title: Incidence of recall, nightmares, and hallucinations during analgosedation in intensive care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the incidence of recall and dreams during analgosedation in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anaesthesiological intensive care unit (ICU) in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and eighty-nine critically ill patients, who either arrived intubated and sedated at the ICU or required intubation, mechanical ventilation, and sedation during their ICU stay.
  
  
  METHODS
  none.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were interviewed 48-72 h after discharge from the ICU. By a structured interview they were asked whether they recalled any event before they had regained consciousness at the ICU. Moreover they were asked for dreams. Descriptive statistics: 64.7% of all patients did not recall any event, before they regained consciousness. However, 17% ( n=49) of all patients indicated that they remembered the tracheal tube or being on the ventilator, before they woke up. Some patients (21.1%) reported dreams or dreamlike sensations. Some patients (9.3%) recalled nightmares, while 6.6% reported hallucinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Critically ill patients reported a high incidence of recall for unpleasant events, which they thought to have taken place before they regained consciousness. The patients, who stayed longer than 24 h at the ICU, indicated vivid memory for nightmares and hallucinations. Further studies are suggested to evaluate: 1) whether there is an impact of the present findings on outcome; and 2) whether clinical scores for sedation or neurophysiological monitoring help to define the exact time, when recall happens, in order to guide therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Charité, Department of Anaesthesiology, Campus Mitte, Schumannstrasse 20/21, 10117 Berlin, Germany. ingrid.rundshagen@charite.de
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rundshagen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schnabel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wegner
authors.forename: SchulteJ
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: am Esch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004325:Dreams / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives