title: Human factors in aviation crashes involving older pilots.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pilot errors are recognized as a contributing factor in as many as 80% of aviation crashes. Experimental studies using flight simulators indicate that due to decreased working memory capacity, older pilots are outperformed by their younger counterparts in communication tasks and flight summary scores.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examines age-related differences in crash circumstances and pilot errors in a sample of pilots who flew commuter aircraft or air taxis and who were involved in airplane or helicopter crashes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A historical cohort of 3306 pilots who in 1987 flew commuter aircraft or air taxis and were 45-54 yr of age was constructed using the Federal Aviation Administration's airmen information system. Crash records of the study subjects for the years 1983-1997 were obtained from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) by matching name and date of birth. NTSB's investigation reports were reviewed to identify pilot errors and other contributing factors. Comparisons of crash circumstances and human factors were made between pilots aged 40-49 yr and pilots aged 50-63 yr.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 165 crash records were studied, with 52% of these crashes involving pilots aged 50-63 yr. Crash circumstances, such as time and location of crash, type and phase of flight, and weather conditions, were similar between the two age groups. Pilot error was a contributing factor in 73% of the crashes involving younger pilots and in 69% of the crashes involving older pilots (p = 0.50). Age-related differences in the pattern of pilot errors were statistically insignificant. Overall, 23% of pilot errors were attributable to inattentiveness, 20% to flawed decisions, 18% to mishandled aircraft kinetics, and 18% to mishandled wind/runway conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither crash circumstances nor the prevalence and patterns of pilot errors appear to change significantly as age increases from the 40s to the 50s and early 60s.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. ghli@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Margaret W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.forename: Jurek G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Grabowski
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Rebok
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000401:Aircraft; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014887:Weather