title: The use of polynomial neural networks for mortality prediction in uncontrolled venous and arterial hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability to rapidly and accurately triage, evacuate, and utilize appropriate interventions can be problematic in the early decision-making process of trauma care. With current methods of prehospital data collection and analysis, decisions are often based upon single data points. This information may be insufficient for reliable decision-making. To date, no studies have attempted to utilize data at multiple time points for purposes of enhancing prediction, nor have studies attempted to synthesize prediction models with data reflecting both large-vessel venous and arterial injuries. Therefore, we performed a retrospective study to examine the potential utility of dynamic neural networks in predicting mortality using highly discretized uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock data.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-three swine with either grade V liver injuries or 2.8-mm aortotomies had hemodynamic data collected every minute throughout injury and resuscitation. The independent variables used as inputs to the polynomial neural networks (PNNs) included systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure (MAP). These inputs were used to predict mortality in individual swine 1 hour after injury using data up to 20 minutes after injury. Survival models were compared based on discrimination power (DP), i.e., where specificity equals sensitivity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (c-statistic). The Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) statistic was used to measure model calibration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best PNN model predicted mortality at 60 minutes utilizing data from injury to 20 minutes after injury. This model produced a ROC area of 0.919, a DP of 0.857, and a H-L value of 16.47. A DP of 0.857 means that 85.7% of the survivors are correctly predicted to survive, and 85.7% of the nonsurvivors are predicted to die. MAP of survivors and nonsurvivors were graphed for comparative purposes. As this graph illustrates, the use of MAP alone cannot discriminate survivors from nonsurvivors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that PNN models can effectively harness the dynamic nature of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock data, despite utilizing data from large-vessel arterial and venous injuries. Utilizing the dynamic nature of hemorrhagic shock data in PNNs may ultimately allow the development of novel decision assist devices.
authors.affiliation: Barron Associates, Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia 22901-0807, USA. roberts@bainet.com
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Holcomb
authors.forename: B Eugene
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Jill L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sondeen
authors.forename: Anthony E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Pusateri
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sweenor
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001158:Arteries / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009026:Mortality; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015996:Survival Rate; D013552:Swine; D014680:Veins / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology