title: An immunohistochemical method that differentiates Cryptococcus neoformans varieties and serotypes in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.
abstract: An immunohistochemical method for determining the variety of Cryptococcus neoformans in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues was developed using mAbs 471, 302 and CRND8. The method was validated primarily using veterinary patients for which both formalin-fixed lesions and a cultured isolate were available. L-Canavanine glycine bromothymol blue (CGB) agar and the 'Crypto-Check' kit were used to determine the variety and serotype, respectively, of cultured isolates. Immunohistochemistry accurately predicted the C. neoformans variety in all tissue specimens. The CGB agar method of determining C. neoformans variety gave the same result as immunohistochemistry for 30/31 specimens. For the single discordant isolate, the serotype, random amplification of polymorphic DNA profile, microscopic and colony morphology all supported the immunohistochemical staining pattern in suggesting C. neoformans var. gattii; however, the CGB agar result was at variance. Of the C. neoformans var. neoformans cases, immunohistochemistry was congruent with variety for 13/13 cases and with serotyping for 10/13 cases. The three discordant cases were classified as having some serotype D reactivity by immunohistochemistry, but were considered to be serotype A using the Crypto-Check kit. This new method should prove a valuable epidemiological tool in studies of cryptococcosis, especially in the veterinary setting where archival tissue specimens may exist but corresponding mycological data is typically absent. The versatility of this method will expand in the future as other monoclonal antibodies with different specificities are developed.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. mkrocken@mail.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Krockenberger
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Canfield
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kozel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinoda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Wigney
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malik
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D012703:Serotyping; D016610:Tissue Embedding
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D005557:Formaldehyde