title: Age-stratified pharmacokinetics of ketorolac tromethamine in pediatric surgical patients.
abstract: Published data suggest that ketorolac pharmacokinetics are different in children than in adults. We sought to better characterize ketorolac pharmacokinetics in children. Thirty-six children, aged 1-16 yr, were stratified into four age groups: 1-3 yr, 4-7 yr, 8-11 yr, and 12-16 yr. Each child received 0.5 mg/kg of ketorolac tromethamine IV after completion of elective surgery. A maximum of 16 venous blood samples (mean, 13 +/- 2) were collected at predetermined times up to 10 h after drug administration. Plasma ketorolac concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography after solid-phase extraction. Individual concentration-versus-time relationships were best fit to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model by using SAAM II. Body weight-normalized pharmacokinetic variables did not differ among the age groups and were similar to those reported for adults, including a volume of distribution at steady state of 113 +/- 33 mL/kg (mean +/- SD) and an elimination clearance of 0.57 +/- 0.17 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1). Our study demonstrates that a single dose of ketorolac (0.5 mg/kg) results in plasma concentrations in the adult therapeutic concentration range for 6 h in most children. Our data provide no evidence that children require either larger weight-adjusted doses or shorter dosing intervals than adults to provide similar plasma drug concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The literature suggests that ketorolac disposition differs between children and adults. We characterized ketorolac pharmacokinetics in 36 children. Body weight-normalized two-compartment pharmacokinetic variables did not differ among pediatric patients <17 yr old and were similar to adult values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA. r-dsida@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Dsida
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Patrick K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Birmingham
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Corri L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Heffner
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Coté
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Avram
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine