title: Impact of normal sexual dimorphisms on sex differences in structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia assessed by magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies suggest that the impact of early insults predisposing to schizophrenia may have differential consequences by sex. We hypothesized that brain regions found to be structurally different in normal men and women (sexual dimorphisms) and abnormal in schizophrenia would show significant sex differences in brain abnormalities, particularly in the cortex, in schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty outpatients diagnosed as having schizophrenia by DSM-III-R were systematically sampled to be comparable within sex with 48 normal comparison subjects on the basis of age, ethnicity, parental socioeconomic status, and handedness. A comprehensive assessment of the entire brain was based on T1-weighted 3-dimensional images acquired from a 1.5-T magnet. Multivariate general linear models for correlated data were used to test for sex-specific effects regarding 22 hypothesized cortical, subcortical, and cerebrospinal fluid brain volumes, adjusted for age and total cerebrum size. Sex x group interactions were also tested on asymmetries of the planum temporale, Heschl's gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus, additionally controlled for handedness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal patterns of sexual dimorphisms were disrupted in schizophrenia. Sex-specific effects were primarily evident in the cortex, particularly in the frontomedial cortex, basal forebrain, cingulate and paracingulate gyri, posterior supramarginal gyrus, and planum temporale. Normal asymmetry of the planum was also disrupted differentially in men and women with schizophrenia. There were no significant differential sex effects in subcortical gray matter regions or cerebrospinal fluid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Factors that produce normal sexual dimorphisms may be associated with modulating insults producing schizophrenia, particularly in the cortex.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, 74 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA 02115, USA. jill_goldstein@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.forename: Liam M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Makris
authors.forename: Verne S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Caviness
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: Ming T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tsuang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors