title: Evidence for factors modulating radiation-induced G2-delay: potential application as radioprotectors.
abstract: Manipulation of checkpoint response to DNA damage can be developed as a means for protecting astronauts from the adverse effects of unexpected, or background exposures to ionizing radiation. To achieve this goal reagents need to be developed that protect cells from radiation injury by prolonging checkpoint response, thus promoting repair. We present evidence for a low molecular weight substance excreted by cells that dramatically increases the duration of the G2-delay. This compound is termed G2-Arrest Modulating Activity (GAMA). A rat cell line (A1-5) generated by transforming rat embryo fibroblasts with a temperature sensitive form of p53 plus H-ras demonstrates a dramatic increase in radiation resistance after exposure to low LET radiation that is not associated with an increase in the efficiency of rejoining of DNA double strand breaks. Radioresistance in this cell line correlates with a dramatic increase in the duration of the G2 arrest that is modulated by a GAMA produced by actively growing cells. The properties of GAMA suggest that it is a low molecular weight heat-stable peptide. Further characterization of this substance and elucidation of its mechanism of action may allow the development of a biological response modifier with potential applications as a radioprotector. GAMA may be useful for protecting astronauts from radiation injury as preliminary evidence suggests that it is able to modulate the response of cells exposed to heavy ion radiation, similar to that encountered in outer space.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center of Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cheong
authors.forename: Z C
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iliakis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000502:physiology*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D051381:Rats; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D004247:DNA