title: Experience and modification update for the minimally invasive Nuss technique for pectus excavatum repair in 303 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to review the new technical modifications and results of 303 patients who have had pectus excavatum repair utilizing the minimally invasive technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was conducted of 303 patients undergoing minimally invasive pectus repair from 1987 through August 2000. Since 1997, a standardized treatment pathway was implemented, and 261 of the 303 patients have been treated on this pathway. Preoperative evaluation included computed tomography (CT) scan, pulmonary function tests (PFT), and cardiac evaluations with electrocardiogram (EKG) and echocardiogram. Indications for operation included at least 2 of the following: progression of the deformity, exercise intolerance or restrictive disease on PFT, Haller CT index greater than 3.2, mitral valve prolapse (MVP), or cardiac compression. Technical and design modifications since 1998 have included routine thoracoscopy, the use of an introducer/dissector for creating the substernal tunnel and elevating the sternum, and routine use of a wired lateral stabilizer to prevent bar displacement. The bar is removed as an outpatient procedure in 2 to 4 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 303 patients undergoing minimally invasive pectus repairs, single bars were used in 87% and double in 13%. Lateral stabilizers were applied in 70% of patients and were wired for further stability in 65%. Bar shifts before the use of stabilizers were 15%, which decreased to 6% after stabilizers were placed and 5% with a wired stabilizer. Excellent results were noted in 85% with failure in only 1 patient. Complications included pneumothorax with spontaneous resolution in half of the patients and pericarditis in 7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The minimally invasive technique has evolved into an effective method of pectus excavatum repair. Modifications of the technique have reduced complications. Long-term results continue to be excellent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Norfolk, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Croitoru
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Goretsky
authors.forename: M Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Swoveland
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nuss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005660:Funnel Chest / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013909:Thorax / Q000002:abnormalities; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed