title: Alkalinization of intracuff lidocaine improves endotracheal tube-induced emergence phenomena.
abstract: We sought to evaluate the effect of filling an endotracheal tube cuff with 40 mg lidocaine alone (Group L) or alkalinized lidocaine (Group LB) in comparison to an Air Control group (Group C) on adverse emergence phenomena in a randomized controlled study (n = 25 in each group). The incidence of sore throat was decreased for Group LB in comparison to Group L during the 24 postextubation hours. The difference between Group L and Group C remained significant in the two postextubation hours only. Plasma lidocaine levels increased when lidocaine was alkalinized (C(max) were 62.5 +/- 34.0 ng/mL and 3.2 +/- 1.0 ng/mL for Groups LB and L, respectively). Cough and restlessness before tracheal extubation were decreased in Group LB compared with Group L and in Group L compared with Group C. Nausea, postoperative vomiting, dysphonia, and hoarseness were increased after extubation in Group C compared with the liquid groups, and a better tolerance was recorded with Group LB compared with Group L. The increase of arterial blood pressure and cardiac frequencies during the extubation period was less in the liquid groups than in the control group and less in Group LB compared with Group L. We concluded that use of intracuff alkalinized lidocaine is an effective adjunct to endotracheal intubation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of 40 mg of alkalinized lidocaine, rather than lidocaine or air, to fill the endotracheal tube cuff reduces the incidence of sore throat in the postoperative period. This approach also decreases hemodynamic effects, restlessness, dysphonia, and hoarseness.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Anesthésie Réanimation Chirurgicale 2 , Université de Rennes, Rennes, France. jean-pierre.estebe@chu-rennes.fr
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Estebe
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dollo
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Le Corre
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le Naoures
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chevanne
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Le Verge
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ecoffey
mesh_terms: D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D008012:Lidocaine