title: The sitting position for neurosurgery in children: a review of 16 years' experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of the sitting position for neurosurgery is controversial. The main concern is the risk of venous air embolus (VAE) and its sequelae.
  
  
  METHODS
  The paediatric neurosurgeons at our institution routinely use the sitting position for posterior fossa and pineal surgery, and a retrospective audit of the incidence of VAE from 1982 to 1998 has been performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Venous air embolism, defined as a fall in end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure >0.4 kPa, was detected in 38 of 407 operations (9.3%). A fall in systolic arterial pressure >10% accompanied the VAE in nine out of 43 episodes (20.9%); this represents 2% of all operations. All VAE episodes responded promptly to treatment and there was no perioperative morbidity or mortality directly attributed to it.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the largest study of the incidence of VAE in children undergoing neurosurgery. Our results suggest that the sitting position can be used safely for neurosurgery in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mackersie
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McEwan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Facer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011187:Posture; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors