title: Evaluation and comparison of pulsed and continuous wave radiofrequency electron paramagnetic resonance techniques for in vivo detection and imaging of free radicals.
abstract: The performance of two electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometers/imagers, one configured in pulsed mode and the other in continuous wave (CW) mode, at an operating frequency of 300 MHz is compared. Using the same resonator (except for altered Q-factors), identical samples and filling factors in the two techniques have been evaluated for their potentials and limitations for in vivo spectroscopic and imaging applications. The assessment is based on metrics such as sensitivity, spatial and temporal resolution, field of view, image artifacts, viable spin probes, and subjects of study. The spectrometer dead time limits the pulsed technique to samples with long phase memories (>275 ns). Nevertheless, for viable narrow-line spin probes, the pulsed technique offers better sensitivity and temporal resolution. The CW technique, on the other hand, does not restrict the choice at spin probes. In addition, the phase-sensitive narrow-band detection of the CW technique gives artifact-free images even for large objects. Selected examples illustrating the performance of the CW and pulsed techniques are presented to put the capabilities of the two techniques in perspective.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Ken-Ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Ramachandran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murugesan
authors.forename: Nallathamby
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Devasahayam
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Sankaran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: Murali C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Krishna
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005609:Free Radicals; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals