title: Mechanisms and abuse liability of the anti-histamine dimenhydrinate.
abstract: The over-the-counter anti-emetic dimenhydrinate (DMH) (Gravol or Dramamine) has been reported to be abused for non-medicinal purposes. Street drug users abuse DMH for the acute effects of euphoric sensations and hallucinations, while psychiatric patients abuse DMH for its anxiolytic or anti-cholinergic effects. DMH is an H(1) histamine receptor antagonist, but it interacts either directly or indirectly with other neurotransimitter systems, including those using acetylcholine, serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, opioids or adenosine. Animal behavioural studies, such as self-administration, conditioned place preference, drug discrimination, and modulation of operant responding, show that anti-histamines have abuse potential. Further support comes from reports of acute and chronic abuse of DMH by humans. Collectively, results confirm the abuse liability of DMH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada K7L 3N6.
authors.forename: Alison G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Halpert
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Olmstead
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Beninger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001519:Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D004111:Dimenhydrinate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders
chemical_list: D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D004111:Dimenhydrinate