title: Functional conservation of the promoter regions of vertebrate tyrosinase genes.
abstract: Tyrosinase is the key enzyme for synthesizing melanin pigments, which primarily determine mammalian skin coloration. Considering the important roles of pigments in the evolution and the adaptation of vertebrates, phylogenetic changes in the coding and flanking regulatory sequences of the tyrosinase gene are particularly intriguing. We have now cloned cDNA encoding tyrosinase from Japanese quail and snapping turtle. These nonmammalian cDNA are highly homologous to those of the mouse and human tyrosinases, whereas the 5' flanking sequences are far less conserved except for a few short sequence motifs. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that the 5' flanking sequences from the quail or turtle tyrosinase genes are capable of directing the expression of a fused mouse tyrosinase cDNA when introduced into cultured mouse albino melanocytes. This experimental method, which reveals the functional conservation of regulatory sequences in one cell type (the melanocyte), may be utilized to evaluate phylogenetic differences in mechanisms controlling specific gene expression in many other types of cells. We also provide evidence that the 5' flanking sequences from these nonmammalian genes are functional in vivo by producing transgenic mice. Phylogenetic changes of vertebrate tyrosinase promoters and the possible involvement of conserved sequence motifs in melanocyte-specific expression of tyrosinase are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Biological Institute, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikeo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gojobori
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D024506:5' Flanking Region / Q000235:genetics; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs / Q000502:physiology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D003370:Coturnix / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008822:Mice, Transgenic / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site; D014426:Turtles / Q000235:genetics; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase