title: Troxacitabine, an L-stereoisomeric nucleoside analog, on a five-times-daily schedule: a phase I and pharmacokinetic study in patients with advanced solid malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility of administering troxacitabine, a unique L-nucleoside that is not a substrate for deoxycytidine deaminase-mediated catabolism, as a 30-minute intravenous (IV) infusion daily for 5 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with escalating doses of troxacitabine as a 30-minute IV infusion daily for 5 days. Plasma and urine sampling was performed to characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of troxacitabine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine patients received 124 courses of troxacitabine at eight dose levels ranging from 0.12 to 1.8 mg/m(2)/d. Severe neutropenia that was protracted (> 5 days) and/or associated with fever, and skin rashes were consistently experienced by heavily (HP) and minimally pretreated (MP) patients at doses exceeding 1.2 and 1.5 mg/m(2)/d, respectively. At troxacitabine doses > or = 1.2 mg/m(2)/d, treatment was often delayed 1 additional week for complete resolution of hematologic effects, resulting in lengthening of the treatment interval from every 3 to 4 weeks. Skin rash, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, and thrombocytopenia were also observed and were occasionally severe, particularly at the highest doses. A patient with metastatic ocular melanoma experienced a partial response. Pharmacokinetics of troxacitabine were dose-independent; mean (SD) values for the volume of distribution at steady-state and clearance (Cl(s)) were 60 (32) L and 161 (33) mL/min, respectively, on day 1. After treatment on the fifth day, terminal half-life values averaged 39 (63) hours, and Cl(s) was reduced by approximately 20%, averaging 127 (27) mL/min. The principal mode of drug elimination was renal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommended doses for phase II studies of troxacitabine as a 30-minute infusion daily for 5 days every 4 weeks are 1.5 and 1.2 mg/m(2)/d for MP and HP patients, respectively. Broad disease-directed evaluations of troxacitabine on this schedule and possibly less frequent schedules are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8122 Datapoint Drive, Suite 700, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
authors.forename: Johann S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: de Bono
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: Sharyn D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.forename: Amita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patnaik
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.forename: Lillian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Siu
authors.forename: Cecelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jolivet
authors.forename: Eric K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Rowinsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003596:Cytosine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004148:Dioxolanes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D003875:Drug Eruptions / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006402:Hematologic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004148:Dioxolanes; C074908:troxacitabine; D003596:Cytosine