title: A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  People who are not present at a traumatic event may also experience stress reactions. We assessed the immediate mental health effects of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using random-digit dialing three to five days after September 11, we interviewed a nationally representative sample of 569 U.S. adults about their reactions to the terrorist attacks and their perceptions of their children's reactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four percent of the adults reported one or more substantial stress symptoms; 91 percent had one or more symptoms to at least some degree. Respondents throughout the country reported stress syndromes. They coped by talking with others (98 percent), turning to religion (90 percent), participating in group activities (60 percent), and making donations (36 percent). Eighty-five percent of parents reported that they or other adults in the household had talked to their children about the attacks for an hour or more; 34 percent restricted their children's television viewing. Thirty-five percent of children had one or more stress symptoms, and 47 percent were worried about their own safety or the safety of loved ones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After the September 11 terrorist attacks, Americans across the country, including children, had substantial symptoms of stress. Even clinicians who practice in regions that are far from the recent attacks should be prepared to assist people with trauma-related symptoms of stress.
authors.affiliation: RAND, Santa Monica, Calif 90407-2138, USA. schuster@rand.org
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jaycox
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kanouse
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Berry
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000401:Aircraft; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City; D002666:Psychology, Child; D011897:Random Allocation; D012067:Religion; D012449:Safety; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D013690:Television; D023481:Terrorism / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014838:Volunteers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data