title: Development of an instrument to measure strategic and clinical quality indicators in postoperative pain management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and evaluate psychometric properties, that is reliability and validity, of an instrument to measure strategic and clinical quality indicators in postoperative pain management.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Strategic and clinical quality indicators in postoperative pain management were previously developed from a tentative model of important aspects of surgical nursing care and assessed to have content validity, that is to be essential for the quality of care, realistic to carry out and possible for nurses to use to influence management.
  
  
  METHODS
  The quality indicators were converted to items suitable for a patient questionnaire and were scored on a 5-point scale, with higher scores indicating higher quality of care. Inpatients from five surgical wards took part in this study on their second postoperative day. The response rate was 96% and the average ages of the female (n=120) and the male (n=78) respondents were 62 and 63 years, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Items in the total scale had an average inter-item correlation >0.20 and an item-total correlation >0.30. Cronbach's coefficient alpha was 0.84 for the total scale. Four factors entitled 'communication', 'action', 'trust' and 'environment' emerged from an orthogonal factor analysis, with a cumulative variance of 61.4%. Patients who received epidural analgesia had higher scores on the total scale compared with those who did not receive epidural analgesia. Patients who reported more pain than expected had lower scores on the total scale compared with those who did not report more pain than expected. Correlation between the total scale and an overall pain relief satisfaction question was 0.53.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest initial support for the new instrument as a measure of strategic and clinical quality indicators in postoperative pain management, but it must be further refined, tested and evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Care, Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University and Västervik Hospital, Västervik, Sweden. ewa.idvall@ebox.tninet.se
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Idvall
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hamrin
authors.forename: Mitra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Unosson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment / Q000592:standards; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results