title: The influence of efavirenz on the pharmacokinetics of a twice-daily combination of indinavir and low-dose ritonavir in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effect of multiple-dose efavirenz on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of the combination of indinavir (800 mg) and low-dose ritonavir (100 mg) twice a day, in which ritonavir is used to increase indinavir plasma concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen healthy male volunteers participated in this multiple-dose, 1-arm, 2-period interaction study. They took a combination of 800 mg indinavir and 100 mg ritonavir with food for 15 days. From days 15 to 29, a once-daily administration of 600 mg efavirenz was added to the combination. Pharmacokinetics of indinavir and ritonavir on days 15 and 29 were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen volunteers completed the study. The addition of efavirenz resulted in significant reductions (P <.01) in indinavir area under the curve (AUC, -25%), trough concentration (C(min), -50%), and maximum concentration (C(max), -17%). All indinavir C(min) levels on day 29 remained equivalent to or above the mean C(min) value described for the regimen of 800 mg indinavir three times a day, without ritonavir (0.15 mg/L). Changes in ritonavir AUC, C(min), and C(max) were -36%, -39%, and -34%, respectively. Pharmacokinetics of efavirenz on day 29 were comparable with published data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of efavirenz to a combination of 800 mg indinavir and 100 mg ritonavir twice daily results in significant decreases in AUC, C(max), and especially C(min) of indinavir. The dose of indinavir or ritonavir should be increased to maintain similar indinavir drug levels after addition of efavirenz to the indinavir-ritonavir combination. Dose modifications may not be needed in antiretroviral-naive human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients if the reference C(min) of the regimen of 800 mg indinavir 3 times a day is considered to be adequate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. R.Arnoutse@klinfarm.azn.nl
authors.forename: Rob E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Aarnoutse
authors.forename: Karin J T
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Grintjes
authors.forename: Denise S C
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Telgt
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stek
authors.forename: Patricia W H
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hugen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Koopmans
authors.forename: Yechiel A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Hekster
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Burger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D048588:Benzoxazines; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010078:Oxazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D010078:Oxazines; D019469:Indinavir; C098320:efavirenz; D019438:Ritonavir