title: Predictors for benign solitary pulmonary nodule in tuberculosis-endemic area.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) may show different presentation in tuberculosis (TB)-endemic countries. The aim of this study was to identify clinical and radiological predictors favoring benign or malignant SPN in TB-endemic region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred one SPNs in 201 consecutive Korean patients were included (< 3 cm in diameter, all confirmed by pathology or bacteriology, 93 benign and 108 malignant diseases). For clinical parameters, age, sex, smoking status and amount, and past history of pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus were investigated retrospectively. For radiological parameters, size, location, margin characteristics, presence of calcification, pleural tag, surrounding satellite nodule, cavitation, internal low attenuation, open bronchus sign, surrounding ground-glass opacity, enhancement pattern of the SPNs and mediastinal lymph node (LN) enlargement were analyzed on chest CT scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with a older age (60.7 +/- 9.6 vs 56.2 +/- 13.1, p = 0.008) and more than 40-pack years smoking (27.8% vs 14.0%, p = 0.017) were more frequently related with malignant than benign SPN. On chest CT scans, spiculated margin, contrast enhancement more than 20 Hounsfield unit and presence of pleural tag and mediastinal LN enlargement were more frequently observed in malignant than benign SPNs. In contrast to previous studies, satellite lesions (21.5% vs 1.9%, p < 0.001) and cavitation (20.4% vs 5.6%, p = 0.001) were more frequently seen in benign than malignant SPN. Positive predictive values of benignity were 90.9% and 76.0%, respectively, when satellite lesions and cavitation were found in cases of SPN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Satellite lesions and cavitation on chest CT scan could be useful predictors for benign SPN in TB-endemic areas.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: G Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: O J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*