title: Low responsiveness to IFN-gamma, after pretreatment of mouse macrophages with lipopolysaccharides, develops via diverse regulatory pathways.
abstract: We have investigated the mechanisms by which prior exposure of mouse macrophages to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induces a state of low responsiveness to subsequent exposure to IFN-gamma. We demonstrate that induction of this state requires both de novo gene expression and the suppression of phosphorylation events that lead to activation of transcription factor Stat1 alpha. These observations are mechanistically consistent with the known induction of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 and SOCS-3 proteins by LPS. In this regard, we demonstrate that overexpression of either SOCS protein suppresses induction of the mouse inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene promoter: apparently by suppressing interactions between Stat1 alpha and IFN-gamma activated sites present in both the iNOS, and interferon regulatory factor-1, gene promoters. The induction of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 by LPS or IFN-beta (an autocrine/paracrine mediator of LPS-induced SOCS-1 mRNA synthesis)occurs by way of multiple protein kinase pathways that include protein tyrosine kinases, protein kinase C, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. These results provide insight that may allow discrimination between LPS-induced inhibition of macrophage functions that are detrimental to the host (e.g. continued exposure to LPS) versus those that might potentially be beneficial (e.g. exposure to subsequent agonists that induce more specific macrophage functions).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crespo
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Filla
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D050832:Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D050832:Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3; C494258:Irf1 protein, mouse; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C079868:gamma interferon activation factor; D003609:Dactinomycin; D016899:Interferon-beta; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases