title: Marginal decrease in mortality and marked increase in incidence as a result of neuroblastoma screening at 6 months of age: cohort study in seven prefectures in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the usefulness of 6-month screening for neuroblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cumulative incidence rates (IRs) and cumulative mortality rates (MRs) of neuroblastoma in children younger than 60 months of age were analyzed for control (n = 713,025), qualitative screening (Qual Screen, n = 1,142,519), and quantitative screening (Quan Screen, n = 550,331) cohorts, and for Screened and Unscreened subgroups within screening cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IRs (per 100,000) for infants aged 6 to 11 months were 1.12 in Control, 5.69 in Qual Screen (P <.0001), and 17.81 in Quan Screen (P <.0001); IRs for children aged 12 to 59 months were 7.29 in Control, 5.86 in Qual Screen (P =.28), and 6.36 in Quan Screen (P =.60). IRs for children aged 12 to 59 months in Unscreened or Screened subgroups remained at the same level. When patients diagnosed at younger than 6 months of age were excluded, the MR (per 100,000) under 60 months for Control was 4.21; those in Unscreened and Screened subgroups were 3.84 and 2.53 in Qual Screen (P =.30), and 3.20 and 1.97 in Quan Screen (P =.73), respectively; MRs between Control and Unscreened subgroups revealed no significant differences (P =.89 in Qual Screen, P =.85 in Quan Screen).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Six-month screening resulted in a marked increase in incidence for infants with no significant decrease in incidence for children older than 1 year of age. A decrease in mortality was observed, but it was not significant. The usefulness of screening is questionable, because the decrease of mortality should be balanced against the adverse effect of overdiagnosis and the psychological burden on parents and children.
authors.affiliation: Saitama Children's Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Iwatsuki, Saitama, Japan. a0126966@pref.saitama.jp
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: Etsuro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asami
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mabuchi
authors.forename: Masamune
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higashigawa
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanimura
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008403:Mass Screening; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality