title: Factors related to the occurrence of isolated sleep paralysis elicited during a multi-phasic sleep-wake schedule.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To further investigate mechanisms of isolated sleep paralysis (ISP) in normal individuals, we experimentally elicited ISPs by facilitating sleep onset REM periods (SOREMP), a prerequisite of ISPs, and examined behavioral and psychological measurements relating to ISP appearances.
  
  
  METHODS
  The multi-phasic sleep/wake schedule (MPS) began at approximately midnight and ended when net sleep reached 7.5 hours. Participants were awakened after every 5 min of REM sleep to obtain a maximum number of SOREMPs. Upon each awakening, mentation reports and subjective measurements were collected. Performance tests were then assigned.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep lab, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neurosciences, Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen healthy Japanese students (10 males) with high self-reported frequencies of ISPs but no other narcolepsy-related symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 184 sleep interruptions, 8 ISP episodes were obtained. In within participant comparisons between episodes with and without ISPs, the vigilance task (VT) reaction times were elevated before SOREMPs with ISPs. In between analyses (ISP vs non-ISP), the ISP group showed poorer performance, more complaints of physical, mental, and neurotic symptoms, increased subjective fatigue and increased stage 1 throughout the entire schedule. VT hit rates remained constant in the non-ISP group, but dropped in the later part of schedule in the ISP group. Subjective sleepiness dropped over time in the non-ISP group while it slightly increased in the ISP group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ISP is likely to appear as a phenotype of REM dissociation during SOREMP when participants with low tolerance for disrupted sleep-wake rhythms are placed in this type of schedule.
authors.affiliation: Centre d'étude du sommeil, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Québec, Canada. t-takeuchi@crhsc.umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Tomoka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inugami
authors.forename: Timothy I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000150:complications*; D020188:Sleep Paralysis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires