title: Peroxynitrite-induced nitration of tyrosine hydroxylase: identification of tyrosines 423, 428, and 432 as sites of modification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and tyrosine-scanning mutagenesis.
abstract: Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the initial and rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine, is inactivated by peroxynitrite. The sites of peroxynitrite-induced tyrosine nitration in TH have been identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry and tyrosine-scanning mutagenesis. V8 proteolytic fragments of nitrated TH were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A peptide of 3135.4 daltons, corresponding to residues V410-E436 of TH, showed peroxynitrite-induced mass shifts of +45, +90, and +135 daltons, reflecting nitration of one, two, or three tyrosines, respectively. These modifications were not evident in untreated TH. The tyrosine residues (positions 423, 428, and 432) within this peptide were mutated to phenylalanine to confirm the site(s) of nitration and assess the effects of mutation on TH activity. Single mutants expressed wild-type levels of TH catalytic activity and were inactivated by peroxynitrite while showing reduced (30-60%) levels of nitration. The double mutants Y423F,Y428F, Y423F,Y432F, and Y428F,Y432F showed trace amounts of tyrosine nitration (7-30% of control) after exposure to peroxynitrite, and the triple mutant Y423F,Y428F,Y432F was not a substrate for nitration, yet peroxynitrite significantly reduced the activity of each. When all tyrosine mutants were probed with PEO-maleimide activated biotin, a thiol-reactive reagent that specifically labels reduced cysteine residues in proteins, it was evident that peroxynitrite resulted in cysteine oxidation. These studies identify residues Tyr(423), Tyr(428), and Tyr(432) as the sites of peroxynitrite-induced nitration in TH. No single tyrosine residue appears to be critical for TH catalytic function, and tyrosine nitration is neither necessary nor sufficient for peroxynitrite-induced inactivation. The loss of TH catalytic activity caused by peroxynitrite is associated instead with oxidation of cysteine residues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA. donald.kuhn@wayne.edu
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Mahdieh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadidi
authors.forename: Xiuli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kreipke
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Geddes
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: J Throck
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D004298:Dopamine / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D006801:Humans; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009154:Mutation; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D014443:Tyrosine; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D009584:Nitrogen; D004298:Dopamine