title: Chronic porcine two-hit model with hemorrhagic shock and Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sepsis is still a major cause of death despite well-developed therapeutical strategies such as antibiotics and supportive medication. The aim of this study was to characterize the long-term effects of a two-hit porcine sepsis model with a hemorrhagic shock as 'first hit' followed by a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infusion as 'second hit'.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve juvenile healthy pigs were anesthetized and hemodynamically monitored. The two-hit group (n = 6) underwent a hemorrhagic shock with a 50% reduction of the mean arterial pressure and/or cardiac index for 45 min, followed by resuscitation, while the control group (n = 6) received no pretreatment. All chronically catheterized conscious pigs were challenged with a P. aeruginosa infusion (1.6 x 10(7) CFU/kg/h for the first 24 h followed by 1.6 x 10(6) CFU/kg/h for the next 24 h) and observed for another 48 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two-hit group showed the following significant differences to the control group: higher APACHE II scores prior to sepsis induction, increased persisting mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) during bacterial challenge. In contrast, systemic vascular resistance (SVRI) was reduced at the end of the study. Throughout the observation period, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was significantly reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that the clinical course and hemodynamic effects of a P. aeruginosa sepsis will be aggravated by a preceding hemorrhagic shock during an observation period of 96 h. This two-hit model represents a valid, clinically relevant experimental protocol in sepsis research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Research, University of Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eissner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smorodchenko
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Röschmann
authors.forename: B U
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: v Specht
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D017563:Lung Diseases, Interstitial / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa; D011669:Pulmonary Wedge Pressure; D018805:Sepsis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013552:Swine; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000503:physiopathology; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines