title: Outcome of fetal talipes following in utero sonographic diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between fetal talipes and other defects, and outcome in relation to postnatal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  All cases of talipes presenting to the fetal medicine unit between 1993 and 1998 and cases of isolated talipes presenting to the ultrasound department between 1991 and 1998 were examined. The infants were followed-up to determine the number of cases that had structural or positional talipes and the number of cases requiring surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 76 cases, 59 of which attended the fetal medicine unit and 17 the ultrasound department. Postnatal follow-up details were available in 31 of the 40 live births. There were three neonates with unilateral talipes at birth who were thought to have bilateral talipes on prenatal ultrasound and one neonate had bilateral talipes at birth who had been thought to have unilateral talipes prenatally. In two (6.4%) neonates in whom talipes was not confirmed at birth the abnormality was diagnosed prenatally. Of the 29 neonates with confirmed talipes at birth, the defect was structural in 26 (90%) cases and positional in three. Surgery was necessary in 21 (72%) of the 29 cases and 18 (86%) of those undergoing surgery required only one operation. When live births with associated anomalies were excluded, there were 24 cases with confirmed isolated talipes and 18 (75%) required surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides long-term outcome data which can be used to complement current prenatal counseling and shows that in cases of fetal talipes diagnosed prenatally, 90% have a structural rather than a positional deformity. For isolated talipes three quarters of children will require surgery and in the majority of cases only one operation on the foot is necessary. Parents should be made aware of the small possibility of a false-positive diagnosis and discrepancy between the ultrasound and postnatal diagnoses of laterality.
authors.affiliation: Fetal Medicine Unit, St Michael's Hospital, Bristol, UK. sgmc@indigo.ie
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lockyer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdel-Fattah
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McMillan
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kyle
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Soothill
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005532:Foot Deformities, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal