title: Interleukin-18 expression and modulation in human corneal epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The interferon-gamma-inducing factor Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a recently described cytokine that appears to have multiple important pro-inflammatory effects including the induction of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) by activated T-cells. The expression of IL-18 by human cornea has not been previously reported. In the present study, we examine the possibility that human corneal epithelial cells are capable of producing this leukocyte-activating factor which may play an important role in IFN-gamma-dependent inflammation responses in the cornea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Northern blot analysis and ELISA were used to investigate the in vitro expression of IL-18 mRNA and protein respectively in primary (HCEC) and transformed human corneal epithelial cells (HCET). To determine if IL-18 expression was modulated by pro-inflammatory mediators, cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or synthetic double stranded RNA (poly dI : dC). IL-18 bioactivity was determined in a leukocyte interferon-gamma induction assay and IL-18 was immunolocalized in whole human cornea by immunohistochemistry using a specific anti-IL-18 antibody.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-18 mRNA and bioactive protein was constitutively expressed by human corneal epithelial cells and upregulated by PMA, LPS and poly dI : dC. The constitutive expression of IL-18 protein immunoreactivity was also demonstrated in the epithelial cells of whole human cornea tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study demonstrating that corneal epithelial cells are capable of producing the IFN-gamma inducing factor IL-18. Increased bioactive corneal IL-18 production can be induced by a number of pro-inflammatory agents and may play an important role in initiating gamma-interferon-mediated inflammatory responses in the cornea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Burbach
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Harten
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dithmar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grossniklaus
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Caughman
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ansel
mesh_terms: D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002460:Cell Line; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011089:Polydeoxyribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D020382:Interleukin-18; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011089:Polydeoxyribonucleotides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C031156:poly d(I-C); D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate