title: Medical applications of Raman spectroscopy: from proof of principle to clinical implementation.
abstract: Raman spectroscopy has recently been applied ex vivo and in vivo to address various biomedical issues such as the early detection of cancers, monitoring of the effect of various agents on the skin, determination of atherosclerotic plaque composition, and rapid identification of pathogenic microorganisms. This leap in the number of applications and the number of groups active in this field has been facilitated by several technological advancements in lasers, CCD detectors, and fiber-optic probes. However, most of the studies are still at the proof of concept stage. We present a discussion on the status of the field today, as well as the problems and issues that still need to be resolved to bring this technology to hospital settings (i.e., the medical laboratory, surgical suites, or clinics). Taken from the viewpoint of clinicians and medical analysts, the potential of Raman spectroscopic techniques as new tools for biomedical applications is discussed and a path is proposed for the clinical implementation of these techniques.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Intensive Care Research and Optical Spectroscopy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. lin-p'ing.choo-smith@nrc.ca
authors.forename: L-P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Choo-Smith
authors.forename: H G M
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Endtz
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kros
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Heule
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bruining
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Puppels
mesh_terms: D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000175:diagnosis; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry; D017192:Skin Diseases, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*