title: 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH) in a nude rat glioma model: implications for photodynamic therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we evaluated 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-alpha (HPPH or Photochlor) as a photosensitizer for the treatment of malignant gliomas by photodynamic therapy (PDT).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed in vivo reflection spectroscopy in athymic rats to measure the attenuation of light in normal brain tissue. We also studied HPPH pharmacokinetics and PDT effects in nude rats with brain tumors derived from stereotactically implanted U87 human glioma cells. Rats implanted with tumors were sacrificed at designated time points to determine the pharmacokinetics of HPPH in serum, tumor, normal brain, and brain adjacent to tumor (BAT). HPPH concentrations in normal brain, BAT and tumor were determined using fluorescence spectroscopy. Twenty-four hours after intravenous injection of HPPH, we administered interstitial PDT treatment at a wavelength of 665 nm. Light was given in doses of 3.5, 7.5 or 15 J/cm at the tumor site and at a rate of 50 mW/cm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo spectroscopy of normal brain tissue showed that the attenuation depth of 665 nm light is approximately 30% greater than that of 630 nm light used to activate Photofrin, which is currently being evaluated for PDT as an adjuvant to surgery for malignant gliomas. The t1/2 of disappearance of drug from serum and tumor was 25 and 30 hours, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twenty-four hours after injection of 0.5 mg/kg HPPH, tumor-to-brain drug ratios ranged from 5:1 to 15:1. Enhanced survival was observed in each of the HPPH/PDT-treated animal groups. These data suggest that HPPH may be a useful adjuvant for the treatment of malignant gliomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lobel
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ciesielski
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barone
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pollina
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Plunkett
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fenstermaker
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Dougherty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011923:Rats, Nude; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D002734:Chlorophyll; C083998:2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a