title: Percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy and delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy in critically ill patients with acute calculus cholecystitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ultimate therapy for acute cholecystitis is cholecystectomy. However, in critically ill elderly patients the mortality of emergency cholecystectomy may reach up to 30%. Open cholecystostomy performed under local anesthesia was considered to be the procedure of choice for treatment of acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients. In recent years, ultrasound- or computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy (PTHC) replaced open cholecystostomy for the treatment of acute cholecystitis in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the results of a 5-year protocol using PTHC followed by delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the treatment of acute cholecystitis in critically ill patients. We reviewed the charts of 55 patients who underwent PTHC at the Hadassah University Hospital Mount Scopus during the years 1994 to 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main indications for PTHC among this group of severely sick and high-risk patients was biliary sepsis and septic shock in 23 patients (42%); and severe comorbidities in 32 patients (58%). The median age was 74 (32 to 98) years, 33 were female and 22 male. Successful biliary drainage by PTHC was achieved in 54 of 55 (98%) of the patients. The majority of the patients (31 of 55) were drained transhepaticlly under CT guidance. The rest, (24 of 55) were drained using ultrasound guidance followed by cholecystography for verification. Complications included hepatic bleeding that required surgical intervention in 1 patient and dislodgment of the catheter in 9 patients that was reinserted in 2 patients. Three patients died of multisystem organ failure 12 to 50 days following the procedure. The remaining 52 patients recovered well with a mean hospital stay of 15.5 plus minus 11.4 days. Thirty-one patients were able to undergo delayed surgery: 28 underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy of whom 4 (14%) were converted to open cholecystectomy. This was compared with a 1.9% conversion rate in 1,498 elective laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed at the same time period (P = 0.012). Another 3 patients underwent planned open cholecystectomy, 1 urgent and 2 combined with other abdominal procedures. There was no surgery associated mortality, severe morbidity, or bile duct injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of PTHC in critically ill patients with acute cholecystitis is both safe and effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Hadassah University Hospital, Mount Scopus and Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 24035, Jerusalem, il-91240, Israel.
authors.forename: Ram M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Spira
authors.forename: Aviran
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nissan
authors.forename: Oded
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zamir
authors.forename: Tzeela
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Scott I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: Herbert R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Freund
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000379:methods*; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000601:surgery*; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007813:Laparotomy; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed