title: A single-centre long-term outcome analysis of artificial urinary sphincter placement in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively evaluate the outcome of artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) placement in 79 children, with a mean follow-up of 12.5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 89 children had an AUS placed between 1977 and 1994; complete data were obtained for 79 (63 boys and 16 girls). The indication for AUS placement was urinary incontinence caused by sphincteric deficiency with a stable bladder. Before and after surgery, all patients underwent ultrasonography, voiding cysto-urethrography and urodynamics. Logistic regression was used to assess the factors influencing the outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (range) age at surgery was 11.7 (3-18) years. The cause of incontinence was a neuropathic bladder in 74 patients and bladder exstrophy in five. At a mean (range) follow-up of 12.5 (5-22) years, 63 of 79 patients (80%) had an intact AUS. The AUS was removed in 16 patients (20%) because of erosion at a mean (range) of 5.6 (1-11) years after insertion; there were 0.035 revisions per patient-year. Of 63 patients with an AUS in place, 57 (90%) are completely dry and 36 (57%) are using clean intermittent catheterization. Thirteen patients (20%) developed bladder instability during the follow-up, which was managed by anticholinergics in eight, spinal cord de-tethering in three and enterocystoplasty in two. Hydronephrosis occurred in 12 of 126 renal units (10%) that improved after enterocystoplasty or anticholinergics. The overall 10-year survival of the AUS was 79% (78% for early models and 80% for the AMS800); the survival was not affected by age, sex, model, previous bladder neck surgery, augmentation cystoplasty or intermittent catheterization. Bladder exstrophy was associated with lower AUS survival, as four of the five patients affected had the AUS removed secondary to erosion (P = 0.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children the AUS has a 79% 10-year survival and gives a 90% continence rate. Bladder instability after AUS placement can be managed with anticholinergics or enterocystoplasty. The AUS is not a justifiable treatment option for patients with bladder exstrophy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hafez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McLorie
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bägli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khoury
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016741:Urinary Sphincter, Artificial