title: Enhanced fumigant toxicity of p-cymene against Frankliniella occidentalis by simultaneous application of elevated levels of carbon dioxide.
abstract: The fumigant toxicity of the essential oil component p-cymene was assessed against Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. F occidentalis adult females, first- and second-instar larvae and eggs were exposed for 2, 24 and 48 h to combinations of three p-cymene doses and two carbon dioxide levels (ambient, 10%). Additional experiments were conducted on F occidentalis adult females with lower carbon dioxide levels (ambient, 2%, 4%, 6%) applied in combination with p-cymene. Combined applications of p-cymene and carbon dioxide were found to increase significantly the fumigant toxicity of p-cymene against both adult female and larval thrips, but not thrips eggs. An increase in exposure time also led to an increase in adult and larval mortalities in both the p-cymene alone and combined treatments. These results indicate that by combining applications of the essential oil component, p-cymene, with increased carbon dioxide, it may be possible to achieve toxicity levels similar to those of standard chemical fumigants.
authors.affiliation: Agrotechnological Research Institute (ATO), Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alida F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Janmaat
authors.forename: Willem Jan
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: de Kogel
authors.forename: Ernst J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Woltering
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000081007:Cymenes; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D005651:Fumigation / Q000379:methods*; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D039821:Monoterpenes; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects; D013729:Terpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000081007:Cymenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D013729:Terpenes; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C007210:4-cymene