title: Hormonal factors in the morbidities associated with extreme prematurity and the potential benefits of hormonal supplement.
abstract: Cortisol and thyroid hormones are known to modulate the maturation of various fetal organ systems, enzymes, and biochemical pathways. The cortisol furnished by the structural and biochemical immature fetal adrenal gland renders the extremely premature infants relatively cortisol deficient in comparison with the term newborns. The premature infants also have elevated fetal androgens, the production of which persists until approximately 42 weeks of postconceptional age. The androgens produced by the fetal adrenal cortex and the müllerian inhibiting substance produced by the fetal testis have antiglucocorticoid and inhibitory effects on human fetal lung growth and maturation in vitro. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and thyroid function are also immature in extreme prematurity. In addition, there is reduced tissue thyroid hormone responsiveness. Superimposed on this is the reduced thyroid function seen in non-thyroidal illness in which elevated cytokine levels have been implicated. Repeated courses of antenatal steroids and high-dose postnatal dexamethasone appear to be deleterious to lung and brain development. This may be through inhibition of cell replication and catabolism as well as decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion and reduced peripheral conversion of T(4) to T(3). Furthermore, dexamethasone has been found to enhance neurosteroid production in the immature brain, potentially altering brain development. Considered together, the relative cortisol deficiency/androgen excess and reduced thyroid function as well as prolonged high-dose postnatal dexamethasone therapy in these infants may be important factors in their high degree of morbidity. We propose to restrict antenatal steroids to a single course and hypothesize that the overall outcome of low-gestation infants would be improved with (1) hydrocortisone (i.v./p.o.) supplement at a fixed dose of 0.5 mg/kg birth weight every 12 h in infants <30 weeks of gestation from birth till 32 weeks of postconceptional age and (2) T(3) (i.v./p.o.) supplement at a fixed dose of 0.4 microg/kg birth weight every 12 h in those <27 weeks of gestation from birth till 32 weeks of postconceptional age.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Nepean Hospital, PO Box 63, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia. yeungm@wahs.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Melinda Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Smyth
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006728:Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000172:deficiency; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007416:Intestinal Perforation; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006728:Hormones; D003907:Dexamethasone; D006854:Hydrocortisone