title: Relationships of stigma and shame to gonorrhea and HIV screening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the relationships between stigma and shame associated with seeking treatment for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and undergoing testing for gonorrhea and HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 847 males and 1126 females (mean age: 24.9 years) in 7 cities. Two scales assessed STD-related stigma and STD-related shame.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of stigma and shame were higher among participants without a gonorrhea test in the past year and among those without an HIV test. Sex, age, health service use, previous suspicion of gonorrhea, and low levels of stigma were independently associated with gonorrhea testing. Age, enrollment site, use of health services, gonorrhea testing, and low levels of stigma were independently associated with HIV testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shame is part of the experience of seeking STD-related care, but stigma may be a more powerful barrier to obtaining such care.
authors.affiliation: Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. jfortenb@iupui.edu
authors.forename: J Dennis
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fortenberry
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McFarlane
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bleakley
authors.forename: Sheana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: Diane M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Grimley
authors.forename: C Kevin
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Malotte
authors.forename: Bradley P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Stoner
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011287:Prejudice; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D012752:Shame; D013240:Stereotyping; D014481:United States