title: FKHR-L1 can act as a critical effector of cell death induced by cytokine withdrawal: protein kinase B-enhanced cell survival through maintenance of mitochondrial integrity.
abstract: Survival signals elicited by cytokines include the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which in turn promotes the activation of protein kinase B (PKB). Recently, PKB has been demonstrated to phosphorylate and inactivate forkhead transcription factor FKHR-L1, a potent inducer of apoptosis. To explore the mechanisms underlying the induction of apoptosis after cytokine withdrawal or FKHR-L1 activation, we used a cell line in which FKHR-L1 activity could be specifically induced. Both cytokine withdrawal and FKHR-L1 activation induced apoptosis, which was preceded by an upregulation in p27KIP1 and a concomitant decrease in cells entering the cell cycle. Induction of apoptosis by both cytokine withdrawal and activation of FKHR-L1 correlated with the disruption of mitochondrial membrane integrity and cytochrome c release. This was preceded by upregulation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim. Ectopic expression of an inhibitory mutant of FKHR-L1 substantially reduced the levels of apoptosis observed after cytokine withdrawal. Activation of PKB alone was sufficient to promote cell survival, as measured by maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and the resultant inhibition of effector caspases. Furthermore, hematopoietic stem cells isolated from Bim-/- mice exhibited reduced levels of apoptosis upon inhibition of PI3K/PKB signaling. These data demonstrate that activation of FKHR-L1 alone can recapitulate all known elements of the apoptotic program normally induced by cytokine withdrawal. Thus PI3K/PKB--mediated inhibition of this transcription factor likely provides an important mechanism by which survival factors act to prevent programmed cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pascale F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Dijkers
authors.forename: Kim U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Birkenkamp
authors.forename: Eric W-F
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: N Shaun B
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Jan-Willem J
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Koenderman
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Coffer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D020169:Caspases; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C000606776:Bcl2l11 protein, mouse; C493961:Cdkn1b protein, mouse; C467200:Foxo1 protein, mouse; C499321:Parp1 protein, mouse