title: Methylation and inactivation of estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors in prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer development is initially steroid hormone dependent. Estrogen receptors (ERs), androgen receptors (ARs), and progesterone receptors (PRs) have been identified in normal and cancerous prostate tissues. We investigated whether the promoter regions of these steroid receptor genes are methylated and inactivated in prostate cancer cells and tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression and promoter methylation status of three ERalpha isoforms (ERalpha-A, ERalpha-B, and ERalpha-C), ERbeta, two PR isoforms (PR-A and PR-B), and AR were investigated in five prostate cancer cell lines (ND1, DU145, PC3, LNCaP, and DUPro) and in pairs of normal and cancerous prostate tissues from 38 patients with prostate cancer. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcription--polymerase chain reaction, and 5' rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends were used. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ERalpha-C was expressed in all cell lines, but ERalpha-A and ERalpha-B were not expressed in any cell line. ERalpha-A and ERalpha-B promoters were methylated, but ERalpha-C was unmethylated. Promoters for ERbeta, AR, PR-A, and PR-B were methylated and thus inactivated in some cell lines but not in others. Treating cells with the demethylating reagent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored expression of all steroid receptor genes with previously methylated promoters. All 38 pairs of cancer and normal tissues had unmethylated ERalpha-C promoters. Thirty-six (95%) of 38 cancers had methylated ERalpha-A, 35 (92%) of 38 cancers had methylated ERalpha-B, but all normal tissues had unmethylated ERalpha-A and ERalpha-B (both P<.001). ERbeta was methylated in 30 (79%) of 38 cancers but unmethylated in all normal tissues. AR was methylated in three (8%) of 38 cancers but unmethylated in all normal tissues. PR-A and PR-B were unmethylated in all tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Certain steroid receptor genes appear to be inactivated by CpG methylation in prostate cancer tissue and cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco 94121, USA.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Geetha
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perinchery
authors.forename: Abhipsa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dharia
authors.forename: Ioulia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kotcherguina
authors.forename: Sei ichiro
authors.initials: Si
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Rajvir
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dahiya
mesh_terms: D019175:DNA Methylation; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone