title: The natural history and treatment of acquired hemidystonia: report of 33 cases and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the natural history and response to treatment in hemidystonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  190 Cases of hemidystonia were identified; 33 patients in this series and 157 from the world literature. Data was collected on aetiology, age of onset, latency, lesion location, and response to treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common aetiologies of hemidystonia were stroke, trauma, and perinatal injury. Mean age of onset was 20 years in this series and 25.7 years in the literature. The average latency from insult to dystonia was 4.1 years in this series and 2.8 years in the literature, with the longest latencies occurring after perinatal injury. Basal ganglia lesions were identified in 48% of cases in this series and 60% of the cases in the literature, most commonly involving the putamen. Patients experienced benefit from medical therapy in only 26% of medication trials in this series and in only 35% of trials in the literature. In the patients reported here, the benzodiazepines clonazepam and diazepam were the most effective medications with 50% of trials resulting in at least some benefit. In the literature, anticholinergic drugs were most effective with 41% of trials resulting in benefit. Surgery was successful in five of six cases in this series and in 22 of 23 cases in the literature. However, in 12 cases, results were transient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most common cause of hemidystonia is stroke, with the lesion most commonly involving the basal ganglia. Hemidystonia responds poorly to most medical therapies, but some patients may benefit from treatment with benzodiazepines or anticholinergic drugs. Surgical therapy may be successful but benefit is often transient.
authors.affiliation: The Neurological Institute, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. cathychung@usa.net
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fahn
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Frucht
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology*; D004421:Dystonia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011379:Prognosis; D013786:Thalamic Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D001569:Benzodiazepines