title: Citrate-mediated increase in the uptake of weathered 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) 1,1-dichloroethylene residues by plants.
abstract: Experiments were conducted to determine the ability of citrate to enhance the plant uptake of weathered 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) from soil. Plots containing three rows of clover, mustard, hairy vetch, or rye grass were constructed in soils containing p,p'-DDE. On 11 occasions, the rows of each crop received water or sodium citrate (0.005 or 0.05 M). For each crop, there were significant reductions in p,p'-DDE concentration in the soil fractions (near root and rhizosphere) closely associated with the plant versus bulk soil. The roots of each crop accumulated 2 to 5 times more of the weathered contaminant (dry wt) than present in the bulk soil. Citrate (0.05 M) increased the concentration of p,p'-DDE in the roots of clover, mustard, and hairy vetch by 39% compared with vegetation that received water. In batch desorption studies, the release of weathered p,p'-DDE was significantly greater in the presence of 0.05 M citrate than in water. Citrate increased the extracted aqueous concentrations of five metal ions (Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mn) from soil by five- to 23-fold over distilled water. We hypothesize that citrate physically disrupts the soil through chelation of structural metal ions and release of bound humic material, facilitating p,p'-DDE availability and uptake by plants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil and Water, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, USA. jason.white@po.state.ct.us
authors.forename: Jason C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Bennett D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kottler
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000737:chemistry; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007477:Ions; D010944:Plants; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D006812:Humic Substances; D007306:Insecticides; D007477:Ions; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D019343:Citric Acid; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene