title: Lid restraint evokes two types of motor adaptation.
abstract: Unilateral reduction in eyelid motility produced two modes of blink adaptation in humans. The first adaptive modification affected both eyelids. Stimulation of the supraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve (SO) ipsilateral to the upper eyelid with reduced motility evoked bilateral, hyperexcitable reflex blinks, whereas contralateral SO stimulation elicited normally excitable blinks bilaterally. The probability of blink oscillations evoked by stimulation of the ipsilateral SO also increased with a reduction in lid motility. The increased probability of blink oscillations correlated with the enhanced trigeminal reflex blink excitability. Thus, the trigeminal complex ipsilateral to the restrained eyelid coordinated an increase in excitability and blink oscillations independent of the eyelid experiencing reduced motility. The second type of modification appeared only in the eyelid experiencing reduced motility. When tested immediately after removing lid restraint, blink amplitude increased in this eyelid relative to the normal eyelid regardless of the stimulated SO. A patient with seventh nerve palsy exhibited the same two patterns of blink adaptation. These results were consistent with two forms of adaptation, presumably because unilateral lid restraint produced two error signals. The corneal irritation caused by reduced blink amplitude generated abnormal corneal inputs. The difference between proprioceptive feedback from the blink and expected blink magnitude signaled an error in blink amplitude. The corneal irritation appeared to drive an adaptive process organized through the trigeminal complex, whereas the proprioceptive error signal drove an adaptive process involving just the motoneurons controlling the restrained eyelid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, USA.
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Schicatano
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mantzouranis
authors.forename: Kavita R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Peshori
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Partin
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Evinger
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology*; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000209:etiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005143:Eyelids / Q000502:physiology*; D005155:Facial Nerve Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology