title: The temporalis muscle flap for reconstruction after head and neck oncologic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explain the applications, technique, and potential complications of the temporalis muscle flap used for immediate or delayed reconstruction of head and neck oncologic defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh cadaver dissection and 5-year retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  A fresh cadaver dissection was performed to illustrate the surgical anatomy of the temporalis muscle flap with attention to specific techniques useful in avoiding donor site morbidity (facial nerve injury and temporal hollowing). A chart review was performed for 13 consecutive patients from the last 5 years who underwent temporalis muscle flap reconstruction after oncologic resection of the lateral and posterior pharyngeal wall, hard and soft palate, buccal space, retromolar trigone, and skull base.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient follow-up ranged from 2 to 45 months. Nine patients had radiation therapy. There were no cases of flap loss. Resection of the zygomatic arch followed by wire fixation facilitates flap rotation and minimizes trauma to the flap during placement into the oropharynx. Preservation of the temporal fat pad attachment to the scalp flap decreases temporal hollowing and protects the facial nerve. Replacing the zygoma and preserving the anterior third of the temporalis muscle in situ further diminishes donor-site hollowing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with other regional flaps, such as the pectoralis myocutaneous flap, the temporalis muscle flap is associated with low donor-site esthetic and functional morbidity and offers great flexibility in reconstruction. The temporalis muscle flap is a useful, reliable flap that belongs in the armamentarium of surgeons who are involved with reconstruction of head and neck tissue defects.
authors.affiliation: Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford, California 94305-5328, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hanasono
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Utley
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Goode
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D010039:Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology