title: When symptoms persist: clozapine augmentation strategies.
abstract: Recent data and clinical experience confirm that, in spite of superior efficacy for treatment-refractory schizophrenia, a substantial proportion of patients receiving clozapine will continue to experience disabling symptoms. Optimizing clozapine monotherapy is the first step in the management of "clozapine nonresponders." Described here is a synthesis of the available literature on the range and efficacy of clozapine augmentation strategies that may be used when monotherapy fails. Treatment options include adjunctive antipsychotic medications, mood stabilizers, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, glycinergic agents, and electroconvulsive therapy. The evidence favoring one augmentation strategy over another is lacking; overall, adjunctive therapy is associated with only modest clinical improvement. Moreover, case series and open-labeled clinical trials dominate the extant literature, and there is a dearth of double-blind trials comparing these augmentation agents. Current systematic efforts to enhance the treatment of these patients with adjunctive therapies are worthy of being studied in carefully conducted clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912, USA. Pbuckley@mail.mcg.edu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garver
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Csernansky
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine