title: [Neuropsychological sequelae in children with AML treated with or without prophylactic CNS-irradiation].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In study AML-BFM 87 the relapse rate was lower in patients receiving cranial irradiation (CRT). However, CRT has always been associated with adverse cognitive side effects. Therefore, the impact of CRT on neuropsychological function in children with AML was retrospectively evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested 53 children (30 boys, 23 girls) treated according to the AML-BFM-87 protocol (median age at diagnosis: 8.5 years, range 0.3 - 17.5; median time since diagnosis: 5.7 yrs, 3.8 - 10.7 yrs). To avoid any bias from additional therapy elements, patients with relapse or initial CNS involvement and transplanted patients were excluded (n=32). Our cohort was representative of the total group of 104 long term survivors of study AML-BFM 87. CNS prophylaxis consisted of ARA-C i.th., high dose ARA-C i. v. and either no CRT (n=15) or CRT (n=38) at a dose of 12 - 18 Gy depending on age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neuropsychological function was evaluated by psychological tests of attention and concentration (test d2 by Brickenkamp) and an intelligence test (Progressive Matrices by Raven). In addition, patients and their parents were interviewed about the occurrence of learning problems, subjective deficits in concentration and physical impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total group, no significant differences were seen between irradiated and non-irradiated patients regarding the psychological tests. However, the irradiated patients scored below the non-irradiated control group in test "d2" (concentration: 41st vs. 59th percentile). In the interview, irradiated patients tended to report more learning problems (lp) (10/36 vs. 1/14; p=0.15) and subjective deficits in concentration (con). In irradiated girls (con: 6/15 vs. 0/8; p=0.06; lp: 5/15 vs. 0/8; p=0.12) and younger patients (0 - 5 years at diagnosis; con: 7/12 vs. 2/9; p=0.18; lp 3/10 vs. 1/9; p=0.18) this trend was even more pronounced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with AML and CRT had no significant intellectual impairment in standardized tests when compared to non-irradiated patients. However, more irradiated patients reported learning problems and subjective concentration deficits.
authors.affiliation: Pädiatrische Hämatologie/Onkologie, Westfälischen-Wilhelms Universität, Münster. dreinh@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Creutzig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention / Q000528:radiation effects; D001921:Brain / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016371:Cranial Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007360:Intelligence / Q000528:radiation effects; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017254:Leukemic Infiltration / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008578:Meninges / Q000473:pathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors