title: Palpation of the lateral pterygoid region in TMD--where is the evidence?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Palpation of the lower head of the lateral pterygoid muscle is included in many study protocols and examination schemes of the masticatory system. The aim of this investigation was to search the medical/dental literature to find evidence for the validity and reliability of this diagnostic procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search was carried out using different electronic databases (Medline Ovid, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Current Contents Connect, Science Citation Index, Web of Science, Japana Centra Revuo Medicina), supplemented by handsearch in selected journals and by examination of the bibliographies of the identified articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  
  
  
  RESULTS
  As far as the palpability of the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle is concerned, five publications representing four studies could be identified. According to these investigations, the lateral pterygoid muscle is practically inaccessible for intraoral palpation due to topographical and anatomical reasons. Other anatomical structures, such as the superficial head of the medial pterygoid muscle, may be palpated instead in this region. Reliability: Determination of the palpability of the lateral pterygoid muscle is characterized by poor interexaminer agreement. Studies investigating the presence of pain in response to palpation of the lateral pterygoid area revealed a moderate intra- and interindividual reliability. Because of the tenderness of the lateral pterygoid region even among healthy subjects, positive findings may lead to wrong conclusions with regard to the need of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the lack of validity and reliability associated with the palpation of the lateral pterygoid area, this diagnostic procedure should be discarded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Albert Ludwigs University Dental School, Hugstetter Str 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany. tuerp@zmk2.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Türp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minagi
mesh_terms: D019992:Databases as Topic; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D010173:Palpation; D011626:Pterygoid Muscles / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology