title: Pharmacokinetics in vivo and pharmacodynamics ex vivo/in vitro of meropenem and cefpirome in the Yucatan micropig model: continuous infusion versus intermittent injection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pharmacodynamic disposition of two recently developed beta-lactam antibiotics, meropenem and cefpirome, in the Yucatan micropig model, and to compare the bactericidal activity of these drugs against bacteria in this in vitro/ex vivo micropig model after administration by both intermittent injection and continuous infusion. METHODS: Cefpirome (1 g) was given to the micropig over a 12-h period by direct intravenous injection and 6-h continuous infusion (500 mg). Meropenem (250 mg) was administered either by 30-min intravenous and 8-h continuous infusion. The two drugs were assayed by HPLC. The pharmacodynamics of these drugs were evaluated by means of (1) serum killing curve against Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, stably derepressed Enterobacter cloacae and methicillin-susceptible penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus, and (2) calculations of index of surviving bacteria (ISB). RESULTS: The bactericidal activity of meropenem against K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae in this in vitro/ex vivo model was excellent, with a 4 log decrease at peak concentrations. Meropenem produced a mixed concentration- and time-dependent, killing effect against E. cloacae and K. pneumoniae. The ISB value ranged from 25% to 30% for E. cloacae. With concentrations above MIC for S. aureus (1 mg/L), cefpirome has a time-dependent bactericidal activity, as shown by the ISB ranging from 20% to 80% after 4 h and between 20% and 40% after an 8-h drug exposure. For both antibiotics, the higher concentrations obtained just after intermittent injection had a rapid and strong killing effect against the strains tested, but the trough levels had no bactericidal activity. The continuous infusions produce consistent concentrations of antibiotic that can be maintained above the MIC, and the bactericidal activity of which ranges from 2 to 4 log10 decrease of inoculum. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study the micropig has been shown to be an adequate model for the pharmacodynamic investigation of cefpirome and meropenem. In general, continuous infusion appears to optimize the pharmacodynamic profile of the two tested beta-lactam antibiotics. However, against Gram-negative bacilli, the administration of a loading dose prior to continuous infusion of beta-lactams would eliminate the only potential pharmacokinetic disadvantage of continuous infusion and ensure the rapid onset of antimicrobial activity.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Bactériologie, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elkhaïli
authors.forename: Jean-Daniel
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pompei
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levless-Than-Or-Eq Slanteque
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Linger
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Monteil