title: Risk of warfarin during pregnancy with mechanical valve prostheses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the determinants of pregnancy outcome in patients with mechanical valve prostheses anticoagulated with warfarin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1987 and January 2000, 52 patients with mechanical valve prostheses who had 71 pregnancies were anticoagulated with warfarin for the entire duration of pregnancy. Warfarin was withdrawn 48 hours before and 24 hours after a scheduled cesarean delivery carried out by the end of the 37th gestational week. The targeted international normalized ratio ranged between 2.25 and 4.0, depending on the prosthetic model. Exact univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to assess which among the following variables predicted poor pregnancy outcome: patient age, prosthetic model, site of implantation, average international normalized ratio, and average daily dose of warfarin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnancy loss occurred in 23 of 71 of pregnancies, stillbirth in five of 71, embryopathy in four of 71 (two aborted fetuses and two full-term infants). There were no maternal deaths or thromboembolic or hemorrhagic complications. Warfarin daily dosage over 5 mg per day was a significant predictor of poor pregnancy outcome (P <.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk for pregnancy complications in patients treated with sodium warfarin is higher when the mean daily dose exceeds 5 mg.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, V. Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy. maurizio.cotrufo@unina2.it
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cotrufo
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Feo
authors.forename: Luca S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: De Santo
authors.forename: GianPaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Della Corte
authors.forename: Attilio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Renzulli
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallo
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000453:epidemiology; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin