title: Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging-guided brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate brachytherapy (PB) entails the placement of radioactive sources throughout the entire prostate gland to treat localized cancer. Typically, the target volume in PB encompasses the entire prostate gland because of the inability to localize the cancer and the multifocal nature of this malignancy. However, because of the unique biochemical nature of the prostate gland, recent advances in magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of the prostate have allowed precise delineation of the cancer location within the prostate gland. This report reveals our initial experience of MRSI-guided PB.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MRSI study was obtained in 15 localized prostate cancer patients before their scheduled PB. The results of this study were used to internally map 7 x 7 x 9-mm volumes of prostate tissue to assign cancerous areas a higher dose of radiation. Such tumor-bearing areas had a low citrate/(choline+creatine) ratio consistent with cancer. On the basis of the anatomic MRI and MRSI correlation, three-dimensional coordinates were assigned to the locations of MRSI-defined cancer. The entire target volume was treated to a standard prescription dose using I-125 or Pd-103. Abnormal citrate regions, termed the biologic tumor volume, were prescribed a dose of 130% of the target volume dose to dose escalate in the abnormal citrate regions while respecting the normal radiation tolerances of the surrounding areas. Three-dimensional treatment planning was used to perform the implant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 15 prostate cancer patients evaluated, all had successful three-dimensional MRSI acquisition before their scheduled PB procedure. In 14 of the 15 patients planned with MRSI, the data were successfully incorporated into their treatment planning and were used to increase the radiation dose prescription to 130% in the MRSI-defined volumes. In 1 patient, MRSI revealed significant background artifact that made a focal boost impractical. Postimplant dosimetry confirmed a median V100 of 95% (range 72%-100%) in the 15 evaluated patients for the prescription dose. Furthermore, the median BTV100 for the abnormal citrate region was 90% (range 80-100%) as determined by postimplant dosimetry. Urethral and rectal dose-volume histograms were within normal limits. Morbidity was comparable with that for conventionally treated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRSI offers a promising new approach for the delivery of ionizing radiation in PB. Although this series was small and with a short follow-up, MRSI-guided implants are feasible and warrant further investigation as a means of improving the therapeutic ratio in PB [corrected].
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. sdibi@umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: DiBiase
authors.forename: Keya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hosseinzadeh
authors.forename: Rao P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Gullapalli
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Naslund
authors.forename: Geoffrey N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Sklar
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Cedric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011467:Prostate / Q000737:chemistry; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage