title: The AT-hook protein D1 is essential for Drosophila melanogaster development and is implicated in position-effect variegation.
abstract: We have analyzed the expression pattern of the D1 gene and the localization of its product, the AT hook-bearing nonhistone chromosomal protein D1, during Drosophila melanogaster development. D1 mRNAs and protein are maternally contributed, and the protein localizes to discrete foci on the chromosomes of early embryos. These foci correspond to 1.672- and 1.688-g/cm(3) AT-rich satellite repeats found in the centromeric heterochromatin of the X and Y chromosomes and on chromosomes 3 and 4. D1 mRNA levels subsequently decrease throughout later development, followed by the accumulation of the D1 protein in adult gonads, where two distributions of D1 can be correlated to different states of gene activity. We show that the EP473 mutation, a P-element insertion upstream of D1 coding sequences, affects the expression of the D1 gene and results in an embryonic homozygous lethal phenotype correlated with the depletion of D1 protein during embryogenesis. Remarkably, decreased levels of D1 mRNA and protein in heterozygous flies lead to the suppression of position-effect variegation (PEV) of the white gene in the white-mottled (w(m4h)) X-chromosome inversion. Our results identify D1 as a DNA-binding protein of known sequence specificity implicated in PEV. D1 is the primary factor that binds the centromeric 1.688-g/cm(3) satellite repeats which are likely involved in white-mottled variegation. We propose that the AT-hook D1 protein nucleates heterochromatin assembly by recruiting specialized transcriptional repressors and/or proteins involved in chromosome condensation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote, CNRS UMR 5099, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aulner
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Monod
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mandicourt
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jullien
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cuvier
authors.forename: Alhousseynou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sall
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Ulrich K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Laemmli
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Käs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001482:Base Composition; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics; D004276:DNA, Satellite / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D005127:Eye Color; D005260:Female; D005718:Gametogenesis; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017344:Genes, Insect; D006570:Heterochromatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017956:Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate / Q000502:physiology; D014960:X Chromosome
chemical_list: C046995:D1 protein, Drosophila; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004276:DNA, Satellite; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D006570:Heterochromatin