title: Recurrent pregnancy loss with antiphospholipid antibody: a systematic review of therapeutic trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effects of interventions given to improve pregnancy outcome in women with antiphospholipid antibodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Cochrane Collaboration Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Specialized Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and MEDLINE were searched in December 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials of therapy for pregnancy loss associated with antiphospholipid antibodies were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trial selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed by two authors independently. Quantitative analysis of summary data was performed using the fixed- and random-effects models with heterogeneity assessments. Pregnancy loss and adverse neonatal outcomes were the main outcome measures. Ten trials (n = 627) fulfilled the inclusion criteria (of which four lacked adequate allocation concealment). Three trials of aspirin alone showed no significant reduction in pregnancy loss (relative risk [RR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66, 1.68). Heparin combined with aspirin (two trials, 140 patients) significantly reduced pregnancy loss compared with aspirin alone (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.29, 0.71). Prednisone and aspirin resulted in a significant increase in prematurity (RR 4.83, 95% CI 2.85, 8.21) but no significant reduction in pregnancy loss (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.53, 1.36).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination therapy with aspirin and heparin may reduce pregnancy loss in women with antiphospholipid antibodies by 54%. Further large, randomized controlled trials with adequate allocation concealment are necessary to exclude significant adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Immunology Service, Auckland Hospital, New Zealand. mariannee@adhb.govt.nz
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Empson
authors.forename: Marissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lassere
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011241:Prednisone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D006493:Heparin; D001241:Aspirin; D011241:Prednisone