title: Antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in six Latin American countries: 1993-1999 surveillance.
abstract: The impact of invasive pneumococcal invasive disease is increased by the emergence of antibiotic resistance. We report regional and temporal variations in antibiotic resistance for 4,105 invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected from Latin American children <5 years, between 1993 and 1999. Reduced susceptibility to penicillin was detected in 1,182 isolates (28.8%); 36% of these were resistant (> or = 2 microg/ml), including 12.6% with MIC > or = 4 microg/ml, occurring primarily in serotypes 14 and 23F. Reduced susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins was detected in 12.1% of the collection. Mexico had the highest proportion of reduced susceptibility to penicillin (51.6%) and to third-generation cephalosporins (22%), whereas Brazil had the lowest at 20.9% and 0.7%, respectively. Isolates cultured from patients with pneumonia were more likely to have reduced susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins than isolates from patients with meningitis (p < 0.0001). Susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and vancomycin was tested by disk diffusion for 2.899 isolates. Reduced susceptibility was observed for 45.6%, 11.5%, 6.9%, and 0%, respectively. Thirty-one percent of the strains were resistant to > or = 2 drugs. High levels of antibiotic resistance in Latin America emphasize the need for the development of and adherence to rational antibiotic use guidelines. On-going surveillance will monitor the impact of these programs.
authors.affiliation: Departamento Materno-infantil y Laboratorio de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo, Uruguay. mhortal@st.com.uy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hortal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lovgren
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de la Hoz
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Agudelo
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Brandileone
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Camou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Casagrande
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castañeda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corso
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Echaniz
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hormazabal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pace
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palacio
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perez-Giffoni
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruvinsky
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Di Fabio
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D018550:Cephalosporin Resistance; D002648:Child; D004351:Drug Resistance; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D005260:Female; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011786:Quality Control; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects*; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance