title: Domains of high-polarized and low-polarized mitochondria may occur in mouse and human oocytes and early embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The magnitude of the inner mitochondrial membrane potential (deltapsim) appears to influence the level of certain mitochondrial activities including regulation of ionic fluxes and ATP liberation, activities that are often compartmentalized or location dependent in cells. Recent evidence suggests that within cells, mitochondria can be heterogeneous with respect to deltapsim, and that high-polarized mitochondria (high deltapsim) may occur in the subplasmalemmal cytoplasm where intercellular contact is absent. Here, we investigated whether deltapsim in oocytes and preimplantation embryos was heterogeneous and cell contact-associated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse and human oocytes and preimplantation stage embryos stained with mitochondria-specific probes rhodamine 123, MitoTracker Orange, and the deltapsim-sensitive probe JC-1, (5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1,3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazoylcarbocyanine iodide), were examined by epifluorescence, scanning laser confocal, and transmission electron microscopy. The possibility that intercellular contact and deltapsim are associated was examined for oocytes, where transzonal coronal cell contacts were terminated naturally or experimentally, and for intact, disaggregated, and reconstructed cleavage stage mouse embryos.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both oocytes and embryos, clusters of apparently high-polarized mitochondria occur in the pericortical cytoplasm in regions free from intercellular contact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that mitochondria in oocytes and preimplantation embryos may be heterogeneous with respect to deltapsim. We propose that high-polarized pericortical mitochondria may have a role in the acquisition of oocyte competence and the regulation of early developmental processes that may be associated with elevated metabolism or intracellular signalling through calcium-induced calcium release pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. vanblerkom@spot.colorado.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Blerkom
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Vicky
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mathwig
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002232:Carbocyanines; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000502:physiology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020112:Rhodamine 123; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014966:Xanthenes
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002232:Carbocyanines; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D014966:Xanthenes; C121372:mitotracker orange; D020112:Rhodamine 123; C068624:5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine