title: Naltrexone decreases craving and alcohol self-administration in alcohol-dependent subjects and activates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This laboratory study investigated the mechanisms by which the opioid antagonist, naltrexone, reduces the risk of relapse to heavy drinking in individuals with alcohol dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen alcohol-dependent, non-treatment-seeking volunteers were randomized to 50 mg naltrexone or placebo for 6 days and participated in an alcohol self-administration experiment on the sixth day. Following baseline assessments of craving and endocrine levels, subjects were first administered a priming drink designed to raise blood alcohol levels to 0.03 g/dl and then had the opportunity to drink up to eight additional drinks or to receive US $3 for each drink not consumed over a 2-h period. Each additional drink was designed to raise blood alcohol levels by 0.015 g/dl.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, naltrexone treatment resulted in higher cortisol levels and lower levels of craving than placebo treatment. Although there were no significant differences in response to the priming dose, naltrexone-treated subjects drank fewer drinks, consumed them more slowly, and reported lower levels of alcohol craving during the alcohol self-administration portion of the experiment. Naltrexone also resulted in higher levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol than placebo treatment, and levels of cortisol were negatively correlated with intensity of alcohol craving. The number of drinks chosen was positively correlated with level of alcohol craving. Ratings of nausea were low and did not differ between the naltrexone and placebo groups at any point in the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm the hypothesis that naltrexone reduces desire to drink and the amount of alcohol consumed in alcohol-dependent subjects. It is hypothesized that naltrexone may reduce drinking via suppressing craving for alcohol and that this effect may be related in part to naltrexone's ability to activate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Substance Abuse Center S202, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: Suchitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnan-Sarin
authors.forename: Conor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farren
authors.forename: Rajita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Mary Jeanne
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kreek
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000187:drug effects*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D000431:Ethanol; D009271:Naltrexone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone