title: The juxtaposition of a capillary telangiectasia, cavernous malformation, and developmental venous anomaly in the brainstem of a single patient: case report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Capillary telangiectasias, cavernous malformations, and developmental venous anomalies are all vascular malformations that occur on the capillary-venous side of the cerebral circulation. The associations of capillary telangiectasias with venous malformations, cavernous malformations with venous malformations, and capillary telangiectasias with cavernous malformations have all been described; however, the association of all three lesions in a single patient is extremely rare.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 52 year-old Caucasian woman presented to our clinic with an extended history of confusion, distorted visual perceptions, photophobia, neck pain, swallowing problems, and poor balance. The patient's examination was remarkable for difficulty concentrating, mild rotatory nystagmus, subtle decreased sensation over the left side of the face and body, and brisk reflexes. Review of the patient's magnetic resonance imaging examination demonstrated a cavernous malformation, a capillary telangiectasia, and a developmental venous anomaly located adjacent to one another in the brainstem.
  
  
  METHODS
  Given the patient's complex constellation of symptoms and relatively mild neurological findings, it was difficult to ascribe any one of them to a specific vascular malformation. Conservative management of this patient's vascular malformations was decided upon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Juxtaposition of these three different vascular lesions in the brainstem of an otherwise normal individual suggests a relationship among them. Although there are several theories that link similar associations through physiological mechanisms such as venous hypertension, we propose that a developmental event disrupting local capillary-venous pattern formation is a plausible alternative.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 5-181, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Clatterbuck
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Elmací
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rigamonti
mesh_terms: D001933:Brain Stem / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D020295:Brain Stem Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D020786:Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged