title: Pathologic and histologic results of electrical impulses in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis: 24-hour versus 8-hour regimen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low frequency electrical impulses (EIs) reduce new atherosclerotic plaque formation in previously diseased arteries and may reverse the extent of previous pathologic damage in these structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pacemaker was implanted on the left side of rabbit abdominal aortas, and an electrode was placed close to the other side of the aorta in the psoas major muscle. For the induction of atherosclerosis, the rabbits were placed on a high cholesterol diet (HCD) for 11 weeks. No EIs were applied to the control series I. In the experimental series, the rabbits were fed an HCD for 3 weeks, after which EIs were applied simultaneously with an HCD for 8 additional weeks (3V, 30 contractions per minute). Experimental series II had 24-hour/day EIs, and series III had 8-hour/day EIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The closer to the area where the EIs were applied, the more local severity increased (atherosclerosis level and surface area). In the control series, the severity of atherosclerosis in the lower aorta assessed with an arbitrary grading system was 1.75 +/- 0.5 (versus 1.5 +/- 0.57 with 8-hour/day EIs and 0.5 +/- 0.3 with 24-hour/day EIs). The involved surface area was 32.5% +/- 9.5% (versus 1.0% +/- 0.8% with 8-hour/day EIs and 0.75% +/- 0.95% with 24-hour/day EIs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both 24-hour/day and 8-hour/day EIs applied close to the abdominal aorta decreased the severity of atherosclerosis in rabbits placed on a HCD, but 24-hour/day EIs decreased the severity more extensively.
authors.affiliation: Heart Care Associates, Milwaukee Heart Institute at Sinai Samaritan Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA. ahcvch@execpc.com
authors.forename: Valeri S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Chekanov
authors.forename: Mohammad E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mortada
authors.forename: Guennady V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Tchekanov
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Maternowski
authors.forename: Rueben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eisenstein
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pello
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krum
authors.forename: Masood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akhtar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal / Q000473:pathology; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000473:pathology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004566:Electrodes; D011817:Rabbits; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D002784:Cholesterol