title: Conscious and subconscious sensorimotor synchronization--prefrontal cortex and the influence of awareness.
abstract: One of the most compelling challenges for modern neuroscience is the influence of awareness on behavior. We studied prefrontal correlates of conscious and subconscious motor adjustments to changing auditory rhythms using regional cerebral blood flow measurements. At a subconscious level, movement adjustments were performed employing bilateral ventral mediofrontal cortex. Awareness of change without explicit knowledge of the nature of change led to additional ventral prefrontal and premotor but not dorsolateral prefrontal activations. Only fully conscious motor adaptations to a changing rhythmic pattern showed prominent involvement of anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These results demonstrate that while ventral prefrontal areas may be engaged in motor adaptations performed subconsciously, only fully conscious motor control which includes motor planning will involve dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. KlausMartin.Stephan@uni-dusseldorf.de
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Thaut
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wunderlich
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schicks
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tellmann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hömberg
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014473:Unconscious, Psychology