title: Cost-minimization analysis of alternative diagnostic approaches in a modeled patient with non-small cell lung cancer and subcarinal lymphadenopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the costs of alternative diagnostic evaluations of enlarged subcarinal lymph nodes (SLNs) in modeled patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cost-minimization model was used to compare 5 diagnostic approaches in the evaluation of enlarged SLNs in modeled patients with NSCLC. Values for the test performance characteristics and prevalence of malignancy in patients with SLN were obtained from the medical literature. The target population was adult patients known or suspected to have NSCLC with SLNs with a short axis length of at least 10 mm on thoracic computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lowest-cost diagnostic work-up was by initial evaluation with endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS FNA) biopsy ($11,490 per patient) compared with mediastinoscopy (with biopsy) ($13,658), transbronchial FNA biopsy ($11,963), CT-guided FNA biopsy ($13,027), and positron emission tomography ($12,887). The results were sensitive to rate of SLN metastases and EUS FNA sensitivity. The EUS FNA biopsy remained least costly if the probability of SLN metastases exceeded 24% or EUS FNA sensitivity was higher than 76%. Primary mediastinoscopy was the most economical if not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Which testing strategy is least costly for SLN evaluation in a modeled patient with NSCLC may be determined by the pretest probability of nodal metastases. Use of EUS FNA biopsy minimizes the cost of diagnostic evaluation in most cases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Gavin C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Harewood
authors.forename: Maurits J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wiersema
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Edell
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liebow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D003363:Cost Control; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D019160:Endosonography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D008481:Mediastinoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics; D017059:Models, Econometric; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms / Q000191:economics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States