title: Mercury-reactive lymphocytes in peripheral blood are not a marker for dental amalgam associated disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The popular press and publications associated with alternative medicine increasingly report that chronic ill health, particularly myalgic encephalitis like conditions, are associated with mercury amalgam fillings. There are no scientifically proven definitive tests to support these claims. One of the more scientific tests in vogue is to assess the level of blood-borne mercury-reactive lymphocytes and to conclude that patients with high levels have developed a hypersensitivity reaction to mercury. The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of this test.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study represents an open comparison of mercury-reactive lymphocyte levels in healthy control individuals with those in patients complaining of symptoms associated with adverse effects of dental metal amalgam fillings. The healthy control group consisted of 51 male and female individuals, aged between 12 and 82 years, with and without dental amalgam fillings. The patient group consisted of 70 male and female individuals, aged between 12 and 87 years, and with the exception of one patient, with three or more mercury amalgam fillings of more than 1 year's duration. In vitro lymphocyte responses to mercury, and to nickel, as an example of a metal commonly associated with hypersensitivity reactions, and to more conventional protein antigens were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the blood of patients and controls, there were similar levels of specifically reactive lymphocytes to all of the in vitro stimulating agents, but there were significantly higher numbers of sub-normal and non-responders within the patient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence and quantity of mercury-reactive lymphocytes in the blood are not pathogenic markers of illness associated with dental metal amalgams, but may rather reflect exposure to mercury. The clinical relevance of the decreased in vitro lymphocyte responses in the patient group needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002455:Cell Division; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007519:Isoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009532:Nickel / Q000276:immunology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000276:immunology; D014373:Tuberculin / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D015415:Biomarkers; D007519:Isoantigens; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D014373:Tuberculin; D009532:Nickel; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D008628:Mercury