title: Bronchoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of tracheobronchial invasion of esophageal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the usefulness of bronchoscopic ultrasonography in diagnosing tracheobronchial invasion of esophageal cancer and to compare it with endoscopic ultrasonography, bronchoscopy, and computed tomography.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively investigated 59 patients with newly diagnosed esophageal cancer located at or above the level of the tracheal bifurcation. A 20-MHz ultrasonic probe covered by a sheath with a balloon inflated with water was used for bronchoscopic ultrasonography. The presence of tracheobronchial invasion was diagnosed on the basis of an interruption in the most external hyperechoic layer of the tracheal bronchus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bronchoscopic ultrasonography was completed without complications in all patients, but endoscopic ultrasonography was performed completely in only 44% of them. The overall accuracy rates for diagnosis of tracheobronchial invasion on the basis of bronchoscopy, bronchoscopic ultrasonography, endoscopic ultrasonography, and computed tomography were 78%, 91%, 85%, and 58%, respectively. Statistical examination showed that the accuracy of bronchoscopic ultrasonography and bronchoscopy was significantly greater than that of computed tomography, and the accuracy of bronchoscopic ultrasonography was greater than that of bronchoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bronchoscopic ultrasonography is useful for evaluating cancer invasion into the tracheal bronchus. It is more accurate than the other methods and could be used to visualize the layered structure of the tracheal bronchus in all patients.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Surgery, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Harushi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Osugi
authors.forename: Kiyotoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Nobuyasu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takamura
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kinosita
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001980:Bronchi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019160:Endosonography; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014132:Trachea / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*