title: [Cellular subcutaneous tissue. Anatomic observations].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We showed in a companion paper that the definition of the French "subcutaneous cellular tissue" considerably varied from the 18th to the end of the 20th centuries and has not yet reached a consensus. To address the anatomic reality of this "subcutaneous cellular tissue", we investigated the anatomic structures underlying the fat tissue in normal human skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty specimens were excised from the surface to the deep structures (bone, muscle, cartilage) on different body sites of 3 cadavers from the Institut d'Anatomie Normale de Strasbourg. Samples were paraffin-embedded, stained and analysed with a binocular microscope taking x 1 photographs. Specimens were also excised and fixed after subcutaneous injection of Indian ink, after mechanic tissue splitting and after performing artificial skin folds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aspects of the deep parts of the skin greatly varied according to their anatomic localisation. Below the adipose tissue, we often found a lamellar fibrous layer which extended from the interlobular septa and contained horizontally distributed fat cells. No specific tissue below the hypodermis was observed. Artificial skin folds concerned either exclusively the dermis, when they were superficial or included the hypodermis, but no specific structure was apparent in the center of the fold. India ink diffused to the adipose tissue, mainly along the septa, but did not localise in a specific subcutaneous compartment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that the histologic aspects of the deep part of the skin depend mainly on the anatomic localisation. Skin is composed of epidermis, dermis and hypodermis and thus the hypodermis can not be considered as being "subcutaneous". A difficult to individualise, fibrous lamellar structure in continuity with the interlobular septa is often found under the fat lobules. This structure is a cleavage line, as is always the case with loose connective tissues, but belongs to the hypodermis (i.e. fat tissue). No specific tissue nor any virtual space was observed below the skin. Thus, the commonly used term "subcutaneous cellular tissue" is inappropriate.
authors.affiliation: Service de Dermatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marquart-Elbaz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Varnaison
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sick
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grosshans
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cribier
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002244:Carbon; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D020405:Dermis / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005205:Fascia / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; C028433:chinese ink; D002244:Carbon