title: Role of hormonal therapy in the management of intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer treated with permanent radioactive seed implantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the impact of hormonal therapy (HTx) on intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer treated with permanent radioactive seed implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with Stage T1b-T3bN0 prostate cancer, and Gleason score > or = 7 or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level >10 ng/mL were treated with seed implantation with or without HTx. Their disease was defined as intermediate risk (PSA 10-20, Gleason score 7, or Stage T2b) or high risk (two or more intermediate criteria, or PSA >20 ng/mL, Gleason score 8-10, or Stage T2c-T3). The median follow-up for 201 eligible patients was 42 months (range 18-110). Biochemical failure was defined as a rising PSA >1.0 ng/mL. Pretreatment disease characteristics, implant dose, and HTx were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HTx significantly improved 5-year actuarial freedom from biochemical failure rate, 79% vs. 54% without HTx. In addition, high-dose, PSA < or = 15 ng/mL, intermediate risk, and Stage T2a or lower significantly improved outcome in the univariate analyses. HTx was the most significant predictor of 5-year actuarial freedom from biochemical failure (p <0.0001) in a multivariate analysis. The best outcome was in the intermediate-risk patients treated with a high implant dose and HTx, resulting in a 4-year actuarial freedom from biochemical failure rate of 94%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this retrospective review, HTx improved outcome in intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with brachytherapy. HTx was the most important prognostic factor in the univariate and multivariate analyses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Lucille N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.forename: Nelson N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017273:Goserelin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016729:Leuprolide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010165:Palladium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D011868:Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017273:Goserelin; D010165:Palladium; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D016729:Leuprolide