title: Integrative articular cartilage repair: dependence on developmental stage and collagen metabolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this research were to determine whether the integrative repair of bovine cartilage explants was dependent on developmental stage, and whether observed differences in integration with developmental stage were related to deposition of newly synthesized collagen and lysyl oxidase-mediated collagen cross-linking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pairs of fetal, newborn calf, and adult bovine cartilage blocks were cultured in partial apposition for 2 weeks in medium supplemented with serum, ascorbate, and [3H]proline. Following culture, mechanical integration between apposed cartilage blocks was assessed by measuring adhesive strength in a single-lap shear configuration. Formation and stabilization of newly synthesized protein and collagen was investigated by determination of [3H]proline and [3H]hydroxyproline in tissue digests and guanidine extracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calf cartilage exhibited a relatively high integrative repair phenotype, achieving an adhesive strength that was three--four-fold that of adult or fetal specimens. The low and high integrative repair phenotypes appeared related in part to different levels of collagen biosynthesis, which was approximately four--five-fold higher in calf cartilage samples than in the adult. However, fetal cartilage also exhibited a high level of biosynthesis. The different integrative repair phenotypes were not associated with marked differences in the kinetics of chemical stabilization of newly synthesized collagen, as the proportion of incorporated [3H]proline and newly-formed [3H]hydroxyproline that was resistant to extraction by 4M guanidine-HCl following culture was similar for cartilage from all developmental stages. Integration of calf cartilage appeared to depend on lysyl oxidase-mediated collagen cross-link formation, since inclusion of beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) in the culture medium completely eliminated development of adhesive strength. BAPN treatment also increased the percentage of newly synthesized protein in the guanidine extracts from 10% to 36% of the total, and that of newly synthesized collagen from 2% to 20%, while having only slight inhibitory effects on overall protein and collagen biosynthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding that cartilage exhibits enhanced integrative repair at a certain developmental stage suggests that it may ultimately be possible to enhance repair when needed in clinical situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: DiMicco
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Akeson
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sah
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006614:Hindlimb; D007596:Joints; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase