title: The radial-symmetric hydra and the evolution of the bilateral body plan: an old body became a young brain.
abstract: The radial symmetric cnidarians are regarded as being close to the common metazoan ancestor before bilaterality evolved. It is proposed that a large fraction of the body of this gastrula-like organism gave rise to the head of more evolved organisms. The trunk was added later in evolution from an unfolding of a narrow zone between the tentacles and the blastoporus. This implies that, counter intuitively, the foot of the hydra corresponds to the most anterior part (forebrain and heart) while the opening of the gastric column gave rise to the anus. Two fundamentally different modes of midline formation evolved. In vertebrates, the organiser attracts cells from the both sides of the marginal zone. These leave the organiser as a unified band. The midline is formed sequentially from anterior to posterior. In insects, the midline forms opposite a dorsal repelling center, i.e., on the ventral side. This can occur more or less simultaneously over the whole anteroposterior extension.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstrasse 35, D-76072 Tübingen, Germany. hans.meinhardt@tuebingen.mpg.de
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meinhardt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006829:Hydra / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008953:Models, Anatomic
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C079410:al protein, Drosophila