title: Enhancement of the response to levodopa therapy after intrastriatal transplantation of autologous sympathetic neurons in patients with Parkinson disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is growing evidence to indicate that tissue transplantation can potentially be a restorative neurosurgical treatment for patients with Parkinson disease (PD). In this study the authors investigated the clinical effect of unilateral intrastriatal grafting of autologous sympathetic neurons in patients with PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients with PD who had been observed for 1 year after graft placement of autologous sympathetic neurons were selected for an analysis of the effect of that procedure. Sympathetic ganglion tissue was endoscopically excised from the thoracic sympathetic trunk and grafted into the unilateral caudate head and putamen of the PD patients. No changes were made in the patients' preoperative regimens of antiparkinsonian medications, and clinical evaluations were made principally according to those established by the Core Assessment Program for Intracerebral Transplantation Committee. Whereas the sympathetic neuron grafts failed to affect clinical scores reflecting the patients' motor performance, which was evaluated during either the "on" or "off' phases, the grafts significantly increased the duration of the levodopa-induced on period with consequent reduction in the percentage of time spent in the off phase. This beneficial effect may be explained by the results of the present in vitro experiment, which show that human sympathetic neurons have the ability to convert exogenous levodopa to dopamine and to store this synthesized dopamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sympathetic neuron autografts were found to improve performance status in patients with PD by reducing the time spent in the off phase. This clearly indicates that sympathetic ganglion tissue, the use of which involves few ethical issues, can be an efficacious donor source in cell transplantation therapy for PD. Further studies are needed to determine whether the grafts may provide long-lasting clinical benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Japan. nnakao@wakayama-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kakishita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uematsu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshimasu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bessho
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itakura
mesh_terms: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005728:Ganglia, Sympathetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007980:Levodopa / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011699:Putamen / Q000601:surgery; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D002395:Catecholamines; D007980:Levodopa