title: Laparoscopic ureterolithotomy for ureteral calculi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most patients with ureteral calculi that do not pass spontaneously can be treated by either extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) or ureteroscopy. In rare cases of large, hard and chronically impacted stones, or after failure of first-line treatments, surgical ureterolithotomy is still indicated. Laparoscopy allows performing this procedure in a minimally invasive manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients (22 men and 2 women) underwent laparoscopic ureterolithotomy between 1994 and 1999. The procedure was indicated in 10 cases as a salvage treatment after failure of SWL (5 patients), ureteroscopy (2 patients), both (1 patient), laparoscopic ureterolithotomy (1 patient), or even open ureterolithotomy (1 patient), and in 14 patients as a primary treatment for large stones (median size 11.5, range 8-33 mm). The first 3 procedures were carried out via the retroperitoneal route and the following 21 via the transperitoneal approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All but 1 stone were successfully removed in a mean operating time of 111 (range 45- 180) min. Postoperative pain was managed with first-line analgesics. Hospital stay ranged from 2 to 10 (mean 3.8) days. The 2 postoperative complications encountered were prolonged ileus (1 patient) and venous thrombosis (1 patient).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic ureterolithotomy is a safe and effective procedure that enables the urologist to maintain a minimally invasive strategy when first-line treatment have failed or are unlikely to be effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Feyaerts
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rietbergen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Navarra
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vallancien
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guillonneau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000601:surgery*