title: Complex regulation of the human gene for the Z-DNA binding protein DLM-1.
abstract: Dlm-1 is a recently described gene which is upregulated in murine stromal cells lining tumors. The function of the 40 kDa DLM-1 protein is poorly understood. DLM-1 contains an N-terminal Z-DNA binding domain homologous to the Zalpha domain in the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1. We report the cloning of human and rat DLM-1. In addition to the Zalpha domain, three further conserved regions were identified. One of these is homologous to the second Z-DNA binding domain, Zbeta, of ADAR1. We find that human DLM-1 is predominantly expressed in lymphatic tissues. The gene spans 17 kb and consists of 10 exons. DNA transcripts are extremely heterogeneous as a result of alternative splicing and the usage of exon variants combined with at least two transcriptional start sites and 3'-terminal exons. The exon coding for the Zalpha domain was present in approximately one-third of the analyzed mRNAs. Nearly half of the transcripts contained exon variants that had premature stop codons incorporated. Based on our analysis, over 2000 different mRNAs may be produced due to alternative splicing and usage of different 5' and 3' ends. The cellular function of DLM-1 appears to call for a high degree of adaptation by this complex regulation.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rothenburg
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Koch-Nolte
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haag
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D005091:Exons; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D005796:Genes; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D026723:Polyadenylation; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D051381:Rats; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; C498634:Igf2bp1 protein, rat; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C485731:ZBP1 protein, human; C402632:Zbp1 protein, mouse; D004247:DNA