title: The effect of cigarette smoking on soluble adhesion molecules in middle-aged patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of smoking on soluble adhesion molecules in middle-aged diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred out-patients with Type 2 diabetes and 100 age- and sex-matched non-diabetic subjects without clinical macrovascular disease were selected. Soluble serum levels of adhesion molecules were analysed using enzyme immunoassay. Carotid atherosclerosis was assessed using an ultrasound system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared with non-diabetic subjects, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and sE-selectin were found at significantly high levels in diabetic patients and significantly higher levels of sICAM-1, sE-selectin, and sP-selectin were observed in current smokers than never-smokers among diabetic or non-diabetic subjects, respectively. The combined, but not enhanced, effects of diabetes mellitus and smoking were observed in sICAM-1 and sE-selectin levels. Additionally, levels of sICAM-1 (P < 0.05) and sE-selectin (P < 0.01), but not sP-selectin, were high in ex-smokers when compared with never-smokers among diabetic patients. Diabetic smokers were also found to have marked carotid atherosclerosis, which was related to increased levels of sICAM-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our present study shows that levels of adhesion molecules were higher in diabetic smokers than diabetic non-smokers or non-diabetic smokers, and that cessation after chronic smoking did not restore the levels of sICAM-1 and sE-selectin, though sP-selectin levels were restored. These data suggest a possible mechanism for accelerated atherosclerosis induced by smoking in patients with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Endocrine Internal Medicine, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanai
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uno
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hotta
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014463:Ultrasonography; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D019040:E-Selectin; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1