title: Glucocorticoid receptor signaling in the intestinal epithelial cell lines IEC-6 and Caco-2: evidence of inhibition by interleukin-1beta.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory drugs widely used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, but many patients do not benefit from glucocorticoid therapy (glucocorticoid resistance) or need inappropriately high doses to retain remission (glucocorticoid dependency). Because of the role of intestinal epithelial cells in inflammatory bowel disease we examined glucocorticoid receptor signaling and the effect of interleukin-1beta as one of the main proinflammatory cytokines in the intestinal epithelial cell lines IEC-6 and Caco-2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dexamethasone effects on transcriptional activation was measured by reporter gene assay using a construct containing glucocorticoid-responsive elements. The transrepressive effect was monitored by a nuclear factor (NF) kappaB inducible reporter construct. In addition in IEC-6 cells immuncytochemistry was used to monitor glucocorticoid receptor translocation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dexamethasone induced receptor-mediated reporter gene transcription and receptor translocation, while interleukin-1beta significantly inhibited dexamethasone effects. Dexamethasone inhibited interleukin-1beta induced, NF-kappaB driven gene transcription only in IEC-6 and not in Caco-2 cells. However, in Caco-2 cells glucocorticoid receptor overexpression resulted in a marked decrease in NF-kappaB activity even in absence of dexamethasone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies demonstrate that glucocorticoid receptor driven gene regulation in intestinal epithelial cells may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in inflammatory bowel disease. Our data are consistent with the notion that interleukin-1beta produced during inflammatory response induces steroid resistance, which is a common clinical problem in treating patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University of Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raddatz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toth
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schwörer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramadori
mesh_terms: D018938:Caco-2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D003907:Dexamethasone