title: Use, abuse and dependence of ecstasy and related drugs in adolescents and young adults-a transient phenomenon? Results from a longitudinal community study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine incidence and patterns of natural course of ecstasy/stimulant/hallucinogen (ESH) use and disorders as well as cohort effects in a community sample of adolescents and young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cumulative incidence and patterns of ecstasy use and disorders were examined in a prospective longitudinal design (mean follow-up period=42 months) in a representative sample (N=2446) aged 14-24 years at the outset of the study. Patterns of DSM-IV defined ESH use, abuse and dependence were assessed with the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) Cumulative lifetime incidence for use of ESH at second follow-up: 9.1%, 1.0% for abuse, 0.6% for dependence; (2) men used and abused ESH more often than women; (3) the younger birth cohort (1977-81) tended to start earlier with substance (ab)use compared to the older birth cohort (1970-77); (4) use of ESH was associated with increasing rates of concomitant use of other licit and illicit drugs; (5) the majority of the lifetime ESH users without disorder had stopped to use these substances and not consumed them during the 12 months preceding the second follow-up; (6) those who had stopped to take ecstasy and related drugs at follow-up also took other illicit drugs less often than those who continued to consume ESH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of designer drugs is widespread in our sample, but the probability of developing use disorders is fairly low (1.6%). The majority of the ESH users stopped their use spontaneously in their twenties (80% of the prior users without disorder, 67% of the prior abusers), but 50% of those that once had fulfilled DSM-IV criteria of dependence continued to use these substances.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: von Sydow
authors.forename: Roselind
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lieb
authors.forename: Hildegard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Höfler
authors.forename: Hans Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Wittchen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003625:Data Collection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006213:Hallucinogens; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine