title: A new amperometric glucose microsensor: in vitro and short-term in vivo evaluation.
abstract: For biosensor fabrication, it is important to optimize materials and methods in order to create predictable function in vitro and in vivo. For this reason, we designed a new glucose sensor ('revised protocol') that utilized an outer permselective membrane made of amphiphobic polyurethane which allows glucose passage through hydrophilic segments. An inner polyethersulfone membrane, stabilized with a trimethoxysilane, provided specificity. Before application of the inner membrane, it was necessary to etch the platinum electrode with a radio frequency oxygen plasma. The revised protocol sensors (n=185) were compared with sensors fabricated with an earlier ('original') protocol (n=204) which used an outer polyurethane without hydrophilic segments and a complex inner membrane of cellulose acetate and Nafion. The function of revised protocol sensors was more predictable in vitro as evidenced by a much lower variation of glucose sensitivity than the original protocol sensors. Revised and original protocol sensors were nearly linear up to a glucose concentration of 20 mM. In vitro interference from 0.1 mM acetaminophen was minimal in both groups of sensors and would be expected to represent about 2% of the total sensor response at normal glucose levels for revised protocol sensors. Prolonged testing of the revised protocol sensors for 11 days during immersion in buffer revealed stable sensitivities (day 1: 6.12+/-1.34 nA/mM; day 3: 6.33+/-1.40; day 8: 7.13+/-1.39; and day 11: 7.56+/-1.47; sensitivity for day 1 vs. each other day: not significant) and no critical loss of glucose oxidase activity. The response of the revised protocol sensors (n=7) to intraperitoneal glucose was tested in rats approximately one day after subcutaneous implantation and the sensors tracked glucose closely with a slight lag of 3-6 min.
authors.affiliation: iSense Corporation, 16125 SW 72nd Avenue, Portland, OR 97224, USA. kward@napplisci.com
authors.forename: W Kenneth
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Lawrence B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reach
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: George S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005947:Glucose