title: Brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Alzheimer disease: changes after treatment with xanomeline.
abstract: Patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease received transdermal xanomeline, an M1-selective cholinergic agonist, or placebo for 4 months. Clinical assessments and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging examinations were carried out at baseline, and after 8 and 16 weeks of treatment. There was a positive correlation between change from baseline in parietal lobe gray-matter cytosolic choline, expressed in terms of choline/creatine resonance ratios, and cognitive performance as measured with the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Cognitive Subscale. Specifically, increased levels of cytosolic choline, a precursor pool for acetylcholine synthesis, were associated with greater progression in memory impairment during treatment.
authors.affiliation: MacLean Hospital Brain Imaging Center, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
authors.forename: Blaise deB
authors.initials: Bd
authors.lastname: Frederick
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Satlin
authors.forename: Lawrence L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wald
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hennen
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bodick
authors.forename: Perry F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Renshaw
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013830:Thiadiazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D011725:Pyridines; D013830:Thiadiazoles; C075257:xanomeline; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline