title: Recreational ecstasy/MDMA and other drug users from the UK and Italy: psychiatric symptoms and psychobiological problems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recreational drug use is increasingly widespread amongst young people, but there are concerns that psychoactive drugs may be associated with psychiatric symptoms or psychobiological problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the psychiatric health status of a large, non-clinical sample of young adults from Italy and the UK, and relate it to their use of ecstasy/MDMA and other recreational drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The UEL Recreational Drug Use Questionnaire was completed by 768 young people (mean age 21.7 years) from four European cities. The subjects comprised 150 non-drug users, 185 alcohol/tobacco users, 97 cannabis and alcohol/tobacco users, 102 illicit polydrug but not ecstasy users, 115 light (<20 times) ecstasy polydrug users, and 119 heavy (>20 times) ecstasy polydrug users. The unpaid volunteers completed the SCL-90 self-rating inventory for psychiatric symptoms when off drug, with 30 additional questions covering positive moods and life experiences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heavy ecstasy polydrug users reported significantly higher scores than non-drug users on several SCL-90 factors, including phobic anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behaviour, anxiety, psychoticism, somatisation, and significantly higher rates of 'loss of sex interest or pleasure'. Self-rated symptom scores increased in line with greater drug use, so that polydrug users who had never taken ecstasy also reported a variety of psychobiological impairments. In contrast, positive moods and life experiences were broadly similar across subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recreational use of ecstasy/MDMA is associated with a range of psychiatric symptoms and psychobiological problems. However, these problems are not specific to ecstasy users but are also evident in other recreational polydrug users.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of East London, London E15 4LZ, UK. a.c.parrott@uel.ac.uk
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Parrott
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parmar
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018490:Serotonin Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D018490:Serotonin Agents; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine