title: Safety and efficacy of glucagon as a premedication for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy--a comparative study with butyl scopolamine bromide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucagon inhibits digestive motility and is used for endoscopic premedication; however, its effect on cardiopulmonary function during endoscopy has not yet been fully investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the efficacy and safety of glucagon compared with butyl scopolamine bromide as upper gastrointestinal endoscopy premedication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and forty consecutive patients over 40 years of age, referred for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, without any complications, were studied. These patients were randomly premedicated with butyl scopolamine bromide (SC group) or glucagon (G group). Time course changes in blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate and the number of retching episodes during endoscopy were examined. The efficacy of glucose tablets after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to prevent hypoglycaemia caused by glucagon was evaluated. Cardiopulmonary parameters were also examined in 77 complicated patients with glucagon premedication (GC group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A continuous increase in heart rate during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was observed in the SC group, but not in the G and GC groups. Blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation and number of retching episodes were not different between the groups. Hypoglycaemia-related symptoms were frequent in the G group without glucose tablets, but were prevented by the administration of glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucagon has a weaker effect on cardiopulmonary function during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy than butyl scopolamine bromide. Glucose administration prevents hypoglycaemia-related symptoms caused by glucagon.
authors.affiliation: Unnan General Hospital, Ohhara-gun, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishimura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katsube
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurotani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002086:Butylscopolammonium Bromide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D005934:Glucagon / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D002086:Butylscopolammonium Bromide; D005934:Glucagon; D005947:Glucose; D010100:Oxygen