title: Potential role of medullary raphe-spinal neurons in cutaneous vasoconstriction: an in vivo electrophysiological study.
abstract: In rabbits, raphe magnus/pallidus neurons form a link in the CNS pathway regulating changes in cutaneous blood flow elicited by nociceptive stimulation and activation of the central nucleus of the amygdala. To characterize relevant raphe-spinal neurons, we performed extracellular recordings from the rostral medullary raphe nuclei in anesthetized, paralyzed, mechanically ventilated rabbits. All studied neurons were antidromically activated from the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord (C(8)-T(2)). Of 129 studied neurons, 40% were silent. The remaining neurons discharged spontaneously at 0.3-29 Hz. Nociceptive stimulation (lip squeeze with pliers) excited 63 (49%), inhibited 9 (7%), and did not affect 57 (44%) neurons. The same stimulation also elicited falls in ear pinna blood flow. In neurons activated by the stimulation, the increase in discharge preceded the fall in flow. Electrical stimulation of the spinal trigeminal tract excited 61/63 nociception-activated neurons [onset latencies range: 6-75 ms, mean: 28 +/- 3 (SE) ms], inhibited 9/9 nociception-inhibited neurons (onset latencies range: 9-85 ms, mean: 32 +/- 10 ms), and failed to affect 55/57 neurons insensitive to nociceptive stimulation. Neurons insensitive to nociceptive/trigeminal stimulation were also insensitive to nonnociceptive tactile stimulation and to electrical stimulation of the amygdala. They were either silent (32/45) or discharged regularly at low frequencies. They possessed long-duration action potentials (1.26 +/- 0.08 ms) and slow-conducting axons (6.0 +/- 0.5 m/s). These neurons may be serotonergic raphe-spinal cells. They do not appear to be involved in nociceptive-related cutaneous vascular control. Of the 63 neurons sensitive to nociceptive and trigeminal tract stimulation, 35 also responded to tactile stimulation (wide receptive field). These neurons possessed short action potentials (0.80 +/- 0.03 ms) and fast-conducting axons (30.3 +/- 3.1 m/s). In this subpopulation, electrical stimulation of the amygdala activated nearly all neurons tested (10/12), with a mean onset latency of 34 +/- 3 ms. The remaining 28 neurons sensitive to nociceptive and trigeminal stimulation did not respond to tactile stimuli and were mainly unaffected by amygdala stimulation. It may be that fast-conducting raphe-spinal neurons, with wide multimodal receptive fields and with input from the central nucleus of the amygdala, constitute the bulbo-spinal link in the CNS pathway regulating cutaneous blood flow in response to nociceptive and alerting stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia. eugene.nalivaiko@flinders.edu.au
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nalivaiko
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Blessing
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004594:Electrophysiology; D008046:Lip / Q000294:innervation; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000502:physiology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011817:Rabbits; D011903:Raphe Nuclei / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D014279:Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology*