title: Elevated interleukin-6 during ethanol consumption acts as a potential endogenous protective cytokine against ethanol-induced apoptosis in the liver: involvement of induction of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) proteins.
abstract: Elevation of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels is always associated with alcoholic liver disease (ALD), but the significance of such elevation is not clear. Here we show that chronic ethanol consumption induces significant apoptosis in the liver of IL-6 (-/-) mice but not IL-6 (+/+) mice. IL-6 (-/-) hepatocytes are more susceptible to ethanol- and tumor necrosis factor alpha- (TNFalpha-) induced apoptotic killing, which can be corrected by IL-6. Expression of both anti-apoptotic (such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L)) and proapoptotic (such as Bax) proteins is markedly elevated in the liver of human ALD and chronically ethanol-fed IL-6 (+/+) mice. On the contrary, induction of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) is not observed in the liver of chronically ethanol-fed IL-6 (-/-) mice, whereas expression of Bax protein remains elevated. Injection of IL-6 markedly induces expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) but not Bax in the liver. Finally, high concentrations of ethanol inhibit IL-6-activated anti-apoptotic signal, but increasing the concentrations of IL-6 is able to overcome such inhibitory effect. These findings suggest that elevated serum IL-6 levels in ALD may overcome the inhibitory effect of ethanol on IL-6-mediated anti-apoptotic signals and prevent alcohol-induced hepatic apoptosis by induction of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L).
authors.affiliation: Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Won-Ho
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jaruga
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ishac
authors.forename: Xuening
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D019254:Genes, bcl-2; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008108:Liver Diseases, Alcoholic / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000633:toxicity; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; C494812:Bcl2l1 protein, mouse; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D000431:Ethanol