title: Vascular response to laser photothermolysis as a function of pulse duration, vessel type, and diameter: implications for port wine stain laser therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment of port wine stains (PWS) by photothermolysis can be improved by optimizing laser parameters on an individual patient basis. We have studied the critical role of pulse duration (t(p)) on the treatment efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The V-beam laser (Candela) allowed changing t(p) over user-specified discrete values between 1.5 and 40 milliseconds by delivering a series of 100 microsecond spikes. For the 1.5 and 3 millisecond pulses, three spikes were observed at intervals t(p)/2 and for t(p)> or =6 milliseconds, four spikes separated by t(p)/3. The ScleroPlus laser (Candela) has a smooth output over its fixed 1.5 milliseconds duration. Blood vessels in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) were irradiated at fixed wavelength (595 nm), spot size (7 mm), radiant exposure (15 Jcm(-2)), and at variable t(p). The CAM contains an extensive microvascular network ranging from capillaries with diameter D<30 microm to blood vessels of D approximately 120 microm. The CAM assay allows real-time video documentation, and observation of blood flow in pre-capillary arterioles (A) and post-capillary venules (V). Vessel injury was graded from recorded videotapes. Mathematical modeling was developed to interpret results of vessel injury when varying t(p) and D. A modified thermal relaxation time was introduced to calculate vessel wall temperature following laser exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arterioles. For increasing t(p), overall damage was found to decrease. For fixed t(p), damage decreased with vessel size. Venules. For all D, damage was smaller than for corresponding arterioles. There was no dependence of damage on t(p). For given t(p), no variation of damage with D was observed. Photothermolysis due to spiked (V-beam) vs. smooth (Scleroplus) delivery of laser energy at fixed t(p) (1.5 milliseconds), showed similar vessel injuries for al values of D (P>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The difference between initial arteriole and venule damage could be explained by the threefold higher absorption coefficient at 595 nm in (oxygen-poor!) arterioles. In human patients, PWS consist of ectatic venules (characterized by higher absorption), so that these considerations favor the use of 595-nm irradiation for laser photothermolysis. For optimal treatment of PWS it is proposed that t(p) be between 0.1 and 1.5 milliseconds. This is based on a modified relaxation time tau'(d), defined as the time required for heat conduction into the full thickness of the vessel wall, which is assumed to have a thickness DeltaD approximately 0.1D. The corresponding tau'(d) will be a factor of about six smaller than given in the literature. For vessels with D between 30 and 300 mum, tau'(d) ranges from 0.1 to 1.5 milliseconds.
authors.affiliation: Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612-1475, USA.
authors.forename: Sol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimel
authors.forename: Lars O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Svaasand
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Marie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hammer-Wilson
authors.forename: J Stuart
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019339:Port-Wine Stain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome