title: The relationship between alcohol screening questionnaires and mortality among male veteran outpatients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated whether responses to alcohol screening questionnaires predicted mortality in a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) primary care population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involved 5,703 male outpatients (mean age = 64) who were enrolled in General Internal Medicine clinics at three Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers and returned mailed questionnaires in 1993-94. The two questionnaires included the CAGE and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) alcohol screening tests. Mortality was ascertained using the VA Beneficiary Identification and Record Locator System. Five-year crude and adjusted mortality rates were calculated for patients who screened positive and patients who screened negative on each alcohol screening test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of mortality was increased among drinkers who scored > or = 8 on the full AUDIT (hazard ratio: 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-2.00) or the three AUDIT consumption questions (1.58; 1.11-2.27), after adjusting for age, smoking, sociodemographic characteristics and chronic illnesses. The risk of mortality was also increased among drinkers who reported drinking > or = 3 drinks daily (1.69; 1.28-2.22) or prior alcohol treatment (1.66; 1.27-2.17), in "fully adjusted" models. A positive CAGE score (> or = 2) was associated with significantly increased risk of mortality among drinkers in a model adjusted only for age and smoking (1.27; 1.02-1.58). Among nondrinkers, neither a positive CAGE score (> or = 2) nor report of prior alcohol treatment was associated with increased risk of mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VA outpatients who reported drinking during the previous year and who had a positive result on an alcohol screening test experienced higher mortality over the subsequent 5 years than did patients who screened negative.
authors.affiliation: Northwest Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA. willi@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maynard
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kivlahan
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: McDonell
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fihn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data