title: Effects of weather on daily body mass regulation in wintering dunlin.
abstract: We investigated the influence of changes in weather associated with winter storms on mass balance, activity and food consumption in captive dunlin (Calidris alpina) held in outdoor aviaries, and compared the aviary results with weather-related body mass differences in free-living dunlin collected at Bolinas Lagoon, California. Captive birds fed ad libitum increased their body mass at higher wind speeds and lower temperatures, suggesting regulation of energy stores, whereas free-living birds exhibited patterns suggesting thermoregulatory limits on body mass regulation. Daily energy expenditure in aviary dunlin was 2.85 kJ g d(-1), or 2.8x basal metabolic rate (BMR), with thermostatic costs averaging 59 % of daily expenditure. Slight but significant increases in body mass and energy expenditure in captive birds on rainy days, adjusted for possible external water mass, suggested rainfall as a proximate cue in regulating daily body mass. Body mass changes under artificial rainfall indicated similar results, and field masses suggested that free-living birds have greater body mass on days with measurable rainfall. Increased activity costs under artificial rainfall were associated with an increase in maintenance activities, relative to controls. Whether activity costs increased on days with natural rates of rainfall was unclear. Our results are consistent with current hypotheses regarding the role of body mass regulation in providing insurance against increased starvation risk during deteriorating thermal or foraging conditions, or in reducing the costs of extra mass as conditions improve.
authors.affiliation: Cypress Grove Research Center, Audubon Canyon Ranch, PO Box 808, Marshall, CA 94940, USA. kellyjp@svn.net
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Warnock
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: Wesley W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Weathers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D001835:Body Weight; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D014887:Weather; D014919:Wind