title: Frequency of sustained glaucomatous-type visual field loss and associated optic nerve cupping in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of persisting glaucomatous-type visual field loss in a Midwestern American adult population, in association with four grades of disc cupping.
  
  
  METHODS
  On two separate occasions (1988-1990 and 1993-1995) 2955 predominantly Caucasian adults aged 43-84 provided medical history, underwent applanation tonometry, slit-lamp examination, quantitative suprathreshold perimetry and stereoscopic disc analysis as part of the National Institutes of Health-sponsored Beaver Dam Eye Study. Those demonstrating evidence of glaucomatous-type visual field loss at both visits were the subject of the present analysis. Among these individuals, associations were determined for four categories of optic disc cupping (vertical cup/disc < 0.5, > 0.5, > 0.6, > 0.8), intraocular pressure, blood pressure, cardiovascular pathology and prior glaucoma diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2955 subjects assessed, 120 (4%; 57 women, 63 men) demonstrated glaucomatous-type visual field defects at each visit. Fifty-five of these 120 (2% of the tested population) also exhibited some degree of disc cupping in a related eye at both visits. Among these 2%, positive associations relating the extent of field loss, cupping and intraocular pressure were confirmed, but the majority in each cupping category had normal eye pressures. Only seven of the 120 were aware of the presence or suspicion of eye disease prior to the screening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A majority of those found to have visual field loss and optic nerve cupping persisting together in the same eye after 3-5 years had normal pressures in each eye at both visits. Despite good access to medical care, very few who demonstrated persisting cupping and field loss (even among those with elevated eye pressure) were aware of their ocular condition through prior contact with an eye care professional.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78229-3900, USA. sponsel@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Sponsel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Trigo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mensah
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rugwani
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Garrett
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology