title: Effects of antipsychotic drugs on operant responding after acute and repeated administration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current generation of atypical antipsychotic drugs represents an improvement over traditional ("typical") antipsychotics in many respects. However, a theoretical framework and adequate preclinical models have not yet been developed to predict or explain differences among the atypical antipsychotics, a necessary component of future development.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present set of experiments was to identify differences between the acute and subchronic effects of several atypical antipsychotic drugs and the typical antipsychotic haloperidol on operant responding in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of haloperidol and the atypical antipsychotics clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, quetiapine, remoxipride, and thioridazine were determined in rats trained to respond for food reward under a multiple fixed ratio 30/fixed interval 60 s schedule. A profile of the acute effects of each drug on response rates, response durations, and within-session effects were determined. Next, the dose of each drug that produced 75% suppression of response rates was administered for 16 consecutive days to determine whether or not tolerance would develop to the rate-suppressing effects of that dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All drugs produced dose-related decreases in response rates. Only haloperidol and risperidone produced significant increases in response duration, while only haloperidol and remoxipride displayed within-session response decrements. Tolerance was evident for clozapine and to a lesser extent thioridazine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results illustrate that the current generation of atypical antipsychotics are a heterogeneous group and that operant procedures may be useful for identifying differences preclinically. Specifically, clozapine appears to possess properties that distinguish it from other atypical antipsychotics, particularly after repeated dosing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, VCU, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. savarvel@hsc.vcu.edu
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Varvel
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Vann
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Philibin
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Porter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010890:Pirenzepine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017330:Remoxipride / Q000494:pharmacology; D018967:Risperidone / Q000494:pharmacology; D013881:Thioridazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines; D007093:Imidazoles; D007211:Indoles; D017330:Remoxipride; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D010890:Pirenzepine; C066304:sertindole; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol; D018967:Risperidone; D013881:Thioridazine; D000077152:Olanzapine