title: Pain classification following spinal cord injury: the utility of verbal descriptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the predictive utility of verbal descriptors to distinguish between pain types following spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n=29) completed the Short Form - McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) for each pain site reported. A total of 64 pain sites were reported with 80% of the sample reporting multiple pain sites. Each pain site was categorized using three different SCI pain classification schemes. The predictive utility of verbal descriptors to distinguish between pain types was examined statistically using (1) each word separately, (2) a combination of words (ie, the SF-MPQ total subscales, the number of words chosen on each scale), and (3) discriminant function analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a substantial overlap in the use of verbal descriptors across pain types. Few differences across pain types were found for endorsement of individual words, and differences across pain types were not found for any of the word combination scores. The majority of the verbal descriptors did not enter the step-wise discriminant functions for each SCI pain classification scheme, however, 'tingling' and 'aching' showed modest predictive utility for neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain, respectively. Correct classification was in the low range (ie, 39% to 82%, average=60%, with a 33% chance level). All three pain classification schemes showed the same general pattern of results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, verbal descriptors alone offered marginal utility with regard to identifying specific pain types following SCI. Future directions alone and implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Putzke
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hicken
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kezar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DeVivo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D017288:Pain Threshold; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014705:Verbal Behavior