title: Magnification, blur, and ray state at the retina for the general eye with and without a general optical instrument in front of it: 2. Near objects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To derive general equations that characterize rays, magnification, and blur at the retina in the case of near object points for the naked eye and for the eye in combination with a general optical instrument.
  
  
  METHODS
  The paper draws on results obtained via linear optics in an accompanying paper.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Equations are presented that completely characterize the state of rays at the retina from objects at any distance. They allow quantification of blur, size, shape, orientation, and magnification at the retina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analysis provides a framework, complete in linear optics, for the analysis of light arriving at the retina of a general eye through any instrument from any object point.
authors.affiliation: Optometric Science Research Group, Department of Optometry, Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg, South Africa. wfh@na.rau.ac.za
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D003261:Contact Lenses; D005139:Eyeglasses; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008433:Mathematics; D008954:Models, Biological; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*