title: Newborn screening program practices in the United States: notification, research, and consent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define current practice among US newborn screening programs for notification of results, research, and consenting procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A telephone survey of all US newborn screening program supervisors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 51 programs participated. All states reported abnormal results to the infant's physician, and some also reported to the hospital and parents. Cases with abnormal results were tracked to different endpoints but usually (92.1%) at least until a follow-up appointment was made. A total of 66.6% of programs can communicate with programs in other states; 9.8% enable families to suppress reporting of results to the infant's physician. No state has a mechanism for parents to prevent results from entering the medical record. Parents or physicians who request results are often authenticated by providing their name (52.9%). Many programs (45.1%) report only to physicians and require just their name (43.5%), an identification number (17.4%), a letter (26.1%), or a parent's signature (26.1%). A total of 70.6% retain residual blood samples; of these, only 8.3% store them completely devoid of patient identifiers. A total of 49.0% of programs aggregate data for research. In 16.0% of these, the data are publicly available. In 24.0%, researchers obtain approval at their own institution; in 24.0%, researchers obtain approval through the state laboratory Institutional Review Board. In 74.5% of programs, parents are notified but not asked for consent before collection of the sample; 19.6% neither notify parents nor obtain consent before screening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is wide variation in practice among the US newborn screening programs. Because the programs collectively manage a comprehensive nationwide genomic databank, careful consideration of how information technology and high-throughput genomic analysis are used will be essential to allow progress in clinical care, public health, and research while protecting individual privacy.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Mandl
authors.forename: Shlomit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feit
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Isaac S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kohane
mesh_terms: D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D003142:Communication; D003219:Confidentiality / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018580:Mandatory Testing; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015980:Public Health Practice / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards; D013689:Telephone; D020458:Third-Party Consent; D014481:United States