title: [Non-intravenous high-dose phenobarbital therapy for status epilepticus refractory to continuous infusion of midazolam or pentobarbital: report of three cases].
abstract: The management of refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is crucial in preventing neurologic impairment. Although a variety of treatments for RSE including continuous infusion of midazolam (MDL) or pentobarbital (PTB) have been carried out, they are not always effective. Intravenous very-high-dose phenobarbital (PB) has been recommended as having many advantages in the United States, but is not available in Japan. We treated 3 patients suffering from long term RSE with non-intravenous high-dose PB (NIHDPB). Their seizures were not controlled by continuous infusion of MDL and/or PTB. PB was initially given intramuscularly or rectally and then orally. Within a few or ten days, seizures were completely controlled, and consciousness level gradually improved in all cases. The serum levels of PB at seizure control ranged from 50 to 58 micrograms/ml. The epileptiform activities on EEG nearly disappeared in the absence of the burst suppression pattern. Hypotention and respiratory depression did not develop during NIHDPB. Elevated gamma-GTP levels with normal hepatic transaminases were seen in all cases, but it was not necessary to discontinue NIHDPB. NIHDPB may be one of the most effective and safe treatments in Japan for status epileptics refractory to continuous infusion of MDL or PTB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital for Mental, Nervous and Muscular Disorders, Kodaira, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sudoh
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugai
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mimaki
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukumizu
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanaoka
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D010424:Pentobarbital; D008874:Midazolam; D010634:Phenobarbital