title: Cryoglobulins.
abstract: Serum cryoglobulins are found in a wide spectrum of disorders but are often transient and without clinical implications. Monoclonal cryoglobulins are usually associated with haematological disorders, whereas mixed cryoglobulins are found in many infectious and systemic disorders. So called essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia shows a striking association with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (> 90%). It is a systemic vasculitis (leucocytoclastic vasculitis) with cutaneous and multiple visceral organ involvement. Chronic HCV infection can lead to a constellation of autoimmune and neoplastic disorders. In this review, the aetiology, diagnosis, disease heterogeneity, and treatment of cryoglobulinaemia are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy. c.ferri@int.med.unipi.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Zignego
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Pileri
mesh_terms: D015551:Autoimmunity; D003449:Cryoglobulinemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology*; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000821:virology