title: Risk indicators predictive for severe hypoglycemia during the first trimester of type 1 diabetic pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the frequency of severe hypoglycemia (SH) and hypoglycemic coma during the first trimester of type 1 diabetic pregnancy and in the 4 months before gestation and to identify risk indicators predicting first trimester SH in a nonselected nationwide cohort of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a longitudinal cohort survey in 278 pregnant type 1 diabetic women using questionnaires at inclusion and at 17 weeks of gestation, addressing the frequencies of SH (i.e., external help required) and hypoglycemic coma, general characteristics, hypoglycemia awareness, blood glucose symptom threshold, and the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The occurrence of SH (including hypoglycemic coma) rose from 0.9 +/- 2.4 episodes per 4 months before gestation to 2.6 +/- 6.3 episodes during the first trimester (P < 0.001), including an increase in episodes of coma from 0.3 +/- 1.3 to 0.7 +/- 3.7 (P=0.03). The proportion of women affected by SH rose from 25 to 41% (P < 0.001). First-trimester SH was independently related to a history of SH before gestation (odds ratio [95%CI]: 9.2 [3.9-21.7]), a 10 years' longer diabetes duration (1.6 [1.0-2.4]), an HbA1c level < or = 6.5% (2.5 [1.3-5.0]), and a 0.1 unit/kg higher daily insulin dose (5.4 [1.5-18.9]), adjusted for a decreased symptom threshold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In type 1 diabetic pregnancy, the risk of SH is increased already before pregnancy and rises further during the first trimester. A history of SH before gestation, longer duration of diabetes, an HbA1c level < or = 6.5%, and a higher total daily insulin dose were risk indicators predictive for SH during the first trimester. Further research should aim to elucidate how the benefits of strict glycemic control balance with the markedly increased risk of SH early in pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Utrecht University, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands. j.evers@dog.azu.nl
authors.forename: Inge M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Evers
authors.forename: Edith W M T
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: ter Braak
authors.forename: Harold W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: de Valk
authors.forename: Bertine
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Der Schoot
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Gerard H A
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Visser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000097:blood*; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin