title: The increased expression of an array of C-X-C and C-C chemokines in the colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis: regulation by corticosteroids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better understand the extent to which chemokines participate in the mucosal inflammatory response in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), we assessed the expression of an array of chemokines in the colonic mucosa of UC patients and evaluated the effect of corticosteroids on their expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Colonic mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained from 15 patients with UC and 12 normal controls. Messenger RNA levels for 10 chemokines were quantitated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using synthetic standard RNAs. The biopsy specimens were also cultured in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and/or dexamethasone, and secreted chemokines in culture supernatants were assayed by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The messenger RNA expression of C-X-C (interleukin 8, growth-related alpha [GROalpha], GRObeta, GROgamma, epithelial cell-derived neutrophil activator 78, and interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10) and C-C (monocyte chemotactic protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta, and RANTES [regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted]) but not C (lymphotactin) chemokines was significantly higher in the affected mucosa of UC patients than in the unaffected mucosa of UC patients or in the normal mucosa of normal controls. The degree of increased expression was more prominent in the C-X-C than in the C-C chemokines. Further, the secretion of interleukin 8, GROalpha, epithelial cell-derived neutrophil activator 78, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 was higher in UC patients than in normal controls, induced significantly by TNFalpha, and down-regulated by dexamethasone. Secretions of macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta and RANTES also showed a trend toward an increase in UC, induction by TNFalpha, and down-regulation by dexamethasone, but it did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased expression of a variety of chemokines in UC and their downregulation by dexamethasone suggest that chemokines may play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of UC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Suk-Kyun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Myung-Sik
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Ok-Hee
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seung Jae
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Myung
authors.forename: Hwoon-Yong
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Weon-Seon
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Jin Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young Il
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Min
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D003113:Colonoscopy; D046508:Culture Techniques; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis*; D012016:Reference Values; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019742:Chemokines, CC; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003907:Dexamethasone