title: Estimates of the years-of-life-lost due to the top nine causes of death in rural areas of major states in India in 1995.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Years-of-life-lost (YLL) contribute nearly two-thirds of the disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) worldwide and are especially Important for India where infant and child mortality is still high. These were estimated for India under the Global Burden of Disease study for the year 1990. No estimates are available for the different states of India. We aimed to prepare state-wise estimates of YLL for different causes of death in rural areas and to determine the causes responsible for a higher burden in different states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percentage deaths of the top 9 causes reported in the Registrar-General's Survey of Causes of Deaths (Rural)--1995 in 13 major states of India and different age groups was applied to the expected number of total deaths. The life lost according to the standard life-table was age-weighted and discounted using the methodology of the Global Burden of Disease 1990 study. The causes of death were based on lay reporting which otherwise seem reliable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The all-cause YLL in rural India in 1995 were 207 per 1,000 population. The minimum was 74 in Kerala and maximum 276 in Madhya Pradesh. Pneumonia was the top cause responsible for 15 YLL. The inter-state variation was high as Tamil Nadu had only 1.6 and Uttar Pradesh 30.5 YLL from this cause. Cancers were a uniform burden across the states. Heart attack, and bronchitis and asthma cut across the more and less developed states. Suicides were a heavy burden in Andhra Pradesh and vehicular accidents in Haryana and Rajasthan. Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh had communicable and nutritional conditions as predominant causes while Kerala and Punjab had non-communicable diseases as the predominant cause of YLL due to premature mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide a new perspective about the causes of death that need more attention in rural areas of different states of India. These will also help prioritize areas which require more inputs at the state-level and hence will be useful for health policymakers.
authors.affiliation: University College of Medical Sciences, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India. indrayan@ucms.ernet.in
authors.forename: Abhaya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Indrayan
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wysocki
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chawla
authors.forename: Nihal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D012424:Rural Population