title: Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma: report from the Italian and German Cooperative Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report the experience of the German-Italian Cooperative Group with 216 pediatric patients with paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma treated over 20 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  At diagnosis, 198 patients had localized disease and 18 had distant metastases. Among the nonmetastatic patients, complete tumor resection was performed in 83% of cases. Evaluation of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes changed over the years from routine surgical staging to radiologic assessment. All patients received chemotherapy, which was reduced in intensity and duration for patients with low-risk features in subsequent protocols. Radiotherapy was administered to 10% of patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 72 patients with a negative retroperitoneal computed tomography (CT) scan, surgical assessment detected nodal involvement in only one case. Among 23 patients with enlarged nodes on CT scans, surgery confirmed nodal spread in 65% of patients. No differences in the rate of nodal involvement were observed over the years. With a median follow-up of 110 months, 5-year survival was 85.5% for the series as a whole, 94.6% for patients with localized disease, and 22.2% for metastatic cases. Retroperitoneal nodal recurrence was the major cause of treatment failure. Univariate analysis revealed the prognostic value of tumor invasiveness, size, and resectability, as well as of nodal involvement and age, in patients with localized tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcome for patients with localized paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma is excellent, despite the reduction in chemotherapy over the years: an alkylating agent-free and anthracycline-free regimen is adequate treatment for low-risk patients. Surgical assessment of the retroperitoneum must be reserved for patients with enlarged nodes on CT scans. Children over 10 years old carry a higher risk of nodal involvement and relapse.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Oncology and Pediatric Surgery Units, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy. ferrari@istitutotumori.mi.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bisogno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casanova
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meazza
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piva
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cecchetto
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zanetti
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pilz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mattke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Treuner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery