title: The cytokines IL-3 and GM-CSF regulate the transcriptional activity of retinoic acid receptors in different in vitro models of myeloid differentiation.
abstract: The disruption of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) activity that characterizes human acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is associated with a block to granulocytic differentiation indicating that RARs are critical regulators of normal myeloid differentiation. Nevertheless, how RAR activity might be regulated in the presumably homogenous concentration of retinoids in blood and bone marrow and how these receptors might interact with specific hematopoietic cytokines to regulate normal myeloid differentiation remain unclear. Here, using several cytokine-dependent in vitro models of myeloid development, it was observed that specific hematopoietic cytokines that normally regulate myeloid lineage commitment and differentiation (interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) trigger the enhancement of both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent transcriptional activity of both endogenous and exogenous (transiently transfected) RARs. This cytokine-mediated enhancement of RAR activity is not associated with any observed changes in expression of the RARs or their respective coactivators/corepressors. These studies define a previously unknown cytokine-RAR interaction during myelopoiesis and suggest that RAR activation might be a critical downstream event following interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling during myeloid differentiation. This observation of ligand-independent activation of RARs that is mediated by certain cytokines represents a new paradigm with respect to how RAR activity might be modulated during hematopoiesis and also suggests a molecular basis for the differential sensitivity of human acute myelogenous leukemia cells to retinoids.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hospital Dentistry, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Barton S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: LeMoyne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Jutong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Si
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000187:drug effects; D007377:Interleukin-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D019089:Stem Cell Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D007377:Interleukin-3; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D019089:Stem Cell Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor