title: The effects of noradrenergic re-uptake inhibition on memory encoding in man.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animal and human evidence implicate the central noradrenergic system in the process of memory modulation for emotional material. Blockade of the beta-adrenergic system in humans has been shown to result in decreased recall and recognition memory performance, relative to placebo, for the emotional elements of a series of slides accompanied by a narrative. Stimulation of the noradrenergic system with yohimbine has also been shown to result in increased recall and recognition performance relative to placebo for the same stimulus materials.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study tested the hypothesis that stimulating the central noradrenergic system using the new noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor reboxetine would result in a dose-dependent enhancement of memory for emotional material in man.
  
  
  METHODS
  The central noradrenergic system was manipulated using reboxetine in a double-blind, randomised between-group, placebo-controlled design with 36 healthy adult subjects in each of three groups (placebo, 4 and 8 mg reboxetine). Free recall and recognition memory performance were assessed in a 'surprise' memory test following a 7-day interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no memory enhancing effect of reboxetine. In contrast we observed a dose-dependent effect on memory opposite to the predicted direction. There were no significant differences between groups in self-rated stress and arousal scores or self-rated emotional reactions to the stimuli. All groups showed the expected increased memory performance for the middle 'emotive' phase of the story.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective stimulation of the central noradrenergic system at encoding did not result in enhanced long-term memory for emotional material in man.
authors.affiliation: University of St. Andrews, School of Psychology, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JU, UK.
authors.forename: Benjamin P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Papps
authors.forename: Polash M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Shajahan
authors.forename: Klaus P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Ebmeier
authors.forename: Ronan E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: O'Carroll
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D000077593:Reboxetine; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D009025:Morpholines; D000077593:Reboxetine; D009638:Norepinephrine