title: Excited-state properties and in vitro phototoxicity studies of three phenothiazine derivatives.
abstract: This work concerns a combined photophysical, photochemical and photobiological study of three drugs (psychotherapeutic agents) of the phenothiazine series: perphenazine, fluphenazine hydrochloride and thioridazine hydrochloride. The excited-state properties were first investigated by stationary and time-resolved fluorimetry and by laser flash photolysis. The spectral description was assisted by quantum-mechanical calculations with the INDO/1-CI method. In organic media the lowest excited singlet state was found to decay by fluorescence (small quantum yield) and mainly by intersystem crossing to the lowest triplet state, which is responsible for oxygen photosensitization (high yields of singlet oxygen production) and photodegradation. A further decay pathway in aqueous solutions was the photoionization process, which led to the formation of the phenothiazine radical cations and the solvated electron. After the preliminary study of the photobehavior in organic solvents and in water, the phototoxicity of the three drugs was investigated on various biological substrates through a series of in vitro assays under UVA irradiation. Photohemolysis of mouse erythrocytes and phototoxicity on cultured murine fibroblasts were observed for all three compounds. Lipid photoperoxidation was then investigated using linoleic acid as the unsaturated lipid model and isolated red blood cell membranes. The drug-induced photodamage was also evaluated on proteins by measuring the photosensitizing cross-linking in erythrocyte ghosts. The combined approach proved to be useful in understanding the mechanism by which these phenothiazine derivatives induce skin photosensitization. In particular, the photophysical properties of the compounds under investigation and the results of the study on their phototoxicity are in agreement with a mechanism that involves the radical cation of the drugs as a main intermediate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Perugia, Italy. elisei@phch.chm.unipg.it
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Elisei
authors.forename: Loredana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Latterini
authors.forename: Gian Gaetano
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Aloisi
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mazzucato
authors.forename: Giampietro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miolo
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vedaldi
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dall'Acqua
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000528:radiation effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D010640:Phenothiazines; D018462:Photobiology; D010777:Photochemistry; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010640:Phenothiazines