Dying away from home: quandaries of migration for elders in two ethnic groups.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose was to examine how Cambodian Americans and Filipino Americans view their homeland in old age and how those views affect the contemplation of death, using a multifaceted theoretical framework that encompasses transnationality, place, ethnic identity, continuity, and cultural phenomenology.


METHODS
Three in-depth interviews over a 1-year period were conducted with 126 respondents (48 Cambodian Americans and 78 Filipino Americans). Both open-ended and semistructured questions were asked to determine how respondents viewed their eventual deaths.


RESULTS
Many Cambodian Americans and Filipino Americans expressed a desire to die in their homelands. Whether or not they desired to return to the homeland to die was mediated by the presence or absence of the extended family, memories of the homeland, and the availability of traditional ritual practices in the United States.


CONCLUSIONS
The preoccupation of respondents with where to die apparently reflects the desire to create continuity in their lives. In their efforts to reconcile issues of continuity, cultural meanings surrounding memory, ritual, and the family were paramount and appeared to reflect a desire to bring closure to unresolved conflicts in their lifetime. This research, including its theoretical framework, has implications for using the concept of transnationality and related concepts in gerontological research.
Becker
Gay
G
Institute for Health and Aging, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0646, USA. becker@itsa.ucsf.edu
D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology*; D001293:Attitude to Death / Q000208:ethnology*; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D002160:Cambodia / Q000208:ethnology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D005655:Funeral Rites / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010679:Philippines / Q000208:ethnology; D011203:Poverty / Q000208:ethnology; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012495:San Francisco; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States