title: Toll-like receptors: mammalian "taste receptors" for a smorgasbord of microbial invaders.
abstract: In Drosophila, the Toll family of proteins is responsible for the recognition of bacteria and fungi. In mammals, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are able to recognize and respond to microbial pathogens. Recent findings have defined the relationship between many TLRs and their microbial ligands, as well as the effect of TLR ligation on host defense. These findings have also provided a framework for determining how TLRs may by used to therapeutically modulate immune responses to infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California (Los Angeles) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Sieling
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Modlin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007110:Immunity, Active / Q000276:immunology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology; D008024:Ligands; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors