Determination of drugs in surface water and wastewater samples by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: methods and preliminary results including toxicity studies with Vibrio fischeri.
In the present work a combined analytical method involving toxicity and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) was developed for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds in water samples. The drugs investigated were the analgesics: ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac, the decomposition product of the acetyl salicylic acid: salicylic acid and one lipid lowering agent, gemfibrozil. The selected compounds are acidic substances, very polar and all of them are analgesic compounds that can be purchased without medical prescription. The developed protocol consisted, first of all, on the use Microtox and ToxAlert 100 toxicity tests with Vibriofischeri for the different pharmaceutical drugs. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) values and the toxicity units (TU) were determined for every compound using both systems. Sample enrichment of water samples was achieved by solid-phase extraction procedure (SPE), using the Merck LiChrolut EN cartridges followed by LC-ESI-MS. Average recoveries loading 11 of samples with pH=2 varied from 69 to 91% and the detection limits in the range of 15-56 ng/l. The developed method was applied to real samples from wastewater and surface-river waters of Catalonia (north-east of Spain). One batch of samples was analyzed in parallel also by High Resolution Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (HRGC-MS) and the results have been compared with the LC-ESI-MS method developed in this work.
Farré
M L
ML
Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
Ferrer
I
I
Ginebreda
A
A
Figueras
M
M
Olivella
L
L
Tirapu
L
L
Vilanova
M
M
Barceló
D
D
D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D007220:Industrial Waste; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014733:Vibrio / Q000187:drug effects*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
D007220:Industrial Waste; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical