title: Tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter polymorphisms and insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which can range from fatty liver alone to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, is related to insulin resistance. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) may induce insulin resistance, and polymorphisms of its promoter have been associated with an increased release of this cytokine. We analyzed (1) the prevalence of insulin resistance, (2) the prevalence of the 238 and 308 TNF-alpha polymorphisms, and (3) the relationship among TNF-alpha polymorphisms, insulin resistance, and the occurrence of steatohepatitis in 99 patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver diagnosed by ultrasonography and confirmed by histologic analysis in the 53 who underwent biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insulin resistance was evaluated by the homeostatic metabolic assessment insulin resistance indices and TNF-alpha polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin resistance was detected in almost all of the patients and was more severe in those with steatohepatitis. The prevalence of the 238, but not of the 308, TNF-alpha polymorphism was higher in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver than in controls (31% vs. 15%; P < 0.0001), and patients positive for TNF-alpha polymorphisms had higher insulin resistance indices, a higher prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance, and a lower number of associated risk factors for steatosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TNF-alpha polymorphisms could represent a susceptibility genotype for insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver, and steatohepatitis.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valenti
authors.forename: Anna Ludovica
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fracanzani
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dongiovanni
authors.forename: Gennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Santorelli
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Branchi
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taioli
authors.forename: Gemino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fiorelli
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fargion
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015995:Prevalence; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha