title: Psychological casualties resulting from chemical and biological weapons.
abstract: This symposium addresses the complications encountered by medical planners when confronted by the use or threat of the use of weapons of mass destruction. The types of chemical warfare agents (CWA), their principal target organs, and physiological effects are discussed. We have reviewed the use of CWA in 20th century warfare and otherwise with emphasis on five cases: (1) use of sulfur mustard during World War I; (2) use by Italy against Ethiopia; (3) use in the Sino-Japanese War; (4) relatively well-studied use in the Iran-Iraq conflict; and (5) the use of sarin in the Tokyo subway terrorist incident. We reviewed the additional physiological and psychological consequences of their use and threat of use. Results from training and simulation are discussed. Finally, we present our conclusions derived from the analysis of these historical situations.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D001694:Biological Warfare / Q000523:psychology*; D002618:Chemical Warfare / Q000523:psychology*; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents