title: Information technology and home glucose clamping.
abstract: Persons with diabetes are responsible for the day-to-day control of their glycemia. To assist patients in discharging this responsibility and help them achieve and sustain improvements in self-blood glucose control, we developed information technology capable of executing algorithms for "clamping glucose" at home. Algorithms for laboratory glucose clamping were translated and adapted for use by patients. The procedures were supported by a central computer and registry. Interaction with the algorithms from home required the patient to handle only a touch-tone telephone, which accessed voice response hardware in the central computer. Patients reported self-measured blood glucose levels or hypoglycemia symptoms together with dietary changes, planned exercise, stress, illness or other lifestyle events. In response, they received self-management instructions and dosing decision support. Metabolic end points were measured. System beta testing in active patients was for 1 year. Patients (n = 142) used the algorithms for their daily self-management, accumulating 1,651 patient-months of follow-up. Almost 100,000 telephone calls were received. Patients benefited. Prevalence of diabetes related crises (hyperglycemia > 400 mg/dL, hypoglycemia < 50 mg/dL or symptoms without measurement) fell approximately twofold (p < 0.05) and glycated hemoglobin levels fell 1.3% (p < 0.001), while body weight was stable. Providers benefited from the timely receipt of standardized reports to monitor the progress of their patients. Earlier intervention was possible. Information technology facilitated home glucose clamping whereby patients with diabetes received timely assistance, advice and decision support for crucial self-control of blood glucose levels. This empowered patients to achieve independence and improve diabetes self-management.
authors.affiliation: Disease Management Division, Better Control Medical Computers, Inc., Miami Beach, Florida 33139, USA. Albisser@nidm.org
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Albisser
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: En Chao
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Parson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sperlich
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007256:Information Systems / Q000191:economics; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013689:Telephone
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin