PRL modulates cell cycle regulators in mammary tumor epithelial cells.
PRL is essential for normal lobulo-alveolar growth of the mammary gland and may contribute to mammary cancer development or progression. However, analysis of the mechanism of action of PRL in these processes is complicated by the production of PRL within mammary epithelia. To examine PRL actions in a mammary cell-specific context, we selected MCF-7 cells that lacked endogenous PRL synthesis, using PRL stimulation of interferon-gamma-activated sequence-related PRL response elements. Derived clones exhibited a greater proliferative response to PRL than control cells. To understand the mechanism, we examined, by Western analysis, levels of proteins essential for cell cycle progression as well as phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. The expression of cyclin D1, a critical regulator of the G1/S transition, was significantly increased by PRL and was associated with hyperphosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein at Ser(780). Cyclin B1 was also increased by PRL. In contrast, PRL decreased the Cip/Kip family inhibitor, p21, but not p16 or p27. These studies demonstrate that PRL can stimulate the cell cycle in mammary epithelia and identify specific targets in this process. This model system will enable further molecular dissection of the pathways involved in PRL-induced proliferation, increasing our understanding of this hormone and its interactions with other factors in normal and pathogenic processes.
Schroeder
Matthew D
MD
Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
Symowicz
Jaime
J
Schuler
Linda A
LA
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019926:Cyclin B / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D056744:Cyclin B1; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011388:Prolactin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
C534699:CCNB1 protein, human; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019926:Cyclin B; D056744:Cyclin B1; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D019938:Cyclin D1; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D011388:Prolactin