title: New developments in insecticide resistance in the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in the UK.
abstract: A recent survey of insecticide resistance in two of the most problematic pests in UK glasshouses revealed some new developments. At least some individuals in all UK samples of Trialeurodes vaporariorum that were tested resisted the insect growth regulator (IGR) buprofezin. The most strongly resistant strains were unaffected by the field application rate of this compound, and even samples from populations that had never been exposed to buprofezin contained individuals that survived the highest concentration applied (10,000 mg litre-1). The field rate of buprofezin was shown to select for resistance through vapour action alone. The benzophenylurea teflubenzuron, an unrelated IGR, was cross-resisted by buprofezin-resistant individuals. There was no evidence of resistance to imidacloprid, but all T vaporariorum strains tested, regardless of origin, exhibited a high innate tolerance to nicotine, when compared with another whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci. Marked resistance to fenbutatin oxide and tebufenpyrad was found in single glasshouse populations of Tetranychus urticae, but these compounds and abamectin appeared to remain highly effective against all other strains collected.
authors.affiliation: Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Division, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Denholm
authors.forename: Gregor J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Devine
mesh_terms: D000053:Acari / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000633:toxicity; D001681:Biological Assay; D004780:Environment, Controlled; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009538:Nicotine / Q000633:toxicity; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D013829:Thiadiazines / Q000633:toxicity; D006113:United Kingdom; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D009947:Organotin Compounds; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013829:Thiadiazines; C429623:4-chloro-N-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3-ethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide; C083997:buprofezin; C082359:imidacloprid; C048324:abamectin; D009538:Nicotine; D007559:Ivermectin; C052595:teflubenzuron; C022071:vendex