title: Neurodevelopmental origins of tardivelike dyskinesia in schizophrenia patients and their siblings.
abstract: The question of whether dyskinesia of the type found in tardive dyskinesia (TD) related to schizophrenia has a neurodevelopmental background was studied in a sample of 60 younger schizophrenia patients (mean age 38 years) and 21 of their non-ill siblings. TD-like dyskinesia was studied in relation to selected risk factors in the patients, and to neurological abnormality and parkinsonism in both patients and siblings. One or more signs of TD-like dyskinesia in patients were predicted by male gender, a history of obstetric complications, shorter illness duration, and shorter neuroleptic exposure. One or more signs of TD-like dyskinesia were found in 28.5 percent of the siblings and tended to be associated with neurological abnormality. Little co-occurrence of TD-like dyskinesia was found in the sibling and the patient in the same family. Patients' TD-like dyskinesia was significantly associated with hard neurological signs (independent of involuntary movements) but not with soft signs or primitive reflexes per se. TD-like dyskinesia showed a significant positive relationship to parkinsonism in patients. TD-like dyskinesia in younger schizophrenia patients appears to have neurodevelopmental antecedents and seems to represent one aspect of the total neurological abnormality associated with schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cantor-Graae
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: McNeil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents