title: Gender and age effects on the ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate responses to antihypertensive therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to assess potential differences in the 24-h antihypertensive response to treatment with the controlled-onset, extended-release (COER) calcium antagonist, verapamil in men versus women and older versus younger patients with hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analyses were performed of three prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with COER-verapamil in patients with mid-stage I to stage III essential hypertension. The trials were conducted at medical clinics in the US and Canada in patients with a mean office diastolic blood pressure (BP) of 95 to 115 mm Hg on 2 consecutive weeks and a mean daytime diastolic BP >90 mm Hg. Patients were randomized to treatment with 180 to 540 mg/day of COER-verapamil (N = 273) or placebo (N = 125). Changes from baseline in ambulatory BP and heart rate after COER-verapamil were compared in men versus women and in older versus younger patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with COER-verapamil caused significant reductions in 24-h and early-morning systolic and diastolic BP in all of the subpopulations as compared with placebo (P < .001). COER-verapamil induced a greater reduction in both 24-h systolic (-15.1 v -10.0 mm Hg; P < .001) and diastolic (-10.4 v -8.2 mm Hg; P = .003) BP in women compared with men. Older patients showed a greater mean reduction in 24-h diastolic BP (-10.2 v -8.2 mm Hg; P < .05) and heart rate (-5.7 v -4.4 beats/min; P < .05) compared with younger patients. Side effects were similar in all of the COER-verapamil treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both gender and age were significant determinants of the response to COER-verapamil. The antihypertensive effect of verapamil is greater in women than in men and in older patients compared with younger patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, USA. wwhite@nso1.uchc.edu
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sica
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D014700:Verapamil / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D014700:Verapamil