title: Emergency transfer from independent hospitals to NHS hospitals: risk, reasons and cost.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In view of public concern about standards of emergency care in independent hospitals and the impact of transferred patients on NHS facilities we aimed to estimate the number and risk of emergency transfers from independent hospitals to NHS hospitals; to describe the circumstances; and estimate costs to the NHS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients transferred in three months from 137 independent hospitals were identified from central records systems and local hospital enquiries. Circumstances were described by Directors of Nursing in telephone interviews. Numbers were weighted for whole year activity and non-participating hospitals to estimate total transfers in 1999. Medical Directors of NHS Trusts receiving the patients supplied durations of stay in critical care and other facilities. NHS Reference Costs were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 158 emergency transfers (plus 105 planned transfers, and 18 as a result of funding problems). Proportionately more emergency transfers were from hospitals lacking intensive care facilities. Patients over 65 years old constituted 61 per cent of transfers but only 25 per cent of all cases. Transfer followed major abdominal surgery in 42 (26 per cent) cases and major orthopaedic surgery in 31 (20 per cent), although these treatments constituted only 2 per cent and 3 per cent of the caseloads. There were an estimated 749 emergency transfers in 1999 (95 per cent confidence interval 640-875), a risk of 1 in 956 (all ages) and 1 in 392 (aged over 65); 729 had been funded privately, of whom two-thirds became NHS patients after transfer, costing Pound Sterling 2.61 million.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The scale of emergency transfer (two per day) and resulting cost to the NHS is small. The risk is reducible if patients and interventions are matched to hospitals' critical care capabilities. Common clinical service guidelines should apply to NHS and independent hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre. brian_t_williams@hotmail.com
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whatmough
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pearson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004630:Emergencies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D017048:Health Care Costs; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D016304:Hospitals, Private / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013222:State Medicine / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014600:Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology