title: [B-flow and contrast medium-enhanced power Doppler (Optison(R))--preoperative diagnosis of high-grade stenosis of the internal carotid artery].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve sonographic diagnosis of high-grade stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) by vascular sonography in "B-flow"-mode and in contrast medium (Optison(R))-enhanced power Doppler (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  88 patients suspected of a high-grade stenosis of the extracranial ICA were examined by independent examiners with color-coded Doppler (CCD), B-flow and PD to compare the methods for morphology and degree of stenosis. In 21 cases contrast medium was used in PD. Sonographic results of all 88 patients were compared with selective angiography (DSA), in 53 cases with operative findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A complete occlusion was found in 9 patients and a 50 - 70 % degree non-exulcerated stenosis in 26 cases. 53 of 88 patients presented findings in both sonography and DSA leading to operation of the ICA. Among these 47 had a stenosis > 70 % and 6 a stenosis of 60 - 70 % with exulcerated plaques. Even a small dose of contrast medium (0.3 ml) gave a significant signal increase in PD improving flow detection even in extensive vascular calcification. In both the early phase (up to the first minute p. i.) flow contrast was optimal and without significant artifacts. Thus, the extent and the morphology of the stenosis was better appreciated. Hypoechogenic plaques, ulcerations and thrombi are as easily recognized by B-flow as flow in preocclusive stenosis, free of vibration and blooming artifacts. This gave a better correlation with DSA and a higher diagnostic accuracy in grading a stenosis than CCD and PD. Circular calcifications or vessel kinking made diagnosis of flow more difficult.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  B-flow allows a reliable diagnosis of the degree of stenosis of ICA and a better appreciation of plaque morphology than CCD. In some cases with extensive calcifications contrast medium-enhanced PD is able to detect better intrastenotic flow. Only small quantities of contrast medium (Optison(R)) are required.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Röntgendiagnostik, Klinikum Passau, Germany. jung@fmi.uni-passau.de
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kubale
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Clevert
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rupp
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000418:Albumins; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D003287:Contrast Media; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D003287:Contrast Media; C099458:FS 069; D005466:Fluorocarbons