title: Comparing Norton, Braden and Waterlow risk assessment scales for pressure ulcers in spinal cord injuries.
abstract: When pressure ulcers occur health care services are faced with considerable challenges and costs. Additionally these ulcers cause significant physical and psycho-social impairment for patients and their families. The complexity of pressure ulcer management is widely acknowledged in the literature. However, the applicability of the major risk assessment scales in the context of spinal cord injury has not been explored. Retrospective case history audit of individuals with pressure ulcers provided data to compare the three commonly used Norton, Braden and Waterlow scales. Waterlow's scale was the most sensitive of the three scales compared.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wellard
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D009731:Nursing Audit; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric