title: Rapid-eye-movement sleep in jittery infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenesis of neonatal jitteriness (JT) remains unknown. Neonatal JT could be one of the symptoms associated with drug withdrawal syndrome due to maternal medication. To study the influence of chemicals and environment on brain development in the fetal period, Swaab and Mirmiran proposed "behavioral teratology". JT could be one of the targets for this concept. Swaab and Mirmiran postulated that rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM sleep) is useful for studying behavioral teratology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine the neurophysiological alterations in infants with JT by investigating REM sleep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep records were obtained three times for each of six jittery infants. The mothers of three infants had been on medication (either alpha-methyl dopa, reserpine or haloperidol) during pregnancy, whereas the mothers of the other three infants took no medication during pregnancy. REM sleep parameters (the amount of REM sleep against the total sleep time, newly designated indices-tonic inhibition index (TII) and phasic inhibition index--, and the incidences of gross movements, phasic chin muscle activity (PCMA), and bursts of rapid eye movements) in the six jittery infants were compared with those in age-matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regardless of maternal medication, TIIs, which represent the shortening of PCMA during REM sleep, were higher in the jittery infants than in the controls. No other REM sleep parameters showed constant differences between the patients and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Release of the blockade of dopamine D2 receptors in the fetal brain is considered to be critical for the occurrence of neonatal JT with elevation of TII. Since the abnormal elevation of TII continued after 6 months of age when our patients did not show JT anymore, we have to keep monitoring jittery infants from the standpoint of "behavioral teratology".
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, 113-8519 Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimohira
authors.forename: Yoshihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwakawa
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kohyama
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D008750:Methyldopa / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012110:Reserpine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D012895:Sleep, REM
chemical_list: D008750:Methyldopa; D012110:Reserpine; D006220:Haloperidol