title: Pathological long-bone fractures in residents with cerebral palsy in a long-term care facility in South Africa.
abstract: A high incidence of long-bone fractures has been observed in children and young adults with quadriplegic cerebral palsy in residential care. This study aimed to determine factors that contribute to these fractures and to institute preventive treatment. Twenty individuals (12 males, eight females) of a cohort of 88 residents with spastic quadriplegia in residential care in Gauteng, South Africa who had sustained fractures were compared with a random sample of age-matched control participants (10 males, 10 females) from the same facility. Participants ranged in age from 6 to 29 years (median 17.5 years). The majority of fractures were in the upper extremities. There was radiological and biochemical evidence of rickets and osteomalacia in both groups. However, the severity of the disease was more pronounced in the group with fractures. There was a significant relation (p=0.002) between the number of fractures and the use of anticonvulsant therapy (ACT). Three months of vitamin D administration (calciferol 5000 iu/day) resulted in a marked clinical improvement. There were no fractures during this period in either group. In addition, the mean serum calcium (Ca) and phosphate (Pi) levels increased (Ca from 2.17 to 2.35 mmol/L and Pi from 1.13 to 1.66 mmol/L) and mean total alkaline phosphatase level decreased (from 1123 to 423 U/L). We concluded that vitamin D deficiency was the major factor contributing to the occurrence of fractures in this population. Unless sunlight exposure can be guaranteed, vitamin D supplementation should be considered for children and adults in residential care, especially if they are on ACT, even in areas with year-round sunshine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. 159bis@chiron.wits.ac.za
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bischof
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pettifor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004872:Ergocalciferols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008027:Light; D008134:Long-Term Care; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010018:Osteomalacia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D012279:Rickets / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D004872:Ergocalciferols; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium