title: Regional differences of fMR signal changes induced by hyperventilation: comparison between SE-EPI and GE-EPI at 3-T.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether reproducible signal change of brain tissues by hyperventilation (HV) can be seen on spin-echo (SE)-echo planar imaging (EPI) at 3-T and to examine the sensitivity of SE-EPI for measuring vascular reactivity in regions of the brain, such as the hippocampal formation, that are difficult to visualize with gradient-echo (GE)-EPI due to susceptibility artifacts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six healthy human subjects performed a voluntary HV task. The task design was as follows: two minutes normal breathing (rest) followed by two minutes HV, giving a basic four-minute block that was repeated three times for a total scan time of 12 minutes for one run. Each subject performed the run both for SE-EPI and GE-EPI. Statistical analysis was performed to detect the area with significant cerebrovascular reactivity. The percentage signal change was also obtained for each cerebral region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both GE-EPI and SE-EPI showed globally significant signal decreases in the cerebral cortex. In GE-EPI, the frontal cortex showed a larger signal decrease than the other gray matter tissues (P < 0.05). In SE-EPI, the differences among gray matter tissues except for the hippocampal formation were not significant. The hippocampal formation showed the largest signal change (P < 0.05) in SE-EPI, but no significant signal change was observed in GE-EPI due to the presence of susceptibility artifacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HV using SE-EPI at 3-T provides robust and reproducible signal decreases and may make the evaluation of the vascular reactivity in hippocampal formation feasible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan. naganawa@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naganawa
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zysset
authors.forename: Toralf
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mildner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity