Cell proliferation and DNA breaks are involved in ultraviolet light-induced apoptosis in nucleotide excision repair-deficient Chinese hamster cells.
UV light targets both membrane receptors and nuclear DNA, thus evoking signals triggering apoptosis. Although receptor-mediated apoptosis has been extensively investigated, the role of DNA damage in apoptosis is less clear. To analyze the importance of DNA damage induced by UV-C light in apoptosis, we compared nucleotide excision repair (NER)-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells (lines 27-1 and 43-3B mutated for the repair genes ERCC3 and ERCC1, respectively) with the corresponding DNA repair-proficient fibroblasts (CHO-9 and ERCC1 complemented 43-3B cells). NER-deficient cells were hypersensitive as to the induction of apoptosis, indicating that apoptosis induced by UV-C light is due to unrepaired DNA base damage. Unrepaired lesions, however, do not activate the apoptotic pathway directly because apoptosis upon UV-C irradiation requires DNA replication and cell proliferation. It is also shown that in NER-deficient cells unrepaired lesions are converted into DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and chromosomal aberrations by a replication-dependent process that precedes apoptosis. We therefore propose that DSBs arising from replication of DNA containing nonrepaired lesions act as an ultimate trigger of UV-C-induced apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis by UV-C light was related to decline in the expression level of Bcl-2 and activation of caspases. Decline of Bcl-2 and subsequent apoptosis might also be caused, at least in part, by UV-C-induced blockage of transcription, which was more pronounced in NER-deficient than in wild-type cells. This is in line with experiments with actinomycin D, which provoked Bcl-2 decline and apoptosis. UV-C-induced apoptosis due to nonrepaired DNA lesions, replication-dependent formation of DSBs, and activation of the mitochondrial damage pathway is independent of functional p53 for which the cells are mutated.
Dunkern
Torsten R
TR
Institute of Toxicology, Division of Applied Toxicology, University of Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
Kaina
Bernd
B
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D016466:CHO Cells; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000528:radiation effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D002843:Chromatin / Q000528:radiation effects; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D006224:Cricetinae; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*
D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D002843:Chromatin; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53