title: Synergistic activity of endochitinase and exochitinase from Trichoderma atroviride (T. harzianum) against the pathogenic fungus (Venturia inaequalis) in transgenic apple plants.
abstract: Genes from the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma atroviride encoding the antifungal proteins endochitinase or exochitinase (N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase) were inserted into 'Marshall McIntosh' apple singly and in combination. The genes were driven by a modified CaMV35S promoter. The resulting plants were screened for resistance to Venturia inaequalis, the causal agent of apple scab, and for effects of enzyme expression on growth. Disease resistance was correlated with the level of expression of either enzyme when expressed alone but exochitinase was less effective than endochitinase. The level of expression of endochitinase was negatively correlated with plant growth while exochitinase had no consistent effect on this character. Plants expressing both enzymes simultaneously were more resistant than plants expressing either single enzyme at the same level; analyses indicated that the two enzymes acted synergistically to reduce disease. Selected lines, especially one expressing low levels of endochitinase activity and moderate levels of exochitinase activity, were highly resistant in growth chamber trials and had negligible reduction in vigor relative to control plants. We believe that this is the first report of resistance in plants induced by expression of an N-acetylhexosaminidase and is the first report of in planta synergy between an exochitinase and an endochitinase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva 14456, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bolar
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Norelli
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Harman
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Aldwinckle
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002688:Chitinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D027845:Malus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010942:Plant Viruses / Q000235:genetics*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000821:virology; D001619:beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002688:Chitinases; D001619:beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases