title: An outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in travelers returning from the Caribbean.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Outbreaks of eosinophilic meningitis caused by the roundworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis are rarely reported, even in regions of endemic infection such as Southeast Asia and the Pacific Basin. We report an outbreak of A. cantonensis meningitis among travelers returning from the Caribbean.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study among 23 young adults who had traveled to Jamaica. We used a clinical definition of eosinophilic meningitis that included headache that began within 35 days after the trip plus at least one of the following: neck pain, nuchal rigidity, altered cutaneous sensations, photophobia, or visual disturbances.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve travelers met the case definition for eosinophilic meningitis. The symptoms began a median of 11 days (range, 6 to 31) after their return to the United States. Eosinophilia was eventually documented in all nine patients who were hospitalized, although on initial evaluation, it was present in the peripheral blood of only four of the nine (44 percent) and in the cerebrospinal fluid of five (56 percent). Repeated lumbar punctures and corticosteroid therapy led to improvement in symptoms in two of three patients with severe headache, and intracranial pressure decreased during corticosteroid therapy in all three. Consumption of one meal (P=0.001) and of a Caesar salad at that meal (P=0.007) were strongly associated with eosinophilic meningitis. Antibodies against an A. cantonensis--specific 31-kD antigen were detected in convalescent-phase serum samples from 11 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among travelers at risk, the presence of headache, elevated intracranial pressure, and pleocytosis, with or without eosinophilia, particularly in association with paresthesias or hyperesthesias, should alert clinicians to the possibility of A. cantonensis infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Trevor J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Slom
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cortese
authors.forename: Susan I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: Roderick C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Timothy H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Holtz
authors.forename: Adriana S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Carlos H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Zambrano
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sufit
authors.forename: Yuwaporn
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakolvaree
authors.forename: Wanpen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chaicumpa
authors.forename: Barbara L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Herwaldt
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D017185:Angiostrongylus cantonensis / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004802:Eosinophilia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D007563:Jamaica; D008582:Meningitis, Aseptic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017206:Strongylida Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014195:Travel; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth