title: HIV-1 protein Tat reduces the glutamate-induced intracellular Ca2+ increase in cultured cortical astrocytes.
abstract: The trans-activator protein Tat of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is regarded as an injurious molecule in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 associated encephalopathy (HIVE). We investigated the effects of Tat on neuroligand-induced intracellular Ca2+ increase in cultured astroglial cells. Rat cortical astrocytes, human glioblastoma cells and glial restricted precursor cells, from a human embryonic teratocarcinoma cell line, were incubated with recombinant Tat (100 ng/mL for 60 min) which induced a significant reduction of glutamate or ATP-induced intracellular Ca2+ increase ("glutamate response", "ATP response"). The reduction of the glutamate response was also observed following cell incubation with cell extracts of HeLa-T4+ cells transiently transfected with an expression plasmid coding for Tat. However, inactivation of the transcriptional trans-activity of Tat, by using a mutant form of Tat, as well as inhibition of de novo protein synthesis by cycloheximide abolished the effect on the glutamate response. This suggests that Tat acts upon induction of a so far unknown cellular gene whose gene product causes the reduction of glutamate responses. As the effect of Tat resembles the effect of TNFalpha on glutamate responses [Köller et al. (2001) Brain Res., 893, 237-243] which is locally released within the brains of HIVE patients, we also tested for synergistic effects of Tat and TNFalpha on the glutamate response. Low concentrations of Tat in combination with subthreshold concentrations of TNFalpha also elicited a marked reduction of astroglial glutamate responses. Our data suggest that Tat and TNFalpha, both by itself and synergistically, induce astroglial dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, PO Box 101007, D-40001 Düsseldorf, Germany. koellerh@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Köller
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schaal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Garrido
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: von Giesen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arendt
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002457:Cell Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002118:Calcium