title: The detection of apoptosis in a human in vitro skin explant assay for graft versus host reactions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Keratinocyte apoptosis is a major pathogenic mechanism in dermal complications, such as graft versus host disease (GVHD), after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. However, the mechanisms by which recipient target cells undergo apoptosis in GVHD are still unclear, but may result from DNA damage caused by chemotherapeutic agents and/or by direct cytokine action. The basis of this investigation was to correlate keratinocyte apoptosis with (1) the severity of graft versus host reactions (GVHR) in vitro and (2) the clinical grade (0--III) of GVHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skin sections generated from an in vitro skin explant model for detecting experimental or clinically relevant GVHR were investigated for the detection of apoptotic nuclei using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) technique. This investigation also aimed to establish whether the TUNEL assay could be used as an additional, predictive method for the severity of GVHD before transplantation in potential patient/donor pairs given standard GVHD prophylaxis (cyclosporin A and methotrexate).
  
  
  RESULTS
  By comparing mean values of apoptosis for each GVHR grade in a cohort of 83 retrospective skin sections it was shown that as the severity of GVHR increased there was a parallel increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells (p < 0.0001). However, the correlation between clinical GVHD grade II--III and overall keratinocyte apoptosis (> 2.6%) did not reach this degree of significance (chi(2): 4.2; degrees of freedom, 1; p = 0.04; Fisher's exact test: p = 0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The detection of apoptosis correlated with degree of GVHR using an in vitro assay and a higher degree of apoptosis tended to correlate with more severe GVHD. Further studies in a larger cohort of patients, using other methods to detect apoptosis in conjunction with the TUNEL assay, may give additional insight into the complex immunopathophysiology of GVHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sviland
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Konur
authors.forename: X N
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hromadnikova
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kolb
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eissner
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holler
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001706:Biopsy; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000473:pathology; D007959:Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*