title: Bivalirudin: a direct thrombin inhibitor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of the anticoagulant effects of hirudin, which is derived from the saliva of the leech Hirudo medicinalis, led to the development of compounds that can directly inhibit thrombin activity without the need for additional cofactors. One of these is the direct thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin, which has recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use as an anticoagulant in patients with unstable angina undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This is a review of the pharmacologic properties, efficacy, tolerability, and potential cost-effectiveness of bivalirudin in the treatment of ischemic coronary syndromes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were identified by searches of MEDLINE (1966-September 2001), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-September 2001), and the Iowa Drug Information Service (1966-September 2001) using the terms bivalirudin and Hirulog. The reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed for relevant articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bivalirudin is a synthetic polypeptide that directly inhibits thrombin by binding simultaneously to its active catalytic site and its substrate recognition site. After intravenous administration, peak plasma concentrations occur in 2 minutes. In patients given a 1.0-mg/kg bolus followed by a 2.5-mg/kg per hour infusion, a median activated clotting time of 346 seconds is achieved with little interpatient or intrapatient variability. Clearance of bivalirudin occurs through a combination of renal elimination and proteolytic cleavage, and doses may need to be decreased in the presence of renal dysfunction. In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions, bivalirudin has been associated with equivalent efficacy but lower bleeding rates (P < 0.001) than unfractionated heparin (UFH). Data from the Hirulog Early Reperfusion/Occlusion-2 study suggest no reduction in mortality with bivalirudin compared with heparin when either is added to aspirin and streptokinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction, despite a lower reinfarction rate (P < 0.001). Experience with bivalirudin in patients with unstable angina and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), as well as in patients receiving glycoprotein IIb/IIIla inhibitors, is limited. The differences in bleeding rates between bivalirudin and heparin in published clinical trials probably reflect differences in levels of anticoagulation achieved in comparator groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given its high cost, bivalirudin should be reserved for use as an alternative to UFH, primarily in patients with HIT, until clinical trials have more clearly demonstrated its benefits in terms of efficacy or safety.
authors.affiliation: Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA. gladwell@duq.edu
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Gladwell
mesh_terms: D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000188:drug therapy; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D024764:Hirudin Therapy; D006629:Hirudins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000188:drug therapy; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000991:Antithrombins; D006629:Hirudins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C074619:bivalirudin