title: Comparison of statistical parametric mapping and SPECT difference imaging in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) is an image-analysis tool that assesses the statistical significance of cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes on a voxel-by-voxel basis, thereby removing the subjectivity inherent in conventional region-of-interest (ROI) analysis. Our platform of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) ictal-interictal difference imaging in clinical epilepsy has been validated for localizing seizure onset. We extend the tools of SPM by further applying statistical measures for the significance of perfusion changes in individual patients to localize epileptogenic foci in patients with defined temporal lobe epilepsy by using paired scans in this preliminary study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients with pairs of periictal and interictal SPECT scans were analyzed in this comparison study between SPECT difference imaging and SPM difference analysis by using a reference database of paired normal healthy images. These 12 patients possessed seizure foci localized to the mesial temporal lobe as confirmed by surgical outcome and by hippocampal sclerosis on pathology. SPM was used to identify clusters of increased or decreased CBF in each patient in contrast to our control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The regions having the most significant increased or decreased CBF by SPM analysis were in agreement with regions identified by conventional difference imaging and visual analysis by viewers blinded to the results of the SPM analysis. Differentiated further by time of radiopharmaceutical injection, six of seven patients injected within 100 s of seizure onset displayed hyperperfusion changes localized to the corresponding epileptogenic temporal lobe by both techniques. Among patients receiving injections after 100 s, both techniques showed primarily regions of hypoperfusion, which again were similar between these two methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide strong evidence supporting SPM difference analysis in assessing regions of significant CBF change from baseline in concordance with our current clinically used technique of SPECT ictal--interictal difference imaging in epilepsy patients. Difference analysis using SPM could serve as a useful diagnostic tool in the evaluation of seizure focus in temporal lobe epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06501, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: I George
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Zubal
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gottschalk
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Necochea
authors.forename: Rik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stokking
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Studholme
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corsi
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slawski
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Hal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blumenfeld
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon