title: Raloxifene and cardiovascular events in osteoporotic postmenopausal women: four-year results from the MORE (Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation) randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, improves cardiovascular risk factors, but its effect on cardiovascular events is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of raloxifene on cardiovascular events in osteoporotic postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of data from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation trial, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted between November 1994 and September 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient and community settings at 180 sites in 25 countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 7705 osteoporotic postmenopausal women (mean age, 67 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to receive raloxifene, 60 mg/d (n = 2557), or 120 mg/d (n = 2572), or placebo (n = 2576) for 4 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiovascular events, including coronary events (myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or coronary ischemia) and cerebrovascular events (stroke or transient ischemic attack), collected as safety end points and subsequently adjudicated by a cardiologist blinded to therapy. Cardiovascular risk at study entry was determined by the presence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors or prior coronary events or revascularization procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the overall cohort, there were no significant differences between treatment groups in the number of combined coronary and cerebrovascular events: 96 (3.7%) with placebo, 82 (3.2%) with 60 mg/d of raloxifene, and 94 (3.7%) with 120 mg/d of raloxifene. Relative risks (RRs) were 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64-1.15) and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.74-1.30) for 60 mg/d and 120 mg/d of raloxifene, respectively. Similar results were obtained when coronary and cerebrovascular events were analyzed separately. Among the subset of 1035 women with increased cardiovascular risk at baseline, those assigned to raloxifene had a significantly lower risk of cardiovascular events compared with placebo (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38-0.95 for both raloxifene groups). The number of cardiovascular events during the first year was not significantly different across groups in the overall cohort (P =.94), or among women at increased cardiovascular risk (P =.86) or with evidence of established coronary heart disease (P =.60).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Raloxifene therapy for 4 years did not significantly affect the risk of cardiovascular events in the overall cohort but did significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in the subset of women with increased cardiovascular risk. There was no evidence that raloxifene caused an early increase in risk of cardiovascular events. Before raloxifene is used for prevention of cardiovascular events, these findings require confirmation in trials with evaluation of cardiovascular outcomes as the primary objective.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr, No. 0607, La Jolla, CA 92093-0607, USA. ebarrettconnor@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barrett-Connor
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sashegyi
authors.forename: Pamela W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoszowski
authors.forename: Pentti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rautaharju
authors.forename: Kristine D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Harper
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000453:epidemiology; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D008074:Lipoproteins; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride