title: Hemodynamic effects of inspired carbon dioxide after the Norwood procedure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mortality in the early postoperative period after the Norwood procedure remains substantial. Inspired carbon dioxide (CO2) has been suggested to improve hemodynamic status in this setting. Inspired CO2 can be delivered by one of two strategies, ie, with or without an accompanying increase in minute ventilation. The hemodynamic effects of these two strategies have not previously been studied in a controlled fashion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen infants (median age, 9 days; range, 4 to 49 days) undergoing Norwood procedures were prospectively enrolled in this crossover study. Patients were studied while sedated, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated 1 day to 6 days after operation. The inspired oxygen fraction was kept constant (mean value, 0.24 +/- 0.01). Measurements were made at five time points: 1 = baseline; 2 = inspired CO2 with increased ventilation; 3 = baseline; 4 = inspired CO2 alone; and 5 = baseline. Mixed venous oxygen saturation was monitored using indwelling lines in the superior vena cava.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inspired CO2 with increased ventilation produced a rise in mean airway pressure with no change in arterial CO2 tension or pH. This strategy had no effect on hemodynamic status or oxygen delivery. Inspired CO2 alone produced a rise in arterial CO2 tension and a fall in arterial pH (respiratory acidosis). This strategy resulted in significant improvement in both variables of systemic oxygen delivery: mixed venous oxygen saturation increased from 48% +/- 2% to 56% +/- 2% (p < 0.05), and arteriovenous oxygen saturation difference decreased from 3% +/- 2% to 26% +/- 2% (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inspired CO2 after the Norwood procedure can improve oxygen delivery. This improvement occurs only if minute ventilation is kept constant. There is no improvement if minute ventilation is increased. Clinical use of inspired CO2 may be limited by the accompanying fall in pH. Differentiation of cerebral from total-body effects of inspired CO2 will require further study.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA. bradlesm@musc.edu
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Simsic
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Atz
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen