title: Functional deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment: prediction of AD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the predictive utility of self-reported and informant-reported functional deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) for the follow-up diagnosis of probable AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) and Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale were administered at baseline. Patients were followed at 6-month intervals, and matched normal control subjects (NC) were followed annually.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-reported deficits were higher for patients with MCI than for NC. At baseline, self- and informant-reported functional deficits were significantly greater for patients who converted to AD on follow-up evaluation than for patients who did not convert, even after controlling for age, education, and modified Mini-Mental State Examination scores. While converters showed significantly more informant- than self-reported deficits at baseline, nonconverters showed the reverse pattern. Survival analyses further revealed that informant-reported deficits (but not self-reported deficits) and a discrepancy score indicating greater informant- than self-reported functional deficits significantly predicted the development of AD. The discrepancy index showed high specificity and sensitivity for progression to AD within 2 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that in patients with MCI, the patient's lack of awareness of functional deficits identified by informants strongly predicts a future diagnosis of AD. If replicated, these findings suggest that clinicians evaluating MCI patients should obtain both self-reports and informant reports of functional deficits to help in prediction of long-term outcome.
authors.affiliation: Memory Disorders Clinic and Department of Biological Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Taub Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, USA. mht35@columbia.edu
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tabert
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Borukhova-Milov
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pelton
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Devanand
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires