title: Changes in rhythmic suckle feeding patterns in term infants in the first month of life.
abstract: To quantify parameters of rhythmic suckle feeding in healthy term infants and to assess developmental changes during the first month of life, we recorded pharyngeal and nipple pressure in 16 infants at 1 to 4 days of age and again at 1 month. Over the first month of life in term infants, sucks and swallows become more rapid and increasingly organized into runs. Suck rate increased from 55/minute in the immediate postnatal period to 70/minute by the end of the first month (p<0.001). The percentage of sucks in runs of > or =3 increased from 72.7% (SD 12.8) to 87.9% (SD 9.1; p=0.001). Average length of suck runs also increased over the first month. Swallow rate increased slightly by the end of the first month, from about 46 to 50/minute (p=0.019), as did percentage of swallows in runs (76.8%, SD 14.9 versus 54.6%, SD 19.2; p=0.002). Efficiency of feeding, as measured by volume of nutrient per suck (0.17, SD 0.08 versus 0.30, SD 0.11 cc/suck; p=0.008) and per swallow (0.23, SD 0.11 versus 0.44, SD 0.19 cc/swallow; p=0.002), almost doubled over the first month. The rhythmic stability of swallow-swallow, suck-suck, and suck-swallow dyadic interval, quantified using the coefficient of variation of the interval, was similar at the two age points, indicating that rhythmic stability of suck and swallow, individually and interactively, appears to be established by term. Percentage of sucks and swallows in 1:1 ratios (dyads), decreased from 78.8% (SD 20.1) shortly after birth to 57.5% (SD 25.8) at 1 month of age (p=0.002), demonstrating that the predominant 1:1 ratio of suck to swallow is more variable at 1 month, with the addition of ratios of 2:1, 3:1, and so on, and suggesting that infants gain the ability to adjust feeding patterns to improve efficiency. Knowledge of normal development in term infants provides a gold standard against which rhythmic patterns in preterm and other high-risk infants can be measured, and may allow earlier identification of infants at risk of neurodevelopmental delay and feeding disorders.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UMMS, Baltimore 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Misbah A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: Frank L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Vice
authors.forename: Vicki L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Taciak
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bosma
authors.forename: Ira H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Gewolb
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D002657:Child Development; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D009558:Nipples; D010614:Pharynx / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D012016:Reference Values; D013391:Sucking Behavior / Q000502:physiology*