title: Nonhuman primate models of skeletal and reproductive aging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone loss, osteoarthritis (OA) and age-related changes in reproduction are some of the most apparent and troubling results of advancing age in the human population. The significance of these changes underscores the need for developing appropriate animal models to study aging of bone and the reproductive system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review surveys the literature regarding the current state of nonhuman primates (NHP) as models for skeletal and reproductive aging in humans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several species of NHP exhibit age-related bone loss as well as changes in the mineral content and architecture of bone that are similar to those reported in humans. In addition, since aged females of some species of NHP exhibit cessation of menses and serum hormone profiles consistent with those described in peri- and premenopausal women, they provide useful models of postmenopausal bone loss. Sensitivity to surgical estrogen depletion and hormone replacement has also been demonstrated in female NHP. Spontaneous development of degenerative arthritis, analogous to humans in age at onset, joint involvement and histologic changes, suggest that NHP are suitable for the study of human OA. Many similarities exist between female NHPs and women in age-related changes in reproductive function including hormone concentrations, menstrual cycling, fertility and the development of endometriosis. Changes in male sexual behavior and fertility with age are also comparable in men and male NHP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic similarity, long lives and similar reproductive endocrinology suggest that NHPs are likely candidates as models of skeletal and reproductive aging in humans. Current data confirm that several species of NHP exhibit changes in bone and reproduction that are comparable to those known to occur in humans.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional and Molecular Physiology Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Md 21224, USA. black@vax.grc.nia.nih.gov
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000209:etiology; D011323:Primates / Q000502:physiology*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones