title: The efficacy and safety of nutritional supplement use in a representative sample of adults in the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the current use of nutritional supplements and their contribution to micronutrient intakes in a representative sample of Irish adults, to evaluate the impact of supplement use on the adequacy of micronutrient intakes and to assess the risk to supplement users of exceeding tolerable upper intake levels (UL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Food intake data were collected in 1379 (662 male and 717 female) randomly selected Irish adults aged 18 to 64 years using a 7-day food diary. The current use of nutritional supplements was assessed using a self-administered questionnaire and respondents entered each supplement as it was consumed into the food diary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three per cent of respondents regularly used nutritional supplements. Twice as many women used supplements as men. The intakes of micronutrients were significantly higher (P<0.001) in supplement users than in non-users. Micronutrient intakes from food sources were similar in male users and non-users of supplements, but were significantly higher (P<0.01) in female users, by 3 to 13%, for Fe, Mg, Mn, vitamins C and E and niacin than in non-users. The percentage of female users between 18 and 50 years who had mean Fe intakes below the average requirement (AR) (10 mg) decreased from 50 to 25 when the contribution from supplements was included. The use of supplements reduced the percentage of men who had mean intakes below the AR for Zn from 19 to 13, for riboflavin from 14 to 6 and for vitamin A from 20 to 5, and reduced the percentage of women with intakes below the AR for Ca from 23 to 16 and for riboflavin from 23 to 14. Twenty-one women out of 80 aged between 18 and 50 years, who consumed supplemental folate, achieved the intake of 600 microg recommended to prevent neural tube defects. Twenty-two per cent of the women who took iron and 15% of the women who took vitamin B6 in supplemental form had mean daily intakes that exceeded that UL for these nutrients. Supplement users did not exceed the UL for the other micronutrients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplementation appears to be beneficial in promoting adequate intakes of some micronutrients, particularly Fe and folate in women aged 18-50 years and vitamin A in men. There appears to be little risk to supplement users of experiencing adverse side effects due to excessive intakes of micronutrients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition, University College, Cork, Republic of Ireland. m.kiely@ucc.ie
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiely
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hannon
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Strain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015930:Diet Records; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009660:Northern Ireland; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009753:Nutritive Value