title: Reduced repolarization reserve in ventricular myocytes from female mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiac repolarization is prolonged and repolarization reserve (RR) is diminished in female rabbits and humans, compared to males. Reduced RR is evidenced by the relatively greater increase in ventricular action potential duration (APD) in myocytes from females in response to drugs that block repolarizing K(+) currents. Mice are an increasingly important experimental model animal for cardiovascular research, but gender-dependent differences have not been reported for repolarization in murine ventricular myocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  APD and repolarizing K(+) currents were measured in isolated ventricular myocytes from adult littermate male and female mice. Repolarizing K(+) currents were dissected into transient (I(to)) and sustained (I(sus)) components and the selective I(sus) antagonist FK506 was used to probe for differences in RR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under control conditions APD at 50% (APD(50)) and at 90% (APD(90)) repolarization was significantly longer in females (APD(50)=15 +/- 3 ms, n=6 and APD(90)=63 +/- 6 ms, n=6) compared to males (APD(50)=8 +/- 2 ms, n=7 and APD(90)=42 +/- 9 ms, n=7) at 1.0 Hz. At 0.3 Hz stimulation frequency APD(90), but not APD(50), was significantly longer in females (APD(50)=12 +/- 2 ms and APD(90)=54 +/- 5 ms, n=10) compared to males (APD(50)=11 =/- 2 ms and APD(90)=47 +/- 7 ms, n=10). FK506 treatment (25 microM) selectively and equally inhibited I(sus) in all cells, and significantly increased APD(50) and APD(90) in males and females at 0.3 and 1.0 Hz. However, increases in APD(50) and APD(90) (0.3 and 1.0 Hz) in response to FK506 were significantly greater in myocytes from females compared to males. Voltage clamp measurement of I(to) and I(sus) revealed that males had a relatively more prominent I(to) while females exhibited a more prominent I(sus).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ventricular action potential repolarization is prolonged in myocytes from female compared to male mice. Female mice have reduced RR that is unmasked by FK506. These findings suggest that gender is an important variable for cardiovascular studies using mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, 315 Preston Research Building II, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA.
authors.forename: Yuejin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D012723:Sex; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels; D016559:Tacrolimus