Effects of dantrolene on extracellular glutamate concentration and neuronal death in the rat hippocampal CA1 region subjected to transient ischemia.
BACKGROUND
Excessive extracellular glutamate produced by cerebral ischemia has been proposed to initiate the cascade toward neuronal cell death. Changes in extracellular glutamate concentration are closely linked to changes in intracellular calcium ion concentration. Dantrolene inhibits calcium release from intracellular calcium stores. In this study, the authors investigated the effects of dantrolene on extracellular glutamate accumulation and neuronal degeneration in a rat model of transient global forebrain ischemia.


METHODS
Male Wistar rats weighing 230-290 g were anesthetized with halothane in nitrous oxide-oxygen and were subjected to 10 min of transient forebrain ischemia using a four-vessel occlusion technique. Fifteen minutes before ischemic injury, dantrolene sodium (5 mm), dimethyl sulfoxide as a vehicle for dantrolene, or artificial cerebrospinal fluid as a control was intracerebroventricularly administered (n = 8 in each group). In the hippocampal CA1 subfield, the extracellular glutamate concentration in vivo was measured during the periischemic period with a microdialysis biosensor, and the number of intact neurons was evaluated on day 7 after reperfusion.


RESULTS
Both dantrolene and dimethyl sulfoxide significantly reduced the ischemia-induced increase in glutamate concentration to a similar extent, i.e., by 53 and 51%, respectively, compared with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (P < 0.01). The number of intact hippocampal CA1 neurons (mean +/- SD; cells/mm) in dantrolene-treated rats (78 +/- 21) was significantly higher than that in artificial cerebrospinal fluid- (35 +/- 14; P < 0.001) and dimethyl sulfoxide-treated (56 +/- 11; P < 0.05) animals. Dimethyl sulfoxide also significantly increased the number of preserved neurons in comparison with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (P < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Intracerebroventricular dantrolene prevents delayed neuronal loss in the rat hippocampal CA1 region subjected to transient ischemia; however, this neuroprotection cannot be accounted for only by the reduced concentrations of extracellular glutamate during ischemia.
Nakayama
Ryosuke
R
Surgical Center and the Department of Anesthesiology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan.
Yano
Toshiyuki
T
Ushijima
Kazuo
K
Abe
Eiji
E
Terasaki
Hidenori
H
D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D003620:Dantrolene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology
D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D003620:Dantrolene; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide