title: Clinical and familial study of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the characteristics of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and 34 members of three families were studied. All patients and family members underwent history collection, clinical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), two-dimensional echocardiography (2-DE) and a signal averaging electrocardiogram. Programmed ventricular stimulation was performed in five patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients and family members had normal morphologic characteristics and normal function of the left ventricular by 2-DE. Fourteen persons had abnormal findings indicating ARVC. Five had enlargement of the right ventricular with diffused hypocontractility, eight had thin and systolic bulging in the focal anterior wall with hypokinesia and one had bulging of the inferior wall. Twenty-five persons (seven patients and 18 family members) had abnormal findings in ECG. Positive ventricular late potential was recorded in 13 persons (six patients). Two to three monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) with left bundle branch block (LBBB) configurations were induced in five patients. Ventricular fibrillation was induced in two patients during the electrophysiologic study (EPS). Five patients had very high pacing threshold and/or ineffective pacing in one or many regions of the right ventricle. Two members of one family died suddenly. One member was a dwarf with ARVC. Spontaneous VT with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) configuration was recorded in five patients, polymorphic VT with extremely short coupling interval in one, and premature ventricular complexes with LBBB configuration in 12 (six patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our familial study strongly suggests that ARVC may be a hereditary disease and it is helpful in the diagnosis and detection of ARVC. The most common manifestations were abnormal structure and function of the right ventricle and abnormal ECG of repolarization and ventricular arrhythmia which originates from the right ventricle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019571:Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D011859:Radiography; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000209:etiology; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology