title: Mechanically simulated muscle forces strongly stabilize intact and injured upper cervical spine specimens.
abstract: Although muscles are assumed to be capable of stabilizing the spinal column in vivo, they have only rarely been simulated in vitro. Their effect might be of particular importance in unstable segments. The present study therefore tests the hypothesis that mechanically simulated muscle forces stabilize intact and injured cervical spine specimens. In the first step, six human occipito-cervical spine specimens were loaded intact in a spine tester with pure moments in lateral bending (+/- 1.5 N m), flexion-extension (+/- 1.5 N m) and axial rotation (+/- 0.5 N m). In the second step, identical flexibility tests were carried out during constant traction of three mechanically simulated muscle pairs: splenius capitits (5 N), semispinalis capitis (5 N) and longus colli (15 N). Both steps were repeated after unilateral and bilateral transection of the alar ligaments. The muscle forces strongly stabilized C0-C2 in all loading and injury states. This was most obvious in axial rotation, where a reduction of range of motion (ROM) and neutral zone to <50% (without muscles=100%) was observed. With increasing injury the normalized ROM (intact condition=100%) increased with and without muscles approximately to the same extend. With bilateral injury this increase was 125-132% in lateral bending, 112%-119% in flexion-extension and 103-116% in axial rotation. Mechanically simulated cervical spine muscles strongly stabilized intact and injured cervical spine specimens. Nevertheless, it could be shown that in vitro flexibility tests without muscle force simulation do not necessarily lead to an overestimation of spinal instability if the results are normalized to the intact state.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstro 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kettler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hartwig
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schultheiss
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Claes
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wilke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology*