title: Intercellular signaling as a cause of cell death in cyclically impacted cartilage explants.
abstract: Recently, in vitro cartilage studies have shown that impact loading can produce structural damage and osteoarthritis-like changes, including tissue swelling, collagen denaturation, and cell death.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was to determine whether a signal for cell death moves through the cartilage matrix, resulting in the spread of cell death over time from impacted to unimpacted regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cyclic impacts were applied to the 2 mm core of 4 mm cartilage discs. Post-impact culturing extended for 3, 6 or 21 days and occurred in one of two ways. In one, discs were cultured intact. In the second, cores were removed immediately after cessation of impact and cores and rings cultured separately. Cells in apoptosis and later stage necrosis were monitored using the TUNEL assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extent of cell death in impacted samples increased with increased duration of post-impact culturing. At the early time, the majority of cell death was located in the regions of direct impact whereas after extended culture, the extent of cell death was similar in the surrounding unimpacted regions and in the impacted core region. However, the physical separation of the impacted core from the surrounding, non-impacted ring regions immediately after impact, and prior to independent culture, kept the level of cell death in the surrounding ring close to control levels, even after 21 days of incubation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that soluble intercellular signalling is involved in the spreading of cell death through the cartilage matrix, and that its effects can be prevented by physical isolation of the surrounding ring from the impacted core.
authors.affiliation: James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Burton-Wurster
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lust
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013997:Time Factors; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D009569:Nitric Oxide