title: Risk of diabetes-related amputation in South Asians vs. Europeans in the UK.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the risk of and risk factors for diabetes-related amputation in South Asians and Europeans.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a population-based case control study based in the health districts of Bolton, Oldham and Central Manchester in the UK. Cases with diabetes-related amputation performed between 1992 and 1997 (n = 172) and controls with diabetes and no amputation (n = 376) were selected from the primary care-based North-west Diabetes Foot Study database. Risk factor data were also collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age at diagnosis adjusted odds ratio (OR) of amputation in South Asians compared with Europeans was 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11-0.65, P = 0.004. In the control population, South Asians were less likely than Europeans to have peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (9% vs. 24%, P = 0.02), neuropathy (30% vs. 54%, P = 0.003), and less likely to have ever been smokers (31% vs. 57%, P = 0.03). When these factors were added to the model, the OR was attenuated to 0.84, 95% CI 0.23-3.08, P = 0.8.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  South Asians with diabetes have about a quarter of the risk of amputation of Europeans. This is mostly explained by low rates of PVD and neuropathy in South Asians, in part associated with low rates of smoking. The reasons for the South Asian protection from both PVD and neuropathy deserve further exploration.
authors.affiliation: EURODIAB, University College London, London, UK. n.chaturvedi@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whalley
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Widdows
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Leggetter
authors.forename: A J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Boulton
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001210:Asia, Southeastern / Q000208:ethnology; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology