title: Use of real-time quantitative PCR to validate the results of cDNA array and differential display PCR technologies.
abstract: Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods that monitor product accumulation were adapted for the validation of differentially expressed genes. We describe a real-time quantitative PCR assay that uses SYBR Green I dye-based detection and product melting curve analysis to validate differentially expressed genes identified by gene expression profiling technologies. Since SYBR Green I dye is a nonspecific intercalating dye, the reaction is made specific by using "hot-start" PCR and empirically determined annealing and signal acquisition temperatures for each gene-specific primer. Relative expression levels were quantified by constructing a standard curve using cDNA dilutions of a highly expressed gene. Using this approach, real-time PCR validated 17 of 21 (71%) genes identified by DNA arrays, and all but 1 of 13 (91%) genes identified by differential display PCR (DD-PCR). Validation of differentially expressed genes detected by array analysis was related to hybridization intensity. Real-time RT-PCR results suggest that genes identified by DNA arrays with a two to fourfold difference in expression cannot be accepted as true or false without validation. Validation of differentially expressed genes detected by DD-PCR was not affected by band intensities. Regardless of the gene expression profiling technology (microarrays, DD-PCR, serial analysis of gene expression and subtraction hybridization), once the sequence of gene of interest is known, the real-time RT-PCR approach is well suited for validation of differential expression since it is quantitative and rapid and requires 1000-fold less RNA than conventional assays.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Ceners for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Public Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. mor4@cdc.gov
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rajeevan
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ranamukhaarachchi
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Vernon
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Unger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary