title: Paracrine suppression of apoptosis by cytokine-stimulated neutrophils involves divergent regulation of NF-kappaB, Bcl-X(L), and Bak.
abstract: Dysregulated polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) apoptosis and PMN-mediated organ damage have been associated with several medical conditions such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and ischemia/reperfusion injury. IL-1beta and IL-8 are two cytokines that are elevated under similar conditions. Therefore, we hypothesized that PMN exposed to these cytokines would secrete factors that could affect PMN apoptosis in a cell contact-independent manner. We have previously shown that media conditioned by IL-1beta-stimulated PMN (CM-IL1beta) for 2 h suppressed spontaneous PMN apoptosis. Data presented here demonstrate that media conditioned by IL-8-stimulated PMN (CM-IL8) also have the ability to suppress spontaneous, as well as FasL- and TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. In contrast, CM-IL1beta was able to suppress FasL-induced, but not TNF-alpha-induced, apoptosis. To elucidate the mechanisms these media use to elicit their effects, we examined the expression and function of several apoptosis-related proteins. Experimental results demonstrate that both CM-IL1beta and CM-IL8 have the ability to delay caspase activation, but have no effect on the expression of their upstream activator, Fas, or its ligand, FasL. Examination of several Bcl-2 family members revealed a selective regulation by each media: CM-IL1beta up-regulated Bcl-X(L), while CM-IL8 down-regulated Bak expression. Additionally, CM-IL1beta, but not CM-IL8, promoted the activation of NF-kappaB, which has anti-apoptotic activity. Together, we can conclude that IL-1beta- and IL-8-stimulated PMN have the ability to suppress PMN apoptosis in a paracrine manner, and that the extent and mechanism of suppression is specific for each.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University School of Medicine, Providence 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Grutkoski
authors.forename: C Thomas
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Graeber
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.forename: H Hank
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Simms
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects*; D019899:Paracrine Communication / Q000187:drug effects; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C494772:BAK1 protein, human; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; D016207:Cytokines; C505661:FASLG protein, human; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D019014:fas Receptor; D020169:Caspases