title: Lithium protection against glutamate excitotoxicity in rat cerebral cortical neurons: involvement of NMDA receptor inhibition possibly by decreasing NR2B tyrosine phosphorylation.
abstract: The therapeutic mechanisms of lithium for treating bipolar mood disorder remain poorly understood. Recent studies demonstrate that lithium has neuroprotective actions against a variety of insults. Here, we studied neuroprotective effects of lithium against excitotoxicity in cultured cerebral cortical neurons. Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in cortical neurons was exclusively mediated by NMDA receptors. Pre-treatment of cortical neurons with LiCl time-dependently suppressed excitotoxicity with maximal protection after 6 days of pre-treatment. Significant protection was observed at the therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentration of 0.2-1.6 mm LiCl with almost complete protection at 1 mM. Neuroprotection was also elicited by valproate, another major mood-stabilizer. The neuroprotective effects of lithium coincided with inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated calcium influx. Lithium pre-treatment did not alter total protein levels of NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits of NMDA receptors. However, it did markedly reduce the level of NR2B phosphorylation at Tyr1472 and this was temporally associated with its neuroprotective effect. Because NR2B tyrosine phosphorylation has been positively correlated with NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic activity and excitotoxicity, the suppression of NR2B phosphorylation by lithium is likely to result in the inactivation of NMDA receptors and contributes to neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. This action could also be relevant to its clinical efficacy for bipolar patients.
authors.affiliation: Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Mood and Anxiety Disorder Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1363, USA.
authors.forename: Ryota
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hough
authors.forename: Takanobu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: De-Maw
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Chuang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D008094:Lithium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; C121001:NR2B NMDA receptor; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D014443:Tyrosine; D014635:Valproic Acid; D008094:Lithium; D002118:Calcium