title: Laparoscopic diagnosis and treatment of nonpalpable testis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laparoscopy has become one of the important diagnostic modalities of nonpalpable testis and has been developed and applied in the treatment of this disease. In the present study, we investigated the usefulness of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of nonpalpable testis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laparoscopy was carried out under general anesthesia on 21 patients (23 testes) from October 1991 to October 1999. If the internal spermatic vessels and vas deferens made their way into the internal inguinal ring, the inguinal canal was dissected with an incision in the inguinal region to look for the testis. Patients with intra-abdominal testis underwent laparoscopic orchiopexy or orchiectomy. If the internal spermatic vessels terminated with a blind end intraperitoneally, making it impossible to identify the testis, the case was judged to be vanishing testis and the operation was finalized without any further examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In eight of 23 testes (35%), the internal spermatic vessels and vas deferens made their way into the internal inguinal ring. The inguinal region was examined in all the eight testes. Orchiopexy was carried out on two testes and orchiectomy was carried out on six testes. An intra-abdominal testis was detected in eight of 23 testes (35%). Laparoscopic orchiopexy was carried out on seven testes. One-stage orchiopexy was carried out on two of the seven testes and two-stage Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy was carried out on five of the seven testes. Orchiectomy was carried out on the remaining testis. Blocking or lack of the internal spermatic vessels and vas deferens was seen in seven of the 23 testes (30%) and this condition was diagnosed as vanishing testis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopy for nonpalpable testis is considered to be the most effective technique for diagnosing the presence or absence of the testis and the location of the testis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan. tsuji@uro.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsujihata
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kakimoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumiya
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okuyama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D010173:Palpation