title: A neuronal inhibitory domain in the N-terminal half of agrin.
abstract: Agrin is required for appropriate pre- and postsynaptic differentiation of neuromuscular junctions. While agrin's ability to orchestrate postsynaptic differentiation is well documented, more recent experiments have suggested that agrin is also a "stop signal" for the presynaptic neuron, and that agrin has actions on neurons in the CNS. To elucidate the neuronal activities of agrin and to define the receptor(s) responsible for these functions, we have examined adhesions of neurons and their neurite-outgrowth responses to purified agrin in vitro. We find that both full-length agrin and the C-terminal 95 kDa of agrin (agrin c95), which is sufficient to induce postsynaptic differentiation, are adhesive for chick ciliary ganglion (CG) and forebrain neurons. Consistent with previous findings, our results show that N-CAM binds to full-length agrin, and suggest that alpha-dystroglycan is a neuronal receptor for agrin c95. In neurite outgrowth assays, full-length agrin inhibited both laminin- and N-cadherin-induced neurite growth from CG neurons. The N-terminal 150 kDa fragment of agrin, but not agrin c95, inhibited neurite outgrowth, indicating that domains in the N-terminal portion of agrin are sufficient for this function. Adhesion assays using protein-coated beads and agrin-expressing cells revealed differential interactions of agrin with members of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules. However, none of these, including N-CAM, appeared to be critical for neuronal adhesion. In summary, our results suggest that the N-terminal half of agrin is involved in agrin's ability to inhibit neurite outgrowth. Our results further suggest that neither alpha-dystroglycan nor N-CAM, two known binding proteins for agrin, mediate this effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 33101, USA. jbixby@miami.edu
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bixby
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baerwald-De la Torre
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fritz G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Rathjen
authors.forename: Markus A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rüegg
mesh_terms: D018171:Agrin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000502:physiology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D015816:Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D058969:Contactin 2; D058966:Contactins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D049030:Dystroglycans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000378:metabolism; D016023:Integrins / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D019006:Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D016501:Neurites / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary
chemical_list: D018171:Agrin; C548674:CNTN2 protein, human; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D015816:Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; D058969:Contactin 2; D058966:Contactins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; C483081:DAG1 protein, human; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D016023:Integrins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C491152:NRCAM protein, human; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D019006:Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules; D049030:Dystroglycans