title: Advances in the management of lower eyelid retraction.
abstract: The purpose of this article is to describe the newer surgical techniques and materials available for repair of lower eyelid retraction. The anatomic basis, classification, and prevention of lower eyelid retraction are explored, as well as traditional methods of surgical management. Two case reports involving the successful use of acellular human dermis (AHD) for lower eyelid retraction are presented. Lower eyelid retraction is associated with a variety of etiologies, which mandate that the surgical repair be directed toward correction of the anatomic abnormality in each patient. Each surgical procedure and material used in the repair of eyelid retraction is associated with unique advantages and disadvantages. AHD has found multiple uses in oculoplastics, including reconstruction of the middle and posterior lamellae in eyelid retraction. An understanding of the mechanistic basis of lower eyelid retraction and familiarity with newer techniques and materials enable the oculoplastic surgeon to modify and individualize the operative repair, resulting in better surgical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Oculoplastics and Orbital Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Aldave
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maus
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D019882:Blepharoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D003094:Collagen; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016038:Skin Transplantation; D017768:Skin, Artificial
chemical_list: C440568:Alloderm; D003094:Collagen