title: The role of friction in the measurement of slipperiness, Part 2: survey of friction measurement devices.
abstract: This paper seeks to address questions related to friction measurement such as how friction is related to human-centred assessment and actual slipping, and how repeatable friction measurements are. Commonly used devices for slipperiness measurement are surveyed and their characteristics compared with suggested test conditions from biomechanical observations summarized in Part 1. The issues of device validity, repeatability, reproducibility and usability are examined from the published literature. Friction assessment using the mechanical measurement devices described appears generally valid and reliable. However, the validity of most devices could be improved by bringing them within the range of human slipping conditions observed in biomechanical studies. Future studies should clearly describe the performance limitations of any device and its results and should consider whether the device conditions reflect these actual human slipping conditions. There is also a need for validation studies of more devices by walking experiments.
authors.affiliation: Liberty Mutual Research Center for Safety and Health, Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA. Wen.Chang@LibertyMutual.com
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grönqvist
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leclercq
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Brungraber
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mattke
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Strandberg
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Myung
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Makkonen
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Courtney
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001703:Biophysics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012775:Shoes; D013499:Surface Properties