title: Microstructure of aggregated and nonaggregated kappa-carrageenan helices visualized by atomic force microscopy.
abstract: Gelation of kappa-carrageenan is believed to involve two steps: helix formation on cooling and a further specific cation (salt) induced side-by-side aggregation of helices. Samples that should contain aggregated and also nonaggregated "helices" of kappa-carrageenan were prepared in aqueous solutions, spread onto freshly cleaved mica surfaces, and visualized under butanol using atomic force microscopy. In the presence of an excessive amount of a gel-promoting salt, KCl, kappa-carrageenan appeared to form rigid rodlike structures considered as large aggregates of double helices. Even when the side-by-side interhelical aggregation was suppressed by diluting random coiled solutions prior to cooling, by adding an aggregation-impeding salt, NaI, or by transforming kappa-carrageenan into the tetramethylammonium (TMA) salt, branched rodlike structures were still evident, suggesting that the side-by-side aggregation of helices is not a prerequisite for kappa-carrageenan to form a network structure, at least locally. Even in the absence of factors that promote side-by-side aggregation, kappa-carrageenan helices appeared to be capable of associating and forming gel networks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan. ikedalife.osaka-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishinari
mesh_terms: D002236:Carbohydrate Conformation; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019281:Dimerization; D005782:Gels; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D012974:Sodium Iodide / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D002351:Carrageenan; D012974:Sodium Iodide; C027917:tetramethylammonium