title: Emotional stress and craniomandibular dysfunction in children.
abstract: This study investigated the relationship between craniomandibular dysfunction (CMD) and emotionally stressful states measured by the urinary catecholamines in 314 children aged six to eight years. The children were examined clinically and interviewed by the same investigator. During the clinical examination the following variables were recorded: maximal mouth opening with and without pain, deviation of the mandible in opening wide, muscle and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) tenderness or pain and sounds from the TMJ. The variables recorded during the interview were headaches, difficulties in opening wide, pain upon opening wide, and clicking. A questionnaire was distributed to the parents to collect information regarding socioeconomic factors. A 24-hour urine sample was collected for each subject and analyzed by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique to assay the catecholamine content. The logistic multiple regression analysis was carried out to test whether craniomandibular dysfunction was affected by the studied variables. A 95% probability level was used. The results showed that epinephrine had a significant effect on TMJ tenderness, while norepinephrine and dopamine did not have a significant association with any of the signs and symptoms of CMD. The data suggest that emotionally stressful states increase the probability of developing TMJ tenderness in children of this age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Vanderas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menenakou
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Papagiannoulis
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D017271:Craniomandibular Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004298:Dopamine / Q000652:urine; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000652:urine; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000503:physiopathology; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000652:urine; D015588:Observer Variation; D011336:Probability; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013016:Sound; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine