The treatment of tics.
Tics are the essential component of a variety of disorders, notably Tourette syndrome. Because the mere presence of tics does not require therapeutic intervention, criteria are essential for determining a functional disability. Suggested tic-suppressing treatments have been extremely diverse, including hydrotherapy, behavioral treatments, pharmacotherapy, botulinum toxin, immunomodulatory therapy, and surgery. This manuscript reviews each of these approaches with emphasis on more recent pharmacologic trials.
Singer
H S
HS
Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Harvey 811, Baltimore, MD 21287-8811, USA. hsinger@jhmi.edu
D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D058785:GABA-A Receptor Agonists; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D009538:Nicotine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000187:drug effects; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000187:drug effects; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000187:drug effects; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D020323:Tics / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000502:physiology
D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002186:Cannabinoids; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D058785:GABA-A Receptor Agonists; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D009538:Nicotine; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A