title: Impact of poverty on the prevalence of diabetes and its complications in urban southern India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The impact of poverty on the profile of diabetes and its complications was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comparative study of low income group (LIG) (family income Rs. < 30,000/annum (approx. 432 pounds sterling) and high income group (HIG) (family income Rs. greater-than-or-equal 60,000/annum (approx. pounds sterling) subjects of > or = 40 years was done in Madras, India. By screening 1748 LIG subjects (M/W 844/904) 301 diabetic subjects were identified and 218 underwent tests for diabetic complications. Population data available in 635 (M/W 309/326) HIG subjects from the survey were used for comparison of glucose tolerance profile. Complications were studied in 221 diabetic HIG subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age-standardized prevalences of diabetes (12.6% vs. 25.5%; chi(2) = 56.9, P < 0.0001) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (8.9% vs. 19.0%) were significantly lower (chi(2) = 57.7; P < 0.0001) in the LIG. Hypertension was more common in LIG (53.7% vs. 40.0% in HIG; chi(2) = 34.9; P < 0.0001). LIG subjects were more physically active; 73.8% did not go to school. Parameters significantly associated with diabetes were body mass index (BMI), age, higher income, waist--hip ratio and physical inactivity. Higher income, BMI and age were associated with IGT. Diabetic LIG subjects had a higher prevalence of cardiac disease, neuropathy and cataract and a lower prevalence of retinopathy than HIG subjects. The risk variables such as hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, smoking and alcohol consumption were more in the LIG group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The urban poor in the developing world has a lower prevalence of diabetes than the urban poor in developed societies. However, they have higher rates of complications of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre & M. V. Hospital for Diabetes, Royapuram, Chennai, India. ramachandran@vsnl.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Snehalatha
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vijay
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002386:Cataract / Q000453:epidemiology; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D011203:Poverty; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*