title: Use of amphetamine by recreational users of ecstasy (MDMA) is associated with reduced striatal dopamine transporter densities: a [123I]beta-CIT SPECT study--preliminary report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tablets sold as ecstasy often contain not only 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) but other compounds well known to cause dopaminergic neurotoxicity, such as (meth)amphetamine. Furthermore, the use of ecstasy in the Netherlands is often combined with the use of amphetamine. However, little is known about the effects of ecstasy use or the combination of ecstasy and amphetamine use on dopamine (DA) neurones in the human brain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to investigate the effects of ecstasy as well as the combined use of ecstasy and amphetamine on the density of nigrostriatal DA neurones.
  
  
  METHODS
  [123I]beta-CIT SPECT was used to quantify striatal DA transporters. Striatal [123I]beta-CIT binding ratios of control subjects ( n=15) were compared with binding ratios of ecstasy users ( n=29) and individuals with a history of combined ecstasy and amphetamine use ( n=9) after adjustment for age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Striatal [123I]beta-CIT binding ratios were significantly lower in combined ecstasy and amphetamine users compared to sole ecstasy users (6.75 versus 8.46, respectively: -20.2%, P=0.007). Binding ratios were significantly higher in ecstasy users when compared to controls (8.46 versus 7.47, respectively: +13.2%, P=0.045).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These initial observations suggest that the sole use of ecstasy is not related to dopaminergic neurotoxicity in humans. In contrast, the reported use of amphetamine by regular users of ecstasy seems to be associated with a reduction in nigrostriatal DA neurones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. l.reneman@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reneman
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Booij
authors.forename: Jules
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lavalaye
authors.forename: Kora
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Bruin
authors.forename: Johannes B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Reitsma
authors.forename: BoudewijnW
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gunning
authors.forename: Gerard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: den Heeten
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Den Brink
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000378:metabolism*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000378:metabolism; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C069723:2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane; D000661:Amphetamine; D003042:Cocaine; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine