title: The protective influence of parents and peers in violence avoidance among African-American youth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study attempted to provide further insight into the roles of parents and peers as they influence youth involvement with violence. Specifically, this paper considers whether parents who are close to their children have children who affiliate with prosocial friends who may in turn serve as a buffer against violence. This study also considers how parent and peer influences may change as youth transition to adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional health behavior survey was administered to 384 low-income, African-American youth aged 10-15 from three Chicago area schools. Structural equation models (SEM) were developed to assess the impact of youth reported prosocial friends and parental closeness on violence involvement. The overall model was tested to examine equivalence across preadolescent and adolescent age-groupings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results from the overall model indicated that parental closeness did not have a direct influence on youth violence involvement, but having a close parent-child relationship improved the youth's ability to select prosocial friends, which was directly related to decreased involvement with violence. Differences in the model by age-grouping suggested the presence of prosocial friends was a stronger factor for adolescent violence avoidance when compared to preadolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parents can make a difference in the way in which their children choose their friends and therefore get involved with violence by maintaining a closely bonded relationship throughout preadolescence and adolescence. The importance of this closely bonded relationship has even greater effects for decreasing violence involvement for adolescents than preadolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Consumer Studies, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA. Paula.Smith@fcs.utah.edu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Flay
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Weissberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American; D002648:Child; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents; D010379:Peer Group; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control*