title: Cocaethylene and heart disease during murine AIDS.
abstract: Cocaethylene is an active cocaine metabolite believed to play a causative role in the increased incidence of sudden cardiac death in individuals who co-administer alcohol and cocaine. Prolonged and excessive abuse of cocaine and alcohol will result in marked alteration of host immunity to increased susceptibility to infection. To test the chronic direct effect of cocaethylene on the heart function, a conductance catheter system (CCS) was used in vivo in this study. To test whether cocaethylene injection exacerbates coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) cardiomyopathy during murine AIDS, female C57BL/6 mice were infected with LP-BM5 retrovirus and superinfected with CVB3 or CMV. Daily, mice were injected intraperitoneally with cocaethylene in 0.9% saline solution (concentration increased gradually from 15 to 25 mg/ml). Histopathology of heart tissue was analyzed in all groups, and cytokines of spleen were measured in the CMV-infected groups. Results showed there was little effect on the cardiovascular system after cocaethylene injection. Cocaethylene injection during murine retrovirus infection greatly exacerbated the pathogenesis of CVB3 or CMV infection, whereas CMV-infected mice showed relatively moderate cardiac pathology compared with CVB3 infection. Both CMV and retrovirus infection suppressed the Th1 response. Our data suggest that cocaethylene treatment shifts the cytokine balance and suppresses Th1 response particularly, facilitating increased CVB3- or CMV-induced myocarditis.
authors.affiliation: Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA.
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Montes
authors.forename: Dongqin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ramón Tomas
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Sepúlveda
authors.forename: Qianli
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Douglas F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Ronald Ross
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity*; D003384:Coxsackievirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016183:Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; C066444:cocaethylene; D003042:Cocaine