title: The effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on a rat model of traumatic arteriogenic erectile dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that intracavernous injection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can restore erectile function in a rat model of traumatic arteriogenic erectile dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exploration of bilateral internal iliac arteries was performed in 50, 3-month-old male rats. A total of 44 rats underwent bilateral ligation of the internal iliac arteries and 6 that underwent exploration only served as the sham operated group. Minutes later intracavernous injection of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) plus bovine serum albumin in 16 rats, 2 microg. VEGF plus PBS plus BSA in 12 and 4 microg. VEGF plus PBS plus BSA in 16 was performed. At weeks 1, 2 and 6 about a third of the rats in each group underwent electrostimulation of the cavernous nerves to assess erectile function and were then sacrificed. Penile tissues were collected for histochemical and electron microscopy examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No impairment of erectile function was noted in sham operated rats. Immediately after arterial ligation all rats showed little or no erectile response to neurostimulation. In PBS treated rats modest recovery of erectile function was noted at week 6. Significant recovery of erectile function was noted in VEGF treated rats at weeks 1 and 2 in the 4 microg. group only and at week 6 in the 2 and 4 microg. groups. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase staining showed a reduction in neuronal nitric oxide synthase positive nerve fibers in the dorsal or intracavernous nerves at week 1. Moderate recovery of neuronal nitric oxide synthase positive nerve fibers was noted in the 2 and 4microg. VEGF treated groups but not in the PBS treated group. Electron microscopy revealed no pathological change in sham operated rats. In dorsal nerves the atrophy of myelinated and nonmyelinated nerve fibers was noted in ligated plus PBS treated rats. Partial recovery was observed in VEGF treated rats. Scattered atrophic smooth muscle cells were seen in PBS and occasionally in VEGF treated rats but not in the sham operated group. The most dramatic findings in VEGF treated rats were hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the endothelial cells, especially those lining the small capillaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ligation of bilateral internal iliac arteries produced a reliable animal model of traumatic arteriogenic erectile dysfunction. Intracavernous injection of VEGF minutes after arterial ligation facilitated the recovery of erectile function.
authors.affiliation: Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Ming-Chan
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ahmed I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: El-Sakka
authors.forename: Tulio M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Graziottin
authors.forename: Hao-Chung
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Ching-Shwun
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Tom F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lue
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004727:Endothelium / Q000473:pathology; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000188:drug therapy; D006965:Hyperplasia; D006984:Hypertrophy; D007083:Iliac Artery / Q000601:surgery; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008026:Ligation; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D010410:Penile Erection / Q000187:drug effects*; D010413:Penis / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; C496322:Nos1 protein, rat; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor