title: The costs of epilepsy in Italy: a prospective cost-of-illness study in referral patients with disease of different severity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  [corrected] Epilepsy poses a considerable economic burden on society. However, information is insufficient on the comparative costs of different disease varieties. The purpose of this study was to compare the direct costs of epilepsy in referral patients with disease of different severity and duration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy (NDE), seizure remission (SR), occasional seizures (OS), frequent non-drug-resistant (NDR) and drug-resistant (DR) seizures, and surgical candidates (SC) from 14 epilepsy centers were the target population. All patients were followed prospectively for 12 months and all medical and paramedical contacts for diagnostic and therapeutic services were noted with details, using ad-hoc diaries and semistructured questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population comprised 525 consecutive children and adults with partial (68%), generalized (25%) and undetermined epilepsy (4%) as follows: NDE 70; SR 131; OS 108; NDR 101; DR 107; SC 8. Ambulatory visits (mean 2.8 per patient per year) were the leading service in all groups, followed by EEG recordings (1.8) and biochemical assays (1.1). At entry, the commonest drugs were carbamazepine (50%), valproate (37%), phenobarbital (21%), vigabatrin (14%) and lamotrigine (11%). New antiepileptic drugs (AED) were used increasingly with the severity of the disease. The total annual costs varied significantly across groups: 3945 Euro (SC), 2198 Euro (DR), 1626 Euro (NDR), 1002 Euro (NDE), 558 Euro (OS), 412 Euro (SR). The main item of expenditure was hospital stay (including day-hospital), followed by drug treatment and outpatient visits. The costs of outpatient services, hospital services and drugs varied significantly across groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The direct costs of epilepsy vary significantly depending on the severity of the disease and the response to treatment. Hospital admissions and drugs are the commonest items of expenditure.
authors.affiliation: Centro per l'Epilessia e Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale "San Gerardo", Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tetto
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manzoni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Millul
authors.forename: Ettore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beghi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garattini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tartara
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Avanzini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants