title: The three-dimensional effects of orthodontic treatment on the facial soft tissues--a preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the three-dimensional effects of extraction and non-extraction orthodontic treatment on the facial soft tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Orthodontics, Royal London Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study of two prospective cohorts of patients who were attending for orthodontic treatment. METHOD 12 patients were included in each group, in accordance with the selection criteria. Three-dimensional optical surface scans of these patients were obtained in the one month prior to having fixed appliances placed and this was repeated at the end of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average face of the non-extraction patients was of greater general dimensions than the extraction average, both at the start and the end of treatment. During the fixed appliance treatment, the vermilion of the upper lip became more protrusive to a similar extent in both groups in relation to the reference plane. The lower lip vermilion and the philtrum showed no change for either group over the treatment time. The labiomental fold area showed a slightly greater forward movement in the extraction group with treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional optical surface scanning allows data from the whole of the face to be assessed, as opposed to the lateral profile view used in the majority of the studies to date. The effects of the two types of treatment on the facial soft tissues were very similar, indicating that orthodontic treatment involving the extraction of teeth does not have a detrimental effect on the face.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Department, Dental Institute, Royal London Hospital.
authors.forename: S F H
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000628:therapy; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000379:methods*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014081:Tooth Extraction