title: 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside treatment improves glucose homeostasis in insulin-resistant diabetic (ob/ob) mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The 5'AMP-activated protein kinase is an important mediator of muscle contraction-induced glucose transport and a target for pharmacological treatment of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. The 5'AMP-activated protein kinase can be activated by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside. We hypothesised that 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside treatment could restore glucose homeostasis in ob/ob mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lean and ob/ob mice were given 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (1 mg.g body wt(-1).day(-1) s.c) or 0.9 % NaCl (vehicle) for 1-7 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Short-term 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside treatment normalised glucose concentrations in ob/ob mice within 1 h, with effects persisting over 4 h. After 1 week of daily injections, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside treatment corrected hyperglycaemia, improved glucose tolerance, and increased GLUT4 and hexokinase II protein expression in skeletal muscle, but had deleterious effects on plasma non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides. Treatment with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside increased liver glycogen in fasted and fed ob/ob mice and muscle glycogen in fasted, but not fed ob/ob and lean mice. Defects in insulin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and glucose transport in skeletal muscle from ob/ob mice were not corrected by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside treatment. While ex vivo insulin-stimulated glucose transport was reduced in isolated muscle from ob/ob mice, the 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside stimulated response was normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside mediated improvements in glucose homeostasis in ob/ob mice can be explained by effects in skeletal muscle and liver. Due to the apparently deleterious effects of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside on the blood lipid profile, strategies to develop tissue-specific and pathway-specific activators of 5'AMP-activated protein kinase should be considered in order to improve glucose homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 4, II, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: X M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fiedler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Galuska
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ryder
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernström
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Chibalin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wallberg-Henriksson
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zierath
mesh_terms: D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008112:Liver Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity; D012265:Ribonucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008112:Liver Glycogen; D012265:Ribonucleotides; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; D006003:Glycogen; C031143:AICA ribonucleotide; D005947:Glucose