title: Critical processing factors affecting rheological behavior of a wax based formulation.
abstract: The use of a wax-based vehicle is one approach to stabilize a drug which is susceptible to hydrolysis and/or oxidation. The drug used in the study, as a microfine powder, is dispersed in the wax mixture and encapsulated in a soft gelatin capsule. To ensure reproducibility of drug content uniformity and encapsulability of the soft gelatin capsule dosage form, optimal viscosity and lot to lot uniformity of the viscosity of the suspension are required. The objective of the study was to identify the critical processing factors which could affect the rheological behavior of the wax based vehicle. Rheological behavior of the vehicle at temperatures ranging from 15 to 90 degrees C was evaluated using a CSL Rheometer equipped with parallel plates and a shear rate sweep mode, unless otherwise specified. Viscosity vs. temperature profiles of the vehicle were determined using the same conditions at different cooling rates ranging from 1.3 to 20 degrees C per min. Three distinct regions of phase transition of the wax mixture can be seen in the Arrhenius plot: (i) a sol region at temperatures above 50 degrees C, (ii) a transition of gel to sol at temperatures ranging from 30 to 45 degrees C, and (iii) a gel region at temperatures below 30 degrees C. The vehicle in a sol region behaved as a Newtonian fluid, indicating minimal interactions between the hydrocarbon chains of the vehicle. The vehicle in a gel region behaved thixotropic in nature, as indicated by a hysteresis loop. The shear rate had a more pronounced effect on the area of thixotropy than the shear time. The cooling rate had a pronounced effect on the resultant viscosity. At the same applied shear rate, the vehicle which was cooled at a faster rate, may cause a recrystallization of the wax mixture in different crystalline forms, resulting in a higher viscosity than the vehicle cooled at a slower rate. This effect was more pronounced when the shear was applied at a lower rate. The results of this study indicate that shear rate and cooling rate are the critical processing factors in controlling the viscosity of the final product and must be well controlled in the manufacturing procedure.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Phuapradit
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kundu
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Infeld
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning / Q000379:methods; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D006865:Hydrogenation; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000737:chemistry*; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013696:Temperature; D014783:Viscosity; D014885:Waxes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D010938:Plant Oils; D014885:Waxes; C038228:beeswax; D013024:Soybean Oil