title: Psychological effects of biological warfare.
abstract: We compare and contrast psychological and behavioral reactions to bioterrorism with responses to the use of traditional and chemical weapons by terrorists. We discuss the characteristics of biological agents that make them potent agents of terror. We suggest strategies for preparation and response to bioterrorism. We reviewed the literature on psychological, behavioral, and social responses to terrorism, natural disasters, and infectious disease outbreaks. The first psychiatric intervention is to ensure good medical care for illness. Initial psychosocial interventions also include effective and accurate risk communication, management of misattribution of somatic symptoms, and the creation of a recovery environment that restores effective social roles and returns people to their usual sources of social support. Bioterrorism presents special challenges for our society. Domestic bioterrorism preparedness and response plans should reflect realistic consideration of psychological, behavioral, and societal reactions to this novel weapon.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Norwood
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ursano
mesh_terms: D001519:Behavior; D001694:Biological Warfare / Q000523:psychology*; D023482:Bioterrorism / Q000523:psychology*; D004189:Disaster Planning; D006801:Humans