title: An analysis of control reversal errors during unusual attitude recoveries using helmet-mounted display symbology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spatial disorientation (SD) refers to pilots' inability to accurately interpret the attitude of their aircraft with respect to Earth. Unfortunately, SD statistics have held constant for the past few decades, through the transition from the head-down attitude indicator (Al) to the head-up display (HUD) as the attitude instrument. The newest attitude-indicating device to find its way into military cockpits is the helmet-mounted display (HMD). HMDs were initially introduced into the cockpit to enhance target location and weapon-pointing, but there is currently an effort to make HMDs attitude reference displays so pilots need not go head-down to obtain attitude information. However, unintuitive information or inappropriate implementation of on-boresight attitude symbology on the HMD may contribute to the SD problem.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The occurrence of control reversal errors (CREs) during unusual attitude recovery tasks when using an HMD to provide attitude information was investigated. The effect of such errors was evaluated in terms of altitude changes during recovery and time to recover.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 12 pilot-subjects who completed 8 unusual attitude recovery tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that CREs did occur, and there was a significant negative effect of these errors on absolute altitude change, but not on total recovery time. Results failed to show a decrease in the number of CREs occurring when using the HMD as compared with data from other studies that used an Al or a HUD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that new HMD attitude symbology needs to be designed to help reduce CREs and, perhaps, SD incidences.
authors.affiliation: Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, AFRL/HECI, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7511, USA. Kristen.Liggett@wpafb.af.mil
authors.forename: Kristen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Liggett
authors.forename: Jennie J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gallimore
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000401:Aircraft / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000531:Altitude; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003626:Data Display; D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D013026:Space Flight; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014584:User-Computer Interface