title: Myoclonus dystonia: possible association with obsessive-compulsive disorder and alcohol dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inherited myoclonus-dystonia (M-D) is a disorder that is characterized primarily by myoclonic jerks and is often accompanied by dystonia. In addition to motor features, psychiatric disease is reported in some families.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether the same genetic etiology underlies both neurologic and psychiatric signs, the authors studied psychiatric symptoms in nonmanifesting carriers (NMC), noncarriers (NC), and manifesting carriers (MC) in three families demonstrating linkage of M-D to the 7q21 locus. Interviewers administered the computerized version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Algorithms for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder, major affective disorder, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, drug abuse, and drug dependence were used. Rates of disorders among the MC, NMC, and NC were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 55 participating individuals, 16 were MC, 11 were NMC, and 28 were NC. The rate of OCD was greater in carriers (5/27) compared with NC (0/28) (p = 0.023). It was also greater in the symptomatic gene carriers (4/16) compared with the asymptomatic group (1/11) (p = 0.022). Alcohol dependence was increased in the symptomatic carriers (7/16) (p = 0.027), but not in the carrier group overall (7/27).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OCD may be associated with the DYT11 M-D gene; however, a larger sample is necessary to confirm this finding. Alcohol dependence is highly associated with expressing symptoms of M-D. This may be explained by self-medication with alcohol to improve motor symptoms of M-D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA. rsaunder@bethisraelny.org
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saunders-Pullman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shriberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heiman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kurlan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ozelius
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Risch
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bressman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002897:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009207:Myoclonus / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D013577:Syndrome