title: Normal and spondylolytic pediatric spine movements with reference to instantaneous axis of rotation.
abstract: METHODS
  A radiologic study of lumbar kinematics in the pediatric spine was conducted.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the kinematic alteration in the pediatric spine with pars defects by measuring the location of the instantaneous axis of rotation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Vertebral slippage and deformities such as wedging of L5 are observed frequently in pediatric patients with spondylolysis. However, the kinematics of pediatric lumbar spine with pars defects has not yet been well documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiographs of 70 pediatric patients (57 boys and 13 girls) with low back pain were examined. The control group (without spondylolysis) consisted of 22 patients (15 boys and 7 girls; mean age, 14.6 years; range, 10-18 years), and the lysis group (with spondylolysis at L5) consisted of 48 patients (42 boys and 6 girls; mean age, 14.5 years; range, 11-18 years). The lysis group was further divided into four subgroups according to the stage of defects and existence of slippage: Group 1 (early stage defect), Group 2 (progressive stage defect), Group 3 (terminal stage defect without slippage), and Group 4 (terminal stage defect with slippage of more than 5%; olisthesis). The instantaneous axis of rotation at L4-L5 and L5-S1 from the extended to the flexed position was measured on lateral dynamic radiograms taken in with the subject in the recumbent position. The relation between lumbar index and the site of instantaneous axis of rotation at L5-S1 also was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The site of instantaneous axis of rotation at L5-S1 and L4-L5 in the control group was not located in the rotating cranial vertebra. In 1 of the 11 patients in the early-stage subgroup, the instantaneous axis of rotation at L5-S1 was found in the cranial vertebra. In 4 of the 11 patients in the progressive stage, 11 of the 16 patients in the terminal stage, and in 7 of the 10 patients in the olisthesis subgroup, the instantaneous axis of rotation was located in the cranial vertebra. Cranial deviation in the instantaneous axis of rotation was observed more frequently in the vertebra with severe deformity less than 80% of the lumbar index than in the vertebra with milder deformity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The instantaneous axis of rotation deviated cranially as the stage of pars defects advanced, and as the wedge deformity increased. Kinematic alteration of the lumbar spine in pediatric patients with spondylolysis may affect chondrocytes of the endplate, perhaps contributing to the consequent spine deformities occurring secondarily to spondylolysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakamaki
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katoh
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sairyo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D011859:Radiography; D012399:Rotation; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013168:Spondylolisthesis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D013169:Spondylolysis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*