title: Vaccine development against HIV-1: current perspectives and future directions.
abstract: The development of an efficacious vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is of great urgency, because it is accepted that vaccination is the only means capable of controlling the AIDS pandemic. The foundation of HIV vaccine development is the analysis of immune responses during natural infection and the utilization of this knowledge for the development of protective immunization strategies. Initial vaccine development and experimentation are usually in animal models, including murine, feline, and nonhuman primates. Experimental vaccine candidates are closely studied for both efficacy and safety before proceeding to human clinical trials. There are a number of different therapeutic and prophylactic vaccine strategies currently being studied in human clinical trials. Vaccine strategies that are being tested, or have previously been tested, in humans include subunit, DNA plasmid, and viral vector, and combinations of these various strategies. Some of the results of these trials are promising, and additional research has focused on the development of appropriate chemical and genetic adjuvants as well as methods of vaccine delivery to improve the host immune response. This review summarizes the vaccine strategies that have been tested in both animal models and human clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Edgeworth
authors.forename: Juan Homero
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: San
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rosenzweig
authors.forename: Nang L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Jean D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Ugen
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D051379:Mice; D011323:Primates; D012192:Retroviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000494:pharmacology; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit