title: The localizing value of the abdominal aura and its evolution: a study in focal epilepsies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the localizing value of abdominal aura and its evolution into other seizure types.
  
  
  METHODS
  The seizures of 491 consecutive patients with focal epilepsies were prospectively classified according to a recently introduced semiologic seizure classification. All patients underwent prolonged EEG video monitoring and MRI scan. Two hundred twenty-three patients (45%) had temporal lobe epilepsies (TLE); 113 patients (23%) had extratemporal epilepsies; and for 155 (32%) patients, the epilepsy could not be localized to one lobe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abdominal auras were more frequent with TLE (117 of 223 patients, 52%) than in extratemporal epilepsy (13 of 113 patients, 12%, p < 0.0001) and more frequent in mesial TLE (70 of 110 patients, 64%) than in neocortical TLE (16 of 41 patients, 39%, p = 0.007). No preponderance to one side existed. Abdominal auras were followed by ictal oral and manual automatisms (automotor seizure) in at least one seizure evolution in all patients with TLE (117 patients, 100%). In contrast, only two patients with extratemporal epilepsy (2 of 13 patients, 15%, p < 0.0001) had abdominal auras evolving into automotor seizures. An abdominal aura is associated with TLE with a probability of 73.6%. The evolution of an abdominal aura into an automotor seizure, however, increases the probability of TLE to 98.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that evolution of abdominal aura into automotor seizure permits differentiation between temporal lobe epilepsy and extratemporal epilepsy, showing that analysis of seizure evolution provides more localizing information than does the frequency of particular seizure types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Henkel
authors.forename: Soheyl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noachtar
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfänder
authors.forename: Hans O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Lüders
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed