[Physiopathologic bases of ENT inflammation].
1. ROLE OF INFLAMMATION: Among the phenomena occurring in the organism in response to exogenous or endogenous aggression, inflammation is generally a beneficial reaction. It can however be deleterious because of its localization or its deregulating effect. 2. DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE INFLAMMATORY REACTION: The inflammatory reaction occurs in three phases. The first is vasculoexudation: dilatation of the blood vessels, followed by plasma exudation and leukocyte diapedesis. The second is a cellular or productive phase with formation of an inflammatory granuloma. Repair is the third phase, with retraction of the inflammatory focus, development of neocapillaries, regeneration of connective tissue, and variable regeneration of epithelial tissue. 3. DIFFERENT TYPES OF INFLAMMATION: In acute inflammatory processes, vasculoexudation predominates while in subacute inflammation, cellular phenomena play the major role. When the inflammation becomes chronic fibrosis is the most important process. 4. CELLULAR INVOLVEMENT IN INFLAMMATION: Antigen-presenting cells have a most important role. T-cells mediate cellular immunity and B-cells hormonal immunity. Monocyte macrophages as well as polymorphonuclears support the phagocyte activity. Most cells share several functions with basophil polynuclears involved in allergic disease as well as in certain non-allergic inflammatory reactions. Endothelial cells secrete mediators leading to serum extravasation and influx of inflammatory substances and cells. Structural cells and platelets are also involved. 5. MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION: All cells participating in the inflammatory reaction secrete cytotoxic and/or effector and amplifying substances mediating the immune response. Soluble mediators include cytokines, acute phase proteins, enzymes, plasma activation systems (contact system, complement system, coagulation factors, fibrinolysis factors), arachidonic acid metabolites, biogenic or vasoactive amines (histamine, serotonin), eosinophil granular proteins, neuropeptides, oxygen free radicals, and nitrogen monoxide. 6. BY ETIOLOGICAL AGENT: Several varieties of inflammation can be distinguished: foreign body reactions, anti-infectious agent reactions, and immunoallergic reactions.
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D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*
D018836:Inflammation Mediators