title: Transcutaneous ultrasonography of the coelomic viscera of the ostrich (Struthio camelus).
abstract: Ultrasonographic examinations were performed on clinically healthy growing and adult nonbreeding female ostriches. Multiple acoustic windows and the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the coelomic viscera were described. Good images of the heart and its major vessels, proventriculus, ventriculus, intestines, liver, and kidneys could be obtained. Additionally, an anechoic structure, believed to function as an urinary bladder, could be imaged in the cloacal region. The pancreas, spleen, thyroid glands, ovary, and adrenals could not be seen in this study. General limitations were the size of the ostriches, massive leg and dorsal muscles, large sternum, the extensive air sac system, compact convoluted intestines, and varying amounts of gastrointestinal gas. Ostriches do not posses a gall bladder, and thus it could not be used as a landmark or acoustic window. The extensive air sac system and feathers did not limit the use of ultrasonography as much as anticipated. Imaging of air sacs should, however, be considered to detect pathology such as air sacculitis, which may result in consolidation. Veterinary
authors.affiliation: Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kirberger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004064:Digestive System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D020310:Struthioniformes / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014781:Viscera / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*