title: Insomnia in a post-acute brain injury sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose was to establish the frequency of insomnia within the post-acute TBI population and compare it with insomnia rates among other rehabilitation outpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was undertaken of 50 consecutive post-acute TBI admissions and a comparison group of 50 rehabilitation outpatients evenly divided between spinal cord injury (SCI) and musculoskeletal (MSK) cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were recruited at various outpatient clinics of a major rehabilitation hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among the TBI subjects, the predominant cause of injury was motor vehicle accident; both mild and severe injuries were well represented in the sample; and, on average, patients were almost 4 months post-injury. The comparison and TBI groups did not differ significantly with respect to education or marital status. However, the MSK group was older and a higher proportion of the SCI group was female.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and sleep diaries were administered to the TBI group. Only the PSQI and BDI were completed by the comparison group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty per cent of the patients were found to suffer from insomnia. Sleep initiation was a problem almost twice as often as sleep duration. An additional 12% did not meet the DSM-IV criteria for insomnia but, nevertheless, experienced a degradation of sleep quality, as measured by the PSQI. Conversely, only slightly more than half (58%) of the TBI sample reported sleep to be relatively normal and satisfactory. Insomnia was also commonly reported by the patients in the rehabilitation comparison groups. They generated significantly higher mean PSQI Global Scores relative to the TBI group and the frequency of poor sleep quality was elevated significantly above the TBI rate. Relative to the TBI cases, twice as many comparison group patients were classified by the PSQI as insomniacs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor sleep quality and insomnia were definitely problems for the TBI group, although the magnitude of these problems was much greater for the rehabilitation comparison group. Degraded and disordered sleep may represent widespread challenges within the rehabilitation population in general.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Novi Center, 42005 W. 12 Mile Road, Novi, MI 48337-3113, USA.
authors.forename: Norman L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Fichtenberg
authors.forename: Ross D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Zafonte
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Putnam
authors.forename: Nancy R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Anna E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Millard
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires