title: Medical management of advanced heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advanced heart failure, defined as persistence of limiting symptoms despite therapy with agents of proven efficacy, accounts for the majority of morbidity and mortality in heart failure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review current medical therapy for advanced heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE for all articles containing the term advanced heart failure that were published between 1980 and 2001; EMBASE was searched from 1987-1999, Best Evidence from 1991-1998, and Evidence-Based Medicine from 1995-1999. The Cochrane Library also was searched for critical reviews and meta-analyses of congestive heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials of therapy for 150 patients or more were included if advanced heart failure was represented. Other common clinical situations were addressed from smaller trials as available, trials of milder heart failure, consensus guidelines, and both published and personal clinical experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data quality was determined by publication in peer-reviewed literature or inclusion in professional society guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A primary focus for care of advanced heart failure is ongoing identification and treatment of the elevated filling pressures that cause disabling symptoms. While angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-adrenergic agents can slow disease progression and prolong survival, titration and tolerability often present challenges. Most patients are not eligible for surgical intervention but do benefit from a medical regimen tailored to individual clinical and hemodynamic profiles and from heart failure management programs that reduce rehospitalization. Survival ranges from 80% at 2 years for patients rendered free of congestion to less than 50% at 6 months for patients with refractory symptoms, in whom end-of-life options may include hospice care and inactivation of implantable defibrillators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current management of advanced heart failure is based more on consensus than on randomized trials. Systematic investigation should address not only new therapies but also strategies for selecting and optimizing therapies already available.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Tower 3-A, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Anju
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nohria
authors.forename: Eldrin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Lynne Warner
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019468:Disease Management; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents