title: Cholesterol-lowering properties and safety of chitosan.
abstract: Chitosan (CAS 9012-76-4) is derived by alkaline deacetylation from chitin, an abundant polymeric product of natural biosynthesis especially in crustaceans. It is available in a primary, unorganised structure, but also in a microcrystalline form. As a dietary supplement, chitosan has been claimed to control obesity and to lower serum cholesterol. A variety of chitosan products have been freely available worldwide in health stores and pharmacies. This review summarises the current knowledge about cholesterol-lowering and safety properties of chitosan and focuses its possible application for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. Chitosan behaves as a polycationic(+) cellulose-like fibrillar biopolymer that forms films with negatively charged surfaces. It is not specifically hydrolysed by digestive enzymes in man, but limited digestion of chitosan due to bacterial flora and to the unspecific enzymes might occur. Negatively charged molecules in stomach attach strongly to the positive charged tertiary amino group (-NH3+) of chitosan. Therefore, chitosan reduces fat absorption from gastrointestinal tract by binding with anionic carboxyl groups of fatty and bile acids, and it interferes with emulsification of neutral lipids (i.e., cholesterol, other sterols) by binding them with hydrophobic bonds. In short-term animal studies the safety of chitosan has been good. There are only few studies with chitosan in humans. In man, dietary chitosan has been reported to reduce serum total cholesterol levels by 5.8-42.6% and low-density lipoprotein levels by 15.1-35.1%. In short-term trials up to 12 weeks, no clinically significant symptoms have been observed with chitosan compared to placebo. Mild and transitory nausea and constipation have been reported in 2.6-5.4% of subjects. Although chitosan has been clinically well tolerated, it cannot be recommended to people allergic to crustaceans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. ritva.ylitalo@santen.fi
authors.forename: Ritva
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ylitalo
authors.forename: Saara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lehtinen
authors.forename: Erkki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wuolijoki
authors.forename: Pauli
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ylitalo
authors.forename: Terho
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehtimäki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002686:Chitin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D048271:Chitosan; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D002686:Chitin; D048271:Chitosan