title: Rescue high frequency oscillation and predictors of adverse neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High frequency oscillation (HFO) is now frequently used as rescue support, but it has been suggested that as many as one-third of survivors have abnormal neurodevelopmental findings at follow-up.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 and 2 years in very prematurely born patients, who, because of severe neonatal respiratory failure, had required transfer to high frequency oscillation (HFO).
  
  
  METHODS
  A case control study was performed. Controls were supported by conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) only and matched to HFO infants for gestational age. At 1 and 2 years, neurodevelopmental status was assessed in both groups. Abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome was diagnosed if infants had impairment with or without disability or a Griffiths developmental quotient of at least two standard deviations below the mean.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six infants were studied, median gestation age of 28 weeks (range 23--31).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 2 years of age, a greater proportion of the HFO infants compared to the controls had an abnormal outcome (p<0.05). HFO infants with an abnormal outcome compared to those with a normal outcome had poorer oxygenation prior to transfer to HFO (p=0.05), but did not have a lower initial improvement in oxygenation or longer duration of hypocarbia on HFO. Logistic regression demonstrated adverse outcomes significantly related to HFO use and gestational age in the whole study population and to gestational age in the HFO infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An initial response to HFO does not guarantee normal neurodevelopmental outcome. Rescue HFO in very immature infants should be used cautiously.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, King's College Hospital, 4th Floor, Ruskin Wing, SE5 9RS, London, UK.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dimitriou
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greenough
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Broomfield
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morton
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006612:High-Frequency Ventilation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric