title: Changing paternity and time since last pregnancy; the impact on pre-eclampsia risk. A study of 547 238 women with and without previous pre-eclampsia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long time interval between pregnancies has been found to increase the risk of pre-eclampsia in second pregnancy. Our aim was to investigate whether this effect is influenced by a history of pre-eclampsia or a change in paternity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 547 238 women with a first and second pregnancy registered in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, 1967-1998. The relative risk of pre-eclampsia in the second delivery according to time interval between deliveries was estimated as odds ratios (OR) in logistic regression models, controlling for changing paternity, maternal age and calendar time period in women with and without previous pre-eclampsia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A change of paternity for the second pregnancy was associated with a reduced risk of pre-eclampsia after controlling for the time since first delivery (adjusted OR = 0.80, 95% CI : 0.72-0.90), but the interaction between change in paternity and time between deliveries was significant only for women with no previous pre-eclampsia. The interaction between history of pre-eclampsia and time interval between the two deliveries was highly significant, and for women with no previous pre-eclampsia the risk of pre-eclampsia in second pregnancy increased with increasing time interval (for intervals longer than 15 years the adjusted OR was 2.11, 95% CI : 1.75-2.53). For women with previous pre-eclampsia the risk tended to decrease with increasing time interval between deliveries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protective impact of a new father for the second pregnancy challenges the hypothesis of primipaternity, and implies that the increase in pre-eclampsia risk ascribed to new father by others is due to insufficient control for interpregnancy interval.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Section of Epidemiology, Oslo, Norway. lill.trogstad@folkehelsa.no
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Trogstad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eskild
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magnus
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Samuelsen
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Nesheim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010334:Paternity; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors