title: Trends and affordability of cigarette prices: ample room for tax increases and related health gains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing the price of tobacco products is arguably the most effective method of curbing the prevalence and consumption of tobacco products. Price increases would reduce the global burden of disease brought about by tobacco consumption.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare cigarette price data from more than 80 countries using varying methods, examine trends in prices and affordability during the 1990s, and explore various policy implications pertaining to tobacco prices.
  
  
  METHODS
  March 2001 cigarette price data from the Economist Intelligence Unit are used to compare cigarette prices across countries. To facilitate comparison and to assess affordability, prices are presented in US dollars, purchasing power parity (PPP) units using the Big Mac index as an indicator of PPP and in terms of minutes of labour required to purchase a pack of cigarettes. Annual real percentage changes in cigarette prices between 1990 and 2000 and annual changes in the minutes of labour required to buy cigarettes between 1991 and 2000 are also calculated to examine trends.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cigarette prices tend to be higher in wealthier countries and in countries that have strong tobacco control programmes. On the other hand, minutes of labour required to purchase cigarettes vary vastly between countries. Trends between 1990 and 2000 in real prices and minutes of labour indicate, with some exceptions, that cigarettes have become more expensive in most developed countries but more affordable in many developing countries. However, in the UK, despite recent increases in price, cigarettes are still more affordable than they were in the 1960s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that there is ample room to increase tobacco prices through taxation. In too many countries, cigarette prices have failed to keep up with increases in the general price level of goods and services, rendering them more affordable in 2000 than they were at the beginning of the decade. Opportunities to increase government revenue and improve health through reduced consumption brought about by higher prices have been overlooked in many countries.
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland. guindone@who.int
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Guindon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tobin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yach
mesh_terms: D005249:Fees and Charges / Q000639:trends*; D014943:Global Health; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D011640:Public Policy; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013660:Taxes / Q000639:trends*; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data