title: Life course effects of early parental loss among very old African Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the life course effects of the early loss of one or both parents on very old Black Americans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open-ended, semistructured interviews were used with a sample of 109 respondents aged 85 years and older. Correlations identified significant associations, and qualitative data illustrate life course trajectories of selected respondents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Those who lost a parent through death or desertion were less integrated into family and friendship groups in late life, and they had fewer social resources in general. Qualitative data describe three outcomes in the sample: those who grew up with both parents present, those who lost a parent but still reported a contented childhood, and those with disrupted families and negative effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The respondents' open-ended commentary about their past lives and their current situation enhances understanding of connections between early life events and adaptation in old age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, History and Social Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0850, USA. cljoo@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Colleen L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Barbara M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Barer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over / Q000523:psychology*; D001290:Attitude / Q000208:ethnology; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D002670:Child, Abandoned / Q000523:psychology*; D005192:Family Health / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005581:Foster Home Care / Q000523:psychology*; D006117:Grief; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012380:Role; D012648:Self Care; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires