title: Endoscopic implantation of a biopolymer in the lower esophageal sphincter for gastroesophageal reflux: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  GERD is the most frequent disorder of the esophagus. Endoscopic minimally invasive treatment is desirable. However, the results of injection techniques have been disappointing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pilot study was conducted in patients with GERD, who required continuous therapy with a proton pump inhibitor, in which ethylene-vinyl-alcohol was injected into the muscle of the gastric cardia. Primary endpoints were the safety of the procedure, the effect on lower esophageal sphincter pressure and the stability of the injected material. A secondary endpoint was the effect on heartburn score after discontinuation of treatment with a proton pump inhibitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethylene-vinyl-alcohol injection into the cardia resulted in circular diffusion of the product in 10 of 15 cases, suggesting that implantation into the muscle is feasible. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure was increased in 13 of 15 cases at 1 month and was sustained at a median follow-up of 6 months (range 4-12 months). Mean plus minus SEM of lower esophageal sphincter pressures (15 patients) were 12.2 plus minus 0.9, 18.7 plus minus 1.5 (p = 0.001 at baseline), and 16.7 plus minus 1.3 mm Hg (p = 0.038 from baseline) at, respectively, baseline, 1 month follow-up, and final follow-up. There was also a sustained reduction in heartburn score (off proton pump inhibitor) (3.40 plus minus 0.13 vs. 1.53 plus minus 0.24 and 1.87 plus minus 0.26 at baseline vs. 1 month and final follow-up, respectively; p < 0.01). Nine of the 15 patients had more than 50% of the injected material in place at second follow-up (at 6 months for 8 patients; at 12 months for 1 patient). In only 2 patients was there loss of more than 75% of injected ethylene-vinyl-alcohol. Persistence of greater than 50% of the material was associated with achievement of a circular injection. Only 4 patients had to resume therapy with a proton pump inhibitor. Mild retrosternal discomfort was observed in 8 patients; this disappeared in all cases after a maximum of 3 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethylene-vinyl-alcohol implantation in the muscle of the cardia is feasible and safe. It leads to a sustained increase in resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure. This is associated with a sustained improvement in heartburn score for patients who previously required continuous therapy with a proton pump inhibitor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Erasme, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Devière
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pastorelli
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de Maertelaer
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lehman
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cicala
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Le Moine
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Costamagna
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000503:physiopathology; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011145:Polyvinyls; C020320:ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer