title: Effects of training on forced submersion responses in harbor seals.
abstract: In several pinniped species, the heart rates observed during unrestrained dives are frequently higher than the severe bradycardias recorded during forced submersions. To examine other physiological components of the classic 'dive response' during such moderate bradycardias, a training protocol was developed to habituate harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) to short forced submersions. Significant changes were observed between physiological measurements made during naive and trained submersions (3-3.5 min). Differences were found in measurements of heart rate during submersion (naive 18+/-4.3 beats min(-1) versus trained 35+/-3.4 beats min(-1)), muscle blood flow measured using laser-Doppler flowmetry (naive 1.8+/-0.8 ml min(-1) 100 g(-1) versus trained 5.8+/-3.9 ml min(-1) 100 g(-1)), change in venous P(O(2)) (naive -0.44+/-1.25 kPa versus trained -1.48+/-0.76 kPa) and muscle deoxygenation rate (naive -0.67+/-0.27 mvd s(-1) versus trained -0.51+/-0.18 mvd s(-1), a relative measure of muscle oxygenation provided by the Vander Niroscope, where mvd are milli-vander units). In contrast to the naive situation, the post-submersion increase in plasma lactate levels was only rarely significant in trained seals. Resting eupneic (while breathing) heart rate and total oxygen consumption rates (measured in two seals) were not significantly different between the naive and trained states. This training protocol revealed that the higher heart rate and greater muscle blood flow in the trained seals were associated with a lower muscle deoxygenation rate, presumably secondary to greater extraction of blood O(2) during trained submersions. Supplementation of muscle oxygenation by blood O(2) delivery during diving would increase the rate of blood O(2) depletion but could prolong the duration of aerobic muscle metabolism during diving. This alteration of the dive response may increase the metabolic efficiency of diving.
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA. pjobsis@uvi.edu
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Jobsis
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ponganis
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Kooyman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001049:Apnea / Q000662:veterinary; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D007101:Immersion; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D046048:Seals, Earless / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid