title: Growth and fertility rates in the offspring of pregnant rats treated with L-omega nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide inhibitor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine neonatal growth, fertility, and blood pressure for offspring of pregnant rats following in utero exposure to L-omega nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME).
  
  
  METHODS
  Osmotic mini-pumps were inserted on day 14 of gestation during the index pregnancy to deliver L-NAME (50 mg/day/rat) or a placebo control continuously. Pup weights were obtained longitudinally until postnatal day 76. Systolic blood pressures were measured on postnatal days 29 and 44. At 11 weeks of age, groups of females and males (control and L-NAME-exposed in utero) were housed in pairs for 14 days; females were assessed for mating with a sperm positive vaginal flush and subsequent establishment of pregnancy. Pup weight and systolic blood pressure are expressed as mean +/- standard error of the mean and compared by using the unpaired t test. P <.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pups born to L-NAME-treated mothers were significantly smaller than controls (5.2 +/- 0.2 g and 6.5 +/- 0.1 g, respectively; P <.0001)). These differences persisted even at postnatal day 76. There was no difference in systolic blood pressure between control and L-NAME-exposed pups. Successful mating rates were as follows: 90% (9/10) in control females with control males, 67% (8/12) in control females with L-NAME males, 47% (7/15) in L-NAME females with control males, and 31% (4/13) in L-NAME females with L-NAME males, P =.007 (control versus L-NAME females).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The offspring of pregnant rats with in utero exposure to L-NAME (prolonged nitric oxide inhibition) exhibited decreased neonatal weight, postnatal growth, and fertility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston 77555-1062, USA. agwitlin@utmb.edu
authors.forename: Andrea G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Witlin
authors.forename: Pandu R R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Gangula
authors.forename: Mindy L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Chandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yallampalli
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects*; D006128:Growth / Q000187:drug effects; D008098:Litter Size / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester