Regulation of heart development and function through combinatorial interactions of transcription factors.
Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling cardiac-specific gene transcription requires the dissection of the cis-elements that govern the complex spatio-temporal expression of these genes. The four-chambered vertebrate heart is formed during the late phases of fetal development following a series of complex morphogenetic events that require the functional presence of different proteins. The gradient-like expression of some genes, as well as the chamber-specific expression of others, is tightly regulated by combinatorial interactions of several transcription factors and their cofactors. Chamber- and stage-specific cardiac myocyte cultures have been invaluable for identifying transcription factor binding sites involved in basal, chamber-specific, and inducible expression of many cardiac promoters; these studies, which were largely confirmed in vivo in transgenic mouse models, led to the isolation of key regulators of heart development. In addition, the use of pluripotent embryonic stem cells helped elucidate the early molecular events controlling cardiomyocyte differentiation. Together, these studies point to a major role for GATA transcription factors and their interacting partners in transcriptional control of heart development. In addition, members of the T-box family of transcription factors and homeodomain containing proteins, together with chamber-restricted transcriptional repressors and co-repressors play critical roles in heart septation and chamber specification. These fine-tuned cooperative interactions between different classes of proteins are at the basis of normal cardiac function, and alteration in their expression level or function leads to cardiac pathologies.
Nemer
G
G
Department of Pharmacology, University of Montréal, Québec, Canada.
Nemer
M
M
D000818:Animals; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D029867:Xenopus Proteins
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; C095552:NKX2-5 protein, human; C484469:Nkx2-5 protein, mouse; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; C103172:T-box transcription factor 5; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor