title: Influence of the bridging effect by sequential laser application on tissue ablation in an ex vivo model, taking organ perfusion into account.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve the efficacy of interstitial laser coagulation of tissue by causing a 'bridging' effect, using a sequential multiple-probe procedure on an ex vivo kidney model, as only a limited area of tissue is destroyed with a single probe and the coagulation takes longer when multiple punctures are used.
  
  
  METHODS
  A laser beam was generated using a Nd:YAG laser and applied to kidney tissue by a diffuser tip (quartz glass cap 2 x 19 mm). For sequential laser application (SLA), three probes were placed through punctures into kidney tissue, at 5 or 10 mm apart. The laser energy was applied in different time-energy combinations through the three probes. The effect of SLA was compared with that from one probe delivering the optimal PowerMode 180 protocol (Dornier, Germering, Germany), which represents the standard energy protocol for the clinical treatment of parenchymal organs using this laser device. An isolated porcine kidney was chosen for laser coagulation under different conditions of perfusion. The ablative efficacy was defined as the volume of necrosis per minute.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Applying various time-energy combinations to isolated unperfused porcine kidney caused extensive tissue ablation (5.6 mL). In trials with saline and blood perfusion for improved cooling, the necrotic volume was 2.5 and 3.9 mL, respectively (with no carbonization, 3.2 mL). Compared with a single-probe procedure, the ablation efficacy was 10 times better with SLA coagulation. This improvement was initiated by the bridging effect: coagulation in neighbouring areas affects perfusion and convection to an extent that induces the formation of bridges of necrosis between the probes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tissue ablation is markedly improved by interstitial laser coagulation using a sequential multiple-probe technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Mannheim, Germany. kai.uwe.koehrmann@uro.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: K U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Köhrmann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vöhringer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henkel
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D013552:Swine