title: Blood pressure as a surrogate end point for hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review relevant literature and provide opinions regarding the use of blood pressure as a surrogate measure to predict cardiovascular risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary and review articles were identified by MEDLINE search (1990-January 2001) and through secondary sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies and review articles that related to the interpretation of blood pressure as a surrogate measure were reviewed. Information that was relevant to this topic was included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measurement of blood pressure is subject to numerous sources of error and bias. Patients who perform home blood pressure testing and self-report these values frequently leave out high values and add ghost values into logbooks. Additionally, analysis of recent data suggests that at any given level of blood pressure that is achieved, cardiovascular risk reduction may not be the same with different therapeutic agents. It is also now recommended that systolic blood pressure be used in preference to diastolic blood pressure to determine risk and to assess management strategies. Although 24-hour blood pressure measurements may be the best predictors of cardiovascular risk, this has not been demonstrated in a long-term morbidity trial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blood pressure is a relatively poor surrogate measure. Unfortunately, no alternatives are available at this time. Therefore, every attempt must be made to accurately determine blood pressure and to assess risk and benefit from specific antihypertensive agents. Systolic blood pressure should be the predominant blood pressure measure used to evaluate patients, especially middle-aged and elderly individuals.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Building S 532, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1112, USA. barrycarter@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Barry L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents