title: Overexpression of the serine elastase inhibitor elafin protects transgenic mice from hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased serine elastase activity has been implicated in the vascular remodeling associated with chronic hypoxia-related pulmonary hypertension in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we determined the time course of hypoxia-induced serine elastase activity in the murine lung and related this to initiation of a proteolytic cascade characterized by an increase in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We then used transgenic mice in which overexpression of the selective serine elastase inhibitor elafin was targeted to the cardiovascular system to determine whether upregulation of a naturally occurring serine elastase inhibitor suppresses MMPs and the hemodynamic and structural response to chronic hypoxia (air at 380 mm Hg). In nontransgenic but not in elafin-transgenic mice, we documented a transient increase in serine elastase activity after 12 hours of hypoxic exposure attributed to a 30-kDa protein as determined by elastin zymography and fluorophosphonate/fluorophosphate-biotin labeling. Two days after hypoxia, the pro-forms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were induced in the nontransgenic mice, but MMP-9 was suppressed in elafin-transgenic mice. Acute hypoxic vasoconstriction was similar in nontransgenic and elafin-transgenic littermates. Chronic hypoxia for 26 days resulted in >1-fold increase in right ventricular pressure (P<0.004) in nontransgenic compared with control or elafin-transgenic littermates. In the latter mice, normalization of the right ventricular pressure was associated with reduced muscularization and preservation of the number of distal vessels (P<0.04 for both comparisons).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modulation of the severity of chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular disease could be a function of endogenously expressed serine elastase inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research, Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Syed H E
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.forename: Xiao-Mang
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Sorana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ciura
authors.forename: Mansoor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rabinovitch
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D004549:Elastin / Q000378:metabolism; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006400:Hematocrit; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017380:Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular / Q000209:etiology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications*; D007700:Kinetics; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011312:Pressure; D053491:Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation; D017725:Ventricular Pressure
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D019332:Endothelin-1; D053491:Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D004549:Elastin; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases