title: Strategies used by families to simplify tasks for individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders: psychometric analysis of the Task Management Strategy Index (TMSI).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the specific behavioral strategies used by families to manage the physical dependency of persons with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD). This study reports the psychometric properties of the Task Management Strategy Index (TMSI), a measure designed to identify actions taken by caregivers to simplify everyday self-care tasks for persons with ADRD. Relationships between use of these strategies and caregiver and care-recipient characteristics were also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pool of 20 items was developed and initially tested with 202 family caregivers (Sample 1) recruited for a dementia-management intervention study. Principal axis factor analysis was performed to determine scale structure. Convergent and discriminant evidence was examined using Pearson cor-relation and multiple regression analyses with a separate sample of 255 family caregivers (Sample 2) recruited for the Philadelphia site of the National Institutes of Health multisite initiative, Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exploratory principal axis factoring yielded one general factor accounting for 60.2% of variance in the first sample. Nineteen items, loading at.3 or above, constituted the final scale (Cronbach's alpha =.81 in Sample 1 and.74 in Sample 2). In Sample 2, TMSI scores were significantly associated with greater functional dependency of ADRD patients, high self-efficacy, and greater use of positive coping strategies. As expected, caregiver upset with disruptive behaviors and caregiver use of criticism-based strategies were not associated with TMSI scores. Higher caregiver education was significantly associated with greater use of task strategies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results provide preliminary evidence that the TMSI is an easily administered, reliable, valid scale. Caregivers with lower education may benefit from instruction in the use of these strategies.
authors.affiliation: Community and Homecare Research Division, College of Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19130, USA. laura.gitlin@mail.tju.edu
authors.forename: Laura N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Gitlin
authors.forename: Laraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Marie P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corcoran
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schinfeld
authors.forename: Walter W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hauck
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000451:nursing*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*