title: Chloroplast evolution: secondary symbiogenesis and multiple losses.
abstract: Chloroplasts originated from cyanobacteria only once, but have been laterally transferred to other lineages by symbiogenetic cell mergers. Such secondary symbiogenesis is rarer and chloroplast losses commoner than often assumed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3PS, Oxford, UK. tom.cavalier-smith@zoo.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cavalier-Smith
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000235:genetics*; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013559:Symbiosis