title: Inhibition of LFA-1/ICAM-1 and VLA-4/VCAM-1 as a therapeutic approach to inflammation and autoimmune diseases.
abstract: This review focuses on providing insights into the structural basis and clinical relevance of LFA-1 and VLA-4 inhibition by peptides and small molecules as adhesion-based therapeutic strategies for inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Interactions of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) play central roles in mediating immune and inflammatory responses. Leukocyte function-associated antigen (LFA-1, alpha(L)beta(2), and CD11a/CD18) and very late antigen (VLA-4, alpha(4)beta(1), and CD49d/CD29) are members of integrin-type CAM that are predominantly involved in leukocyte trafficking and extravasation. LFA-1 is exclusively expressed on leukocytes and interacts with its ligands ICAM-1, -2, and -3 to promote a variety of homotypic and heterotypic cell adhesion events required for normal and pathologic functions of the immune systems. VLA-4 is expressed mainly on lymphocyte, monocytes, and eosinophils, but is not found on neutrophils. VLA-4 interacts with its ligands VCAM-1 and fibronectin (FN) CS1 during chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, psoriasis, transplant-rejection, and allergy. Blockade of LFA-1 and VLA-4 interactions with their ligands is a potential target for immunosuppression. LFA-1 and VLA-4 antagonists (antibodies, peptides, and small molecules) are being developed for controlling inflammation and autoimmune diseases. The therapeutic intervention of mostly mAb-based has been extensively studied. However, due to the challenging relative efficacy/safety ratio of mAb-based therapy application, especially in terms of systemic administration and immunogenic potential, strategic alternatives in the forms of peptide, peptide mimetic inhibitors, and small molecule non-peptide antagonists are being sought. Linear and cyclic peptides derived from the sequences of LFA-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, VCAM-1, and FN C1 have been shown to have inhibitory effects in vitro and in vivo. Finally, understanding the mechanism of LFA-1 and VLA-4 binding to their ligands has become a fundamental basis in developing therapeutic agents for inflammation and autoimmune diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Simons Research Laboratory, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yusuf-Makagiansar
authors.forename: Meagan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Tatyana V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Yakovleva
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Teruna J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Siahaan
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015195:Drug Design; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D039041:Integrin alpha4beta1; D016023:Integrins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016169:Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D016201:Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D039041:Integrin alpha4beta1; D016023:Integrins; D016169:Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1; D016201:Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1