Significance of fortified beverages in the long-term diet of German children and adolescents: 15-year results of the DONALD Study.
Fortified beverages and instant drinks are the most frequently consumed fortified products in children and adolescents in Germany. However, little is known about the contribution of these products to micronutrient intake. Between 1986 and 2000, consumption of fortified food (total and the subgroup of fortified beverages) and time trends in energy and micronutrient intake were assessed on the basis of 3 day-weighed dietary records (n = 4358) of males and females between the ages of 2 and 14 years (n = 398/408) enrolled in the DONALD Study (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study). As percentage of recent references for micronutrient intake, a significant increase in intake from fortified beverages was observed for calcium (from 1 to 3%), iron (3 to 4%), vitamin A (5 to 15%), and vitamin C (5 to 60%). Significant increases in intakes were only observed from 1995-1997 for vitamin E, folate, and niacin (all 5 to 15-25%), vitamin B1 and B2 (both 10-15 to 25-30%) and vitamin B6 (20 to 55%). Thereafter significant decreases were found. Among the fortified beverages, juice was the most important for micronutrient intake, followed by soft drinks (calcium, vitamin A, E, C, folate, niacin) or by instant beverages (energy, iron, vitamin B1, B2, B6). Significant linear and nonlinear time trends in micronutrient intakes from fortified food and fortified beverages were observed in German children and adolescents.
Sichert-Hellert
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Research Institute for Child Nutrition (FKE), Dortmund, Germany.
Kersting
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D000293:Adolescent; D001628:Beverages; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015930:Diet Records; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients; D008903:Minerals; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014815:Vitamins
D018977:Micronutrients; D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins