title: Increased production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor by T cells in patients with IgA nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have demonstrated an upregulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) synthesis in experimental glomerulonephritis. To our best knowledge, no investigation of MIF production by T cells from patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) has been reported so far. MIF is one of the immunoregulatory cytokines involved in T-cell activation and delayed-type hypersensitivity. In this study, we examined MIF production of T cells from patients with IgAN to investigate the contribution of the cells to elevated serum MIF content and to its pathologic characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured MIF production by T cells from the peripheral blood of 20 healthy controls and 20 patients with IgAN before and approximately 10 days after the beginning of steroid therapy. The disease controls included 20 patients with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) before therapy. MIF concentrations in the supernatants of T-cell cultures were measured with a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We also investigated the relationship between MIF levels and disease activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean level for MIF in patients with IgAN was significantly elevated compared with that of healthy controls and also higher than that of patients with MCNS. When T cells were stimulated by concanavalin A, MIF production by T cells of patients with IgAN was more enhanced than in control subjects or patients with MCNS. We also investigated the relationship between MIF levels and pathological features in IgAN patients. Our findings reveal that MIF levels correlated with the grade of glomerular crescent formation and immunofluorescent C3 deposits in the glomeruli. Moreover, MIF overproduction was significantly related to the acute exacerbation stage of IgAN patients. Elevated MIF levels during the acute phase or exacerbations were found to be decreased during spontaneous or steroid therapy-induced remission in all IgAN patients examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide data indicating that a T-cell population isolated by negative selection from peripheral blood mononuclear cells shows increased in vitro production of MIF in IgAN, and a reduction in that production when patients are treated with corticosteroids. In this paper, we describe the hypothetical role of MIF in the pathophysiology of IgAN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Technology, College of Medical Sciences, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan. matsumoto-koichi@spu-ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanmatsuse
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003208:Concanavalin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000276:immunology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D003208:Concanavalin A