title: A controlled study of minimal-contact thermal biofeedback treatment in children with migraine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of handwarming biofeedback (HWB) and stress management training in comparison to attention (handcooling, HCB) and wait-list control groups. Thermal biofeedback has been used in many pediatric migraine treatment studies and has demonstrated a consistent therapeutic effect. No published studies to date have compared this treatment modality with credible attention control using biofeedback technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six children and adolescents (mean age: 12.8 years), as well as the mothers and fathers of these children enrolled in the study, were randomly assigned to the three groups. Thirty-four children completed treatment. Both treatment groups received four sessions of biofeedback training and a portable biofeedback device for home practice. Ratings of treatment credibility showed that the children rated the two treatments as equally credible. Assessment included anxiety and depression questionnaires for the children and both of their parents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children who had been assigned to the HWB group were more likely to achieve clinical improvement in migraine after treatment than the children in the HCB group. Treatment gains were maintained up to 6 months after treatment. Home practice data reflected a general increase in temperature in the HWB group and a decrease in temperature for the HCB group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study confirm the findings of earlier pediatric migraine biofeedback treatment studies and also provide support for the specific effect of treatments including stress management and HWB. Future studies with larger sample sizes will aid in delineating the appropriateness of HCB as a control treatment.
authors.affiliation: Pain Treatment Service, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. lisa.scharff@tch.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scharff
authors.forename: Dawn A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Masek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D001831:Body Temperature; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome