title: Theophylline improves hypoglycemia unawareness in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: Iatrogenic hypoglycemias and the subsequent occurrence of hypoglycemia unawareness are well-known complications of intensive insulin therapy in type 1 diabetic patients that limit glycemic management. From a pharmacological point of view, the adenosine-receptor antagonist theophylline might be beneficial in the management of hypoglycemia unawareness. Theophylline stimulates the release of catecholamines and reduces cerebral blood flow, thereby facilitating stronger metabolic responses to and a prompter perception of decreasing glucose levels. To test the effect of theophylline on responses to hypoglycemia, we performed paired hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp studies in 15 diabetic patients with hypoglycemia unawareness and 15 matched healthy control subjects. In random order, we concurrently infused either theophylline or placebo. Measurements included counterregulatory hormones, symptoms, hemodynamic parameters, and sweat detection using a dew-point electrode. Additionally, middle cerebral artery velocities (V(MCA)) using transcranial Doppler were monitored as an estimate of cerebral blood flow. When compared with placebo, theophylline significantly enhanced responses of plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol levels in both diabetic patients and control subjects. Because of the theophylline, sweat production started at approximately 0.3 mmol/l higher glucose levels in both groups (P < 0.01), and symptom scores in diabetic patients approached those in control subjects. Theophylline decreased V(MCA) in both groups (P < 0.001), but significantly greater in diabetic patients (P < 0.01), and prevented the hypoglycemia-induced increase of V(MCA) that occurred during the placebo studies. We conclude that theophylline improves counterregulatory responses to and perception of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bastiaan E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: de Galan
authors.forename: Cees J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tack
authors.forename: Jacques W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lenders
authors.forename: Jaco W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Pasman
authors.forename: Lammy D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Elving
authors.forename: Frans G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Russel
authors.forename: Jos A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lutterman
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smits
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D006946:Hyperinsulinism; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010919:Placebos; D013546:Sweating; D013806:Theophylline / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D010919:Placebos; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D013806:Theophylline; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine