Caffeine can decrease insulin sensitivity in humans.
OBJECTIVE
Caffeine is a central stimulant that increases the release of catecholamines. As a component of popular beverages, caffeine is widely used around the world. Its pharmacological effects are predominantly due to adenosine receptor antagonism and include release of catecholamines. We hypothesized that caffeine reduces insulin sensitivity, either due to catecholamines and/or as a result of blocking adenosine-mediated stimulation of peripheral glucose uptake.


METHODS
Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamps were used to assess insulin sensitivity. Caffeine or placebo was administered intravenously to 12 healthy volunteers in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Measurements included plasma levels of insulin, catecholamines, free fatty acids (FFAs), and hemodynamic parameters. Insulin sensitivity was calculated as whole-body glucose uptake corrected for the insulin concentration. In a second study, the adenosine reuptake inhibitor dipyridamole was tested using an identical protocol in 10 healthy subjects.


RESULTS
Caffeine decreased insulin sensitivity by 15% (P < 0.05 vs. placebo). After caffeine administration, plasma FFAs increased (P < 0.05) and remained higher than during placebo. Plasma epinephrine increased fivefold (P < 0.0005), and smaller increases were recorded in plasma norepinephrine (P < 0.02) and blood pressure (P < 0.001). Dipyridamole did not alter insulin sensitivity and only increased plasma norepinephrine (P < 0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
Caffeine can decrease insulin sensitivity in healthy humans, possibly as a result of elevated plasma epinephrine levels. Because dipyridamole did not affect glucose uptake, peripheral adenosine receptor antagonism does not appear to contribute to this effect.
Keijzers
Gerben B
GB
Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
De Galan
Bastiaan E
BE
Tack
Cees J
CJ
Smits
Paul
P
D000328:Adult; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000494:pharmacology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology
D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D007328:Insulin; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D002110:Caffeine; D004176:Dipyridamole; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine