title: Vision loss among diabetics in a group model Health Maintenance Organization (HMO).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the management of diabetic retinopathy in one group model health maintenance organization and assess the quality of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study. A chart review of 1200 randomly identified patients with diabetes mellitus, continuously enrolled for 3 years in Kaiser Permanente (KP) Southern California, the largest provider of managed care in Southern California, was performed. A total of 1047 patients were included in the analyses. Patient characteristics as well as information from the last eye examination were abstracted. Charts from patients with visual acuity less than 20/200 in their better eye (legal blindness) were selected for extensive chart review to determine the cause of visual loss and the antecedent process of care. T tests or the Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare continuous variables. The chi(2) test or the Fisher exact test was used to compare categorical variables. All analyses were performed on the Statistical Analyses System (SAS Institute, North Carolina).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study population of 1047 diabetic patients was 51.7% male, had a mean age of 60.4 years, a mean duration of diabetes of 9.6 years, and a mean hemoglobin A1c of 8.3%. During the study period, 77.5% of patients received a screening eye examination with examination by an ophthalmologist, an optometrist, or review of a retinal photograph. Of those with a visual acuity assessment (n = 687, 65.6% of 1047), 1.5% had visual acuity of 20/200 or worse (legally blind) in the better eye, while 8.2% had this level of visual acuity in the worse eye. Of eyes with new onset clinically significant macular edema and visual acuity < 20/40, 40% had documentation of focal laser performed within 1 month of diagnosis. Of eyes with vitreous hemorrhage and visual acuity < 20/40, 50% had documentation of vitrectomy. Among eyes that had vitrectomy, over 80% had this procedure within 1 year of diagnosis of vitreous hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current report is the largest study of diabetic retinopathy outcomes among patients enrolled in a prepaid health plan. Further research is necessary to investigate the impact of managed care on health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, CA, USA. donald.s.fong@kp.org
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: Mohktar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharza
authors.forename: Wansu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Paschal
authors.forename: Reginald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ariyasu
authors.forename: Paul P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014821:Vitrectomy