title: Test characteristics of the urine Gram stain in infants <or= 60 days of age with fever.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The utility of the Gram stain for the preliminary diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTI) in infants <or= 60 days of age has not been clearly defined. Our purpose was to assess the test characteristics of the Gram stain in febrile infants and compare them to urinalysis (UA) and microscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was prospective and observational. Urine samples were obtained from a consecutive sample of infants <or= 60 days of age with a temperature of >or= 38.0 degrees C presenting to a pediatric emergency department during 2 consecutive winter seasons. Single pathogen growth of >or= 10(4) cfu/mL from a catheterized specimen and >or= 10(3) cfu/mL from a suprapubic specimen was considered positive. A positive Gram stain was defined as the identification of any organisms. Urinalysis was tested for the presence of nitrites and for leukocyte esterase (LE). Urine microscopy was analyzed for white blood cells per high power field (WBC/hpf).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen of 246 patients were excluded; 11 because no Gram stain was completed. Of the remaining 232 patients, Gram stain had a sensitivity of 85.2% (95% CI 71.9-98.6%), a specificity of 99.0% (95% CI 97.7-100%), a likelihood ratio for a positive test of 87.3 (95% CI 21.8-349.9), and a likelihood ratio for a negative test of 0.15 (95% CI 0.06-0.37). There were 193 specimens for which a Gram stain and a complete UA and microscopy were completed and compared. Urine microscopy had a lower sensitivity and specificity than Gram stain for both >or= 5 WBC/hpf and >or= 10 WBC/hpf. In addition to the Gram stain, a dipstick negative for nitrites and LE had a low negative likelihood ratio (0.16), useful for decreasing the likelihood of a UTI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Gram stain has excellent test characteristics for the preliminary diagnosis of a UTI in febrile infants. Patient disposition and therapy will likely change if clinical protocols and guidelines use the Gram stain rather than urine microscopy for preliminary diagnosis of UTI in infants.
authors.affiliation: Babies Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Dayan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bregstein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Novick
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sonnett
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stimell-Rauch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Urtecho
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wagh
authors.forename: S Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005840:Gentian Violet; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D010619:Phenazines; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016482:Urinalysis; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: C035863:Gram's stain; D010619:Phenazines; D005840:Gentian Violet