title: Magnetic resonance venography in assessing venous patency after multiple venous catheters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Venous thrombosis is a well-recognised complication of central venous catheters (CVC). The aim of the study was to assess the value of magnetic resonance venography (MRV) in assessing venous patency in children with suspected venous thrombosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contrast studies through the CVC (linogram) and Doppler ultrasonography were the initial investigations performed in children with suspected CVC-related thrombosis. Two-dimensional gated inflow and phase contrast MRV also was performed to assess the extent of venous thrombosis and to locate patent veins for replacement CVC. When the MRV identified a suitable patent vein, the CVC was reinserted by direct venous cut down or the percutaneous method under a general anaesthetic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 25 children (median age, 5 years; range, 2 months to 17 years) who had multiple CVC insertions (median, 3; range, 1-9), underwent MRV for suspected venous thrombosis. Of 10 patients in whom the catheter was completely occluded, MRV identified extensive thrombosis of the central veins in 6. In 7 other children the linogram showed adherent thrombus at the tip of the CVC only. In 5 of these 7 children MRV showed extensive thrombosis of the vein in which the catheters were placed. Doppler ultrasonography diagnosed thrombotic occlusion of the neck veins in 7 children. The MRV studies showed more extensive thrombosis in 4 of these 7 patients. Additionally, MRV showed thrombosis of the intrathoracic veins in 11 patients who had patent neck veins on ultrasound scan. MRV identified a patent vein for reinsertion of CVC in 22 of 25 children. At operation, venous patency was confirmed in 20 patients (91%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRV in children with suspected CVC-related thrombosis is more accurate than Doppler ultrasonography, and contrast studies for defining the extent of venous thrombosis. MRV correctly shows venous anatomy and patency for reinsertion of CVC.
authors.affiliation: Liverpool, England.
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Abernethy
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Pizer
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Losty
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D010690:Phlebography / Q000379:methods; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014680:Veins / Q000473:pathology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology