title: MMP-2 and TIMP-1 are derived from, not in response to, pancreatic cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic therapy aimed at disturbing the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and their natural tissue inhibitors (TIMP) in treatment of pancreatic cancer requires an understanding of whether MMP and TIMP are tumor- or host-derived. This study was undertaken to determine whether production of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 is by, or in response to, pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  PANC-1 (poorly differentiated human pancreatic cancer) or CD-1 (PANC cells transfected to overproduce TIMP-1) cells were implanted into the pancreata of 20 nude mice. After sacrifice, tumors and peritumoral stroma underwent immunohistochemical staining for human and murine MMP-2 and TIMP-1. Normal murine pancreas served as control. All stains were reviewed in a "blinded" manner by a pathologist and graded relative to normal control pancreata.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control pancreata displayed faint murine MMP-2 and TIMP-1 staining and no human MMP-2 or TIMP-1. MMP-2 was most prominent in peritumoral stroma, while TIMP-1 was most prominent in tumors. CD-1 tumors contained very high levels of TIMP-1 compared to PANC-1 tumors and control pancreata. Tumoral and peritumoral MMP-2 were overwhelmingly human. As well, tumoral TIMP-1 was predominantly human.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a murine model for human pancreatic cancer, nearly all TIMP-1 and MMP-2 expression is tumor-derived (i.e., human). Pharmacologic and gene therapy aimed at disturbing the MMP/TIMP balance in pancreatic cancer should be targeted toward tumor-specific mechanisms and warrants continued investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33601, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bloomston
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shafii
authors.forename: Emmanuel E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Zervos
authors.forename: Amyn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rojiani
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rosemurgy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004396:Coloring Agents; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000032:analysis*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010179:Pancreas; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2