title: Nutritional status, iron-deficiency-related indices, and immunity of female athletes.
abstract: Nutritional status, iron-deficiency-related biochemical indices, and immunologic patterns of female Judo athletes and control subjects were evaluated. The subjects' 3-d food records showed that 41.0 kcal/kg of energy was consumed daily and the contributions of protein, fat, and carbohydrate to total energy intake were 12.5%, 29.2%, and 58.3%, respectively. The reported vitamin intakes of athletic subjects were above those of the recommended daily allowance, however, calcium and iron intakes were less than 100% of the recommended daily allowance. Intakes of energy, protein, phosphate, vitamin B1, and vitamin B2 were higher in the athletes than in the control subjects. Analysis using the Nutrient Adequacy Ratio and the Index of Nutritional Quality showed that athletic subjects had more desirable patterns than the control subjects. There was no any indication of anemia, which often occurs as a result of hemodilution in strenuously trained athletes. The subjects' immunologic patterns showed a slight immunosuppression. Iron, vitamin B1, niacin intakes were positively correlated with immunoglobulin (Ig) G levels in the athletes. The relation between nutrient intakes and the immune systems of endurance-trained athletes needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea. kim0051@unitel.co.kr
authors.forename: Sook He
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hye Young P
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Woo Kyung
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ock Jin
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins