title: Reduced nitrogen fixation in the glacial ocean inferred from changes in marine nitrogen and phosphorus inventories.
abstract: To explain the lower atmospheric CO2 concentrations during glacial periods, it has been suggested that the productivity of marine phytoplankton was stimulated by an increased flux of iron-bearing dust to the oceans. One component of this theory is that iron-an essential element/nutrient for nitrogen-fixing organisms-will increase the rate of marine nitrogen fixation, fuelling the growth of other marine phytoplankton and increasing CO2 uptake. Here we present data that questions this hypothesis. From a sediment core off the northwestern continental margin of Mexico, we show that denitrification and phosphorite formation-processes that occur in oxygen-deficient upwelling regions, removing respectively nitrogen and phosphorus from the ocean-declined in glacial periods, thus increasing marine inventories of nitrogen and phosphorus. But increases in phosphorus were smaller and less rapid, leading to increased N/P ratios in the oceans. Acknowledging that phytoplankton require nitrogen and phosphorus in constant proportions, the Redfield ratio, and that N/P ratios greater than the Redfield ratio are likely to suppress nitrogen fixation, we suggest therefore that marine productivity did not increase in glacial periods in response to either increased nutrient inventories or greater iron supply.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK. Raja.Ganeshram@glg.ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Raja S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ganeshram
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Calvert
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: François
mesh_terms: D001272:Atmosphere; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D003081:Cold Climate; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism*; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000378:metabolism; D012623:Seawater; D013995:Time
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D010710:Phosphates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010758:Phosphorus; C090013:phosphorite; D009584:Nitrogen