title: Cardiac calcification in adult hemodialysis patients. A link between end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine clinical and laboratory correlates of calcification of the coronary arteries (CAs), aorta and mitral and aortic valves in adult subjects with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving hemodialysis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Vascular calcification is known to be a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in non-uremic individuals. Patients with ESRD experience accelerated vascular calcification, due at least in part to dysregulation of mineral metabolism. Clinical correlates of the extent of calcification in ESRD have not been identified. Moreover, the clinical relevance of calcification as measured by electron-beam tomography (EBT) has not been determined in the ESRD population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 205 maintenance hemodialysis patients who received baseline EBT for evaluation of vascular and valvular calcification. We compared subjects with and without clinical evidence of atherosclerotic vascular disease and determined correlates of the extent of vascular and valvular calcification using multivariable linear regression and proportional odds logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median coronary artery calcium score was 595 (interquartile range, 76 to 1,600), values consistent with a high risk of obstructive coronary artery disease in the general population. The CA calcium scores were directly related to the prevalence of myocardial infarction (p < 0.0001) and angina (p < 0.0001), and the aortic calcium scores were directly related to the prevalence of claudication (p = 0.001) and aortic aneurysm (p = 0.02). The extent of coronary calcification was more pronounced with older age, male gender, white race, diabetes, longer dialysis vintage and higher serum concentrations of calcium and phosphorus. Total cholesterol (and high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein subfractions), triglycerides, hemoglobin and albumin were not significantly related to the extent of CA calcification. Only dialysis vintage was significantly associated with the prevalence of valvular calcification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coronary artery calcification is common, severe and significantly associated with ischemic cardiovascular disease in adult ESRD patients. The dysregulation of mineral metabolism in ESRD may influence vascular calcification risk.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raggi
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boulay
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chasan-Taber
authors.forename: Naseem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.forename: Steven K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Glenn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Chertow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium