title: Variations in accommodation and convergence responses in a minimally controlled photorefractive setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A remote haploscopic photorefractor, designed for assessment of accommodation and convergence in infants and clinical groups, was used to determine heterophoria accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratios in normal naïve adults. These were compared with conventional clinical measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one naïve subjects were used to compare occluded and unoccluded prism cover test responses with the remote haploscopic photorefractor using a text and picture target.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although luminance was generally low for both targets, binocular vergences were appropriate for target demand in both studies. Binocular accommodation showed greater lag for the highest target accommodative demand and the less demanding target. Occlusion not only reduced vergence response, but also frequently caused a marked reduction in accommodation, especially to the picture target. Normal mean AC/A values were found, but with wide variations between individual subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although mean accommodation, vergence, and AC/A values were comparable with published data, we suggest that in these conditions using naïve subjects, accommodation is frequently inaccurate, especially on occlusion, without concomitant loss of vergence, at least at low light levels. Accommodative convergence may play a less important part in, and other cues contribute more to, the near reflex than has been previously suggested.
authors.affiliation: Infant Vision Laboratory, Psychology Department, University of Reading, United Kingdom. a.m.horwood@reading.ac.uk
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Horwood
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Riddell
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003290:Convergence, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D015348:Vision, Binocular