title: 13C NMR isotopomer analysis reveals a connection between pyruvate cycling and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS).
abstract: Cellular metabolism of glucose is required for stimulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, but the precise metabolic coupling factors involved in this process are not known. In an effort to better understand mechanisms of fuel-mediated insulin secretion, we have adapted 13C NMR and isotopomer methods to measure influx of metabolic fuels into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in insulinoma cells. Mitochondrial metabolism of [U-13C3]pyruvate, derived from [U-13C6]glucose, was compared in four clonal rat insulinoma cell 1-derived cell lines with varying degrees of glucose responsiveness. A 13C isotopomer analysis of glutamate isolated from these cells showed that the fraction of acetyl-CoA derived from [U-13C6]glucose was the same in all four cell lines (44 +/- 5%, 70 +/- 3%, and 84 +/- 4% with 3, 6, or 12 mM glucose, respectively). The 13C NMR spectra also demonstrated the existence of two compartmental pools of pyruvate, one that exchanges with TCA cycle intermediates and a second pool derived from [U-13C6]glucose that feeds acetyl-CoA into the TCA cycle. The 13C NMR spectra were consistent with a metabolic model where the two pyruvate pools do not randomly mix. Flux between the mitochondrial intermediates and the first pool of pyruvate (pyruvate cycling) varied in proportion to glucose responsiveness in the four cell lines. Furthermore, stimulation of pyruvate cycling with dimethylmalate or its inhibition with phenylacetic acid led to proportional changes in insulin secretion. These findings indicate that exchange of pyruvate with TCA cycle intermediates, rather than oxidation of pyruvate via acetyl-CoA, correlates with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
authors.affiliation: Touchstone Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Danhong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Hindrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: Piyu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Shawn C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Mette V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamzolova
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Newgard
authors.forename: A Dean
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sherry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008298:Maleates / Q000494:pharmacology; D008954:Models, Biological; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000494:pharmacology; D011766:Pyruvate Carboxylase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D007328:Insulin; D008298:Maleates; D010648:Phenylacetates; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D011766:Pyruvate Carboxylase; C025136:phenylacetic acid; D005947:Glucose; C004780:dimethyl maleate