title: The activity of a developmentally regulated cysteine proteinase is required for cyst wall formation in the primitive eukaryote Giardia lamblia.
abstract: Giardia is an intestinal parasite that belongs to the earliest diverging branch of the eukaryotic lineage of descent. Giardia undergoes adaptation for survival outside the host's intestine by differentiating into infective cysts. Encystation involves the synthesis and transport of cyst wall constituents to the plasma membrane for release and extracellular organization. Nevertheless, little is known about the molecular events related to cyst wall biogenesis in Giardia. Among the components of the cyst wall there are two proteins that we have previously identified and characterized: CWP1 (26 kDa) and CWP2 (39 kDa). Expression of these proteins is coordinately induced, and both concentrated within encystation-specific secretory vesicles before their extracellular polymerization. Although highly similar to each other at the amino terminus, CWP2 includes a COOH-terminal 121-amino acid extension. Here, we show that this extension, rich in basic residues, is cleaved from CWP2 before cyst wall formation by an intracellular cysteine proteinase activity, which is induced during encystation like CWPs. Specific inhibitors prevent release of cyst wall materials, abolishing cyst wall formation. We also report the purification, cloning, and characterization of the encystation-specific cysteine proteinase responsible for the proteolytic processing of CWP2, which is homologue to lysosomal cathepsin C. Encystation-specific cysteine proteinase ESCP possesses unique characteristics compared with cathepsins from higher eukaryotes, such as a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic tail. These features make this enzyme the most divergent cathepsin C identified to date and provide new insights regarding cyst wall formation in Giardia.
authors.affiliation: Catedra de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, CP5000 Argentina.
authors.forename: María C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Touz
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nores
authors.forename: Ileana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Slavin
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carmona
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mowatt
authors.forename: Theodore E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.forename: Carlos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Coronel
authors.forename: Hugo D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Luján
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D020789:Cathepsin C / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000201:enzymology; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000201:enzymology*; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000201:enzymology*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D021381:Protein Transport; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C093810:CWP1 protein, S cerevisiae; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D020789:Cathepsin C; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases