title: The URO Mentor: development and evaluation of a new computer-based interactive training system for virtual life-like simulation of diagnostic and therapeutic endourological procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To overcome the current disadvantages of traditional training methods for ureterorenoscopy and percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy, using the URO Mentor (Simbionix, Tel Aviv, Israel) computer-assisted simulator.
  
  
  METHODS
  The URO Mentor device for training and quality control in ureterorenoscopy was developed using virtual reality, multimedia technology and intelligent tutoring systems. The central software system features a proprietary visualization engine (the SVE) which allows real-time simulation by offering a high-level object-orientated application program interface (written in C++) available for use with either Microsoft, DirectX 7 or OpenGL as platforms. The SVE includes general procedures to allow two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) rendering, collision detection, collision correction, 3D morphing, 2D image manipulation, texture mapping, 'bump' mapping, video texture, X-ray rendering, special effects (blood, smoke, stone fragments and more) and reflections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The system allows a complete training session on a wide range of procedures by offering different types of cases and virtual patients, and features a full representation of the endourological procedures under direct vision and by using interactive fluoroscopy with a contrast agent. The supported tools include: baskets, graspers, intracorporal lithotripters, guidewires, catheters, stents, biopsy and dilatation devices. The endourological procedures that can be performed are lithotripsy, tumour resection, treatment of strictures and obstructions, stent placement and biopsies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The URO Mentor introduces a new generation of mannequin equipped with a special haptic device, providing trainees with an unparalleled life-like sensation while training for diagnostic and therapeutic endourological procedures. By bringing key advances into urological simulation (e.g. with the real-time X-ray renderer) and by integrating in a single system both high-quality simulation and learning tools, the URO Mentor provides new perspectives for computer-based urological training systems and methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Mannheim, Germany. maurice-stephan.michel@uro.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.forename: K U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Köhrmann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alken
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education*