title: Prevention of postpartum stress incontinence in primigravidae with increased bladder neck mobility: a randomised controlled trial of antenatal pelvic floor exercises.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether supervised pelvic floor exercises antenatally will reduce the incidence of postpartum stress incontinence in at-risk primigravidae with bladder neck mobility, ultrasonically proven.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single blind, randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antenatal clinic in a UK NHS Trust Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and sixty-eight primigravidae attending an antenatal clinic at approximately 20 weeks of gestation with bladder neck mobility, on standardised valsalva, of 5 mm or more linear movement. The median age was 28, ranging from 16 to 47 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients randomised to supervised pelvic floor exercises (n = 139) attended a physiotherapist at monthly intervals from 20 weeks until delivery. The exercises comprised three repetitions of eight contractions each held for six seconds, with two minutes rest between repetitions. These were repeated twice daily. At 34 weeks of gestation the number of contractions per repetition was increased to 12. Both the untreated control group and the study group received verbal advice on pelvic floor exercises from their midwives antenatally.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjective reporting of stress incontinence at three months postpartum. Pelvic floor strength, using perineometry, and bladder neck mobility measured by perineal ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 268 women enrolled, information on the main outcome variable was available for 110 in the control group and 120 in the study group. Fewer women in the supervised pelvic floor exercise group reported postpartum stress incontinence, 19.2% compared with 32.7% in the control group (RR 0.59 [0.37-0.92]). There was no change in bladder neck mobility and no difference in pelvic floor strength between groups after exercise, although all those developing postpartum stress incontinence had significantly poorer perineometry scores than those who were continent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that antenatal supervised pelvic floor exercises are effective in reducing the risk of postpartum stress incontinence in primigravidae with bladder neck mobility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK.
authors.forename: E T C
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Waterfield
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Waterfield
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steggles
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pedlar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016496:Incontinence Pads; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology*; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver