title: Mutations in two independent genes lead to suppression of the shoot apical meristem in maize.
abstract: The shoot apical meristem (SAM), initially formed during embryogenesis, gives rise to the aboveground portion of the maize (Zea mays) plant. The shootless phenotype (sml) described here is caused by disruption of SAM formation due to the synergistic interaction of mutations at two genetic loci. Seedlings must be homozygous for both sml (shootmeristemless), and the unlinked dgr (distorted growth) loci for a SAM-less phenotype to occur. Seedlings mutant only for sml are impaired in their morphogenesis to different extents, whereas the dgr mutation alone does not have a recognisable phenotype. Thus, dgr can be envisaged as being a dominant modifier of sml and the 12 (normal):3 (distorted growth):1 (shoot meristemless) segregation observed in the F(2) of the double heterozygote is the result of the interaction between the sml and dgr genes. Other segregation patterns were also observed in the F(2), suggesting instability of the dgr gene. Efforts to rescue mutant embryos by growth on media enriched with hormones have been unsuccessful so far. However, mutant roots grow normally on medium supplemented with kinetin at a concentration that suppresses wild-type root elongation, suggesting possible involvement of the mutant in the reception or transduction of the kinetin signal or transport of the hormone. The shootless mutant appears to be a valuable tool with which to investigate the organization of the shoot meristem in monocots as well as a means to assay the origins and relationships between organs such as the scutellum, the coleoptile, and leaves that are initiated during the embryogenic process.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pilu
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Consonni
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Busti
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: MacCabe
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giulini
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dolfini
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gavazzi
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000502:physiology; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003583:Cytokinins / Q000502:physiology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007701:Kinetin; D018519:Meristem / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D003583:Cytokinins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C095848:Kn1 protein, plant; C121064:Knox4 protein, Zea mays; D010940:Plant Proteins; D000225:Adenine; D007701:Kinetin