title: Does instrumented anterior scoliosis surgery lead to kyphosis, pseudarthrosis, or inadequate correction in adults?
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective review of cases in which a single solid rod was used for the anterior correction of thoracolumbar and lumbar idiopathic scoliosis in adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and outcomes in these patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Anterior spinal fusion with instrumentation has been found to be kyphogenic in the treatment of scoliosis. Recent reports have shown an extremely high rate of pseudarthrosis and implant failure even in adolescents who have undergone anterior spinal fusion with a single flexible or rigid rod.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen consecutive adult patients with (average age, 37.5 years) had undergone anterior spinal fusion with a rigid rod were included in this study. One was lost to follow-up, leaving 14 patients with a complete radiographic follow-up of 44 months and clinical follow-up of 61 months. Patients were sent the Modified Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) Outcomes Instrument, charts were reviewed, and preoperative, postoperative, and final follow-up films of the entire spine were evaluated by independent reviewers uninvolved in the care of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average preoperative major curve was 50 degrees, which improved to 16 degrees at follow-up (a 66% correction). The average correction of the upper compensatory curve and lower fractional curve were 40% and 61%, respectively. The thoracolumbar sagittal plane alignment was maintained or improved in all patients (i.e., this surgery did not induce kyphosis in any patient). On average 0.9 levels were "saved" compared with levels chosen by the authors for posterior surgery. All patients achieved a solid fusion. Follow-up Modified SRS questionnaires revealed a satisfaction score 4.5 out of a possible score of 5, a pain score of 4.1 out of 5, a self-image score of 4.1 out of 5, a function score of 4.1 out of 5, and a mental health score of 4.0 out of 5, with an overall score of 82%. All patients but one were satisfied or extremely satisfied with the results of surgery. There was no incidence of implant breakage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of anterior spinal fusion using a single solid rod in adults with idiopathic scoliosis in this series are excellent, with 100% fusion rate, no development of kyphosis, and no incidence of hardware failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Vedat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Deviren
authors.forename: Sigurd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berven
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bradford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D011542:Pseudarthrosis / Q000209:etiology*; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D016896:Treatment Outcome