title: Differential upregulation of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 production by deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) and other 8-ketotrichothecenes in a human macrophage model.
abstract: The effects of deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin) and four closely related 8-ketotrichothecenes on proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production were evaluated in a clonal human macrophage model. U-937 cells, which represent a human monocytelike histocytic lymphoma, were differentiated into macrophages by preincubation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Differentiated macrophages were incubated with DON in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and supernatant was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and for the chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8). In the absence of LPS, DON at 500 or 1,000 ng/ml upregulated TNF-alpha production as early as 3 h and up to 6 h, whereas 100 to 1,000 ng/ml of DON significantly increased production of IL-6 from 3 to 24 h and IL-8 from 6 to 48 h. In cells costimulated with 0.2 microg/ml LPS, DON at 500 or 1000 ng/ml markedly superinduced TNF-alpha and IL-8 production. Although 100 ng/ml of DON also potentiated LPS-induced IL-6 production, 500 or 1,000 ng/ ml of the toxin suppressed the LPS-induced IL-6 response. Four other 8-ketotrichothecenes, fusarenon X, nivalenol, 3-acetyl DON, and 15-acetyl DON, were also capable of upregulating or suppressing TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 production at concentrations similar to that of DON. In total, the results suggest that DON and other 8-ketotrichothecenes have the potential to both directly induce and superinduce proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression in human macrophages, even at toxin concentrations that are cytotoxic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugita-Konishi
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pestka
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D009183:Mycotoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C007262:deoxynivalenol