title: The epidemiology and diagnosis of penetrating eye injuries.
abstract: It is estimated that there are 3.1 penetrating eye injuries per 100,000 person-years in the United States.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the epidemiology of penetrating eye injuries and to identify physical examination findings that facilitate the diagnosis and ophthalmologic referral of patients with these injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective chart review of emergency department patients with penetrating eye injuries seen for evaluation from July 1987 to January 1999. The setting was a tertiary referral, university hospital. Three hundred eighty-four patients with 390 penetrating eye injuries were enrolled; 56% were transferred from outlying hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Penetrating eye injuries were seen almost three times per month. Eighty percent of the injuries occurred in males, and the mean age was 29 years. Twenty-five percent of the patients had used alcohol in the period immediately preceding the injury. Final visual outcome was 28% with enucleation, "no light perception" (NLP) in 10%, light perception to 20/200 in 24%, and light perception of 20/200 or better in 38%. Poor visual outcome was associated with poor initial visual acuity, alcohol use, and delayed presentation (p = 0.036, 0.025, 0.036, respectively). Gun-related injuries caused 33% and motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) caused 21% of the worst outcomes (enucleation or NLP). In MVCs where seat belt use was reported, 71% of injured patients were unrestrained. The most common initial physical findings were hyphema (76%), abnormality of the pupil or uvea (94%), and initial visual acuity worse than 20/200 (77%). All patients had at least one of these findings. Complications occurred in 25% of cases, most commonly traumatic cataract or infection. Complications occurred more commonly in those patients transferred than in those presenting directly (p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Penetrating eye injuries are relatively common, occur predominantly in young males, and often result in poor visual outcome in the affected eye. Motor vehicle crashes, alcohol use, and fire-arm use are associated with more severe injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-4700, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wrenn
authors.forename: Lawrence B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Stack
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000407:Alabama / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015353:Eye Enucleation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015807:Eye Injuries, Penetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007629:Kentucky / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013714:Tennessee / Q000453:epidemiology; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000453:epidemiology