title: Dynamic laryngotracheal closure for aspiration: a preliminary report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An estimated 500,000 patients per year in the United States. are affected by stroke-related dysphagia. Approximately half experience aspiration, which can lead to pneumonia or death. Aspiration may result from many factors, including delayed transport of the bolus, faulty laryngeal elevation, and poor coordination or inappropriate timing of vocal cord closure. Interventions carried out to protect the lungs are usually irreversible, destructive to the upper airway, and rarely prevent the need for enteral tube feeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a report of the first implantations of a new device in an FDA-approved study to restore dynamic laryngotracheal separation. Two stroke patients needing tracheostomy were selected based on chronic aspiration verified by clinical and radiologic criteria (modified barium swallow [MBS]).
  
  
  METHODS
  The left recurrent laryngeal nerve was exposed and electrically stimulated to verify vocal fold adduction. Huntington Medical Research Institute Bipolar Helical Electrodes were then implanted around the nerve. The leads were tunneled and linked to a NeuroControl Implantable Receiver-Stimulator placed subcutaneously on the chest wall. Activation of the stimulator was performed through an external transmitter linked by induction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The device was successfully triggered intra- and postoperatively. Serial flexible fiberoptic endoscopies and MBS demonstrate that aspiration is systematically arrested using low levels of electrical stimulation (42 Hz, 48-100 microsec, 1 mA).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pioneering work has shown that aspiration can be controlled without airway damage for a wide population of neurologically impaired patients because it appears more physiological than standard therapies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the first two patients, paced laryngotracheal separation is clinically effective in controlling aspiration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, St. Vincent Charity Hospital, University Hospital Health System, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broniatowski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grundfest-Broniatowski
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scolieri
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abbass
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brodsky
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012009:Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014132:Trachea / Q000503:physiopathology*