title: Changing profile of parenteral nutrition in pediatric surgery: a 30-year experience at one institute.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to technical refinements and steady advances in the development of highly sophisticated nutrient solutions consisting of optimal combinations of macronutrients and micronutrients, parenteral nutrition (PN) is now playing an important role in patient management. However, some PN-associated complications, such as catheter-related sepsis (CRS) and cholestasis, continue at high incidence, particularly in neonates. The objective of this study was to investigate the changing profiles of PN over the past 30 years in our department.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 893 children (225 neonates, 245 infants, 261 preschool-age children, and 162 school-age children) who were placed on PN for >7 days in our department were reviewed, and the following data were extracted: birth weight, underlying disease, indications for PN, PN delivery route, type of catheter used, duration of PN, substrate and energy intake, type of amino acid solution used, and incidence of complications including CRS and liver dysfunction. The results were analyzed by dividing the patients into 3 groups according to their basic stages in management of PN and consisted of group 1 (1970 to 1979), group 2 (1980 to 1989), and group 3 (1990 to 1999). The parameters were compared in each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total number of patients in each group showed no significant difference; however, the percentage of low birth-weight neonates increased in group 3. In group 1, 85% of PN was administered through the peripheral vein; in group 2, 51.2%; and in group 3, 9.7%. The total calorie and nutrient intake decreased in groups 2 and 3 compared with group 1, particularly regarding fat intake. In groups 1 and 2, commercially available amino acid solution based on the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization formula was usually used as the nitrogen source, but in group 3, it was changed to an amino acid solution for children. CRS decreased significantly, particularly in neonates, and occurred at a rate of 45.4% in group 1, 10.7% in group 2, and 1.5% in group 3. The incidence of liver dysfunction also showed a decrease: 35.7% in group 1, 22.3% in group 2, and 18.0% in group 3. A multivariate analysis showed a strong relationship between PN-related liver dysfunction and the duration of PN, the presence of infection, and the type of amino acid solution used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PN via central venous catheters has been regarded as safe and effective treatment in pediatric surgical patients. Over the past 30 years, the incidence of CRS has decreased. However, PN-related liver dysfunction remains a problem, particularly in patients receiving long-term PN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan.
authors.forename: Sachiyo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suita
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamanouchi
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masumoto
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogita
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Shohei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taguchi
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002673:Child, Hospitalized / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004066:Digestive System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D005223:Fats / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005947:Glucose / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007081:Ileostomy; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005223:Fats; D005947:Glucose