title: Characterization of protein kinase C beta isoform's action on retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation, vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelial cell proliferation, and retinal neovascularization.
abstract: Retinal neovascularization is a major cause of blindness and requires the activities of several signaling pathways and multiple cytokines. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) enhances the angiogenic process and is involved in the signaling of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We have demonstrated a dramatic increase in the angiogenic response to oxygen-induced retinal ischemia in transgenic mice overexpressing PKC beta 2 isoform and a significant decrease in retinal neovascularization in PKC beta isoform null mice. The mitogenic action of VEGF, a potent hypoxia-induced angiogenic factor, was increased by 2-fold in retinal endothelial cells by the overexpression of PKC beta 1 or beta 2 isoforms and inhibited significantly by the overexpression of a dominant-negative PKC beta 2 isoform but not by the expression of PKC alpha, delta, and zeta isoforms. Association of PKC beta 2 isoform with retinoblastoma protein was discovered in retinal endothelial cells, and PKC beta 2 isoform increased retinoblastoma phosphorylation under basal and VEGF-stimulated conditions. The potential functional consequences of PKC beta-induced retinoblastoma phosphorylation could include enhanced E2 promoter binding factor transcriptional activity and increased VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuma
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takahara
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Suzuma
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Isshiki
authors.forename: Kohjiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueki
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leitges
authors.forename: Lloyd Paul
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Aiello
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D064546:Protein Kinase C beta; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008222:Lymphokines; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D064546:Protein Kinase C beta