title: Activation of Src kinase in primary colorectal carcinoma: an indicator of poor clinical prognosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The specific activity of the non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase, Src, is increased in the majority of colon and rectal adenocarcinomas compared to normal mucosa. However, the prognostic significance of this difference is unknown. The objective of the current study was to determine if Src activity is a marker for poor clinical prognosis in colon carcinoma patients. As Src activation leads to expression of urokinase/plasminogen activator receptor (u-PAR), expression of Src and u-PAR were correlated with patient survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumors and adjacent normal colonic mucosae from 45 patients with colorectal carcinoma were screened for Src activity by the immune complex kinase assay. Expression of u-PAR was determined by enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay. The primary tumor-to-normal mucosa ratios of activity were compared following classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to determine the prognostic significance of elevated specific Src activity. Expression of u-PAR was correlated with Src activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By CART analysis, Src activity in tumors elevated more than twofold over normal mucosa was significant. Increased Src activity significantly correlated with Dukes stage, pT and pN classification, and increased u-PAR levels (P < 0.001). Kaplan Meier analysis showed a significant association between elevated Src activity and shorter overall survival of all patients (P = 0.0004) and of Dukes Stage A-C patients (P = 0.0037). In patients who underwent curative resection, a significant correlation with a decreased disease-free survival rate was found (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed that elevated Src activity was a prognostic parameter independent of M classification (P = 0.0125, relative risk 3.54, 95% confidence interval 1.31 - 9.76).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Src activity is an independent indicator of poor clinical prognosis in all stages of human colon carcinoma. These data suggest that Src-specific inhibitors may have a therapeutic role in inhibiting tumor progression and metastasis, and that measurement of Src activity may aid in selection of early stage patients for adjuvant therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aligayer
authors.forename: Douglas D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Markus M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: Eddie K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Curley
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Gallick
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000081247:CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000401:mortality; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D015996:Survival Rate; D018909:src Homology Domains / Q000502:physiology*; D019061:src-Family Kinases
chemical_list: C524898:PLAUR protein, human; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000081247:CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase; D019061:src-Family Kinases; C000631346:CSK protein, human