title: The direct cost and incidence of systemic fungal infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study we determined the incidence and direct inpatient and outpatient costs of systemic fungal infections (candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis) in 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using primarily the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) for incidence and the Maryland Hospital Discharge Data Set (MDHDDS) for costs, we surveyed four systemic fungal infections in patients who also had HIV/AIDS, neoplasia, transplant, and all other concomitant diagnoses. Using a case-control method, we compared the cases with controls (those without fungal infections with the same underlying comorbidity) to obtain the incremental hospitalization costs. We used the Student's t-test to determine significance of incremental hospital costs. We modeled outpatient costs on the basis of discharge status to calculate the total annual cost for systemic fungal infections in 1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 1998, the projected average incidence was 306 per million US population, with candidiasis accounting for 75% of cases. The estimated total direct cost was $2.6 billion and the average per-patient attributable cost was $31,200. The most commonly reported comorbid diagnoses with fungal infections (HIV/AIDS, neoplasms, transplants) accounted for only 45% of all infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cost burden is high for systemic fungal infections. Additional attention should be given to the 55% with fungal disease and other comorbid diagnoses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 420M, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA. lwilson@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Leslie S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Carolina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stolpman
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Speckman
authors.forename: Karoline
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Johnny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beney
mesh_terms: D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D016527:Drug Costs; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006660:Histoplasmosis / Q000191:economics; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D009181:Mycoses / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D010045:Outpatients; D014180:Transplantation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology