title: Learning to smile: the neuroanatomic basis for smile training.
abstract: This article demonstrates that although any layperson could recognize that the smile manifests mainly in the oral and periorbital regions, a comprehension of the neurologic and musculoskeletal elements lends the clinician insight into the many aspects of a smile. The neurologic control of a smile consists of a complex process involving many facets. As with any other complex neuromuscular activity, repetitions of the act can train the central nervous system, neural network, and muscular network in efficient performance of and correct musculoskeletal activation involved in the act itself. With functional knowledge of muscles dedicated to a pleasing full smile, together with a battery of easy and effortless exercises, the clinician is able to help the patient change behavior intended to camouflage perceived oral flaws. A patient needs reassurance that behind the guidance from the clinician lies medical evidence that such routine movement of muscles will indeed improve the smile. When asked why or how the exercise succeeds, the clinician can reassure the patient based on a working knowledge of the neurologic and muscular anatomy involved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A functional knowledge of muscles dedicated to a pleasing full smile, together with a battery of easy and effortless exercises, provides the clinician with the ability to assist the patient in altering years of behavior intended to camouflage perceived oral flaws.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center Dental Branch at Houston, USA. dterry@dentalinstitute.com
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Pirtle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005149:Facial Expression; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000294:innervation; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D005246:Feedback / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009445:Neuroanatomy; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation; D012904:Smiling / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology