title: Vitamin D deficiency: a concern in premenopausal Bangladeshi women of two socio-economic groups in rural and urban region.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was designed to evaluate the vitamin D status in women of different physiological status of two socio-economic groups in Bangladesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study, using serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two regions of Bangladesh. The Dhaka city area and west region of Nandail (Betagair Union), Mymensingh.
  
  
  METHODS
  Representative subjects of two groups (low socio-economic group=group L, n=99; and high socio-economic group=group H, n=90) of Bangladeshi women aged 16-40 y. About 87% of the subjects were housewives and the rest, 13%, were distributed among other different professions. Each group comprised of three sub-groups (non-pregnant non-lactating=1, pregnant=2, and lactating=3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The influence of socio-economic status and physiological status on serum 25-OHD concentration (P=0.038, P=0.015, respectively), serum calcium concentration (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively) and alkaline phosphatase activity (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively) were observed. The distribution of serum 25-OHD concentration in both groups was shifted overall toward the lower limit of the normal range. Seventeen percent of women in group L and 12% of women in group H had serum 25-OHD concentration <25 nmol/l. Hypovitaminosis D (serum 25-OHD concentration < or = 37.5 nmol/l) was observed in 50% of subjects in group L and 38% of subjects in group H, respectively. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis was higher in lactating subjects of the groups L and H (63 and 46%, respectively) than in the other sub-groups in the same group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study suggested that women in Bangladesh were at risk of hypovitaminosis D and lactation was an additional risk factor in low income groups. The situation may increase the risk of bone loss.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lamberg-Allardt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kärkkäinen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Outila
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Salamatullah
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Shamim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001459:Bangladesh; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006887:Hydroxycholecalciferols / Q000097:blood; D007774:Lactation / Q000097:blood; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology; D017697:Premenopause / Q000097:blood*; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D006887:Hydroxycholecalciferols; D010710:Phosphates; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium