Paradigm shift from classic anatomic theories to contemporary cell biological views of CAKUT.
Ectopic budding of the ureter from the Wolffian duct is the first ontogenic misstep that leads to many-if not all-congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). The ectopia results in hypoplastic kidney, ectopia of ureterovesical orifice, urinary outflow obstruction and/or reflux. Studies in several mutant mouse models have verified that ectopic ureteric budding indeed precedes formation of CAKUT. Often, the genes involved in navigating ureteric budding to the correct site also regulate later ontogenic events of the kidney and urinary tract. The wide spectrum of CAKUT, for example, multicystic dysplastic kidney, megaureter and atretic ureter, portray the additional important functions of these same genes that are activated at multiple sites and stages during the normal morphogenesis of the kidney and urinary tract
Ichikawa
Iekuni
I
Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, MCN C4204, 21st and Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-2584, USA. iekunii@aol.com
Kuwayama
Fumiyo
F
Pope
John C
JC
Stephens
F Douglas
FD
Miyazaki
Yoichi
Y
D000818:Animals; D002468:Cell Physiological Phenomena; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005809:Genes, Regulator / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014513:Ureter / Q000196:embryology
D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin