title: Functional reorganization of motor cortex increases with greater axonal injury from CADASIL.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited small-artery disease that clinically involves only the brain. Particularly early in the disease, patients can show substantial or complete recovery after individual strokes. Cortical functional reorganization may contribute to limiting disability with such ischemic injury. We sought to test whether the extent of any functional changes in the motor cortex increases with greater brain axonal injury from CADASIL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to characterize cortical activation during a simple hand-tapping task. Disease-associated pathology in subcortical white matter was assessed with the use of conventional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI and MR spectroscopic imaging for measurement of N-acetyl aspartate decreases, a relatively specific measure of axonal injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was evidence for variable but substantial hyperintense white matter signal in all of the patients with FLAIR imaging. With the use of fMRI, the brain regions activated during motor tasks were similar for the 9 CADASIL patients and 7 controls, except that most (6 of 9) patients showed primary motor cortex activation both ipsilateral and contralateral to the hand moved, a finding in only 1 of 7 healthy controls. Ipsilateral motor cortex activation increased (r=-0.77, P<0.05) and motor cortex activation lateralization index decreased (r=0.68, P<0.02) with greater white matter injury (as assessed from decreases in the relative N-acetyl aspartate concentration) in a region of interest including descending motor fibers of the corticospinal pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extent of functional reorganization of motor cortex increases with increasing axonal injury, consistent with an adaptive role for these changes. Increased functional recruitment of cortex ipsilateral to the limb moved therefore may contribute to limiting motor impairment from the subcortical injury of CADASIL.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Stefano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mortilla
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Federico
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D015161:Dementia, Multi-Infarct / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D001224:Aspartic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine