title: Contribution of the two Gs-coupled PGE2-receptors EP2-receptor and EP4-receptor to the inhibition by PGE2 of the LPS-induced TNFalpha-formation in Kupffer cells from EP2-or EP4-receptor-deficient mice. Pivotal role for the EP4-receptor in wild type Kupffer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is known to inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) formation in Kupffer cells via an increase in cAMP. Four receptor-subtypes have been cloned for PGE2 so far. Two of them, the EP2-receptor and the EP4-receptor are linked to stimulatory Gs-proteins and could mediate the inhibition by PGE2 of TNFalpha-formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The significance of both receptors for PGE2-dependent inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha-formation was studied using Kupffer cells of mice in which either one of the two receptors had been eliminated by homologous recombination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mRNAs of both receptors were expressed in wild type mouse Kupffer cells. Exogenous PGE2 inhibited TNFalpha-formation in Kupffer cells lacking either EP2-receptor or EP4-receptor to a similar extent as in control cells, however, 10-fold higher PGE2 concentrations were needed for half maximal inhibition in cells lacking the EP4-receptor than in control or EP2-receptor-deficient cells. The response to endogenous PGE2 was blunted in EP4-receptor-deficient mice only and especially after prolonged incubation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate, that PGE2 can inhibit TNFalpha-formation via both the EP2- and the EP4-receptor and that, however, the EP4-receptor appears to be physiologically more relevant in Kupffer cells since it conferred a high affinity response to PGE2.
authors.affiliation: Universität Potsdam, Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft, Abteilung Biochemie der Ernährung, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fennekohl
authors.forename: Yukihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Segi
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: Gerhard P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Püschel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000276:immunology; D006505:Hepatitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C545645:Ptger2 protein, mouse; C545651:Ptger4 protein, mouse; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs; D015232:Dinoprostone