title: The burden of out-of-pocket payments for health care in Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the 1990s, the Republic of Georgia instituted health care reforms to convert the centralized, state-operated health care system inherited from the Soviet Union to a decentralized, market-driven system of health care delivery. Under the new system, 87% of health care expenditures are financed through out-of-pocket payments at the point of service.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the effects of health care reforms on access to care and health care financing among ill residents of Tbilisi, Georgia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A probability-proportionate-to-size cluster survey conducted in 1999 of 248 households containing 306 household members who had been ill in the past 6 months in Tbilisi, Georgia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reported health care utilization, out-of-pocket expenditures, and financing practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of sick household members, 51% used official health care services at hospitals and clinics; 49% did not use official services and sought advice from relatives or friends, used traditional medicines, or did nothing. Those with serious illness were more likely to seek care through official services (82%) than those with nonserious illness (27%). Ninety-three percent of respondents said costs were the major deterrent to obtaining health care. Ten percent of ill household members reported that they were unable to obtain health care because of high costs; 16% reported being unable to afford all the medications necessary to treat their illness. Sixty-one percent of ill household members used savings to pay for health care expenditures and 19% of those able to obtain care had to use strategies such as borrowing money or selling personal items to pay for health care. Total out-of-pocket health care expenditures (53%) were paid for by borrowing money or selling personal items. A significant portion of households with ill members (87%) reported an interest in purchasing health care insurance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Economic disruption and health care reforms have led to access problems and out-of-pocket financing strategies that include reliance on personal savings, selling personal items, and borrowing money. Future reforms should consider an appropriate system for health care insurance risk pooling for the population of Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University Medical Center, Room H3151, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skarbinski
authors.forename: H Kenneth
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Laurence C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Archil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kobaladze
authors.forename: Zviad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kirtava
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Raffin
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005846:Georgia (Republic); D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000191:economics*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors