title: In vivo detection of acute rat renal allograft rejection by MRI with USPIO particles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for non-invasively detecting renal rejection was developed by monitoring the accumulation of macrophages labeled with dextran-coated ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particles at the rat renal allografts during acute rejection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five groups of male rats with DA-->BN renal allografts and one group with BN-->BN renal isografts were investigated by MRI before, immediately after, and 24 hr after intravenous infusion with different doses of USPIO particles. All infusions were done on post-operative day 4. MRI experiments were carried out in a 4.7-Tesla instrument using a gradient echo sequence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MR signal intensity (MRSI) of the cortex was found to decrease with higher dosages of USPIO particles. In the absence of USPIO infusion, a decrease in MRSI was seen in the medulla region, presumably due to hemorrhage associated with renal graft rejection, while no significant change was observed in the cortex. The optimal dose of USPIO particles for visualizing rejection-associated changes in our rat kidney model appears to be 6 mg Fe/kg body weight. Iron staining results correlated with the MRSI data, indicating that the signal reduction in the MR images was due to the presence of iron. Immunohistochemical results indicated that USPIO particles were mostly taken up by infiltrating macrophages in the rejecting grafts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that MRI with intravenous administration of dextran-coated USPIO particles appears to be a valuable and promising tool that can be used as a non-invasive and sensitive method to detect graft rejection in renal transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2683, USA.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Dewen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Mangay
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Charnchai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pluempitiwiriyawej
authors.forename: José M F
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Moura
authors.forename: Chien
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D003911:Dextrans; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007501:Iron; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D008297:Male; D010087:Oxides; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D010087:Oxides; C097921:ferumoxtran-10; D007501:Iron; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide