title: Cadmium exposure in pregnancy and lactation in relation to iron status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of iron status on cadmium dose among pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Iron status and cadmium concentration in blood, urine, and placenta were determined among women followed for 2 years from early pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood cadmium and urinary cadmium were correlated with iron status throughout the study period. Urinary cadmium increased longitudinally among women with exhausted iron stores during their pregnancy. The increase in urinary cadmium with age was more pronounced in multiparous than in nulliparous women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iron deficiency during pregnancy leads to increased cadmium absorption and body burden. Multiparous women exhibit additional increases with increasing age.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Metals and Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. agneta.akesson@imm.ki.se
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akesson
authors.forename: Marika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: Andrejs
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schütz
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bjellerup
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bremme
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vahter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008423:Maternal Age; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010298:Parity; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium