title: Does psychosocial functioning improve independent of depressive symptoms? A comparison of nefazodone, psychotherapy, and their combination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although it is known that antidepressant treatment improves psychosocial functioning, whether such changes occur independent of depressive symptoms is not known. This study compared efficacy of nefazodone, psychotherapy, and their combination in improving psychosocial functioning in chronically depressed outpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with chronic forms of major depressive disorder were randomized to 12 weeks of nefazodone, Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP), or combined nefazodone/CBASP. Psychosocial assessments measured overall psychosocial functioning, work functioning, interpersonal functioning, and general health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to community norms, patients with chronic major depression evidenced substantially impaired psychosocial functioning at baseline. Combined treatment produced significantly greater psychosocial improvement than either CBASP alone or nefazodone alone on all primary measures. Combined treatment remained superior to nefazodone on primary measures of work, social, and overall functioning, and superior to CBASP on social functioning when depressive symptoms were controlled. Unlike the two groups receiving nefazodone, CBASP alone's effect on psychosocial function was relatively independent of symptom change. Psychosocial functioning improved more slowly than depressive symptoms, and moderate psychosocial impairments remained at end point.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined treatment had greater effect than either monotherapy. Change in depressive symptoms did not fully explain psychosocial improvement. Moderate residual psychosocial impairment remained, suggesting the need for continuation/maintenance treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0188, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M A
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hirschfeld
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Dunner
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keitner
authors.forename: Daniel N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Lorrin M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Koran
authors.forename: Susan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kornstein
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Nemeroff
authors.forename: Philip T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Ninan
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rush
authors.forename: Alan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Schatzberg
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Thase
authors.forename: Madhukar H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: Frances E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Borian
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crits-Christoph
authors.forename: Martin B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines; D012917:Social Adjustment; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014230:Triazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D010879:Piperazines; D014230:Triazoles; C051752:nefazodone