title: Multiple active states and oligomerization of CCR5 revealed by functional properties of monoclonal antibodies.
abstract: CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is the principal coreceptor for macrophage-tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have generated a set of anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibodies and characterized them in terms of epitope recognition, competition with chemokine binding, receptor activation and trafficking, and coreceptor activity. MC-4, MC-5, and MC-7 mapped to the amino-terminal domain, MC-1 to the second extracellular loop, and MC-6 to a conformational epitope covering multiple extracellular domains. MC-1 and MC-6 inhibited regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), macrophage inflammatory polypeptide-1beta, and Env binding, whereas MC-5 inhibited macrophage inflammatory polypeptide-1beta and Env but not RANTES binding. MC-6 induced signaling in different functional assays, suggesting that this monoclonal antibody stabilizes an active conformation of CCR5. Flow cytometry and real-time confocal microscopy showed that MC-1 promoted strong CCR5 endocytosis. MC-1 but not its monovalent isoforms induced an increase in the transfer of energy between CCR5 molecules. Also, its monovalent isoforms bound efficiently, but did not internalize the receptor. In contrast, MC-4 did not prevent RANTES binding or subsequent signaling, but inhibited its ability to promote CCR5 internalization. These results suggest the existence of multiple active conformations of CCR5 and indicate that CCR5 oligomers are involved in an internalization process that is distinct from that induced by the receptor's agonists.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Nucléaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blanpain
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vanderwinden
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cihak
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wittamer
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Le Poul
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Issafras
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stangassinger
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vassart
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marullo
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schlndorff
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parmentier
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mack
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D001665:Binding Sites; D065100:CCR5 Receptor Antagonists; D006224:Cricetinae; D004705:Endocytosis; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D065100:CCR5 Receptor Antagonists; D019713:Receptors, CCR5