title: Emergence of mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients using mupirocin prophylaxis to prevent exit-site infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of the carriage of Staphylococcus aureus (SA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MuRSA) in chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) patients after 4 years of prophylactic mupirocin application to the exit site, in a peritoneal dialysis unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three swabs were collected from the nares, axillae/groin, and exit site, respectively, from 149 patients on CPD between May and July 2001. All swabs were cultured on solid selective agar (mannitol salt agar) and in mannitol salt broth. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were tested for methicillin resistance using oxacillin screening plates, and mupirocin resistance using E-test strips. Low-level MuRSA was defined as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 mg/mL or more, and high-level MuRSA as MIC of 256 mg/mL or more.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 26 (17%) patients (25 from nares/axilla/groin, and 1 from the exit site). High-level MuRSA was isolated from 4 patients (3% of the total study population; 15% of total SA isolates). No MRSA was detected. One patient with high-level MuRSA had peritonitis due to SA, resulting in treatment failure and catheter loss, soon after the swabs were collected for the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the emergence of high-level MuRSA in CPD patients after a 4-year practice of continuous use of mupirocin in a small number of patients in our unit. Our results may have significant implications for the future practice of prophylactic use of mupirocin by CPD patients to prevent exit-site infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Annigeri
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conly
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vas
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dedier
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Prakashan
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bargman
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jassal
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oreopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000009:adverse effects; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D016712:Mupirocin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D016712:Mupirocin