title: Estradiol-intranasal: a review of its use in the management of menopause.
abstract: Estradiol-intranasal is a nasal spray formulation containing an aqueous solution of 17beta-estradiol that has a unique pulse-like pharmacokinetic profile. In a well designed, placebo-controlled trial estradiol-intranasal 200 to 400 microg/day significantly reduced the incidence and severity of climacteric symptoms in women with moderate to severe menopausal symptoms after 4 and 12 weeks' treatment. The efficacy of estradiol-intranasal 300 microg/day was similar to that of oral estradiol 2 mg/day in this and another double-blind placebo-controlled trial. This equivalent efficacy was maintained in a subgroup of women with initially severe symptoms, and in smokers. Reductions in the incidence of atrophic vaginal mucosa and genitourinary symptoms and increases in the karyopyknotic index achieved with estradiol-intranasal 300 microg/day were also similar to those observed with oral estradiol 2 mg/day. Assessments of the effects of estradiol-intranasal on the complications of menopause (increased risk of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis) are ongoing; however, estradiol-intranasal (sequentially combined with a progestogen) produced significant beneficial effects on some lipid parameters and on markers of bone resorption and formation, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Estradiol-intranasal had no significant effects on serum levels of most of the assessed haemostatic factors, or on angiotensinogen or insulin levels. Estradiol-intranasal 100 to 600 microg/day was generally well tolerated in clinical trials and most adverse events were mild to moderate. The most commonly reported events were nasal symptoms and mastalgia. There was no evidence of endometrial hyperplasia with up to 1 year's treatment with estradiol-intranasal 300 microg/day combined with a progestogen. The incidence of mastalgia and withdrawal or breakthrough bleeding was lower with estradiol-intranasal 300 microg/day than with oral estradiol 2 mg/day (both administered with a progestogen) in one trial. In another trial, the incidence of mastalgia was lower with estradiol-intranasal 300 microg/day than with estradiol transdermal 50 microg (both administered with a progestogen). However, the overall incidence of adverse events was similar between the two treatments in this trial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estradiol-intranasal 200 to 400 microg/day (optimal initiating dose 300 microg/day) reduces the incidence and severity of menopausal climacteric symptoms and has a good tolerability profile. Thus, evidence to date suggests that estradiol-intranasal is a useful treatment option for menopausal symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Adis International Limited, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dooley
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ormrod
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000808:Angiotensinogen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D002979:Climacteric / Q000187:drug effects*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D000808:Angiotensinogen; D004958:Estradiol