title: Decontamination of aflatoxin-forming fungus and elimination of aflatoxin mutagenicity with electrolyzed NaCl anode solution.
abstract: Electrolysis of a 0.1% (17.1 mM) solution of NaCl using separate anode and cathode compartments gives rise to solutions containing active chemical species. The strongly acidic "anode solution" (EW+) has high levels of dissolved oxygen and available chlorine in a form of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) with a strong potential for sterilization, which we have investigated here. Exposing Aspergillus parasiticus at an initial density of 10(3)spores in 10 microL to a 50-fold volume (500 microL) of EW+ containing ca. 390 micromol HOCl for 15 min at room temperature resulted in a complete inhibition of fungal growth, whereas the cathode solution (EW-) had negligible inhibitory effects. Moreover, the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) for Salmonella typhimurium TA-98 and TA-100 strains was strongly reduced after AFB(1) exposure to the EW+ but not with the EW-. In high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, the peak corresponding to AFB(1) disappeared after treatment with the EW+, indicating decomposition of the aflatoxin. In contrast, the routinely used disinfectant sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl, of the same available chlorine content as that of EW+ but in a different chemical form, hypochlorite (OCl-) ion, did not decompose AFB(1) at pH 11. However, NaOCl did decompose AFB(1) at pH 3, which indicated that the principle chemical formula to participate in the decomposition of AFB(1) is not the OCl- ion but HOCl. Furthermore, because the decomposition of AFB(1) was suppressed by pretreating the EW+ with the OH radical scavenger thiourea, the chemical species responsible for the AFB(1)-decomposing property of the EW+ should be at least due to the OH radical originated from HOCl. The OH in EW+ was proved by electron spin resonance analysis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Wholesomeness and Soundness, Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, Minato, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan. ted@fish.hokudai.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noro
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukunaga
authors.forename: Masumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugiue
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohno
authors.forename: Kunimoto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hotta
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D004572:Electrolysis; D005506:Food Contamination; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D009153:Mutagens; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite