title: Neuroprotective properties of epoetin alfa.
abstract: Erythropoietin and its receptor function as primary mediators of the normal physiological response to hypoxia. Erythropoietin is recognized for its central role in erythropoiesis, but studies in which recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin alfa) is injected directly into ischaemic rodent brain show that erythropoietin also mediates neuroprotection. Abundant expression of the erythropoietin receptor has been observed at brain capillaries, which could provide a route for circulating erythropoietin to enter the brain. In confirmation of this hypothesis, systemic administration of epoetin alfa before or up to 6 h after focal brain ischaemia reduced injury by 50-75%. Epoetin alfa also limited the extent of concussive brain injury, the immune damage in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and excitotoxicity induced by kainate. Thus, systemically administered epoetin alfa in animal models has neuroprotective effects, demonstrating its potential use after brain injury, trauma and multiple sclerosis. It is evident that erythropoietin has biological activities in addition to increasing red cell mass. Given the excellent safety profile of epoetin alfa, clinical trials evaluating systemically administered epoetin alfa as a general neuroprotective treatment are warranted.
authors.affiliation: The Kenneth S. Warren Institute, Ossining, New York 10562, USA. acerami@kswl.org
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cerami
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brines
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghezzi
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cerami
authors.forename: Loretta M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Itri
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000293:injuries; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000473:pathology; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000506:poisoning; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa; D007608:Kainic Acid