title: Nocardia infection in lung transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nocardia is responsible for infection in both normal and immunocompromised hosts. Organ transplant recipients are increasingly recognized as a sub-group of immunocompromised patients in whom nocardia is an important pathogen. The frequency of nocardia in organ transplant recipients varies between 0.7% and 3%. Nocardia infection has largely been reported in heart, kidney and liver transplant recipients. Presentations of nocardia in lung transplant recipients have been restricted primarily to case reports. The present study reviews the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of nocardia infection in lung transplant recipients at our institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study of 473 lung transplant recipients from January 1991 to November 2000 was done at a university hospital. Patient demographics, immunosuppressive regimen at the time of isolation of nocardia species, use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis, rejection episodes in the preceding 6 months, concurrent pathogens, site of infection, radiologic findings and treatment and outcome were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nocardia infection was found in 2.1% (10 of 473) of our lung transplant recipients. Median time of onset was 34.1 months after transplantation. Nocardia species included N farcinica in 30% (3 of 10), N nova in 30% (3 of 10), N asteroides complex in 30% (3 of 10) and N brasiliensis in 10% (1 of 10) of patients. Post-transplant diabetes was present in 50% (5 of 10) of patients. The primary indication for lung transplantation was emphysema in 40% (4 of 10). Native lung involvement was noted in 75% (3 of 4) of patients with single lung transplant. Breakthrough nocardia infection were noted in 6 patients who were receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis for P carinii pneumonia; all breakthrough isolates remained susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Overall mortality was 40% (4 of 10). All patients (3 of 3) with infection due to N farcinica, except 1 (1 of 7) with infection due to other nocardia species, died. Seventy-five percent (3 of 4) of deaths were attributable to nocardia infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nocardia infection tended to involve the native lung in single lung transplant recipients. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for P carinii prophylaxis at the doses given was not protective against nocardiosis in these patients. Infection with N farcinica was associated with poor outcome. Thus, species identification and extended courses of antibiotics based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing are important in management of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McCurry
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dauber
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Shimon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kusne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009617:Nocardia Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000517:prevention & control; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination