title: Impact of junctional ectopic tachycardia on postoperative morbidity following repair of congenital heart defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET), we reviewed 343 consecutive patients undergoing surgery between 1997 and 1999. The impact of this arrhythmia on in-hospital morbidity and our protocol for treatment were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the postoperative course of patients undergoing surgery for ventricular septal defect (VSD; n=161), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF; n=114), atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD; n=58) and common arterial trunk (n=10). All patients with JET received treatment, in a stepwise manner, beginning with surface cooling, continuous intravenous amiodarone, and/or atrial pacing if the haemodynamics proved unstable. A linear regression model assessed the effect of these treatments upon hours of mechanical ventilation, and stay on the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall mortality was 2.9% (n=10), with three of these patients having JET and TOF. JET occurred in 37 patients (10.8%), most frequently after TOF repair (21.9%), followed by AVSD (10.3%), VSD (3.7%), and with no occurrence after repair of common arterial trunk. Mean ventilation time increased from 83 to 187 h amongst patients without and with JET patients (P<0.0001). Accordingly, CICU stay increased from 107 to 210 h when JET occurred (P<0.0001). Surface cooling was associated with a prolongation of ventilation and CICU stay, by 74 and 81 h, respectively (P<0.02; P<0.02). Amiodarone prolonged ventilation and CICU stay, respectively, by 274 and 275 h (P<0.05; P<0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postoperative JET adds considerably to morbidity after congenital cardiac surgery, and is particularly frequent after TOF repair. Aggressive treatment with cooling and/or amiodarone is mandatory, but correlates with increased mechanical ventilation time and CICU stay. Better understanding of the mechanism underlying JET is required to achieve prevention, faster arrhythmic conversion, and reduction of associated in-hospital morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dodge-Khatami
authors.forename: O I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gil-Jaurena
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: de Leval
mesh_terms: D000638:Amiodarone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate; D013613:Tachycardia, Ectopic Junctional / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000638:Amiodarone