title: A blue-light-activated adenylyl cyclase mediates photoavoidance in Euglena gracilis.
abstract: Blue light regulates processes such as the development of plants and fungi and the behaviour of microbes. Two types of blue-light receptor flavoprotein have been identified: cryptochromes, which have partial similarity to photolyases, and phototropins, which are photoregulated protein kinases. The former have also been found in animals with evidence of essential roles in circadian rhythms. Euglena gracilis, a unicellular flagellate, abruptly changes its swimming direction after a sudden increase or decrease in incident blue light intensity, that is, step-up or step-down photophobic responses, resulting in photoavoidance or photoaccumulation, respectively. Although these photobehaviours of Euglena have been studied for a century, the photoreceptor molecules mediating them have remained unknown. Here we report the discovery and biochemical characterization of a new type of blue-light receptor flavoprotein, photoactivated adenylyl cyclase, in the photoreceptor organelle of Euglena gracilis, with molecular genetic evidence that it mediates the step-up photophobic response.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan.
authors.forename: Mineo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiga
authors.forename: Kazuichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Michizo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugai
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Terumitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: Masakatsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000528:radiation effects; D005056:Euglena gracilis; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D015870:Gene Expression; D008027:Light; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015388:Organelles / Q000378:metabolism; D017956:Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D005420:Flavoproteins; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases