title: Glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the separate layers of the chick sclera during myopic eye growth: comparison with mammals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies in animal models of refractive development have shown that the development of and recovery from induced myopia is associated with visually-guided changes in scleral glycosaminoglycan synthesis. The present study sought to determine whether differential patterns of scleral glycosaminoglycan synthesis are present in the fibrous scleral layer of the chick during myopia development or recovery, as has previously been reported in the mammalian sclera.
  
  
  METHODS
  Myopia was induced in young chicks by monocular deprivation of pattern vision over 5 days. Other animals underwent monocular deprivation, then had the occluder removed and were allowed 2 days of recovery. A group of age-matched normal animals served as a control. Newly synthesised glycosaminoglycans in the scleral layers were labelled in vivo, using a [(35)S]-labelled precursor delivered intraperitoneally on the final experimental day. Incorporation of this sulphate into glycosaminoglycans of the fibrous and cartilaginous scleral layers was assessed in proteinase K digests by selective precipitation with alcian blue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the fibrous scleral layers of myopic and recovering eyes was not significantly different to contralateral control eyes (+14 +/- 7%, p = 0.09 and -2 +/- 4%, p = 0.64 respectively). In contrast, glycosaminoglycan synthesis was significantly elevated, relative to controls, in the cartilaginous scleral layer of eyes developing myopia (+63 +/- 18%, p < 0.02), whereas in recovering eyes there was found to be a significant decrease in synthesis in the cartilaginous layer (-40 +/- 6%, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the current study demonstrate that the fibrous scleral layer of the chick does not display the characteristic differential patterns of glycosaminoglycan synthesis that are found in the mammalian sclera during myopia development and recovery. However, as has previously been reported, the cartilaginous layer of the chick sclera does display differential glycosaminoglycan expression, although the direction of regulation is opposite to that found in the fibrous sclera of mammals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gentle
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Truong
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: McBrien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005123:Eye / Q000254:growth & development*; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009216:Myopia / Q000378:metabolism*; D012590:Sclera / Q000378:metabolism*; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D013462:Sulfur Radioisotopes
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D013462:Sulfur Radioisotopes