title: Prophylactic use of amifostine to prevent radiochemotherapy-induced mucositis and xerostomia in head-and-neck cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prophylactic properties of amifostine against acute and late toxicities from radiochemotherapy in patients with head-and-neck cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients were randomized to receive conventional radiotherapy (RT) (2-Gy fractions, 5 days weekly, to a total of 60-74 Gy, depending on the tumor localization and TNM classification) and carboplatin (90 mg/m(2) infusion once per week before RT). Amifostine (300 mg/m(2)) was administered in the study group only 15-30 min before RT for 6-7.5 weeks. The primary study end point was the grading of acute and late nonhematologic toxicities (mucositis, dysphagia, xerostomia) induced by radiochemotherapy. Secondary end points included treatment duration, hematologic toxicity, and clinical outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The treatment duration was significantly shorter in the amifostine-treated group (p = 0.013), because treatment interruptions were more frequent in the control group. Acute toxicities (mucositis and dysphagia) were less severe in the amifostine-treated group. By Week 3, all in the control group experienced Grade 2 mucositis compared with only 9% in the amifostine-treated group (p <0.0001). By Week 5, 52.2% of the patients in the control group experienced Grade 4 mucositis compared with 4.5% in the amifostine-treated group (p = 0.0006). Similar results were obtained for dysphagia. At 3 months of follow-up, only 27% of patients in the study group experienced Grade 2 xerostomia compared with 73.9% in the control group (p = 0.0001). Eighteen months after cessation of therapy, the proportion of patients with Grade 2 xerostomia was 4.5% vs. 30.4% for each respective treatment group (p = 0.047). Cytoprotection with amifostine did not affect treatment outcome, with 90.9% complete responses in the amifostine-treated group compared with 78.3% in the control group (p = 0.414).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amifostine was effective in reducing mucositis and dysphagia resulting from radiochemotherapy in patients with head-and-neck cancer. Furthermore, amifostine reduced the severity of late xerostomia, a side effect of RT with long-lasting consequences. Amifostine treatment did not affect the clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Department, Metaxa's Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece. d_antona@hol.gr
authors.forename: Dosia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Antonadou
authors.forename: Marizenia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pepelassi
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Synodinou
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puglisi
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Throuvalas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004999:Amifostine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D016190:Carboplatin; D004999:Amifostine