title: Working area and angle of attack in three cranial base approaches: pterional, orbitozygomatic, and maxillary extension of the orbitozygomatic approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to quantify the operative exposure obtained in the pterional, orbitozygomatic, and modified orbitozygomatic with maxillary extension surgical approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pterional and orbitozygomatic approaches and a variation of the orbitozygomatic osteotomy that included an extra centimeter of bone resection in the inferior direction ("maxillary extension") were performed on cadaveric heads. For each surgical exposure, the working area was determined by using triangles defined with anatomic points. The "angle of attack" of the approaches for the same target point was determined with the use of a robotic microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum allowable angle of attack was significantly greater with the orbitozygomatic approach (37.2 +/- 4.7 degrees) than that with the pterional approach (27.1 +/- 4.3 degrees) (P < 0.001). The angle of attack with the maxillary extension (42.0 +/- 4.9 degrees) was significantly greater than that with the orbitozygomatic approach (P < 0.001). The working areas were 281, 343, and 371 mm(2) for the pterional, orbitozygomatic, and maxillary extension approaches, respectively. The orbitozygomatic approach with maxillary extension had a significantly larger working area than the pterional approach (P = 0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increments in bony removal open a wider angle in which to work more than they increase the actual amount of working area. Increasing the amount of bone removed by using an orbitozygomatic approach instead of a pterional approach converts a narrow space into a wide portal, allowing surgeons to work closer to the surgical target while decreasing the need for brain retraction. Extending the orbitozygomatic approach into the maxillary region also improves the exposure area and angle, but less significantly.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013-4496, USA.
authors.forename: L Fernando
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Horgan
authors.forename: Pushpa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deshmukh
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zabramski
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Spetzler
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D003399:Craniotomy; D004210:Dissection; D006801:Humans; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D009915:Orbit / Q000601:surgery; D010027:Osteotomy; D019291:Skull Base / Q000601:surgery*; D015050:Zygoma / Q000601:surgery