title: Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy : association with endothelial dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether abnormal endothelial function, a common finding in premenopausal women with type 2 diabetes, is present in early states of diabetes during pregnancy, such as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) (endothelium-dependent) and nitrate-induced dilatation (NID) (endothelium-independent) were measured in 23 pregnant subjects with carbohydrate abnormalities (10 IGT, 13 GDM) and in 15 pregnant control subjects during the third trimester of gestation. High-resolution vascular ultrasonography was used to perform these investigations. A fasting lipid panel was obtained, and glucose and insulin values in response to a 100-g oral glucose load were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FMD was significantly reduced in both groups of women with abnormal carbohydrate metabolism compared with control subjects (7.6 +/- 1.1% in the IGT group and 4.1 +/- 0.9% in the GDM group vs. 10.9 +/- 1.1% in control subjects, P < 0.04 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Significant difference in FMD was also observed between IGT and GDM groups (P < 0.04). NID was comparable in the three groups. Among all subjects, FMD showed a strong independent negative correlation with glycemic area (r=-0.60, P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endothelial dysfunction, an early marker of macrovascular disease, is present in pregnancies complicated by IGT and GDM. This alteration, which seems to be directly related to glycemic levels, could explain, at least in part, the increased risk for concurrent hypertensive disorders during pregnancy in these women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paradisi
authors.forename: Arabella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biaggi
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrazzani
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Carolis
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caruso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001835:Body Weight; D001916:Brachial Artery; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D002784:Cholesterol