title: Personality factors associated with dissociation: temperament, defenses, and cognitive schemata.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate temperamental, psychodynamic, and cognitive factors associated with dissociation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three subjects with DSM-IV-defined depersonalization disorder and 22 healthy comparison subjects were administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, the Defense Style Questionnaire, and the Schema Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with depersonalization disorder demonstrated significantly greater harm-avoidant temperament, immature defenses, and over-connection and disconnection cognitive schemata than comparison subjects. Within the group of subjects with depersonalization disorder, dissociation scores significantly correlated with the same variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Particular personality factors may render individuals more vulnerable to dissociative symptoms. Risk factors associated with dissociative disorders merit further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA. daphne-simeon@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simeon
authors.forename: Orna
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Guralnik
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knutelska
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmeidler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D003861:Depersonalization / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament