title: Stavudine, nevirapine and ritonavir in stable antiretroviral therapy-experienced children with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy and tolerance of switching from zidovudine (ZDV) and lamivudine (3TC) in clinically stable HIV-infected children with incomplete viral suppression to stavudine (d4T), nevirapine (NVP) and ritonavir (RTV) has not been determined. Aim. To evaluate the safety, tolerance, antiviral activity and immunologic changes after the change to a three drug combination.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a clinical trial in which HIV-infected antiretroviral-experienced children were initially randomized to receive d4T/RTV, ZDV/3TC/RTV or ZDV/3TC (Step 1), 48 children who had HIV RNA > or = 10,000 copies/ml after > or = 12 weeks of ZDV/3TC therapy in Step 1 were switched to d4T/NVP/RTV in Step 2. The proportion of children receiving therapy with HIV RNA < or = 400 copies/ml at Study Weeks 24 and 48 receiving d4T/NVP/RTV in Step 2 were compared with children receiving RTV-containing regimens in Step 1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 24 weeks of treatment with d4T/NVP/RTV in Step 2, 48% (23 of 48) of children had HIV RNA < or = 400 copies/ml compared with 34% (31 of 92) and 47% (44 of 93) receiving d4T/RTV or ZDV/3TC/RTV for 24 weeks in Step 1; at 48 weeks virologic response was 44, 27 and 42% in Step 2 d4T/NVP/RTV, Step 1 d4T/RTV and Step 1 ZDV/3TC/RTV arms, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A delay of 7 to 12 months in the initiation of protease inhibitor-containing combination therapy in children receiving dual nucleoside analogue therapy did not adversely affect the RNA response during the first 48 weeks of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614-3394, USA. r-yogev@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Ram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yogev
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiznia
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nachman
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pelton
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mofenson
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fiscus
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Mobeen H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rathore
authors.forename: Mary Elizabeth
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Lin Ye
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McIntosh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D018119:Stavudine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019829:Nevirapine; D018119:Stavudine