title: Down-regulation and antiproliferative role of C/EBPalpha in lung cancer.
abstract: The transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) is important in the terminal differentiation of granulocytes, hepatocytes, and adipocytes, and recurrent mutations of C/EBPalpha were described in acute myeloid leukemia. In the lung, C/EBPalpha is expressed in bronchial cells and type II pneumocytes. Abnormal proliferation of the latter cell type was reported in C/EBPalpha knockout mice. We determined the expression of C/EBPalpha by Northern blot analysis in 30 lung cancer cell lines and found significant down-regulation in 24 cell lines. Immunohistochemical study of primary tumor specimens showed undetectable or low expression of C/EBPalpha in 23 of 53 specimens. Its expression was more frequently down-regulated in adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated cancer specimens than in squamous cell cancers. A higher frequency of reduced expression was found in more advanced stages. To investigate the consequences of C/EBPalpha expression in lung cancer cells, we stably transfected two cell lines that do not express the gene (Calu1 and H358) with a plasmid allowing for induction of C/EBPalpha protein expression. Induction of C/EBPalpha led to significant growth reduction attributable to proliferation arrest, morphological changes characteristic of differentiation, and apoptosis. These results suggest that C/EBPalpha is down-regulated in a large proportion of lung cancers and that it has growth-inhibitory properties in airway epithelial cells. Genetic analysis of the C/EBPalpha gene is in progress to fully evaluate its role as a novel tumor suppressor in lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Balazs
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Halmos
authors.forename: Claudia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Huettner
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kocher
authors.forename: Katalin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ferenczi
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Karp
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Tenen
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics; D015536:Down-Regulation; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D019287:Zinc Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019287:Zinc Sulfate