title: Complete development of mosquito phases of the malaria parasite in vitro.
abstract: Methods for reproducible in vitro development of the mosquito stages of malaria parasites to produce infective sporozoites have been elusive for over 40 years. We have cultured gametocytes of Plasmodium berghei through to infectious sporozoites with efficiencies similar to those recorded in vivo and without the need for salivary gland invasion. Oocysts developed extracellularly in a system whose essential elements include co-cultured Drosophila S2 cells, basement membrane matrix, and insect tissue culture medium. Sporozoite production required the presence of para-aminobenzoic acid. The entire life cycle of P. berghei, a useful model malaria parasite, can now be achieved in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
authors.forename: Ebtesam M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Al-Olayan
authors.forename: Annette L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Beetsma
authors.forename: Geoff A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Butcher
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Sinden
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hurd
mesh_terms: D010129:4-Aminobenzoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000330:Aedes; D000332:Aerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000469:parasitology; D002460:Cell Line; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003094:Collagen; D003470:Culture Media; D004330:Drosophila; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007797:Laminin; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D008288:Malaria / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010962:Plasmodium berghei / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D011509:Proteoglycans
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007797:Laminin; D011509:Proteoglycans; C059485:matrigel; D003094:Collagen; D010129:4-Aminobenzoic Acid