title: High extracellular potassium protects against the toxicity of cytosine arabinoside but is not required for the survival of cerebellar granule cells in vitro.
abstract: Depolarization of cerebellar granule cells with elevated potassium has been described as essential to maintain their survival in culture. There are several reports that this is only specific for rat cerebellar granule cells and not those of mouse. We reinvestigated this issue and found that although high potassium enhanced the survival of cerebellar granule cells from both rat and mouse it was not essential for the survival of those cultures. Further analysis of the culture system indicated that high potassium offered protection against the toxicity of glutamate and cytosine arabinose (Ara C), a standard antimitotic additive to cultures of granule cells. Ara C was found to be toxic to cerebellar cells after potassium withdrawal at concentrations standardly used in culturing these cells (10 microM). High potassium was found to diminish the expression of p53. Ara C toxicity is known to utilize the p53-dependent signaling pathway to initiate apoptosis. Another depolarizing agent, veratridine, offers no protection against Ara C but we provide evidence that the protective effect of high potassium against Ara C is mediated through calcium balance within the cells. We suggest that there is no requirement for high potassium in terms of cerebellar granule cell survival. The previously proposed role for high potassium in the survival cerebellar granule cells is rather a protective effect against toxic substances in serum such as glutamate or against agents such as Ara C.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014701:Veratridine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D003561:Cytarabine; D014701:Veratridine; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium