title: Graves' ophthalmopathy: natural history and treatment outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy has not been yet clarified, and from a therapeutic standpoint Graves' ophthalmopathy remains an enigma. The natural course and effects of different treatment regimens are poorly documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean observation period was 3.23 years (1-8.9 years) for all 196 patients, and 2.85 years (1-8.9 years) for the 81 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. The gender distribution was 77% female and 23% male in patients with Graves' disease and ophthalmopathy, and 81% female and 19% male in those patients without ophthalmopathy (p = 0.57). Seventy per cent of the patients developed Graves' ophthalmopathy within 12 months before or after the onset of the hyperthyroidism. Among the 81 patients with ophthalmopathy 53 (65%) received no therapy or only local protective agents. Twenty-five of these patients improved substantially, 26 did not change, and 2 deteriorated progressively. These results were independent of the severity of the EO (p = 0.42). Among the 11 patients initially treated with systemic corticosteroids 7 improved, 3 did not change, and 1 worsened. Five patients received initially orbital irradiation. Three improved and 2 did not change after radiotherapy. Orbital decompression was performed in 3 patients. Nine patients received a combination treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, our study of a relatively large patient sample revealed the known epidemiological facts regarding Graves' disease and endocrine ophthalmopathy. The majority of patients needed no therapy or only local protective agents, and 47% improved spontaneously. Systemic corticosteroids and orbital irradiation appear to be equally effective as initial treatment in patients with more severe forms of Graves' ophthalmopathy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland. danielnoth@spitalinterlaken.ch
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Noth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gebauer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bürgi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Diem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome