title: Nonpharmacologic treatment of pain.
abstract: Nonpharmacologic interventions for pain treatment are important complementary therapies but are not substitutes for pharmacologic management of pain. Use of nonpharmacologic pain treatments in critical care settings is helpful to decrease pain, but the challenge remains for nurses to have the knowledge, time, and skill to use these interventions in a busy daily practice with severely ill patients. Although numerous studies testing the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic interventions for pain management are available, the varying methods and interventions used in these studies make it difficult to draw conclusions. Further research on the use of these interventions for pain reduction is necessary to determine the most effective treatments and the conditions under which they should be used.
authors.affiliation: Research, Quality and Outcomes Management, Department of Nursing and Patient Care Services, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52242, USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Titler
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rakel
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000379:methods*; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; D014732:Vibration