title: Ulcerative colitis in Thailand: a clinical study and long term follow-up.
abstract: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is uncommon in Thailand. Few reports have been published and confirmation of the diagnosis was difficult. To make a firm diagnosis of UC in Thailand, long-term follow-up and demonstration of chronic and relapsing clinical courses should help to confirm the existence of UC in Thailand.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the demographic data, clinical presentation and clinical courses of the diagnosed UC cases in Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnosed UC patients who were followed-up for longer than 3 months at the Diarrhea Clinic, Siriraj Hospital between 1988-2000 were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty cases of UC were followed-up. The duration of follow-up ranged from 3-75 months (mean 27 months). Male to female ratio was 19:21 and age of onset varied from 13-77 years (mean 37.7 years). Extents of the disease was left-sided colitis in 58 per cent, left and right-sided colitis in 8 per cent, pancolitis in 21 per cent, proctosigmoiditis in 13 per cent and ileal involvement in 8 per cent. At presentation, the disease was mild in 28 per cent, moderate in 60 per cent, severe in 13 per cent and fulminant in 2. Clinical presentations were diarrhea in 97.5 per cent, lower GI bleeding in 17.5 per cent, abdominal pain in 50 per cent, fever in 27.5 per cent, weight loss in 62.5 per cent and extraintestinal manifestations in 20 per cent. Diagnoses were made in all cases by sigmoidoscopy plus barium enema or colonoscopy and biopsies were taken in all cases. Histologic findings supported the diagnoses in 69 per cent of cases. Seventy per cent responded to sulfasalazine or 5-ASA with or without corticosteroid, but in 30 per cent, azathioprine was added for a period during the treatment. Clinical courses of the diseases were chronic intermittent with remission and relapse in 44 per cent, chronic continuous activity without remission in 27 per cent, single episode without relapse in 27 per cent and acute fulminating course in 6 per cent. One patient died from fulminant pancolitis with colonic perforation. There was no colonic cancer in our cases throughout the follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UC is very uncommon in Thailand. Firm diagnosis of UC can be made through long-term follow-up and demonstration of chronic and relapsing clinical courses. The disease severity and extent of disease involvement was slightly different from that in Western countries. Incidence of extraintestinal manifestation was 20 per cent. Most cases responded to sulfasalazine, 5-ASA or corticosteroids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pongprasobchai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manatsathit
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leelakusolvong
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sattawatthamrong
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boonyapisit
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003113:Colonoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012460:Sulfasalazine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D012460:Sulfasalazine