title: Caffeine dependence in teenagers.
abstract: This study identifies and characterizes symptoms of caffeine dependence in adolescents. Thirty-six adolescents who consumed caffeine daily and had some features of caffeine dependence on telephone screen were scheduled for outpatient evaluation. Evaluation included the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV-Youth Version (DISC-IV) and modified DISC-IV questions that assessed caffeine dependence based on DSM-IV substance dependence criteria. Of 36 subjects, 41.7% (n=15) reported tolerance to caffeine, 77.8% (n=28) described withdrawal symptoms after cessation or reduction of caffeine intake, 38.9% (n=14) reported desire or unsuccessful attempts to control use, and 16.7% (n=6) endorsed use despite knowledge of physical or psychological problems associated with caffeine. There was no significant difference in the amount of caffeine consumed daily by caffeine dependent versus non-dependent teenagers. These findings are important due to the vast number of adolescents who drink caffeinated beverages.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, F256/2B West, 2450 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA. berns001@umn.edu
authors.forename: Gail A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Marilyn E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Thuras
authors.forename: Kelly P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Cosgrove
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine