title: Development of a novel nasal nicotine formulation comprising an optimal pulsatile and sustained plasma nicotine profile for smoking cessation.
abstract: A novel nasal formulation, in the form of a nicotine-Amberlite resin complex powder has been developed that provided an optimal combined pulsatile and sustained plasma nicotine profile for smoking cessation. The adsorption isotherms of nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt on two types of Amberlite resins (IRP69 and IR120) were evaluated and the subsequent in vitro release properties of nicotine from the nicotine-Amberlite complex powders were tested using a Franz diffusion cell. Amberlite IRP69 and Amberlite IR120 are similar cationic exchange materials with the same ion-exchange capacity but due to a smaller particle size range (10-150 microm) Amberlite IRP69 had a better flow property and a better adsorptive capacity than Amberlite IR120. The material is used as an excipient in marketed pharmaceutical formulations. The highly water soluble salt, nicotine hydrogen tartrate, displayed good adsorption onto both types of Amberlite resin. The maximum adsorption of nicotine onto Amberlite IRP69 was 1.071 mg drug per mg resin. The cumulative release of drug from nicotine hydrogen tartrate-Amberlite complex powders showed that the higher the drug loading, the faster was the rate of release of the drug. Based on these results, various nicotine hydrogen tartrate-Amberlite IRP69 powder formulations containing different ratios of free to bound drug (50% to 100% bound) and a control solution were prepared and evaluated in a sheep model by nasal administration. The nicotine plasma profiles demonstrated that an initial rapid peak plasma level of nicotine followed by a sustained elevated level could be achieved by adjusting the ratio of free to bound nicotine in the Amberlite powder formulation. The curves obtained from some of the formulations were comparable to those predicted from a computer-generated pharmacokinetic model.
authors.affiliation: West Pharmaceutical Services, Drug Delivery and Clinical Research Centre Ltd., Albert Einstein Centre, Nottingham Science and Technology Park, NG7 2TN, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Yu Hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hinchcliffe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hotchkiss
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nankervis
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Faraj
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Illum
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000327:Adsorption; D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011208:Powders; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012756:Sheep; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D011208:Powders; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D009538:Nicotine; C046797:amberlite