title: Dietary intake of cadmium by children and adults from Germany using duplicate portion sampling.
abstract: The dietary intake of cadmium was studied among children and adults from Germany. The study area comprised the highly industrialized Ruhr district as well as the North Sea island Amrum. A total of 229 duplicate samples were collected from 49 individuals between December 1994 and May 1995. The sampling period for each participant was either 3 or 7 days. Cadmium concentrations in duplicate samples were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The daily cadmium intakes (geometric mean) for 4 different groups of individuals distributed as follows: for small children (mean age: 1.8 years) from the Ruhr district 0.17 microg/(kg(bw) x day) [range: 0.02-1.62 microg/(kg(bw) x day)], for children (mean age: 3.8 years) from the Ruhr district 0.49 microg/(kg(bw) x day) [range: 0.11-2.06 microg/(kg(bw) x day)], for children (mean age: 3.9 years) living on the North Sea island Amrum 0.35 microg/(kg(bw)-day) [range: 0.09-1.13 microg/ (kg(bw) x day)] and for adults (mean age: 40.9 years) from the Ruhr district 0.37 microg/(kg(bw) x day) [range: 0.05-1.32 microg/(kg(bw) x day)]. Compared to the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 7 microg/(kg(bw) x week) proposed by the WHO the dietary intake of cadmium was rather high. The geometric mean and maximum intake values for the different groups ranged between 24.3-55.7% and 62.7-120.7 respectively of the PTWI. We therefore conclude, that the cadmium exposure of the population needs to be reduced in order to minimize the risk of adverse health effects related to this metal.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University-Bochum, Germany. wilhelm@hygiene.ruhr-uni-bochum.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wittsiepe
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schrey
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Budde
authors.forename: Helga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Idel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011634:Public Health; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium