title: Cerebellar nodulectomy impairs spatial memory of vestibular and optokinetic stimulation in rabbits.
abstract: Natural vestibular and optokinetic stimulation were used to investigate the possible role of the cerebellar nodulus in the regulation and modification of reflexive eye movements in rabbits. The nodulus and folium 9d of the uvula were destroyed by surgical aspiration. Before and after nodulectomy the vertical and horizontal vestibuloocular reflexes (VVOR, HVOR) were measured during sinusoidal vestibular stimulation about the longitudinal (roll) and vertical (yaw) axes. Although the gain of the HVOR (G(HVOR) = peak eye movement velocity/peak head velocity) was not affected by the nodulectomy, the gain of the VVOR (G(VVOR)) was reduced. The gains of the vertical and horizontal optokinetic reflexes (G(VOKR), G(HOKR)) were measured during monocular, sinusoidal optokinetic stimulation (OKS) about the longitudinal and vertical axes. Following nodulectomy, there was no reduction in G(VOKR) or G(HOKR). Long-term binocular OKS was used to generate optokinetic afternystagmus, OKAN II, that lasts for hours. After OKAN II was induced, rabbits were subjected to static pitch and roll, to determine how the plane and velocity of OKAN II is influenced by a changing vestibular environment. During static pitch, OKAN II slow phase remained aligned with earth-horizontal. This was true for normal and nodulectomized rabbits. During static roll, OKAN II remained aligned with earth-horizontal in normal rabbits. During static roll in nodulectomized rabbits, OKAN II slow phase developed a centripetal vertical drift. We examined the suppression and recovery of G(VVOR) following exposure to conflicting vertical OKS for 10-30 min. This vestibular-optokinetic conflict reduced G(VVOR) in both normal and nodulectomized rabbits. The time course of recovery of G(VVOR) after conflicting OKS was the same before and after nodulectomy. In normal rabbits, the head pitch angle, at which peak OKAN II velocity occurred, corresponded to the head pitch angle maintained during long-term OKS. If the head was maintained in a "pitched-up" or "pitched-down" orientation during long-term OKS, the subsequently measured OKAN II peak velocity occurred at the same orientation. This was not true for nodulectomized rabbits, who had OKAN II peak velocities at head pitch angles independent of those maintained during long-term OKS. We conclude that the nodulus participates in the regulation of compensatory reflexive movements. The nodulus also influences "remembered" head position in space derived from previous optokinetic and vestibular stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Neurological Sciences Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, West Campus, 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR 97006, USA. barmackn@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Barmack
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Errico
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferraresi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fushiki
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Pettorossi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yakhnitsa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D003714:Denervation; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D018466:Gravity Sensing / Q000502:physiology; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D017120:Nystagmus, Optokinetic / Q000502:physiology; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011817:Rabbits; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*