title: A method using sustainability indicators to compare conventional and animal-friendly egg production systems.
abstract: The objective of this paper was to describe a method that enables a comparison of egg production systems for their contribution to sustainable development of egg production, using data from the Netherlands for demonstration purposes. One conventional system, the battery cage system, and two animal-friendly systems, the deep-litter and the aviary systems, illustrate this method. The method is based on a three-phase framework that identifies relevant issues regarding sustainable development (Phase 1), translates issues into sustainability indicators (Phase 2), and assesses the contribution of sustainability indicators to sustainable development (Phase 3). Phases 1 and 2 are based on analysis of literature and consultation with experts. Phase 3 is based on graphical and numerical comparisons. A graphical comparison presents the relative deviation between actual and target values for each sustainability indicator. A numerical comparison combines the relative deviation for each sustainability indicator into an overall contribution of an egg production system to sustainable development. Sustainability indicators selected include economic performance, ammonia emission, energy use, hen welfare, farmer welfare, and egg quality. Based on equal importance of these indicators, the battery cage system shows the least negative contribution to sustainable development. The aviary system is considered a better animal-friendly alternative for a battery cage system when compared with a deep-litter system. The aviary system especially needs to improve economic performance and farmer welfare. The conclusion can only be tentative, however, because methodological aspects such as selection and weighting of sustainability indicators will need careful attention and further research.
authors.affiliation: Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Center, The Netherlands. Imke.deBoer@dps.vh.wau.nl
authors.forename: I J M
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: A M G
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cornelissen
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004463:Ecology; D004531:Eggs / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D009426:Netherlands; D010058:Oviposition