title: A comparative study on the effects of three types of laser irradiation at the apical stop and apical leakage after obturation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to determine the degree of apical leakage using a dye penetration method after argon, pulsed Nd:YAG with or without black ink, or Er:YAG laser treatment and obturation, and to compare the results of three types of laser irradiation in vitro.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There have been only a few reports of the laser effect on apical leakage after laser treatment and obturation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five human extracted single root teeth were divided into five groups of 15 teeth each and prepared up to a #60 K-file size. One group served as the control and was not irradiated. The other four groups were irradiated with an argon laser at 0.3 W for 3 seconds at continuous mode, pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 2 W and 20 Hz for 4 seconds with or without black ink, and Er:YAG laser at 50 mJ per pulse and 4 Hz for 5 seconds. In each group, ten teeth for the apical leakage study were obturated and immersed in rhodamine B solution for 48 hours at 37 degrees C, and the others were used for the observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All teeth were longitudinally bisected and observed by stereoscopy or SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After pulsed Nd:YAG laser treatment with black ink and obturation, the apical leakage degree (mean score: 0) was reduced compared to that in the control (mean score: 1.2) significantly (p < 0.05). SEM findings showed that specimens irradiated by pulsed Nd:YAG laser with black ink presented clean root canal walls with debris and smear layer evaporated, melted, fused, and recrystallized in most cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation with black ink at the apical stop is useful for the reduction of apical leakage after obturation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan. yukimura@senzoku.showa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goya
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012389:Root Canal Obturation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014070:Tooth / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure