title: Shed membrane fragment-associated markers for endometrial and ovarian cancers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess circulating tumor-derived membrane fragments (MFs) and specific proteins associated with them as diagnostic and prognostic markers for ovarian and endometrial cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The level of shed tumor-derived plasma MFs was analyzed chromatographically on high exclusion limit agarose-based gels, using sera from non-cancer-bearing female controls (n = 50), women with ovarian disease (benign, n = 43, and stages III and IV ovarian cancer, n = 62), and women with early (n = 10) and late (n = 12) stage endometrial cancers. The presence of specific proteins on MFs associated with development and progression of cancer was examined by Western immunoblot, while the association of proteolytic enzymes with MFs was analyzed by zymography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shed MFs were demonstrated in the circulation of women with both ovarian (4.12 plus minus 1.46 mg/ml) and endometrial cancers (2.53 +/- 0.34 mg/ml in women with stage I and 4.51 +/- 1.33 mg/ml with late stage); however, they were not demonstrated in control sera or in sera from women with benign disease. In endometrial cancer, the level of MFs correlated with the tumor's progression. Specific proteins, including MMP-2, MMP-9, and Fas ligand (FasL), were present on MFs from both endometrial and ovarian cancer sera. However, FasL (3.2-fold) and MMP-2 and -9 (5.9x and 7.5x, respectively) levels were significantly elevated on MFs from late stage cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the unique elevation of circulating MFs in ovarian and endometrial cancer patients. The levels of specific MF-associated proteins differentiate between early and late stage endometrial cancers and benign versus malignant ovarian disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA. ddtaylor@louisville.edu
authors.forename: Douglas D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: Ciçek
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gerçel-Taylor
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D002850:Chromatography, Gel / Q000379:methods; D018450:Disease Progression; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000097:blood; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000097:blood; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C505661:FASLG protein, human; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9