title: Present and future technologies of tooth whitening.
abstract: Dental stains can be broadly classified as intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic stains are a result of defects in tooth development, fluorosis, or acquired through the use of tetracycline. Extrinsic stains are localized mainly in the pellicle and are generated by the reaction between sugars and amino acids or acquired from the retention of exogenous chromophores in the pellicle. Three clinical methods are currently used for measuring stain removal and tooth whitening in the development of new whitening technologies: Lobene Stain Index, Shade Guide Color Change, and Minolta ChromaMeter. Professional tooth whitening products rely on proven technologies--35% hydrogen peroxide for in-office power bleaching or 10% to 15% carbamide peroxide for at-home bleaching--to reduce intrinsic stain and change the inherent tooth color. Over-the-counter tooth whitening products use a combination of surfactants, abrasives, anticalculus agents, and low levels of hydrogen peroxide to reduce extrinsic stain and help maintain tooth whiteness after professional treatment. Future technologies for whitening teeth could involve the use of activating agents to enhance the performance of hydrogen peroxide and natural enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Viscio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaffar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fakhry-Smith
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D003116:Color / Q000592:standards; D003741:Dental Deposits / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D044622:Dental Pellicle; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005459:Fluorides / Q000009:adverse effects; D005502:Food; D005942:Gluconates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D016877:Oxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010545:Peroxides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D003802:Dentifrices; D011756:Diphosphates; D005942:Gluconates; D016877:Oxidants; D010545:Peroxides; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D005459:Fluorides; C030691:gluconic acid