title: A novel mutation in the anti-müllerian hormone gene as cause of persistent müllerian duct syndrome.
abstract: Persistent müllerian duct syndrome is a relatively rare inherited defect of sexual differentiation characterised by failure of regression of the müllerian ducts in males. In affected individuals, uterus and tubes are present because of defects of synthesis or action of anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), normally produced by the Sertoli cells of the testis. Patients are normally virilised, although mono- or bilateral cryptorchidism may be present. We observed two brothers (chromosomes 46 XY), aged 11 years and 2 months and 8 years and 3 months respectively, with bilateral cryptorchidism. The diagnosis of persistent müllerian duct syndrome was made on the basis of laparoscopic evidence of uterus and tubes, undetectable plasma levels of AMH and a 23 base pair duplicative insertion in exon 5 of the AMH gene, causing the introduction of a premature stop codon, homozygous in the two brothers. The surgical correction of the genital abnormalities was successfully carried out by laparoscopic orchidopexy according to Fowler-Stephens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistent müllerian duct syndrome should be taken into consideration in all cases of bilateral cryptorchidism. Laparoscopy is the elective procedure for diagnosis of this disease and laparoscopic surgery for orchidopexy of intra-abdominal testes. Mutation analysis of the anti-müllerian hormone gene in these patients helps to understand the structure-function relationship of the anti-müllerian hormone protein, although it is not clear at present whether anti-müllerian hormone is necessary to maintain normal testicular function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lang-Muritano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biason-Lauber
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gitzelmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Belville
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Picard
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Schoenle
mesh_terms: D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone; D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000235:genetics* / Q000601:surgery; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D009095:Mullerian Ducts / Q000002:abnormalities*; D009154:Mutation; D009679:Nuclear Family; D010641:Phenotype; D013577:Syndrome; D013735:Testicular Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D013735:Testicular Hormones; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone