title: A critical analysis of outcome for children sustaining cardiac arrest after blunt trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Injury is the leading cause of cardiac arrest in children older than 1 year. Previous findings suggest that children who require cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) administered by paramedics for any reason rarely survive to hospital discharge. The authors evaluated the outcome of children sustaining cardiac arrest after blunt trauma in a Regional Pediatric Trauma Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (age < 16) who underwent CPR in the field or in the emergency department (ED) after blunt trauma were identified from the trauma registry of a regional pediatric trauma center over a 3-year period (1997 to 2000). Patient demographics, rate of survival to discharge, factors influencing survival, and organ donation data were obtained from the trauma registry and medical record. Probability of survival (Ps) was calculated by TRISS analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five children were identified with a history of cardiac arrest after blunt injury (mean age; 3.3 years; range, 0.1 to 10; mean ISS, 30.7; range, 13-75; mean RTS, 1.58). Mean calculated Ps was 22.7%. However, only 2 (8%) survived. Death in the majority (91%) of the 23 patients who died occurred secondary to brain or spinal cord injury, and only 2 (9%) occurred as the result of exsanguinating hemorrhage. CPR was first performed in the field in 10 patients (40%), en route in 6 (24%), and in the ED in 9 (36%). Of the children who survived, both had vitals in the field, and CPR was administered initially in the ED. Mean length of ED resuscitation before death was 80 minutes. Of the children who died, organ donation occurred in only 3 (13%). The 2 survivors had no head injury and were discharged within 3 weeks of injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after blunt injury in children rarely results in survival. The majority of deaths occur as a result of isolated intracranial injury and not exsanguinating hemorrhage. Although all children should receive aggressive resuscitation after injury, the need for CPR in the field portends a poor outcome. Furthermore, these data would suggest that prolonged or heroic efforts for children sustaining cardiac arrest in the field are not indicated.
authors.affiliation: Denver, Colorado.
authors.forename: Casey M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Calkins
authors.forename: Denis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bensard
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Partrick
authors.forename: Frederick M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Karrer
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D015996:Survival Rate; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis