title: Impact of highly active antiretroviral treatment on HIV seroincidence among men who have sex with men: San Francisco.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the countervailing effects on HIV incidence of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) among San Francisco men who have sex with men (MSM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Behavioral risk was determined on the basis of responses to cross-sectional community interviews. HIV incidence was assessed through application of an enzyme-linked immunoassay testing strategy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of HAART among MSM living with AIDS increased from 4% in 1995 to 54% in 1999. The percentage of MSM who reported both unprotected anal intercourse and multiple sexual partners increased from 24% in 1994 to 45% in 1999. The annual HIV incidence rate increased from 2.1% in 1996 to 4.2% in 1999 among MSM who sought anonymous HIV testing, and the rate was high (5.3%) but stable in a blinded survey of MSM seeking sexually transmitted disease services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Any decrease in per contact risk of HIV transmission due to HAART use appears to have been counterbalanced or overwhelmed by increases in the number of unsafe sexual episodes.
authors.affiliation: San Francisco Department of Public Health, 101 Grove Street, Room 308, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA. mitch_katz@dph.sf.ca.us
authors.forename: Mitchell H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Sandra K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Schwarcz
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kellogg
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Klausner
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Dilley
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McFarland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003151:Community Health Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence / Q000639:trends*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D012725:Sexual Behavior