title: Negative ion chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of low-dosed and/or polar drugs in plasma.
abstract: In clinical and forensic toxicology, doping control, and therapeutic drug monitoring, specific and sensitive detection and precise quantification of xenobiotics in biosamples are great challenges. Today, mass spectrometry techniques, coupled with gas chromatography or liquid chromatography, are the most powerful methods in analytic toxicology. The pros and cons of electron ionization (EI) and negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (APCI-LC-MS) are described for determination of the low-dosed benzodiazepine flunitrazepam and its 7-amino and its nor-metabolite in plasma. In addition, application of NICI-GC-MS is described for sensitive chiral determination of amphetamine derivatives in plasma and application of APCI-LC-MS for screening, library-assisted identification, and validated quantification of oral antidiabetics and for validated quantification of the neuroleptic risperidone and its 9-hydroxy metabolite. These examples show that NICI-GC-MS and LC-MS are powerful tools for determination of low-dosed and/or rather polar drugs or poisons, thus becoming indispensable supplements to classic EI-GC-MS in clinical and forensic toxicology as well as in doping control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany. hans.maurer@uniklinik-saarland.de
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kratzsch
authors.forename: Frank T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Armin A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000097:blood; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000097:blood; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000097:blood; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000097:blood; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000097:blood; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011042:Poisons / Q000097:blood; D018967:Risperidone / Q000097:blood; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011042:Poisons; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D008694:Methamphetamine; D000661:Amphetamine; D018967:Risperidone