title: A 3-year follow-up study of social, lifestyle and health predictors of cognitive impairment in a Chinese older cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Longitudinal data on the older population in the Asian setting are limited. This paper reports the factors associated with the development of cognitive impairment (CI) in a cohort of Chinese elderly aged > or =70 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study cohort comprising 2030 subjects aged > or =70 years was assembled in 1991-1992 and followed for 36 months. Baseline information on cognitive function, as well as a number of social and health variables were obtained through face-to-face interview at the respondent's place of residence. The outcome variable was the development of CI among 988 cohort members who were initially free from CI, and who could be contacted at the 36-month follow-up. The instrument used to assess CI was based on the information/orientation part of the Clifton Assessment Procedure for the elderly (CAPE), using a cut-off point of 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the men, 6.7%, but 22.2% of women had CI at 3-year follow-up. The age-adjusted annual incidence of CI was 1.52% in men, and 6.37% in women. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that women had a 2.5-fold increased risk of having CI, compared with men. The risk increased by about 1.5-fold with every 5-year increase in age. Slow gait time, as assessed by the 16-foot walk, was a predictor of CI in both sexes (odds ratio [OR] = 1.03 per second increase, 95% CI : 1.0-1.07). Men residing in institutions had a 4.4-fold increased risk of having CI (95% CI : 1.7-11.1) compared with those residing in community, while the OR among women was 2.5 (95% CI : 1.3-4.9). Among women, no formal education increased the risk of having CI by 3.2-fold (95% CI : 1.8-5.5). Income dependency also increased the risk of CI by about fourfold, and no exercise at baseline was associated with a twofold increased risk of CI. Incident stroke during follow-up also increased the risk of CI (OR = 8.4, 95% CI : 1.2-59.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older age and female sex were independent factors associated with CI. No formal education, slow gait time and institutionalization increased the risk of CI in both sexes. While education had a stronger effect in women, institutionalization had a stronger effect in men. Financial dependency, lack of exercise and incident stroke played a significant role in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Family Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Public Health, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin. Suzanneho@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sham
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007182:Income; D007326:Institutionalization; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors