title: An inventory to measure helplessness, hopelessness, and haplessness.
abstract: Using a sample of 69 undergraduates, scales were devised to measure helplessness, hopelessness, and haplessness and shown to have good reliability. Briefer scales were also developed whose scores were independent of one another in a factor analysis. Scores for 19 male and 50 female undergraduates on the 4-item scales of Helplessness and Hopelessness were associated with two different measures of depression, but scores on Hopelessness provided the stronger correlate.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Program, The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, Pomona 08240-0195, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lester
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology