title: Plasma melatonin, pinealocyte morphology, and surface receptors/antigen expression on macrophages/microglia in the pineal gland following a high-altitude exposure.
abstract: The present study examined the effects of high-altitude exposure on the pineal gland, the main source of production of melatonin. It was surmised that hypoxia experienced at high altitude, caused by decreased oxygen tension in the ambient air, might lead to some structural alterations in the pineal gland and, hence, affect its melatonin production. Adult Wistar rats were exposed to an altitude of 8,000 m for 2 hr in an altitude chamber and then sacrificed at various time intervals after the exposure. Normal rats kept at ground level were used as controls. Blood samples were collected at various time intervals for measurement of plasma melatonin level, and the pineal glands from both groups were processed for electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The plasma melatonin level showed a steady increase following altitude exposure peaking at 7 days and returned to control levels thereafter. Between 1 and 4 days after altitude exposure, the mitochondrial number and lipid droplets in the pinealocytes appeared to be reduced compared with those in control rats. At 7 days, however, the mitochondrial numbers and lipid droplets were noticeably increased. At the same time interval, the expression of complement type 3 receptors and major histocompatibility class II antigens as detected with the antibodies OX-42 and OX-6, respectively, in macrophages/microglia was up-regulated compared with that in the control rats and those killed at earlier times. This was attributed to the increased serum melatonin after the altitude exposure. By 14 and 21 days, the ultrastructure of pinealocytes and immunoreactivity of macrophages/microglia were comparable with those in the control rats. We conclude from this study that an altitude exposure in rats leads to an increase in melatonin production, which returned to control levels with passage of time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Blk MD10, 4 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597. antkaurc@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ling
mesh_terms: D000532:Altitude Sickness / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D021081:Chronobiology Disorders / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000378:metabolism; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000097:blood*; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010870:Pineal Gland / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D008550:Melatonin