title: Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin resistance in Turkey.
abstract: Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae (750) to penicillin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole isolated in 4 Turkish hospitals between 1996 and 1999 was evaluated according to year of isolation, patients' age groups and specimen. Penicillin susceptibility was determined by E-test strips and the other antibiotics were tested by disk diffusion test following the NCCLS guidelines in each center. Overall high and intermediate resistance to penicillin was 3% and 29%, respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.001) between the centers with regard to penicillin resistance. However, there was no significant increase in resistance by year. Penicillin resistance varied significantly among children and adults (36% versus 25%) and according to the specimen. Highest rate of penicillin resistance was observed in respiratory specimens (36%) followed by ear exudates (33.5%). In blood isolates, resistance to penicillin was 28.6%. Overall resistance to erythromycin was 8%, to chloramphenicol 5% and to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 47%. Although overall penicillin resistance in these Turkish S. pneumoniae isolates is high, resistance rates vary in each center and have not increased from 1996 to 1999.
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Children's Hospital, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey. dg01-k@tr.net
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gür
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Güçiz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hasçelik
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Esel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sümerkan
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Over
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Söyletir
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ongen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaygusuz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Töreci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000494:pharmacology; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004917:Erythromycin; D002701:Chloramphenicol; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination