title: High-resolution breath-hold contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the entire carotid circulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of breathing on image quality of the aortic arch and carotid vessels during contrast-enhanced MR angiography and to show that high-resolution breath-hold contrast-enhanced MR angiography combined with a timing-bolus technique can produce high-quality images of the entire carotid circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients underwent high-resolution contrast-enhanced MR angiography on a 1.5-T Magnetom Symphony. A coronal three-dimensional (3D) gradient-echo sequence (TR/TE, 4.36/1.64; flip angle, 25 degrees) with asymmetric k-space acquisition was used. The 136 x 512 matrix yielded voxel sizes of 1.33 x 0.64 x 1.0 mm. A timing-bolus acquisition, orientated in the coronal plane to include the aortic arch, was obtained initially during free-breathing. Twenty milliliters of gadopenetate dimeglumine was injected at 2 mL/sec. Unenhanced and enhanced 3D volumes were recorded. A subtracted 3D set was calculated and subjected to a maximum-intensity-projection algorithm. Half of the patients held their breath during angiography and the other half did not. Aortic arch motion was measured on the timing-bolus acquisition as the distance moved by a single pixel in both the x and y directions. Maximum-intensity-projection MR images were assessed independently by two observers, and vessel sharpness was scored on a scale of 1-5. Sharpness was also assessed quantitatively by generating a signal intensity profile across the aortic arch vessel wall and calculating the average of the upslope and downslope at full-width half maximum. Visualization of carotid branch vessels was scored on a scale of 0-5, and venous contamination was scored on a scale of 0-3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average in-plane aortic arch movement was 10.3 mm in the x direction and 8.7 mm in the y direction. Quantitative and qualitative sharpness of the aortic arch and great vessel origins was better (p < 0.05) during breath-holding than during non-breath-holding. No difference in the sharpness of the carotid vessels was noted between the two groups. Carotid branch vessels were well visualized from the aortic arch to the intracerebral circulation. The average venous contamination score was 0.56.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breath-holding greatly improves the sharpness of the aortic arch and great vessel origins but has no effect on visualization of the carotid vessels. High-resolution breath-hold contrast-enhanced MR angiography can produce high-quality, artifact-free images of the entire carotid circulation from the aortic arch to the intracerebral circulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Medical School, 676 St. Clair St., 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Vibhas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Desphande
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pereles
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laub
authors.forename: J Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Finn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000473:pathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA