title: Critical assessment of a device to measure incisor crown inclination.
abstract: The aims of this study were to critically assess the use of a disposable device--the tooth inclination protractor (TIP)--to record incisor crown inclination and to compare its reliability and validity with that of traditional cephalometric radiographic analysis. The sample comprised 30 dental students with lateral cephalometric radiographs and dental casts. Four examiners were trained and calibrated to digitize radiographs and to use intraoral (on patients and dental casts) and extraoral (on dental casts) TIPs. The following angles were measured on the radiographs: maxillary incisor to maxillary plane, mandibular incisor to mandibular plane, maxillary incisor to occlusal plane, and mandibular incisor to occlusal plane. Measurements were also made with the TIP: maxillary incisor to occlusal plane and mandibular incisor to occlusal plane. All techniques were reliable between examiners. There were statistically significant systematic differences between the TIP and the radiographic assessments. The following differences were found. The TIP tended to record maxillary incisor crown inclination an average of 14 degrees less than maxillary incisor to maxillary plane. The TIP tended to record mandibular incisor crown inclination as similar to mandibular incisor to mandibular plane. The TIP recorded mandibular crown inclination 19 degrees less than mandibular incisor to occlusal plane. The disposable TIP was shown to be a simple, inexpensive, reliable, and valid method of assessing incisor inclination.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmo, Sweden.
authors.forename: Asaad Emami
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ghahferokhi
authors.forename: Lama
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: Styrbjorn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rolfe
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richmond
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry; D003762:Dental Instruments; D004209:Disposable Equipment; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003765:Models, Dental; D015588:Observer Variation; D009811:Odontometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000033:anatomy & histology*