title: Response to symptoms among a U.S. national probability sample of adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: Previous studies concerning disparities in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) services use among vulnerable groups did not control for specific clinical need for care such as symptom events. Using the Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, the authors determined whether minorities, women, and the less educated (vulnerable groups) were less likely to receive care for HIV symptoms. Persons enrolled in the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study were asked whether they received care for their most bothersome symptom. Surprisingly, minorities and women were no more likely to go without care than other groups. Those with Medicaid, Medicare, private health maintenance organization (HMO) insurance, or no insurance were less likely to receive care for symptoms than those with private-non-HMO insurance. Vulnerable groups were no less likely to use services for HIV-related symptoms when need for care was considered. However, disparities may exist for symptom-specific care among HIV infected persons covered by public or HMO insurance.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, USA.
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kilbourne
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asch
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakazono
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crystal
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Allen L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gifford
authors.forename: Eric G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Bing
authors.forename: Samuel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bozzette
authors.forename: Martin F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000145:classification; D017057:Medically Uninsured; D006278:Medicare; D020380:Needs Assessment; D014481:United States; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000276:immunology*