title: Central nervous system side effects are less important after iv regional anesthesia with ropivacaine 0.2% compared to lidocaine 0.5% in volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Following release of a double tourniquet for intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA), ropivacaine was shown to have a longer duration of action and less central nervous system (CNS) side effects than lidocaine. This study examines the correlation of CNS side effects to plasma levels of lidocaine 0.5% and ropivacaine 0.2% when injected intravenously for IVRA.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind, cross-over study, ten volunteers received IVRA with 40 mL ropivacaine 0.2% or lidocaine 0.5% at least four days apart. Both cuffs of a double-cuff tourniquet remained inflated until they could no longer be tolerated. The incidence, duration and intensity of CNS side effects were recorded at three, ten, and 30 min after tourniquet release and correlated with simultaneous venous blood samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a lower incidence of CNS side effects with ropivacaine (6/10 volunteers) when compared to lidocaine (10/10 volunteers). There was also less duration of these side effects (mean +/- SD, 5.1 +/- 5.2 min vs 11.7 +/- 6.7 min). Measured total plasma levels were highest at ten minutes with ropivacaine 0.2% (1.2 +/- 0.3 microg.mL(-1)) and at three minutes with lidocaine 0.5% (1.7 +/- 0.6 microg.mL(-1)). Peak CNS symptoms correlated with measured venous plasma levels for lidocaine, but occurred earlier with ropivacaine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a lower incidence of CNS side effects with ropivacaine as compared to lidocaine. Although ropivacaine's greater lipid solubility should, theoretically, lead to more CNS side effects, this was, likely, offset by slower release from tissues and lesser percentage of unbound (free) drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut 06520, USA. peter.atanassoff@yale.edu
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Atanassoff
authors.forename: Maximilian W B
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Hartmannsgruber
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D008012:Lidocaine