title: Fluoride exposure attenuates expression of Streptococcus pyogenes virulence factors.
abstract: Fluoridation causes an obvious reduction of dental caries by interference with cariogenic streptococci. However, the effect of fluoride on group A streptococci that causes rheumatic fever and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is not known. We have used proteomic analysis to create a reference proteome map for Streptococcus pyogenes and to determine fluoride-induced protein changes in the streptococci. Cellular and extracellular proteins were resolved by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. 183 protein spots were visualized, and 74 spots representing 60 unique proteins were identified. A 16-h exposure to sodium fluoride caused decreased expression of proteins required to respond to cellular stress, including anti-oxidants, glycolytic enzymes, transcriptional and translational regulators, and protein folding. Fluoride caused decreased cellular expression of two well-characterized S. pyogenes virulence factors. Fluoride decreased expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, which acts to bind fibronectin and promote bacterial adherence. We also performed proteomic analysis of protein released by S. pyogenes into the culture supernatant and observed decreased expression of M proteins following fluoride exposure. These data provide evidence that fluoride causes decreased expression by S. pyogenes proteins used to respond to stress, virulence factors, and implicated in non-suppurative complications of S. pyogenes, including glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever.
authors.affiliation: Core Proteomics Laboratory, Kidney Disease Program, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
authors.forename: Visith
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thongboonkerd
authors.forename: Jirapon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luengpailin
authors.forename: Junkai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Jon B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Doyle
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005459:Fluorides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D017510:Protein Folding; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000494:pharmacology; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014357:Trypsin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010455:Peptides; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; D014357:Trypsin; D005459:Fluorides