title: Protein kinase C activity and the relations between blood lead and neurobehavioral function in lead workers.
abstract: At picomolar concentrations, lead activates protein kinase C (PKC). This activation has been implicated in the neurotoxicity of lead. No prior study has evaluated the association of PKC activity with neurobehavioral function in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PKC activity is associated with neurobehavioral function or modifies the relationship between blood lead levels and neurobehavioral test scores. In this cross-sectional study of 212 current lead workers in the Republic of Korea, we assessed blood lead levels, neurobehavioral test scores, and PKC activity. PKC activity was determined by measuring the levels of phosphorylation of three erythrocyte membrane proteins (spectrin and the 52-kDa and 48-kDa subunits of band 4.9), using an in vitro back-phosphorylation assay. When linear regression was used to control for confounding variables, blood lead was a significant predictor of decrements in performance on tests of psychomotor function, manual dexterity, and executive ability. In linear regression models, back-phosphorylation levels were not associated with neurobehavioral test scores, but when dichotomized at the median, back-phosphorylation levels modified the relationship between blood lead and test scores. For spectrin and the 52-kDa and 48-kDa subunits of band 4.9, 5, 2, and 5 of 14 interaction terms, respectively, had associated p-values less than 0.10, all with positive signs, indicating that blood lead was associated with worse test scores only in subjects with lower back-phosphorylation levels. These data indicate that blood lead levels are associated with decrements in neurobehavioral test scores, mainly in the domains of manual dexterity and psychomotor function, but only in subjects with lower in vitro back-phosphorylation levels, which is equivalent to higher in vivo PKC activity. We hypothesize that subjects with higher PKC activity in the presence of lead may be more susceptible to the health effects of lead.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Kyu-Yoon
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Byung-Kook
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bressler
authors.forename: Karen I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Bolla
authors.forename: Walter F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D007854:Lead; D011493:Protein Kinase C