title: Dental resin composites containing silica-fused whiskers--effects of whisker-to-silica ratio on fracture toughness and indentation properties.
abstract: Dental resin composites need to be strengthened in order to improve their performance in large stress-bearing applications such as crowns and multiple-unit restorations. Recently, silica-fused ceramic whiskers were used to reinforce dental composites, and the whisker-to-silica ratio was found to be a key microstructural parameter that determined the composite strength. The aim of this study was to further investigate the effects of whisker-to-silica ratio on the fracture toughness, elastic modulus, hardness and brittleness of the composite. Silica particles and silicon carbide whiskers were mixed at whisker:silica mass ratios of 0:1, 1:5. 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 5:1, and 1:0. Each mixture was thermally fused, silanized and combined with a dental resin at a filler mass percentage of 60%. Fracture toughness was measured with a single-edge notched beam method. Elastic modulus and hardness were measured with a nano-indentation system. Whisker:silica ratio had significant effects on composite properties. The composite toughness (mean+/-SD; n = 9) at whisker:silica = 2:1 was (2.47+/-0.28) MPa m(1/2), significantly higher than (1.02+/-0.23) at whisker:silica = 0:1, (1.13+/-0.19) of a prosthetic composite control, and (0.95+/-0.11) of an inlay/onlay composite control (Tukey's at family confidence coefficient = 0.95). Elastic modulus increased monotonically and hardness plateaued with increasing the whisker:silica ratio. Increasing the whisker:silica ratio also decreased the composite brittleness, which became about 1/3 of that of the inlay:onlay control. Electron microscopy revealed relatively flat fracture surfaces for the controls, but much rougher ones for the whisker composites, with fracture steps and whisker pullout contributing to toughness. The whiskers appeared to be well-bonded with the matrix, probably due to the fused silica producing rough whisker surfaces. Reinforcement with silica-fused whiskers resulted in novel dental composites that possessed fracture toughness two times higher than, and brittleness less than half of current dental composites.
authors.affiliation: Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association, Health Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8546, USA. hockin.xu@nist.gov
authors.forename: Hockin H K
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Janet B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Douglas T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Antonucci
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Frederick C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Eichmiller
mesh_terms: D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent; D004548:Elasticity; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D017655:Silicon Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic; D003188:Composite Resins; D017655:Silicon Compounds; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C022088:silicon carbide