title: Increased sodium concentrations in drinking water increase blood pressure in neonates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a previous study, we found that increased sodium concentrations in the drinking water led to an increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in fourth- and fifth-grade school children. Milk powder formulae have a low content of sodium, almost identical to that of breast milk. However, the final sodium concentration in the milk formula depends upon the concentration of sodium in the diluting water, which varies remarkably.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate changes in blood pressure during the first 2 months of life in neonates receiving low-sodium mineral water (LSMW), high-sodium tap water (HSTW), or breast milk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, prospective study in a teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight Jewish term infants maintained on milk formula were randomly assigned to two groups. Group 1 consisted of 25 infants whose formula was diluted with LSMW (Eden Spring Mineral Water) having a sodium concentration of 32 mg/l (1.4 mmol/l). Group 2 contained 33 infants whose formula was diluted with HSTW having a sodium concentration of 196 mg/l (8.5 mmol/l). Fifteen breastfed babies served as the control group (group 3). Weekly weight, height, head circumference, heart rate, and systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MAP) blood pressures were recorded for each infant for 8 consecutive weeks after birth. After 8 weeks, group 1 reverted to a diet similar to that of group 2. At 6 months of age (week 24), a follow-up blood pressure measurement was performed in 11, 20 and seven infants in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Blood pressure was measured during sleep. Urinary sodium : creatinine ratio was determined monthly during the initial 2 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increases in weight and height were equal in all groups. Heart rate did not differ between groups during the entire study period. From the age of 6 weeks until week 8, MAP, SBP and DBP were found to be significantly greater in the group 2 (HSTW). In parallel, the urinary sodium : creatinine ratio was significantly greater in this group. At week 24, blood pressure values in group 1 increased towards those of group 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diluting milk formula with tap water containing a high concentration of sodium will result in the infant being fed a high-salt diet. To equilibrate with breast milk, formula should be diluted with low-salt water. Blood pressure in the neonate is increased by a high sodium intake via drinking water.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Pediatric Nephrology, Meir General Hospital, Sapir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. avip2@clalit.org.il
authors.forename: Avishalom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pomeranz
authors.forename: Tzipora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dolfin
authors.forename: Ze'ev
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Korzets
authors.forename: Alon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eliakim
authors.forename: Baruch
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wolach
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007229:Infant Welfare; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D007774:Lactation; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012964:Sodium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium