title: Toll receptors and sepsis.
abstract: Toll-like receptors are a family of receptors that recognize components of bacteria and induce a proinflammatory response by cells, including macrophages and endothelial cells. Ten human Toll receptors differing in their specificity for microbial components have been cloned. They respond to various components, including lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria, lipopeptides of Gram-positive cell walls, bacterial DNA, and flagella. Some Toll-like receptors require the cooperation of an adapter protein. Toll-like receptor 4 function requires the presence of the protein MD2. Recently, it has been shown that Toll-like receptors function cooperatively to increase the specificity of response to a given microbe. Human polymorphisms of Toll-like receptor genes have been discovered and are associated with hyporesponsiveness to bacterial components.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sheffield, United Kingdom. r.c.read@shef.ac.uk
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Wyllie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors