title: Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) exploration is gaining favor in the treatment of patients with gallstones and CBD stones. Our aim is to report our results with this procedure, focusing on the technical aspects.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with proven CBD stones undergo laparoscopic transcystic CBD exploration, preferably, or a choledochotomy if the former is not feasible. According to CBD stone load and diameter, a biliary drainage tube is positioned for postoperative biliary decompression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 284 patients who underwent laparoscopic CBD exploration, 4 (1.4%) were converted to open surgery. Transcystic CBD exploration was feasible in 163 cases (58.2%), but a choledochotomy was required in 117 (41.8%). Biliary drains were positioned in 204 patients (72.8%). Minor complications included hyperamylasemia (11; 3.9%) and minor subhepatic bile collection (7; 2.5%). Major complications were bile leakage (5; 1.8%), hemoperitoneum from cystic artery bleeding (2; 0.7%), subhepatic abscess (2; 0.7%), acute pancreatitis (1; 0.3%), and jejunal perforation (1; 0.3%). Retained CBD stones in 15 patients (5.3%) were removed through the biliary drainage sinus tract (8) or after endoscopy and sphincterotomy (6). In one patient, a small stone passed spontaneously (overall success rate 94.6%). Death from a cardiovascular complication was observed in one elderly high-risk patient (0.3%). Recurrent ductal stones in 5 patients (1.8%) were treated with ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy. One patient with re-recurrent ductal stones underwent hepaticojejunostomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic CBD exploration during LC in unselected patients solves two problems during the same anesthesia with high success rates (94.6%), low minor (6.4%) and major (3.8%) morbidity rates, and a low mortality rate (0.3%). Standardization of the technique is mandatory to achieve high success rates.
authors.affiliation: Clinica di Chirurgia Generale e Metodologia Chirurgica, Istituto di Scienze Chirurgiche, Ospedale Umberto I, Università di Ancona, Italy. a.m.paganini@med.unian.it
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Paganini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Feliciotti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerrieri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamburini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Sanctis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Campagnacci
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lezoche
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D042882:Gallstones / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008875:Middle Aged; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation