title: Radiofrequency treatment of turbinate hypertrophy in subjects using continuous positive airway pressure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical pilot trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the treatment effect of temperature-controlled radiofrequency (TCRF) reduction of turbinate hypertrophy in patients with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and to assess the impact of study design on this estimate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical pilot trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two CPAP-treated patients with SDB with turbinate hypertrophy were randomly assigned to either TCRF turbinate treatment (mean energy 415 +/- 37 J/turbinate; n = 17) or placebo control (n = 5). Changes in nasal obstruction were evaluated between pretreatment and 4 weeks post-treatment. The primary outcome assessed changes in the blinded examiners' findings of nasal obstruction on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Secondary outcomes included blinded patients' and unblinded examiner assessments of nasal obstruction (VAS), nightly CPAP use, adherence, and tolerance, along with sleepiness and general health status scales. The treatment group findings were subtracted from the changes in the placebo group to yield treatment effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary outcome treatment effect by VAS was -0.9 cm (95% confidence interval [CI], -2.4, 0.7), and beyond the placebo effect of -1.5 cm (95% CI: -3.4, 0.3). The secondary treatment effect of the unblinded examiner was -3.0 cm (95% CI, -4.9, -1.1). A beneficial treatment effect was also seen on every secondary outcome except general health status, but only self-reported CPAP adherence (P = .03) was statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCRF turbinate treatment appears to benefit nasal obstruction and CPAP treatment for SDB. Placebo control and double blinding are critical for establishing the true treatment effect. A future definitive trial is feasible to establish statistical significance of these findings.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Zonato
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Troell
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guilleminault
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000628:therapy*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000628:therapy*; D014420:Turbinates / Q000473:pathology*