title: The cost-effectiveness of population Helicobacter pylori screening and treatment: a Markov model using economic data from a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Economic models have suggested that population Helicobacter pylori screening and treatment may be a cost-effective method of reducing mortality from gastric cancer. These models are conservative as they do not consider that the programme may reduce health service peptic ulcer and other dyspepsia costs. We have evaluated the economic impact of population H. pylori screening and treatment over 2 years in a randomized controlled trial and have incorporated the results into an economic model exploring the impact of H. pylori eradication on peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects between the ages of 40 and 49 years were randomly invited to attend their local primary care centre. H. pylori status was evaluated by (13)C-urea breath test and infected individuals were randomized to receive omeprazole, 20 mg b.d., clarithromycin, 250 mg b.d., and tinidazole, 500 mg b.d., for 7 days or identical placebos. Economic data on health service costs for dyspepsia were obtained from a primary care note review for the 2 years following randomization. These data were incorporated into a Markov model comparing population H. pylori screening and treatment with no intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2329 of 8407 subjects were H. pylori positive: 1161 were randomized to receive eradication therapy and 1163 to receive placebo. The cost difference favoured the intervention group 2 years after randomization, but this did not reach statistical significance (11.42 ponds sterling per subject cost saving; 95% confidence interval, 30.04 ponds sterling to -7.19 pounds sterling; P=0.23). Analysis by gender suggested a statistically significant dyspepsia cost saving in men (27.17 ponds sterling per subject; 95% confidence interval, 50.01 pounds sterling to 4.32 pounds sterling; P=0.02), with no benefit in women (-4.46 per subject; 95% confidence interval, -33.85 pounds sterling to 24.93 pounds sterling). Modelling of these data suggested that population H. pylori screening and treatment for 1,000,000 45-year-olds would save over 6,000,000 pounds sterling and 1300 years of life. The programme would cost 14, 200 pounds sterling per life year saved if the health service dyspepsia cost savings were the lower limit of the 95% confidence intervals and H. pylori eradication had only a 10% efficacy in reducing mortality from distal gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modelling suggests that population H. pylori screening and treatment are likely to be cost-effective and could be the first cost-neutral screening programme. This provides a further mandate for clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of population H. pylori screening and treatment in preventing mortality from gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: A T R
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Axon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duffett
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drummond
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Crocombe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feltbower
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moayyedi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D014011:Tinidazole / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014011:Tinidazole; D017291:Clarithromycin; D009853:Omeprazole