title: Microbial activity at gigapascal pressures.
abstract: We observed physiological and metabolic activity of Shewanella oneidensis strain MR1 and Escherichia coli strain MG1655 at pressures of 68 to 1680 megapascals (MPa) in diamond anvil cells. We measured biological formate oxidation at high pressures (68 to 1060 MPa). At pressures of 1200 to 1600 MPa, living bacteria resided in fluid inclusions in ice-VI crystals and continued to be viable upon subsequent release to ambient pressures (0.1 MPa). Evidence of microbial viability and activity at these extreme pressures expands by an order of magnitude the range of conditions representing the habitable zone in the solar system.
authors.affiliation: Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road, N.W., Washington, DC 20015, USA. sharma@gl.ciw.edu
authors.forename: Anurag
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: George D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Cody
authors.forename: Marilyn L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fogel
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hazen
authors.forename: Russell J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hemley
authors.forename: Wesley T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Huntress
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D018130:Diamond; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005561:Formates / Q000378:metabolism*; D007053:Ice; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000378:metabolism; D009068:Movement; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011312:Pressure; D020614:Shewanella putrefaciens / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D005561:Formates; D007053:Ice; C030544:formic acid; D018130:Diamond; D008751:Methylene Blue