title: Perceived discrimination and early substance abuse among American Indian children.
abstract: This study investigated internalizing and externalizing symptoms as potential mediators of the relationship between perceived discrimination and early substance abuse among 195 American Indian 5 through 8 graders from three reservations that share a common culture (e.g., language, spiritual beliefs, and traditional practices) in the upper Midwest. The findings indicated that, although perceived discrimination contributed significantly to internalizing symptoms among the adolescents, internalizing symptoms were unrelated to early substance abuse. Rather, the effects of perceived discrimination on early substance abuse were mediated by adolescent anger and delinquent behaviors. The results are discussed in terms of the consequences of perceived discrimination on the development of American Indian early adolescents.
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Sociology, 739 Oldfather Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0324, USA. lwhitbeck2@unl.edu
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Whitbeck
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hoyt
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: McMorris
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Stubben
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000523:psychology*; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D011287:Prejudice; D012938:Social Perception; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology