A combined analysis of the short-term effects of photochemical air pollutants on mortality within the EMECAM project.
In recent years, some epidemiologic studies have attributed adverse effects of air pollutants on health not only to particles and sulfur dioxide but also to photochemical air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide and ozone). The effects are usually small, leading to some inconsistencies in the results of the studies. Furthermore, the different methodologic approaches of the studies used has made it difficult to derive generic conclusions. We provide here a quantitative summary of the short-term effects of photochemical air pollutants on mortality in seven Spanish cities involved in the EMECAM project, using generalized additive models from analyses of single and multiple pollutants. Nitrogen dioxide and ozone data were provided by seven EMECAM cities (Barcelona, Gijón, Huelva, Madrid, Oviedo, Seville, and Valencia). Mortality indicators included daily total mortality from all causes excluding external causes, daily cardiovascular mortality, and daily respiratory mortality. Individual estimates, obtained from city-specific generalized additive Poisson autoregressive models, were combined by means of fixed effects models and, if significant heterogeneity among local estimates was found, also by random effects models. Significant positive associations were found between daily mortality (all causes and cardiovascular) and NO(2), once the rest of air pollutants were taken into account. A 10 microg/m(3) increase in the 24-hr average 1-day NO(2)level was associated with an increase in the daily number of deaths of 0.43% [95% confidence interval (CI), -0.003-0.86%] for all causes excluding external. In the case of significant relationships, relative risks for cause-specific mortality were nearly twice as much as that for total mortality for all the photochemical pollutants. Ozone was independently related only to cardiovascular daily mortality. No independent statistically significant relationship between photochemical air pollutants and respiratory mortality was found. The results in this study suggest that, given the present levels of photochemical pollutants, people living in Spanish cities are exposed to health risks derived from air pollution.
Saez
Marc
M
Research Group on Statistics, Applied Economics and Health (GRECS), Department of Economics, University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain. marc.saez@udg.es
Ballester
Ferran
F
Barceló
Maria Antònia
MA
Pérez-Hoyos
Santiago
S
Bellido
Juan
J
Tenías
José María
JM
Ocaña
Ricardo
R
Figueiras
Adolfo
A
Arribas
Federico
F
Aragonés
Nuria
N
Tobías
Aurelio
A
Cirera
Lluís
L
Cañada
Alvaro
A
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002947:Cities; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010126:Ozone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology
D000393:Air Pollutants; D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical; D010126:Ozone; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide