title: Metformin therapy throughout pregnancy reduces the development of gestational diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether metformin safely reduced development of gestational diabetes in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective and retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient clinical research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prospective study included 33 nondiabetic women with PCOS who conceived while taking metformin and had live births; of these, 28 were taking metformin through delivery. The retrospective study included 39 nondiabetic women with PCOS who had live birth pregnancies without metformin therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metformin, 2.55 g/d, throughout pregnancy in women with PCOS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Development of gestational diabetes in women with PCOS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before metformin therapy, after covariance adjustment for age, the two cohorts did not differ in height, weight, basal metabolic index, insulin, insulin resistance, or insulin secretion. Both cohorts had high fasting insulin, were insulin resistant, and had high insulin secretion. Among the 33 women who received metformin, gestational diabetes developed in 1 of 33 (3%) pregnancies versus 8 of 12 (67%) of their previous pregnancies without metformin. Among the 39 women who did not take metformin, gestational diabetes developed in 14 of 60 (23%) pregnancies. When all live births were combined, gestational diabetes occurred in 22 of 72 pregnancies (31%) in women who did not take metformin versus 1 of 33 pregnancies (3%) in those who took metformin. With gestational diabetes as the response variable and age at delivery and treatment group (metformin or no metformin) as explanatory variables, the odds ratio for gestational diabetes in women with metformin versus without metformin was 0.093 (95% CI: 0.011 to 0.795). With gestational diabetes in 93 pregnancies as the response variable and age at delivery and treatment group (metformin no metformin) as explanatory variables, the odds ratio of gestational diabetes in pregnancies in women taking metformin versus without metformin was 0.115 (95% CI: 0.014 to 0.938).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In PCOS, use of metformin is associated with a 10-fold reduction in gestational diabetes (31% to 3%). It also reduces insulin resistance and insulin secretion, thus decreasing the secretory demands imposed on pancreatic beta-cells by insulin resistance and pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Cholesterol Center, Jewish Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA. glueckch@healthall.com
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Glueck
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Suichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Luann
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sieve-Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008687:Metformin