title: Body image: appearance orientation and evaluation in the severely obese. Changes with weight loss.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The severely obese experience discrimination and embarrassment regarding their appearance, causing psychosocial distress. We assessed the importance of appearance, presentation and self-evaluation of appearance before and after weight loss, in severely obese subjects (BMI > 35 kg/m2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Appearance orientation (AO) and appearance evaluation (AE) sections of the Multi-dimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire were completed by preoperative patients and those attending an annual follow-up after Lap-Band gastric restrictive surgery over a 2-year period. AO is a measure of the importance one places in appearance. AE is a self-evaluation of one's appearance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before surgery 322 consecutive patients (48 men and 274 women) completed the survey. AO was similar to that of community norms (mean scores 3.76 +/- SD 0.6 vs 3.84 +/- 0.6), with the exception of the super obese (BMI > 50 kg/m2) who placed significantly less importance on their appearance (3.34, +/- 0.8, p = 0.001). There was no change in AO at 1-4 years after surgery, with the exception of the super obese whose mean values rose to normal by 1 year. AE was very low before surgery compared with community normal values (1.6 +/- 0.6 vs 3.4 +/- 0.8, p < 0.001). Major improvement in mean AE was seen at 1 year after surgery (n = 209, 2.6 +/- 0.8, p < 0.001) and the improvement was maintained out to 4 years. The change in AE from pre-surgery to 1 year (n = 122 paired) correlated positively with the percentage of excess weight lost (r = 0.32, p < 0.01) and positively with measures of quality of life and psychological disturbance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major improvements in appearance evaluation occur with weight loss after surgery and this is associated with psychological benefit.
authors.affiliation: Monash University, Department of Surgery, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne 3181, Victoria, Australia. john.dixon@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Maureen E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011788:Quality of Life; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology