title: Are all older adults with persistent pain created equal? Preliminary evidence for a multiaxial taxonomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistent pain is grossly undertreated in older adult sufferers, despite its high prevalence in this age group. Because of its multidimensional impacts, including depression, sleep disruption and physical disability, patients with persistent pain often benefit from interdisciplinary pain clinic treatment. This treatment is expensive, however, and may not be required by all patients. The Multiaxial Assessment of Pain (MAP) has demonstrated value in predicting response to treatment in younger adults with persistent pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the feasibility of a MAP taxonomy for community-dwelling adults age 65 years or older. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURES: One hundred eight subjects with persistent pain (mean age 73.8 years, SD=8.4 years) were interviewed and data collected on demographics, pain intensity, depressive symptoms, sleep disruption, pain interference with performance of basic and instrumental activities of daily living, frequency of engagement in advanced activities of daily living, cognitive function and comorbidity. A subset of these subjects underwent physical capacities testing, including maximal isometric lift strength, dynamic lifting endurance, timed chair rise and balance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses derived three primary clusters of patients. Cluster 1 (24%) reported less intense pain, less depression and sleep disruption, and higher activity levels. Cluster 3 (30%) suffered from more pain and were more functionally disabled. Cluster 2 (46%) had characteristics of cluster 1 and cluster 3, but with some characteristics that were clearly unique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While these results are preliminary and require further validation, they indicate that older adults are heterogeneous in their response to persistent pain. Future studies should be performed to examine whether the MAP taxonomy is applicable to older adults regardless of medical diagnosis. Ultimately, this information may have meaning with regard to both treatment prescribing, and the design and interpretation of intervention studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3313, USA. dweiner+@pitt.edu
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rudy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaur
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000369:Aged, 80 and over / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020919:Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology