title: Child dental expenditures: 1996.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because little has been reported about child dental expenditures, federal data were used to estimate dental care expenditures for U.S. children by age, sex, ethnic/ racial background, family income, parental education and parental employment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parentally reported data on dental expenditures and sources of expenditures were extracted from the most recent available federal healthcare expenditures studies, the 1996 federal Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Using the survey's large sample and complex design, these data represent the entire U.S. child population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly 12 billion dollars were expended for children's dental care averaging $375 per child who obtained care. Overall sources of payment were 47% out of pocket, 45% insurance and 8% "other" including primarily Medicaid. Disproportionately litde spending was made on behalf of low-income and minority children despite their higher disease experience. The proportion of spending that was paid out of pocket was high for all groups of children including those eligible for Medicaid even though Medicaid prohibits cost sharing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dental care for children accounts for approximately one-quarter of U.S. dental spending and is a major component of child health care costs. Income and racial disparities in expenditures favor higher income children despite Medicaid coverage for lower income children. High levels of reported out-of-pocket costs for Medicaid eligible children suggest that Medicaid fails to meet families' needs in obtaining care. Meeting the oral health needs of poor children will require considerably greater expenditures, particularly through improved Medicaid financing and administration.
authors.affiliation: Division of Community Health, Columbia University, School of Dental and Oral Surgery, and Children's Dental Health Project of Washington, DC, USA. ble22@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Burton L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Edelstein
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Manski
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Moeller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019140:Dental Care for Children / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States