title: Empowerment as a dynamically developing concept for practice: lessons learned from organizational ethnography.
abstract: This article describes the process of developing an empowerment approach in a comprehensive child development program that defined its mission as empowerment of families living in poverty. This description is derived from a seven-year organizational ethnographic research project that included data from participant observation, agency documents, individual interviews of staff and family participants, and focus group interviews with staff. Findings concerning empowerment are presented in two areas: (1) resolution of contrasts and dichotomies related to the nature of services, understanding staff roles, and working with the federal government; and (2) lessons learned forprogram effectiveness. Implications for empowerment-oriented social work practice and policy are offered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, California State University, Northridge 91330, USA. elizabeth.e.bartle@csun.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Bartle
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Couchonnal
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Canda
authors.forename: Martha D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Staker
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005007:Ethnology; D006801:Humans; D011203:Poverty; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011364:Professional Practice; D012947:Social Work