title: Growth inhibition of gastric cancer cells by all-trans retinoic acid through arresting cell cycle progression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the mechanism of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the regulation of the cell cycle in gastric cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The protein level was detected by Western blot. Immunoprecipitation was used in protein kinase activity determination. Cell growth and cell cycle phase were examined by MTT assay and flow-cytometric analysis, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ATRA could effectively induce G0/G1 arrest and inhibit cell growth in certain human gastric cancer cell lines. ATRA might induce p21WAF1/CIP1 expression in ATRA-sensitive cell lines through p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways. Induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 caused decrease in CDK4 and CDK2 activities independent of CDK4 and CDK2 protein expression levels. In addition, the dephosphorylated form of Rb protein increased because of the down-regulation of CDK4 and CDK2 activities by ATRA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Growth inhibition on gastric cancer cells by ATRA occurs through the regulation of relevant proteins leading to the arrest of cell cycle progression.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China. xgwu@xmu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D019927:Cyclin E; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D014212:Tretinoin