title: Differential vulnerability of inner and outer hair cell systems to chronic mild hypoxia and glutamate ototoxicity: insights into the cause of auditory neuropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the effects of long-term mild hypoxia and of glutamate poisoning on the functional properties of the cochlea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outer hair cell activity was monitored using otoacoustic emissions and cochlear microphonics, and inner hair cell/cochlear afferent function was measured using neural responses (cochlear action potentials or auditory brainstem responses [ABRs]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast to the effects of acute anoxia, in which all aspects of cochlear function are simultaneously lost, mild, long-term hypoxia results in a clear differential effect on outer versus inner hair cell systems. During a 2-hour period of mild hypoxia, ABR amplitude and threshold deteriorate significantly, whereas outer hair cell function, as reflected by otoacoustic emissions, shows little or no change. A similar dissociation between inner and outer hair cell function is observed during instillation of glutamate (1-10 mM), where the cochlear microphonic and the otoacoustic emissions are unchanged, whereas cochlear action potential amplitudes are reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies demonstrate a difference in vulnerability of inner and outer hair cell systems. The inner hair cell/cochlear afferent system is vulnerable to long-term, mild hypoxia; this may be an etiologic factor in hearing loss of cochlear origin, particularly in high-risk birth infants with auditory neuropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mount
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002682:Chinchilla; D003055:Cochlear Microphonic Potentials; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D006199:Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018072:Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous; D013997:Time Factors; D000160:Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid