title: Cues paired with a low dose of alcohol acquire conditioned incentive properties in social drinkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug-related cues may acquire incentive properties through classical conditioning.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated whether arbitrary stimuli paired with a low dose of alcohol would evoke differential skin conductance, salivary, craving and attentional orienting responses compared to arbitrary stimuli paired with vehicle in a sample of social drinkers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A discriminative classical conditioning procedure was employed, in which subjects repeatedly consumed two drinks, which differed in terms of the flavour of the drink and the colour of the glass in which it was administered. One of the drinks (CS+) always contained 0.2 g/kg ethanol in flavoured tonic water and the other drink (CS-) always contained flavoured tonic water only. Alcohol craving, amount of salivation, and skin conductance level were measured in response to CS+ and CS- during conditioning training. After conditioning training, the frequency with which subjects directed their attention to CS+ and CS- drinks and their choice of drinks was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparable taste intensity ratings were given for alcohol and placebo drinks. Higher ratings of craving in the presence of CS+ and higher feelings of "lightheaded", "relaxed" and "contented" after consumption of the CS+ drink (compared with CS-) were observed over successive conditioning sessions. Skin conductance level was also higher in response to CS+ compared to CS-. After conditioning sessions were completed, subjects shifted their gaze more frequently towards CS+ than CS-, although they did not choose to consume more CS+ than CS- drinks when instructed to choose between them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that conditioned responses to an arbitrary cue paired with alcohol will develop rapidly and provide further support for incentive salience theories of drug addiction.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology; D001944:Breath Tests; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003463:Cues; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D012472:Salivation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012919:Social Behavior; D013649:Taste / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol