title: Effects of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, piroxicam, on tumor response, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in a canine model of human invasive urinary bladder cancer.
abstract: The mechanisms by which cyclooxygenase inhibitors exert antitumor effects are not completely defined but are postulated to involve antiangiogenic effects and induction of apoptosis. In this study, we determined the effects of the cox inhibitor, piroxicam, on tumor response, apoptotic index, proliferative index, cyclooxygenase-2 expression, prostaglandin E(2) concentration, tumor microvessel density, and urine basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in pet dogs with naturally occurring invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Piroxicam caused reduction in tumor volume in 12 of 18 dogs, and this was strongly associated with induction of apoptosis (Fisher's exact test P < 0.015) and reduction in urine basic fibroblast growth factor concentration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Sulma I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Nita W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Glickman
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mutsaers
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Widmer
authors.forename: Amalia E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: DeGortari
authors.forename: Patty L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Bonney
authors.forename: Deborah W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Knapp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008222:Lymphokines; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D010894:Piroxicam; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone