title: Induction chemotherapy followed by low-dose involved-field radiotherapy for intracranial germ cell tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy of chemotherapy followed by low-dose involved-field radiotherapy for the treatment of intracranial germ cell tumors (GCTs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three patients with GCTs, including 16 pure germinomas, 11 human chorionic gonadotropin-beta (HCG-beta)-secreting germinomas, three mixed GCTs composed of immature teratomas plus germinomas (IMT/G), and three highly malignant mixed GCTs, were treated. Etoposide and cisplatin (EP) were used for the treatment of solitary pure germinomas, and ifosfamide, cisplatin, and etoposide (ICE) were used for the treatment of other GCTs. The dose schedule was 24 Gy for germinomas and 40 to 54 Gy for other GCTs. An involved-field set-up was used except for highly malignant GCTs, in which craniospinal irradiation was used. The median follow-up was 58 months (range, 18 to 102 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Disease-related, overall, and relapse-free survival rates at 5 years were 100%, 93%, and 69% for all patients, 100%, 100%, and 86% for patients with pure germinomas, and 100%, 75%, and 44% for patients with HCG-beta-secreting germinomas, respectively. All six patients with nongerminomatous GCTs were alive at the last follow-up. All eight relapses (one pure germinoma, five HCG-beta-secreting germinomas, and two IMT/G), except one in a course of salvage treatment, were salvaged and free of disease at the last follow-up. No decline was observed in the full-scale, verbal, or performance intelligence quotient at 12 to 51 months after the treatment in 11 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support an excellent prognosis after EP and ICE regimens followed by radiotherapy. Dose and volume can be reduced to 24 Gy in 12 fractions and involve a field set-up after EP chemotherapy for the treatment of pure germinomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidefumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoyama
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shirato
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujieda
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyasaka
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawamura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002648:Child; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000378:metabolism; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005047:Etoposide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D018237:Germinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide; D011379:Prognosis; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D005047:Etoposide; D002945:Cisplatin; D007069:Ifosfamide