title: Transcatheter closure of high pulmonary artery pressure persistent ductus arteriosus with the Amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect occluder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The design of devices currently used for closure of persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with high pulmonary artery pressure is not ideal and there is a risk of embolisation into the aorta.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the use of the Amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect occluder (AMVSDO) for treatment of PDA with high pulmonary artery pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven patients, aged 5-12 years, with large PDAs and systemic or near systemic pulmonary artery pressure underwent attempted transcatheter closure using the AMVSDO. The device consists of two low profile disks made of a nitinol wire mesh with a 7 mm connecting waist. Balloon occlusion of the duct was performed before closure from the venous side, and prosthesis size was chosen according to the measured diameter of the occluding balloon. A 7 French sheath was used to deliver the device. All patients underwent a complete haemodynamic and angiographic study one year after occlusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (SD) angiographic PDA diameter was 9.8 (1.7) mm (range 7-13 mm) and the mean AMVSDO diameter was 11.4 (1.8) mm (range 9-16 mm). Q(p)/Q(s) ranged from 1.9-2.2 (mean 2.0 (0.1)). Successful device delivery and complete closure occurred in all patients (100% occlusion rate, 95% confidence interval 59.04% to 100.00%). Mean systolic pulmonary artery pressures were as follows: before balloon occlusion, 106 (13) mm Hg; during occlusion, 61 (6) mm Hg; immediately after the procedure, 57 (5) mm Hg; and at the one year follow up catheterisation, 37 (10) mm Hg. Fluoroscopy time was 10.4 (4.3) min (range 7-18 min). No complications occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AMVSDO is an important adjunct for closure of large PDAs associated with high pulmonary artery pressure. Further studies are required to document its efficacy, safety, and long term results in a larger number of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece. vasiliosthanopoulos@usa.net
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Thanopoulos
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Tsaousis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Djukic
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al Hakim
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Eleftherakis
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Simeunovic
mesh_terms: D021721:Balloon Occlusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology