title: Comparative cytotoxicity of low-osmolar nonionic and high-osmolar ionic contrast media to dog gallbladder epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most studies of the adverse effects of x-ray contrast media used in ERCP have focused on post-ERCP pancreatitis. However, the biliary epithelial cells are also exposed to contrast media during ERCP and acute cholangitis is also a serious complication of ERCP. The present study compared the cytotoxicity with gallbladder epithelial cells of ionic and nonionic contrast agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A high-osmolar ionic contrast agent (meglumine ioxithalamate) and a low-osmolar nonionic contrast agent (iopromide) were tested. Monolayer cell cultures of dog gallbladder epithelial cells were used. The cells were exposed to the 2 contrast agents with increasing iodine concentration and osmolality for 2 days. Cell number, S-phase fraction, aneuploidy, and supernatant LDH activities were measured each day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell growth was more severely inhibited by ioxithalamate than iopromide (p < 0.05) and strongly dependent on the osmolality of contrast agent. The cytostatic effect estimated by S-phase fraction was more pronounced for ioxithalamate. Chromosomal damage determined by aneuploidy was more frequently detected with ioxithalamate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-osmolar ionic contrast media are more cytotoxic than low-osmolar nonionic contrast media to gallbladder epithelial cells. Animal and clinical studies are needed to estimate the clinical implications of these findings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, 388-1 Poongnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.forename: Myung-Hwan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung-Koo
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dong-Wan
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Young-Il
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Ji-Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000009:adverse effects; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000139:chemically induced; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004285:Dogs; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000166:cytology; D007472:Iohexol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity*; D007482:Iothalamate Meglumine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007472:Iohexol; C001694:meglumine ioxithalamate; C038192:iopromide; D007482:Iothalamate Meglumine