title: Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a neglected comorbidity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe a consecutive clinical sample of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder to define the pattern of comorbid anxiety and externalizing disorders (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] and conduct disorder [CD]) and to explore the possible influence of such a comorbidity on their cross-sectional and longitudinal clinical characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 43 outpatients, 26 boys and 17 girls, (mean age 14.9 years, SD 3.1; range 7 to 18), with bipolar disorder type I or II, according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. All patients were screened for psychiatric disorders using historical information and a clinical interview, the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-Revised (DICA-R). To shed light on the possible influence of age at onset, we compared clinical features of subjects whose bipolar onset was prepubertal or in childhood (< 12 years) with those having adolescent onset. We also compared different subgroups with and without comorbid externalizing and anxiety disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bipolar disorder type I was slightly more represented than type II (55.8% vs 44.2%). Only 11.6% of patients did not have any other psychiatric disorder; importantly, 10 subjects (23.5%) did not show any comorbid anxiety disorder. Comorbid externalizing disorders were present in 12 (27.9%) patients; such comorbidity was related to the childhood onset of bipolar disorder type II. Compared with other subjects, patients with comorbid anxiety disorders more often reported pharmacologic (hypo)mania.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pisa, IRCCS Stella Maris, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy. masi@inpe.unipi.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Masi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perugi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mucci
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Millepiedi
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Akiskal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017496:Hypopigmentation; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents