title: Refractive error in children in a rural population in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of refractive error and related visual impairment in school-aged children in the rural population of the Mahabubnagar district in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random selection of village-based clusters was used to identify a sample of children 7 to 15 years of age. From April 2000 through February 2001, children in the 25 selected clusters were enumerated in a door-to-door survey and examined at a rural eye center in the district. The examination included visual acuity measurements, ocular motility evaluation, retinoscopy and autorefraction under cycloplegia, and examination of the anterior segment, media, and fundus. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refractive error of at least -0.50 D and hyperopia as +2.00 D or more. Children with reduced vision and a sample of those with normal vision underwent independent replicate examinations for quality assurance in seven clusters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 4414 children from 4876 households was enumerated, and 4074 (92.3%) were examined. The prevalence of uncorrected, baseline (presenting), and best corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or worse in the better eye was 2.7%, 2.6%, and 0.78%, respectively. Refractive error was the cause in 61% of eyes with vision impairment, amblyopia in 12%, other causes in 15%, and unexplained causes in the remaining 13%. A gradual shift toward less-positive values of refractive error occurred with increasing age in both boys and girls. Myopia in one or both eyes was present in 4.1% of the children. Myopia risk was associated with female gender and having a father with a higher level of schooling. Higher risk of myopia in children of older age was of borderline statistical significance (P = 0.069). Hyperopia in at least one eye was present in 0.8% of children, with no significant predictors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Refractive error was the main cause of visual impairment in children aged between 7 and 15 years in rural India. There was a benefit of spectacles in 70% of those who had visual acuity of 20/40 or worse in the better eye at baseline examination. Because visual impairment can have a significant impact on a child's life in terms of education and development, it is important that effective strategies be developed to eliminate this easily treated cause of visual impairment.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye Care, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Rakhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dandona
authors.forename: Lalit
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dandona
authors.forename: Marmamula
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sahare
authors.forename: Saggam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narsaiah
authors.forename: Sergio R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Gopal P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Pokharel
authors.forename: Leon B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Ellwein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011897:Random Allocation; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D014792:Visual Acuity