title: Prediction of supraclavicular lymph node metastasis in breast carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Supraclavicular lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients has a poor prognosis, and aggressive local treatment has usually resulted in severe morbidity. The purpose of this study was to select high-risk neck metastasis patients for prophylactic radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1990 and 1998, 2658 consecutive invasive breast cancer patients underwent surgery and adjuvant therapy in the hospital. The median age was 47 years (range 22-92). The median follow-up period was 39 months. The following factors were analyzed: age, tumor size, tumor location, histologic type, histologic grade, estrogen and progesterone receptor status, DNA flow cytometry study results, number of positive axillary lymph nodes, use of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and/or hormonal therapy, and level of involved axillary nodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2658 patients, 113 (4.3%) developed supraclavicular lymph node metastasis during this period. Young age (< or =40 years), tumor size >3 cm, high histologic grade, angiolymphatic invasion, negative estrogen receptor status, synthetic phase fraction >4%, >4 positive nodes, and level II or III involved nodes were all significant for predicting neck metastasis in the univariate analysis. Three predictive factors were significant after multivariate analysis: high histologic grade, >4 positive nodes, and axillary level II or III involved nodes. In patients with axillary level I involved nodes and < or =4 positive nodes, the incidence was 4.4%. If axillary level III was involved, the rate of supraclavicular lymph node metastasis was 15.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of supraclavicular lymph node metastasis was higher in the groups with >4 positive nodes and in those with axillary level II or III involved nodes. Selective use of comprehensive radiotherapy for these high-risk patients will achieve good locoregional control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan. chensc@adm.cgmh.org.tw
authors.forename: Shin Cheh
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Miin Fu
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tsann Long
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Tzu Chieh
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Yung Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Swei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hsueh
authors.forename: Joseph T-C
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Wei Man
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm