title: High extracellular gamma-aminobutyric acid protects cultured neurons against damage induced by the accumulation of endogenous extracellular glutamate.
abstract: The glutamate uptake inhibitor L-trans-2,4-pyrrolidine-dicarboxylate (PDC) induces glutamate accumulation and neuronal damage in cultured cells. We have used dissociated cortical cells in culture to study whether the toxicity induced by inhibiting glutamate uptake with PDC could be blocked by the simultaneous inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake, because both types of transporters are affected during an ischemic event. After 6 hr of exposure to 100 microM GABA or to four different GABA uptake inhibitors, the concentration of extracellular GABA was augmented from the basal 2 microM value to about 25 microM and 5 microM, respectively. These increases, however, did not result in protection against the neuronal damage induced by the accumulation of extracellular glutamate because of the simultaneous exposure to PDC. In contrast, when 100 microM GABA and an inhibitor of GABA uptake were added, after 6 hr the concentrations of GABA reached 50 microM, and neurons were protected from PDC-induced toxicity. The addition of the GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor agonists muscimol and baclofen also partially protected against PDC-induced damage. The results suggest that the excitotoxic damage resulting from chronic gradual elevation of extracellular glutamate may be prevented by high concentrations of extracellular GABA, an effect mediated by activation of GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México. velascoi@ninds.nih.gov
authors.forename: Iván
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Velasco
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tapia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects; D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids / Q000633:toxicity; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D058785:GABA-A Receptor Agonists; D058786:GABA-B Receptor Agonists; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids; D018755:GABA Agonists; D058785:GABA-A Receptor Agonists; D058786:GABA-B Receptor Agonists; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; C083486:pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid