title: Gender and racial/ethnic differences in tobacco-dependence treatment: a commentary and research recommendations.
abstract: The preparation of the Public Health Service Report, Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence, brought to light a substantial gap in the smoking cessation literature; there is little or no research evidence regarding the success of formal tobacco-dependence treatment specific to gender or racial/ethnic status. Of the 192 articles included in the meta-analyses of the evidence-based PHS Report, none included results based on racial/ethnic group and only four reported results by gender. This commentary identifies tobacco use as a problem that crosses gender and racial/ethnic boundaries, reviews reasons that the different genders or racial/ethnic groups might require different tobacco-dependence treatments, provides suggestive evidence that both gender and racial/ethnic status influence tobacco-dependence treatment efficacy, and recommends changes and directions for future clinical research that will address gender and racial/ethnicity effects.
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, 53711-2027, USA. mep@ctri.medicine.wisc.edu
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Welsch
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome