title: Parental bonding and anxiety: differences between African American and European American college students.
abstract: Empirical evidence suggests that early home environments characterized by low care and high overprotection are positively associated with the adult expression of anxiety. While available evidence supports this position for European Americans, there has been no examination of the relationship between perceived parental rearing practices and anxiety among African Americans despite the theoretical assertion that African American parenting environments may be characterized as somewhat more overprotective than European Americans. This study investigated the relationship between maternal rearing patterns and trait and state measures of anxiety and depression among a sample of 59 African American and 55 European American college students. Results indicated that both groups reported similar levels of anxiety, depression, perceived care, and perceived overprotection. European Americans exhibited the typical pattern of a negative relationship between anxiety, depression, and care and a positive relationship between anxiety and overprotection. African Americans evidenced a similar negative relationship between anxiety, depression, and care, but no relationship between anxiety, depression, and overprotection. Furthermore, specific aspects of ethnic identity (i.e., ethnic achievement, ethnic behaviors) were found to be negatively associated with measures of trait anxiety among African Americans but not European Americans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016-8062, USA. mcart@american.edu
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sbrocco
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations / Q000208:ethnology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012647:Self-Assessment; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*