title: Comparing dual-stream and standard cardiopulmonary bypass in pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dual-stream (DS) and standard cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  A DS catheter inserted into the distal ascending aorta across the arch pumps blood through an upper lumen (maximum 2.25 L/min) directed by a bloodstreaming baffle toward the arch vessels. A separate lower lumen pumps blood (maximum 3.75 L/min) into the aorta caudad to the inflated baffle. The baffle is flat and horizontal along the catheter. When the baffle is collapsed the heart or both lumens may perfuse all organs. For 30 minutes 8 randomized CPB pigs had corporeal cooling to 32 degrees C and for 30 minutes had rewarming to 36 degrees C. Eight randomized DS pigs had 25 degrees C upper lumen cooling for 60 minutes. Lower lumen blood flow was streamed at 32 degrees C for 30 minutes, then rewarmed to 36 degrees C for 30 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The change in relative lower lumen to brain blood flow as determined by brain-counted microspheres (15 micron) injected into the ascending aorta was less for DS brains than controls during full flow (DS 63.4+/-129.5 versus CPB 2,585.4+/-250.8, p < 0.001), and when injected into the ejecting-heart left atrium just after weaning off only lower lumen blood flow (DS 250.8+/-297.3 versus CPB 1,159.1+/-782.3, p < 0.001). DS brain temperatures were lower at an equal pump-off core temperature of 36 degrees C+/-0.5 degrees C (DS 31.6 degrees C+/-3.2 degrees C versus CPB 36.5 degrees C+/-1.7 degrees C, p < 0.025). Jugular O2 saturations were not different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DS-CPB prioritizes pump-filtered separate cold blood flow to the brain over a blood-streaming baffle to wash away potentially surgery related air and particulate matter arising from the heart or ascending aorta.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Veterans Affairs San Diego Health System, University of California at San Diego, 92161, USA. jamacoviak@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Macoviak
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Boerjan
authors.forename: Dwight D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Deal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002404:Catheterization; D005374:Filtration; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008863:Microspheres; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D017694:Rewarming; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen