title: Infants with single ventricle: a population-based epidemiological study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Single ventricle, a rare congenital cardiac defect, often occurs as part of a complex group of cardiovascular abnormalities. Little is known of its epidemiologic associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the Baltimore-Washington Infant Study [BWIS], (1981-89), a population based case-control study of cardiovascular malformations, infants with single ventricle were evaluated with respect to infant and family characteristics and maternal and paternal exposures. The cases were analyzed according to presence/absence of abnormal cardio-visceral situs. Controls were 3,572 infants without heart defects randomly selected from the regional cohort of live births. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used as measures of association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single ventricle occurred in 1.25% of infants with congenital cardiovascular defects in the BWIS. Fifty-five infants had single ventricle. In 48 families (87.3%) the parents were interviewed. Thirty-three infants had normal situs and 15 had abnormal situs. Paternal alcohol consumption (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.9) and paternal cigarette smoking (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.1) were associated with all cases of single ventricle. These associations were even stronger in the subset of infants with abnormal situs. Maternal history of a previous induced abortion was also associated with infants born with abnormal situs (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.1-11.5). Paternal marijuana use was associated with cases of single ventricle in normal situs (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-5.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potential risk factors included paternal smoking and alcohol consumption, highlighting the need for future studies to consider environmental factors in the pathogenesis of this cardiac defect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Eileen K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Steinberger
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferencz
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Loffredo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004219:District of Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014768:Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology