title: Synergistic effect of low-frequency ultrasound and surfactants on skin permeability.
abstract: Low-frequency ultrasound (20 kHz) and surfactants have been individually shown to enhance transdermal drug transport. In this study, we investigated the synergistic effect of ultrasound and surfactants on transdermal drug delivery. Surfactants with different head group chemistries including anionic, cationic, and nonionic with varying tail lengths (8-16-carbon atoms) were studied. We found that surfactants possessing anionic and cationic head groups were more potent than those possessing nonionic head groups in increasing skin conductivity in the presence of ultrasound. Furthermore, for surfactants possessing the same head group, those with a 14-carbon tail length were found to be most effective in enhancing skin permeability. The data presented in this report show that ultrasound and surfactants synergistically enhance skin permeability. Two mechanisms are shown to play a role in this synergistic effect. First, ultrasound enhances surfactant delivery (enhanced delivery) into the skin and, second, ultrasound disperses surfactant (enhanced dispersion) within the skin. In general, surfactants that are potent enhancers by themselves are potent enhancers in the presence of ultrasound as well. We performed imaging experiments to assess the effect of ultrasound on delivery of a model permeant, sulforhodamine B, into the skin. These experiments show that ultrasound enhances surfactant delivery and dispersion in the skin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tezel
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sens
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuchscherer
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitragotri
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013552:Swine; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D013501:Surface-Active Agents