title: Genetic screening for maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 in prenatal and postnatal growth retardation of unknown cause.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many short-statured children lack an etiologic explanation for their retarded growth. Recently, uniparental disomy (UPD), the inheritance of both chromosomes of a chromosome pair from only 1 parent, has been associated with short stature for many chromosomes. Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) represents an extreme syndrome of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and slight dysmorphic signs, and maternal UPD of human chromosome 7 (matUPD7) has been observed in approximately 10% of SRS cases. In addition, matUPD7 has been reported in patients with only slight dysmorphic features and prenatal or postnatal growth retardation. The objectives of this study were to study the role of matUPD7 in growth failure of unknown cause and in cases of SRS, and to evaluate the efficiency of genetic testing for matUPD7 as a diagnostic tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA samples were studied from 205 children, 92 girls and 113 boys, with short stature of unknown cause and their parents. The patient cohort included 39 cases of SRS, 91 patients with IUGR and subsequent postnatal short stature, and 75 patients with postnatal growth retardation only. MatUPD7 was screened for by genotyping DNA samples from the patient, mother, and father with 13 chromosome-7-specific polymorphic microsatellite markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six (3%) of 205 matUPD7 cases were observed exclusively among 39 (15%) SRS patients studied. Patients with IUGR and/or postnatal growth retardation and with dysmorphic features did not reveal cases of matUPD7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that matUPD7 cases are predominantly observed among patients meeting the criteria of SRS, and matUPD7 is not a common cause for growth retardation. Genetic screening for cases of matUPD7 among growth-retarded patients should be focused on patients with severe IUGR and features of SRS. In addition, matUPD7 screening is advisable in individuals with cystic fibrosis and other recessive disorders mapped to chromosome 7 who have unusually short stature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. katariina.hannula@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Katariina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hannula
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lipsanen-Nyman
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kristo
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kaitila
authors.forename: Kalle O J
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Simola
authors.forename: Hanna Liisa
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lenko
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tapanainen
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kere
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000002:abnormalities; D002648:Child; D002897:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000235:genetics*; D005820:Genetic Testing; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers; D010331:Paternal Age; D013577:Syndrome; D024182:Uniparental Disomy