title: Long-term evaluation of a micronutrient-fortified biscuit used for addressing micronutrient deficiencies in primary school children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long-term effect on micronutrient status of a beta-carotene-, iron- and iodine-fortified biscuit given to primary school children as school feeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children receiving the fortified biscuit were followed in a longitudinal study for 2.5 years (n = 108); in addition, cross-sectional data from three subsequent surveys conducted in the same school are reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rural community in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 6-11 years attending the primary school where the biscuit was distributed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant improvement in serum retinol, serum ferritin, haemoglobin, transferrin saturation and urinary iodine during the first 12 months of the biscuit intervention. However, when the school reopened after the summer holidays, all variables, except urinary iodine, returned to pre-intervention levels. Serum retinol increased again during the next 9 months, but was significantly lower in a subsequent cross-sectional survey carried out directly after the summer holidays; this pattern was repeated in two further cross-sectional surveys. Haemoglobin gradually deteriorated at each subsequent assessment, as did serum ferritin (apart from a slight increase at the 42-month assessment at the end of the school year).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown that fortification of a biscuit with beta-carotene at a level of 50% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) was enough to maintain serum retinol concentrations from day to day, but not enough to sustain levels during the long school holiday break. Other long-term solutions, such as local food production programmes combined with nutrition education, should also be examined. The choice of the iron compound used as fortificant in the biscuit needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Intervention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa. lvstuijv@mrc.ac.za
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: van Stuijvenberg
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dhansay
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Smuts
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lombard
authors.forename: V B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Jogessar
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Benadé
mesh_terms: D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000652:urine; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency; D013997:Time Factors; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D019207:beta Carotene; D007455:Iodine; D007501:Iron