title: Transvaginal laparoscopic nephrectomy: development and feasibility in the porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess feasibility of laparoscopic nephrectomy completed entirely by way of the vagina in the porcine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six transvaginal laparoscopic nephrectomies were performed in female farm pigs. Two acute and two 1-week survival animals were used for the study. Before killing the survival animals, a second transvaginal laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed on the remaining renal unit. For one renal unit, the laparoscopic nephrectomy was completed entirely by way of the vagina. In five renal units, a single, 5-mm transabdominal trocar for the laparoscope was required to facilitate visualization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The operative time for the procedure completed entirely by way of the vagina was 360 minutes, and the mean operative time for the procedures requiring placement of a single 5-mm transabdominal trocar was 210 minutes. In 5 cases, dissection, control of the renal pedicle, and extraction of the kidney were successfully completed using a transvaginal approach. In 1 acute case, an uncontrollable vascular injury occurred during placement of the Endo-GIA stapler, resulting in exsanguination. In all other cases, the mean blood loss was less than 30 mL, and no significant perioperative complications were noted. Both survival pigs had normal bowel and bladder function before being killed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete transvaginal laparoscopic dissection and nephrectomy is feasible in the porcine model using a single, 5-mm abdominal trocar for visualization. A completely transvaginal laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed once, but limitations imposed by the porcine anatomy and by the currently available instrumentation made the procedure very cumbersome. Additional development of this technique in animal models and improved instrumentation is needed before clinical assessment is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9110, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Gettman
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lotan
authors.forename: Cheryl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Napper
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cadeddu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D017792:Surgical Stapling / Q000009:adverse effects; D013552:Swine; D014621:Vagina