title: Midbrain control of three-dimensional head orientation.
abstract: Little is known about the neural mechanisms controlling head posture and why they fail in clinical syndromes like torticollis. It is well established, however, that the brain controls eye position by integrating eye velocity commands. By electrically stimulating and reversibly inactivating midbrain sites in the head-free (nonimmobilized) monkey, we found that the interstitial nucleus of Cajal functions as a neural integrator for head posture. We suggest that a bilateral imbalance in this structure, through either direct damage or inappropriate input, could be one of the mechanisms underlying torticollis.
authors.affiliation: CIHR Group for Action and Perception, York Centre for Vision Research and Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
authors.forename: Eliana M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Klier
authors.forename: Hongying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Alina G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Constantin
authors.forename: J Douglas
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology*; D019416:Head Movements; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D009118:Muscimol / Q000494:pharmacology; D009760:Nystagmus, Physiologic; D009949:Orientation; D011187:Posture; D013681:Tegmentum Mesencephali / Q000502:physiology*; D014103:Torticollis / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D018755:GABA Agonists; D009118:Muscimol