title: Developing a method to track oil and gas produced water discharges in estuarine systems using salinity as a conservative tracer.
abstract: Produced water is a high salinity by-product resulting from oil and gas production. Disposal methods include surface water discharge from a point source. The current field method used for fate and effect determinations in open water estuarine systems involves extending a compass oriented transect (COT) from the point source discharge--a method designed for a uniform offshore environment that might be inappropriate for the hydrologic and geomorphologic complexities found in estuarine systems. Research was conducted in a canal and a small, semi-enclosed bay to observe effluent behaviour and to determine if salinity could be used to track the effluent. A salinity/conductivity/temperature (SCT) probe measured water properties within 1 cm of the sediment surface and identified a thin, bottom salinity plume that would have gone undetected by conventional instruments. The plume flowed across the sediment surface and towards greater depths. Plume-affected sampling stations exhibited higher levels of sediment contaminant indicators (SCIs) and indicated that station location could affect impact conclusions.
authors.affiliation: Wetland Biogeochemistry Institute, Center for Coastal, Energy and Environmental Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA. dwoodal@lsu.edu
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Woodall
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Gambrell
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Rabalais
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Delaune
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D007221:Industry; D010578:Petroleum; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014872:Water Movements
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D014867:Water; D012965:Sodium Chloride