title: [Effects of supplementing of calcium, iron and zinc on women's health during pregnancy].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of supplementing biscuits fortified with calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (VD), iron (Fe), vitamin C (VC) and zinc (Zn) to pregnant women from the 5th month of gestation until delivery on their health, and to explore a way to improve their Ca, Fe and Zn nutritional status during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 313 healthy and primary pregnant women were enrolled and divided into five study groups based on their order visiting the hospitals for prenatal care. Each woman of the study groups was given three pieces of biscuit fortified with VD, Ca and VD, Ca, Zn and VD (Ca + Zn + VD), Ca, Fe, VC and VD (Ca + Fe + VD), Ca, Fe, VC, Zn and VD (Ca + Fe + Zn + VD), respectively, from the 15th month of gestation until delivery (24 weeks in total) daily. The fortified levels were 10 micrograms VD, 400 mg Ca from carbonate calcium, 10 mg Zn from lactate zinc, 10 mg Fe from ferrous lactate, and 50 mg VC, respectively. A parturient women was selected from the same hospital as control after one trial subject for each study groups selected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The daily dietary intakes of Ca, Zn and Fe in pregnant women were only 47.7%, 54.7% and 86.7% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances for Chinese. Incidence of anemia for mid-term pregnant women was 35.2%, and Fe-supplementation could significantly improved their hemoglobin level (P < 0.05). Prevalence of anemia in the groups of Ca + Fe + Zn + VD and Ca + Fe + VD was 35.3% and 40.7%, respectively, before Fe supplementation and reduced to zero and 4.0%, respectively, after Fe supplementation. Whereas, prevalence of anemia in the other groups without Fe supplementation still kept in a relatively high level. In the groups supplemented with Ca, their plasma Ca level increased, especially with the best results in Ca + VD group. Plasma level of Zn declined with length of gestation, which could be improved by Zn supplementation. Serum level of alkaline phosphatase activity increased a little bit with length of gestation. There was no significant difference in radial and ulnar bone mineral density (BMD) between trial groups and controls two months after delivery. Maternal radial and ulnar BMD correlated significantly with their dietary Ca intakes in Ca + VD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The best way to improve maternal nutritional status is supplementation of Ca + Fe + Zn + VitD, based on the Recommended Dietary Allowances for Chinese.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal and Child Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000378:metabolism*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism; D016387:Women's Health; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D002118:Calcium