title: Downregulation of nitric oxide accumulation by cyclooxygenase-2 induction and thromboxane A2 production in interleukin-1beta-stimulated rat aortic smooth muscle cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytokines from inflammatory cells do not produce nitric oxide, but stimulate the production of nitric oxide in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) has been believed to have a key role in atherosclerogenesis and post-angioplasty restenosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether cytokine-induced nitric oxide production is regulated by the TXA2/prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) receptor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied the interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced production of nitric oxide in rat VSMCs using the TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonists, seratrodast and Bay-u3405, and an agonist, U-46619. Nitrite formation was measured colorimetrically. IL-1beta increased nitrite formation in a time-dependent manner. The nitrite concentration was 1.7 times greater in the presence of seratrodast than that without it. Nitrite accumulation was increased by Bay-u3405, but was decreased in the presence of U-46619, to 44% of that in its absence. Western and Northern blotting showed that seratrodast increased the levels of expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and mRNA in a dose-dependent manner, whereas U-46619 decreased them. We speculated that VSMCs produced TXA2, thereby decreasing nitric oxide production; therefore we measured the accumulation of TXB2 using an enzyme immunoassay. Untreated VSMCs produced about 20 pg/mg protein of TXB2. This was increased by the addition of IL-1beta, to 152.1 +/- 43.0 pg/mg protein after a 24 h incubation; the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein was also increased, but there was no effect on the expression of COX-1 and TXA2 synthase. U-63557A, a TXA2 synthase inhibitor, increased the accumulation of nitrite to 1.3-fold that in its absence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the expression of iNOS and the production of nitric oxide are regulated by the TXA2/PGH2 receptor in IL-1beta-stimulated VSMCs. The endogenous production of TXA2 by the induction of COX-2 from IL-1beta-stimulated VSMCs probably downregulated the production of nitric oxide in VSMCs. TXA2/PGH2 receptor inhibitors may contribute to the reduction in formation of atherosclerosis in lesions with vascular injury by enhancing the production of nitric oxide by VSMCs.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiokoshi
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohsaki
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kawabe
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujino
authors.forename: Kenjiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
mesh_terms: D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000502:physiology; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011448:Prostaglandin Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017482:Receptors, Thromboxane / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D044244:Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2; D013928:Thromboxane A2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D016227:Benzoquinones; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011448:Prostaglandin Antagonists; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin; D017482:Receptors, Thromboxane; D044244:Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C060230:seratrodast; D013928:Thromboxane A2; D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496513:Ptgs1 protein, rat