title: Upper airway inflammation and respiratory symptoms in domestic waste collectors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare respiratory symptoms and upper airway inflammation in domestic waste collectors and controls, and to find the association between measures of upper airway inflammation on the one hand and exposure concentrations of organic dust or respiratory symptoms on the other hand.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross sectional study among 47 waste collectors and 15 controls, questionnaire data on respiratory symptoms were collected. Nasal lavage (NAL), to assess upper airway inflammation, was performed before and after a work shift at the beginning and at the end of the working week. In NAL fluid, cells were counted and differentiated and concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL6), IL8, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), and IL1 beta were measured. In collectors, inhalable dust samples were collected in which bacterial endotoxin and mould beta(1-->3)-glucan were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of respiratory symptoms was higher in waste collectors than in controls. Geometric mean exposure concentrations were 0.58 mg/m(3) for dust, 39 EU/m(3) for endotoxin, and 1.3 microg/m(3) for beta(1-->3)-glucan. At the end of the week collectors had higher concentrations of total cells and IL8 in NAL before and after a shift than controls (cells, before 1.9-fold p<0.10, after 3.3-fold p<0.01; IL8, before and after 1.8-fold p<0.05), and after/before work shift ratios of total cells were also higher (2.3-fold p=0.06) in collectors than in controls. Cells in NAL fluid consisted predominantly of neutrophils and epithelial cells, whereas eosinophils and mononuclear cells were rarely found. Exposure to dust and endotoxin was associated with concentrations of IL8 after the shift (p<0.05). Increased concentrations of IL8 (p<0.05) and total cells (p<0.10) after the shift were associated with respiratory symptoms. Concentrations of IL6, TNF alpha, and IL1 beta were not associated with waste collecting, symptoms, or exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Waste collectors show signs of increased upper airway inflammation and respiratory symptoms compared with controls. Exposure to organic dust probably underlies the inflammation mediated by neutrophils that result in respiratory symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: S K M
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hilhorst
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kleppe
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Doekes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Douwes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peretz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heederik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004391:Dust / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014866:Waste Products / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014866:Waste Products