title: Inattention, hyperactivity, and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inattention and hyperactivity are frequent among children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and often improve when SDB is treated. However, the frequency of SDB symptoms among inattentive and hyperactive children has received little study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two university-affiliated but community-based general pediatrics clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients consisted of N = 866 children (469 boys), aged 2.0 to 13.9 years (mean: 6.8 plus minus 3.2 years), with clinic appointments.
  
  
  METHODS
  A validated Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire assessed for habitual snoring (1 item), snoring severity (a 4-item subscale), sleepiness (4 items), and overall risk of SDB (16 items). Parents also completed 2 common behavioral measures, an inattention/hyperactivity scale (IHS) derived from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, and the hyperactivity index (HI, expressed as a t score) of the Conners' Parent Rating Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Habitual snoring was reported in 16% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13, 19) of the participants. High HI scores (>60) were found in 13% (95% CI: 11, 16) of all participants, 22% (95% CI: 15, 29) of habitual snorers, and 12% (95% CI: 9, 14) of nonsnorers. Odds ratios between HI >60 and each of the following were: habitual snoring, 2.2 (95% CI: 1.4, 3.6); 1 additional positive symptom-item on the snoring scale, 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.5); 1 additional positive item on the sleepiness scale, 1.6 (95% CI: 1.4, 2.0); and a 1-standard deviation increase in the overall SDB score, 1.7 (95% CI: 1.4, 2.0; all odds ratios age- and sex-adjusted). Results were similar for high IHS scores (>1.25). Stratification by age and sex showed that most of the association with snoring (but not sleepiness) derived from boys <8 years old.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inattention and hyperactivity among general pediatric patients are associated with increased daytime sleepiness and---especially in young boys---snoring and other symptoms of SDB. If sleepiness and SDB do influence daytime behavior, the current results suggest a major public health impact.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. chervin@umich.edu
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Chervin
authors.forename: Kristen Hedger
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Archbold
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.forename: Parviz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panahi
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Pituch
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guilleminault
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012737:Sex Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications*; D012913:Snoring / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires