title: Expandable metal stents for the palliation of malignant gastroduodenal obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gastric outlet obstruction is a debilitating complication of upper gastrointestinal malignancy. We present our experience with insertion of self-expanding metal stents (SEMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight patients were referred, stenting being attempted in 23. Two patients had esophageal Wallstents inserted through a gastrostomy; 21 had an endoscopic approach with enteral Wallstents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One stent insertion failed, ten patients (45%) returned to a normal diet, ten patients (45%) managed semi-solid food and two patients (9%) had no significant improvement. No immediate complications were seen. One patient subsequently developed pancreatitis. Reintervention (4 stents, 1 jejunostomy, 1 gastrojejunostomy) was required in six of 22 patients (27%) for inadequate stent expansion (1), second stricture (2), stent migration (1), and tumor ingrowth (2). The mean survival was 95.4 days (SD 78.8 days, range 3-230 days). The mean follow-up time was 98.9 days (SD 86.7 days, range 3-309 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SEMS are effective in palliating malignant gastric outlet obstruction. A combined endoscopic/fluoroscopic approach allows the most complete assessment of the stricture and removes the need for gastrostomy insertion. Careful assessment of the gastrointestinal tract distal to the lesion is important.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, South Manchester University Hospital NHS Trust, Nell Lane, Withington, Manchester M20 2LR, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Razzaq
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Laasch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: England
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marriott
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004380:Duodenal Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017219:Gastric Outlet Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome