title: A comparative study of the effects of carbamazepine and the NMDA receptor antagonist remacemide on road tracking and car-following performance in actual traffic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiepileptic drugs are known to produce side effects which may impair driving performance. Performance effects, however, may differ substantially between individual antiepileptic drugs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of carbamazepine, remacemide, and placebo on actual driving performance during a 12-day incremental dosing regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two healthy volunteers participated in a three-way, double-blind, cross-over driving study. Treatment effects were assessed in two actual driving tests carried out on days 8, 10, and 12 of each treatment period. The Road Tracking Test involved driving an instrumented vehicle at a constant speed and steady lateral position between the delineated lane boundaries. Standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP) was measured to indicate precision of road tracking control. The Car-Following Test involved driving the same vehicle behind a leading car and maintaining that distance while the latter executed a series of deceleration/acceleration maneuvers. Time to speed adaptation (TSA) and brake reaction time were the primary measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Remacemide did not affect the subjects' driving performance. Carbamazepine increased SDLP throughout treatment and lengthened TSA on day 8. Changes in SDLP relative to placebo were comparable to those previously seen in drivers conducting the same test with blood alcohol concentrations of 0.05 g/dl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Remacemide, at the given dose regimen, does not affect driving performance. Carbamazepine, at the given dose regimen, can produce mild but sufficient impairment to put epileptic patients at risk when driving, at least during initiation therapy.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Psychopharmacology Unit, Brain and Behavior Institute, Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. j.ramaekers@psychology.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramaekers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lamers
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Verhey
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muntjewerff
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mobbs
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lockton
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D002220:Carbamazepine; C067553:remacemide