Microbial contamination of advanced life support (ALS) systems poses a moderate threat to the long-term stability of space-based bioregenerative systems.
Microbial contamination of terrestrial hydroponic plant-growing systems provides an effective analogue for studying microbial contamination issues for space-based advanced life support (ALS) systems. If aggressive root or foliar pathogens are introduced into ALS hydroponic systems, severe epidemics are probable. Greater than 80% of the reported outbreaks of root pathogens in terrestrial hydroponic systems describe epidemics caused by fungal species of Fusarium, Phytophthora, and Pythium. However, it is likely that a comprehensive sanitation and quarantine program for space-based ALS modules will prevent contamination by Phytophthora and Pythium spp. because these pathogens are general soilborne. However, Fusarium spp. are typically airborne, can grow saprophytically on diverse substrates, and have been common contaminants of American spacecraft. If comprehensive sanitation and quarantine programs are established for space-based ALS modules, then the threat of pathogen introductions into these systems will be significantly mitigated. Microbial contamination studies in spacecraft over the last 30 years indicate that a high diversity of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes are commonly carried on board probably via clothing, equipment, air currents during spacecraft handling and loading, food, and the astronauts themselves. Species of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Candida, Cephalosporium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Phoma, and Trichoderma were the most prevalent fungi recovered, and species of Bacillus, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus were the most prevalent bacteria recovered from spacecraft. Most of these genera contain species that have been reported as plant pathogens. Strict quarantine procedures were not effective in preventing contamination of spacecraft during these missions. Research must be initiated to better understand how microorganisms interact with plants and animals in microgravity environments because microbial contamination of spacecraft and ALS modules cannot be avoided. An integrated pest management (IPM) program likely will be developed for managing plant disease outbreaks in space-based ALS systems.
Schuerger
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Dynamac Corporation, Life Sciences Program, Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, USA. aschuerg@iag.net
D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D018527:Hydroponics; D008021:Life Support Systems; D010935:Plant Diseases; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology; D013026:Space Flight; D014893:Weightlessness