title: Fetal cleft lip and palate: sonographic diagnosis, chromosomal abnormalities, associated anomalies and postnatal outcome in 70 fetuses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between facial clefts, associated malformations and chromosomal abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sonograms of 70 fetuses with cleft lip with or without cleft palate were prospectively and retrospectively evaluated in our tertiary referral center for the nature of the cleft lip or palate and for the nature of the associated anomalies. Additionally, karyotyping was performed in 63 of the 70 patients (90%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of additional anomalies and the mortality rate in this selected population varied with the type of cleft. None of the fetuses presenting an isolated cleft lip had additional anomalies and all survived. All fetuses presenting a median facial cleft had concurrent anomalies (particularly of the central nervous system (90%)) and a fatal outcome. Associated defects were more frequent in fetuses with bilateral clefts (72%) than in those with unilateral clefts (48%). Fetuses with a unilateral cleft lip with or without cleft palate had a better survival rate (52%) than those with a bilateral cleft lip with or without cleft palate (35%). The frequency and type of chromosomal abnormalities varied with the type of cleft. The highest rate of chromosomal abnormalities was found in fetuses with median clefts (82%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although no conclusions regarding the prevalence of chromosomal or other anomalies in patients with a cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the general population could be drawn, the study revealed a strong relationship between the type of facial cleft, associated malformations, chromosomal abnormalities and fetal outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany. s.berge@uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bergé
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Plath
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Van de Vondel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Niederhagen
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Von Lindern
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hansmann
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D000025:Abortion, Eugenic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002882:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13; D002887:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007621:Karyotyping; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014314:Trisomy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal