title: Design and performance of a multi-centre randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of joint tele-consultations [ISRCTN54264250].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Appropriate information flow is crucial to the care of patients, particularly at the interface between primary and secondary care. Communication problems can result from inadequate organisation and training, There is a major expectation that information and communication technologies may offer solutions, but little reliable evidence. This paper reports the design and performance of a multi-centre randomised controlled trial (RCT), unparalleled in telemedicine research in either scale or range of outcomes. The study investigated the effectiveness and cost implications in rural and inner-city settings of using videoconferencing to perform joint tele-consultations as an alternative to general practitioner referral to the hospital specialist in the outpatient clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Joint tele-consultation services were established in both the Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust in inner London, and the Royal Shrewsbury Hospitals Trust, in Shropshire. All the patients who gave consent to participate were randomised either to joint tele-consultation or to a routine outpatients appointment. The principal outcome measures included the frequency of decision by the specialist to offer a follow-up outpatient appointment, patient satisfaction (Ware Specific Questionnaire), wellbeing (SF12) and enablement (PEI), numbers of tests, investigations, procedures and treatments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 134 general practitioners operating from 29 practices participated in the trial, referring a total of 3170 patients to 20 specialists in ENT medicine, general medicine (including endocrinology, and rheumatology), gastroenterology, orthopaedics, neurology and urology. Of these, 2094 patients consented to participate in the study and were correctly randomised. There was a 91% response rate to the initial assessment questionnaires, and analysis showed equivalence for all key characteristics between the treatment and control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have designed and performed a major multi-centre trial of teleconsultations in two contrasting centres. Many problems were overcome to enable the trial to be carried out, with a considerable development and learning phase. A lengthier development phase might have enabled us to improve the patient selection criteria, but there is a window of opportunity for these developments, and we believe that our approach was appropriate, allowing the evaluation of the technology before its widespread implementation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. p.wallace@pcps.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Jacklin
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wainwright
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005194:Family Practice; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D018579:Patient Selection; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012107:Research Design; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration