title: Identification of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in amniotic fluid and amniochorion in spontaneous labor and after experimental intrauterine infection or interleukin-1 beta infusion in pregnant rhesus monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the roles of intrauterine infection, inflammation, and spontaneous labor on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in fetal membranes and amniotic fluid of late pregnant rhesus monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant rhesus monkeys with timed gestations were chronically catheterized to allow serial sampling of amniotic fluid before and during experimentally induced intrauterine inflammation. Six animals received group B streptococci into the chorionic-decidual space, and 4 animals received intra-amniotic interleukin-1 beta infusions (10 microg). Three additional animals were serially sampled by amniocentesis through late pregnancy until spontaneous term labor. Amniotic fluid samples were examined by zymography for matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -2 and Western immunoblot for matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -2 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 and -2. Fetal membranes were obtained at cesarean delivery during labor (before rupture), formalin fixed, and embedded in paraffin for immunocytochemistry of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and in situ hybridization of matrix metalloproteinase-9 messenger RNA. Tissues from 2 additional animals were collected as age-matched non-labor controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In amniotic fluid, the 92-kd latent matrix metalloproteinase-9 was detectable in late pregnancy and increased dramatically, followed by the appearance of the 83-kd active form before spontaneous term delivery. Amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels (both latent and active forms) remained relatively constant throughout pregnancy and in labor. Both bacteria and interleukin-1 beta rapidly increased the signal of latent matrix metalloproteinase-9 without a consistent increase in the active form before the onset of labor. Chorionic-decidual inoculation of group B streptococci was followed by the expression of latent matrix metalloproteinase-9 before the appearance of group B streptococci in amniotic fluid or the onset of labor. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 increased to a new steady-state level or remained unchanged after group B streptococci inoculation or interleukin-1 beta infusion, respectively. Amniotic fluid tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 declined and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 remained unchanged during early group B streptococci infection, after interleukin-1 beta infusion and on the day of spontaneous term labor. However, both tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 and -2 levels increased after preterm labor that was induced by group B streptococci. Immunocytochemistry localized matrix metalloproteinase-9 protein to amnion and chorion epithelial and mesenchymal cells and decidual stromal cells. Granular matrix metalloproteinase-9 staining was observed in the connective tissue layer of inflamed fetal membranes. In situ hybridization for messenger RNA confirmed the production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by amnion and chorion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacterial- and interleukin-1 beta-induced preterm labor and spontaneous term labor are preceded and accompanied by progressive increases in amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-9 (92 kd) in rhesus monkeys. Amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-9 may serve as a clinical marker for the onset of both preterm and term labor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research Direction and Electron Microscopy, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vadillo-Ortega
authors.forename: Drew W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Sadowsky
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Haluska
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Guerrero
authors.forename: Rebeca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guevara-Silva
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gravett
authors.forename: Miles J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Novy
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002823:Chorion / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005321:Extraembryonic Membranes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000378:metabolism*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000378:metabolism*; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000378:metabolism*; D014591:Uterine Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9