title: Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) mixture toxicity to the macrophytes Myriophyllum spicatum and Myriophyllum sibiricum in aquatic microcosms.
abstract: Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) have been detected together in environmental water samples throughout the world. TCA may enter into aquatic systems via rainout as the degradation product of chlorinated solvents, herbicide use, as a by-product of water disinfection and from emissions of spent bleach liquor of kraft pulp mills. Sources of TFA include degradation of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) refrigerants and pesticides. These substances are phytotoxic and widely distributed in aquatic environments. A study to assess the risk of a binary mixture of TCA and TFA to macrophytes in aquatic microcosms was conducted as part of a larger study on haloacetic acids. M. spicatum and M. sibiricum were exposed to 0.1, 1, 3 and 10 mg/l of both TCA and TFA (neutralized with sodium hydroxide) in replicate (n = 3) 12000 l aquatic microcosms for 49 days in an one-way analysis of variance design. Each microcosm was stocked with 14 individual apical shoots per species. The plants were sampled at regular intervals and assessed for the somatic endpoints of plant length, root growth, number of nodes and wet and dry mass and the biochemical endpoints of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, carotenoid content and citric acid levels. Results indicate that there were statistically significant effects of the TCA/TFA mixture on certain pigment concentrations immediately after the start of exposure (2-7 days), but the plants showed no signs of stress thereafter. These data suggest that TCA/TFA mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations do not pose a significant risk to these aquatic macrophytes.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Toxicology, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada. mhanson@tox.uoguelph.ca
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sibley
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mabury
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Derek C G
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Muir
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D002424:Caustics / Q000633:toxicity*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D004202:Disinfectants; D006540:Herbicides; D063245:Plant Development; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry; D011891:Rain; D012997:Solvents; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D014269:Trifluoroacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002424:Caustics; D004202:Disinfectants; D006540:Herbicides; D012997:Solvents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002734:Chlorophyll; C037184:chlorophyll b; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid; D014269:Trifluoroacetic Acid; D000077194:Chlorophyll A