title: The relation of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease to retinopathy in people with diabetes in the Cardiovascular Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the association of retinopathy with atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic risk factors in people with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  296 of the 558 people classified as having diabetes by the American Diabetes Association criteria, from a population based cohort of adults (ranging in age from 69 to 102 years) living in four United States communities (Allegheny County, Pennsylvania; Forsyth County, North Carolina; Sacramento County, California; and Washington County, Maryland) were studied from 1997 to 1998. Lesions typical of diabetic retinopathy were determined by grading a 45 degrees colour fundus photograph of one eye of each participant, using a modification of the Airlie House classification system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retinopathy was present in 20% of the diabetic cohort, with the lowest prevalence (16%), in those 80 years of age or older. Retinopathy was detected in 20.3% of the 296 people with diabetes; 2.7% of the 296 had signs of proliferative retinopathy and 2.1% had signs of macular oedema. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was higher in black people (35.4%) than white (16.0%). Controlling for age, sex, and blood glucose, retinopathy was more frequent in black people than white (odds ratio (OR) 2.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01, 5.05), in those with longer duration of diabetes (OR (per 5 years of diabetes) 1.42, 95% CI 1.18, 1.70), in those with subclinical cardiovascular disease (OR 1.49, 95% CI 0.51, 4.31), or coronary heart disease or stroke (OR 3.23, 95% CI 1.09, 9.56) than those without those diseases, in those with higher plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (OR (per 10 mg/dl of LDL cholesterol) 1.12, 95% CI 1.02, 1.23), and in those with gross proteinuria (OR 4.76, 95% CI 1.53, 14.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from this population based study suggest a higher prevalence of retinopathy in black people than white people with diabetes and the association of cardiovascular disease, elevated plasma LDL cholesterol, and gross proteinuria with diabetic retinopathy. However, any conclusions or explanations regarding associations described here must be made with caution because only about one half of those with diabetes mellitus were evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53705-2397, USA. kleinr@epi.ophth.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Emily K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: Lewis H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: Russell P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gottdiener
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Larry D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boineau
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D044383:Black People; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D044465:White People