title: Intracranial hemorrhage in infants and children with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant vascular dysplasia. Most cases are caused by mutations in the endoglin gene on chromosome 9 (HHT type 1) or the activin receptor-like kinase 1 gene on chromosome 12 (HHT type 2), which leads to telangiectases and arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the skin, mucosa, and viscera. Epistaxis is the most frequent presentation. Visceral involvement includes pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and cerebral AVMs, which have been reported predominantly in adults. The purpose of this article is to describe 9 children who presented with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) secondary to cerebral AVM. None of these children was suspected of having HHT before the incident, despite family histories of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report the first case of an ICH secondary to a cerebral AVM in a neonate confirmed to have HHT type 1 by molecular analysis. We also describe a series of 8 additional cases of ICH secondary to cerebral AVM in children presumed to have HHT. Examination of multiple affected members from each of these families, using well-accepted published criteria, confirmed the diagnosis of HHT. In addition, genetic linkage studies and/or mutation analysis identified endoglin as the disease-causing gene in 6 of these families. Autopsy, imaging studies, and/or surgery confirmed the presence of cerebral AVMs and ICH in all 9 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our report shows that infants and children with a family history of HHT are at risk for sudden and catastrophic ICH. A preemptive diagnosis may potentially identify and prevent more serious sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. terrymorgan@sisna.com
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Magdy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Ashima
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madan
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Louanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hudgins
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manning
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D013683:Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics