title: Direct medical costs of refractory epilepsy incurred by three different treatment modalities: a prospective assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  More than 20% of epilepsy patients have refractory seizures. Treatment options for these patients include continued polytherapy with/without novel antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), epilepsy surgery (ES), or vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). The purpose of this study was prospectively to compare epilepsy-related direct medical costs (ERDMCs) incurred by these different treatment modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four patients underwent a complete presurgical evaluation protocol at our institution. As a result, 24 (29%) patients were treated with continued AED polytherapy only; 35 (40%) underwent ES; and 25 (30%) had VNS. In each patient, annual costs in the 2 years preceding the therapeutic decision (ERDMC-pre) and during the follow-up afterward (ERDMC-post) were prospectively calculated. Furthermore, frequency of complex partial seizures with/without secondary generalization (CPS+/-SG), dosage and number of AEDs, number of hospital admission days, clinic visits, and laboratory tests before and after the therapeutic decision also were prospectively assessed. ERDMC-pre and ERDMC-post were compared in and among the three treatment groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients conservatively treated with AEDs, mean frequency of CPSs decreased from 12 per month to nine per month, whereas mean ERDMCs decreased from $2,525 U.S. to $2,421 U.S. In surgical patients, mean seizure frequency decreased from six to fewer than one per month; mean ERDMCs per year decreased from $1,465 U.S. preoperatively to $1,186 U.S. postoperatively. In the VNS group, mean seizure frequency decreased from 21 per month to seven per month. ERDMCs in this subgroup decreased from $4,826 U.S. to $2,496 U.S. Mean seizure frequency changes were significant when conservatively treated patients were compared with surgically treated and VNS patient groups (chi2 test, p<0.001 and p=0.0019, respectively). ERDMC changes in conservatively treated patients also were statistically significant when compared with surgically treated and VNS patients (chi2 test, p=0.0007 and p=0.0036, respectively). No statistically significant differences were found in ERDMC changes between the surgical and VNS groups (chi2 test, p=0.387).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ongoing daily treatment of patients who underwent resective surgery costs significantly less than conservative treatment. For patients in whom resective surgery is not an option, ERDMC show a significant decrease in VNS-treated patients compared with conservatively treated patients.
authors.affiliation: Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. Paul.aboon@rug.ac.be
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Havé
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Walleghem
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Michielsen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vonck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caemaert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Reuck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001530:Belgium; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017046:Cost Savings; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014630:Vagus Nerve
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants