title: In vitro gas production measurements to evaluate interactions between untreated and chemically treated rice straws, grass hay, and mulberry leaves.
abstract: In vitro gas production was measured to investigate associative effects of untreated and chemically treated rice straw (RS) and of RS and grass hay or mulberry leaves (ML). The RS was treated with NaOH, urea, or (NH4)HCO3. Cumulative gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 96 h of incubation, and the Gompertz function was used to describe the kinetics of gas production. Treatment with NaOH, urea, and NH4HCO3 increased (P < 0.05) gas production at 48 h by 55, 52, and 37% and the maximum rate of gas production of RS from 0.64 to 1.51, 1.27, and 1.13 mL/h, respectively. The inclusion of treated straws, hay, and ML in a mixture with RS at increasing proportions (25, 50, 75, 100%) elevated cumulative gas production and its rate. Maximum gas production was not different between the RS and its mixtures with the treated straws, but inclusion of hay into RS or NH4HCO3-treated RS increased the maximum gas production. Associative effects were defined as the difference between the observed gas production for the mixtures and the sum of the individual component feeds. The NaOH-treated RS, included at higher proportions, had positive associative effects at all times of incubation < 96 h; effects were negative or absent at 96 h. No effects were observed with mixtures of RS with urea-treated RS. The NH4HCO3-treated RS mixture tended to have negative associative effects at all three levels. Positive associative effects (P < 0.05) were observed for both RS and NH4HCO3-treated RS at almost all inclusion levels of hay or ML after 12 to 96 h of incubation. The response was more pronounced with ML than with hay. Associative effects generally declined with duration of incubation. We conclude that positive associative effects on in vitro gas production occurred more consistently when RS was incubated in mixtures with hay or ML than when incubated in mixtures with chemically treated RS.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Physiology and Metabolism, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany. liujx@zju.edu.cn
authors.forename: J X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Susenbeth
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Südekum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002254:Carbonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002424:Caustics; D005285:Fermentation; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D008129:Lolium; D008954:Models, Biological; D029586:Moraceae; D012275:Oryza; D018515:Plant Leaves; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012820:Silage; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014508:Urea / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D002424:Caustics; D005740:Gases; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D014508:Urea; C040502:ammonium carbonate