title: Zebrafish yolk-specific not really started (nrs) gene is a vertebrate homolog of the Drosophila spinster gene and is essential for embryogenesis.
abstract: By using retroviral insertional mutagenesis in zebrafish, we have identified a recessive lethal mutation in the not really started (nrs) gene. The nrs mutation disrupts a gene located in linkage group 3 that is highly homologous to the spinster gene identified in Drosophila and to spinster orthologs identified in mammals. In flies, spinster encodes a membrane protein involved in lysosomal metabolism and programmed cell death in the central nervous system and in the ovary. In nrs mutant fish embryos, we detect an opaque substance in the posterior yolk cell extension at approximately 1 day after fertilization. This material progressively accumulates and by 48 hr after fertilization fills the entire yolk. By day 3 of embryogenesis, mutant embryos are severely reduced in size compared with their wild-type siblings and they die a few hours later. By in situ hybridization, we show that the nrs mRNA is expressed in the yolk cell at the time the mutant phenotype becomes apparent. In wild-type embryos, nrs message is present maternally and zygotically throughout embryogenesis and is also detected in adult animals. In nrs homozygous mutant embryos, nrs transcripts are undetectable at the time the phenotype becomes apparent, indicating that the retroviral insertion has most likely abolished expression of the nrs gene. Finally, the nrs phenotype can be partially rescued by microinjection of nrs encoding DNA. These results suggest that the nrs mutation affects an essential gene encoding a putative membrane-bound protein expressed specifically in the yolk cell during zebrafish embryogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Millennium Nucleus in Developmental Biology and Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Rodrigo M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marty
authors.forename: Yoshiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Shuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Miguel L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Allende
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004274:DNA, Recombinant / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics*; D004527:Egg Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018390:Gene Targeting; D005796:Genes; D005804:Genes, Lethal; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008845:Microinjections; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013045:Species Specificity; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004274:DNA, Recombinant; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004527:Egg Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C429164:spin protein, Drosophila; C104434:spindlin; C454859:spns1 protein, zebrafish