title: Alcohol consumption and risk for congestive heart failure in the Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although excessive alcohol consumption can promote cardiomyopathy, little is known about the association between alcohol consumption and risk for congestive heart failure in the community.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relation between alcohol consumption and risk for congestive heart failure in the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based, prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Framingham, Massachusetts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in the Framingham Heart Study who were free of congestive heart failure and coronary heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported alcohol consumption; sex-specific rates of congestive heart failure per 1000 person-years of follow-up by level of alcohol consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, 99 cases of congestive heart failure occurred during 26 035 person-years of follow-up. In women, 120 cases of congestive heart failure occurred during 35 563 person-years of follow-up. After adjustment for multiple confounders, risk for congestive heart failure was lower among men at all levels of alcohol consumption compared with men who consumed less than 1 drink/wk. The hazard ratio for congestive heart failure was lowest among men who consumed 8 to 14 drinks/wk (0.41 [95% CI, 0.21 to 0.81]) compared with those who consumed less than 1 drink/wk. In women, the age-adjusted hazard ratio for congestive heart failure was lowest among those who consumed 3 to 7 drinks/wk (0.49 [CI, 0.25 to 0.96]) compared with those who consumed less than 1 drink/wk. However, after adjustment for multiple predictors of congestive heart failure, this association was no longer statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the community, alcohol consumption is not associated with increased risk for congestive heart failure, even among heavy drinkers (> or = 15 drinks/wk in men and > or = 8 drinks/wk in women). To the contrary, when consumed in moderation, alcohol appears to protect against congestive heart failure.
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, National Institutes of Health, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA.
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Jane C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Djousse
authors.forename: R Curtis
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.forename: Ramachandran S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vasan
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology