title: The patient health questionnaire for adolescents: validation of an instrument for the assessment of mental disorders among adolescent primary care patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents (PHQ-A), a self-administered instrument that assesses anxiety, eating, mood, and substance use disorders among adolescent primary care patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 403 adolescents from California, New Jersey, New York, and Ohio completed the PHQ-A and the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey (SF-20) during or shortly after a visit to a primary care clinic or a school nurse's office. A few days later, clinical psychologists who were blind to the results of the PHQ-A administered a semi-structured clinical interview to assess the same psychiatric disorders and to conduct a global assessment of functioning (GAF) among 403 patients. Diagnostic agreement coefficients were computed and analyses of covariance were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings support the diagnostic validity of the PHQ-A. The PHQ-A and the clinical interview produced similar estimates of the prevalence rates of anxiety, eating, mood, and substance use disorders. The PHQ-A demonstrated satisfactory sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic agreement, and overall diagnostic accuracy, compared with the clinical interview. Adolescents with PHQ-A diagnoses experienced significantly poorer mental and overall functioning, more physical pain, and poorer overall health compared with those without psychiatric disorders. These differences remained significant after patients' age, gender, ethnicity, and site were controlled statistically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PHQ-A may be used to assist primary care practitioners in identifying psychiatric disorders among their adolescent patients. The PHQ-A is the first such tool to be tested for use in adolescents and offers an acceptable and efficient tool for early detection and recognition of mental disorders in this high-risk group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA. jjohnso@pi.cpmc.columbia.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Emily S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Spitzer
authors.forename: Janet B W
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires