title: Family processes for children in early elementary school as predictors of smoking initiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between family processes measured when children are in early elementary school and initiation of cigarette smoking in early adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis sample of 810 children was drawn from a longitudinal study of students from a suburban school district in the Pacific Northwest. Predictor variables were assessed when children were in second or third grade, and smoking initiation was measured when the children were in sixth or seventh grade. Measures of family processes were entered separately into logistic regression models that included controls for household structure and income, parent smoking, and peer and child characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measures of child attachment to parent and parent involvement with the child's school were significantly and negatively associated with smoking initiation. Among control variables, parent smoking, child grade level, and child antisocial behavior and depression were the strongest predictors of smoking initiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results point to the importance of family bonding and parent supportiveness as protective factors and parent smoking and early childhood antisocial behavior and depression as risk factors for smoking initiation in pre- or early adolescence.
authors.affiliation: Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. cnbflem@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: Hyoshin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tracy W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Harachi
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Catalano
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010379:Peer Group; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention