title: Effect on compliance, acceptability of blood glucose self-monitoring and HbA(1c) of a self-monitoring system developed according to patient's wishes. The ACCORD study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test a blood glucose monitor developed upon diabetic's recommendations (Glucotrend Premium). Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) generates hope when introduced, however several studies questioned its efficacy and many diabetics judge it too constraining.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty diabetes centres in France, for 6 months in 179 insulin-treated diabetics, using SMBG but non optimally and with HbA(1c) (>=130% of the upper limit). Randomisation to 3 groups: either their previous system (Group A), or to the Glucotrend Premium monitor with a memory to assess compliance (Group B), or to another monitor, new for the patient, and with a memory too, the One Touch Profile (Group C). At entry, and then at 3 and 6 months, patients had an acceptability and compliance questionnaire, HbA(1c), count of weekly hypoglycaemia, record of insulin doses and an assessment of the key compliance factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HbA(1c) improved significantly in the 3 groups, more markedly in groups B (Glucotrend) and C (One Touch), e.g. - 0.6 +/- 1.1% (group A), - 0.9 +/- 1.2% (group B) and - 1.0 +/- 0.9% (group C) at M6. Acceptability was judged better for groups B and C, an additional benefit for Glucotrend: better accuracy vs laboratory blood glucose (C/L) determinations and a lower utilisation cost. Intermediate (lente) and regular insulin doses only significantly decreased (26% and 10% respectively) in group B (Glucotrend) despite a decrease in HbA(1c). Compliance (defined as 75-150% of recommended self-monitoring) improved within the 3 groups (from 34% to 65%), this improvement was maintained after month 3 (M6: 76%) only in group B (Glucotrend), vs a worsening in groups A and C (M6: 62 and 57% respectively). A better accuracy of C/L was observed with Glucotrend at M0, M3 and M6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SMBG has limits due to various causes, and to specific difficulties of this invasive and repetitive technique. The development of a system based on advices formulated by patients themselves, Glucotrend Premium, has resulted in a marked improvement on acceptability, compliance and glucose control.
authors.affiliation: Service Endocrinologie Diabétologie Nutrition, CHU de Grenoble, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France. Shalimi@chu-grenoble.fr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Halimi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Charpentier
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Grenier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baut
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Germain
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Magnette
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002196:Capillaries; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin