title: Rho family GTPases regulate mammary epithelium cell growth and metastasis through distinguishable pathways.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Relatively few genes have been shown to directly affect the metastatic phenotype of breast cancer epithelial cells in vivo. The Rho family of proteins, incluing the Rho, Rac and Cdc42 subfamilies, are related to the small GTP binding protein Ras and regulated diverse biological processes including gene transcription, cytoskeletal organization, cell proliferation and transformation. The effects of Cdc42, Rac and Rho on the actin cytoskeleton suggested a possible role for Rho proteins in cellular motility and metastasis; however, a formal analysis of the role of Rho proteins in breast cancer cellular growth and metastasis in vivo had not previously been performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We generated a panel of MTLn3 rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells that expressed similar levels of dominant inhibitory mutants of Cdc42-, Rac- and Rho-dependent signaling, to examine the contribution of these GTPases to cell spreading, guided chemotaxis, and metastasis in vivo. The ability of Rho proteins to regulate intravasation into the peripheral blood was determined by implanting MTLn3 cell stable dominant negative lines in nude mice and measuring the formation of breast cancer cell colonies grown from the peripheral blood. Serial sectioning of the lungs was performed to determine the presence of metastasis in mice in which mammary tumors expressing the dominant negative Rho family proteins had grown to a similar size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell spreading of MTLn3 cells was selectively abrogated by N17Rac1. N19RhoA and N17Cdc42 reduced the number of focal contacts (FCs) and disrupted the co-localization of vinculin with phosphotyrosine at FCs. While N17Rac1 and N17Cdc42 preferentially inhibited colony formation in soft agar, all three GTPases affected cell growth in vivo. To distinguish effects on tumorigenicity from intravasation into the bloodstream, implanted tumors were grown to the same size in nude mice. Each dominant inhibitory Rho protein reduced intravasation into the peripheral blood. Lung metastasis of MTLn3 cells was also abrogated by the dominant inhibitory Rho proteins, despite the presence of residual CFU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies demonstrate for the first time a critical role for the Rho GTPases involving independent signaling pathways to limit mammary tumor cellular growth and metastasis in vivo.
authors.affiliation: The Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bouzahzah
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albanese
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pixley
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lisanti
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Segall
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Condeelis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minden
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Der
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Symons
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pestell
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma; D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division; D002633:Chemotaxis; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D004848:Epithelium / Q000503:physiopathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000556:secondary; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005810:Multigene Family; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction; D022502:Stress Fibers; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014443:Tyrosine; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins