title: Supercoiling, knotting and replication fork reversal in partially replicated plasmids.
abstract: To study the structure of partially replicated plasmids, we cloned the Escherichia coli polar replication terminator TerE in its active orientation at different locations in the ColE1 vector pBR18. The resulting plasmids, pBR18-TerE@StyI and pBR18-TerE@EcoRI, were analyzed by neutral/neutral two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. Replication forks stop at the Ter-TUS complex, leading to the accumulation of specific replication intermediates with a mass 1.26 times the mass of non-replicating plasmids for pBR18-TerE@StyI and 1.57 times for pBR18-TerE@EcoRI. The number of knotted bubbles detected after digestion with ScaI and the number and electrophoretic mobility of undigested partially replicated topoisomers reflect the changes in plasmid topology that occur in DNA molecules replicated to different extents. Exposure to increasing concentrations of chloroquine or ethidium bromide revealed that partially replicated topoisomers (CCCRIs) do not sustain positive supercoiling as efficiently as their non-replicating counterparts. It was suggested that this occurs because in partially replicated plasmids a positive DeltaLk is absorbed by regression of the replication fork. Indeed, we showed by electron microscopy that, at least in the presence of chloroquine, some of the CCCRIs of pBR18-Ter@StyI formed Holliday-like junction structures characteristic of reversed forks. However, not all the positive supercoiling was absorbed by fork reversal in the presence of high concentrations of ethidium bromide.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Velázquez 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Olavarrieta
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Martínez-Robles
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sogo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stasiak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Krimer
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Schvartzman
mesh_terms: D015139:Blotting, Southern; D004261:DNA Replication; D004278:DNA, Superhelical / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics*; D004996:Ethidium; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D004278:DNA, Superhelical; D004996:Ethidium