title: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced dopamine cell loss in culture: roles of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and nitric oxide.
abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Although the exact mechanisms responsible for this cell loss are unclear, emerging evidence suggests the involvement of inflammatory events. In the present study, we characterized the effects of the proinflammatory bacteriotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (THir) cells (used as an index for DA neurons) in primary mesencephalic cultures. LPS (10-80 microg/ml) selectively decreased THir cells and increased culture media levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) as well as nitrite (an index of nitric oxide (NO) production). Cultures exposed to both LPS and neutralizing antibodies to IL-1beta or TNF-alpha showed an attenuation of the LPS-induced THir cell loss by at least 50% in both cases. Inhibition of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by L-NIL did not affect LPS toxicity, but increased the LPS-induced levels of both TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. These findings suggest that neuroinflammatory stimuli which lead to elevations in cytokines may induce DA neuron cell loss in a NO-independent manner and contribute to PD pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. dgayle@rush.edu
authors.forename: Dave A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gayle
authors.forename: ZaoDung
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: ChongWai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Landers
authors.forename: Jack W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lipton
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Carvey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D004298:Dopamine