title: The role of friction in the measurement of slipperiness, Part 1: friction mechanisms and definition of test conditions.
abstract: Friction has been widely used as a measure of slipperiness. However, controversies around friction measurements remain. The purposes of this paper are to summarize understanding about friction measurement related to slipperiness assessment of shoe and floor interface and to define test conditions based on biomechanical observations. In addition, friction mechanisms at shoe and floor interface on dry, liquid and solid contaminated, and on icy surfaces are discussed. It is concluded that static friction measurement, by the traditional use of a drag-type device, is only suitable for dry and clean surfaces, and dynamic and transition friction methods are needed to properly estimate the potential risk on contaminated surfaces. Furthermore, at least some of the conditions at the shoe/floor interface during actual slip accidents should be replicated as test conditions for friction measurements, such as sliding speed, contact pressure and normal force build-up rate.
authors.affiliation: Liberty Mutual Research Center for Safety and Health, Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA. Wen.Chang@LibertyMutual.com
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grönqvist
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leclercq
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Myung
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Makkonen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Strandberg
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Brungraber
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mattke
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Thorpe
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001703:Biophysics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017276:Friction; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D012775:Shoes; D013499:Surface Properties