title: Endoscopic facial surgery.
abstract: The emergence of endoscopically assisted cosmetic surgery has been very rapid. Public demand has burgeoned this trend resulting in the widespread use of these techniques prior to their proven efficacy. Fortunately, the results to date are favorable. The endoscopic brow and forehead lift appear to be as reliable as the open coronal approach while inflicting less incisional morbidity and decreased postoperative recovery time. This combination of decreased morbidity and post surgical discomfort have led to increased patient acceptance of browlifting. The soft-tissue orbital complex is composed of the eyebrow, upper and lower eyelids, and the malar prominence. When used in conjunction with blepharoplasties, the endoscopic browlift and midfacial suspension dramatically improve the appearance of the eye when compared to blepharoplasty alone. The applied surgical anatomy, indications, and operative technique used in endoscopic upper facial rejuvenation are detailed. Surgeons who are not utilizing the endoscopic techniques are encouraged to do so when repositioning the eyebrow and malar prominence would improve the aesthetic result.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rounds
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cheney
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Quatela
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012060:Rejuvenation