title: Effects of caffeine, vitamin D, and other nutrients on quantitative phalangeal bone ultrasound in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the controversial effects of coffee and other nutrients on bone mass.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a study of 93 healthy postmenopausal women (mean +/- standard deviation: 57.3 +/- 7.1 y old and 8.9 +/- 7.5 y since menopause) selected on the basis of not having changed their eating habits since premenopause, not smoking, not exercising, not receiving hormone-replacement therapy, and having a weight in the range of 70% to 130% of their ideal weights, amplitude-dependent speed of sound (Ad-SOS) was determined by quantitative bone ultrasound, and a prospective 7-d diet survey evaluated the intake of caffeine and nutrients involved in calcium metabolism. Women were stratified according to their caffeine, calcium, and vitamin D intakes and ratios of calcium to phosphorus and to protein. Ad-SOS differed only with vitamin D intake and was greater in the group taking at leasst 400 IU/d (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In simple and multiple regression analyses, the only significant variable that affected Ad-SOS and nutrient intake was vitamin D (P < 0.0001). Phalangeal bone Ad-SOS was influenced only by the intake of vitamin D, not of caffeine or other nutrients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This lack of effect of caffeine and protein may be related to good nutritional intake or the low levels of caffeine consumed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain. horacio.rico@uah.es
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rico
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Canal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mañas
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lavado
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pedrera
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D014807:Vitamin D; D002110:Caffeine