title: Stethoscope: a friend or an enemy?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The stethoscope is a universal tool in the hospital that is in direct contact with many patients and can therefore be a vector in the dissemination of bacterial infections.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To research the presence of bacteria, fungi and yeast on the stethoscope diaphragm and the resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive, prospective, non-controlled.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples were taken randomly from 300 stethoscopes employed by medical staff (medical residents, medical students, nurses and nursing school students) and other sectors of the hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred stethoscope diaphragms used in several sectors of the hospital facilities by medical doctors (63 samples), medical residents (54 samples), medical students (106 samples), nursing school students (33 samples) and specific sectors (36 samples) were analyzed. Material was collected randomly. It was collected with the aid of a sterile swab moistened in physiological solution, inoculated into Brain Heart Infusion media and incubated in an oven for 24 to 48 hours. After this period, the samples were inoculated into blood agar, MacConkey agar and Sabouraud media and identified by Gram staining and biochemical assays. An assay to test bacteria sensitivity to antibiotics was also carried out by the Kirby-Bauer method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-seven percent of the analyzed stethoscopes were contaminated. Gram-positive cocci, yeasts, fungi and Gram-positive and negative bacilli were isolated. There was no significant association between the most predominant microorganisms and professional category. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus negative coagulase and Bacillus were significantly more frequent in relation to the presence of more than one microorganism on the stethoscope diaphragm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stethoscopes presented a high rate of contamination and their use without precautions can spread nosocomial infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology and Pathology, Center for Medical and Biological Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Praça Dr. José Ermirio de Moraes, 290 Sorocaba/SP, Brazil, CEP 18030-230. elisazuliani@bol.com.br
authors.forename: Maria Elisa
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Zuliani Maluf
authors.forename: Andréa Fogli
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.forename: Marcos Eduardo
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bercial
authors.forename: Soraya Ayres
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Pedroso
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000635:transmission; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019023:Stethoscopes / Q000382:microbiology*