title: Effectiveness of transcranial and transthoracic ultrasound and microbubbles in dissolving intravascular thrombi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effectiveness of 1 -MHz and 40-kHz ultrasound with and without microbubbles in fragmenting thrombi in attenuated conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, an vitro transcranial model was used to examine the ability of these frequencies to fragment thrombi in the presence or absence of perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin microbubbles. Second, an in vivo transthoracic model was used to test the effectiveness of these same frequencies with intravenous perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin in fragmenting left circumflex coronary thrombotic occlusions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the in vitro model, both transcranial 1-MHz and 40-kHz ultrasonic frequencies were effective at fragmenting thrombi only in the presence of microbubbles. In the in vivo model, 1-MHz ultrasound with intravenous perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin angiographically recanalized only 4 of 14 occlusions but was consistently effective at improving myocardial blood flow to the risk area even in the absence of angiographic recanalization. Both 40-kHz and 1-MHz ultrasound with perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin improved regional wall-thickening and electrocardiographic abnormalities (P < .05 compared with control or ultrasound alone).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcranial and transthoracic ultrasound in the presence of intravenous microbubbles can improve flow to ischemic regions and should be considered as a supplement to current pharmacologic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 69198-1165, USA.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kricsfeld
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lof
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Everbach
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D003328:Coronary Thrombosis / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D005947:Glucose; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D012709:Serum Albumin; D000075462:Serum Albumin, Human; D013552:Swine; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D012709:Serum Albumin; C094311:dextrose albumin solution; D005947:Glucose; D000075462:Serum Albumin, Human