title: [Pleural effusion and complicated empyema in children. Evolution and prognostic factors].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complicated pleural empyema has a torpid and longer clinical evolution, requiring in some patients surgical management. The predictive factors for surgical treatment are not well known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To search for clinical, laboratory or radiological predictors for the requirement of surgical treatment in pediatric patients with empyema.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the charts of 108 patients hospitalized for pneumonia plus pleural effusion at the Pediatric Service of the Catholic University Hospital between January 1985 and July 2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty one patients had complete radiological evaluation and pleural fluid biochemical analysis. Forty nine (60%) fulfilled the criteria for empyema and 32 (40%) for an exudate. Thirteen patients with empyema required surgery and 36 were treated medically. The mean age was 3 years (range 9 months-6 years) for the surgically treated and 4 years (range 12 months-14 years) for the non-surgical group. The male/female ratio was 5:1 in the surgical group and 1:1 for the non-surgical group. Pleural fluid cultures were positive in 21 of 79 patients. Streptococcus pneumonia was the most frequently isolated agent. No significant differences were found between groups for the average days of fever prior to the diagnosis or total days of fever, days of hospital stay, pleural fluid pH (6.8 and 7.0 respectively) and glucose (21 and 31 mg/dl respectively). No differences were either observed for pleural fluid risk factors (pH < 7 and glucose < 20 mgdl), the presence of extensive pleural effusions, pleural loculations or bands on pleural ultrasonography and positive Gram stain or cultures in the pleural fluid. Surgical patients required oxygen for more days than medical patients (7.7 and 5.1 days; p = 0.037).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study failed to find predictive clinical, radiological or pleural fluid parameters, for the requirement of surgical treatment of empyema.
authors.affiliation: Sección Respiratorio Pediátrico, Departamento de Pediatría, y Radiología, Sección de Cirugía Pediátrica, División de Cirugía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Lira 44-1er piso, Casilla 114-D Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Céspedes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuevas
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lecorre
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zúniga
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sánchez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000737:chemistry / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000150:complications*; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors