title: Involvement of matrix metalloproteinase in thrombolysis-associated hemorrhagic transformation after embolic focal ischemia in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for acute ischemic stroke remains complicated by risks of hemorrhagic transformation. In this study we used a previously established quantitative rat model of tPA-associated hemorrhage to test the hypothesis that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to embolic focal ischemia by placing homologous blood clots into the middle cerebral artery. Three groups of rats were studied: (1) untreated controls that received saline at 6 hours after ischemia; (2) rats that received tPA alone (10 mg/kg at 6 hours after ischemia); and (3) rats that received tPA plus the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor BB-94 (50 mg/kg of BB-94 before ischemia and at 3 and 6 hours after ischemia plus tPA at 6 hours). Gelatin zymography was used to quantify MMP levels. A hemoglobin spectrophotometry method was used to quantify cerebral hemorrhage. Ischemic lesions were measured at 24 hours with tetrazolium staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 6, 12, and 24 hours, pro-MMP-9 and cleaved MMP-9 were upregulated in ischemic brain. At 12 hours, tPA-treated rats showed significantly higher levels of pro-MMP-9 and cleaved MMP-9 than untreated controls. By 24 hours, all rats showed evidence of hemorrhagic transformation in the ischemic territory. Rats treated with BB-94 and tPA showed significantly reduced hemorrhage volumes compared with those that received tPA alone. There was no effect on infarct size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that (1) tPA treatment increases levels of MMP-9 after embolic focal cerebral ischemia, (2) MMPs are involved in the mechanism of tPA-associated hemorrhage, and (3) combination therapies with MMP inhibitors may be useful for decreasing the risk and severity of this dreaded complication of thrombolytic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129, USA
authors.forename: Toshihisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sumii
authors.forename: Eng H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D015996:Survival Rate; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D013876:Thiophenes; D010649:Phenylalanine; C080985:batimastat; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9