title: Effect of hypothermia on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the pig.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pig has become an increasingly popular model for the study of cerebral protection during cardiothoracic surgery in recent years, but little information is available concerning hypothermic porcine physiology. Because the efficacy of cerebral protection depends largely upon metabolic suppression, we studied cerebral oxygen metabolism at various temperatures using two different methods to assess cerebral blood flow (CBF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve pigs (7 to 13 kg) underwent cooling on cardiopulmonary bypass to 8 degrees C as recorded by an electrode placed deep in the parenchyma of the brain. CBF was measured in 6 animals using radioactive microspheres and in the other 6 using fluorescent microspheres. CBF, cerebral oxygen consumption, and cerebral vascular resistance were determined at 37 degrees C, 28 degrees C, 18 degrees C, and 8 degrees C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both methods produced very similar data. CBF fell steadily with decrease in temperature to 18 degrees C but failed to drop further with more profound hypothermia. With both groups combined, mean cerebral oxygen metabolism was 2.63 mL/100 g per minute at 37 degrees C. Metabolic activity was 50% of base line values at 28 degrees C, 19% at 18 degrees C, and 11% at 8 degrees C. The Q10 value in the pig--the degree of metabolic suppression achieved by a 10 degrees C drop in temperature--is 2.46 (95% confidence interval 2.1 to 2.9); this value is consistent with similar studies in humans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of significant residual metabolic activity at 18 degrees C suggests that this degree of hypothermia may provide incomplete cerebral protection during prolonged interruption of CBF. This study demonstrates that cooling to temperatures below 18 degrees C in the pig can achieve greater metabolic suppression although it may be associated with loss of cerebral autoregulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York 10029, USA. marekejrlich@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Marek P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: Jock N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Weisz
authors.forename: Tatu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Juvonen
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bodian
authors.forename: Randall B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Griepp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods; D008863:Microspheres; D023421:Models, Animal; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen