title: Normal pregnancy is associated with peripheral leukocyte activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Normal pregnancy has been described as both a pro-inflammatory condition and a T helper (Th)2-dominated state. Deviations in the percentage of different subpopulations of circulating leukocytes have been detected, although with conflicting results. This study was designed to analyse further the phenotype of subpopulations of peripheral blood leukocytes in normal pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-blood flow cytometry was used to differentiate subsets of leukocytes using directly labeled monoclonal antibodies to specific cell surface antigens and to a panel of activation-associated markers in 33 normal pregnant women in their third trimester and in 26 non-pregnant controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a significant increase in the proportion of granulocytes and of CD8+ T lymphocytes during pregnancy. Up-regulation of the expression of adhesion molecules was observed on granulocytes, monocytes and T lymphocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnancy alters the representation of leukocyte subpopulations in the maternal circulation and is associated with systemic activation of leukocytes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. luppip+@pitt.edu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luppi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haluszczak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trucco
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Deloia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules