title: Impaired activity of phagocytic cells in Candida albicans infection after exposure to chronic varied stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Candidiasis is a prototypic opportunistic fungal disease that may follow severe modulations of the immune system of the host. The purpose of this study was to evaluate which innate immune mechanisms involved in the protection against fungal invasion are impaired under stress conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were infected intraperitoneally with Candida albicans and immediately exposed to chronic varied stress (CVS) over 10 days (CVS; Ca-S); the fungal burden (CFU), histopathological lesion and ACTH levels were evaluated. Additionally, functional assessment of peritoneal cells (PC) included the phagocytic and anticandidacidal activities and the production of H(2)O(2) and NO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the only infected animals (Ca), C. albicans colonization stimulated an efficient inflammatory response, while in Ca-S rats poor tissue reactions were associated with increased CFU in livers and kidneys (p < 0.05, Ca vs. Ca-S). Whereas the phagocytic process was not modified, the candidacidal activity of PC was significantly decreased after the application of CVS (p < 0.001, Ca vs. Ca-S). The H(2)O(2) production by macrophages and neutrophils was downregulated by the infection, and while at early intervals these cells possessed a residual oxidative capacity, by day 10, the production of this metabolite was blocked. Spontaneous NO production by macrophages was significantly increased in both Ca and Ca-S animals (p < 0.001), but in stressed rats, this reactive nitrogen intermediate was noticeably downregulated (p < 0.05, Ca vs. Ca-S). The hyperactivity of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis after exposure to stress was confirmed by an increase in baseline plasma ACTH levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that during infection with C. albicans, the exposure to CVS contributes to the spread of the fungus and downregulates critical functions of phagocytic cells involved in the control of this opportunistic pathogen.
authors.affiliation: Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Galán
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cejas
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Sotomayor
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003441:Crowding; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005508:Food Deprivation; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000382:microbiology; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000502:physiology*; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000502:physiology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009812:Odorants; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity / Q000382:microbiology; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D010587:Phagocytosis; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013550:Swimming; D014868:Water Deprivation
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide