title: Modulation of postoperative immune and inflammatory response by immune-enhancing enteral diet in gastrointestinal cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate if the administration of an enteral diet supplemented with glutamine, arginine and omega-3-fatty acids modulates inflammatory and immune responses after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective randomized double-blind, clinical trial was performed. Forty-eight patients with gastrointestinal cancer were randomized into two groups, one group was given an isocaloric and isonitrogenous standard diet and the other was fed with the supplemented diet with glutamine, arginine and omega-3-fatty acids. Feedings were started within 48 hours after operation, and continued until day 8. All variables were measured before operation and on postoperative day 1 and 8. Immune responses were determined by phagocytosis ability, respiratory burst of polymorphonuclear cells, total lymphocytes lymphocyte subsets, nitric oxide, cytokines concentration, and inflammatory responses by plasma levels of C-reactive protein, prostaglandin E2 level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tolerance of both formula diets was excellent. There were significant differences in the immunological and inflammatory responses between the two groups. In supplemented group, phagocytosis and respiratory burst after surgery was higher and C-reactive protein level was lower (P<0.01) than in the standard group. The supplemented group had higher levels of nitric oxide, total lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, T-helper cells, and NK cells. Postoperative levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha were lower in the supplemented group (P <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was clearly established in this trial that early postoperative enteral feeding is safe in patients who have undergone major operations for gastrointestinal cancer. Supplementation of enteral nutrition with glutamine, arginine, and omega-3-fatty acids positively modulated postsurgical immunosuppressive and inflammatory responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical University, Shanghai 200032,China. wughmc@online.sh.cn
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Y W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Z H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D004751:Enteritis / Q000276:immunology; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005973:Glutamine; D001120:Arginine