title: Effects of 12-week shooting training and mode of feedback on shooting scores among novice shooters.
abstract: The mode of feedback has been shown to have an effect on motor skill learning. This study investigated effects of an intensive 12-week shooting training period, and of the mode of feedback on scores in standing and running target shooting among 30 novices with limited shooting experience. They were divided into one control (no training) and three training groups. One out of the three training groups received only KR (knowledge of results) while the two other groups received KR+KP (knowledge of performance). One of the KR+KP groups received additional visual feedback (FB-II group), which included videos, graphic and written materials about kinematic and kinetic characteristics of their respective shooting techniques compared to performance of international level shooters. Each training group improved their scores in the running target shooting. There were no significant differences between the three training groups in improvements of sum scores (performance outcome). The current study showed that among novice shooters both KR alone and KR+KP improved running target shooting outcome, and that KR and KP together did not lead to a significantly better shooting performance than KR alone.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Metitur Ltd., Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Viitasalo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Era
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Konttinen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mononen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mononen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Norvapalo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003463:Cues; D005246:Feedback / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007721:Knowledge of Results, Psychological; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D012153:Retention, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014163:Transfer, Psychology / Q000502:physiology