title: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in alcohol-related sickness absence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown that elevated, risky levels of alcohol consumption may lead to higher rates of sickness absence. However, no studies have examined the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) or serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) in relation to sickness absence in the workplace. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sick-days, 12 months before screening, and the AUDIT and CDT (CDTect kit). Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase also was used for comparison.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out over 36 months in a large workplace and formed part of an ongoing controlled study. In conjunction with a routine health examination, employees were offered the opportunity to undergo an alcohol screening. Absence data were obtained from the company payroll system, and sickness absence was analyzed by using a three-ordinal level cumulative logistic model on the number of sick-days. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 989 subjects who participated in the study, 193 (19.5%) screened positive in relation to either the AUDIT (>or=8 points) or CDT (<20 units/liter for men, and <27 units/liter for women), or both. Employees who screened positive with the AUDIT had a significantly higher proportion of sick-days (p = 0.047) compared with those who screened negative (OR = 1.4, CI 1.0-1.9). Neither long, continuous periods of sickness absence nor absence on Mondays or Fridays gave a clear indication of individuals who screened positive on the AUDIT or CDT test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that individuals with moderately elevated or risky levels of alcohol consumption show an increase in sick-days. Accordingly, workplaces have a good reason for using a more systematic approach to alcohol screening in routine workplace health examinations.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Dependency Disorders, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. ulric@bahnhof.se
authors.forename: Ulric
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hermansson
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helander
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huss
authors.forename: Sten
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rönnberg
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014168:Transferrin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014168:Transferrin; C056759:carbohydrate-deficient transferrin