title: Immunohistochemical and charge-specific localization of anionic constituents in pseudoexfoliation deposits on the central anterior lens capsule from individuals with pseudoexfoliation syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pseudoexfoliation (PSX) syndrome is a degenerative systemic disorder that is characterized primarily by deposits of distinct fibrillar material on the surface lining the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye and is often associated with cataract and glaucoma. Although some components of the PSX material have been identified, the precise composition is obscure.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-resolution scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with colloidal cationic gold labeling was used to localize anionic constituents at the surface of PSX aggregates. Transmission electron microscopy was applied for the immunocytochemical detection of glycosaminoglycans, and to monitor the charge-specific distribution of colloidal thorium dioxide and ferritin in PSX material. The specific binding of antibodies was confirmed by immunohistological staining of paraffin-embedded specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paraffin-embedded tissue sections revealed immunoreactivity for keratan sulfate and dermatan sulfate proteoglycan within PSX material deposited on the surface of the anterior lens capsule. Post-embedding immunogold labeling of keratan sulfate demonstrated an intense label of PSX aggregates primarily associated with mature PSX fibrils, whereas dermatan sulfate proteoglycon appeared to be present in low quantities. Additionally, keratan sulfate was found at the humoral periphery of the lens capsules. To further investigate the distribution of anionic sites in PSX material, we used cationic colloidal tracers of different size, such as gold, thorium dioxide and ferritin. PSX aggregates exhibited a strong negative charge, resulting very likely from glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans. The density of anionic sites was higher at the interfibrillar matrix. Lens capsules associated with PSX material revealed a diminished accumulation of cationic ferritin at the humoral surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased amounts of different glycosaminoglycans identified in PSX material suggest an important role of proteoglycans for the pathogenic pathway in PSX.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany. jorgw@yahoo.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lünsdorf
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wirbelauer
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Laqua
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000838:Anions; D000869:Anterior Eye Segment; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003871:Dermatan Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017889:Exfoliation Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005293:Ferritins; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007632:Keratan Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007903:Lens Capsule, Crystalline / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007905:Lens Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013911:Thorium Dioxide
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; C032649:dermatan sulfate proteoglycan; D003871:Dermatan Sulfate; D005293:Ferritins; D007632:Keratan Sulfate; D013911:Thorium Dioxide