title: Botulinum toxin A treatment for primary hemifacial spasm: a 10-year multicenter study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Botulinum toxin A (BTX) is the currently preferred symptomatic treatment for primary hemifacial spasm (HFS), but its long-term efficacy and safety are not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the long-term effectiveness and safety of BTX in the treatment of primary HFS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of medical records of the 1st and 10th years of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient clinics of 4 Italian university centers in the Italian Movement Disorders Study Group.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 65 patients with primary HFS who had received BTX injections regularly for at least 10 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean duration of improvement and quality of the effect induced by the preceding treatment (measured using a patient self-evaluation scale) and occurrence and duration of adverse effects in the 1st and 10th years of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a mean BTX dose per treatment session similar to that used by others, we obtained a 95% response rate and an overall mean duration of improvement of 12.6 weeks during year 1. The effectiveness of BTX in relieving the symptoms of primary HFS, as measured by the response rate and average duration of improvement, remained unchanged in the 1st and 10th years. Patients needed statistically similar BTX doses in the 1st and 10th years. The rate of local adverse effects (including upper lid ptosis, facial weakness, and diplopia) diminished significantly in the 10th year of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with BTX effectively induces sustained relief from symptoms of HFS in the long term, with only minimal and transient adverse reactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy. gdefazio@neurol.uniba.it
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Defazio
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abbruzzese
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Girlanda
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vacca
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Currà
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Salvia
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marchese
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raineri
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roselli
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Livrea
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berardelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D019569:Hemifacial Spasm / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A