title: Hypolocomotor effects of acute and daily d-amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mice lacking the dopamine transporter (DAT(-/-)) exhibit high extracellular dopamine levels and marked hyperactivity. This hyperlocomotion is paradoxically decreased by acute administration of amphetamine-like psychostimulants, an effect that has been previously related to the activation of serotonergic neurotransmission.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of acute and daily administration of d-amphetamine on the locomotor activity of DAT(-/-) mice and examine the development of behavioral sensitization. In addition, we tested the implication of the serotonin system in the observed effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  DAT(+/+), DAT(+/-), and DAT(-/-) mice were injected with acute amphetamine (0, 0.3, 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg, SC), repeated amphetamine (1 mg/kg for 8 days, SC), or with the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (0, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg, SC) and their locomotor activity was evaluated. Moreover, the expression of the serotonin transporter and 5-HT(1A) receptors in the brain of DAT(-/-) mice was studied using autoradiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute and repeated d-amphetamine injection (1 mg/kg) induced an hypolocomotor response in DAT(-/-) and DAT(+/-) mice, but only DAT(+/-) mice developed locomotor sensitization to the drug. Acute treatment with fluoxetine decreased locomotion in DAT(-/-) mice in a dose-dependent manner. The common hypolocomotor effect induced by d-amphetamine and fluoxetine in DAT(-/-) mice suggests an action on the serotonin transporter. However, autoradiography of the serotonin transporter and 5-HT(1A) receptors showed normal density and distribution in the brain, suggesting no compensatory effects due to the deletion of the DAT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that partial or total DAT gene deletion result in decreased locomotion in response to d-amphetamine and modify behavioral sensitization depending on the proportion of DAT removed, suggesting that inhibition of the DAT is necessary for the development of sensitization to psychostimulant drugs.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U513, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spielewoy
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Biala
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roubert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Betancur
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giros
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D017353:Gene Deletion; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C493215:Slc6a3 protein, mouse; D003913:Dextroamphetamine