title: Two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) are expressed in human breast tissue and overexpressed in breast cancer: a putative mechanism for the antiproliferative effect of GnRH by down-regulation of acidic ribosomal phosphoproteins P1 and P2.
abstract: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues are used for the treatment of breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer. These analogues exert their antitumor effects indirectly by inhibiting the pituitary-gonadal axis, as well as by direct inhibition of proliferation of human breast cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating these direct antiproliferative effects are not fully understood. We found that normal and malignant human breast tissue express two forms of the neuropeptide GnRH. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR shows that mRNA encoding the GnRH-I and GnRH-II peptides are overexpressed in cancerous versus normal tissues obtained from the same patients. To elucidate the function of these peptides in breast cancer cells, we used the atlas human cDNA expression arrays technology and studied the differentially regulated genes after GnRH treatment of MCF-7 cells. We found that a wide range of GnRH-I or GnRH-II concentrations (0.1-10 nM) inhibit the expression of mRNA encoding the 60S acidic ribosomal phosphoproteins, P1 and P2. These results were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, as well as Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. The P1 and P2 proteins interact with elongation factors EF1 and EF2, and the level of their phosphorylation is one of the regulatory mechanisms for the overall rate of protein elongation. Thus, reduced expression of P1 and P2 proteins can affect the rate of protein translation, thereby decreasing proliferation rate of cells. Our studies may therefore suggest a putative mechanism for the direct antiproliferative effect of GnRH in breast cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
authors.forename: Alon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaganovsky
authors.forename: Shai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rahimipour
authors.forename: Nurit
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ben-Aroya
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Okon
authors.forename: Yitzhak
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins; C031937:phosphoprotein P2, ribosomal; C035690:ribosomal phosphoprotein P1; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone