title: Crystal structure of human cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase reveals a new GTP-binding site.
abstract: We report crystal structures of the human enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) with and without bound substrates. These structures are the first to be determined for a GTP-dependent PEPCK, and provide the first view of a novel GTP-binding site unique to the GTP-dependent PEPCK family. Three phenylalanine residues form the walls of the guanine-binding pocket on the enzyme's surface and, most surprisingly, one of the phenylalanine side-chains contributes to the enzyme's specificity for GTP. PEPCK catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the metabolic pathway that produces glucose from lactate and other precursors derived from the citric acid cycle. Because the gluconeogenic pathway contributes to the fasting hyperglycemia of type II diabetes, inhibitors of PEPCK may be useful in the treatment of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110, USA. pete.dunten@roche.com
authors.forename: Pete
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dunten
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Belunis
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crowther
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hollfelder
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kammlott
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Hanspeter
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Gwendolyn B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Stanley J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wertheimer
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology*; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000378:metabolism; D010728:Phosphoenolpyruvate / Q000378:metabolism; D019764:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP) / Q000737:chemistry; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D010649:Phenylalanine; D010728:Phosphoenolpyruvate; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP); D019764:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP)