title: The non-classical auditory pathways are involved in hearing in children but not in adults.
abstract: Auditory information ascends through the brainstem to the cerebral cortices in two parallel pathways, known as the classical and the non-classical ascending auditory pathways. The importance of the non-classical auditory pathway for hearing in humans is unknown but its subcortical connection to limbic structures may be important in tinnitus. In this study we show evidence that non-classical pathways are involved in loudness perception in young individuals but not in adults. We used the fact that some neurons in the non-classical auditory pathways receive somatosensory input and we determined the effect on loudness perception of monaural sounds from electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist. Stimulation of the somatosensory system had the greatest effect on loudness perception in the youngest children that we studied (7-8 years) and the effect was minimal for individuals above 20 years of age. The effect was an increase in loudness in 20 of the 40 individuals we studied and a decrease in 4 individuals; 16 experienced no noticeable change in loudness during somatosensory stimulation.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas at Dallas, Callier Center for Communication Disorders, 1966 Inwood Road, TX 75235, USA. amoller@utdallas.edu
authors.forename: Aage R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Moller
authors.forename: Pamela R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Rollins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000679:Amygdala / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005829:Geniculate Bodies / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008144:Loudness Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*