title: Cyclo-oxygenase-1/cyclo-oxygenase-2 non selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: epidemiology of gastrointestinal events.
abstract: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is associated with gastrointestinal side-effects including complications such as bleeding and perforation, which occur in 1-2% of patients after 6-12 months of therapy. A high level of non-prescription non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is observed among those presenting complications. More common side-effects are symptomatic gastro-duodenal ulcers (annual incidence of 4-8%) and dyspepsia (25-50%). Low-dose aspirin use is also associated with an increased risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but the increase is about 3 times lower than that found with common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Recent studies suggest that the risk of bleeding in patients taking preferential cyclooxygenase-II inhibitors (e.g. nimesulide) is similar to that in patients taking non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Epidemiological studies have also shown that nitric oxide donors and antisecretory drugs reduce the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding both in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and low-dose aspirin users.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain. alanas@posta.unizar.es
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanas
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D001241:Aspirin