title: Immediate stiffness of the C5-C6 segment after discectomy with the Cloward technique: an in vitro biomechanical study on a human cadaveric model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the Cloward technique of cervical discectomy and fusion increases immediate postoperative stiffness of single cervical motion segment after application of interbody dowel bone graft.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured and compared the stiffness of single-motion segments in cadaveric cervical spines before and immediately after interbody fusion with the Cloward technique. Changes in range of motion and stiffness of the C5-C6 segment were measured in a bending flexibility test (flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation) before and after a Cloward procedure in 11 fresh-frozen human cadaveric specimens from the 4th through the 7th vertebrae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Cloward procedure produced a statistically significant increase in stiffness of the operated segment in flexion and lateral bending when compared with the intact spine. The less stiff the segment before the operation, the greater the increase in its postoperative flexural stiffness (statistically significant). The Cloward procedure produced nonuniform changes in rotational and extensional stiffness that increased in some specimens and decreased in others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that Cloward interbody fusion increases immediate postoperative stiffness of an operated segment only in flexion and lateral bending in cadaveric specimens in an in vitro environment. Thus, Cloward fusion seems a relatively ineffective method for increasing the stiffness of a construct. This may add to discussion on the use of spinal instrumentation and postoperative management of patients after cervical discectomy, which varies from bracing in hard collars through immobilization in soft collars to no external orthosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Military Medical University, Łódź, Poland. amac@mp.pl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maciejczak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciach
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radek
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Awrejcewicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018583:Pliability; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*