Stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by all trans retinoic acid through Sp1 and Sp3 sites in human bronchioloalveolar carcinoma cells.
In this study, we examined the effects of all trans-retinoic acid (at-RA) on the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human bronchioloalveolar carcinoma NCI-H322 cells to evaluate the potential of at-RA to affect tumor progression. Northern blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses indicate that VEGF production is significantly increased by 1 microM of at-RA. A series of 5'-deletion and site-directed mutation analyses indicated that G+C-rich sequence located at -81 and -52 was required for at-RA- and retinoic acid receptor alpha-mediated induction of VEGF promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays showed that major constituents of nuclear factors binding to G+C-rich sequences are Sp1 and Sp3. Pretreatment with cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, prevented the at-RA-mediated induction of VEGF mRNA expression. Likewise, at-RA-mediated VEGF expression was completely blocked in the presence of genistein, an inhibitor for tyrosine kinases. These results suggest that an increase in transcription of the VEGF promoter by at-RA is mediated through Sp1 site, and both new protein synthesis and tyrosine kinase activation are necessary for this induction. Because VEGF can promote neovascularization in cancer cells, an induction of VEGF by at-RA may preclude the therapeutic application of at-RA to cancer patients.
Maeno
Toshitaka
T
Second Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Ophthalmology, Gunma University School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
Tanaka
Toru
T
Sando
Yoshichika
Y
Suga
Tatsuo
T
Maeno
Yuri
Y
Nakagawa
Junichi
J
Hosono
Tatsuya
T
Sato
Mahito
M
Akiyama
Hideo
H
Kishi
Shoji
S
Nagai
Ryozo
R
Kurabayashi
Masahiko
M
D002282:Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008222:Lymphokines; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C497121:SP3 protein, human; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; C497122:Sp3 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; D014212:Tretinoin; D003513:Cycloheximide; D019833:Genistein