title: Prenatal diagnosis of 45,X and 45,X mosaicism: the need for thorough cytogenetic and clinical evaluations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mosaicism involving a 45,X cell line is relatively common in prenatal diagnosis. In prenatally diagnosed cases, the prognosis of non-mosaic 45,X and 45,X/46,XY mosaicism are different. Therefore, accurate identification of a cell line containing Y chromosome is critical for genetic counseling and postnatal management.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the ultrasound findings and outcomes of pregnancies with a 45,X cell line identified during mid-trimester cytogenetic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 105 cases were found to have a 45,X cell line by standard cytogenetic analysis. Seventy-four cases were found to have non-mosaic 45,X at initial diagnosis. Of these 74 cases, 68 had abnormal ultrasound findings that were characteristic of Turner syndrome. Of the six cases with normal ultrasound findings, ultrasound examination was normal with male genitalia identified in three cases. Thorough cytogenetic and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis identified Y chromosome material in all three cases, one with a dicentric Y;14 chromosome and the other two cases with a marker chromosome containing Sex-determining Region (SRY) material in a small portion of the cells. In contrast, in 31 cases with a mosaic 45,X karyotype, ultrasound abnormality was identified only in one case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data suggest the need for follow-up ultrasound examination and thorough cytogenetic and molecular analysis for Y chromosome material in 45,X cases with normal ultrasound findings.
authors.affiliation: Genzyme Genetics, Orange, CA 92868, USA. bihuang@genzyme.com
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thangavelu
authors.forename: Sucheta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: Constance
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: J  Sandlin
authors.forename: Shengbiao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009030:Mosaicism / Q000235:genetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014960:X Chromosome; D014998:Y Chromosome