title: Prevalence of deep venous thrombosis in the lower limbs and the pelvis and pulmonary embolism in patients with positive antiphospholipid antibodies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiphospholipid antibodies (AA) are immunoglobulins that cross-react with phospholipid on cell membrane, and are therefore associated with a hypercoagulable state manifested by arterial/venous thromboses. We aimed to determine the prevalence of deep venous thrombosis in the lower limbs and the pelvic region (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with positive AA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six patients (48 female, 18 male) with positive lupus anticoagulant (LA) and/or positive anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) underwent radionuclide (RN) venography with 370 MBq of 99mTc-MAA. Pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy was performed in 58 patients. Fifteen patients had positive LA and positive aCL (LA+/aCL+), 33 patients had positive LA only (LA+/ aCL-) and 18 patients had positive aCL only (LA-/aCL+). 43 patients were diagnosed with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and 19 were diagnosed with APS associated with SLE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DVT was detected in 21 of 66 patients (32%). Patients with LA+/aCL+ showed higher prevalence of DVT (53%) as compared to LA+/aCL- (27%) and LA-/aCL+ (22%). PE was found in 13 of 58 patients (22%). The prevalence of PE was higher in patients with positive aCL (33% in LA+/aCL+; 36% in LA-/aCL+) than in patients with negative aCL (10%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the high prevalence of DVT and PE in patients with AA, RN scintigraphy must be recommended in screening for these clinical troubles. These results indicate that the prevalence of DVT and PE may vary in subgroups of AA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Tonami General Hospital, Toyama, Japan. dinky@d9.dion.ne.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kinuya
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kakuda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Asakura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinuya
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Michigishi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tonami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000032:analysis; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor / Q000032:analysis; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D013924:Thrombophlebitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin