title: Comparison of the effects of isoproterenol administered into the hippocampus, frontal cortex, or amygdala on behavior of rats maintained by differential reinforcement of low response rate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Central administration of isoproterenol, a non-selective beta adrenergic agonist, produces behavioral changes in animal models sensitive to antidepressants. However, it is not clear which brain regions mediate these effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the antidepressant-like effects of site-specific administration of isoproterenol and the involvement of beta adrenergic receptor subtypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of isoproterenol, which was administered into the lateral ventricle, hippocampus, frontal cortex, or amygdala, were determined in rats under a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) 72-s schedule. The effects of beta adrenergic antagonists on the actions of isoproterenol also were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When injected bilaterally into the hippocampus, isoproterenol (1-30 microg/side) decreased response rate and increased reinforcement rate in a dose-dependent manner. The minimum dose of isoproterenol required for changing DRL behavior was 6 microg (i.e., 3 microg bilaterally), compared to 10 microg for intracerebroventricular and 60 microg (30 microg bilaterally) for administration into the frontal cortex or amygdala. These effects of isoproterenol were blocked by the beta adrenergic antagonist propranolol. In addition, the effects of isoproterenol injected intrahippocampally also were antagonized dose-dependently by the beta-1 selective antagonist betaxolol and the beta-2 selective antagonist ICI 118,551. The relative potency of these antagonists for blocking the effects of isoproterenol suggested predominant mediation by beta-1 adrenergic receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hippocampus is an important site involved in mediating the antidepressant-like effect of isoproterenol. This suggests a key, although not exclusive, role for this site in the pathophysiology of depression and its pharmacotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. hzhang@utmem.edu
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Frith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000679:Amygdala / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008297:Male; D011433:Propranolol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011433:Propranolol; D007545:Isoproterenol