title: Fibrate and statin synergistically increase the transcriptional activities of PPARalpha/RXRalpha and decrease the transactivation of NFkappaB.
abstract: In this study, we used a coactivator-dependent receptor-ligand interaction assay (CARLA), which is a semifunctional in vitro assay, to determine whether hypolipidemic drugs are ligands for the three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isotypes (PPARalpha, delta, and gamma). We also evaluated the transcriptional activities of the three PPAR isotypes by transient transfection assays. We found that bezafibrate was a ligand for PPARalpha, delta, and gamma in the CARLA and that bezafibrate induced transcriptional activation of PPARalpha/RXRalpha, PPARdelta/RXRalpha, and PPARgamma/RXRalpha. Although the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors cerivastatin, fluvastatin, and pitavastatin were not ligands for these three nuclear receptors in the CARLA, they induced transcriptional activation of PPARalpha/RXRalpha, PPARdelta/RXRalpha, and PPARgamma2/RXRalpha. Moreover, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, and pitavastatin synergistically and dose-dependently increased the transcriptional activation of PPARalpha/RXRalpha induced by bezafibrate. In addition, the cerivastatin-induced transcriptional activation of PPARalpha/RXRalpha was decreased by addition of mevalonate, farnesol, geranylgeraniol, or cholesterol and by co-transfection with sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1). Moreover, concomitant administration of statins and fibrates also decreased the transactivation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and the activation of NFkappaB by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MEKK) also decreased the transactivation of PPARalpha/RXRalpha.
authors.affiliation: Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical School, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Shigemi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aoyagi
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tazawa
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kusama
authors.forename: Masuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akahane
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mastunaga
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Awata
authors.forename: Tugikazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komoda
authors.forename: Sigehiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katayama
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001629:Bezafibrate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D015723:Gene Library; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008024:Ligands; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D007211:Indoles; D008024:Ligands; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011725:Pyridines; D011804:Quinolines; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; C497387:SREBF1 protein, human; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000077340:Fluvastatin; C086276:cerivastatin; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; C108475:pitavastatin; D001629:Bezafibrate