title: Transient arterial occlusion raises enkephalin in the canine sinoatrial node and improves vagal bradycardia.
abstract: The C-terminal proenkephalin sequence, Methionine-enkephalin-arginine-phenylalanine (MEAP), is abundant in the myocardium and when delivered into the sinoatrial (SA) node by microdialysis, the peptide had significant vagolytic activity. The study that follows was conducted to determine if an increase in endogenous nodal MEAP could be demonstrated during reduced nodal blood flow and was endogenous MEAP similarly vagolytic. Microdialysis probes were placed in the canine SA node and perfused at 5 microl per min. The SA node artery was occluded and released four times at 10-min intervals. The intermittent occlusions were followed by one or two prolonged occlusions (30 min). Vagally mediated bradycardia was compared before, during, and after occlusion of the artery. An increase in recovered MEAP (70-220 fmol) was recorded during each of the initial 10-min occlusions. MEAP returned to baseline during each subsequent 10-min reperfusion. There was a sustained increase in MEAP (110-150 fmol) during longer occlusions. Contrary to the hypothesis, the increased MEAP during arterial occlusion was coincident with improved vagal bradycardia. The improvement in vagally mediated bradycardia was highly reproducible and was observed again during a second 30-min occlusion. The improved vagal function was reversed or reduced, respectively, when naltrindole or glibenclamide was included in the microdialysis inflow during arterial occlusion. Although these observations suggested that opioid receptors and ATP-sensitive K+ channels might have been involved, only a single dose of each agent was practical. Therefore, the specificity of these two responses remains to be confirmed. In summary, the recovery of endogenous opioids from the sinoatrial node increased during reduced arterial perfusion of the node. Contrary to expectations, the increase in recovered endogenous opioids was accompanied byimproved rather than impaired vagal bradycardia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center in Fort Worth, 76107, USA.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Stanfill
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Caffrey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000502:physiology*; D004285:Dogs; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D004745:Enkephalins; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine; C033460:enkephalin-Met, Arg(6)-PheNH2(7)-; D009638:Norepinephrine