title: Hepatotoxicity related to itraconazole: report of three cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The antimycotic synthetic azole compounds are known to lead to toxic liver injury. The occurrence of acute hepatitis is best known for ketoconazole. With itraconazole, hepatotoxic reactions have only very rarely been reported, and histologic data are lacking. We report on three patients who developed acute liver damage during therapy with itraconazole, and in whom liver biopsy specimens were obtained.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients with apparent itraconazole-induced liver injury were studied. Clinical, laboratory, serologic, and histologic data of all three cases were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three patients developed a biochemical-histologic pattern of cholestatic liver injury with damage to the interlobular bile ducts. Beginning ductopenia was present in two, suggesting that itraconazole might be responsible for the occurrence of prolonged drug-induced cholangiopathy. Jaundice was the presenting symptom in all three. It was not accompanied by clinical hallmarks of hypersensitivity, which is suggestive for metabolic rather than for immunoallergic idiosyncrasy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Itraconazole-induced liver injury presents with a cholestatic pattern of injury with damage to the interlobular bile ducts, possibly leading to ductopenia. We suggest that itraconazole should be added to the list of drugs that may be responsible for a drug-induced vanishing bile duct syndrome. Further histologic documentation in other cases is necessary to strengthen our current findings.
authors.affiliation: Departement Inwendige Ziekten, dienst Lever-, Galblaas- en Pancreasziekten, Universitair ZiekenhuisGasthuisberg Katholieke Universiteit Leuven 3000 Leuven, België.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adriaenssens
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roskams
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steger
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Steenbergen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014005:Tinea / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D017964:Itraconazole