title: Molecular analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from human patients and shellfish during US Pacific north-west outbreaks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence and distribution of haemolysin genes, plasmid profile, serogroup analysis and cellular urease activity for Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from infected human patients and oysters from the Pacific north-western United States between 1988 and 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the clinical and environmental isolates tested in this study exhibited the presence of the thermolabile haemolysin gene, tl, confirming that all of the isolates were V. parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, the V. parahaemolyticus isolates that contained either the thermostable direct haemolysin gene, tdh, or the thermostable direct haemolysin-related gene, trh, or both, were also positive for urease. Isolates from infected human patients belong to serogroups O1 and O4, whereas, the isolates from oysters belong to serogroups O1, O4 and O5. These results suggest that the presence of a V. parahaemolyticus serogroup O1 and O4 could indicate the presence of a virulent strain of this pathogen. In this study, the presence of the haemolysin genes, serogroup profiles and urease production in V. parahaemolyticus isolated from human patients correlated with the oysters collected during the outbreaks. However, no significant correlation of the plasmid profiles was detected, based on their distribution and molecular weights, between V. parahaemolyticus isolated from infected human patients and from oysters collected during this outbreak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is apparent from this study that the identification of the haemolysin genes by multiplex PCR amplification, in conjunction with serogroup analysis and urease production, can be used to monitor shellfish for the presence of potentially pathogenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-1170, USA.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Pass
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bej
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kaysner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000382:microbiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015205:Northwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000382:microbiology; D010957:Plasmids / Q000032:analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012703:Serotyping; D012758:Shellfish / Q000382:microbiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014510:Urease / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D014735:Vibrio Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D014736:Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C073845:hemolysin, Vibrio; D014510:Urease