title: Plasma status of retinol, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, and main carotenoids to first myocardial infarction: case control and follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiologic studies have suggested that dietary intake and plasma concentrations of antioxidants have an inverse relation with coronary heart disease. To test whether fat-soluble antioxidants can play a role against the occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI), we measured plasma levels of retinol, tocopherols, and individual carotenoids in MI patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control and follow-up study of patients in the Móstoles area (Madrid, Spain). One hundred six patients (62 after 1 y) and 104 control subjects participated in the study. Blood samples were collected after overnight fast or during the first 24 h of MI onset for biochemical profiles of retinol, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, and carotenoid by means of a quality-controlled high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the acute phase after MI onset, plasma levels of retinol, gamma-tocopherol, and xanthophylls (lutein/zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin) decreased, whereas alpha-tocopherol, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene showed levels similar to those of control subjects. Logistic regression analysis showed low concentrations of gamma-tocopherol (and retinol) in plasma as the only statistically significant factor associated with MI, after adjusting for traditional risk factors. However, 1 y later, the MI patients showed a general improvement in plasma lipids and fat-soluble antioxidant status, and none of the analytes was associated with MI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decreased plasma status of retinol, gamma-tocopherol, and xanthophylls during the acute phase of MI normalized the year after the MI event, suggesting that most subjects had followed an overall healthier lifestyle and dietary pattern. The results also raise concerns on the usefulness of these plasma compounds as specific, relevant, and predictive markers in relation to coronary heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cardiología, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Móstoles, Madrid, Spain. ferruiz@inicia.es
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ruiz Rejón
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martín-Peña
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Granado
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Galiana
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olmedilla
mesh_terms: D000210:Acute-Phase Reaction / Q000097:blood*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014801:Vitamin A; D002338:Carotenoids; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol