title: Posttransplantation diabetes: a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the incidence of posttransplantation diabetes (PTD), risk factors for its development, prognostic implications, and optimal management.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and others) from inception to September 2000, reviewed bibliographies in reports retrieved, contacted transplantation experts, and reviewed specialty journals. Two reviewers independently determined report inclusion (original studies, in all languages, of PTD in adults with no history of diabetes before transplantation), assessed study methods, and extracted data using a standardized form. Meta-regression was used to explain between-study differences in incidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen studies with 3,611 patients were included. The 12-month cumulative incidence of PTD is lower (<10% in most studies) than it was 3 decades ago. The type of immunosuppression explained 74% of the variability in incidence (P = 0.0004). Risk factors were patient age, nonwhite ethnicity, glucocorticoid treatment for rejection, and immunosuppression with high-dose cyclosporine and tacrolimus. PTD was associated with decreased graft and patient survival in earlier studies; later studies showed improved outcomes. Randomized trials of treatment regimens have not been conducted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians should consider modification of immunosuppressive regimens to decrease the risk of PTD in high-risk transplant recipients. Randomized trials are needed to evaluate the use of oral glucose-lowering agents in transplant recipients, paying particular attention to interactions with immunosuppressive drugs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Montori
authors.forename: Ananda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Erwin
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Velosa
authors.forename: Sherine E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.forename: Yogish C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Kudva
mesh_terms: D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D015994:Incidence; D016239:MEDLINE; D016377:Organ Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014181:Transplantation Immunology
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents