title: The impact of income on children's and adolescents' preventive dental visits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited information is available on the effect of income level on whether people visit a dentist for preventive care, whereas more has been written regarding the effect of income on "any" dental visits--which may include emergencies. Also, little is known of the effects of "near-poor" income (101 to 200 percent of the U.S. federal poverty level) on dental visits and preventive dental visits. The authors examined the impact of income at the "poor" and "near-poor" poverty levels on preventive dental visits made by children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used data from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey for children and adolescents younger than 19 years of age to estimate the percentage of this group who had had preventive dental visits. They performed a multiple logistic regression analysis to adjust poverty levels by race and ethnicity, age and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distribution of preventive dental visits for those who were poor was similar to that for those who were near-poor, but the percentage distribution of preventive visits for children and adolescents with higher income was significantly different from that for those in the lower income groups. This was true across all the variables considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important to evaluate and monitor preventive care utilization trends for U.S. children and adolescents in the poor and near-poor categories separately, particularly in states that do not provide similar levels of access under the State Children's Health Insurance Program, or SCHIP. Enrollment of eligible children in Medicaid and SCHIP via oral health promotion outreach efforts, access to care and utilization of dental primary and secondary care services must be increased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, University of Maryland, 666 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, Md. 21201-1596, USA. mwatson@umaryland.edu
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Manski
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Macek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003729:Dental Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007347:Insurance, Dental; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011203:Poverty; D011313:Preventive Dentistry / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States