title: Acute intravenous--intra-arterial revascularization therapy for severe ischemic stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravenous alteplase for acute ischemic stroke is least efficacious for patients with proximal large-artery occlusions and clinically severe strokes. Intra-arterial therapy has the theoretical advantage of establishing a neurovascular diagnosis and high symptomatic artery patency rate but the disadvantage of requiring extra time and technical expertise. A combination of these two approaches may provide the best chance of improving outcome in severe acute ischemic stroke. We sought to assess the safety and feasibility of this approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, open-label study. Sequential patients arriving to our center within 3 hours of stroke onset who were treated with intravenous alteplase were screened for possible additional intra-arterial therapy using noninvasive neuroimaging. Clinical measures and outcomes were recorded prospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 861 patients with ischemic stroke were admitted to Calgary hospitals during the study period. Eight patients over 21 months underwent a combined intravenous-intra-arterial approach. Six received intra-arterial alteplase and 1 underwent intracranial angioplasty; in a final patient, technical aspects prevented intra-arterial therapy. Early neurovascular and/or neurometabolic imaging identified the location of occlusion and tissue-at-risk (DWI-PWI mismatch) in all 8 patients. Two patients had a poor outcome, 1 patient suffered a significant groin hematoma, and there were no instances of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous followed by intra-arterial therapy is a promising approach to the treatment of severe acute ischemic stroke. Early noninvasive neurovascular and neurometabolic imaging is very helpful in choosing candidates for this type of therapy. On-going monitoring of alteplase-treated patients may allow the opportunity to perform rescue intra-arterial therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. michael.hill@crha-health.ab.ca
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Demchuk
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Newcommon
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cole-Haskayne
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ryckborst
authors.forename: Laurel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sopher
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Button
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hudon
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Morrish
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frayne
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sevick
authors.forename: Alastair M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Buchan
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator