title: Aberrant expression of minichromosome maintenance proteins 2 and 5, and Ki-67 in dysplastic squamous oesophageal epithelium and Barrett's mucosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minichromosome maintenance (Mcm) proteins are essential for eukaryotic DNA replication, and their expression implies potential for cell proliferation. Expression is dysregulated in dysplastic states but data for oesophageal squamous mucosa and Barrett's mucosa have not been published.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that Mcm proteins are downregulated together with the proliferation marker Ki-67 in differentiating epithelial compartments of non-dysplastic squamous and Barrett's epithelium, and that this process does not occur in dysplastic mucosae. METHODS AND CASES: Forty five patients with Barrett's oesophagus included 20 with glandular dysplasia (10 low grade, eight high grade, two both, and four with invasive adenocarcinoma). Twenty five other patients included 12 with oesophageal squamous dysplasia (three low grade, six high grade, three both, and four with invasive squamous carcinoma). Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections from biopsy series and resections were immunostained using antibodies to Mcm2, Mcm5, and Ki-67. Percentage of nuclei positive for Mcm2, Mcm5, and Ki-67 was estimated and scored from 0 to 6 as: 0, none +; 1, <10%+; 2, 10-30%+; 3, 30-70%+; 4, 70-90%+; 5, >90%+; 6, all+. Four separate epithelial strata were scored: in squamous epithelium the basal layer and thirds to the surface, in Barrett's mucosa the luminal surface, upper and lower crypt, and deep glands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In non-dysplastic squamous epithelium and Barrett's mucosa, high level expression of Mcm2, Mcm5, and Ki-67 proteins was largely confined to the proliferative compartments and downregulated in differentiated compartments. Expression persisted up to the mucosal surface in dysplastic squamous epithelium and Barrett's mucosa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistent expression of Mcm2, Mcm5, and Ki-67 proteins in luminal compartments of dysplastic oesophageal squamous epithelium and dysplastic Barrett's mucosa may be diagnostic markers and imply disruption of cell cycle control and differentiation in these dysplastic epithelia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Glasgow University, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK. going@udcf.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Going
authors.forename: W N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Keith
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Neilson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stoeber
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D064111:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; C085711:mcm5 protein, S pombe; D064111:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2