title: Chronic sacral spinal nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: long-term results with foramen and cuff electrodes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sacral spinal nerve stimulation is a new therapeutic approach for patients with severe fecal incontinence owing to functional deficits of the external anal sphincter. It aims to use the morphologically intact anatomy to recruit residual function. This study evaluates the long-term results of the first patients treated with this novel approach applying two techniques of sacral spinal nerve stimulator implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients underwent either of two techniques for electrode placement: one "closed" (electrodes placed through the sacral foramen) and one "open" (cuff electrodes placed after sacral laminectomy). Follow-up evaluation of their continence status ranged from 5 to 66 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incontinence improved in all patients. The percentage of incontinent bowel movements decreased during chronic stimulation from a mean of 40.2 percent to 2.8 percent, and the Wexner score decreased from a mean of 17 to 2. The function of the striated anal sphincter improved during chronic stimulation: maximum squeeze pressure increased from a mean of 48.5 mmHg to 92.7 mmHg, and median squeeze pressure increased from a mean of 37.3 mmHg to 72.5 mmHg. No complications were encountered perioperatively or postoperatively. Two devices had to be removed because of intractable pain, in one patient at the site of the electrode after five months and in the other at the site of the impulse generator after 45 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term sacral spinal nerve stimulation persistently improves continence and increases striated anal sphincter function in patients with fecal incontinence owing to functional deficits, but in whom the striated anal sphincter is morphologically intact. Two different operative approaches can be applied effectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Matzel
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stadelmaier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hohenfellner
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hohenberger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007796:Laminectomy; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome