title: Further study of CD31 protein and messenger ribonucleic acid expression in human cerebral vascular malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a previous study, we documented lower levels of immunoexpression of platelet endothelial cell (EC) adhesion molecule (CD31) in paraffin sections of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs), compared with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or normal brain tissue. We hypothesized that down-regulation of CD31 in CCMs might represent a distinctive phenotypic feature of ECs in this disease. To confirm this hypothesis, we further examined both protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of CD31, using immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analyses, in fresh-frozen specimens of CCMs, AVMs, and control brain tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh-frozen sections of four AVMs, five CCMs, and four control brain tissue specimens obtained from surgical resections were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies to von Willebrand factor and two distinct epitopes of CD31. In two AVMs, four CCMs, and three control brain tissue samples from the aforementioned group, the expression of CD31 mRNA was also examined by using in situ hybridization. Large (>100-microm) and small (<100-microm) vessels were counted and assessed for protein and mRNA expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all tissues, ECs in the majority of vessels were immunopositive for CD31 with two distinct antibodies. CD31 mRNA was expressed in some but not all vessels in AVMs, CCMs, and control brain tissue. There were no statistically significant differences in CD31 protein or mRNA expression in CCMs, AVMs, and control brain tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of CD31 in CCMs can be underestimated in paraffin sections. There does not seem to be a unique phenotypic differentiation of CD31 expression in ECs of CCMs or AVMs, compared with control brain tissue.
authors.affiliation: Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Ryunosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uranishi
authors.forename: Nabil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Awadallah
authors.forename: Omolara O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Ogunshola
authors.forename: Issam A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Awad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006392:Hemangioma, Cavernous / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D012333:RNA, Messenger