title: Botulinum toxin type A management of spasticity in the context of orthopaedic surgery for children with spastic cerebral palsy.
abstract: Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of physical disability affecting children in developed countries. Although cerebral palsy is, by definition, a 'static encephalopathy' the associated musculoskeletal pathology is progressive and current definitions are therefore somewhat inadequate. Understanding the stages of the musculoskeletal pathology is fundamental to understanding current management strategies, including spasticity management, strengthening programmes and deformity correction by orthopaedic surgery. In this review, a number of new management strategies are described, in which spasticity management by intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin type A and deformity correction, by orthopaedic surgery, are combined.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Melbourne, Orthopaedic Surgery, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Hugh Williamson Gait Laboratory, Australia.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006615:Hip / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A