title: Survival and failure patterns of high-grade gliomas after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of three-dimensional (3-D) conformal radiation is to increase the dose delivered to tumor while minimizing dose to surrounding normal brain. Previously it has been shown that even escalated doses of 70 to 80 Gy have failure patterns that are predominantly local. This article describes the failure patterns and survival seen with high-grade gliomas given 90 Gy using a 3-D conformal intensity-modulated radiation technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 1996 to April 1999, 34 patients with supratentorial high-grade gliomas were treated to 90 Gy. For those that recurred, failure patterns were defined in terms of percentage of recurrent tumor located within the high-dose region. Recurrences with more than 95% of their volume within the high-dose region were considered central; those with 80% to 95%, 20% to 80%, and less than 20% were considered in-field, marginal, and distant, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age was 55 years, and median follow-up was 11.7 months. At time of analysis, 23 (67.6%) of 34 patients had developed radiographic evidence of recurrence. The patterns of failure were 18 (78%) of 23 central, three (13%) of 23 in-field, two (9%) of 23 marginal, and zero (0%) of 23 distant. The median survival was 11.7 months, with 1-year survival of 47.1% and 2-year survival of 12.9%. No significant treatment toxicities were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite dose escalation to 90 Gy, the predominant failure pattern in high-grade gliomas remains local. This suggests that close margins used in highly conformal treatments do not increase the risk of marginal or distant recurrences. Our results indicate that intensification of local radiotherapy with dose escalation is feasible and deserves further evaluation for high-grade gliomas.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiation Oncology, Neurology, and Radiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: June L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Susan W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Benedick A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fraass
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Normolle
authors.forename: Harry S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Larry R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Junck
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gebarski
authors.forename: Howard M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Sandler
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D015173:Supratentorial Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017211:Treatment Failure