title: Why change a good thing? Revisiting the fleur-de-lis reconstruction of the breast.
abstract: Although the latissimus flap is known for its simplicity and reliability, use of the fleur-de-lis pattern was plagued by undesirable T-shaped donor sites and small breast volumes in thin patients. We report a modified technique for optimal shaping of the standard latissimus with the successful application of a modified fleur-de-lis pattern. Because a "wet" tumescent infiltration was utilized and large amounts of subcutaneous fat were harvested, these changes permitted application to a wide variety of patients, with generous breast volumes reducing the size of the implant placed and resulting in excellent donor-site scars. This is a retrospective cohort study of 53 delayed or immediate reconstructions performed consecutively by the principal author (M.E.A.) on 48 patients at a university-based, urban hospital. Each case was analyzed between April of 1995 and February of 1999, with a follow-up from 2.5 to 44 months. All patients underwent injection of tumescent solution into the subcutaneous plane and harvest of large amounts of subcutaneous fat with the neurologically intact latissimus muscle. The last 25 reconstructions utilized the modified fleur-de-lis skin pattern, an inferiorly based vertical limb and replacement of skin deficiency in both axes. Of 11 perioperatively irradiated patients, none required skin grafting, whereas 6 percent of all native mastectomy flaps were grafted. There was one instance of minor distal tip flap necrosis in a nonirradiated patient. No implants became infected or were extruded. Donor sites were without wound complications and unveiled a 16 percent overall seroma rate.Through selective addition of harvested tissue, this modified technique, particularly the fleur-de-lis pattern, permits improved volume and projection in the inferior pole. The T-shaped donor-site closure is not only acceptable, but is also desirable, with reduced wound tension and minimization of dog-ear formation. With a relative paucity of complications, this conceptually ideal modification is technically simple and aesthetically comparable to our transverse rectus abdominis muscle flap results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Marguerite E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Aitken
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mustoe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001940:Breast / Q000002:abnormalities; D018427:Breast Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015409:Mastectomy, Radical / Q000534:rehabilitation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D013524:Surgical Flaps