title: Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: partial reversal by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R-alpha -lipoic acid.
abstract: Accumulation of oxidative damage to mitochondria, protein, and nucleic acid in the brain may lead to neuronal and cognitive dysfunction. The effects on cognitive function, brain mitochondrial structure, and biomarkers of oxidative damage were studied after feeding old rats two mitochondrial metabolites, acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR) [0.5% or 0.2% (wt/vol) in drinking water], and/or R-alpha-lipoic acid (LA) [0.2% or 0.1% (wt/wt) in diet]. Spatial memory was assessed by using the Morris water maze; temporal memory was tested by using the peak procedure (a time-discrimination procedure). Dietary supplementation with ALCAR and/or LA improved memory, the combination being the most effective for two different tests of spatial memory (P < 0.05; P < 0.01) and for temporal memory (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that oxidative damage to nucleic acids (8-hydroxyguanosine and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine) increased with age in the hippocampus, a region important for memory. Oxidative damage to nucleic acids occurred predominantly in RNA. Dietary administration of ALCAR and/or LA significantly reduced the extent of oxidized RNA, the combination being the most effective. Electron microscopic studies in the hippocampus showed that ALCAR and/or LA reversed age-associated mitochondrial structural decay. These results suggest that feeding ALCAR and LA to old rats improves performance on memory tasks by lowering oxidative damage and improving mitochondrial function.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Jiankang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Head
authors.forename: Afshin M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gharib
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Russell T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ingersoll
authors.forename: Tory M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: Carl W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Cotman
authors.forename: Bruce N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Ames
mesh_terms: D000108:Acetylcarnitine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000367:Age Factors; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D008568:Memory; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D012313:RNA; D000108:Acetylcarnitine; D008063:Thioctic Acid; D004247:DNA; D010100:Oxygen