title: Do women live longer following lung resection for carcinoma?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether patient gender affects the outlook following lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospectively collected data on 833 patients undergoing lung resection for NSCLC between 1990 and 2000 in a single unit were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  581 patients were male (mean age 64.7 +/- 7 years) and 252 were female (mean age 62.6 +/- 7.8 years) (P=0.006). Male patients were more likely to have a history of ischaemic heart disease (P=0.03), to have poorer preoperative spirometry as demonstrated by their % predicted FEV1 (P=0.02) and to need pneumonectomy (P=0.0001) than their female counterparts. Squamous cell carcinoma was the predominant histological cell type in men and adenocarcinoma in women (P<0.0001). There was a trend towards a lower pathological stage among women, but this was not significant. Operative mortality for men was 4.6 and 1.2% for women (P=0.01). Overall 5-year survival for men was 34.2 +/- 2.65% and 47.5 +/ - 4.2% for women (P=0.001) and, for the hospital survivors, was 36.5 +/- 2.7% and 48.1 +/- 4.2%, respectively (P=0.01). On univariate analysis, older age, the need for pneumonectomy and higher pathological stage were significant adverse factors whereas squamous cell type and female gender were significant favourable factors for survival (P<0.05). On Cox proportional hazards model (with and without hospital deaths), pathological stage (P<0.0001), female gender (P=0.0006) and squamous cell type (P=0.001) were independent predictors of survival. The survival was significantly better for women having squamous cell (P=0.01) or non-squamous cell cancers (adenocarcinoma and other) (P=0.002). Regarding the stage, women had a significant survival advantage at pathological stage I (P=0.01) and a relatively better survival at stage II and stage III disease (P=0.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that female gender exerts a significant positive effect on survival following lung resection for NSCLC. This effect is pronounced at early disease stage and persists after adjusting for important differences in the clinical, histo-pathological features and extent of pulmonary resection between male and female patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK. christoalexiou@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alexiou
authors.forename: C V Patrick
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Onyeaka
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beggs
authors.forename: Ruchan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Akar
authors.forename: Lynda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beggs
authors.forename: Fayek D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Salama
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: W Ellis
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002423:Cause of Death; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D011336:Probability; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors