title: [Maternal stress among mothers of children with Williams-Beuren syndrome, Down's syndrome and mental retardation of non-syndromal etiology in comparison to mothers of non-disabled children].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assesses the quantity of stress in mothers of children with mental retardation of different etiologies (Williams Syndrome--WS, Down Syndrome--DS, mental retardation of different etiologies--MR) and in mothers of non-disabled children (MA).
  
  
  METHODS
  85 mothers were asked to complete the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The groups were matched according to the children's age, sex, and verbal comprehension as assessed by the WISC-R. Data on the child's mental age (WISC-R) and the family's socio-economic level were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were found in the Child Domain, but not in the Parent Domain of the PSI. According to the Child Domain, mothers of children with WS and DS scored significantly higher on the acceptance and demandingness scales, while mothers of children with MR scored higher on the acceptance scale than did mothers of children with MA. Moreover mothers of children with WS displayed the highest scores on the hyperactivity, mood and adaptability scales. Groups did not differ on the level of experienced reinforcement from their child. No significant differences were found in the Parent Domain according to the subscales attachment and social isolation. Mothers of children with DS scored higher than the other groups on the scales: depression, sense of competence and parent health. Mothers of children with MR scored lower on restriction of their role as a parent and relationship to their spouse. The degree of the children's mental retardation as well as conspicuous behavior correlated positively with maternal stress but not the familial socio-economic level or the age of the children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Generally, mothers of children with mental retardation, regardless of its etiology, find it more difficult to accept their child than do mothers of non-disabled children. Specific behavior problems associated with the behavioral phenotype of a syndrome also influence the level of maternal stress.
authors.affiliation: Universitäts-Klinikum der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Klinik für Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Pädiatrische Psychologie. Gosch@pediatrics.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gosch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004314:Down Syndrome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013577:Syndrome; D018980:Williams Syndrome
vernacular_title: Mütterliche Belastung bei Kindern mit Williams-Beuren-Syndrom, Down-Syndrom, geistiger Behinderung nichtsyndromaler Atiologie im Vergleich zu der nichtbehinderter Kinder.