title: Galectin-3, a marker of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma, is expressed in thyroid nodules with cytological atypia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The distribution of galectin-3, a widely recognized marker of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma, was investigated in 95 thyroid lesions including nodules with foci of cytoarchitectural atypia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight papillary carcinomas, five follicular carcinomas, one Hurthle cell carcinoma, three poorly differentiated carcinomas, one anaplastic carcinoma, 25 nodular hyperplasias and 27 follicular adenomas, including nodules with atypical features, three neoplasms of undetermined malignant potential and two thyroiditis cases were examined. By immunohistochemistry, galectin-3 was consistently found in carcinomas; otherwise benign nodules exhibited galectin-3-positive clusters of cells with poorly developed features of differentiated carcinoma (mainly of papillary type) such as nuclear chromatin clearing, nuclear clefting, pseudoinclusions, which, in each case, were not histologically sufficient to warrant a definitive diagnosis of malignancy. In other nodules galectin-3 staining was negative. The latter were either clearly benign or showed constantly a minor degree of chromatin clearing and of other atypical features when compared with galectin-3-positive cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Galectin-3, a reliable marker of differentiated thyroid carcinoma as confirmed in our series of malignant neoplasms, appears expressed in nodules with an overall benign appearance but with focal areas suspicious for malignancy. The significance of such findings needs to be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coli
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bigotti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zucchetti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Negro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Massi
mesh_terms: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D037502:Galectin 3; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D037502:Galectin 3