title: Using quality improvement strategies to enhance pediatric pain assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of a quality improvement approach to implementing developmentally appropriate pain assessment guidelines for pediatric inpatients. Patient and staff satisfaction with pain assessment and management, and staff documentation were evaluated one year following the implementation of the revised pain assessment guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quasi-experimental design.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pediatric hematology/oncology unit of a regional children's hospital. Study participants. A convenience sample of 36 children and 68 staff at time 1 (TI) and 49 children and 82 staff at time 2 (T2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Staff were educated on the use of pediatric pain assessment tools and a standardized pain assessment protocol was put into practice. Children or their primary caregivers were interviewed, using a questionnaire modified from the American Pain Society quality assurance guidelines, regarding their experiences with pain assessment and management on the unit at T1, just prior to the staff education, and one year later at T2. Multidisciplinary unit staff completed a parallel questionnaire at T1 and T2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient and staff satisfaction with pain assessment and management, and chart audit of compliance with pain assessment documentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients, family members, and staff reported increased pain assessment, improved staff responsiveness to patients' pain and greater satisfaction with assessment tools between TI and T2. Increased compliance with the assessment guidelines was confirmed by chart audit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved pain assessment and management practices with resultant increase in patient and staff satisfaction can be achieved and sustained over time using quality improvement strategies.
authors.affiliation: Sickle Cell Center, Children's Hospital Oakland, CA 94609, USA. mtreadwell@mail.cho.org
authors.forename: Marsha J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Treadwell
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Franck
authors.forename: Elliott
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vichinsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D002673:Child, Hospitalized / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006757:Hospital Units / Q000592:standards*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000592:standards*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000592:standards*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012494:Sampling Studies; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000379:methods*