title: L-tryptophan-L-kynurenine pathway metabolism accelerated by Toxoplasma gondii infection is abolished in gamma interferon-gene-deficient mice: cross-regulation between inducible nitric oxide synthase and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase.
abstract: L-Tryptophan degradation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) might have an important role in gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-induced antimicrobial effects. In the present study, the effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on IDO were investigated by using wild-type and IFN-gamma-gene-deficient (knockout) (IFN-gamma KO) mice. In wild-type C57BL/6J mice, enzyme activities and mRNA levels for IDO in both lungs and brain were markedly increased and lung L-tryptophan concentrations were dramatically decreased following T. gondii infection. In contrast, these metabolic changes did not occur in T. gondii-infected IFN-gamma KO mice or in uninfected IFN-gamma KO mice. The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction in infected IFN-gamma KO mice were high in lungs and low in brain compared to those in infected wild-type mice. The extent of increased mRNA expression of T. gondii surface antigen gene 2 (SAG2) induced in lungs and brain by T. gondii infection was significantly enhanced in IFN-gamma KO mice compared to wild-type mice on day 7 postinfection. Treatment with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, an iNOS inhibitor, increased the levels of SAG2 mRNA in brain but not in lungs and of plasma L-kynurenine after T. gondii infection. This in vivo study provides evidence that L-tryptophan depletion caused by T. gondii is directly mediated by IFN-gamma in the lungs, where iNOS is not induced by IFN-gamma. This study suggests that there is an antitoxoplasma mechanism of cross-regulation between iNOS and IDO and that the expression of the main antiparasite effector mechanisms for iNOS and/or IDO may vary among tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasa-machi, Gifu 500-8705, Japan.
authors.forename: Suwako
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujigaki
authors.forename: Kuniaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takemura
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maekawa
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Hisayasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seishima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007737:Kynurenine / Q000378:metabolism*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014122:Toxoplasma; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000378:metabolism*; D014366:Tryptophan Oxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C067547:surface antigen P22, Toxoplasma; D007737:Kynurenine; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D014364:Tryptophan; D014366:Tryptophan Oxygenase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester