title: Comparison of long-term functional and radiologic outcomes after Harrington instrumentation and spondylodesis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a review of 78 patients.
abstract: METHODS
  A retrospective follow-up study of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis after Harrington instrumentation and spondylodesis was conducted.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To correlate radiographic parameters with the Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire in terms of patient outcome, clinical findings, spine mobility, and trunk strength measurements.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown that long-term radiologic correction can be achieved with Harrington instrumentation. It seems, however, that radiologic correction does not correlate with patient outcome. There are no previous studies on long-term results of functional outcome, including spine mobility and trunk strength measurements, after operative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, as compared with findings in the normal population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 98 consecutive patients who underwent surgery with Harrington distraction rod and posterior spondylodesis in 1979, 78 (80%) (11 males; mean age, 36 years) participated in the study. The average follow-up period was 20.8 years (range, 19.1-22.4 years). Radiographs were obtained before surgery, at the 2-year follow-up assessment, and at the 20-year follow-up assessment. Additionally, physical examination was performed, and the Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire was completed. Spine mobility and nondynamometric trunk strength measurements were obtained at the 20-year follow-up assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean Cobb angle of the instrumented thoracic curve was 53 degrees +/- 10 degrees before surgery, and 38 degrees +/- 11 degrees at the 2-year follow-up assessment. At the 20-year follow-up assessment, the mean angle was 45 degrees +/- 12 degrees. Degenerative changes in the noninstrumented lumbar spine (sclerosis of facets, endplate sclerosis, osteophyte formation) were noted in 17 patients (22%). Ten patients (13%) reported having low back pain often or very often at rest according to the Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire. No correlation was found between the Cobb angle of the thoracic or lumbar curves at follow-up assessment and the Scoliosis Research Society total score or back pain indexes. Neither was any association found between the Scoliosis Research Society total score and the spondylodesis fusion level. However, the magnitude of the thoracic curve at follow-up assessment showed a significant inverse correlation with the scores for Scoliosis Research Society questions about cosmetic aspects. The nondynamometric trunk strength measurements corresponded with the reference values, on the average, but did not show any correlation with the magnitude of the thoracic or lumbar curves or with the Scoliosis Research Society total score or back pain indexes. Spine mobility, especially trunk side bending, was diminished in 59% of the patients, and did not correlate with the Scoliosis Research Society total score or individual indexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis who undergo surgery with Harrington instrumentation, the overall long-term clinical outcome does not correlate with the radiologic outcome. However, a significant inverse correlation was found between the magnitude of the primary thoracic curve at follow-up assessment and the scores for questions on cosmetic matters in the Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire. Spine mobility is diminished as a result of spondylodesis, but the patients perform, on the average, as well as the normal population in nondynamometric trunk strength measurements.
authors.affiliation: Orton Orthopaedic Hospital, Invalid Foundation, Helsinki, Finland. ilkka.helenius@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Helenius
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Remes
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yrjönen
authors.forename: Mauno
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ylikoski
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schlenzka
authors.forename: Miia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helenius
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poussa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D011788:Quality of Life; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013131:Spine / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome