title: Orbital involvement in sickle cell disease: a report of five cases and review literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present five cases of orbital infarction in sickle cell disease and review relevant literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the hospital records of 5 patients with sickle cell disease who developed a periorbital swelling during a vaso-occlusive crisis and were managed at our hospital between April 1992 and June 2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5 patients (4 with homozygous sickle cell disease and 1 with sickle cell-beta-thalassaemia disease) were aged 6-15 years with a history of multiple admissions for vaso-occlusive crises. The periorbital swelling spread to the orbit in 4 cases and resulted in proptosis (2 cases), restriction of ocular motility and visual impairment. In all 4 cases, computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits showed a mass adjacent to the orbital wall. In 2 cases the mass was identified as a haematoma. Orbital wall infarction was demonstrated in 3 cases by bone/bone marrow scintigraphy. Epidural haematomas were detected by computed tomography in one case. All patients received intravenous fluids, analgesics, broad spectrum antibiotics and steroids, as well as simple or exchange transfusion, and responded well to medical management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infarction of orbital bones during vaso-occlusive crises in sickle cell disease presents acutely with a rapidly progressive periorbital swelling. Haematomas frequently complicate the condition and, along with the inflammatory swelling, may lead to orbital compression syndrome. The condition is therefore sight-threatening, and necessitates prompt diagnosis and appropriate management for resolution without adverse sequelae. Imaging techniques are invaluable in the evaluation of patients. The majority of cases resolve with conservative treatment that includes steps to combat the vaso-occlusive crisis and use of systemic steroids under antibiotic cover.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. ganeshzomantel.net.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganesh
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: William
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yanamadala
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Kindi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zakariah
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Al-Lamki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Knox-Macaulay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004487:Edema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006406:Hematoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D003907:Dexamethasone