title: A review of HNS-32: a novel azulene-1-carboxamidine derivative with multiple cardiovascular protective actions.
abstract: HNS-32 [N(1),N(1)-dimethyl-N(2)-(2-pyridylmethyl)-5-isopropyl-3,8-dimethylazulene-1- carboxamidine] (CAS Registry Number: 186086-10-2) is a newly synthesized azulene derivative. Computer simulation showed that its three dimensional structure is similar to that of the class Ib antiarrhythmic drugs, e.g., lidocaine or mexiletine. HNS-32 potently suppressed ventricular arrhythmias induced by ischemia due to coronary ligation and/or ischemia-reperfusion in dogs and rats. In the isolated dog and guinea pig cardiac tissues, HNS-32 had negative inotropic and chronotropic actions, prolonged atrial-His and His-ventricular conduction time and increased coronary blood flow. In the isolated guinea pig ventricular papillary muscle, HNS-32 decreased maximal rate of action potential upstroke (Vmax) and shortened action potential duration (APD). These findings suggest that HNS-32 inhibits inward Na+ and Ca2+ channel currents. In the isolated pig coronary and rabbit conduit arteries, HNS-32 inhibited both Ca2+ channel-dependent and -independent contractions induced by a wide variety of chemical stimuli. HNS-32 is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated constriction of cerebral arteries. It is likely to block both, Na+ and Ca2+ channels expressed in cardiac and vascular smooth muscles. These multiple ion channel blocking effects are largely responsible for the antiarrhythmic and vasorelaxant actions of HNS-32. This drug may represent a novel approach to the treatment of arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan. yotanaka@phar.toho-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shigenobu
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000187:drug effects; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000187:drug effects; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D011725:Pyridines; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C108264:HNS 32; D011493:Protein Kinase C