Cadmium exposure in pregnancy and lactation in relation to iron status.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of iron status on cadmium dose among pregnant women.


METHODS
Iron status and cadmium concentration in blood, urine, and placenta were determined among women followed for 2 years from early pregnancy.


RESULTS
Blood cadmium and urinary cadmium were correlated with iron status throughout the study period. Urinary cadmium increased longitudinally among women with exhausted iron stores during their pregnancy. The increase in urinary cadmium with age was more pronounced in multiparous than in nulliparous women.


CONCLUSIONS
Iron deficiency during pregnancy leads to increased cadmium absorption and body burden. Multiparous women exhibit additional increases with increasing age.
Akesson
Agneta
A
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Metals and Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. agneta.akesson@imm.ki.se
Berglund
Marika
M
Schütz
Andrejs
A
Bjellerup
Per
P
Bremme
Katarina
K
Vahter
Marie
M
D000328:Adult; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008423:Maternal Age; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010298:Parity; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
D002104:Cadmium