title: Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and metabolism of 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (NSC 707545) in CD2F1 mice and Fischer 344 rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  17-(Dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17DMAG) is an analogue of the benzoquinone ansamycin compound 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG), which is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Studies were performed in mice and rats to: (1) define the plasma pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and urinary excretion of 17DMAG after i.v. delivery; (2) define the bioavailability of 17DMAG after i.p. and oral delivery; (3) characterize the biliary excretion of 17DMAG after i.v. delivery to rats; and (4) characterize, if possible, any metabolites of 17DMAG observed in plasma, tissue, urine, or bile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were performed in female, CD2F1 mice or male Fischer 344 rats. In preliminary toxicity studies and subsequent i.v. pharmacokinetic studies in mice, 17DMAG i.v. bolus doses of 33.3, 50, and 75 mg/kg were used. In bioavailability studies, i.p. and oral 17DMAG doses of 75 mg/kg were used. In preliminary toxicity studies in rats, i.v. bolus doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg were used, and in i.v. pharmacokinetic studies 10 mg/kg was used. Compartmental and noncompartmental analyses were applied to the plasma concentration versus time data. In mice and rats, concentrations of 17DMAG were determined in multiple tissues. Urine was collected from mice and rats treated with each of the i.v. doses of 17DMAG mentioned above, and drug excretion was calculated until 24 h after treatment. Biliary excretion of 17DMAG and metabolites was studied in bile duct-cannulated rats given a 10 mg/kg i.v. bolus dose of 17DMAG. 17DMAG metabolites were identified with LC/MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 75 mg/kg dose of 17DMAG caused no changes in appearance, appetite, waste elimination, or survival of treated mice as compared to vehicle-treated controls. Bolus i.v. delivery of 17DMAG at 75 mg/kg produced "peak" plasma 17DMAG concentrations between 18 and 24.2 microg/ml in mice killed at 5 min after injection. Sequential reduction in the 17DMAG dose to 50 and 33.3 mg/kg resulted in "peak" plasma 17DMAG concentrations between 9.4 and 14.4, and 8.4 and 10.5 microg/ml, respectively. Plasma 17DMAG AUC increased from 362 to 674 and 1150 microg/ml x min when the 17DMAG dose increased from 33.3 to 50 and 75 mg/kg, respectively, corresponding to a decrease in 17DMAG CLtb from 92 ml/min per kg to 75 and 65 ml/min per kg. Plasma 17DMAG concentration versus time data were best fit by a two-compartment open linear model. No potential 17DMAG metabolites were observed in plasma. 17DMAG bioavailability was 100% and 50% after i.p. and oral delivery, respectively. In rats, an i.v. bolus dose of 10 mg/kg produced peak plasma 17DMAG concentrations between 0.88 and 1.74 microg/ml. Plasma 17DMAG concentrations had fallen below the lower limit of quantitation by 180 min and were best fit by a one-compartment open linear model. The plasma 17DMAG AUC was 104 microg/ml x min, corresponding to a 17DMAG CLtb of 96 ml/min per kg. 17DMAG distributed rapidly to all mouse and rat tissues except brain and testes. Only mouse liver contained materials consistent with potential metabolites of 17DMAG, but their concentrations were below the limit of quantitation of the HPLC assay used. Within the first 24 h after delivery, urinary excretion of 17DMAG by mice and rats accounted for 10.6-14.8% and 12.5-16%, respectively, of the delivered dose. By 15 min after i.v. delivery of 10 mg/kg of 17DMAG, rat bile contained 11 new materials with absorbance similar to that of 17DMAG. Four of these proposed metabolites had an Mr of 633, indicating addition of an oxygen. Two of these proposed metabolites had an Mr of 603, implying the loss of one methyl group, and one had an Mr of 589, implying the loss of two methyl groups. The remaining four proposed metabolites had an Mr of 566, 571, 629, and 645, respectively. Biliary excretion of 17DMAG and metabolites accounted for 4.7 +/- 1.4% of the delivered dose, with 17DMAG accounting for 50.7 +/- 3.4% of the biliary excretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  17DMAG has excellent bioavailability when given i.p. and good bioavailability when given orally. 17DMAG is widely distributed to tissues and is quantitatively metabolized much less than is 17AAG. The pharmacokinetic and metabolite data generated should prove relevant to the design of additional preclinical studies as well as to contemplated clinical trials of 17DMAG and could be useful in their interpretation.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Therapeutics/Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, PA 15213, USA. egorinmj@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: Merrill J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Egorin
authors.forename: Theodore F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lagattuta
authors.forename: Deborah R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hamburger
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Covey
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Musser
authors.forename: Julie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Eiseman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D016227:Benzoquinones; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D001682:Biological Availability; D001711:Biotransformation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D011485:Protein Binding; D011809:Quinones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D016227:Benzoquinones; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds; D011809:Quinones; C448661:platinum 103; C448660:platinum 109; C448659:17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin