title: Partner telomeres during anaphase in crane-fly spermatocytes are connected by an elastic tether that exerts a backward force and resists poleward motion.
abstract: As chromosomes move polewards during anaphase in crane-fly spermatocytes, trailing arms commonly stretch backwards for a brief time, as if tethered to their partners. To test that notion, a laser microbeam was used to sever trailing arms and thereby release telomere-containing arm segments (called acentric fragments because they lack kinetochores) from segregating chromosomes. Analysis of the movement of acentric fragments after their release provided clear evidence that previously conjoined partners were indeed tethered at their telomeres and that tethers exerted backward forces that were sufficient to move the fragment across the equator and into the opposite half-spindle. To address concerns that tethers might be artifacts of in vitro cell culture, spermatocytes were fixed in situ, and stretched arms within fixed cells provided strong evidence for tethers in vivo. The substantial resistance that tethers impose on the poleward movement of chromosomes must normally be over-ridden by the poleward 'pulling' forces exerted at kinetochores. In spermatocytes, poleward forces are supplied primarily by the 'traction fibers' that are firmly attached to kinetochores through end-on attachments to the plus ends of kinetochore microtubules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, 657 Cooke Hall, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-1300, USA. jrl@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: LaFountain
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Conly L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Rieder
mesh_terms: D000705:Anaphase; D000818:Animals; D016764:Cell Polarity; D004175:Diptera / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004548:Elasticity; D018386:Kinetochores / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008540:Meiosis; D008870:Microtubules / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement; D013090:Spermatocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D016615:Telomere / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*