title: Evaluation of a short interspersed nucleotide element in the 3' untranslated region of the defective dystrophin gene of dogs with muscular dystrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the distribution of a 231-base pair (bp) element in the dystrophin gene 3' untranslated region (UTR) in a colony of Golden Retrievers with muscular dystrophy and other unrelated dogs and to estimate the frequency of recombination for the canine dystrophin gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  77 dogs from the Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy (GRMD) colony at the Murdoch Veterinary School and 30 unrelated dogs from the Murdoch University Veterinary Clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of blood or hair from dogs were used for amplification of DNA, using primers to the canine dystrophin 3' UTR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DNA from affected dogs generated a larger PCR product than that obtained from clinically normal dogs. Products were cloned and sequenced, and the difference in size was found to be attributable to a 231-bp short interspersed nucleotide element (SINE). The SINE was found in all affected dogs in the colony but not in most unaffected puppies in the colony. Eighteen of 19 dogs in the colony were heterozygous for the GRMD mutation, and 7 of 30 unrelated dogs also were heterozygous for the SINE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence of recombination between the GRMD mutation and the SINE was observed in only 4 dogs (2 sets of littermates) in the GRMD colony. Incidence of this SINE in a few unrelated dogs suggests that this particular insertion into the dystrophin gene may have been a recent event. The SINE in the dystrophin 3' UTR did not have an apparent influence on dystrophin mRNA concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Australian Neuromuscular Research Institute, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Carville
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Wilton
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D004285:Dogs; D016189:Dystrophin / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009137:Muscular Dystrophy, Animal / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D020086:Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D016189:Dystrophin; D012313:RNA; D004247:DNA