title: Density of corneal endothelial cells, corneal thickness, and corneal diameters in normal eyes of llamas and alpacas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine density of corneal endothelial cells, corneal thickness, and corneal diameters in normal eyes of llamas and alpacas.
  
  
  METHODS
  36 llamas and 20 alpacas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both eyes were examined in each camelid. Noncontact specular microscopy was used to determine density of corneal endothelial cells. Corneal thickness was measured, using ultrasonographic pachymetry. Vertical and horizontal corneal diameters were measured, using Jameson calipers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Values did not differ significantly between the right and left eyes from the same camelid. There was no significant effect of sex on density of corneal endothelial cells or corneal thickness in either species. Mean density of endothelial cells was 2,669 cells/mm2 in llamas and 2,275 cells/mm2 in alpacas. Density of endothelial cells decreased with age in llamas. Polymegathism was observed frequently in both species. Mean corneal thickness was 608 microm for llamas and 595 microm for alpacas. Corneal thickness and density of endothelial cells were negatively correlated in llamas. Older (> 36 months old) llamas had significantly larger horizontal and vertical corneal diameters than younger llamas, and older alpacas had a significantly larger vertical corneal diameter than younger alpacas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Density of corneal endothelial cells is only slightly lower in camelids than other domestic species. Density of endothelial cells decreases with age in llamas. Age or sex does not significantly affect corneal thickness in normal eyes of llamas and alpacas. Specular microscopy is useful for determining density of corneal endothelial cells in normal eyes of camelids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0126, USA.
authors.forename: Stacy E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: A Michelle
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D002452:Cell Count; D004728:Endothelium, Corneal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000662:veterinary