title: How an audit of epidural patients in a community hospital setting resulted in the development of a formal acute pain management service.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the results of an audit of patients who received epidural analgesics postoperatively and the subsequent development of a formal acute pain management service in a community hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  To understand how epidural analgesia was being used to treat postoperative pain at the Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Peterborough, Ontario, a retrospective chart review was performed. Audits were performed on 178 patients who had received epidural analgesia postoperatively from October 1994 to May 1995. Data pertaining to demographics, epidural analgesia, pain scores and side effects were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one per cent of patients received bupivacaine/ fentanyl infusions, and 39% received epidural morphine boluses. More than 60% of patients reported no pain postoperatively. Patients who received bupivacaine/fentanyl were more likely than those who received epidural morphine to also receive co-analgesia and transitional analgesia. Patients who received epidural morphine were more likely than those who received bupivacaine fentanyl to experience respiratory depression, hypotension and pruritus. Patients were followed by the anesthesiologist who provided the anesthetic. Anesthesiologists practised independently, and formal policies and procedures did not exist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a result of the audit, an acute pain management service was developed. This included a team that did daily rounds and consisted of a nurse clinician and an anesthesiologist who was assigned to the service on a weekly basis. A committee was created, and formalized policies and procedures were established. Standardized order sheets, data sheets and a computerized database were developed. Reports for administrative and quality improvement purposes were generated monthly. Education programs were developed. Co-analgesia and transitional analgesia are now part of routine care, and epidural catheter placement close to the site of incision is encouraged. A postoperative nausea and vomiting algorithm, and a treatment regimen for pruritus have also been implemented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Queen's University, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. goldsted@kgh.kari.net
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: VanDenKerkhof
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sherlock
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sherlock
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006764:Hospitals, Community / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D018710:Pain Clinics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies