title: Fosinopril versus amlodipine comparative treatments study: a randomized trial to assess effects on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  ACE inhibitors and calcium antagonists may modulate fibrinolysis. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of these drugs on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen, an inhibitor of fibrinolysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=96, 51% black) were randomized after an initial 4 weeks of placebo to double-blind 20 or 40 mg fosinopril or 5 or 10 mg amlodipine daily for 4 weeks in a fixed-dose regimen. After 4 weeks of placebo washout, the patients received 4 weeks of crossover treatments. After treatment with placebo, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 143+/-2 and 86+/-1 mm Hg and plasma PAI-1 was 43.4+/-2.3 ng/mL. Amlodipine achieved a greater systolic and diastolic blood pressure reduction than fosinopril (10 mm Hg versus 8 mm Hg, P=0.029, and 5 mm Hg versus 3 mm Hg, P=0.040, respectively) but tended to increase PAI-1, whereas fosinopril tended to decrease PAI-1 (5.4+/-3.6 versus -3.8+/-2.5 ng/mL, P=0.045). The PAI-1 changes depended on drug dose (6.5+/-6.1 and 3.4+/-3.9 ng/mL with amlodipine 10 and 5 mg, respectively, and -0.4+/-3.1 and -7.4+/-4.0 ng/mL with fosinopril 20 and 40 mg, respectively, P for trend 0.024). No significant differences between fosinopril and amlodipine were found for short-term changes in tissue plasminogen activator antigen, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6. The findings were similar in black and white participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term treatment with fosinopril significantly reduced PAI-1 compared with amlodipine in a dose-dependent fashion. This effect, which was independent of blood pressure reduction, may account for the improved clinical outcomes achieved with ACE inhibitors compared with calcium antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. mpahor@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pahor
authors.forename: Lonneke V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Franse
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Deitcher
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Cushman
authors.forename: Karen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Ronald I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Shorr
authors.forename: Kandice
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kottke-Marchant
authors.forename: Russell P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: Grant W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Somes
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Applegate
mesh_terms: D017311:Amlodipine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D017328:Fosinopril / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D015415:Biomarkers; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D017311:Amlodipine; D017328:Fosinopril