title: Circadian variation of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase mRNA expression in leukocytes and serum cortisol levels in patients with advanced gastrointestinal carcinomas compared to healthy controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) - the rate-limiting enzyme in fluorouracil (5-FU) catabolism - has been reported to vary according to the time of day. On the basis of this data, so-called chronomodulated chemotherapy regimens with variable-rate infusions of 5-FU have been investigated in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. Recent results suggest lower toxicity of 5-FU by chronomodulated application. However, the pattern of circadian DPD activity levels have been shown to vary considerably.
  
  
  METHODS
  We, therefore, studied the circadian changes in mRNA expression of DPD in leukocytes of ten patients with advanced gastrointestinal carcinomas prior to chronomodulated 5-FU-based salvage therapy and in 5five healthy controls. Simultaneously, we measured serum cortisol levels (SCL) to evaluate the endogenous circadian hormone rhythm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SCL displayed a consistent circadian rhythm with the mean peak value of serum cortisol at 8 a.m. and the mean trough value at 11 p.m. both in patients and in controls. However, mean minimum-maximum serum cortisol differences of SCL were significantly lower in patients compared to controls. In the 5fivehealthy controls, a trend towards a circadian rhythm of DPD mRNA expression was observed with the peak of expression at 5 a.m. which was significantly different from the trough at 2 p.m. ( P<0.005 Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test). When each control was studied separately, only two individuals showed circadian variations that could be fitted to a cosine wave ( P=0.001, P=0.014, Cosinor analysis). In contrast, DPD mRNA expression in patients with advanced gastrointestinal carcinomas did not demonstrate any consistent circadian rhythm. Pairwise comparisons of groups of DPD mRNA levels at different times of the day did not show significant differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, our analysis of DPD mRNA expression in leukocytes from healthy controls demonstrates first evidence for a circadian DPD mRNA expression periodicity. In patients with advanced gastrointestinal carcinomas, however, this rhythm seems to be disturbed although circadian endogenous cortisol secretion pattern is maintained.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, (Onkologie, Hämatologie, Endokrinologie und Stofwechselerkrankungen), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany. m.raida@icrf.icnet.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raida
authors.forename: K-O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Kliche
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schwabe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Häusler
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Behnke
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Höffken
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D006854:Hydrocortisone