title: Precise image-receptor calibration and monitoring of beam quality with a step wedge.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe an extended bootstrap calibration procedure that uses a step-wedge absorber and minimal equipment for rapid, accurate calibration of image receptors and simultaneous monitoring of beam quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple radiographs of a step wedge are made at different exposures, with a precision dosimeter as a reference. An iterative least-squares minimization procedure is used to fit the data with a single calibration function. The calibration range can be extended by varying two exposure parameters in addition to stepwedge thickness. Small variations in beam quality and other experimental artifacts can be detected by testing redundant data for self-consistency. As a demonstration, two photostimulable phosphor (PSP) systems were calibrated, one with a well-regulated X-ray source and the other with a poorly regulated source.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first PSP system was calibrated over a range of 3.2 orders of magnitude with a relative standard deviation of the estimate of only 0.36%. The slope of the calibration curve agreed with the nominal, factory-set value within 0.8% (on a logarithmic scale). The second PSP system had a nearly linear response with a relative standard deviation of the estimate of 0.44% over the upper 97% of its range. Both X-ray sources showed easily detectable variations in tube potential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new calibration method eliminates many of the sources of error of previous techniques such as inverse-square sensitometry. If a suitably precise X-ray source is available, the relative accuracy is limited only by the precision of the receptor system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Washington University, 510 South Kingshighway, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. couture@wuerl.wustl.edu
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Couture
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hildebolt
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D002138:Calibration; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation; D011861:Radiography, Dental / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013679:Technology, Radiologic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens / Q000706:statistics & numerical data