title: Angiotensin II type 2 receptor counter-regulates type 1 receptor in catecholamine synthesis in cultured porcine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells.
abstract: We previously showed that CGP 42112 (an angiotensin type 2 [AT(2)] agonist) markedly reduces catecholamine biosynthesis by decreasing cGMP production mediated by AT(2), a subtype of Ang II receptor that is dominantly expressed in cultured porcine chromaffin cells. To elucidate the relationship of the 2 types of Ang II receptors, angiotensin type 1 (AT(1)) and AT(2), in the synthesis of catecholamine in adrenal medullary cells, we have examined the effect of Ang II plus CV-11974 (an AT(1) antagonist that selectively simulates AT(2) stimulation) and the effect of Ang II plus PD 123319 (an AT(2) antagonist that selectively simulates AT(1) stimulation) on catecholamine synthesis. We found that Ang II reduced cGMP production via AT(2), in a similar manner to that found with CGP 42112. Stimulation of AT(1) significantly upregulated protein kinase C activity. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a rate-limiting enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of catecholamine, and this catecholamine synthesis depends both on TH enzyme activity and on the levels of TH protein after TH gene transcription. We found that AT(2) stimulation significantly inhibited TH enzyme activity, whereas AT(1) stimulation significantly upregulated TH enzyme activity. The stimulatory effect of AT(1) was completely inhibited by Ro-32-0432 (a protein kinase C inhibitor) and PD 98059 (a MAP kinase kinase-1 [MEK-1] inhibitor). Pretreatment of cells with either 8-Br-cGMP (a membrane-permeable cGMP analog) or Zaprinast (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) abolished the inhibitory effect of AT(2) on TH enzyme activity, indicating that the stimulatory effect of AT(2) may be mediated through a reduction in cGMP concentration. Similar to the effect on TH enzyme activity, AT(2) stimulation significantly reduced TH mRNA and protein levels and net catecholamine content below basal levels, whereas AT(1) stimulation increased them. We confirmed these findings by gel mobility shift assay. Our results show that stimulation of AT(2) reduces catecholamine biosynthesis via a decrease in cGMP levels. In contrast, stimulation of AT(1) stimulates catecholamine biosynthesis through activation of PKC. Thus, we conclude that AT(1) and AT(2) have counter-regulatory roles in the synthesis of catecholamine in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. K-takemd @md.tsukuba.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takekoshi
authors.forename: Kiyoaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Isobe
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakai
mesh_terms: D000313:Adrenal Medulla / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002395:Catecholamines; D007093:Imidazoles; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin; D013777:Tetrazoles; D000804:Angiotensin II; C073402:PD 123319; C016276:8-bromocyclic GMP; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D006152:Cyclic GMP; C081643:candesartan