title: Scaling and similarity in rough channel flows.
abstract: We show that Manning's empirical formula for the mean velocity of turbulent flows in channels represents the power-law asymptotic behavior of a flow of incomplete similarity in the relative roughness. We then derive the formula based on the phenomenological theory of turbulence. Our derivation yields the correct similarity exponent; it justifies Manning's use of a single parameter, the hydraulic radius, to characterize the geometry of the cross section; and it affords insight into the mechanism of momentum transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Theoretical & Applied Mechanics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gioia
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Bombardelli