title: Effect of milk sampling techniques on milk composition, bacterial contamination, viability and functions of resident cells in milk.
abstract: Three different milk sampling techniques were evaluated during milk sampling: a direct aseptic collection from the udder through a sterile cannula was used as the reference technique, compared with either a manual or a mechanical sampling method. In this study 30 high-yielding Holstein-Friesian dairy cows at different stages of lactation and free of udder infection were used. For each milk sample, the influence of milk sampling techniques was determined for the following parameters: somatic cell count, milk composition, bacterial contamination, viability, in vitro phagocytosis and overall killing of Staphylococcus aureus Newbould 305, and cellular chemiluminescence. Because milk sampling occurred throughout lactation, the differences between early, mid- and late lactation were estimated. It was concluded that bacterial contamination was not significantly different in manual milking samples and the reference technique; bacterial contamination was, however, significantly (P < 0.001) higher in machine milking samples than in the reference technique. Among the different sampling techniques, no significant effects on SCC, milk composition, viability and functions of the cells isolated from milk were observed. It was found that viability, intracellular killing and cellular chemiluminescence of milk PMN were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in early lactation compared to mid-lactation. Phagocytosis was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in early lactation compared to mid- and late lactation, and no significant differences were observed between mid- and late lactation. From this study, it can be concluded that despite a higher bacterial contamination obtained with the mechanical sampling method, the 3 milk sampling techniques described in this study can be used for the evaluation of milk cell functions.
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biometrics, Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vangroenweghe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dosogne
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mehrzad
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burvenich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D002452:Cell Count / Q000662:veterinary; D002470:Cell Survival; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D005516:Food Microbiology; D007774:Lactation / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus