title: Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator versus urokinase for local thrombolysis of femoropopliteal occlusions: a prospective, randomized multicenter trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the outcome of a prospective, randomized, open multicenter trial comparing (1) the effects of local thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) or urokinase (UK) and (2) 2 administration techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred thirty-four patients with thromboembolic occlusions in 223 native femoral or popliteal arteries (95%) and 11 bypass grafts (5%) were randomized to rtPA (n = 124) or UK (n = 110) administered either through an endhole catheter (Hess technique) in 81 patients or a microporous balloon catheter (Schneider technique) in 153 patients. When lysis was incomplete, additional catheter interventions were applied to achieve patency. Results were analyzed by fluoroscopy during intervention and by angiography evaluated by independent experts blinded to the methods applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The only significant difference between rtPA and UK was found at the end of lysis using the Hess technique. Complete reperfusion (TIMI grade 3) was produced in 60% of patients by rtPA versus 37% by UK (p = 0.045). By both techniques TIMI grade 3 was achieved in 62% with rtPA and in 50% with UK (p = 0.18). Independent of delivery technique, thrombolytic agent, or additional catheter interventions, TIMI grade 3 was achieved in 81% and angiographic patency in 88%. Primary patency at 6 months was 66%, which was increased by secondary interventions to 75%. Major amputations were performed in 6%, all in patients with initial Fontaine stage III/IV ischemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With local thrombolysis alone, rtPA appears to be more effective than UK; however, additional catheter interventions further improved patency, abolishing the difference between the lytic agents.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Bern, Switzerland. felix.mahler@insel.ch
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mahler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011150:Popliteal Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014654:Vascular Patency
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator