title: Changes in HIV seroprevalence and related behaviors among male injection drug users who do and do not have sex with men: New York City, 1990-1999.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among male injection drug users (IDUs) who have sex with men and among other male IDUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male IDUs were interviewed and tested for HIV at a detoxification clinic during 1990 to 1994 and 1995 to 1999. Analyses compared male IDUs who do and do not have sex with men within and between periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initially, HIV seroprevalence and risk behaviors were higher among IDUs who have sex with men. Seroprevalence (initially 60.5% vs 48.3%) declined approximately 15% in both groups, remaining higher among those who have sex with men. Generally, injection prevalence, but not sexual risk behaviors, declined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Male IDUs who have sex with men are more likely to engage in higher-risk behaviors and to be HIV infected. Improved intervention approaches for male IDUs who have sex with men are needed.
authors.affiliation: National Development and Research Institutes, Inc, 71 West 23rd Street, New York, NY 10010, USA. carey.maslow@ndri.org
authors.forename: Carey B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Maslow
authors.forename: Samuel R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Theresa E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Perlis
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rockwell
authors.forename: Don C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Des Jarlais
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence / Q000639:trends*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*