title: Reproducibility and validity of a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire among Jamaicans of African origin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An interviewer-administered quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed to determine the energy and nutrient intakes of adult Jamaicans of African origin as part of a study of the epidemiology of diabetes and hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reproducibility of the questionnaire was investigated in 123 participants aged 25-74 years. The relative validity of the FFQ was assessed against twelve 24-hour recalls administered over 12 months in 73 of the participants. In addition, energy intakes (EI) were compared with estimated basal metabolic rates (BMR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reproducibility correlation coefficients (Pearson and intraclass) varied between 0.42 for retinol and 0.71 for carbohydrate, with most values falling between 0.50 and 0.60. When compared with repeated 24-hour recalls, the FFQ estimated slightly higher energy (mean 6%) and macronutrient intakes (mean 2-14%), and was within 5% when expressed as a percentage of energy intake. Micronutrients were higher by 1.19 (calcium) to 1.61 times (vitamin C). Unadjusted correlations between the FFQ and the reference method ranged from 0.20 for beta-carotene to 0.86 for alcohol. Cross-classification of nutrients into quartiles showed that 46-48% of participants in the lowest and highest quartiles were jointly classified by both methods. Misclassifications were low for most nutrients with one or two persons misclassified at the extreme quartiles. EI/BMR ratios suggested light to moderate activity levels appropriate for an urban population in a developing country.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FFQ showed reasonable reproducibility and validity and is suitable for estimating the habitual intakes of energy and macronutrients, but was poor for some micronutrients (retinol and beta-carotene).
authors.affiliation: Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica, WI. majacksn@uwimona.edu.jm.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cade
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forrester
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Cruickshank
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D000368:Aged; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007563:Jamaica / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*