title: Detection of dysplastic intestinal adenomas using enzyme-sensing molecular beacons in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proteases play key roles in the pathogenesis of tumor growth and invasion. This study assesses the expression of cathepsin B in dysplastic adenomatous polyps.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aged Apc(Min/+) mice served as an experimental model for familial adenomatous polyposis. The 4 experimental groups consisted of (a) animals injected with a novel activatable, cathepsin B sensing near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging probe; (b) animals injected with a nonspecific NIRF; (c) uninjected control animals; and (d) non-APC(Min/+) mice injected with the cathepsin B probe. Lesions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and optical imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cathepsin B was consistently overexpressed in adenomatous polyps. When mice were injected intravenously with the cathepsin reporter probe, intestinal adenomas became highly fluorescent indicative of high cathepsin B enzyme activity. Even microscopic adenomas were readily detectable by fluorescence, but not light, imaging. The smallest lesion detectable measured 50 microm in diameter. Adenomas in the indocyanine green and/or noninjected group were only barely detectable above the background.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current experimental study shows that cathepsin B is up-regulated in a mouse model of adenomatous polyposis. Cathepsin B activity can be used as a biomarker to readily identify such lesions, particularly when contrasted against normal adjacent mucosa. This detection technology can be adapted to endoscopy or tomographic optical imaging methods for screening of suspicious lesions and potentially for molecular profiling in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marten
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bremer
authors.forename: Khashayarsha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khazaie
authors.forename: Mansoureh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sameni
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sloane
authors.forename: Ching-Hsuan
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weissleder
mesh_terms: D018256:Adenomatous Polyps / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002401:Cathepsin B / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D017491:Genes, APC; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002401:Cathepsin B