title: Menopause and menarche in patients with primary blepharospasm: an exploratory case-control study.
abstract: We studied the relationships between blepharospasm (BSP) and menopause/menarche in female patients with primary BSP (n = 83) and age-matched healthy (n = 83) and disease controls (n = 83). BSP patients and matched controls had comparable age at menopause, and there was no correlation between age at menopause and age at BSP onset. Thus, menopause probably exerts no significant influence on the age-dependent development of BSP. BSP cases tended to have a later menarche than either group of controls. The association was independent of age, disease duration and education level. Because the higher the age at menarche, the higher the age at BSP onset, later menarche was unlikely to be a risk factor for BSP. Rather, the two conditions may share pathophysiologic mechanisms, for example minor abnormality of neurotransmitter systems controlling both the motor system and the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis responsible for the onset of puberty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Livrea
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giorelli
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Masi
authors.forename: Maria Stella
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Aniello
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Defazio
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008572:Menarche; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged