title: Estimation of the risk of bloodborne pathogens to health care workers after a needlestick injury in Taiwan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the number of health care workers (HCWs) in Taiwan at risk annually for contracting hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV after a needlestick and sharps injury (NSI) with a used hollow-bore needle.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients hospitalized in 1 tertiary hospital between September 1997 and June 1998 had routine pathological work-ups. On the first day of the months of September 1997, December 1997, March 1998, and June 1998, 1805 samples of deidentified residual sera randomly sampled from 18,474 inpatients older than 6 years were serologically tested for antigens to HBV (HBsAg and HBeAg) and antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) and HIV (anti-HIV) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reagents. The frequency of NSIs with contaminated devices in HCWs from 16 public teaching hospitals between July 1996 and June 1997 and the serologic results were used to extrapolate the estimated annual rate of seroconversion in HCWs after an NSI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1805 samples tested, 16.7% were seropositive for HBsAg (of which 1.7% were positive for HBeAg), 12.7% were positive for anti-HCV, and 0.8% were positive for anti-HIV. Of the 7550 NSIs reported by 8645 HCWs, 66.7% involved a contaminated hollow-bore needle. From these data, 308 to 924 HCWs were estimated to be at risk for contracting HBV; 334 to 836 were at risk for contracting HCV; and, at the most, 2 were at risk for contracting HIV. The estimated annual number of contaminated NSIs sustained by 4 categories of HCWs ranged from 0.3 to 0.7, resulting in 543 nurses, 113 technicians, 80 physicians, and 66 supporting staff to be at risk annually of acquiring HBV infection. The numbers of HCWs estimated to be at risk of acquiring HCV were 596 nurses, 90 physicians, 84 technicians, and 30 supporting staff. The risk of acquiring HIV was low, with 1 nurse and possibly 1 other staff potentially exposed annually.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our estimates of the risk for seroconversion after an NSI have demonstrated that an occult risk can be formulated into a quantifiable risk. The number of susceptible HCWs at risk for seroconversion is as many as 1762 annually. With the number of nurses employed and the frequency with which they use sharps and sustain an NSI, 64.7% of all possible seroconversions will be in the nursing staff. This is a salient reminder of the importance of the introduction of early training in safe-needle-handling techniques before nurses enter their internship in countries where safety equipment, safety instructions, and staff vaccination programs are absent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shiao
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McLaws
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017848:Blood-Borne Pathogens / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D017758:Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016602:Needlestick Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013624:Taiwan