title: Back education efficacy in elementary schoolchildren: a 1-year follow-up study.
abstract: METHODS
  A control group-designed 1-year follow-up study involving 9 to 11-year-old schoolchildren who followed back education.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of a back education program, consisting of six sessions of 1 hour each, in elementary school.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In surveys among children and teenagers during the past few years, as many as half of all children in a community report a history of low back pain. Although several authors advocate the implementation of back education in elementary school, no guidelines exist and little is known about the efficacy of such a program.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 198 children (subjected to back education) and 165 controls performed a practical test, evaluating the use of back care principles while sitting, taking off shoes, picking up a pen, and handling a load and a book bag. Post-tests were performed within 1 week after the intervention, after 3 months, and after 1 year. The week prevalence of back and neck pain was evaluated at these test moments in extended samples of intervention children (n = 347) and controls (n = 349). To evaluate habit changes, a limited group of intervention pupils (n = 38) and controls (n = 31) was additionally evaluated in a candid camera observation at the last post-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At all post-tests intervention pupils scored significantly higher (P < 0.001) than controls for all practical test items. Candid camera evaluation scores were higher in the intervention group sample compared with the control group sample for four of the eight evaluated items. Following back education significantly decreased the week prevalence of back and neck pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Back education in elementary schoolchildren is efficacious up to 1 year. The role of early back education in preventing back pain at the adult age merits further attention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. greet.cardon@rug.ac.be
authors.forename: Greet M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Cardon
authors.forename: Dirk L R
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: De Clercq
authors.forename: Ilse M M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: De Bourdeaudhuij
mesh_terms: D019567:Back Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001416:Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015995:Prevalence; D015397:Program Evaluation