title: Effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-1 infected women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on mortality, morbidity, and markers of HIV disease progression in HIV infected women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collected from the Women's Interagency HIV Study, a prospective cohort study that enrolled women between October 1994 and November 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six clinical consortia based in five cities in the United States (New York, NY; Washington, DC; Los Angeles, CA; San Francisco, CA; and Chicago, IL).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1691 HIV seropositive women with a study visit after April 1996.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Beginning in April 1996, the self reported use of HAART increased over time, with more than 50% of the cohort reporting HAART use in 1999. There was a 23% decline per semester in the incidence of AIDS from April 1996 (95% confidence intervals (CI) -29% to -16%). Furthermore, there was a 21% decline of the semiannual mortality rates among those with AIDS at baseline (95% CI -27% to -14%) and an 11% decline among those AIDS free at baseline (95% CI -3% to -18%). CD4+ lymphocyte counts either increased (women with baseline AIDS) or stabilised (women without baseline AIDS) after April 1996, and HIV RNA levels dramatically declined in both groups, although the percentage of women with HIV RNA above 4000 cps/ml remained stable at approximately 40% since mid-1997.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite concerns regarding the use of antiretroviral therapies in this population, the use of therapies led to improved immunological function, suppressed HIV disease activity, and dramatic declines in morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. sgange@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gange
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Barrón
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Greenblatt
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anastos
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minkoff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muñoz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods*; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology