title: A randomized controlled trial of oxygen for reducing nausea and vomiting during emergency transport of patients older than 60 years with minor trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that oxygen administration reduces nausea and vomiting in patients with minor trauma during ambulance transport.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study, conducted from January to April 2000, consisted of 100 patients older than 60 years with minor trauma, who were randomly assigned to breathe air or 100% oxygen at 10 L/min through a facemask during ambulance transport. A paramedic, blinded to treatment, recorded vomiting episodes during transport. Patients, also blinded to treatment, rated their levels of pain, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, and overall satisfaction with their care on 100-mm visual analog scales, with greater values indicating more intense sensation. Results from the 2 groups were compared with chi2 or unpaired 2-tailed t tests and presented as means +/- SDs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before randomization, patients subsequently assigned to receive oxygen had significantly greater pain and nausea. On arrival at the hospital, oxygen saturation was higher in the 50 patients given oxygen (99% +/- 1 % vs 96% +/- 2%; P<.001) than in the 50 patients who breathed air. Reported pain remained greater in the oxygen group. However, those given oxygen had less nausea (22 +/- 29 vs 54 +/- 38 mm; P<.001) and vomiting (4 vs 19 episodes; P<.001), lower heart rates (86 +/- 12 vs 94 +/- 13 beats/min; P<.001), and higher overall satisfaction scores (54 +/- 33 vs 33 +/- 23 mm; P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that supplemental oxygen during ambulance transport reduced nausea scores by 50% and decreased vomiting 4-fold. Consequently, patients reported greater satisfaction with their care. Thus, we recommend that patients be given supplemental oxygen during ambulance transport.
authors.affiliation: Vienna Red Cross, Van Swieten and the Research Institute of the Vienna Red Cross, Austria.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kober
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fleischackl
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scheck
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lieba
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Strasser
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friedmann
authors.forename: Daniel I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sessler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000552:Ambulances; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014839:Vomiting / Q000517:prevention & control*