title: Cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors and the kidney.
abstract: Cyclooxygenases (COX) are the target of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which exert their therapeutic effect by blocking COX's capacity to metabolize arachidonate to a series of biologically active fatty acids, designated prostaglandins. NSAID use is associated with two major tonicities: gastrointestinal bleeding and renal dysfunction. In the setting of significant physiologic stress, renal function becomes dependent upon prostaglandins and NSAID use may be associated with acute deterioration of renal function, including development of sodium retention, edema, hypertension, hyperkalemia, and or papillary necrosis. Two isoforms, COX1 and COX2, have been identified. They are products of distinct genes and their expression is under different regulatory control. Both COX1 and COX2 are highly expressed in the kidney and both are inhibited by conventional NSAIDs. Accumulating data using recently developed selective COX2 inhibitors suggest that while these agents spare the gastrointestinal tract they have similar renal effects as non-selective NSAIDs. Therefore, caution should be taken when prescribing selective COX2 inhibitor to patients, especially to patients with predisposed physiologic stress.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. matthew.breyer@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Breyer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000209:etiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007606:Juxtaglomerular Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011453:Prostaglandins; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496512:Ptgs1 protein, mouse; C496513:Ptgs1 protein, rat