title: Comprehensive comparison of health-related quality of life after contemporary therapies for localized prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) concerns are pivotal in choosing prostate cancer therapy. However, concurrent HRQOL comparison between brachytherapy, external radiation, radical prostatectomy, and controls is hitherto lacking. HRQOL effects of hormonal adjuvants and of cancer control after therapy also lack prior characterization.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was administered to patients who underwent brachytherapy, external-beam radiation, or radical prostatectomy during 4 years at an academic medical center and to age-matched controls. HRQOL among controls was compared with therapy groups. Comparison between therapy groups was performed using regression models to control covariates. HRQOL effects of cancer progression were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One thousand fourteen subjects participated. Compared with controls, each therapy group reported bothersome sexual dysfunction; radical prostatectomy was associated with adverse urinary HRQOL; external-beam radiation was associated with adverse bowel HRQOL; and brachytherapy was associated with adverse urinary, bowel, and sexual HRQOL (P < or =.0002 for each). Hormonal adjuvant symptoms were associated with significant impairment (P <.002). More than 1 year after therapy, several HRQOL outcomes were less favorable among subjects after brachytherapy than after external radiation or radical prostatectomy. Progression-free subjects reported better sexual and hormonal HRQOL than subjects with increasing prostate-specific antigen (P <.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term HRQOL after prostate brachytherapy showed no benefit relative to radical prostatectomy or external-beam radiation and may be less favorable in some domains. Hormonal adjuvants can be associated with significant impairment. Progression-free survival is associated with HRQOL benefits. These findings facilitate patient counseling regarding HRQOL expectations and highlight the need for prospective studies sensitive to urinary irritative and hormonal concerns in addition to incontinence, sexual, and bowel HRQOL domains.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Center for Practice Management and Outcomes Research, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Rodney L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Howard M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: P William
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Montie
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Litwin
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nyquist
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sanda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000209:etiology*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal