title: Inspiratory muscle maximum relaxation rate measured from submaximal sniff nasal pressure in patients with severe COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Slowing of the inspiratory muscle maximum relaxation rate (MRR) is a useful index of severe inspiratory muscle loading and potential fatigue and has been measured from the oesophageal pressure during sniffs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether it is possible to measure MRR and detect slowing using sniff nasal pressure in patients with COPD and to investigate the relationship between sniff oesophageal and sniff nasal MRR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients with severe COPD (mean FEV1 0.7 l; 26% predicted) were studied. Each subject performed submaximal sniff manoeuvres before and after walking to a state of severe dyspnoea on a treadmill. Oesophageal and gastric pressures were measured using balloon tipped catheters and nasal pressure was measured using an individually modelled nasal cast. MRR (% pressure fall/10 ms) was determined for each sniff and any change following exercise was reported as percentage of baseline to allow comparison of sniff nasal and oesophageal MRR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At rest the mean (SE) sniff Poes MRR was 7.1 (0.3) and the mean Pnasal MRR was 8.6 (0.1). At 1 minute following exercise there was a mean decrease in sniff Poes MRR of 33.7% (range 20.7-53.4%) and a mean decrease in sniff Pnasal MRR of 28.2% (range 8.1-52.8%). The degree of slowing and time course of recovery was similar, with both returning to baseline values within 5-10 minutes. A separate analysis of the sniff pressures using only the nasal pressure traces demonstrated a similar pattern of slowing and recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to detect slowing of the inspiratory muscles non-invasively using sniff nasal pressures in patients with COPD. This could be a useful technique with which to measure severe and potentially fatiguing inspiratory muscle loading, both in clinical settings and during exercise studies.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Muscle Laboratory, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kyroussis
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: C-H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hamnegard
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Polkey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moxham
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000503:physiopathology; D004947:Esophagus / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000502:physiology*; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012119:Respiration; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology*