title: Minimally invasive valve surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac surgery has been the last area of clinical surgery to adopt and embrace minimally invasive surgical techniques. Since the onset of arterial embolectomy in 1965, arthroscopic knee surgery performed in 1975 and laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1985, huge advances in videoscopic, thorascopic and small incision surgery has taken place in all specialties which now allow change in the traditional approaches to cardiac valve surgery. In 1996, the Brigham and Women's Hospital, along with other units, began minimally invasive cardiac valve surgery for patients who had isolated valve pathology without coronary disease. Our experience now totals 689 patients, including 353 minimally invasive mitral valve repair/replacements and 336 minimally invasive aortic valve replacements, including root replacement and reoperations.
  
  
  METHODS
  This new operative approach involves smaller incisions, the mandatory use of transesophageal echocardiogram for the monitoring of operation quality and air removal, newer perfusion techniques and some modifications in the standard valve repair/replacement techniques. With this blending of TEE, better perfusion techniques and new exposure, the safety and quality of valve operations by these techniques have been excellent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The operative mortality is equal to (AVR) or less than (MVP) conventional open sternotomy cases and there is a shorter length of stay in the ICU and post-ICU, leading to a lower cost than conventional procedures. There are also less blood transfusions, atrial fibrillation and posthospital rehabilitation requirements, and patients have indicated that there is a faster return to normality over the conventional operative approaches. This brief report summarizes our experience from July, 1996 to January 2001.
authors.affiliation: Virginia and James Hubbard Professor of Cardiac Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Cohn
mesh_terms: D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery