title: HIV-1 infection and risk of vulvovaginal and perianal condylomata acuminata and intraepithelial neoplasia: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information about vulvovaginal and perianal condylomata acuminata and intraepithelial neoplasia in women infected with HIV-1 is needed to develop guidelines for clinical care. Our aim was to investigate the incidence of these lesions in HIV-1-positive and HIV-1-negative women and to examine risk factors for disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective cohort study, 925 women had a gynaecological examination twice yearly-including colposcopy and tests for human papillomavirus DNA in cervicovaginal lavage-for a median follow-up of 3.2 years (IQR 0.98-4.87).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vulvovaginal and perianal condylomata acuminata or intraepithelial neoplasia were present in 30 (6%) of 481 HIV-1-positive and four (1%) of 437 HIV-1-negative women (p<0.0001) at enrollment. Women without lesions at enrollment were included in an incidence analysis. 33 (9%) of 385 HIV-1-positive and two (1%) of 341 HIV-1-negative women developed vulvovaginal or perianal lesions, resulting in an incidence of 2.6 and 0.16 cases per 100 person-years, respectively (relative risk 16, 95% CI 12.9-20.5; p < 0.0001). Risk factors for incident lesions included HIV-1 infection (p = 0.013), human papillomavirus infection (p=0.0013), lower CD4 T lymphocyte count (p = 0.0395), and history of frequent injection of drugs (p=0.0199).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that HIV-1-positive women are at increased risk of development of invasive vulvar carcinoma. Thus, we recommend that, as part of every gynaecological examination, HIV-1-positive women should have a thorough inspection of the vulva and perianal region, and women with abnormalities-except for typical, exophytic condylomata acuminata-should undergo colposcopy and biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Surveillance, and Epidemiology, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Lois J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Conley
authors.forename: Tedd V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Ellerbrock
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chiasson
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sawo
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D000328:Adult; D001004:Anus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D001706:Biopsy; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003127:Colposcopy; D003218:Condylomata Acuminata / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications; D016019:Survival Analysis; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D014623:Vaginal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D014845:Vulvar Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*