title: Abnormal expression of various molecular forms and distribution of T cell receptor zeta chain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  T cells from the majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) display antigen receptor-mediated signaling aberrations associated with defective T cell receptor (TCR) zeta chain expression. The TCR zeta chain, a critical signaling molecule, exists in multiple molecular forms and membrane fractions with distinct functions in antigen-mediated signaling processes. This study was undertaken to investigate the complete spectrum of expression of the different forms and distribution of the TCR zeta chain in SLE T cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  T cells were isolated from 48 SLE patients and 21 healthy subjects. The expression of various forms of the TCR zeta chain was investigated by immunoblotting with specific antibodies. The lipid raft-associated form of the zeta chain was determined by quantitating the solubilized zeta chain after disruption of the lipid rafts by cholesterol depletion using methyl-betacyclodextrin. The distribution of the zeta chain was investigated by fluorescence microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The phosphorylated 21- and 23-kd forms and the detergent-insoluble membrane-associated form of the TCR zeta chain and alternatively spliced zeta chain were significantly decreased in SLE T cells. In contrast, major ubiquitinated forms of the zeta chain were increased in these cells. We also identified up-regulation of a novel 14-kd form of the zeta chain in SLE T cells. Resting SLE T cell membranes had an increased percentage of the residual membrane-bound zeta chain in the lipid rafts. Fluorescence microscopy findings indicated that the residual zeta chain is more clustered on the cell membranes of SLE T cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that, in addition to the 16-kd form, expression of other molecular forms and fractions of the TCR zeta chain as well as its membrane distribution are abnormal in SLE T cells. Increased lipid raft association and surface clustering of the zeta chain may explain the molecular mechanisms underlying the signaling abnormalities in these cells.
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20910-7500, USA.
authors.forename: Madhusoodana P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nambiar
authors.forename: Edith J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Enyedy
authors.forename: Carolyn U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Vishal G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Warke
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Gilliland
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Oglesby
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Tsokos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000276:immunology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003902:Detergents; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017252:CD3 Complex; D003902:Detergents; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; C121913:antigen T cell receptor, eta-kappa; C054979:antigen T cell receptor, zeta chain; D002118:Calcium