title: Use of a novel erbium laser in a Yucatan minipig: a study of residual thermal damage, ablation, and wound healing as a function of pulse duration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Theoretical models show that varying pulse duration influences residual thermal damage in erbium YAG skin resurfacing. Accordingly, our objective was to compare residual thermal damage, ablation, tissue shrinkage, and wound healing between a variable pulsewidth erbium YAG laser and a popular CO2 resurfacing laser.
  
  
  METHODS
  The erbium laser delivered a typical ablative pulse (250 microseconds), followed by a heating pulse of variable duration. Pulse durations for specific coagulation depths were selected based on existing heat transfer models. The bilateral flanks of one Yucatan pig were irradiated. Eight sites were treated per group. Biopsies were performed just after treatment and 1, 3, 7, 21, and 60 days postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Just after irradiation, gross examination of "cold" (without a coagulation pulse) erbium sites showed a reddish papillary dermis consistent with conventional erbium laser ablation. Two and three pass CO2 sites showed uniform surface yellowing. The longer pulsewidth ("hot") erbium groups showed only slight surface yellowing. Biopsies showed immediate thermal damage that increased with erbium pulse duration; however, actual residual thermal damage (RTD) was sometimes less than that predicted by the laser control panel. All wounds healed uneventfully by 14 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An erbium laser with a variable macropulse pulsewidth was capable of achieving RTD of up to 80 mum. Even greater RTD depths may be obtainable with future manipulations of fluence and pulse duration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, California 92134, USA. evross@nmcsd.med.navy.mil
authors.forename: Edward V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McKinlay
authors.forename: Francis P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Sajben
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Barnette
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Meehan
authors.forename: Norak P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Chhieng
authors.forename: Mickey J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Deavers
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Zelickson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D004871:Erbium; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D004871:Erbium