title: Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether induces apoptosis in tumour cells independently of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, in caspase-dependent and -independent manners.
abstract: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear transcription factors which are involved in many biological processes, such as regulation of cell differentiation, lipid metabolism, inflammation and cell death. PPARs consist of three families, PPAR-alpha, PPAR-delta and PPAR-gamma. Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) has been described as a pure antagonist of PPAR-gamma. However, recent data also revealed PPAR-gamma-agonistic activities of BADGE. Here we show that BADGE kills transformed cells by apoptosis and promotes the cytotoxic effects of tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and indomethacin. The cytotoxic effect of BADGE does not require PPAR-gamma expression and is mediated in caspase-dependent and caspase-independent manners.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Unit for Gastrointestinal Endocrinology, University of Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fehlberg
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trautwein
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Göke
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Göke
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity; D002277:Carcinoma; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000502:physiology; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D002273:Carcinogens; D020169:Caspases; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; C019273:bisphenol A diglycidyl ether; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds