title: Updating concepts of first branchial cleft defects: a literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Sinuses and fistulae of first branchial cleft origin have been widely reported in the literature and their variable relationship to the facial nerve has been described. Most published series however are too small to allow a detailed analysis of the relative frequency of various relationships of these lesions to the facial nerve and therefore enabling the determination of risks to the nerve at surgery. The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive review of literature in an attempt to identify those patients with a deep tract (lying deep to the main trunk of the facial nerve and/or its branches, and/or between the branches) and to recognize the incidence of the complications of surgical management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Available English, French and German literature between 1923 and 2000 was reviewed and variables including patient's age, sex, side and type of anomaly, opening of the lesion and the relationship of the tract are analyzed in relation to the position of the facial nerve. The complications due to their surgical excision are also reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the total number of cases with fistulae and sinuses identified (n=158) fistulous tracts were more likely to lie deep to the facial nerve compared with sinus tracts (P=0.01). Lesions with openings in the external auditory meatus are associated with a tract superficial to the facial nerve (P=0.05). Patients presenting at a younger age were more likely to have a deep tract with consequent increased risk of facial nerve damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of the facial nerve trunk at an early stage of dissection is critical. Extra care and caution should be exercised in younger patients (<6 months), those with fistulous tracts and in patients with a tract opening elsewhere other than the external auditory canal.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Niall Close, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 3NX, UK.ardsouza@aol.com
authors.forename: Alwyn R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: D'Souza
authors.forename: Harpreet S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Uppal
authors.forename: Ranit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De
authors.forename: Hisham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeitoun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001934:Branchial Region / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000473:pathology; D020220:Facial Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications