title: Investigation of nail permeation enhancement by chemical modification using water as a probe.
abstract: Our objective was to screen molecules that could interact with keratin in the human nail and thereby improve the topical penetration of actives into and through the nail plate. We used specialized Franz-type diffusion cells for our permeation experiments and water as a marker molecule. Aqueous/hydroalcoholic gels containing the enhancers were spiked with tritiated water and compared with a control (without enhancer). We computed the normalized water flux (defined as a product of flux and nail thickness) for each gel. We defined an enhancement factor for water as the ratio of the normalized water flux from a gel containing enhancer to that of the control. Our results indicate that the chemical structure of the modifier is most important in determining its ability to enhance penetration. The best enhancement effect was obtained using N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine, a mercaptan derivative of an amino acid, in combination with urea. The concentration of each chemical modifier was linearly related to normalized water flux and mercaptan levels were more important that urea levels in penetration enhancement. Barrier integrity of nails was compromised after treatment with effective chemical modifiers. Thus, we have developed a suitable technique to screen nail penetration enhancers using water as a probe.
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research U.S., 45 River Road, Edgewater, New Jersey 07020, USA. gouri.malhotra@unilever.com
authors.forename: Gouri G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: Joel L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zatz
mesh_terms: D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture / Q000379:methods; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007641:Keratolytic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009262:Nails / Q000378:metabolism*; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013447:Sulfites / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D007641:Keratolytic Agents; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D013447:Sulfites; D014867:Water