title: [Smoking, related cancers, and other diseases in shanghai: a 10-year prospective study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the relationship between smoking and related diseases among residents of Shanghai.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study on current smoking status among 213,800 residents aged 20 yr and over in Shanghai urban, suburb and rural areas was carried out during the early 1980s. The residents in the urban area were followed up for 12 years (1983 - 1994) and those in suburb and rural areas for 11 years (1984 - 1994). A Poisson regression model was used to estimate relative risks RRs of certain diseases for smoking adjusted for age with their 95% confidence intervals by sex and area among persons aged 40 yr and over at the beginning of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the urban area, the RRs of death for smoking were 1.48 and 1.62 in males and females, respectively and for cancer death were 2.20 and 2.00. Statistically significant elevated RRs were seen for cancers of the lung and liver in both males and females and for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, pancreas and bladder only in males. Significantly higher RRs were also observed for cerebrovascular disease, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and pulmonary heart disease. RRs lower than in the urban area were found in the suburb and rural areas. The population attributable risks (%, PAR) for death due to smoking for males were estimated by area. PARs for death were 20.9, 18.9 and 16.3 in urban, suburb and rural areas, respectively. For all cancers, PARs were 40.0, 34.5 and 34.2 and for lung cancer were 71.7, 59.2 and 64.7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking was associated with the mortality of some common cancers, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, pulmonary heart, and cerebrovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Den
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality