title: Improving employment outcomes for persons with severe mental illnesses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unemployment remains a major consequence of schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses. This study assesses the effectiveness of the Individual Placement and Support model of supportive employment relative to usual psychosocial rehabilitation services for improving employment among inner-city patients with these disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred nineteen outpatients with severe mental illnesses, 75% with chronic psychoses, from an inner-city catchment area were randomly assigned to either the Individual Placement and Support program or a comparison psychosocial rehabilitation program. Participants completed a battery of assessments at study enrollment and every 6 months for 2 years. Employment data, including details about each job, were collected weekly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individual Placement and Support program participants were more likely than the comparison patients to work (42% vs 11%; P<.001; odds ratio, 5.58) and to be employed competitively (27% vs 7%; P<.001; odds ratio, 5.58). Employment effects were associated with significant differences in cumulative hours worked (t(211) = -5.0, P =.00000003) and wages earned (t = -5.5, P =.00000003). Among those who achieved employment, however, there were no group differences in time to first job or in number or length of jobs held. Also, both groups experienced difficulties with job retention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As hypothesized, the Individual Placement and Support program was more effective than the psychosocial rehabilitation program in helping patients achieve employment goals. Achieving job retention remains a challenge with both interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, 701 W Pratt St, Suite 388, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. alehman@psych.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Anthony F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Lehman
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Lisa B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Scot
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McNary
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Postrado
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hackman
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McDonnell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore; D019090:Case Management; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012050:Rehabilitation, Vocational; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012949:Social Work, Psychiatric; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014505:Urban Population; D014830:Vocational Guidance