title: Treatment of children and adolescents with localized parameningeal sarcoma: experience of the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group protocols IRS-II through -IV, 1978-1997.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We reviewed 611 patients with parameningeal sarcoma entered on Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group (IRSG) Protocols-II through IV (1978-1997), to delineate treatment results and evaluate prognostic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary sites were the middle ear/mastoid (N = 138), nasopharynx/nasal cavity (N = 235), paranasal sinuses (N = 132), parapharyngeal region (N = 29), and the pterygopalatine/infratemporal fossa (N = 77). Treatment was initial biopsy or surgery followed by multiagent chemotherapy and radiation therapy (XRT). Beginning in 1977, patients with cranial nerve palsy, cranial base bony erosion, and/or intracranial extension at diagnosis were considered as having meningeal involvement. They received triple intrathecal medications, whole brain XRT, and then spinal XRT. These treatments were successively eliminated from 1980 to 1991.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 611 patients' overall survival rate at 5 years was 73% (95% confidence interval, 70-77%). Favorable prognostic factors were: age 1-9 years at diagnosis; primary tumor in the nasopharynx/nasal cavity, middle ear/mastoid, or parapharyngeal areas; no meningeal involvement; and non-invasive tumors (T1). Thirty-five of 526 patients (6.7%) with information about presence/absence of meningeal involvement at diagnosis developed central nervous system (CNS) extension at 5-164 weeks (median, 46 weeks) after starting therapy. The estimated 5-year cumulative incidence rate of CNS extension during the study period was 5-7% (P = 0.88).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biopsy, XRT to the target volume, and systemic chemotherapy are successful treatments for the large majority of patients with localized parameningeal sarcoma. Carefully defining and irradiating the initial volume should reduce the risk of CNS failure. Aggressive initial surgical management of these patients is unnecessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pediatrics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Braney@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Richard Beverly
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Raney
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meza
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fryer
authors.forename: Sarah S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Breneman
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Edmund A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gehan
authors.forename: Jeff M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Michalski
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Qualman
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: Moody D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wharam
authors.forename: Eugene S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Wiener
authors.forename: Harold M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Crist
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003561:Cytarabine; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D008727:Methotrexate