title: Hypothalamic digoxin related membrane Na+-K+ ATPase inhibition and familial basal ganglia calcification.
abstract: The isoprenoid pathway produces three key metabolites-digoxin (membrane sodium-potassium ATPase inhibitor and regulator of intracellular calcium-magnesium ratios), dolichol (regulator of N-glycosylation of proteins) and ubiquinone (free radical scavenger). The pathway was assessed in a rare and specific type of familial basal ganglia calcification described. The family had a coexistence of basal ganglia calcification (six out of 10 cases), schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic tumours and syndrome X and were all right hemispheric dominant. The isoprenoid pathway was also studied for comparison in right hemispheric dominant, bihemispheric dominant and left hemispheric dominant individuals. The isoprenoid pathway was upregulated with increased digoxin synthesis in familial basal ganglia calcification. Membrane sodium-potassium ATPase inhibition can lead on to increase in intracellular calcium and calcification of the basal ganglia. There was increase in tryptophan catabolites and a reduction in tyrosine catabolites. There was also an increase in dolichol and glycoconjugate levels with reduced lysosomal stability in these patients. The ubiquinone levels were low and free radical levels increased. The cholesterol-phospholipid ratio was increased and glycoconjugate level of the RBC membrane reduced in these group of patients. No significance difference was noted in family members with and without basal ganglia calcification. This findings were correlated with the pathogenesis of syndrome X, immune mediated diseases, degenerations, tumours and psychiatric disorders noted in the familial basal ganglia calcification described. The biochemical patterns obtained in familial basal ganglia calcification correlated with those in right hemispheric dominance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical College Hospital, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Ravi Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kurup
authors.forename: Parameswara Achutha
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kurup
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000201:enzymology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004077:Digoxin / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010375:Pedigree; D011103:Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Monosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011103:Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Monosaccharides; D004077:Digoxin; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase