title: High-throughput single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping by fluorescent competitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (SNiPTag).
abstract: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are becoming widely recognized as the new currency for gene mapping as increasing numbers are discovered. Here we outline a method for their rapid analysis based on an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which employs a competitive approach, whereby both allele-specific primers are present in the same reaction and carry different fluorescent labels. This procedure is simple and amenable to high-throughput genotyping using conventional automated sequencing equipment, and no post-PCR modifications are required. Verification of the procedure was carried out by comparison of results derived by this method with those from restriction enzyme digestion of the ALDH2 exon 12 functional polymorphism (Glu-487-Lys) in 109 individuals. Additionally, we have examined all combinations of nucleotide substitutions and shown them to be differentiated by this method. As proof of concept, several assays were combined and loaded on a single gel lane/capillary to substantially improve throughput. This was made possible by designing the PCR products to be of different lengths and no interference was observed between products differing in size by only six nucleotides. We outline a number of test assays for well-characterized SNPs in human candidate genes for behavioral disorders.
authors.affiliation: SGDP Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom. j.mcclay@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: McClay
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugden
authors.forename: Helga G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Susumi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Ian W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; D000483:Alleles; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C096127:ALDH2 protein, human; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial