title: Translocation of Ku86/Ku70 to the multiple myeloma cell membrane: functional implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since the central hallmarks of human multiple myeloma (MM) are abnormalities in immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangement, IgH class switching, and DNA damage repair, and since Ku86 and Ku70 proteins are central to these processes, aberrant Ku function may play a role in MM pathogenesis. Our prior studies demonstrated a 69-kDa Ku86 variant in freshly isolated patient MM cells that confers sensitivity to DNA damage. We also showed that Ku86 on the cell surface of CD40-activated MM cells mediates homotypic tumor cell adhesion, as well as heterotypic adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells. We here define the mechanism and functional significance of CD40-induced Ku translocation from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane in MM cells vs normal B cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined Ku86 and Ku70 translocation following CD40 activation in human MM cells vs normal tonsillar B lymphocytes. We then identified the functional sequelae of membrane Ku86 and Ku70 expression on CD40-activated human MM cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD40 activation induces translocation of both Ku86 and Ku70 to the cell surface of MM cells, but not normal tonsillar B cells. Moreover, CD40 activation triggers Ku association with CD40 only in CD40-activated MM cells. Finally, CD40-activated MM cells adhere to fibronectin and are protected against apoptosis triggered by irradiation or doxorubicin; conversely, antibodies to Ku both inhibit tumor cell binding and restore sensitivity to these agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate functional significance of Ku translocation to the cell membrane of CD40-activated human MM cells. Therefore, targeting Ku86 and Ku70, with blocking peptides for example, might serve as a novel treatment strategy in human MM.
authors.affiliation: The Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Yu-Tzu
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Podar
authors.forename: Stine-Kathrein
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kraeft
authors.forename: Fengfei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Lan Bo
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D001692:Biological Transport; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002458:Cell Fractionation; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000276:immunology*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004265:DNA Helicases; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D000072200:Ku Autoantigen; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D019013:CD40 Antigens; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005353:Fibronectins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D004317:Doxorubicin; D004265:DNA Helicases; C106893:XRCC5 protein, human; C000606509:Xrcc6 protein, human; D000072200:Ku Autoantigen