title: Advanced head and neck cancer: long-term results of chemo-radiotherapy, complications and induction of second malignancies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemo-radiotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in the treatment of advanced, inoperable head and neck cancer. The long-term treatment results, the induction of second malignant tumors, and other long-term toxicities are not well defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  100 consecutive patients with advanced head and neck cancer who were treated at our center were studied. Treatment results, survival, the occurrence of late complications, and second malignant tumors (SMT) were investigated. 78 patients were treated with a protocol combining cisplatinum, 5-fluorouracil, folinic acid and hyperfractionated irradiation. 22 patients were treated with other chemo-radiotherapy protocols. The relative risk of developing an SMT was compared with that within the normal population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative total probability of survival was 51.1% at 2 years and 38.7% at 4 years. The probability of relapse-free survival was 39.9% at 2 years and 36.7% at 4 years. A total of 7 patients developed SMT (4 cases of lung cancer, 2 colon cancers, 1 skin cancer). After 6 years, a cumulative risk of SMT of 8.7% was observed. The relative risk of developing an SMT was significantly increased (4.45-fold in males) compared with a normal population. 13 of 38 evaluable patients (34.2%) had severe late complications like fibrosis of soft tissues, nerve lesions, or were dependent on tracheal cannulas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment results and long-term prognoses in our population of unselected high-risk patients are unsatisfactory, but comparable to those from multicenter studies. About 35% of patients become long-term (> 4 years) survivors. SMT generally occur early, have a poor prognosis and, most likely, are not treatment-related. Approximately 30% of long-term survivors have severe, often incapacitating late effects. The treatment and - if possible - prevention of these late effects is important for the quality of life of patients who survived advanced head and neck cancer.
authors.affiliation: IV. Medizinische Abteilung (Tumorzentrum), Städtisches Krankenhaus München-Harlaching, Germany. rmunker@hotmail.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Munker
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Purmale
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Aydemir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reitmeier
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pohlmann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schorer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hartenstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000209:etiology; D010039:Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D011867:Radioisotope Teletherapy; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D016685:Mitomycin; D002945:Cisplatin; D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil