title: Clinical evaluation of the effects of immobilization followed by remobilization and exercise on the metacarpophalangeal joint in horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate clinical effects of immobilization followed by remobilization and exercise on the metacarpophalangeal joint (MPJ) in horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  5 healthy horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  After lameness, radiographic, and force plate examinations to determine musculoskeletal health, 1 forelimb of each horse was immobilized in a fiberglass cast for 7 weeks, followed by cast removal and increasing amounts of exercise, beginning with hand-walking and ending with treadmill exercise. Lameness examination, arthrocentesis of both MPJ, single-emulsion radiographic examination, nuclear scintigraphic examination, ground-reaction force-plate analysis, and computed tomographic examination were done at various times during the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All horses were lame in the immobilized MPJ after cast removal; lameness improved slightly with exercise. Force plate analysis revealed a significant difference in peak forces between immobilized and contralateral limbs 2 weeks after cast removal. Range of motion of the immobilized MPJ was significantly decreased, and joint circumference was significantly increased, compared with baseline values, during the exercise period. Osteopenia was subjectively detected in the immobilized limbs. Significant increase in the uptake of radionucleotide within bones of the immobilized MPJ after cast removal and at the end of the study were detected. Loss of mineral opacity, increased vascular channels in the subchondral bone, and thickening within the soft tissues of the immobilized MPJ were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that 8 weeks of enforced exercise after 7 weeks of joint immobilization did not restore joint function or values for various joint measurements determined prior to immobilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-5606, USA.
authors.forename: Philip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Van Harreveld
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lillich
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Kawcak
authors.forename: Earl M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gaughan
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mclaughlin
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Debowes
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000662:veterinary; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000473:pathology; D008662:Metacarpophalangeal Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008852:Microradiography / Q000662:veterinary; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012149:Restraint, Physical