title: A population-based study of squamous cell vaginal cancer: HPV and cofactors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the etiology of in situ or invasive squamous cell cancer of the vagina. It is thought that some vaginal cancers may have the same etiology as cervical cancer. It is also not known whether in situ and invasive vaginal cancer share the same etiologic factors. We conducted a study to evaluate risk factors for in situ and invasive vaginal cancer and their potential relationship to prior exposure to human papillomaviruses (HPV).
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based case-control study included 156 women with squamous cell in situ or invasive vaginal cancer diagnosed between January 1981 and June 1998 and 2041 control women identified through random-digit dialing in western Washington state. Cases and controls were interviewed in person and provided blood samples; archival tumor tissue was retrieved for cases. Blood samples were tested for antibodies to HPV, and tumor tissue was tested for HPV DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with vaginal cancer were more likely to have five or more lifetime sexual partners (OR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.9 to 4.9), to have an early age at first intercourse (<17 years OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.5), and to be current smokers at diagnosis (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.4 to 3.1) than control women. Approximately 30% of all cases had been treated for a prior anogenital tumor, most often of the cervix. Prior hysterectomy was a risk factor only among women who had no history of prior anogenital cancer (OR = 3.9 95% CI 2.5 to 6.1). Antibodies to HPV16 L1 were strongly related to risk of vaginal cancer (OR = 4.3, 95% CI 3.0 to 6.2). We detected HPV DNA in tumor blocks from over 80% of the patients with in situ and 60% of the patients with invasive cancers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In situ and invasive vaginal neoplasia have many of the same risk factors as cervical cancer, including a strong relationship to HPV infection. Women who have been treated for a prior anogenital cancer, particularly of the cervix, have a high relative risk, although low absolute risk, of being diagnosed with vaginal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA. jdaling@fhcrc.org
authors.forename: Janet R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Daling
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Madeleine
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Shera
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McKnight
authors.forename: Peggy L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Denise A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.forename: Hisham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tamimi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000097:blood / Q000821:virology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D014625:Vaginal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral