title: Micronutrients and ovarian cancer: a case-control study in Italy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of selected micronutrients, vitamins and minerals in the aetiology of epithelial ovarian cancer was investigated using data from a case-control study conducted between 1992 and 1999 in five Italian areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were 1,031 patients with histologically confirmed incident epithelial ovarian cancer. Controls were 2,411 subjects admitted for acute, non-neoplastic diseases to major hospitals in the same catchment areas. Dietary habits were elicited using a validated food frequency questionnaire including 78 food groups and recipes. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were computed by quintiles of intake of nutrients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inverse associations emerged for vitamin E (OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.5-0.8), beta-carotene (OR = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.6-1.0), lutein/zeaxanthin (OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.5-0.8 for the highest vs. the lowest quintile of intake), and calcium intake (OR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.6-1.0). When the combined effect of calcium and vitamin E was considered, the OR reached 0.4 (95% CI: 0.3-0.7) for subjects in the highest compared to those in the lowest intake tertile of both micronutrients. Results were consistent across strata of menopausal status, parity and family history of ovarian or breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intake of selected micronutrients, which were positively correlated to a diet rich in vegetables and fruits, was inversely associated with ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Servizio di Epidemiologia, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano Italy. epidemiology@cro.it
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bidoli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Talamini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parpinel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montella
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carbone
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004435:Eating; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy; D014975:Lutein / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E; D002118:Calcium; D014975:Lutein