title: Effects of nutritional and physiological status on behavioral avoidance of Anopheles minimus (Diptera: Culicidae) to DDT, deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin.
abstract: The monitoring of behavioral responses of mosquitoes to insecticides are critical to the understanding of how chemicals function in the control of disease transmission. The excito-repellency avoidance responses of laboratory-reared Anopheles minimus females exposed to diagnostic concentrations of DDT (2 g/m2), deltamethrin (0.0625 g/m2), and lambdacyhalothrin (0.0369 g/m2) were observed using an excito-repellency escape chamber. Insecticide contact (measuring irritancy) and non-contact (measuring repellency) behavioral assays were conducted on non-blood-fed (unfed), sugar-fed, early blood-fed (recently engorged) and late blood-fed mosquitoes. Rates of escape from the contact and non-contact chambers, regardless of chemical compounds, were most dramatic in unfed mosquitoes compared to other nutritional states (P < 0.05). In general, across all 3 chemicals, slower escape response was observed in sugar-fed and early blood-fed specimens, whereas late blood-fed showed an intermediate response. Relative suppression of escape flight response in comparison to matched non-insecticide treated controls and the unfed condition is likely the result of normal reduced flight activity among recent blood and sugar-engorged mosquitoes. We conclude that nutritional states and physiological conditions of mosquitoes as a result of blood feeding can dramatically influence excito-repellency test results. Therefore, for interpretive purposes, studies on chemical irritancy and repellency must account and control for the inherent variability of avoidance responses to insecticides influenced by nutritional and physiological conditions of the mosquitoes at the time of test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sungvornyothin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chareonviriyaphap
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prabaripai
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thirakhupt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ratanatham
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bangs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D001769:Blood; D003634:DDT / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D004924:Escape Reaction / Q000187:drug effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009570:Nitriles; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; D003634:DDT; C037304:cyhalothrin