title: Chondrocytes respond to adenosine via A(2)receptors and activity is potentiated by an adenosine deaminase inhibitor and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the mechanisms by which adenosine and adenosine analogues stimulate adenylate cyclase and suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) by chondrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary chondrocytes isolated from equine articular cartilage were plated in monolayer. Intracellular cyclic-AMP (cAMP) accumulation was measured following exposure to medium containing adenosine, the non-hydrolyzable adenosine analogue N(6)-methyladenosine, the A(2A)specific agonist N(6)-(dimethoxyphenyl)-ethyl]adenosine (DPMA), the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-Hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine hydrochloride (EHNA), or forskolin, a potent stimulator of adenylate cyclase. Regulation of NO production by LPS-stimulated chondrocytes, as determined by nitrite concentration, was assessed in the presence of adenosine, N(6)-methyladenosine, DPMA, the broad agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), or forskolin. Alternatively, LPS-stimulated chondrocytes were exposed to EHNA or the phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram in the presence or absence of supplemental adenosine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adenosine, N(6)-methyladenosine, DPMA, and forskolin each increased intracellular cAMP accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner and suppressed NO production by LPS-stimulated chondrocytes. NECA also decreased NO production by chondrocytes stimulated with LPS. Incubation with EHNA, to protect endogenously produced adenosine, or rolipram, which prevents the degradation of cAMP, similarly suppressed LPS-stimulated NO production. The addition of exogenous adenosine with EHNA or rolipram further suppressed NO production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study documents functional responses to adenosine by articular chondrocytes. These responses are mimicked by the A(2A)receptor agonist, DPMA. Effects were enhanced by protecting adenosine using an adenosine deaminase inhibitor or by potentiating the cAMP response with rolipram. These experiments suggest that adenosine may play a physiological role in regulation of chondrocytes and that adenosine pathways could represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tesch
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kollias-Baker
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Benton
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000502:physiology*; D058892:Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C064708:Act-2 cytokine receptor; D058892:Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; D005576:Colforsin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D000241:Adenosine