title: Role of mitochondria in ciprofloxacin induced apoptosis in bladder cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In our earlier series we showed that ciprofloxacin inhibits bladder tumor cell growth with concomitant S/G2M cell cycle arrest and reported an increased Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio in cells undergoing cell death. In the current series we elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which ciprofloxacin induces apoptotic processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ciprofloxacin mediated mitochondrial depolarization was detected by flow cytometry in HTB9 cells. Mitochondrial permeability transition was measured by spectrophotometry in isolated mitochondria treated with ciprofloxacin in the presence and absence of cyclosporin. The consequential decrease in mitochondrial calcium, cytochrome c release and Bax translocation to mitochondria, which resulted in the activation of caspase 3 leading to apoptotic cell death, was measured by biochemical and confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mitochondrial depolarization was observed during ciprofloxacin induced apoptotic processes. Cyclosporin A, a known inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, protected cells against decreased mitochondrial potential. Also, ciprofloxacin induced an alteration of mitochondrial calcium as early as 5 minutes and this disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis was prevented by cyclosporin. Ciprofloxacin also had a direct effect on swelling of isolated mitochondria, which was absent in the presence of cyclosporin. Mitochondrial changes were accompanied by cytochrome c release and caspase 3 activation. Our findings also showed Bcl-2 dependent subcellular redistribution of Bax to the mitochondrial membrane in ciprofloxacin treated bladder tumor cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The disruption of calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial swelling and redistribution of Bax to the mitochondrial membrane are key events in the initiation of apoptotic processes in ciprofloxacin treated bladder cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Aranha
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alhasan
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Tuan H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Fazlul H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Sarkar
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000503:physiopathology*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D019254:Genes, bcl-2 / Q000502:physiology; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; C494826:BAX protein, human; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D002118:Calcium