title: Geographic socioeconomic status, race, and advanced-stage breast cancer in New York City.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the association between a residential area' socioeconomic status (SES), race, and advanced-stage breast cancer in New York City.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional study design used breast cancer information for 37 921 cases diagnosed in New York City from 1986 to 1995. Residential education and income levels were based on the 1990 census and ascribed to each case by zip code. Associations between race, area SES, and advanced-stage breast cancer stage, and the interaction between race and SES, were evaluated in bivariate and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for age and year at diagnosis, living in areas with lower levels of education and income increased the odds of presenting with advanced-stage breast cancer by 50% for Black women and by 75% for White women. No significant qualitative interaction was present between area SES and race.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirmed independent racial and socioeconomic differences in the risk of advanced-stage breast cancer in a large and diverse population. The results emphasize the need to improve screening practices and clinical treatment in both high-risk populations and high-risk geographic areas.
authors.affiliation: New York City Department of Health, New York, NY, USA. smerkin@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Sharon Stein
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Merkin
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Powe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004493:Education; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D044469:Racial Groups; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors