title: Developmental disorders in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis induced by chloroacetanilide herbicides and their degradation products.
abstract: Pesticides are known to transform in the environment, but so far the study of their effects in the environment has concentrated on the parent compounds, thereby neglecting the effects of the degradation products. The embryotoxic, developmental, and teratogenic effects of chloroacetanilide herbicides and their environmentally stable aniline degradation products were investigated in this study in view of the massive application of alachlor and metolachlor. Embryos at midblastula to early gastrula stages of a locally abundant African clawed frog Xenopus laevis were used as test organisms. The embryos were exposed to the test chemicals for 96 h in each experiment. Alachlor is more embryotoxic (the concentration causing 50% embryo lethality, 96-h LC50 = 23 microM [6.1 mg/L]) and teratogenic (teratogenic index [TI] = 1.7) than metolachlor (96-h LC50 = 48 microM [13.6 mg/L], TI = 0.2). The degradation products of alachlor and metolachlor, respectively, 2,6-diethylaniline (96-h LC50 = 13 microM [19.4 mg/L], TI = 2.1) and 2-ethyl-6-methyaniline (96-h LC50 = 509 microM [68.8 mg/L], TI = 2.7), are less embryotoxic but more teratogenic than their parent compounds. The most common teratogenic effects observed were edema for alachlor as opposed to axial flexures and eye abnormalities for 2,6-diethylaniline and 2-ethyl-6-methylaniline. Metolachlor is found to be an example of a nonteratogenic herbicide that upon degradation loses toxicity but gains teratogenicity, and both the herbicides, metolachlor and alachlor, are potential sources of teratogenic transformation products.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Studies, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya. odipo@africaonline.co.ke
authors.forename: Odipo
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Osano
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Admiraal
authors.forename: Dismas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Otieno
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D006540:Herbicides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D006540:Herbicides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C078188:2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetamide