title: Outcomes in young adulthood for very-low-birth-weight infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Very-low-birth-weight infants (those weighing less than 1500 g) born during the initial years of neonatal intensive care have now reached young adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared a cohort of 242 survivors among very-low-birth-weight infants born between 1977 and 1979 (mean birth weight, 1179 g; mean gestational age at birth, 29.7 weeks) with 233 controls from the same population in Cleveland who had normal birth weights. We assessed the level of education, cognitive and academic achievement, and rates of chronic illness and risk-taking behavior at 20 years of age. Outcomes were adjusted for sex and sociodemographic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fewer very-low-birth-weight young adults than normal-birth-weight young adults had graduated from high school (74 percent vs. 83 percent, P=0.04). Very-low-birth-weight men, but not women, were significantly less likely than normal-birth-weight controls to be enrolled in postsecondary study (30 percent vs. 53 percent, P=0.002). Very-low-birth-weight participants had a lower mean IQ (87 vs. 92) and lower academic achievement scores (P<0.001 for both comparisons). They had higher rates of neurosensory impairments (10 percent vs. <1 percent, P<0.001) and subnormal height (10 percent vs. 5 percent, P=0.04). The very-low-birth-weight group reported less alcohol and drug use and had lower rates of pregnancy than normal-birth-weight controls; these differences persisted when comparisons were restricted to the participants without neurosensory impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Educational disadvantage associated with very low birth weight persists into early adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA. mxh7@po.cwru.edu
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hack
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schluchter
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cartar
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Borawski
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001827:Body Height; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007360:Intelligence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology