title: Overview of the relationship between use of progestogen-only contraceptives and bone mineral density.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarise the available epidemiological evidence regarding the relationship between the use of progestogen-only contraceptives and bone mineral density.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overview of the published epidemiological literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 17 studies of the use of progestogen-only contraceptives and bone mineral density were identified, involving 1529 women exposed to progestogen-only contraceptives and 2086 controls. Sixty-eight percent of the data relate to the effects of use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Average bone mineral density was reduced in current users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate compared with non-users, although density in users was within one standard deviation of the mean in non-users. There was significant heterogeneity between the results of different studies (P < 0.0001). The reduction in bone mineral density appeared to be greater at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and ultradistal forearm than at the midshaft of the ulna. Studies involving women with a longer average duration of use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate displayed greater reductions in bone mineral density compared with studies of women with shorter durations of use. Based on limited data, no difference in bone mineral density was observed between former and never users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Results regarding the effect of levonorgestrel implants were conflicting. Studies of progestogen-only oral contraceptives and the progesterone vaginal ring were small and restricted to lactating women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women currently using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate have a lower average bone mineral density than non-users. The magnitude of this effect is uncertain but appears to be greater with longer durations of use.
authors.affiliation: Imperial Cancer Research Fund Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Infirmary, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berrington
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Casabonne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density; D002648:Child; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004343:Drug Implants; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011884:Radius; D014457:Ulna
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D004343:Drug Implants; D011372:Progestins; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate