title: Combination antiretroviral therapy in 100 HIV-1-infected pregnant women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, combination antiretroviral therapy has substantially improved the prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection. However, at present, information regarding the effects of these regimens during pregnancy is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Side-effects, vertical transmission rate and neonatal outcome associated with different combination therapies were evaluated retrospectively in a consecutive series of 100 women who attended the II Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology for the management of HIV-1 infection in pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antiretroviral treatment was initiated at a median of 16 weeks gestation with a range from pre-pregnancy until 31 weeks gestation. Twentythree women continued their pre-pregnancy therapy during the first trimester of gestation. Protease inhibitors were incorporated in 23 of the final therapeutic regimens. Twentyfive women did not receive zidovudine. Most women (97) delivered by Caesarean section and none breast-fed. Prematurity rate for the entire series was 19%. When women who actively used illicit drugs were excluded, only seven of 69 (10%) women were found to deliver prematurely. The use of protease inhibitors was limited by an elevated frequency of severe gastrointestinal disturbances. The rate of congenital malformations did not appear to differ significantly from that reported in the literature for the general population. Only one of 102 live newborns was found to be HIV-1-infected (1.0%, 95% confidence interval; 0.3-4.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings confirm the remarkable efficacy of combination antiretroviral therapy, Caesarean section and refraining from breast-feeding in lowering the rate of vertical HIV-1 transmission. Moreover, they are suggestive that combination antiretroviral therapy may not be related to major neonatal toxicity. The necessity to discontinue the therapy during the first trimester of pregnancy and to systematically incorporate zidovudine into combination regimens is discussed.
authors.affiliation: II Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Milan, Milano, Italy. dadosomigliana@yahoo.it
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bucceri
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Somigliana
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matrone
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferraris
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vignali
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001903:Bottle Feeding; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D011480:Protease Inhibitors