title: Solid-phase microextraction method for the determination of atrazine and four organophosphorus pesticides in soil samples by gas chromatography.
abstract: A simple and rapid solid-phase microextraction (SPME) based method is presented for the simultaneous determination of atrazine and four organophosphorus (i.e. parathion-methyl, chlorpyriphos, methidathion and carbophenothion) in soils. After optimisation of the different experimental variables affecting the SPME of the target compounds from aqueous solutions by using an experimental design, a consensus strategy was adopted which allowed the use of the SPME method developed for the simultaneous screening of all the analytes selected. The complete analytical procedure finally proposed consisted of a 15-min ultrasonic extraction of the target compounds from a 0.5-g soil sample with 5 ml of methanol and the dilution of this extract to up 10% methanol followed by the addition of NaCl to a final concentration of 10% (w/v). The analytes in this aqueous extract were preconcentrated for 30 min in the SPME fiber and subsequently desorbed by heating of the fiber at 260 degrees C for 5 min in the gas chromatograph injection port. Final determination was carried out with an electron-capture detector. The recoveries of the pesticides studied in soils ranged from 72 to 123%, except for atrazine, and the SDs were below 16%. The feasibility of the procedure finally proposed for the screening of the endogenous pesticides irrespective of the properties of the soil selected has been shown.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bouaid
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cámara
mesh_terms: D001280:Atrazine / Q000032:analysis*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D007306:Insecticides; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001280:Atrazine