title: Language-specific, hearing-related changes in vowel spaces: a preliminary study of English- and Spanish-speaking cochlear implant users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the role of hearing in vowel productions of postlingually deafened cochlear implant users. Two hypotheses are tested that derive from the view that vowel production is influenced by competing demands of intelligibility for the listener and least effort in the speaker: 1) Hearing enables a cochlear implant user to produce vowels distinctly from one another; without hearing, the speaker may give more weight to economy of effort, leading to reduced vowel separation. 2) Speakers may need to produce vowels more distinctly from one another in a language with a relatively "crowded" vowel space, such as American English, than in a language with relatively few vowels, such as Spanish. Thus, when switching between hearing and non-hearing states, English speakers may show a tradeoff between vowel distinctiveness and least effort, whereas Spanish speakers may not.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test the prediction that there will be a reduction of average vowel spacing (AVS) (average intervowel distance in the F1-F2 plane) with interrupted hearing for English-speaking cochlear implant users, but no systematic change in AVS for Spanish cochlear implant users, vowel productions of seven English-speaking and seven Spanish-speaking cochlear implant users, who had been using their implants for at least 1 yr, were recorded when their implant speech processors were turned off and on several times in two sessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AVS was consistently larger for the English speakers with hearing than without hearing. The magnitude and direction of AVS change was more variable for the Spanish speakers, both within and between subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vowel distinctiveness was enhanced with the provision of some hearing in the language group with a more crowded vowel space but not in the language group with fewer vowels. The view that speakers seek to minimize effort while maintaining the distinctiveness of acoustic goals receives some support.
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perkell
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Numa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vick
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Balkany
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gould
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D003638:Deafness / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D010700:Phonetics; D011897:Random Allocation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013067:Speech Perception; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014705:Verbal Behavior