title: Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in saliva of HIV-positive smokers with oropharyngeal candidiasis.
abstract: Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is a common opportunistic infection among HIV-positive individuals and often correlates with a CD4 cell number < 200 cells/microl. This study further examined the association of smoking and OPC in HIV-positive persons. A strong association between smoking and OPC was seen in HIV-positive individuals with > or =200 CD4 cells/microl. In HIV-positive persons with > or =200 CD4 cells/microl, OPC+ smokers had lower gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) concentrations and a trend toward higher interleukin (IL)-4 concentrations in whole saliva compared to OPC- persons with > or =200 CD4 cells/microl, a cytokine profile consistent with that observed in HIV+OPC+ persons with < 200 CD4 cells/microl. These results suggest that premature OPC in HIV-positive smokers is associated with altered oral host defence mechanisms that cannot be overcome by levels of systemic CD4 cells that are otherwise sufficient to protect against OPC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slavinsky
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Swoboda
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Leigh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hager
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Fidel
mesh_terms: D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007378:Interleukins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007378:Interleukins; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma