title: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: beyond efficacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The introduction of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was a very important advance in the treatment of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. However, its use is associated with some possible adverse events, which should be taken into consideration when a patient is proposed for implantation. These complications may occur early after implantation and be associated with the procedure itself, or they may be late complications, usually associated with the device or the arrhythmia. It was our objective to assess the incidence of these complications in our population of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe the complications found in 98 patients (55.9 +/- 13.9 years, 89% male) with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and compare our results with the incidence of complications described by other authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found complications associated with the presence of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in 32% of patients. The most frequent complication was inappropriate shocks in 13%. The presence of infection was detected in 4%, lead insulation faults in 5%, need for lead extraction in 2%, repositioning in 1% and re-establishment of the connection with the generator in 2%. In 5% of patients, there was inefficacy of the device, 3% due to non-detected ventricular tachycardias (slow tachycardias) and 2% due to electrical storms. There was syncope in 2% of patients. The total mortality in a 2.9 +/- 1.9 year follow-up was 13% (sudden death in 3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major complications associated with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators were in our experience relatively rare, our results agreeing with those of other centers.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide, Portugal.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Timóteo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adragão
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morgado
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abecassis
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cavaco
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonhorst
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seabra-Gomes
mesh_terms: D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged