title: Pentoxifylline downregulates nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced by mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan in a macrophage cell line.
abstract: Pentoxifylline (PTX), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is known to downregulate tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion induced by lipopolysacchride (LPS) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). We have had limited success in treating leprosy reactions, including erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), in which TNF-alpha has been identified as a major proinflammatory cytokine. PTX inhibited production of NO (IC50 approximately equal to 1.0 mg/ml) and TNF-alpha (IC50 approximately equal to 0.05 mg/ml) in a dose-dependent fashion. As little as 0.5 mg/ml of PTX decreased NO production and 0.01 mg/ml of PTX inhibited TNF-alpha production. Western blot analyses demonstrated that iNOS was suppressed by PTX. Northern blot analyses showed significant reduction of TNF-alpha mRNA. We conclude that PTX is an effective inhibitor of lipoarabinomannan (LAM)-induced TNF-alpha production at both the product and transcriptional levels in our macrophage cell line. PTX also showed moderate inhibition of NO at the product level as well as translation of iNOS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schuller-Levis
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Levis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009166:Mycobacterium leprae / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009573:Nitrites; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C050016:lipoarabinomannan; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D010431:Pentoxifylline