title: Cigarette nicotine yields and nicotine intake among Japanese male workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse brand nicotine yield including "ultra low" brands (that is, cigarettes yielding less-than-or-equal 0.1 mg of nicotine by Federal Trade Commission (FTC) methods) in relation to nicotine intake (urinary nicotine, cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine) among 246 Japanese male smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two companies in Osaka, Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  130 Japanese male workers selected randomly during their annual regular health check up and 116 Japanese male volunteers taking part in a smoking cessation programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects answered a questionnaire about smoking habits. Following the interview, each participant was asked to smoke his own cigarette and, after extinguishing it, to blow expired air into an apparatus for measuring carbon monoxide concentration. Urine was also collected for the assays of nicotine metabolites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found wide variation in urinary nicotine metabolite concentrations at any given nicotine yield. Based on one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the urinary nicotine metabolite concentrations of ultra low yield cigarette smokers were significantly lower compared to smokers of high (p = 0.002) and medium yield cigarettes (p = 0.017). On the other hand, the estimated nicotine intake per ultra low yield cigarette smoked (0.59 mg) was much higher than the 0.1 mg indicated by machine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study of Japanese male smokers, actual levels of nicotine intake bore little relation to advertised nicotine yield levels. Our study reinforces the need to warn consumers of inappropriate advertisements of nicotine yields, especially low yield brands.
authors.affiliation: Master of Public Health Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. kueda@xb4.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nogami
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shirokawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masui
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okayama
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oshima
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising / Q000379:methods; D017677:Age Distribution; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine