title: Chromosome analysis of epididymal and testicular sperm in azoospermic patients undergoing ICSI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although ICSI provides a way of treating azoospermic men, concern has been raised about the potential risk for transmission of genetic abnormalities to the offspring. We quantified the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in epididymal and testicular sperm retrieved from azoospermic patients undergoing ICSI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual testicular sperm were collected from testicular biopsies with an ICSI pipette, and epididymal sperm were retrieved by microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration. Samples were processed by fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) for chromosomes 18, 21, X and Y and the results compared with those from normal ejaculated samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall aneuploidy rate of 11.4% in men with non-obstructive azoospermia was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) than the 1.8% detected in epididymal sperm from men with obstructive azoospermia and also the 1.5% found in ejaculated sperm. No significant difference was found between the epididymal and ejaculated samples. When the chromosomal abnormalities were analysed, gonosomal disomy was the most recurrent abnormality in both obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermic patients, while autosomal disomy was the most frequent in ejaculated sperm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sperm of non-obstructive azoospermic men had a higher incidence of chromosomal abnormalities, of which sex chromosome aneuploidy was the most predominant. Genetic counselling should be offered to all couples considering infertility treatment by ICSI with testicular sperm.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Department of Urology, The New York Presbyterian-Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 505 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA. gdpalerm@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Gianpiero D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Palermo
authors.forename: Liliana T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Colombero
authors.forename: June J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hariprashad
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Schlegel
authors.forename: Zev
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rosenwaks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000782:Aneuploidy; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D004542:Ejaculation; D004822:Epididymis; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000235:genetics*; D012016:Reference Values; D012730:Sex Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*; D013737:Testis