title: Caspase-2 induces apoptosis by releasing proapoptotic proteins from mitochondria.
abstract: Caspase-2 is one of the earliest identified caspases, but the mechanism of caspase-2-induced apoptosis remains unknown. We show here that caspase-2 engages the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway by inducing the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c) and other mitochondrial apoptogenic factors into the cell cytoplasm. In support of these observations we found that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL can block caspase-2- and CRADD (caspase and RIP adaptor with death domain)-induced cell death. Unlike caspase-8, which can process all known caspase zymogens directly, caspase-2 is completely inactive toward other caspase zymogens. However, like caspase-8, physiological levels of purified caspase-2 can cleave cytosolic Bid protein, which in turn can trigger the release of Cyt c from isolated mitochondria. Interestingly, caspase-2 can also induce directly the release of Cyt c, AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor), and Smac (second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases protein) from isolated mitochondria independent of Bid or other cytosolic factors. The caspase-2-released Cyt c is sufficient to activate the Apaf-caspase-9 apoptosome in vitro. In combination, our data suggest that caspase-2 is a direct effector of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
authors.affiliation: Center for Apoptosis Research and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Srinivasa M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Srinivasula
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Druilhe
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fernandes-Alnemri
authors.forename: Emad S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Alnemri
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D017209:Apoptosis; D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein; D053420:CRADD Signaling Adaptor Protein; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D053143:Caspase 2; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000201:enzymology; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein; C494814:BID protein, human; D053420:CRADD Signaling Adaptor Protein; C104252:CRADD protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D011506:Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505530:CASP8 protein, human; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; D053143:Caspase 2; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases