Surgical simulation software for insertion of pedicle screws.
OBJECTIVE
As the first step toward finding noninvasive alternatives to the traditional methods of surgical training, we have developed a small, stand-alone computer program that simulates insertion of pedicle screws in different spinal vertebrae (T10-L5).


METHODS
We used Delphi 5.0 and DirectX 7.0 extension for Microsoft Windows. This is a stand-alone and portable program.


RESULTS
The program can run on most personal computers. It provides the trainee with visual feedback during practice of the technique. At present, it uses predefined three-dimensional images of the vertebrae, but we are attempting to adapt the program to three-dimensional objects based on real computed tomographic scans of the patients. The program can be downloaded at no cost from the web site: www.tums.ac.ir/downloads


CONCLUSIONS
As a preliminary work, it requires further development, particularly toward better visual, auditory, and even proprioceptive feedback and use of the individual patient's data.
Eftekhar
Behzad
B
Department of Neurosurgery, Sina Hospital, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. Eftekhar@sina.tums.ac.ir
Ghodsi
Mohammad
M
Ketabchi
Ebrahim
E
Rasaee
Saman
S
D001863:Bone Screws; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D003479:Curriculum; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D020407:Internet; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008838:Microcomputers; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000193:education*; D011859:Radiography; D012984:Software; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014584:User-Computer Interface