title: Activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase by Euonymus alatus in mouse peritoneal macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Euonymus alatus (EA) has been used for tumor therapy. However, it is still unclear how this herb prevents the diseases in experimental models. Nitric oxide (NO) as a potent macrophage-derived effector molecule against a variety of tumors has received increasing attention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using mouse peritoneal macrophages, we have examined the mechanism by which EA regulates NO production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When EA was used in combination with recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma), there was a marked cooperative induction of NO production. However, EA had no effect on NO production by itself. The increased production of NO from rIFN-gamma plus EA-stimulated cells was almost completely inhibited by pre-treatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). Furthermore, treatment of peritoneal macrophages with rIFN-gamma plus EA caused a significant increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production. PDTC also decreased the effects of EA on TNF-alpha production significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EA increases the production of NO and TNF-alpha by rIFN-gamma-primed macrophages and suggest that NF-kappaB plays a critical role in mediating these effects of EA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hwan-Suck
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Hyun-Ja
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Jung-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seung-Il
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Kyung-Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kang-San
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Byung-Ki
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Jong-Woong
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Seung-Hwa
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: Hyung-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D029756:Euonymus / Q000737:chemistry*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C020972:pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse