title: Analysis of styrene and its metabolites in blood and urine of workers exposed to both styrene and acetone.
abstract: A purge-and-trap gas chromatographic (PT-GC) method for determining styrene concentrations in urine and blood samples has been used in the biological monitoring of workers exposed to styrene and acetone. Blood and urine samples were collected from 34 individuals exposed to both solvents at the end of a 4-h shift and measured for styrene in urine (Su), blood (Sb), and the two major urinary metabolites, mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA). A second urine sample was taken at the beginning of the next shift. Environmental exposure was measured using passive personal monitoring and GC. Urinary excretion of MA and PGA was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The average exposures to styrene and acetone were 70.5 mg/m3 and 370.5 mg/m3, respectively. In end-of-shift samples there was a significant correlation between concentrations of Su and Sb and the metabolites PGA, MA (r = 0.714 and 0.788, p < 0.001 for Su and r = 0.644 and 0.566, p < 0.005 for Sb). A high correlation between Sb and Su (r = 0.732, p < 0.001) also existed. Poor correlations were found between Su and metabolites in samples collected at the beginning of the next shift (r = 0.491 and 0.474 for PGA and MA, respectively, p < 0.05). There was a better correlation between the biological parameters at the end of the shift and the environmental styrene (r = 0.841 for PGA, r = 0.834 for MA, r = 0.788 for Su, and r = 0.698 for Sb; p < 0.001) compared with those at the start of the shift (r = 0.81 for PGA, 0.675 for MA, and 0.650 for Su; p < 0.001). We found that the concentration of excreted metabolites decreased significantly when environmental concentrations of acetone increased (p < 0.05), particularly at the end of the shift. Although the best correlation with environmental styrene was obtained with the sum of PGA and MA at the end of the shift (r = 0.862, p < 0.001), urine and blood styrene were shown to be more useful biological monitoring indicators because their concentrations were not affected by acetone co-exposure.
authors.affiliation: División de Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan (Alicante), Spain.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Prieto
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marhuenda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cardona
mesh_terms: D000096:Acetone; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006038:Glyoxylates / Q000032:analysis; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008333:Mandelic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020058:Styrene / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D006038:Glyoxylates; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008333:Mandelic Acids; D000096:Acetone; C012482:phenylglyoxylic acid; D020058:Styrene; C037938:mandelic acid