title: The effect of exercise and rest duration on the generation of venous gas bubbles at altitude.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decompression, as occurs with aviators and astronauts undergoing high altitude operations or with deep-sea divers returning to surface, can cause gas bubbles to form within the organism. Pressure changes to evoke bubble formation in vivo during depressurization are several orders of magnitude less than those required for gas phase formation in vitro in quiescent liquids. Preformed micronuclei acting as "seeds" have been proposed, dating back to the 1940's. These tissue gas micronuclei have been attributed to a minute gas phase located in hydrophobic cavities, surfactant-stabilized microbubbles, or arising from musculoskeletal activity. The lifetimes of these micronuclei have been presumed to be from a few minutes to several weeks.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The greatest incidence of venous gas emboli (VGE) will be detected by precordial Doppler ultrasound with depressurization immediately following lower extremity exercise, with progressively reduced levels of VGE observed as the interval from exercise to depressurization lengthens.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a blinded cross-over design, 20 individuals (15 men, 5 women) at sea level exercised by performing knee-bend squats (150 knee flexes over 10 min, 235-kcal x h(-1)) either at the beginning, middle, or end of a 2-h chair-rest period without an oxygen prebreathe. Seated subjects were then depressurized to 6.2 psia (6,706 m or 22,000 ft altitude equivalent) for 120 min with no exercise performed at altitude.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 20 subjects with VGE in the pulmonary artery, 10 demonstrated a greater incidence of bubbles with exercise performed just prior to depressurization, compared with decreasing bubble grades and incidence as the interval of rest increased prior to depressurization. No decompression illness was reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a significant increase in decompression-induced bubble formation at 6.2 psia when lower extremity exercise is performed just prior to depressurization as compared with longer rest intervals. Analysis indicated that micronuclei half-life is on the order of an hour under these hypobaric conditions.
authors.affiliation: Medical Operations Branch, NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dervay
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Caroline E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Fife
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000503:physiopathology; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler