title: Isolation and genotyping of Helicobacter pylori from untreated municipal wastewater.
abstract: For this study, we isolated Helicobacter pylori from wastewater by a series of steps beginning with immunomagnetic separation and cell culture. After Gram staining and three standard microbial tests, the 16S rRNA sequences of a total of 23 out of 37 putative H. pylori isolates were verified by PCR. Eleven H. pylori isolates were genotyped and fell into four vacA classes: those with the vacA allelic variants s1a and m1, s1b and m1, s2 and m2, or s2 and m1. Most H. pylori isolates were of the vacA s1a/m1 type, which has been shown to be associated with advanced diseases based on genotyping of H. pylori from gastric cancer patients. These results demonstrated that H. pylori survives in water and may be a potential source of H. pylori transmission, especially where water is not adequately treated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
authors.forename: Yingzhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Redlinger
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Avitia
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galindo
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goodman
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D003470:Culture Media; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis; D005838:Genotype; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018189:Immunomagnetic Separation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003470:Culture Media; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012722:Sewage; C074689:VacA protein, Helicobacter pylori