title: Neocortical seizure termination by focal cooling: temperature dependence and automated seizure detection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The therapy for focal neocortical epilepsy remains suboptimal. We have, therefore, worked to develop techniques to cool small regions of the neocortical surface for seizure mapping and, ultimately, for long-term suppression of focal seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We induced focal neocortical seizures in halothane-anesthetized rats by the microinjection of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) into the motor cortex. The dura over the injection site was cooled with a Peltier device, and the temperature at the interface between dura and Peltier was measured with a thermocouple. In some experiments, seizures were automatically detected by a computer program that activated the Peltier device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monopolar EEG indicated that our seizures were focal and suppressed when cooling was applied directly over the injection site. The threshold temperature required to observe any reduction in seizure duration was 24 degrees C. The temperature gradient across the cooled neocortex was sharp, with the temperature increasing to 31 degrees C at 4 mm below the Peltier, which was cooled to 20 degrees C. Automatic seizure detection reduced the total seizure duration from 43.4 +/- 33.6 s to 5.6 +/- 5.3 s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cooling terminates neocortical seizures when applied very close to the epileptogenic focus. The threshold for seizure termination (24 degrees C) may be lower than the threshold for termination of normal cortical activity, suggesting that this technique will not dissociate the anticonvulsant effect of cooling from the disruption of normal behavior. However, when coupled with automatic seizure detection, focal cooling remains an attractive option for development as a treatment for focal epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Xiao-Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Morley
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rothman
mesh_terms: D015761:4-Aminopyridine; D000818:Animals; D001331:Automation; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004569:Electroencephalography; D008297:Male; D019579:Neocortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015761:4-Aminopyridine