title: Cellular biomarkers in native and transplanted populations of the mussel Perumytilus purpuratus in the intertidal zones of San Jorge Bay, Antofagasta, Chile.
abstract: Cellular biomarkers were measured in the mussel Perumytilus purpuratus from intertidal zones of San Jorge Bay, Antofagasta, Chile. They were also used to measure sublethal effects on individuals exposed to Cu under laboratory conditions. Lysosomal stability in hemocytes, and the degree of vacuolization and the content of lipofuscin granules in digestive cells were the cellular responses measured. Three study sites were established in San Jorge Bay: Coloso, E.R., and Reference. Both E.R. and Coloso receive effluent discharges. Reference does not receive any sewage discharges. Before sampling, mussels from Reference were transplanted into the intertidal zone of each site. Samplings were obtained at the beginning, after 45 days, and after 90 days after transplantation. Seawater samples for total dissolved Cu analysis and adult mussels ( P. purpuratus) from native and transplanted populations were collected each time. Cellular biomarkers and Cu concentrations in gonads, gills, and remaining tissues (gut and muscle) were measured. Mussels from Reference were exposed to sublethal Cu concentrations (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 80 microg x L(-1)) during 45 days under laboratory conditions. Lysosomal stability was measured in mussel hemocytes by means of the neutral red retention assay. The degree of vacuolization and the extent of lipofuscin granules were determined in the digestive cells by image analysis of histological sections stained with the Schmorl's method. Seawater Cu concentrations and tissue Cu concentrations in P. purpuratus were higher in E.R. than in Reference and Coloso (p < 0.02). Native mussel populations from E.R. showed lower lysosomal stability (p < 0.05), higher vacuolization degree (p < 0.001), and lower amounts of lipofuscin granules (p < 0.001) than those from Coloso and Reference. Transplanted mussel to E.R. showed significant reduction in lysosomal stability (p < 0.05) and in extent of lipofuscin granules (p < 0.05) and significant increase in vacuolization degree (p < 0.05), whereas Reference and Coloso are not significantly dissimilar between them. Seawater Cu concentration was positively correlated with Cu content in gonads ( r2 = 0.61; p < 0.02), gills ( r2 = 0.66; p < 0.01), remaining tissues ( r2 = 0.56; p < 0.05), and the degree of vacuolization ( r2 = 0.65; p < 0.01) and negatively with lysosomal stability ( r2 = 0.79; p < 0.001) and lipofuscin granules extent ( r2 = 0.53; p < 0.05). Mussels exposed to Cu under laboratory conditions showed decreased lysosomal stability (over 30 microg Cu x L(-1)) (p < 0.02) and increased degree of vacuolization (at 80 microg Cu x L(-1)) (p < 0.05) and an increased lipofuscin granules extent (although differences among treatments were not statistically significant).
authors.affiliation: Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile. ariveros@udec.cl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riveros
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zúñiga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camaño
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000502:physiology*; D003300:Copper / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004777:Environment; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000502:physiology; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012016:Reference Values; D014617:Vacuoles
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003300:Copper