title: Transient association of Ku with nuclear substrates characterized using fluorescence photobleaching.
abstract: The autoantigen Ku, composed of subunits Ku70 and Ku86, is necessary for repair of DNA double-strand breaks by nonhomologous end joining. Similarly, Ku participates in repair of DNA double-strand breaks that occur during V(D)J recombination, and it is therefore required for the development of B and T lymphocytes. Although previous studies have identified the DNA-binding activities of Ku, little is known concerning its dynamics, such as the mobility of Ku in the nucleus and its rate of association with substrates. To address this question, fluorescence photobleaching experiments were performed using HeLa cells and B cells expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion construct of either Ku70 or Ku86. The results show that Ku moves rapidly throughout the nucleus even following irradiation of the cells. However, the rate of diffusion of Ku was approximately 100-fold slower than that predicted from its size. Association of Ku-GFP with a filamentous nuclear structure was also evident, and nuclear extraction experiments suggest that this represents nuclear matrix. A central domain of Ku70 containing its DNA-binding and heterodimerization regions and its nuclear localization signal shows that this alone is sufficient for the observed mobility of Ku70-GFP and its association with nuclear matrix. These data suggest the mobility of Ku is characterized by a transient, high flux association with nuclear substrates that includes both DNA and the nuclear matrix and may represent a mechanism for repair of double-strand breaks using the nuclear matrix as a scaffold.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunogenetics Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: J Donald
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Capra
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D004265:DNA Helicases; D004260:DNA Repair; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019281:Dimerization; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D000072200:Ku Autoantigen; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008954:Models, Biological; D015530:Nuclear Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D004265:DNA Helicases; C106893:XRCC5 protein, human; C000606509:Xrcc6 protein, human; D000072200:Ku Autoantigen