title: Local anesthetics for facial plastic procedures.
abstract: The use of local anesthetic in facial plastic surgical procedures is well established as an effective and safe mode of anesthesia delivery. Local infiltration of anesthesia may be used alone for minor surgical procedures, or it may be used with general anesthesia or intravenous sedation and analgesia for more complex, lengthy procedures. When considered independently, the use of local anesthetic agents has undeniable limitations. Local anesthetics can cause toxicity and side effects. Injection of local anesthetics for subcutaneous infiltration frequently is painful until sensory anesthesia occurs. Local anesthetics have limited efficacy with respect to the intensity and duration of sensory blockade that can be achieved. In some situations, use of local anesthesia with the maintenance of an awake patient also may be undesirable for the surgeon and impractical for the patient. Despite these shortcomings, local anesthetics are fundamentally ideal for use in facial plastic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA.
authors.forename: Karen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ahlstrom
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Frodel
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D011300:Preoperative Care; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local