title: Violence during pregnancy among women with or at risk for HIV infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study estimated the prevalence of violence during pregnancy in relation to HIV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Violence, current partnerships, and HIV risk behaviors were assessed among 336 HIV-seropositive and 298 HIV-seronegative at-risk pregnant women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 8.9% of women experienced recent violence; 21.5% currently had abusive partners. Violence was experienced by women in all partnership categories (range = 3.8% with nonabusive partners to 53.6% with physically abusive partners). Neither experiencing violence nor having an abusive partner differed by serostatus. Receiving an HIV diagnosis prenatally did not increase risk. Disclosure-related violence occurred, but was rare.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many HIV-infected pregnant women experience violence, but it is not typically attributable to their serostatus. Prenatal services should incorporate screening and counseling for all women at risk for violence.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop E-06, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Royce
authors.forename: Tracey E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Michelle R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Callahan
authors.forename: M Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Fernandez
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000145:classification