title: Continuous antegrade blood cardioplegia: cold vs. tepid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continuous antegrade blood cardioplegia (CABCP) is used at different temperatures. We investigated the consequences of CABCP at 6 degrees C (COLD) vs. 28 degrees C (TEPID).
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthetized open-chest pigs (25 +/- 2 kg) were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The hearts were arrested for 30 min by 6 degrees C cold or 28 degrees C tepid CABCP (n = 8 each). After an initial 3 min antegrade application of high potassium (20 mEq) cold (6 degrees C) blood cardioplegia, the hearts were arrested for a subsequent 27 min by normokalemic blood delivered antegrade at either 6 degrees C or 28 degrees C. After this, the hearts underwent perfusion with warm systemic blood for an additional 30 min on CPB. Biochemical cardiac data (MVO2 [ml/min/100 g], release of creatine kinase [CK U/min/100 g] and lactate [mg/min/100 g]) were measured during CPB. Total tissue water content (%) and left ventricular stroke work index (SWI g x m/kg) were determined 30 min after discontinuation of CPB and compared to pre-CPB controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cold CABCP kept all hearts continuously arrested. The COLD hearts showed no biochemical or functional disturbance. The TEPID hearts intermittently fibrillated and required additional high potassium BCP shots. The TEPID hearts showed a marked CK leakage (2.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.4), lactate production (4.0 +/- 1.6 vs. extraction from the COLD group) despite the non-ischemic protocol, an impaired initial oxygen consumption (4.2 +/- 1.3 vs. 7.1 +/- 1.6) at the end of cardiac arrest, the formation of myocardial edema (79.5 +/- 1.0 vs. 77.0 +/- 0.8), and a depressed recovery of SWI (0.69 +/- 0.15 degrees vs. 1.41 +/- 0.13). *p < 0.05 for comparison of TEPID vs. COLD hearts using Student's t-test for unpaired data; degrees p < 0.05 for intergroup-comparison of TEPID vs. COLD vs. controls using ANOVA adjusted for repeated measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uninterrupted cardioplegia can be safely performed with cold normokalemic CABCP. In contrast, tepid normokalemic CABCP leads to fibrillation, jeopardizes the heart, and should be avoided.UND
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. baretti@dhzb.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baretti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Buckberg
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baumann-Baretti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hetzer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D023421:Models, Animal; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D019344:Lactic Acid; D003402:Creatine Kinase