title: Surgical simulation software for insertion of pedicle screws.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As the first step toward finding noninvasive alternatives to the traditional methods of surgical training, we have developed a small, stand-alone computer program that simulates insertion of pedicle screws in different spinal vertebrae (T10-L5).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Delphi 5.0 and DirectX 7.0 extension for Microsoft Windows. This is a stand-alone and portable program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The program can run on most personal computers. It provides the trainee with visual feedback during practice of the technique. At present, it uses predefined three-dimensional images of the vertebrae, but we are attempting to adapt the program to three-dimensional objects based on real computed tomographic scans of the patients. The program can be downloaded at no cost from the web site: www.tums.ac.ir/downloads
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a preliminary work, it requires further development, particularly toward better visual, auditory, and even proprioceptive feedback and use of the individual patient's data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sina Hospital, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. Eftekhar@sina.tums.ac.ir
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eftekhar
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghodsi
authors.forename: Ebrahim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ketabchi
authors.forename: Saman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rasaee
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D003479:Curriculum; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D020407:Internet; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008838:Microcomputers; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000193:education*; D011859:Radiography; D012984:Software; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014584:User-Computer Interface