title: Characterization of the discriminative stimulus effects of buprenorphine in pigeons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Buprenorphine is a low-efficacy mu opioid agonist that can reduce drug taking in opioid abusers; however, the mechanism by which buprenorphine modifies the actions of other drug taking and the consequences of repeated treatment with buprenorphine are not fully understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to evaluate the time- and dose-dependence of discriminative stimulus effects in pigeons receiving buprenorphine repeatedly and to examine possible interactions between buprenorphine and heroin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six pigeons discriminated between vehicle and 0.178 mg/kg buprenorphine while responding under an FR schedule for food. Substitution and drug combination studies characterized the potency and time course for buprenorphine, as well as interactions between buprenorphine and heroin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulus control by buprenorphine was maintained throughout the study and was not changed by repeated daily dosing or by an acute injection of large doses of buprenorphine. Mu opioid agonists substituted for buprenorphine with the following order of potency: heroin > or = butorphanol > nalbuphine > or = morphine. Ketamine, enadoline, spiradoline, amphetamine and cocaine failed to substitute completely for buprenorphine. The discriminative stimulus effects of buprenorphine lasted 2-72 h, depending on dose, and naltrexone prevented but did not reverse the effects of buprenorphine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a very long duration of action and apparent irreversibility, under these conditions in pigeons, buprenorphine does not modulate the discriminative stimulus effects of itself or heroin. Thus, simple agonism might account for the therapeutic effectiveness of buprenorphine in opioid abusers.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
authors.forename: Ruggero
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galici
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: France
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010856:Columbidae; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D003932:Heroin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D007267:Injections; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D002047:Buprenorphine; D009271:Naltrexone; D003932:Heroin