title: Serum carotenoids and radiographic knee osteoarthritis: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antioxidant intake has been associated with less progression of radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA), but studies of carotenoid biomarkers and OA have not been done. We examined associations between serum concentrations of nine naturally occurring carotenoids and radiographic knee OA.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was matched case-control. Sera were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography for nine carotenoids: lutein, zeaxanthin, alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin, trans- and cis-lycopene, alpha-carotene, and trans- and cis-beta-carotene. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the association between tertiles of each carotenoid and radiographic knee OA, independent of body mass index, education, serum cholesterol, and the other carotenoids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Johnston County, North Carolina, United States of America.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-hundred cases with radiographic knee OA (Kellgren-Lawrence grades > or = 2) and 200 controls (Kellgren-Lawrence grade = 0) were randomly selected from the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project, and were matched on age, gender and race.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with serum levels of lutein or beta-cryptoxanthin in the highest tertile were approximately 70% less likely to have knee OA than controls (odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 0.28 [0.11, 0.73] and 0.36 [0.14, 0.95], respectively). Those in the highest tertile of trans-beta-carotene (OR = 6.40 [1.86, 22.1]) and zeaxanthin (OR = 3.06 [1.19, 7.85]) were more likely to have knee OA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While certain carotenoids may protect against knee OA, others may increase the odds of knee OA. Further study of carotenoids and knee OA are warranted before clinical recommendations about these substances and knee OA can be made.
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: De Roos
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arab
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Craft
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luta
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Helmick
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hochberg
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011859:Radiography; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002338:Carotenoids