title: Multicentre evaluation of the VITEK 2 Advanced Expert System for interpretive reading of antimicrobial resistance tests.
abstract: Interpretive reading analyses the complete resistance profiles of bacteria to multiple antibiotics and infers the resistance mechanisms present; it aids therapeutic choice and enhances surveillance data. We evaluated the Advanced Expert System (AES), which interprets MICs generated by the VITEK 2. Ten European laboratories tested 42 reference strains and 76-106 of their own strains, representing important resistance genotypes. Interpretive reading by the VITEK 2 AES achieved full agreement with genotype data for 88-89% of strains, with the correct mechanism identified as one of two possibilities for a further 5-6%. Mechanisms inferred with 90% agreement with reference data included methicillin resistance in staphylococci, glycopeptide resistance in enterococci, quinolone resistance in staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae, AAC(6')-APH(2")-mediated aminoglycoside resistance in Gram-positive cocci, erm-mediated macrolide resistance in pneumococci, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and acquired penicillinases in Enterobacteriaceae. VanA, VanB and VanC phenotypes of enterococci were distinguished reliably, and ESBL production was accurately inferred in AmpC-inducible species as well as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Mechanisms identified, but only as possibilities among several, included IRT-type beta-lactamases and individual aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Enterobacteriaceae. Most disagreements with reference data concerned pneumococci found to have high-level penicillin resistance by the VITEK 2 AES but previously determined, phenotypically, to have intermediate resistance. When ESBL production was inferred in E. coli and klebsiellae, the VITEK 2 AES edited susceptible results for cephalosporins (except cefoxitin) to resistant; when an acquired penicillinase was inferred in Enterobacteriaceae, piperacillin results were edited to resistant; and when staphylococci were found methicillin resistant, resistance was reported for all beta-lactams. Further editing may be desirable (e.g. of cephalosporin results for salmonellas inferred to have ESBLs).
authors.affiliation: Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring & Reference Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK. DLivermore@phls.nhs.uk
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Livermore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Struelens
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baquero
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bille
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Canton
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Henning
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gatermann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marchese
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mittermayer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nonhoff
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Oakton
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Praplan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Schito
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Eldere
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verhaegen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verhoef
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Visser
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data