title: Evaluation of normalization procedures for oligonucleotide array data based on spiked cRNA controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays simultaneously measure the abundances of thousands of mRNAs in biological samples. Comparability of array results is necessary for the creation of large-scale gene expression databases. The standard strategy for normalizing oligonucleotide array readouts has practical drawbacks. We describe alternative normalization procedures for oligonucleotide arrays based on a common pool of known biotin-labeled cRNAs spiked into each hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We first explore the conditions for validity of the 'constant mean assumption', the key assumption underlying current normalization methods. We introduce 'frequency normalization', a 'spike-in'-based normalization method which estimates array sensitivity, reduces background noise and allows comparison between array designs. This approach does not rely on the constant mean assumption and so can be effective in conditions where standard procedures fail. We also define 'scaled frequency', a hybrid normalization method relying on both spiked transcripts and the constant mean assumption while maintaining all other advantages of frequency normalization. We compare these two procedures to a standard global normalization method using experimental data. We also use simulated data to estimate accuracy and investigate the effects of noise. We find that scaled frequency is as reproducible and accurate as global normalization while offering several practical advantages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scaled frequency quantitation is a convenient, reproducible technique that performs as well as global normalization on serial experiments with the same array design, while offering several additional features. Specifically, the scaled-frequency method enables the comparison of expression measurements across different array designs, yields estimates of absolute message abundance in cRNA and determines the sensitivity of individual arrays.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genomics, Genetics Institute/Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA. ahill@genetics.com
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: M Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Whitley
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tucker-Kellogg
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Slonim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019921:Biotinylation; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D007700:Kinetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D018075:RNA, Complementary / Q000032:analysis*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D018075:RNA, Complementary; D012333:RNA, Messenger