title: Evaluation of tachykinins and their receptors to determine sensory innervation in the dorsal hoof wall and insertion of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament and deep digital flexor tendon on the distal phalanx in healthy feet of horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To localize substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) and their receptors in the insertion of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DSIL), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), and dorsal hoof wall of healthy feet of horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 healthy feet from horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples from the dorsal hoof wall and insertion of the DSIL and DDFT of 10 feet were processed for immunocytochemical analysis, using rabbit polyclonal antisera raised against SP and NKA. Tissue sections from 8 feet were incubated with 125-labeled SP to localize tachykinin receptors and their specificity and with control solutions of radioactive SP and excess nonradioactive SP to identify areas of nonspecific binding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many nerves immunoreactive for SP and NKA were localized to the region of the insertion of the DSIL and DDFT and the accompanying microvasculature and arteriovenous complexes (AVC) as well as to the microvasculature of the dorsal hoof wall. Specific neurokinin 1 receptors were localized over the microvessels and AVC of the insertion zone and small microvessels of the hoof wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results document that the microvasculature of the equine foot is richly innervated and has specific receptors for tachykinins. Distributions of these tachykinin receptors on the microvasculature suggest that they form an important vasodilatory mechanism for controlling blood flow through the DSILDDFT insertion and dorsal hoof wall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Van Wulfen
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bowker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation*; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008833:Microcirculation; D015288:Neurokinin A / Q000032:analysis; D011817:Rabbits; D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1 / Q000032:analysis; D018041:Receptors, Neurokinin-2 / Q000032:analysis; D018039:Receptors, Tachykinin / Q000502:physiology*; D013373:Substance P / Q000032:analysis; D015320:Tachykinins / Q000502:physiology*; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
chemical_list: D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1; D018041:Receptors, Neurokinin-2; D018039:Receptors, Tachykinin; D015320:Tachykinins; D013373:Substance P; D015288:Neurokinin A