title: Dilutional hyponatremia in patients with cirrhosis and ascites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the predisposing factors, modifications of vasoactive systems, and prognosis of patients with cirrhosis and hyponatremia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four patients with hyponatremia (serum sodium level of <130 mEq/L after 5 days of hyponatremic diet and no diuretic therapy). Twenty cirrhotic patients served as controls. We measured plasma renin activity and levels of plasma aldosterone, norepinephrine, and antidiuretic hormone. Follow-up identified the development of hepatorenal syndrome and death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher percentage of patients with hyponatremia had decreased liver size, higher levels of plasma renin activity, and higher serum concentrations of aldosterone and norepinephrine. Renal insufficiency was detected in 31 of them (57%). Precipitating factors (hemorrhage or infections) were detected in 27 patients (50%). Incidence of hepatorenal syndrome and death were higher in patients with spontaneous development of hyponatremia (n = 23 [85%] and n = 25 [93%], respectively) than in patients with precipitating factors (n = 15 [56%] and n = 12 [44%], respectively) and cirrhotic controls (n = 1 [5%] and n = 5 [25%], respectively) (P<.001). Results of multivariate analysis showed that Child-Pugh index, presence of hepatocarcinoma, and serum concentration of urea were associated with mortality. After excluding those patients with kidney failure at the time of admission, only Child-Pugh index and norepinephrine concentrations were independent predictors of mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyponatremia is an alteration in patients with advanced liver disease. Although survival is significantly reduced in patients with spontaneous development of hyponatremia, a reduced sodium concentration cannot be considered as a independent predictor of the risk for death.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, c/Ana de Viya 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Almudena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porcel
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: Paloma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rendón
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macías
authors.forename: Leopoldo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martín-Herrera
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Girón-González
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001201:Ascites / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015984:Causality; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015996:Survival Rate