title: Associations between daily mortalities from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and air pollution in Hong Kong, China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between ambient concentrations of air pollutants and respiratory and cardiovascular mortalities in Hong Kong.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective ecological study. A Poisson regression of concentrations of daily air pollutants on daily mortalities for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Hong Kong from 1995 to the end of 1998 was performed using the air pollution and health: the European approach (APHEA) protocol. The effects of time trend, seasonal variations, temperature, and humidity were adjusted. Autocorrelation and overdispersion were corrected. Daily concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter <10 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) were averaged from eight monitoring stations in Hong Kong. Relative risks (RRs) of respiratory and cardiovascular mortalities (per 10 microg/m(3) increase in air pollutant concentration) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant associations were found between mortalities for all respiratory diseases and ischaemic heart diseases (IHD) and the concentrations of all pollutants when analysed singly. The RRs for all respiratory mortalities (for a 10 microg/m(3) increase in the concentration of a pollutant) ranged from 1.008 (for PM10) to 1.015 (for SO2) and were higher for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) with all pollutants except SO2, ranging from 1.017 (for PM10) to 1.034 (for O3). RRs for IHD ranged from 1.009 (for O3) to 1.028 (for SO2). In a multipollutant model, O3 and SO2 were significantly associated with all respiratory mortalities, whereas NO2 was associated with mortality from IHD. No interactions were detected between any of the pollutants or with the winter season. A dose-response effect was evident for all air pollutants. Harvesting was not found in the short term.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mortality risks were detected at current ambient concentrations of air pollutants. The associations with the particulates and some gaseous pollutants when analysed singly were consistent with many reported in temperate countries. PM10 was not associated with respiratory or cardiovascular mortalities in multipollutant analyses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Family Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F School of Public Health, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N T, Hong Kong. twwong@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: A H S
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants