title: Differences in risk factors among clinical types of oral candidiasis in the Women's Interagency HIV Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and concurrence/associations of oral candidiasis types and multiple risk factors in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data for 577 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and 152 HIV-seronegative women from the Women's Interagency HIV Study was conducted. Pseudomembranous candidiasis (PC) and erythematous (EC) candidiasis, angular cheilitis (AC), and denture stomatitis (DS) were studied, and bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalences were 8% for PC, 7% for EC, 18% for DS, and 3% for AC; all except AC usually occurred alone. HIV seropositivity was associated with PC, EC, and DS, but not AC. Among HIV-seropositive women, low CD4 cell counts were associated with PC, but not with EC or DS. Heroin/methadone use was associated with PC and EC; salivary hypofunction was associated with PC; high viral load was associated with EC, and poor oral hygiene, with EC and DS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk factors varied among candidiasis types, suggesting differences in pathogenic mechanisms and usefulness as markers of HIV infection/progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Medicine and Surgery, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, Pa 19140, USA. lmacphail@dental.temple.edu
authors.forename: Laurie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: MacPhail
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Komaroff
authors.forename: Mario E A F
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Mahvash
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navazesh
authors.forename: Joan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Phelan
authors.forename: Maryann
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Redford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002613:Cheilitis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013282:Stomatitis, Denture / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers