title: Heinz-body hemolytic anemia associated with ingestion of methylene blue in a river otter.
abstract: Heinz-body hemolytic anemia and nephrosis associated with hemoglobinuria were diagnosed in a North American river otter. Fluids were administered, and the signs of renal failure improved immediately. Severe anemia developed, and the otter received a semisynthetic hemoglobin product to maintain the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood until a blood transfusion could be given. Immediate clinical improvement was observed following hemoglobin administration, and adverse effects were not seen. Six days after admission, the otter began to produce its own RBC and recovered without complications. The Heinz-body anemia was determined to be caused by methylene blue that was in the water of minnows consumed by the otter the night before it became ill. Methylene blue is a common ingredient in products used to extend the life of bait fish. Bait fish kept in water treated with methylene blue should not be used as food for fish-eating animals.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Neelesh S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Narurkar
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Phalen
mesh_terms: D000743:Anemia, Hemolytic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D003530:Cyprinidae; D005506:Food Contamination; D006366:Heinz Bodies; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010041:Otters; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008751:Methylene Blue