title: Galactose and lactose genes from the galactose-positive bacterium Streptococcus salivarius and the phylogenetically related galactose-negative bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus: organization, sequence, transcription, and activity of the gal gene products.
abstract: Streptococcus salivarius is a lactose- and galactose-positive bacterium that is phylogenetically closely related to Streptococcus thermophilus, a bacterium that metabolizes lactose but not galactose. In this paper, we report a comparative characterization of the S. salivarius and S. thermophilus gal-lac gene clusters. The clusters have the same organization with the order galR (codes for a transcriptional regulator and is transcribed in the opposite direction), galK (galactokinase), galT (galactose-1-P uridylyltransferase), galE (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase), galM (galactose mutarotase), lacS (lactose transporter), and lacZ (beta-galactosidase). An analysis of the nucleotide sequence as well as Northern blotting and primer extension experiments revealed the presence of four promoters located upstream from galR, the gal operon, galM, and the lac operon of S. salivarius. Putative promoters with virtually identical nucleotide sequences were found at the same positions in the S. thermophilus gal-lac gene cluster. An additional putative internal promoter at the 3' end of galT was found in S. thermophilus but not in S. salivarius. The results clearly indicated that the gal-lac gene cluster was efficiently transcribed in both species. The Shine-Dalgarno sequences of galT and galE were identical in both species, whereas the ribosome binding site of S. thermophilus galK differed from that of S. salivarius by two nucleotides, suggesting that the S. thermophilus galK gene might be poorly translated. This was confirmed by measurements of enzyme activities.
authors.affiliation: Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Département de Biochimie et de Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie and Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4.
authors.forename: Katy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vaillancourt
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moineau
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frenette
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lessard
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vadeboncoeur
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005686:Galactokinase / Q000235:genetics; D005690:Galactose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D007763:Lac Operon; D007785:Lactose / Q000378:metabolism*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D005810:Multigene Family; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D027981:Symporters; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014534:UDPglucose 4-Epimerase / Q000235:genetics; D005694:UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C050993:Galactose repressor proteins; C050221:LacY protein, E coli; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D027981:Symporters; C021499:lactose permease; D005686:Galactokinase; D005694:UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase; D014534:UDPglucose 4-Epimerase; D007785:Lactose; D005690:Galactose