title: Effects of haloperidol and clozapine on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response and the N1/P2 auditory evoked potential in man.
abstract: Contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle in response to a sudden loud sound (acoustic startle response) and the N1/P2 component of the auditory evoked potential are both attenuated when a brief low-intensity stimulus is presented 30-500 ms before the 'startle-eliciting' stimulus (prepulse inhibition). Here, we report the effects of the 'conventional' antipsychotic drug haloperidol and the 'atypical' antipsychotic clozapine on these responses. Fifteen males (aged 19-54 years) participated in four sessions at 7-day intervals, in which they received clozapine 3 mg, clozapine 6 mg, haloperidol 3 mg and placebo, according to a balanced double-blind design. Electromyographic (EMG) responses of the orbicularis oculi muscle and N1/P2 auditory evoked potentials were recorded in a 20-min session, 3 h after treatment. Subjects received 40 trials in which 1-kHz sounds were presented: (i) 40 ms, 115 dB ('pulse alone' trials) and (ii) 40 ms, 85 dB, followed after 120 ms by 40 ms, 115 dB ('prepulse/pulse' trials). Mean amplitudes of the EMG response and the N1/P2 potential were derived from the pulse-alone trials and, in each case, percentage prepulse inhibition was calculated. Serum prolactin was measured after each treatment, and autonomic (heart rate, blood pressure, salivation) and psychological (visual analogue self-ratings of mood and alertness, critical flicker fusion frequency) measures were taken before and after each treatment. Clozapine 6 mg significantly reduced the amplitude of the EMG response without altering its inhibition by prepulses. Clozapine 6 mg did not affect the amplitude of the N1/P2 potential, but significantly attenuated prepulse inhibition of that response. Clozapine 3 mg and haloperidol had no significant effect on either response. Clozapine 3 mg and 6 mg, but not haloperidol, reduced subjective alertness and critical flicker fusion frequency. Clozapine 6 mg reduced salivation. Haloperidol, but not clozapine, elevated serum prolactin levels. These results confirm that prepulse inhibition of the startle response and of the N1/P2 complex have different pharmacological sensitivities. The abililty of clozapine to attenuate the startle response may reflect its sedative action. The basis of the abililty of clozapine to suppress prepulse inhibition of the N1/P2 potential remains uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Langley
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Szabadi
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004576:Electromyography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000187:drug effects*; D005425:Flicker Fusion / Q000187:drug effects; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects*; D012472:Salivation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D011388:Prolactin; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol