title: Retrograde ureteropyeloscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for large renal calculi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and safety of the retrograde ureteropyeloscopic holmium laser for treating renal stones that are too large to treat with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients (22 men and eight women, mean age 43 years, range 18-62) with a renal stone burden of > 2 cm were selected for laser treatment. The stones were in the renal pelvis in 16 patients, lower calyx in five, middle calyx in two, upper calyx in one and multiple pelvic and calyceal in six. Lithotripsy was undertaken using a holmium laser through 550 microm and 200 microm laser fibres passed through a semi-rigid fibre-optic long ureteroscope or the actively deflectable flexible ureteropyeloscope, respectively. Success was defined as total fragmentation of the stone to < 2 mm in diameter and/or clear imaging on renal ultrasonography and plain films within the 3-month follow-up. Patients in whom the treatment failed received either alternative therapy or complementary ESWL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endoscopic access and complete stone fragmentation was achieved in 23 of the 30 patients (77%). The treatment failed in seven patients because of poor visualization, the initial presence of stones in, or migration of their large fragments to, an inaccessible calyx. There were no major intraoperative complications. Minor complications after treatment included haematuria that persisted for 2 days in one patient and high-grade fever in two patients; all were treated conservatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large renal calculi that are not amenable to ESWL monotherapy can be safely and effectively treated with a retrograde endoscopic technique that seems to compete well with the more invasive percutaneous or open surgical manoeuvres.
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt. fathy_elanany@hotmail.com
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: El-Anany
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hammouda
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Maghraby
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Elakkad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006695:Holmium; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015607:Stents; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods; D014546:Urinary Catheterization
chemical_list: D006695:Holmium