title: Glucose-insulin-potassium solution improves left ventricular mechanics in diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanism by which glucose-insulin-potassium solutions enhance recovery of left ventricular function after myocardial ischemia in diabetic patients is not well understood. We evaluated the effect of glucose-insulin-potassium on ventriculoarterial coupling and left ventricular mechanics in a chronic ovine model of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced in 6 sheep with streptozotocin. After 6 months of diabetes, the response of the left ventricular pressure-volume relationship to 60 minutes of intravenous glucose-insulin-potassium solution (1,000 mL of 5% dextrose in water, 100 IU of regular insulin, 90 mmol of KCl at 1.5 mL x kg(-1) x h(-1)) was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glucose-insulin-potassium solution increased end-systolic elastance 68% (p = 0.01) and improved ventriculoarterial coupling (1.7+/-0.3 to 1.0+/-0.1; p < 0.01). Potential energy decreased 35% (p = 0.01), and pressure-volume area decreased 20% (p = 0.01). However, stroke work did not change; therefore stroke work efficiency increased from 50.1%+/-3.5% to 60.2%+/-5.1% (p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucose-insulin-potassium solution improves left ventricular contractility and ventriculoarterial coupling in diabetes. Left ventricular mechanics is improved by decreasing total mechanical work without significantly affecting stroke work, resulting in improved stroke work efficiency. Improved efficiency facilitates understanding of the enhanced tolerance to myocardial ischemia afforded by glucose-insulin-potassium solution.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Technology Centre, Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia. indranrama@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Tharumenthiran
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shirota
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Yifei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Stephen N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hunyor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012756:Sheep; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; C030396:glucose-insulin-potassium cardioplegic solution; D005947:Glucose; D011188:Potassium