title: Oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in Singapore.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral lesions have been recognised as prominent features of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection since the beginning of the epidemic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This descriptive study was conducted to study the types of oral lesions among HIV-infected patients in Singapore.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral examination was done on 81 randomly selected HIV-infected patients attending the specialist outpatient clinic at the Communicable Disease Centre.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 9 different lesions were observed in 45 (56%) patients. The lesions observed were oral candidosis (35%), periodontal disease (16%), aphthous-like ulcers (5%), oral hairy leukoplakia (5%) and lymphoma (1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The oral manifestations of HIV-infected patients in Singapore appear to be less frequent in comparison with those patients from Africa and Europe. Similarities in oral findings among the HIV-infected patients in Asia are evident with a notable lack of oral Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and a low prevalence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and oral hairy leukoplakia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Dental Centre, 5, Second Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168938.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Leo
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D017733:Leukoplakia, Hairy / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D016483:Lymphoma, AIDS-Related / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D019226:Oral Ulcer / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology