title: Effect of light-enhanced bleaching on in vitro surface and intrapulpal temperature rise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the effect of the presence, absence, and aging of a heat-enhancing compound (colorant) added to bleaching gel on the temperature rise of the gel itself, as well as the temperature rise within the pulp chamber, when a tooth was exposed to a variety of light-curing units in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extracted human upper central incisor was fitted with thermocouples placed in the pulp chamber as well as on the facial tooth surface. A temperature-controlled simulated intrapulpal fluid flow was provided to the tooth, and bleaching agent (Opalesence XTRA, Ultradent) containing heat-enhancing colorant, aged colorant, or no colorant was applied to the facial surface. The tooth and light-curing unit were placed in a thermostatically controlled oven at 37 degrees C, and real-time gel and intrapulpal temperature values were recorded digitally. Light-curing units used were a plasma arc light (PAC) (PowerPac, ADT), a conventional quartz tungsten halogen source (QTH) (Optilux 501, Demetron/Kerr), the QTH light used in high-power (bleaching) mode, and an argon ion laser (AccuCure 3000, LaserMed). An exposure scenario simulating light-enhanced bleaching of 10 upper teeth was developed. Temperature rise over the pre-exposure, baseline value associated with the last light exposure in the bleaching sequence was calculated for each curing and bleaching combination. Five replications for each test condition were made. Temperature rise values were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a preset alpha of 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When fresh colorant-containing bleach was used, the PAC light increased bleach temperature 39.3 degrees C above baseline. With no added colorant, temperature rise was 37.1 degrees C. The QTH light in bleach mode resulted in gel temperature 24.8 degrees C above baseline, whereas the temperature increase was only 11.5 degrees C when no colorant was used. Conventional QTH light use increased fresh bleach temperature by 17.7 degrees C, whereas an increase of only 11.1 degrees C was measured without colorant. The argon ion laser produced equivalent temperature rise regardless of the presence or freshness of the colorant, approximately 9.4 degrees C. Intrapulpal temperatures were all significantly lower than those recorded in the bleaching gel and ranged from 5 degrees to 8 degrees C. As a rule, the presence of fresh heat-enhancing colorant in the bleaching gel resulted in a significant intrapulpal temperature increase (approximately 1 degrees C) over that reached using other lights. The PAC and the QTH light used in bleach mode induced greater intrapulpal temperature rise than the laser.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Freshness of bleaching agent incorporating light-activated, heat-enhancing colorant influences temperature rise of bleaching gel and also may increase intrapulpal temperature values. Use of intense lights does elevate bleach temperature and also results in increased intrapulpal temperature that may further impact on patient sensitivity and pulpal health resulting from this treatment.
authors.affiliation: Endodontic Program, Fort Gordon, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Baik
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Rueggeberg
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Liewehr
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001831:Body Temperature; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D003116:Color; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000502:physiology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D007259:Infrared Rays; D007834:Lasers; D008027:Light; D010545:Peroxides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000379:methods*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D010545:Peroxides; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D014508:Urea