title: Clinicopathologic risk factors for recurrence after a curative hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The long-term prognosis after resection for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma is still unsatisfactory because of the high recurrence rate. The survival of patients with multiple intrahepatic or extrahepatic recurrence is especially poor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among the patients who underwent hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma between 1981 and 2000, 216 patients with 3 or less than 3 intrahepatic recurrences (group B); 156 patients with more than 3 intrahepatic recurrences, extrahepatic recurrences, or both (group C); and 51 patients who survived more than 5 years without recurrence (group A) were clinicopathologically studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The period to recurrence of group C was significantly earlier than that of group B and also showed a significantly poor prognosis after recurrence. Tumor factors, including size, portal venous invasion, intrahepatic metastasis, histologic grade, or the number of tumors at resection in group C was significantly worse than in groups A and B. Although no differences are recognized in the tumor factors between groups A and B, except for the alpha-fetoprotein level, liver function in group B was significantly worse than that in group A. In addition, the frequency of hepatitis B surface antigen in group B and that of hepatitis C virus in group B was significantly less and higher than that in group A, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar to extrahepatic metastasis, multinodular recurrences are also mainly caused by metastatic recurrence from the main tumor by means of the portal system, and recurrences with up to 3 intrahepatic nodules are mainly caused by metachronous multicentric hepatocarcinogenesis. Because the mechanisms of recurrence differed, determining the patterns of recurrence on the basis of the clinicopathologic findings is important for selecting the optimal postoperative therapy for each individual patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Eisuke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: Shin-ichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maehara
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tsujita
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aishima
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rikimaru
authors.forename: Yo-ichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000418:Albumins; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase