title: Deliberate releases of biological agents: initial lessons for Europe from events in the United States.
abstract: The experience of autumn 2001, when anthrax spores were released in the postal system, had considerable consequences in the United States and in Europe. The threat of covert deliberate releases against civilians has become a reality. In Europe, despite the growing number of criminal hoaxes, no cases of anthrax linked to deliberate releases have been reported, and the only contaminated letters were addressed to American embassies abroad. Nevertheless, the time has come for Europe to set up efficient and timely plans to respond to bioterrorism, under the coordination of the European Commission.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Laboratory Service, London, England.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harling
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Twisselmann
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Asgari-Jirhandeh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lightfoot
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reacher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicoll
mesh_terms: D000881:Anthrax / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D023482:Bioterrorism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods; D004189:Disaster Planning; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006295:Health Resources; D006801:Humans; D011159:Population Surveillance; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology