Development of a protocol for determination of domoic acid in the sand crab (Emerita analoga): a possible new indicator species.
The aim of this study was to begin evaluating the utility of sand crabs (Emerita analoga) as an indicator species for the algal neurotoxin, domoic acid (DA), in Monterey Bay, California, USA, a site of recurrent blooms of the DA-producing diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia. One of the current sentinel organisms, the sea mussel (Mytilus californianus), has shown minimal or undetectable toxicity during some local bloom events. As a critical step in assuring the accuracy of DA determinations in E. analoga, we have developed and validated a highly efficient extraction protocol that yields toxin recoveries of 97+/-2.9%. We also determined by HPLC-UV and receptor binding assay, with confirmation by LC-MS/MS, that sand crabs accumulated measurable amounts of DA during toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms, while the sea mussel showed no detectable toxin. In addition, a comparison of inter-animal variability in DA content revealed values ranging from ca. 0.5 to 5 microg DAg(-1) tissue and no consistent trend with size class, based on either animal weight or length. These data on the toxicity of individual animals will be useful in designing an appropriate sampling strategy for monitoring DA and, importantly, indicate that sand crabs do not appear to progressively bioaccumulate DA with age.
Powell
Christine L
CL
Marine Biotoxins Program, NOAA/National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environment Health & Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
Ferdin
M E
ME
Busman
Mark
M
Kvitek
Rikk G
RG
Doucette
Gregory J
GJ
D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D003386:Brachyura / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002140:California; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003625:Data Collection; D017377:Diatoms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D005068:Eutrophication / Q000187:drug effects; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
D008387:Marine Toxins; D009498:Neurotoxins; C012301:domoic acid; D007608:Kainic Acid