title: Conditioning taste aversions to locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) in horses.
abstract: Locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) is a serious poisoning problem for horses grazing on infested rangelands in the western United States. Our objectives were to determine 1) whether lithium chloride or apomorphine would condition aversions to palatable foods, and at what doses, and 2) whether horses could be averted to fresh locoweed in a pen and grazing situation. Apomorphine was not an acceptable aversive agent because at the dose required to condition an aversion (> or = 0.17 mg/kg BW), apomorphine induced unacceptable behavioral effects. Lithium chloride given via stomach tube at 190 mg/kg BW conditioned strong and persistent aversions to palatable feeds with minor signs of distress. Pen and grazing tests were conducted in Colorado to determine if horses could be averted to fresh locoweed. Pen tests indicated that most horses (5/6) were completely averted from locoweed. Treated horses ate 34 g of fresh locoweed compared to 135 g for controls (P < 0.01) during three pen tests when offered 150 g per test. One horse (T) in the treatment group ate locoweed each time it was offered in the pen, but ate no locoweed while grazing. In the grazing trial, control horses averaged 8.6% of bites of locoweed (P < 0.01) during the grazing portion of the study, whereas treated horses averaged <0.5%. One treated horse (S) accounted for all consumption; he consumed 15% of his bites as locoweed in a grazing bout on d 2 of the field study. Thereafter, he was dosed a second time with lithium chloride and ate no locoweed in the subsequent 5 d. Three of six horses required two pairings of lithium chloride with fresh locoweed to condition a complete aversion. The results of this study indicate that horses can be averted from locoweed using lithium chloride as an aversive agent, and this may provide a management tool to reduce the risk of intoxication for horses grazing locoweed-infested rangeland.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, USA. jpfister@cc.usu.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Stegelmeier
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Cheney
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ralphs
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gardner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D027883:Astragalus Plant / Q000506:poisoning*; D001348:Aversive Therapy; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005518:Food Preferences; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006799:Housing, Animal; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D010939:Plant Poisoning / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D011897:Random Allocation; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018021:Lithium Chloride; D001058:Apomorphine