title: Copper and silver ions more effective against legionellae than against mycobacteria in a hospital warm water system.
abstract: We studied the influence of electrolytically released copper and silver ions on the microbiological quality in a warm water system of a hospital. The concentration of nontuberculous mycobacteria was followed for three, and that of legionellae and other heterotrophic bacteria in the water for four years. The highest concentrations of copper and silver ions were 220 and 68 microg/l, respectively. Silver ion concentration of about 3 microg/l was sufficient to control the growth of legionellae in circulating warm water. The results showed that it is more difficult to eradicate legionellae from taps and showers: these points were colonized by a small number of legionellae after the metal ion concentrations were increased in the circulating water. A regular use of water eradicated legionellae from the shower. One tap was still used irregularly, and this may be a reason why it still contained small concentrations of legionellae also in the last years of the study. Mycobacteria were occasionally isolated from the circulating water and repeatedly from the shower, even when the metal concentrations were high. To control legionella bacteria in warm water systems, silver concentrations of only 3 microg/l are needed if all taps and showers of the system are regularly used. Such low copper and silver concentrations, however, are not efficient against nontuberculous mycobacteria or other heterotrophic bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland. jaana.kusnetsov@ktl.fi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kusnetsov
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iivanainen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Elomaa
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zacheus
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Martikainen
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D006761:Hospitals; D017053:Infection Control; D007477:Ions; D007875:Legionella; D008506:Medical Waste; D009159:Mycobacteriaceae; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D008506:Medical Waste; D012834:Silver; D003300:Copper