title: Japanese red-bellied newts in Space--AstroNewt experiment on Space Shuttle IML-2 and Space Flyer Unit.
abstract: Biological effects of gravity was examined in embryonic development of Japanese red bellied newt. Two space newt missions were conducted in 1994 and 1995. The Second International Microgravity Laboratory was flown in 1994 as one of the SpaceLab missions. Space Flyer Unit, a Japanese space platform, was delivered to the earth orbit by the third launch of the H-II rocket and retrieved by Space Shuttle in 1996. Female newts were induced to lay eggs in orbit at these two space missions. Eggs were successfully obtained on both missions, and exposed to space environment from its early developmental stages. Morphology of the embryos was found not deviated from those developed on ground, as long as in the images taken in orbit or the examined specimen retrieved to ground. On the other hand, pathological changes were discovered in several organs of the adult newts that returned alive from their space flight.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Kanagawa, Japan. yamashita@surc.isas.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Izumi-Kurotani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imamizo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okuno
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komazaki
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kashima
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mogami
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asashima
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010781:Photography; D012455:Salamandridae / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology*; D013026:Space Flight; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000209:etiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014893:Weightlessness