title: Quantification of plasma and egg 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) residues for the efficient development of a nicarbazin-based contraceptive for pest waterfowl.
abstract: Urbanization and associated landscaping has increased the abundance of year-round habitat for waterfowl, resulting in vegetation damage, loss of recreational activities, air transportation mishaps and health hazards. As part of a research program to develop socially acceptable techniques for management of pest bird populations, we are evaluating nicarbazin as a contraceptive in pest and surrogate avian species. As reproductive studies with Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) are tedious due to the difficulty of conducting controlled field studies and/or breeding geese in captivity, we evaluated the effects of oral nicarbazin administration on the production and hatchability of chicken eggs. Blood plasma and egg DNC concentrations were correlated to contraceptive efficacy. Subsequent studies are being conducted with geese to determine the diet nicarbazin concentration required to produce the desired blood and plasma DNC concentrations. This approach permits the expeditious evaluation of formulations and dosing regimes by simply monitoring blood DNC concentrations in target species.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA. john.j.Johnston@usda.gov
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Walter M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Britton
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Primus
authors.forename: Margaret J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Goodal
authors.forename: Christi A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Yoder
authors.forename: Lowell A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fagerstone
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D002224:Carbanilides / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry; D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods; D003270:Contraceptive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009528:Nicarbazin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000378:metabolism; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002224:Carbanilides; D003270:Contraceptive Agents; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D009528:Nicarbazin; C039493:4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide