title: Pathways of lymphatic drainage from the breast.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current standard for obtaining accurate sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping is intraparenchymal lymphophilic dye/radiocolloid injection close to the breast tumor. We hypothesized that common lymphatic trunks drain both a large volume of breast parenchyma and skin and that intradermal or intraparenchymal routes flow to the same axillary node.
  
  
  METHODS
  99mTc-labeled filtered sulfur colloid was injected intradermally directly over the breast tumor in 119 patients. Blue dye was injected intraparenchymally in the same quadrant as the primary tumor (concordant quadrant) in 66 and in a discordant quadrant in 53 patients. During axillary exploration, both blue and gamma-emitting (hot) nodes were found. End points were SLNs that were hot and blue, either the same node or different nodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 62 (93.9%) of 66 of concordant quadrant and in 49 (92.5%) of 53 of discordant quadrant patients, the same SLN was both hot and blue (P = .99; Fisher's exact test). In eight cases in which two distinct nodes were blue and not hot and hot but not blue, the lymph nodes were very close to each other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dermal and parenchymal lymphatics of the breast seemed to drain to the same axillary lymph nodes. Lymph from the entire breast seemed to drain through a small number of lymphatic trunks to one or two lymph nodes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA. dnathan1@hfhs.org
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Nathanson
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Wachna
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gilman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karvelis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Havstad
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferrara
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D061305:Lymphoscintigraphy; D008875:Middle Aged; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid