title: Clinical profile and spectrum of commotio cordis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although blunt, nonpenetrating chest blows causing sudden cardiac death (commotio cordis) are often associated with competitive sports, dangers implicit in such blows can extend into many other life activities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the comprehensive spectrum of commotio cordis events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of confirmed cases from the general community assembled in the US Commotio Cordis Registry occurring up to September 1, 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Commotio cordis event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 128 confirmed cases, 122 (95%) were in males and the mean (SD) age was 13.6 (8.2) years (median, 14 years; range, 3 months to 45 years); only 28 (22%) cases were aged 18 years or older. Commotio cordis events occurred most commonly during organized sporting events (79 [62%]), such as baseball, but 49 (38%) occurred as part of daily routine and recreational activities. Fatal blows were inflicted with a wide range of velocities but often occurred inadvertently and under circumstances not usually associated with risk for sudden death in informal settings near the home or playground. Twenty-two (28%) participants were wearing commercially available chest barriers, including 7 in whom the projectile made direct contact with protective padding (baseball catchers and lacrosse/hockey goalies), and 2 in whom the projectile was a baseball specifically designed to reduce risk. Only 21 (16%) individuals survived their event, with particularly prompt cardiopulmonary resuscitation/defibrillation (most commonly reversing ventricular fibrillation) the only identifiable factor associated with a favorable outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expanded spectrum of commotio cordis illustrates the potential dangers implicit in striking the chest, regardless of the intent or force of the blow. These findings also suggest that the safety of young athletes will be enhanced by developing more effective preventive strategies (such as chest wall barriers) to achieve protection from ventricular fibrillation following precordial blows.
authors.affiliation: Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, 920 E 28th St, Suite 60, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA. hcm.maron@mhif.org
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Maron
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Gohman
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kyle
authors.forename: N A Mark
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Link
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000401:mortality; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004554:Electric Countershock; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011481:Protective Clothing; D012042:Registries; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*