title: Chronic inhibition of alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptors in the ventral hippocampus of rats: impacts on memory and nicotine response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute and chronic systemic nicotine administration has been shown to cause significant spatial memory improvement. The critical nicotinic receptor subtypes for this effect and their location are still being determined. Nicotinic receptors in the ventral hippocampus have been found to be critically involved in memory. Acute ventral hippocampal infusions of dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHbetaE), an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor antagonist, impaired spatial memory of rats in the radial-arm maze.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study used chronic ventral hippocampal infusion of DHbetaE as a model of nicotinic receptor loss such as that which occurs in Alzheimer's disease. The therapeutic effect of systemic nicotine treatment in reversing the DHbetaE-induced memory impairment was determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were pretrained to asymptotic levels of performance on the eight-arm radial maze. Then, they were implanted with bilateral infusion cannulae in the ventral hippocampus, through which 0, 33.3, or 100 microg/side/day of DHbetaE was continuously infused for 4 weeks. The rats were retested on the eight-arm maze throughout infusion period and after withdrawal, and the interaction of acute systemic nicotine injections on memory was tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The higher (100 microg/side/day) but not the lower (33.3 microg/side/day) DHbetaE dose caused a significant spatial memory impairment. Acute systemic nicotine injections (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg, subcutaneous) attenuated the memory impairing effects of 100 microg/side/day of DHbetaE. There was no significant effect on response latency with the chronic DHbetaE infusion. Acute systemic nicotine infusions did significantly speed responding, an effect which was reversed by chronic hippocampal infusions of DHbetaE. After withdrawal there were no significant lasting effects on choice accuracy or response latency. Wet-dog shakes were significantly elevated during chronic hippocampal DHbetaE administration with no effect during the withdrawal period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that chronic inhibition of a subset of nicotinic receptors in the hippocampus results in a significant impairment in the spatial memory choice accuracy. The ability of nicotine to attenuate the impairment supports the development of nicotinic agonist therapy of syndromes, such as Alzheimer's disease, that involve a chronic decrease in the activity of the alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptors and memory impairment.
authors.affiliation: Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Box 3412, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D004079:Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; C403531:nicotinic receptor alpha4beta2; D004079:Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine; D009538:Nicotine