title: Influence of smoking on the health status of spinal patients: the National Spine Network database.
abstract: METHODS
  Multicenter, cross-sectional analysis of data from the National Spine Network.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Investigate the association between the smoking status of spinal patients, duration and severity of symptoms, and their self-reported health status.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although cigarette smoking was identified as a potential risk factor for lower back pain many years ago, more recent research is challenging this finding.
  
  
  METHODS
  The National Spine Network database contains information on the initial visit of spinal patients visiting physicians at 23 health care institutions in the United States. All patients for whom data were available regarding smoking status are included in this study (n = 25,455).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from a total of 25,455 patients (11,494 men and 13,961 women) were included in the study; 16.7% (n = 4249) were smokers. Smokers were younger than nonsmokers (44.2 vs. 48.7 years) and were more likely to report severe back symptoms (37 vs. 50%) and to report symptoms of depression (54 vs. 37%). Smokers of each gender scored 10-15 points lower than nonsmokers on each of the SF-36 subscales. These differences persisted when the absolute scores were compared with age- and sex-specific population norms and after adjustment for comorbid conditions, educational level, and depression. Similar results were obtained when the cohort was stratified by primary diagnosis or by surgical status. When postsurgical patients were grouped by time since surgery, those who were nonsmokers reported improved health status by time period; those who smoked did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smokers and nonsmokers had had spinal symptoms for similar duration, but the smokers reported more severe symptoms, which were present for a greater proportion of time each day. Also, the smokers had lower physical and mental health status scores (based on the SF-36) than did nonsmokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. mvogt@uoi.upmc.edu
authors.forename: Molly T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hanscom
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lauerman
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001416:Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology