title: VEGF protects bovine aortic endothelial cells from TNF-alpha- and H2O2-induced apoptosis via co-modulatory effects on p38-and p42/p44-CCDPK signaling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of VEGF on TNF-alpha- or H2O2-induced apoptosis in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) and the underlied signal transduction mechanisms related to Ca2+-calmodulin dependent protein kinase (CCDPK).
  
  
  METHODS
  BAEC were cultured and passaged in DMEM. Morphologic changes and quantification of apoptotic cells were determined under fluorescence microscope with Hoechst 33258 staining. Cell viability was detected with MTT method. DNA fragmentation was visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. The expression of phospho-p38 and phospho-p42/p44 CCDPK was measured by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-alpha 5000 kU/L and H2O2 300 micromol/L elicited DNA fragmentation in BAEC. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 100 microg/L significantly protected BAEC from apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha or H2O2, as shown in cell viability assay and apoptotic cell counting. DNA fragmentation induced by TNF-alpha or H2O2 was also reduced by VEGF 100 microg/L. VEGF enhanced TNF-alpha and H2O2 stimulated expression of phospho-p42/p44 CCDPK, simultaneously inhibited TNF-alpha- and H2O2-induced activation of phospho-p38 CCDPK. Both the VEGF-induced up-regulation of phospho-p42/p44 CCDPK and its anti-apoptotic action were prevented by the specific p42/p44 CCDPK inhibitor U0126.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VEGF protects BAEC from apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha and H2O2, and its co-modulatory effects by activation of p42/p44 CCDPK signaling together with inhibition of p38 CCDPK signaling appear to be an important mechanism for its survival effect on endothelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Xiangya College of Medicine, Central South University Changsha 410078, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Lan
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Qing-Quan
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhao-Gui
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology; D017209:Apoptosis; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004347:Drug Interactions; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D048308:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048308:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases