title: Stabilization of heavy metals on spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst using marine clay.
abstract: Spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst is a hazardous solid waste generated by petroleum refineries containing vanadium and nickel. The marine clay was used as a matrix to stabilize vanadium and nickel and produce bricks which were then fired at various temperatures. TCLP leaching tests indicated that stabilizing brick had low metal leaching, with a maximum of 6.4 mg/l for vanadium and 19.8 microg/l for nickel. Compressive strength of stabilizing brick was found to range between 20 N/mm2 and 47 N/mm2. It is believed that stabilization and encapsulation mechanisms are responsible for the stabilization of vanadium and nickel. Encapsulation is a process whereby the marine clay matrix forms a physical barrier around the heavy metals which are thus prevented from leaching out into the environment. Incorporation involves the formation of bonds between the marine clay matrix and the heavy metals which thus become incorporated in the clay microstructure.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering Research Centre, School of Civil and Structural Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D000077215:Clay; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D007220:Industrial Waste; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D010578:Petroleum; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D014639:Vanadium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D007220:Industrial Waste; D010578:Petroleum; D014639:Vanadium; D009532:Nickel; D000077215:Clay