title: Cost of identifying patients for carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cost of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) usually considers only the cost of the preoperative investigations and the procedure for the individual patient but ignores the cost incurred in selecting a patient from a referred "pool" of potential candidates or the "total direct program cost." The aim of this study was to estimate the total direct program cost (workup and procedure) of CEA in a large major teaching hospital in Edinburgh, Scotland using a retrospective study design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were patients with transient ischemic attacks and mild strokes referred to the neurovascular clinics for assessment, investigation, and possible CEA. The "workup" was defined as the clinical consultation, carotid duplex, 1 follow-up visit, and a catheter angiogram where indicated. We used data routinely collected from the neurovascular clinics during a 1-year period to estimate the workup cost of patients who might be suitable for CEA. The CEA procedure cost was estimated prospectively in a concurrent study. Estimated costs were applied to the proportions assessed at the different levels of investigation to determine the total direct program cost of CEA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 790 new patients with symptoms suggestive of transient ischemic attacks and mild strokes were identified. Four hundred one (51%) patients were referred for carotid duplex. Duplex identified 78 (10%) with carotid stenosis of > or =70%. Of the total of 790 patients, 26 (3.3%) had catheter angiogram and 18 (2.3%) had CEA. The total direct program cost to investigate this cohort was about 207 000 pounds sterling, with 68% (140 000 pounds sterling) of the cost incurred before any surgery was performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cost of identifying suitable patients for carotid surgery is quite high, with more than 30% of the cost attributed to the initial consultation at the neurovascular clinics. The cost of preventing 1 stroke by CEA is in the region of 100 000 pounds sterling at 1997/1998 prices if all the costs incurred in the workup of a cohort for potential CEA are included.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom. mtreadwell@barclays.net
authors.forename: Marikie M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Benade
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Warlow
mesh_terms: D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004180:Direct Service Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery; D018803:Models, Economic; D018579:Patient Selection; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012606:Scotland; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery; D014463:Ultrasonography