title: Detection of human papillomavirus in large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a study of 12 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the uterine cervix.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve archival, immunohistochemically and/or electron microscopically confirmed cases of cervical LCNEC were studied. Non-isotopic in situ hybridisation (NISH) was performed on the formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded biopsies using digoxigenin labelled probes to HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 33. The tumours were then subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using GP5+/GP6+ consensus primers to the HPV L1 gene, in addition to type specific primers to the E6 and E6/E7 genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV-16 was detected by NISH and/or PCR in seven of the 12 carcinomas. Two additional tumours were HPV-18 positive by NISH and/or PCR. HPV DNA was not detected in the three remaining cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Integration of high risk HPV, in particular type 16 and to a lesser extent type 18, is associated with this uncommon variant of cervical carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, PO Box 1038, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa. wayneg@mail.saimr.wits.ac.za
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grayson
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Rhemtula
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Allard
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tiltman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000821:virology*