title: Modulation of the effects of alcohol on driving-related psychomotor skills by chronic exposure to cannabis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many previous studies have reported that alcohol and cannabis produce additive psychomotor effects in acute combination, but few have explicitly tested whether chronic exposure to cannabis, in the absence of acute administration, alters the effects of alcohol on psychomotor performance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test whether long-term cannabis use modulates the effects of alcohol on psychomotor skills and self-reported mood and sensation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regular cannabis users (minimum: daily use for at least 3 years) and infrequent users (maximum: once-monthly use for at most 3 years) were matched for sex, age, alcohol intake and other drug use (14 participants in each group). Participants received alcohol (females 0.35 g/kg; males 0.45 g/kg) and placebo drinks. By urinalysis, only regular users tested positive for metabolites of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol; breath alcohol levels were similar between groups. Participants were tested on a computerised tracking task that has been used to screen drugs for adverse effects on driving. The task involved tracking a moving target on a computer screen while simultaneously responding to occasional presentations of stimuli in the periphery of the screen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tracking accuracy was similar for both groups after placebo, but alcohol caused a significant deterioration in performance among infrequent cannabis users relative to regular users. These changes were mirrored by significant changes in self-reported scores for dizziness, measured by visual analogue scales. Alcohol slowed reaction times, but not differentially between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For psychomotor skills relevant to driving, chronic cannabis use (in the absence of acute administration) does not potentiate the effects of alcohol. In fact, the superior tracking accuracy of regular users relative to infrequent users after alcohol, and their lower scores for dizziness, suggest that chronic cannabis use may instead confer cross-tolerance to specific effects of alcohol on behaviour.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. pdevoto@unica.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Terry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D001334:Automobile Driving; D002188:Cannabis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D012107:Research Design
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol