title: Clinical audit indicators of outcome following admission to hospital with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 1997 BTS/RCP national audit of acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in terms of process of care has previously been reported. This paper describes from the same cases the outcomes of death, readmission rates within 3 months of initial admission, and length of stay. Identification of the main pre-admission predictors of outcome may be used to control for confounding factors in population characteristics when comparing performance between units.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on 74 variables were collected retrospectively using an audit proforma from patients admitted to UK hospitals with acute COPD. Important prognostic variables for the three outcome measures were identified by relative risk and logistic regression was used to place these in order of predictive value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1400 admissions from 38 acute hospitals were collated. 14% of cases died within 3 months of admission with variation between hospitals of 0-50%. Poor performance status, acidosis, and the presence of leg oedema were the best significant independent predictors of death. Age above 65, poor performance status, and lowest forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) tertile were the best predictors of length of stay (median 8 days). 34% of patients were readmitted (range 5-65%); lowest FEV(1) tertile, previous admission, and readmission with five or more medications were the best predictors for readmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Important predictors of outcome have been identified and formal recording of these may assist in accounting for confounding patient characteristics when making comparisons between hospitals. There is still wide variation in outcome between hospitals that remains unexplained by these factors. While some of this variance may be explained by incomplete recording of data or patient factors as yet unidentified, it seems likely that deficiencies in the process of care previously identified are responsible for poor outcomes in some units.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Effectiveness and Evaluation Unit, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK. cmr@wxhchest.demon.co.uk
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bucknall
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ryland
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pearson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology