title: Prescription of methylphenidate to children and youth, 1990-1996.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are concerns about the frequency and appropriateness of psychostimulant drug prescription to children. In order to identify unusual or unexpected patterns of use or prescribing, we reviewed prescription of methylphenidate (Ritalin) to children and adolescents aged 19 years or less in British Columbia between 1990 and 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained information about patients, physicians and prescriptions from British Columbia's Triplicate Prescription Program database for controlled drugs. Prescription data were available for the period Jan. 1, 1990, to Dec. 31, 1996. Linkage with the BC Linked Health Dataset provided additional demographic and health information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1990, 1715 children received at least 1 prescription for methylphenidate (1.9 per 1000 children). By 1996, the number had increased to 10,881 children (11.0 per 1000). Because some children were prescribed methylphenidate in more than 1 year, we also calculated the frequency with which the drug was prescribed to children who had never received it before. This rate increased from 1.0 per 1000 children in 1990 to 4.7 per 1000 in 1995; the rate fell in 1996 to 3.5 per 1000. The number of children receiving methylphenidate varied across health regions of the province, from 12.0 to 35.4 per 1000. Use also varied by socioeconomic status quintile: in the 2 lowest (least privileged) quintiles, 21.6 per 1000 children received methylphenidate, compared with 18.4 per 1000 in the 3 highest quintiles (relative risk 1.2, 95% confidence interval 1.1-1.2). Pediatricians and psychiatrists wrote 23% and 21% of all prescriptions respectively. General practitioners accounted for 56% of all prescriptions and 41% of initial methylphenidate prescriptions. A claim for prior specialist consultation was found in 30% of such cases. Many of the children who received more than 10 prescriptions had seen 4 or more physicians. The average daily dosage prescribed differed little among general practitioners, pediatricians and psychiatrists, unlike the mean interval between successive prescriptions: 89.9 (standard deviation [SD] 68.2), 99.8 (SD 64.1) and 75.9 (SD 70.2) days respectively. Persistence with therapy was more likely when a psychiatrist provided the initial prescription, or with involvement of more than one specialty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many trends and practices in the prescription of methylphenidate to children in British Columbia are consistent with other settings and accepted standards. Some aspects warrant closer investigation, including regional and socio-economic discrepancies in the distribution of patients, the relative involvement of primary and specialist care providers, continuity of care issues and time intervals between prescriptions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, and the Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver. amiller@cw.bc.ca
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lalonde
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McGrail
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy; D001955:British Columbia; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019992:Databases as Topic; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D005194:Family Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate