title: Measurement of hemodynamics in human carotid artery using ultrasound and computational fluid dynamics.
abstract: The objective of the study was to investigate the feasibility of using computational fluid dynamic modeling (CFD) with noninvasive ultrasound measurements to determine time-variant three-dimensional (3D) carotid arterial hemodynamics in humans in vivo. The effects of hyperoxia and hypoxic hypercapnia on carotid artery local hemodynamics were examined by use of this approach. Six normotensive volunteers followed a double-blind randomized crossover design. Blood pressure, heart rate, and carotid blood flow were measured while subjects breathed normal air, a mixture of 5% CO(2) and 15% O(2) (hypoxic hypercapnia), and 100% O(2) (hyperoxia). Carotid artery geometry was reconstructed on the basis of B-mode ultrasound images by using purpose-built image processing software. Time-variant 3D carotid hemodynamics were estimated by using finite volume-based CFD. Systemic blood pressure was not significantly affected by hyperoxia or hypoxic hypercapnia, but heart rate decreased significantly with hyperoxia. There was an increase in diastolic flow velocity in the external carotid artery after hypoxic hypercapnia, but otherwise carotid blood flow velocities did not change significantly. Compared with normal air, hyperoxic conditions were associated with a decrease in the width of the region of flow separation in the external carotid artery. During hyperoxia, there was also an increase in the minimum and a decrease in maximum shear stress in the bifurcation and hence a reduction in cyclic variation in shear stress. Hypoxic hypercapnia was associated with a reduced duration of flow separation in the external carotid artery and an increase in the minimum shear stress without affecting the cyclic variation in shear stress. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using noninvasive ultrasound techniques in conjunction with CFD to describe time-variant 3D hemodynamics in the human carotid arterial bifurcation in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mirian J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Starmans-Kool
authors.forename: Alice V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Shunzhi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: X Yun
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Simon A M
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Thom
authors.forename: Alun D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D018496:Hyperoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D012016:Reference Values; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014463:Ultrasonography