title: Effect of an external resistance to airflow on the inspiratory flow curve.
abstract: Inhalation is a convenient way to deliver drugs to the respiratory tract in the treatment of respiratory diseases. For dry powder inhalers (DPI's), the principle of operation is to use the patient-generated inspiratory flow as energy source for emptying of the dose system and the delivery of fine drug particles into the respiratory tract. Resistance to airflow of the inhaler device is a major determinant for the inspiratory flow profile through the dry powder inhaler that can be generated by the patient. Therefore, resistance to airflow is one of the design parameters for DPI's, that could be used to control the inspiratory flow profile, and is one of the parameters to optimise particle deposition in the airways. In this study the effect of resistance to airflow on different parameters of the inspiratory flow curves as generated by healthy subjects, asthmatics and COPD patients was determined. As a result of increased resistance to airflow, the peak inspiratory flow (PIF), the flow increase rate (FIR) and the inhaled volume to reach PIF is decreased. On the other hand, the total inhalation time as well as the 80% dwell time is increased. In general, tuning of the resistance to airflow in the design of a dry powder inhaler may improve the drug deposition in the respiratory tract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands. j.p.de.koning@farm.rug.nl
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: de Koning
authors.forename: Th W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: van der Mark
authors.forename: P M J
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Coenegracht
authors.forename: Th F J
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Tromp
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Frijlink
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000403:Airway Resistance; D001249:Asthma / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology