title: Heart failure in frail elderly patients: diagnostic difficulties, co-morbidities, polypharmacy and treatment dilemmas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure (HF) is difficult to diagnose and treat in older patients. Symptoms may be non-specific and the presence of co-morbidities and polypharmacy complicate treatment strategies. There are, however, few data to quantify the extent of these problems in the very elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 116 patients (median age 86; range 65-98) with an established diagnosis of HF during their hospital admission.
  
  
  METHODS
  the accuracy of diagnosis of heart failure according to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) definition. The aetiology and frequency of associated co-morbidities and the nature of drug treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The specificities of clinical signs, chest X-rays and abnormal ECGs for heart failure (ESC definition) were 50%, 20% and 9%, respectively. Only 28% of patients were admitted for worsening symptoms which could be attributed to HF. None of the patients had HF as their only medical problem. Co-morbidities included chest disease (30%), incontinence (29%), cerebrovascular disease (26%), musculoskeletal problems (41%). Barthel (activities of daily living) score was < or = 16/20 in 35%. Mental state questionnaire (MSQ) score was < or =7/10 in 38%. Ninety percent were taking four or more different medications. Thirty-nine percent were on psychotropic drugs. On discharge, a total of 88% of patients returned home to live independently and 35% were monitored by regular day hospital attendance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heart failure in frail elderly patients is often compounded by other major illnesses and polypharmacy which have a profound impact on their functional status. This has implications for the most effective targeting of evidence based treatment.
authors.affiliation: Ageing and Health, Department of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, DD1 9SY, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher T C
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lien
authors.forename: Neil D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: Allan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Struthers
authors.forename: Marion E T
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McMurdo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents