title: Electrical remodeling of the atrium in an anatomic model of atrial flutter: relationship between substrate and triggers for conversion to atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial flutter (AFL) and atrial fibrillation (AF) frequently coexist, yet the specific relationship between these arrhythmias, and particularly whether sustained AFL leads to AF, is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated the electrophysiological consequences of chronic AFL using an ovine anatomic right atrial Y-lesion model. AFL was induced in 7 animals, and 4 remained in sinus rhythm (controls). Sheep were monitored for spontaneous conversion of AFL to AF. Six of 7 sheep sustained AFL for 28 days. In 1 of 7 sheep, spontaneous conversion of AFL to AF occurred on day 5. AFL produced a highly significant fall in right and left atrial refractoriness (AERP, P<0.001), with 74+/-10% of the reduction occurring by day 3. Right atrial conduction velocity also fell significantly (baseline 89+/-9 cm/s versus day 28 64+/-14 cm/s, P<0.001) but over a slower time course. AERP and conduction velocity changes coincided with a characteristic biphasic decrease and increase in the AFL cycle length. The excitable gap (percent of AFL cycle length) increased from 13+/-3% at baseline to 46+/-8% by day 28 (P<0.001). Sustained AF (>30 seconds) was not inducible at baseline but after 28 days of AFL could be induced in 6 of 6 sheep by critically timed single or multiple extrastimuli delivered either in sinus rhythm or AFL. There was no significant change in any parameter in control sheep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this model, AFL produced electrical remodeling and the substrate for sustained AF. However, spontaneous conversion to AF was uncommon, and the development of AF was dependent on specific triggers.
authors.affiliation: Royal Melbourne Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: Melissa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Power
authors.forename: Jai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kalman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology; D007700:Kinetics; D009431:Neural Conduction; D012032:Refractory Period, Electrophysiological; D012756:Sheep; D014463:Ultrasonography