title: Treatment of scleroderma.
abstract: The treatment of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is difficult and remains a great challenge to the clinician. Because the cause is unknown, therapies are directed to improve peripheral blood circulation with vasodilators and antiplatelet aggregation drugs, to prevent the synthesis and release of harmful cytokines with immunosuppressant drugs, and to inhibit or reduce fibrosis with agents that reduce collagen synthesis or enhance collagenase production. The purpose of this review is to critically analyze conventional and new treatments of systemic sclerosis and localized scleroderma. The therapeutic options discussed for the treatment of systemic sclerosis include the use of (1) vasodilators (calcium channel blockers [nifedipine], angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [captopril, losartan potassium], and prostaglandins [iloprost, epoprostenol]), (2) immunosuppressant drugs (methotrexate, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, and extracorporeal photopheresis), and (3) antifibrotic agents (D-penicillamine, colchicine, interferon gamma, and relaxin). The treatment options reviewed for localized scleroderma include the use of corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues (calcitriol, calcipotriene), UV-A, and methotrexate. Preliminary reports on new therapies for systemic sclerosis are also considered. These include the use of minocycline, psoralen-UV-A, lung transplantation, autologous stem cell transplantation, etanercept, and thalidomide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Ave, PO Box 1047, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Allen N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Sapadin
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fleischmajer
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents