title: Limitation of the in vitro whole blood assay for predicting the COX selectivity of NSAIDs in clinical use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess if the inhibitory potency of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes, when given therapeutically in humans, can be predicted from their in vitro concentration-response curves using the whole blood assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four healthy male volunteers aged 20--27 years were recruited. Inhibition of blood COX isoenzymes was determined in vitro before any drug intake and ex vivo after single and repeated intake of either 7.5 mg meloxicam once, 400 mg ibuprofen three times daily or 75 mg diclofenac SR once, taken in a randomized cross-over design. Production of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) during clotting and of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) during endotoxin exposure served as indicators of platelet COX-1 and monocyte COX-2 activity, respectively. Drugs were determined in plasma by h.p.l.c., with a chiral separation of ibuprofen and free fractions after equilibrium dialysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intra-subject variation for COX-1 and COX-2 at baseline was at 26 +/- 18% and 18 +/- 13% respectively, and intersubject variation at 39% and 36%, respectively. The ratios of IC50s and, at best, of IC80s revealed diclofenac and meloxicam as selective COX-2 inhibitors and ibuprofen as a preferential COX-1 inhibitor in vitro. However, after oral intake, ibuprofen inhibited ex vivo COX-2 by 80% whereas diclofenac inhibited COX-1 by 70%. Meloxicam inhibited COX-1 from 30 to 55% depending on the repetition of the dose and increase in plasma concentrations. Using in vitro dose--response curves, the in vivo inhibitory potency of diclofenac was estimated adequately from its circulating concentration ([-0.18, 0.21] for COX-1 and [-0.13, -0.03] for COX-2) but this was not the case for ibuprofen on COX-2 ([-0.14, 0.27]) and meloxicam on COX-1 ([0.31, 1.05]). The limited predictability of the system was not improved through considering the unbound fraction of the drugs or the variable chiral inversion of ibuprofen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment of COX-2 selectivity based on in vitro studies and pharmacological modelling has a limited clinical relevance. There is a need to investigate COX selectivity at therapeutic plasma concentrations of NSAIDs using the ex vivo whole blood assay.
authors.affiliation: Département de Pharmacologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, UMR 7561, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Henri Poincaré Nancy 1, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blain
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boileau
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lapicque
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nédélec
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Loeuille
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guillaume
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaucher
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jeandel
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Netter
authors.forename: Jean-Yves
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jouzeau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000201:enzymology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D000077239:Meloxicam; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009000:Monocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013843:Thiazines / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D004008:Diclofenac; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D000077239:Meloxicam; D007052:Ibuprofen