Oral contraceptives and the risk of thrombosis and atherosclerosis.
Oral contraceptives containing synthetic oestrogens have been used successfully as birth control for > 40 years and are currently prescribed to > 100 million women worldwide. Several new progestins have been introduced and the third generation of progestins has now been available for two decades. Oral contraceptives are prescribed over a prolonged period of time and therefore substantially impact on hormonal, metabolic and plasmatic functions. Oral contraceptives increase the risk for venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, particularly if associated with confounding factors, such as genetic predisposition, smoking, hypertension or obesity. The risk of developing coronary artery disease is also increased in users with cardiovascular risk factors. This article discusses mechanistic and clinical issues and reviews the need for novel approaches targeting the considerable side effects in order to reduce cardiovascular morbidity in women using oral contraceptives.
Barton
Matthias
M
Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Policlinic, and Clinical Atherosclerosis Laboratory, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich/Switzerland. barton@swissonline.ch
Dubey
Raghvendra K
RK
Traupe
Tobias
T
D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications
D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal