Further survey of the occurrence of Fusarium toxins in wheat grown in southwest Germany.
A total of 53, 54, 57, 52 and 60 wheat samples for feed use were collected randomly after the 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993 crops, respectively, from farms in an area of southwest Germany. Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-, 15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and fusarenon-X (FUS-X) were determined by gas chromatography, combined with mass selective detection (GC-MS), zearalenone (ZEA), alpha- and beta-zearalenol (alpha-beta-ZOL) were determined by HPLC. DON was the major toxin, with incidences at 77 to 93% and mean contents at 167 to 735 micrograms/kg. In contrast, incidences of ZEA, 3-ADON, NIV, HT-2, and T-2 were at 13 to 37%, 10 to 44%, 15 to 67%, 0 to 11%, and 0 to 12%, respectively, with mean contents in positive samples between 2 and 73 micrograms/kg, except for 948 micrograms/kg 3-ADON in samples from 1993. 15-ADON and FUS-X were assayed in samples from 1991, 1992 and 1993. 15-ADON was found in 0 to 11% of samples at mean levels < or = 17 mu/kg, DAS, alpha- and beta-ZOL, and FUS-X were not detected in any sample. Over the years, incidences and levels of toxins remained constant, decreased or increased, with most differences between years being slight and insignificant. The risk for livestock due to DON, HT-2 and ZEA was estimated based on maximum tolerated levels recommended for these toxins in some countries.
Müller
H M
HM
Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
Reimann
J
J
Schumacher
U
U
Schwadorf
K
K
D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000662:veterinary; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000662:veterinary; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000662:veterinary; D005858:Germany; D015994:Incidence; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014908:Triticum / Q000382:microbiology*
D009183:Mycotoxins