title: Locus of control orientation in panic disorder and the differential effects of treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study the effects of treatment with cognitive therapy, antidepressants or pill-placebo on the locus of control orientation in panic disorder patients were analysed, as well as the relation of this panic locus of control with panic frequency and cognitive measures of panic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Multidimensional Anxiety Locus of Control scale (MALC) was developed and completed with other measures (ACQ and BSQ) before and after treatment. Patients also kept a panic diary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four subscales were derived from the MALC: one Internal, and three external (a Chance, a Medication, and a Therapist) locus of anxiety control orientation scales. Cognitive therapy was superior over pill-placebo on most outcome measures whereas antidepressants were only superior in reducing the number of panic attacks. Treatment with cognitive therapy resulted in an increase of 'internal' anxiety control orientation and a decrease of 'chance' and 'medication' orientation, in comparison with antidepressant therapy. The residualized gain scores on the MALC subscales correlated with clinical improvement in subjects treated with cognitive therapy only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that the locus of control orientation is important in evaluating the differential effects of treatments in panic disorder. A differential effect on panic locus of control in favor of cognitive therapy in comparison to medication was found.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. A.Bakker@slaz.nl
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spinhoven
authors.forename: A J Willem
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van der Does
authors.forename: Anton J L M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Balkom
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Dyck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002997:Clomipramine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D017374:Paroxetine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D017374:Paroxetine; D002997:Clomipramine