title: Sex and rat strain determine sensitivity to kappa opioid-induced antinociception.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies indicate that sex and rodent strain are determinants of sensitivity to opioid-induced antinociception.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined the influence of sex and rat strain on kappa opioid-induced antinociception using a series of kappa opioids that vary in their relative effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a warm-water (50, 52 and 55C) tail-withdrawal procedure, the antinociceptive effects of kappa opioids were determined in male and female rats of the F344, Lewis and Sprague-Dawley (SD) strains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both males and females of each strain, spiradoline produced high levels of antinociception across all nociceptive stimulus intensities, whereas U50,488 produced high levels only at the low and moderate nociceptive stimulus intensities. Sex differences in the potency and effectiveness of these kappa opioids were relatively small and not consistently obtained. Enadoline, bremazocine and nalorphine were less effective than spiradoline in producing antinociception, and at low and moderate nociceptive stimulus intensities these opioids were both more potent and effective in F344 and SD males than their female counterparts. In contrast, in Lewis rats, only bremazocine was more potent and effective in males. In combination tests, bremazocine shifted the spiradoline dose-effect curve leftward and/or upward in males and rightward in females (i.e., antagonized spiradoline). In contrast, in both males and females enadoline shifted the spiradoline dose-effect curve leftward and/or upward.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that kappa opioids were generally more potent and effective as antinociceptive agents in males than females. Similar to data obtained with micro opioids, the magnitude of these sex differences was generally larger with the less effective kappa opioids and determined, in part, by rat strain and nociceptive stimulus intensity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-3270, USA. barrett3@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Jolan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Terner
authors.forename: Emily L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.forename: Chockeo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Syvanthong
authors.forename: Mitchell J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Picker
mesh_terms: D019900:3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer / Q000494:pharmacology; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000494:pharmacology; D001575:Benzomorphans / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009269:Nalorphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains / Q000502:physiology*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D001572:Benzofurans; D001575:Benzomorphans; D009294:Narcotics; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D019900:3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer; C027248:bremazocine; C067110:enadoline; C051272:spiradoline; D009269:Nalorphine