title: Balloon catheter dilatation in children with congenital and acquired esophageal anomalies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Esophageal stricture requiring dilatation often is the sequelae in children with a history of congenital or acquired esophageal anomalies. Balloon catheter dilatation (BCD) for esophageal stricture is well established in adults, yet its role in children is less well described. The authors report their initial experience using BCD in children with esophageal stricture, assessing outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1994, and December 1998, 20 children (age range, 17 days to 12 years) underwent BCD for esophageal strictures and were divided into 2 etiology groups (A and B). (A, n = 10) included congenital anomalies (esophageal atresia, 10), and (B, n = 10) included acquired anomalies (caustic ingestion, 7; tight fundoplication, 2; peptic stricture, 1). BCD was performed in all cases under conscious sedation with a balloon catheter (6 to 25 mm) with fluoroscopy. Outcome parameters included number of dilatations; complications, ie, perforation; and success or failure of procedure. Success was defined as increasing intervals of age-appropriate food tolerance between dilatations, and failure was defined as abandonment of dilatation in favor of surgical intervention. Follow-up for A and B ranged from 6 to 42 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen of 20 (85.0%) underwent successful BCD. In A, 10 of 10 (100%) had complete resolution of symptoms with follow-up ranging from 6 to 42 months versus 7 of 10 (70.0%) in B with follow-up of 6.5 to 36 months. In A, number of dilatations ranged from 1 to 4 over an average period of 2 months. In B, number of dilatations ranged from 3 to 40 over periods ranging from 2 to 30 months. All 3 failures occurred in children with caustic ingestion, with 1 child suffering perforation requiring urgent surgical intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Balloon catheter dilatation can be applied safely and effectively to children in whom esophageal strictures develop after repair of esophageal atresia. However, its use in children with acquired esophageal anomalies, notably caustic injury, is associated with higher complication and failure rates, necessitating greater caution and lower expectations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yeming
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Somme
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chenren
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huiming
authors.forename: Zhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ming
authors.forename: Donald C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000151:congenital* / Q000628:therapy*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn