title: Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated bovine articular chondrocytes in alginate culture under low oxygen tension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of low oxygen tension on the redifferentiation and matrix production of dedifferentiated articular chondrocytes in monolayer and alginate bead culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine articular chondrocytes were isolated enzymatically. After multiplication and dedifferentiation in a 2-week monolayer culture under 21% oxygen, the cells were subcultured in monolayer or alginate bead culture and subjected to 21% or 5% O(2)for 2 or 3 weeks in order to redifferentiate. Controls consisted of primary cultures in alginate. Matrix production was monitored immunocytochemically [collagen types I, II, IX, and GAGs (keratan sulfate, chondroitin-4- and -6-sulfate)] and collagen type II additionally assayed by Western blotting. Biosynthetic activity was measured by [(3)H]-proline incorporation and cell-viability by the trypan blue exclusion method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cell number increased more than four-fold during dedifferentiation. Collagen type II was not produced by dedifferentiated chondrocytes under 5% or 21% oxygen in the monolayers or under 21% in alginate. However, dedifferentiated cells in alginate subjected to 5% oxygen exhibited a strong collagen type II expression indicating a redifferentiation. Additionally, collagen type IX and GAGs were also higher and [(3)H]-proline incorporation increased significantly. Primary cultures in alginate displayed a stronger collagen type II expression under 5% but no significant differences for other extracellular matrix components, or [(3)H]-proline incorporation. Viability was approximately 90% for all alginate cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of alginate and high oxygen tension might not be suitable for redifferentiation or culturing of dedifferentiated chondrocytes. However, low oxygen tension promotes or induces a redifferentiation of dedifferentiated cells in alginate, stimulates their biosynthetic activity, and increases collagen type II production in primary alginate cultures.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40-60, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Domm
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schünke
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Christesen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kurz
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology*; D002417:Cattle; D002452:Cell Count; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D003094:Collagen