title: Gender differences in panic disorder: findings from the National Comorbidity Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated a higher prevalence of panic disorder in women than in men. This study explored whether the prevalence of specific panic symptoms differs by gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  National Comorbidity Survey data from 609 respondents who met DSM-III-R criteria for panic disorder or panic attacks were analyzed to test for gender differences across 18 panic symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among National Comorbidity Survey respondents with panic disorder or panic attacks, female respondents were more likely than male respondents to experience respiration-related difficulties during panic attacks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific symptoms occurring during panic attacks differ by gender. The pathophysiology of these symptom differences may involve gender differences in sensitivity to CO(2) and in the threshold for panic attacks during hypoxic and hypercapnic states.
authors.affiliation: VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Javaid I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Leskin
authors.forename: Donald F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology