title: Activated intrarenal transcription of CTL-effectors and TGF-beta1 in children with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenesis of childhood nephrotic syndrome (NS), whether the lesion is minimal change disease (MCD) or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), remains elusive. Based on the presence of elevated cytokine levels in peripheral blood, a T cell-induced injury could be postulated.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test the hypothesis that infiltrating T cells actively contribute to the glomerular injury in children with NS, we studied the intrarenal transcription of various T cell-related chemokines, cytokines and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) effector molecules in the renal biopsy tissue of 52 nephrotic children with a variety of histologic lesions. Intrarenal gene expression was studied using reverse transcription (RT)-assisted-polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4 transcripts were not observed in any of the specimens. IL-2 receptor alpha mRNA was detected in 24 of 40 proteinuric patients, but also in 6 of 10 patients in remission and showed no significant differences with regard to steroid response. Intrarenal gene expression of CTL mediators and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) was noted particularly in patients with progressive disease leading to chronic renal failure. TGF-beta1 gene expression was noted in 23 of 29 steroid resistant (SR) children with NS not caused by lupus nephritis and in 18 of 20 FSGS patients. In contrast TGF-beta1 gene expression was detected in only 3 of 14 steroid-sensitive patients (P < 0.001). Two of these patients later developed FSGS. In patients with steroid-resistant NS, intrarenal TGF-beta1 gene expression showed a positive predictive value of 90% and a negative predictive value of 88% to identify FSGS (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the notion that immunologically mediated events contribute to the progressive renal damage seen in children with FSGS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strehlau
authors.forename: Asher D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Schachter
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavlakis
authors.forename: Anup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tejani
authors.forename: Terry B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Strom
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000235:genetics; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000235:genetics; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics; D015851:Interleukin-7 / Q000235:genetics; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics; D007668:Kidney / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin / Q000235:genetics; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000276:immunology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D018946:Chemokine CCL5; C508017:IL2RA protein, human; D019409:Interleukin-15; D020381:Interleukin-17; D007376:Interleukin-2; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit; D015851:Interleukin-7; D016209:Interleukin-8; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D015847:Interleukin-4