title: Prenatal care and black-white fetal death disparity in the United States: heterogeneity by high-risk conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of prenatal care in the United States on the fetal death rate in the presence and absence of obstetric and medical high-risk conditions, and to explore the role of these high risk conditions in contributing to the black-white disparity.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a population-based, retrospective cohort study using the national perinatal mortality data for 1995-1997 assembled by the National Center for Health Statistics. Fetal death rate (per 1000 births) and adjusted relative risks were derived from multivariable logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 10,560,077 singleton births, 29,469 (2.8 per 1000) resulted in fetal death. Fetal death rates were higher for blacks than whites in the presence (4.2 versus 2.4 per 1000) and absence (17.2 versus 2.5 per 1000) of prenatal care. Lack of prenatal care increased the (adjusted) relative risk for fetal death 2.9-fold in blacks and 3.4-fold in whites. Blacks were 3.3 times more likely to have no prenatal care compared with whites. Over 20% of all fetal deaths were associated with growth restriction and placental abruption, both in the presence and absence of prenatal care. Lack of prenatal care was associated with increased fetal death rates for both blacks and whites in the presence and absence of high-risk conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the Unites States, strategies to increase prenatal care participation, especially among blacks, are expected to decrease fetal death rates.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, St. Peter's University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0591, USA. vintziam@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vintzileos
authors.forename: Cande V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Ananth
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Smulian
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Scorza
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Knuppel
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk / Q000208:ethnology*; D011295:Prenatal Care; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*