title: Bakery foods are the major dietary source of trans-fatty acids among pregnant women with diets providing 30 percent energy from fat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate intake and identify major dietary sources of trans-fatty acids consumed by healthy, pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional prospective study using a food intake questionnaire designed specifically to estimate trans-fatty acid intakes calculated from a trans-fatty acid food database developed by food analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy, pregnant women (n=60) were recruited in Vancouver, BC, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 9.0, descriptive statistics were applied to all variables and paired t tests were used to determine differences in intakes between second and third trimester of pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean fat intakes (in g/person/day) for the second and third trimesters, respectively, were: 85.8 and 73.9 total fat, 31.5 and 26.4 monounsaturated, 29.7 and 26.3 saturated, 13.6 and 12.2 polyunsaturated, and 3.8 and 3.4 trans. Fat represented 28% of dietary energy in both trimesters. The major sources of trans-fatty acids were bakery foods (33% of trans-fatty acid intake), fast foods (12%), breads (10%), snacks (10%), and margarines/shortenings (8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women following diets providing about 30% energy from fat consumed about 90% of trans-fatty acids as invisible fat, with less than 10% from table spreads. Dietitians should educate pregnant clients about hidden sources of trans-fatty acids and emphasize the importance of dietary fat composition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: Sheila M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Innis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids