title: Male and female mice overexpressing the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor exhibit differences in ischemia/reperfusion injury: role of nitric oxide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiac overexpression of beta(2)-adrenergic receptors (beta(2)ARs) in male mice (MTG4) results in increased contractility and increased ischemic injury. Considering recent clinical data indicating that premenopausal women are protected from cardiovascular injury, we assessed the consequences of beta(2)AR overexpression in females (FTG4). Since protection in females is mediated via estrogen, which activates endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthases (eNOS and iNOS) we also examined the role of NOS in ischemia/reperfusion injury in male and female TG4 and wild-type (WT) mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hearts from MTG4, FTG4, MWT and FWT mice were isolated and perfused in the Langendorff mode. Hearts were pretreated with either 1 micromol/l of the nonspecific NOS inhibitor, L-NAME, or 100 nmol/l of the specific iNOS inhibitor, 1400W. Control hearts received no treatment. All hearts were subjected to 20 min ischemia and 40 min reperfusion while 31P-NMR spectra were acquired.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During ischemia, ATP and pH fell lower in MTG4 hearts than in FTG4 or WT hearts. Hearts from MTG4 mice exhibited increased ischemia/reperfusion injury as indicated by lower recoveries of postischemic contractile function, ATP and PCr than WT. Despite contractility being elevated in FTG4 hearts to the same level as MTG4 hearts, ischemia/reperfusion injury was not increased, as indicated by similar postischemic recoveries of contractile function, ATP and PCr in FTG4 hearts compared to WT. ATP and pH fell lower during ischemia in L-NAME-treated FTG4 hearts than in untreated FTG4 hearts, falling as low as untreated MTG4s. Recoveries of contractile function, ATP and PCr were as low in L-NAME-treated FTG4 hearts as in untreated MTG4 hearts and lower than untreated FTG4 hearts. In contrast, 1400W had no effect on FTG4 hearts. MTG4 hearts were unaffected by L-NAME or 1400W.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  beta(2)AR overexpression increased ischemia/reperfusion injury in males but not females, thus females were protected from the detrimental effects of beta(2)AR overexpression. Protection was abolished by treatment with L-NAME, but not 1400W, implying that protection was mediated by eNOS not iNOS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Box 3712, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. cross017@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Heather R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steenbergen
mesh_terms: D000578:Amidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001596:Benzylamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D023421:Models, Animal; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010477:Perfusion; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012723:Sex
chemical_list: D000578:Amidines; D001596:Benzylamines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C104820:N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester