title: Transitional cell carcinoma in patients with spinal cord injury: a high risk malignancy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study bladder cancer incidence in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. SCI is associated with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. These patients are at an increased risk of developing bladder malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was mailed to all SCI centers in these countries. The number of patients with SCI treated between 1995 and 1999, and the data of all patients with SCI with bladder cancer were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The charts of 43,561 patients were reviewed. Of these, 48 patients (0.11%) developed bladder cancer. The data of 8 female and 29 male patients were fully available. The mean age was 53.3 years. Bladder management was reflex voiding in 18 patients, intermittent catheterization in 12 patients, and an indwelling catheter in 7 patients. Twelve patients were smokers. The mean time between SCI and the first bladder cancer diagnosis was 22.6 years. Thirty-two percent had superficial cancers, 8% had carcinoma in situ, and 60% presented with muscle-infiltrating tumors; 81% had urothelial cancer and 19% squamous cell cancer. Thirteen patients rarely had urinary tract infections (UTIs), 9 had more than 10 UTIs annually, and 15 had chronic UTIs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bladder cancer incidence in patients with SCI and in the general population is comparable. More than 60% of the patients with SCI, however, initially presented with muscle-infiltrating bladder cancer. Indwelling catheters and chronic UTIs were common in patients with bladder cancer. Immunologic pathologic mechanisms and a prolonged exposure to carcinogens may be involved in bladder cancer carcinogenesis in patients with SCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Herne, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pannek
mesh_terms: D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000150:complications*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization