title: Caring science and the science of unitary human beings: a trans-theoretical discourse for nursing knowledge development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two dominant discourses in contemporary nursing theory and knowledge development have evolved over the past few decades, in part by unitary science views and caring theories. Rogers' science of unitary human beings (SUHB) represents the unitary directions in nursing. Caring theories and related caring science (CS) scholarship represent the other. These two contemporary initiatives have generated two parallel, often controversial, seemingly separate and unrelated, trees of knowledge for nursing science.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper explores the evolution of CS and its intersection with SUHB that have emerged in contemporary nursing literature. We present a case for integration, convergence, and creative synthesis of CS with SUHB. A trans-theoretical, trans-disciplinary context emerges, allowing nursing to sustain its caring ethic and ontology, within a unitary science.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors critique and review the seminal, critical issues that have separated contemporary knowledge developments in CS and SUHB. Foundational issues of CS, and Watson's theory of transpersonal caring science (TCS), as a specific exemplar, are analysed, alongside parallel themes in SUHB. By examining hidden ethical-ontological and paradigmatic commonalities, trans-theoretical themes and connections are explored and revealed between TCS and SUHB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through a creative synthesis of TCS and SUHB we explicate a distinct unitary view of human with a relational caring ontology and ethic that informs nursing as well as other sciences. The result: is a trans-theoretical, trans-disciplinary view for nursing knowledge development. Nursing's history has been to examine theoretical differences rather than commonalities. This trans-theoretical position moves nursing toward theoretical integration and creative synthesis, vs. separation, away from the 'Balkanization' of different theories. This initiative still maintains the integrity of different theories, while facilitating and inviting a new discourse for nursing science. The result: Unitary Caring Science that evokes both science and spirit.
authors.affiliation: Caring Science, School of Nursing, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA. jean.watson@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Marlaine C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D003243:Consciousness; D004645:Empathy; D004993:Ethics, Nursing; D006694:Holistic Health; D006801:Humans; D019359:Knowledge; D016294:Models, Nursing; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009742:Nursing Theory; D010348:Patient Care Team; D012586:Science / Q000458:organization & administration*