title: In vivo blockade of macrophage migration inhibitory factor prevents skin graft destruction after indirect allorecognition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effector mechanisms that ultimately destroy transplanted tissues are poorly understood. In particular, it is not clear how CD4+ T cells primed to donor-derived determinants expressed on recipient MHC molecules (the indirect pathway) can mediate graft destruction in the absence of cognate recognition of peptide: MHC on the graft cells themselves. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) inhibits macrophage movement and is a proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine known to be essential for development of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test whether MIF participates in graft destruction following indirect recognition, we studied rejection of MHC-II-deficient skin grafts placed on allogeneic SCID recipients adoptively transferred with naïve CD4+ T cells, and the recipients were treated with neutralizing anti-MIF monoclonal antibody or isotype control IgG. In this model graft rejection can only occur indirectly as the graft cells lack MHC II for recognition by the recipient CD4+ T cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that in vivo blockade of MIF inhibited indirect CD4+ cell-mediated skin graft destruction, and markedly reduced detectable macrophages within the grafts. The neutralizing anti-MIF antibody significantly inhibited alloreactive DTH but did not prevent T cell priming or interferon-gamma release by primed T cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results strongly implicate MIF as an active participant in skin graft destruction after indirect recognition and suggest that this effect is mediated through an inhibition of macrophage migration and/or function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, OH, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valujskikh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bayer
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Stavitsky
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Metz
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Heeger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D002452:Cell Count; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000517:prevention & control; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014181:Transplantation Immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D016207:Cytokines; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors