title: Sequential hormonal supplementation with vaginal estradiol and progesterone gel corrects the effect of clomiphene on the endometrium in oligo-ovulatory women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the possibility of correcting the endometrial alterations induced with clomiphene citrate (CC) by vaginal hormonal supplementation (HS) with estradiol (E2) and progesterone gel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oligo-ovulatory women were prospectively randomized into four groups receiving either 50 mg (groups 1 and 2) or 100 mg (groups 3 and 4) of CC from cycle day 3-8. Groups 2 and 4 also received vaginal E2 cream 0.1 mg twice daily from day 8 until the LH surge and vaginal progesterone gel, starting 3 days after ovulation. All participants had an endometrial biopsy performed 10 +/- 1 days after ovulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All biopsies in the HS groups (2 and 4) showed complete predecidual changes, and were 'in-phase' with findings normally made 10 days post-ovulation (+/- 2 days of clinical dating). However, without HS (groups 1 and 3), only 4/6 and 3/6 biopsies showed predecidual changes in women receiving 50 and 100 mg of CC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of vaginal E2 and progesterone to CC ovulation induction regimens normalizes the alterations in endometrial morphology. Hormonal treatment combining vaginal E2 and progesterone may improve endometrial receptivity in CC cycles and ultimately yield higher pregnancy rates.
authors.affiliation: Center for Reproduction at Gramercy, MacGregor Medical Association, Houston, Texas, USA. res-keh@womans.com
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Elkind-Hirsch
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Sandra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McNicho
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Ziegler
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010060:Ovulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010062:Ovulation Induction / Q000379:methods; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone