title: Association of non-urological diseases with lower urinary tract symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical observations indicate that many non-urological diseases seem to be associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). This has also been shown in studies usually concerning single diseases. This study investigated the impact of non-urological diseases on LUTS in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire on LUTS and medical history was mailed to all 50-, 60- and 70 year-old men in Tampere and in 11 municipalities in the same county, in total 3143 subjects. Day-time frequency, nocturia, urge, urge incontinence, hesitancy and incomplete emptying were used to form an index for LUTS. The men were asked to report any disease that they had. The number of the following diseases reported by the participants was large enough for statistical analysis: lower back pain, hypertension, arthritis, heart disease, pulmonary disease, diabetes, constipation. stroke, transient ischaemic attack, cancer (other than prostate or bladder), neurological disease, inguinal hernia, rheumatoid arthritis and faecal incontinence. The association between LUTS and non-urological diseases was estimated by logistic regression as a prevalence odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the multivariate analysis a significant association was found between LUTS and the following diseases: faecal incontinence (OR 4.5, CI 2 .3-9.1), neurological disease (OR 2.4, CI 1.3-4.4), constipation (OR 2.3, CI 1.5-3.3) and arthritis (OR 1.5, CI 1.2-2.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to this population-based study LUTS is an important part of the symptomatology of faecal incontinence, neurological disease, constipation and arthritis. Thus, the patients with these diseases and presenting with LUTS require careful investigation, at least in the cases in which the primary therapy of LUTS has failed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland. jkoskimaki@koti.tpo.fi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koskimäki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hakama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huhtala
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Tammela
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000150:complications; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*