title: [Initiating insulin therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2: in a transmural setting is at least as effective as in an outpatient setting; a retrospective study with a 4-year follow-up].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assessing whether the initiation of insulin therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 can be delivered as effectively in a structured transmural care model as in the more usual outpatients structure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective comparative cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1997 data were collected from 52 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 all of whom were above 40 years of age and transferred to insulin therapy in 1993: 25 in a transmural care setting and 27 in an outpatients setting, both in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Both groups were treated according to one protocol concerning the initiation and monitoring of insulin therapy, treatment goals and follow-up. Outcome measures were: percentage of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), health status, self-care behaviour and patient satisfaction. In 1993 the mean age was (transmural/outpatients setting): 67.5/65.3 years; percentage of men: 32%/48%; mean duration of diabetes: 7.3/10.6 years; HbA1c: 9.1%/9.3%; mean body mass index: 27.4/29.1 kg/m2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the period 1993-1997 the mean HbA1c decreased from 9.1% to 7.2% in the transmural care group and from 9.3% to 7.6% in the outpatients care group (both: p = 0.000). The percentage of patients with poor glycaemic control (HbA1c > 8%) decreased from 60 to 8 in the transmural care group and from 59 to 15 in the outpatients care group. The percentage of patients with good glycaemic control (HbA1c < 7%) increased from 4 to 52 in the transmural care group and from 11 to 30 in the outpatients care group. No statistically significant differences were found between the patient groups with respect to health status, self-care behaviour and patient satisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transfer of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 insulin therapy in a shared care setting was at least as effective as in an outpatients setting.
authors.affiliation: TNO Preventie en Gezondheid, Postbus 2215, 2301 CE Leiden. H.Rosendal@pg.tno.nl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rosendal
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vondeling
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: de Witte
authors.forename: R C W
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hutubessy
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: van Beekum
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012648:Self Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin