title: Hemospermia: review of the management with 5 years follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review our experience with hemospermia and a long term follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of patients with hemospermia treated at the Division of Urology, Ramathibodi Hospital between 1993 and 1995 were reviewed. Clinical presentation, investigation, diagnosis, treatment, outcomes and long term follow-up were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-eight patients were found and completed follow-up to 5 years. The mean age was 40 years (range 28-62). Physical examination including DRE and urine examinations were done in all of the cases. Special investigations such as PSA, TRUS, IVP and cystourethroscopy were performed in selected cases. Prostatitis was found in 27.9 per cent, tuberculosis in 4.4 per cent, sexually related causes in 5.8 per cent and idiopathic in 61 per cent No malignancy was found in this study. Hypertension was found in 7.3 per cent of the patients. Thirty-two per cent had recurrent episodes of hemospermia. Specific treatment was used only for prostatitis and tuberculosis. No specific treatment was used for the idiopathic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemospermia is a benign condition. Most of the causes were from idiopathic and inflammation. Only simple investigation was needed and treatment was recommended depending on the diagnosis and no specific treatment was needed for idiopathic cause.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kochakarn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leenanupunth
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ratana-Olarn
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Viseshsindh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001769:Blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012661:Semen