title: The predictive value of asthma medications to identify individuals with asthma--a study in German general practices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The assessment of prescribing performance by aggregated measures mainly developed from automated databases is often helpful for general practitioners. For asthma treatment, the frequently applied ratio of anti-inflammatory to bronchodilator drugs may, however, be misleading if the specificity of a drug for the treatment of asthma, compared with other diseases, is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the association of specific drugs with the diagnosis of asthma compared with other diagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study analysing prescription data from a retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight general practices and one community respiratory practice in a town in Northern Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients in the participating practices who received at least one of the 50 asthma drugs most frequently prescribed in Germany within the past 12 weeks were identified. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (ClI) were calculated to reveal any association between a specific drug and the diagnosis of asthma. The unit of analysis was the item prescribed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Topical betamimetics (e.g salbutamol, fenoterol) were the most often prescribed asthma drugs in the general practices (52.1 ) and in the respiratory practice (57.6%). Inhaled steroids accounted for 15% and 13%; systemic steroids accounted for 10% and 13%, respectively. In the general practices, inhaled betamimetics had a moderate marker function for asthma (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.14-3.58). A fixed oral combination drug of clenbuterol plus ambroxol was a marker drug against asthma (OR = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.20-0.61). In the respiratory practice, the diagnosis of asthma was strongly marked by fixed combinations of cromoglycate plus betamimetics (OR = 29.0; 95% CI = 6.86-122.24) and moderately by inhaled betamimetics (OR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.28-5.14). In contrast, systemic steroids (OR = 0.24; 95% CI 0.10-0.57) and even inhaled steroids (OR = 0.46; 95% ClI= 0.22-0.96) proved to contradict the diagnosis of asthma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only betamimetics were markers for asthma patients in both types of practices; inhaled steroids, however, were not. Combinations of cromoglycate were markers in the respiratory practice only. Limited specificity of drugs for a disease (e.g asthma) should be taken into account when analysing prescribing data that are not diagnosis linked.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, University of Göttingen, Germany. whimmel@gwdg.de
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Himmel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hummers-Pradier
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schümann
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kochen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000592:standards; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents