title: Homocysteine blood level in long-term care residents with oropharyngeal dysphagia: comparison of hand-oral and tube-enteral-fed patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Levels of homocysteine, methylmalonic acid, and relevant vitamins were measured and evaluated in patients with oral dysphagia (OD) receiving long-term care (LTC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Group A was composed of 26 orally fed patients, and group B was composed of 25 patients who were fed by nasogastric tube. All patients were hospitalized in the LTC departments of the Geriatric Medical Center, Shmuel Harofe. General and nutritional status were assessed, and levels of vitamins including B12, folate, and B6 were measured along with serum homocysteine and urine methylmalonic acid levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Homocysteine levels were significantly higher in the orally fed patients (p < .001); 92% had higher-than-normal homocysteine levels. The levels of vitamins B12, folate, and B6 were significantly lower in the orally fed patients (p < .001), although in most patients levels were in the normal range. Notably, the levels of homocysteine were significantly correlated with the levels of all vitamins but not with the albumin or hemoglobin values. Levels of methylmalonic acid were also higher in the orally fed patients, but the difference was not statistically significant, and there was no correlation between vitamin level and methylmalonic acid level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orally fed patients with OD have substantially higher homocysteine levels and appreciably lower levels of the relevant vitamins than patients with OD who receive tube feeding. Therefore, homocysteine measurement may be the preferred indicator of vitamin intake in orally fed patients with OD.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Medical Center, Shmuel Harofe Hospital, Beer Yaakov, Israel.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leibovitz
authors.forename: Ben-Ami
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Sela
authors.forename: Beni
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Habot
authors.forename: Slava
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gavendo
authors.forename: Raisa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lansky
authors.forename: Yael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Avni
authors.forename: Rephael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Segal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008764:Methylmalonic Acid / Q000652:urine; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009960:Oropharynx; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000097:blood; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D006710:Homocysteine; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D008764:Methylmalonic Acid; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12