title: Usefulness of monitoring HIV drug resistance and adherence in individuals failing highly active antiretroviral therapy: a randomized study (ARGENTA).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the influence of genotypic resistance-guided treatment decisions and patient-reported adherence on the virological and immunological responses in patients failing a potent antiretroviral regimen in a randomized, controlled trial in a tertiary care infectious diseases department.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 174 patients with virological failure were randomly assigned to receive standard of care (SOC) or additional genotypic resistance information (G). Adherence was measured by a self-administered questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary endpoints were the proportion with HIV-RNA < 500 copies/ml at 3 and 6 months by intention-to-treat analysis. Secondary endpoints were changes from baseline HIV-RNA levels and CD4 cell counts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At entry, 25% had failed three or more highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens and 41% three drug classes; there were more resistance mutations in G. In 127 evaluable questionnaires, 43% reported last missed dose during the previous week. At 3 months, 11 of 89 patients (12%) in SOC and 23 of 85 (27%) in G had HIV-RNA < 500 copies/ml (OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.12-6.26); the relative proportions were 17 and 21% at 6 months. CD4 cell changes did not differ between arms. Six month CD4 cell changes were +62 in adherent and -13 cells/microl in non-adherent patients (P < 0.01). Being assigned to G, good adherence, previous history of virological success, fewer experienced HAART regimens and lower baseline viral load were independently predictive of 3 month virological success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The virological benefit of genotype-guided treatment decisions in heavily pre-exposed patients was short term. Patients adherence and residual treatment options influenced outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Clinica delle Malattie Infettive, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cingolani
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antinori
authors.forename: Maria Gabriella
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murri
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ammassari
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baldini
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Giambenedetto
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cauda
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Luca
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral