title: The information content of Doppler ultrasound signals from the fetal heart.
abstract: Knowledge of the content of Doppler ultrasound signals from the fetal heart is essential if the performance of fetal heart rate (FHR) monitors based upon this technology is to be improved. For this reason instrumentation was constructed to enable the simultaneous collection of Doppler audio signals and the transabdominal fetal ECG (for signal registration), with a total of 22 recordings being made with an average length of around 20 minutes. These data demonstrate the transient nature of the Doppler audio data with wide variations in the signal content observable on a beat-to-beat basis. Short-time Fourier analysis enabled the content of the Doppler signals to be linked to six cardiac events, four valve and two wall motions, with higher frequency components being associated with the latter. This differing frequency content together with information regarding the direction of movement that can be discerned from Doppler signals provided a potential means of discriminating between these six events (which are unlikely to all contribute to the Doppler signal within the same cardiac cycle). Analysis of 100 records showed that wall contractions generate the most prominent signals, with atrial contraction recognisable in all records and ventricular wall contraction in 95% (although its amplitude is only around 30% of that of the atrial signal). Valve motion, with amplitudes between 15 and 25% that of the atrial wall signal, were visible in 75% of records. These results suggest means by which the six events that contribute to the Doppler signal may be distinguished, providing information that should enable an improvement in the current performance of Doppler ultrasound-based FHR monitors.
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shakespeare
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Crowe
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Hayes-Gill
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhogal
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005323:Fetal Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*