title: Effect of neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease on Chinese and American caregivers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Chinese culture, extended family support, acceptance of age-related cognitive changes and filial tradition of caring for elders may decrease caregiver burden and distress in the context of dementia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study cross-regional and cross-cultural differences in symptom-related caregiver distress due to the behavioral problems of Chinese and American patients with Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease at Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan (n = 89), Chinese University of Hong Kong (n = 31) and the UCLA Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Los Angeles, California (n = 169) reported the neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients and their corresponding distress on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presence or absence of distress due to the neuropsychiatric symptoms of the patients with Alzheimer's disease was assessed. The three centers differed significantly in the proportions of caregivers with distress caused by depression (p < 0.05) and apathy (p < 0.001). UCLA had higher proportions of caregivers with depression-related distress than Taipei. UCLA caregivers were also more stressed by apathy than caregivers in Taipei and Hong Kong. Logistic regression further supported the findings that depression-related and apathy-related caregiver distress differed between Chinese and American caregivers (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results were surprising, in that American and Chinese (Taipei and Hong Kong) caregivers exhibited similar distress or lack of distress in response to delusions, hallucinations, agitation, anxiety, euphoria, disinhibition, irritability, aberrant motor behavior, sleep and appetite symptoms of Alzheimer's disease patients. Chinese caregivers were less affected by depression and apathy in patients with Alzheimer's disease than Caucasian caregivers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong. feichau@netvigator.com
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: V P Y
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: H F K
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: L C W
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Q L
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fuh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D044466:Asian People; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D015141:Los Angeles; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012944:Social Support; D012945:Social Values; D013624:Taiwan