title: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.
abstract: The two most commonly used methods to analyze data from real-time, quantitative PCR experiments are absolute quantification and relative quantification. Absolute quantification determines the input copy number, usually by relating the PCR signal to a standard curve. Relative quantification relates the PCR signal of the target transcript in a treatment group to that of another sample such as an untreated control. The 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method is a convenient way to analyze the relative changes in gene expression from real-time quantitative PCR experiments. The purpose of this report is to present the derivation, assumptions, and applications of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. In addition, we present the derivation and applications of two variations of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method that may be useful in the analysis of real-time, quantitative PCR data.
authors.affiliation: Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California 94404, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Livak
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Schmittgen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary