title: The prevalence of treatable left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients who present with noncardiac vascular episodes: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine the prevalence of treatable left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (LVSD) in patients who present with their first noncardiac vascular episode.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Screening for LV dysfunction in patients who present with their first stroke (cerebrovascular accident), their first transient ischemic attack (TIA) or their first manifestation of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) may represent a golden opportunity to identify treatable LV dysfunction, and so their known high incidence of sudden cardiac death may be reduced.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participating in this study were 522 (75%) of 700 consecutive patients (302 patients with stroke, TIA or PVD and 220 age- and gender-matched control subjects). Each underwent a full clinical assessment, 12-lead electrocardiography and two-dimensional echocardiography. Left ventricular dysfunction was defined as LV ejection fraction < or = 40%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-two (28%) patients with vascular disease and 11 (5.5%) control subjects were found to have LVSD. Twenty-six (28%) stroke patients, 22 (26%) patients with TIA and 24 (31%) patients with PVD had LVSD. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction was symptomatic in 44% of patients and in 35% of control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Left ventricular systolic dysfunction is five times more common among patients with stroke, TIA and PVD than among age- and gender-matched control subjects. Asymptomatic LVSD is more common than symptomatic LVSD in these patients. These findings suggest that routine screening of all patients with noncardiac vascular episodes for LVSD should now be considered. Future studies should investigate whether identifying and treating LVSD in these patients would reduce their known high rate of cardiac death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Dundee and Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Staines
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: MacWalter
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stonebridge
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tunstall-Pedoe
authors.forename: Allan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Struthers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*