title: Increasing imposex in populations of Bolinus brandaris (Gastropoda: Muricidae) in the northwestern Mediterranean.
abstract: The muricid gastropod Bolinus brandaris exhibited imposex, a phenomenon linked to the use of organotin biocides. Several stages of imposex development (1-5) could be distinguished and were documented with SEM-photographs for the first time in this species. Additional alterations of the genital tract in females (blocked vulva preventing copulation and deposition of egg capsules) and males (excrecences on the penis and vas deferens) were shown. Imposex intensity on the Catalan coast was very high. The frequency of imposex off Barcelona and Vilanova i la Geltrú was 100%, with all females showing stage 4. Imposex frequency off Sant Carles de la Ràpita was 99.7% and the VDS index scored 3.9. Despite regulations of TBT-containing antifouling paints in Spain since 1990, the present study revealed that frequency and intensity of imposex have increased on the Catalan coast, at least since 1997. However, at present, imposex does not apparently affect the population dynamics of B. brandaris in the studied area, since no serious consequences on female reproduction (only one case of female sterilization) were detected. Gonadal activity and oogenesis were not suppressed or supplanted by spermatogenesis. Sex ratios were not male-biased. Possible sources of organotin biocides are examined.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barcelometa, Barcelona, Spain. mramon@icm.csic.es
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramón
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Amor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005835:Genitalia / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D008974:Mollusca / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009947:Organotin Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical