title: Haematuria investigation based on a standard protocol: emphasis on the diagnosis of urological malignancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To audit the findings of a standard investigation protocol for haematuria with emphasis on the diagnosis of urological malignancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were prospectively collected on haematuria referrals to one centre over a 5 year period. The standard protocol of investigation included flexible cystoscopy, urine cytology and culture, upper tract imaging, consisting of a renal tract ultrasound scan and a radiograph of kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB), proceeding to an intravenous urogram (IVU) in selected patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1046 patients were examined; 63% (n = 657) had microscopic haematuria and 37% (n = 389) had frank haematuria. No malignancy was found in patients with microscopic haematuria below 50 years of age. The findings of malignancy were not associated with either the sex or duration of symptoms in either groups. No association between the presence of symptoms and the finding of malignancy was observed in the microscopic haematuria group. Twenty five percent of patients presenting with frank haematuria had malignancy compared with 3.7% of patients with microscopic haematuria (p < 0.0001). The type of haematuria (frank or microscopic) was not predictive of grade or stage of malignancy. Of patients under 70 years with frank haematuria, males were more likely than females to have malignancy. This higher risk was not observed in older patients. Urine cytology had a poor predictive value for detection of malignancy with a sensitivity of only 25%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Full investigation of all patients with frank haematuria and those with microscopic haematuria above 50 years of age, is well justified. Patients under 50 years with microscopic haematuria should have a lower priority for investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School University of Dundee, Scotland, UK. siamack@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alishahi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baxby
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*