title: Medical care expenditures under gatekeeper and point-of-service arrangements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare expenditures for medical care in a closed-panel gatekeeper HMO and an open-panel point-of-service (POS) plan that share the same provider network.
  
  
  METHODS
  The two study HMOs are distinct product lines of a single managed care organization; both plans are commercial products. We used administrative data files from the study plans for 1994-95 to assess differences in total medical care expenditures and spending for five categories of services: physician services, inpatient hospital services, outpatient hospital services, prescription drugs, and other services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariate analyses were based on the two-part model of the demand for medical care. The dependent variables in these models were expenditures in each of the five categories of services, and the independent variables were indicator variables for plan type and visit copayments, prescription drug copayment, distance to the nearest primary care physician (PCP), demographic characteristics, chronic conditions, area characteristics, and entry/exit indicator variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total expenditures for medical care ranged from equal in both plans to 7 percent higher in the gatekeeper HMO (p < .10), depending on the copayments for physician visits. Expenditures were not higher in the POS plan for any of the five categories of services. These findings were robust to a wide range of sensitivity analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct patient access to specialists in POS plans does not necessarily result in higher medical care expenditures. When POS enrollees are required to choose PCPs, patient cost sharing, physician financial incentives, and utilization review may control expenditures without constraining direct patient access to providers.
authors.affiliation: RAND Health Program, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Escarce
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kapur
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Van Vorst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003363:Cost Control; D017047:Cost Sharing / Q000191:economics; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D020793:Gatekeeping / Q000191:economics*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D006302:Health Services Research; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States; D017059:Models, Econometric; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020380:Needs Assessment; D020403:Patient Freedom of Choice Laws / Q000191:economics*; D010816:Physician Incentive Plans / Q000191:economics; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014600:Utilization Review