title: Activation of cardiac ryanodine receptors by cardiac glycosides.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of cardiac glycosides on single-channel activity of the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channels or ryanodine receptor (RyR2) channels and how this action might contribute to their inotropic and/or toxic actions. Heavy SR vesicles isolated from canine left ventricle were fused with artificial planar lipid bilayers to measure single RyR2 channel activity. Digoxin and actodigin increased single-channel activity at low concentrations normally associated with therapeutic plasma levels, yielding a 50% of maximal effect of approximately 0.2 nM for each agent. Channel activation by glycosides did not require MgATP and occurred only when digoxin was applied to the cytoplasmic side of the channel. Similar results were obtained in human RyR2 channels; however, neither the crude skeletal nor the purified cardiac channel was activated by glycosides. Channel activation was dependent on [Ca2+] on the luminal side of the bilayer with maximal stimulation occurring between 0.3 and 10 mM. Rat RyR2 channels were activated by digoxin only at 1 microM, consistent with the lower sensitivity to glycosides in rat heart. These results suggest a model in which RyR2 channel activation by digoxin occurs only when luminal [Ca2+] was increased above 300 microM (in the physiological range). Consequently, increasing SR load (by Na+ pump inhibition) serves to amplify SR release by promoting direct RyR2 channel activation via a luminal Ca2+-sensitive mechanism. This high-affinity effect of glycosides could contribute to increased SR Ca2+ release and might play a role in the inotropic and/or toxic actions of glycosides in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sagawa
authors.forename: Kazuko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sagawa
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Tsushima
authors.forename: J Andrew
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wasserstrom
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002298:Cardenolides / Q000494:pharmacology; D002301:Cardiac Glycosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004077:Digoxin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002298:Cardenolides; D002301:Cardiac Glycosides; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D004077:Digoxin; C006277:actodigin; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase