title: Multi-chemical networking profile of the living human brain: potential relevance to molecular studies of cognition and behavior in normal and diseased brain.
abstract: Anatomical, electrophysiological and functional neuroimaging studies show that the human brain is a complex network, where cortico-cortical and thalamo-cortical connections are organized in a specific pattern giving rise to brain function. In our recent studies we found that chemical connectivity between brain regions might be changed in different conditions (e.g. aging, chronic pain, cognitive interference). The elucidation of properties of the human brain multi-chemical networking profile is the subject of this study. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to determine relative concentrations of multiple chemicals (N-Acetyl aspartate, choline, glutamate, glutamine, GABA, inositol, glucose, and lactate in relation to creatine/phosphocreatine complex) in 6 brain regions: thalamus, and cingulate, insula, sensorimotor, orbital frontal, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. The properties of the brain multi-chemical networking profile within and across the studied regions were examined using correlation analysis. Strong positive correlations were seen between chemicals within brain regions. Negative correlations were primarily seen across brain regions. The cortical connectivity for both neurotransmitters (GABA and glutamate) was stronger than for the other chemicals, and was stronger than for the same neurotransmitters in the thalamus. Factor analysis indicated that the natural clustering of regional chemical concentrations is by brain region and not by chemicals. These findings support the idea for the existence of a specific pattern of multi-chemical networking profile in the brain where the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in neocortex perform a regulatory function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. grachevi@mail.upstate.edu
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Grachev
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Apkarian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000378:metabolism*; D011522:Protons; D012016:Reference Values; D013788:Thalamus / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid