title: The light-enhanced startle paradigm as a putative animal model for anxiety: effects of chlordiazepoxide, flesinoxan and fluvoxamine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, a new putative animal model of anxiety, "light-enhanced startle" was introduced. By placing a rat in a brightly lit environment, which is a naturally aversive stimulus to rats, the amplitude of the startle response to a startle-eliciting noise burst is increased.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to determine the predictive validity of the light-enhanced startle as a putative model for anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor agonist chlordiazepoxide (CDP), the 5-HT1A receptor agonist flesinoxan and the specific 5-HT reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine on light-enhanced startle were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both CDP and flesinoxan decreased startle potentiation, whereas fluvoxamine was devoid of any effects on potentiation. Effects on baseline startle amplitude were only seen after CDP administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present experiment provides evidence for the predictive validity of the light-enhanced startle as an animal model for anxiety. Due to the use of an unconditioned anxiogenic stimulus, the light-enhanced startle offers several benefits over animal models that depend on conditioning. Drug effects can be ascribed more directly to effects on anxiety, as opposed to memory retrieval and, as shown in this study, non-specific drug effects can easily be detected without the interference of contextual fear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands. R.deJongh@pharm.uu.nl
authors.forename: Reinoud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Jongh
authors.forename: Lucianne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groenink
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Der Gugten
authors.forename: Berend
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olivier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D002707:Chlordiazepoxide / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003624:Darkness; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016666:Fluvoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D010879:Piperazines; C056895:flesinoxan; D002707:Chlordiazepoxide; D016666:Fluvoxamine