title: DINER (Data Into Nutrients for Epidemiological Research) - a new data-entry program for nutritional analysis in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort and the 7-day diary method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A new data-entry system (DINER - Data Into Nutrients for Epidemiological Research) for food record methods has been devised for the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) cohort study of 25,000 men and women in Norfolk. DINER has been developed to address the problems of efficiency and consistency of data entry, comparability of data, maximising information and future flexibility in large long-term population studies of diet and disease that use record methods to assess dietary intakes. DINER captures more detail than traditional systems and enables provision of new variables for specific food types or groups. The system has been designed to be fully flexible and easy to update. Analysis of consistency of data entry was tested in a group of 3525 participants entered by 25 coders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A food list of 9000 food items and values for 24,000 portion sizes have been incorporated into the database, using information from the 5979 diaries coded since 1995. Analysis of consistency of entry indicated that this has largely been achieved. The effect of coders in a multivariate regression model was significant only if the three coders involved in early use of the program were included (P < 0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of DINER has facilitated the use of more accurate record methods in large-scale epidemiological studies of diet and disease. Furthermore, the retention of original information as an extensive food list allows greater flexibility in later analyses of data of multiple dietary hypotheses.
authors.affiliation: University of Cambridge, Institute of Public Health, Wort's Causeway, UK. ailsa.welch@srl.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McTaggart
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luben
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bingham
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D019992:Databases as Topic; D015930:Diet Records; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom