title: Impact of chemical warfare with agent orange on women's reproductive lives in Vietnam: a pilot study.
abstract: During the American war in Vietnam, huge quantities of the highly toxic herbicide dioxin ('Agent Orange'), were sprayed over large areas of central and south Vietnam. In addition to polluting the environment and causing cancers and other diseases in those directly exposed to it, dioxin has caused high rates of pregnancy loss, congenital birth defects and other health problems in their children. This paper reports the findings of a pilot study in the year 2000 among 30 Vietnamese women whose husbands and/or who themselves were exposed to Agent Orange. The aim was to develop research in order to explore the impact of chemical warfare on people's lives. Using the reproductive lifeline and semi-structured interviews, information was gathered on both partners' periods of exposure to Agent Orange, pregnancy outcomes, perceived health problems of children and experiences of living with handicapped children. The women had had a high number of miscarriages and premature births. About two-thirds of their children had congenital malformations or developed disabilities within the first years of life. Most of the families were poor, aggravated by impaired health in the men, the burden of caring for disabled children, and feelings of guilt and inferiority. The plight of 'Agent Orange families' is special and should be placed in its historical and political context.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Gender, Family and Environment in Development, 19 A 26 Nghia San, Cau Giay, 347 Lane, Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. cgfed@hn.vnn.vn
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D015085:2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000139:chemically induced; D000328:Adult; D000075182:Agent Orange; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D017281:Cost of Illness; D019988:Children with Disabilities; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011287:Prejudice; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D018456:Reproductive Medicine; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D000075182:Agent Orange; D015085:2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid