title: Adverse events and outcomes of conscious sedation for pediatric patients: study of an oral sedation regimen.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors report on adverse events and sedation outcomes for an oral sedation regimen of chloral hydrate, meperidine and hydroxyzine with 100 percent oxygen, or O2, supplementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a five-year retrospective study, the authors examined 195 records of conscious sedation performed in 111 healthy children aged 24 to 48 months (mean, 47 months). The authors analyzed age, sex, weight, methods of drug delivery, waiting time after drug administration, treatment rendered, treatment time, adverse events, sedation outcomes and the number of visits needed to complete treatment using descriptive statistics, chi 2 tests, t test and analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adverse events--including vomiting, desaturation, prolonged sedation and an apneic event--occurred in 3 percent of all sedations and were minor. Seventy-two percent of sedations had satisfactory behavioral outcomes, 23 percent had unsatisfactory outcomes, and 5 percent of the cases were aborted because of disruptive behavior. Sex was not a significant factor for the success. Patient compliance with drinking medications (P = .013) and a longer waiting time after medication intake (P = .012) yielded better sedation outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimal minor adverse events occurred with this sedation regimen. The success rate was 72 percent. Compliance with taking oral medications and waiting time appeared to be important factors in predicting sedation success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This oral sedation regimen offers reasonable outcomes with minimal adverse events under a strict protocol and use of O2 supplementation. The results also revealed associations that give guidance for case selection and outcome prediction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Mahidol University, Faculty of Dentistry, 6 Yothi St., Bangkok 10400, Thailand. dtple@mahidol.ac.th
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leelataweedwud
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Vann
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects; D001049:Apnea / Q000209:etiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002697:Chloral Hydrate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D019140:Dental Care for Children / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006919:Hydroxyzine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D010349:Patient Compliance; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D006919:Hydroxyzine; D002697:Chloral Hydrate; D008614:Meperidine; D010100:Oxygen