title: Routine intra-operative assessment of pain and/or depth of anaesthesia by nurse anaesthetists in clinical practice.
abstract: Patient safety and comfort during general anaesthesia and surgery are to a considerable extent dependent on the capability of anaesthesia personnel to interpret directly monitored as well as indirect clinical signs of pain and/or depth of anaesthesia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate how nurse anaesthetists in their clinical routine work assess and interpret intra-operative responses evoked by pain stimuli and/or insufficient depth of anaesthesia. A questionnaire was designed to assess the perceived relevance and validity of cardiovascular, respiratory, mucocutaneous, eye-associated, and muscular responses for routine assessment of intra-operative pain and/or insufficient depth of anaesthesia in patients undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia. Data were obtained from 223 nurse anaesthetists working at nine different university anaesthesia departments in Sweden. A number of significant indicators for pain and depth of anaesthesia could be identified for spontaneously breathing as well as for mechanically ventilated patients. No variable was considered entirely specific for either intra-operative pain or depth of anaesthesia. Changes in breathing rate/volume, central haemodynamics (BP, HR), lacrimation, and presence of moist and sticky skin were given higher score values as indicators of pain than as indicators of depth of anaesthesia. Occurrence of grimaces, attempted movements, and presence of non-centred pupils were variables considered more indicative of insufficient depth of anaesthesia than intra-operative pain. In conclusion, it is obvious from the present data that indirect physiological signs of intra-operative pain and depth of anaesthesia are still considered of importance by Swedish anaesthesia nurses in the anaesthetic management of surgical patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Caring Sciences, University of Skövde, Sweden. m.w.stomberg@ihv.his.se
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Stomberg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sjöström
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haljamäe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000451:nursing*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007697:Kinesics; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing* / Q000592:standards; D009068:Movement; D009719:Nurse Anesthetists / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards*; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing* / Q000592:standards; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden