title: Activity and mechanism of the antioxidant properties of cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside.
abstract: In the present study, the antioxidant activity, the interaction with reactive oxygen species and the redox potential of cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside (C-3-G), the main anthocyanin present in juice of pigmented oranges, were evaluated in detail. C-3-G effects on low density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation induced by 40 microM Cu at a pH of 7.4 were compared with those of resveratrol and ascorbic acid, two other natural antioxidants. All cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside concentrations used (1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 microM) inhibited malondialdehyde (MDA) generation (an index of lipid peroxidation), the inhibition being significantly higher than that obtained with equal concentrations of resveratrol and ascorbic acid (IC50 = 6.5 microM for C-3-G, 34 microM for resveratrol and 212 microM for ascorbic acid). Experiments of LDL oxidation performed at a pH of 5.0 or 6.0 showed that C-3-G antioxidant activity is not influenced by pH variations between 5.0 and 7.4. This suggests that metal chelation, exerted by C-3-G through the eventual dissociation of its phenolic groups, plays a minor role in its protective mechanism. The presence of C-3-G produced significantly higher protective effects of pigmented orange juice (obtained from Moro cultivar) with respect to blond orange juice, when tested on copper-induced LDL oxidation. The evaluation of the direct interaction with reactive oxygen species (H2O2, -O2, OH*), demonstrated that C-3-G is quickly oxidized by these compounds and it is, therefore, a highly efficient oxygen free radical scavenger. The powerful C-3-G antioxidant activity is in excellent agreement with the very negative redox potential (-405 mV), determined through direct current cyclic voltammetry measurements. On the basis of these results, C-3-G should be considered as one of the most effective antioxidants that can be assumed with dietary plants; therefore, pigmented oranges represent a very relevant C-3-G source because of the high content of this anthocyanin in their juice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Amorini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fazzina
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lazzarino
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tavazzi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Di Pierro
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santucci
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sinibaldi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galvano
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Galvano
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001628:Beverages; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004563:Electrochemistry; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide