title: Gallstones and ethnicity in the Americas.
abstract: Information on ethnicity as related to gallstones has been limited by insufficient or inaccurate characterization of ethnicity. Nevertheless, in recent years, ultrasonography has allowed limited examination of ethnic differences in the risk of gallbladder disease, defined by a history of cholecystectomy or ultrasonographic detection of gallstones. Among women, the risk of gallbladder disease is highest among American Indians, followed by Hispanics, non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic blacks. Men differ from women by having lower risk in all ethnic groups and by having a similar prevalence between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. It does not appear that the type of stone differs much according to ethnic group in the United States. Well-known risks for gallbladder disease, such as obesity, weight loss, pregnancy, and low alcohol use do not explain differences in ethnic risk. As yet, genetic markers have not been identified that would explain differences in risk among ethnic groups. Higher case fatality rates among non-Hispanic blacks than non-Hispanic whites suggest that blacks may have inadequate access to medical care for gallbladder disease.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Clinical Trials Branch, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892-5450, USA. je17g@nih.gov
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Everhart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D044383:Black People; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001741:Black or African American