title: Antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors has an early, immune reconstitution-independent beneficial effect on Candida virulence and oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects.
abstract: Highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAARTs) that contain human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) or nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) were compared for their effect on secretory aspartyl proteinase (Sap), a virulence trait for mucosal candidiasis. In therapy-naive HIV-positive subjects, oral Sap was detected in 11, 6, 3, 0, and 0 of 15 subjects treated with PI-HAART and in 7, 7, 9, 6, and 5 of 15 subjects treated with NNRTI-HAART, on days 0, 14, 30, 90, and 180 of treatment, respectively. In another 30 subjects, Sap was detected in 0 and 7 of 15 subjects after 1 year of treatment with PI-HAART or NNRTI-HAART, respectively. The anti-Sap effect of PI-HAART was associated with clinical resolution of oral candidiasis but not with late and inconstant recovery of anticandidal cellular immunity. In all subjects, the 2 therapeutic regimens compared well in increasing CD4(+) cell count and abating viremia. Thus, PIs exert an early, immune reconstitution-independent effect on Candida virulence in the oral cavities of HIV-positive subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy. cassone@iss.it
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cassone
authors.forename: Evelina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tacconelli
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Bernardis
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tumbarello
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torosantucci
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chiani
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cauda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects*; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors