the Ras-transformed tumor cells convert into migrating, fibroblastoid cells that start to produce TGF-beta during tumor progression, the TGF-beta effect on VEGF expression becomes propagated throughout the tumor tissue. Thus, in progressed tumors, areas of TGF-beta1 activation and hypoxia may overlap and hence cooperate to induce VEGF expression and angiogenesis. Nevertheless, the overexpression of VEGF in non-Ras-transformed mouse mammary epithelial cells was not sufficient to promote vascularization in vivo. Based on these findings, we conclude that amongst the multiple mutations that render a normal cell tumorigenic, oncogenic Ras is a major player that in conjunction with the tumor's micro-environment sets the stage for tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute for Physiological and Clinical Research, Parkstrasse 1, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany. g.breier@kerckhoff.mpg.de
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breier
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Janos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peli
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Groot
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Risau
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reichmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D005910:Glioma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000098:blood supply*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras) / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras)