title: Complications of rigid intramedullary rodding of femoral shaft fractures in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intramedullary rodding of femoral shaft fractures has been frequently performed in adults, but until recently rarely in children. It was the purpose of this study to investigate the experience with this treatment method at a pediatric trauma center.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1987 to 1998, 54 children were treated for traumatic femoral fractures with intramedullary rods at a major pediatric trauma center. The average age was 15 years 3 months, ranging between 11 years 4 months and 17 years 11 months. The average follow-up was 5 years 3 months, ranging from 20 months to 10 years 1 month.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the fractures occurred secondary to trauma and the most common anatomic fracture site was the femoral midshaft. Complications encountered included 8 instances of minor limb length discrepancy, 11 instances of discomfort because of rod prominence, 1 case of avascular necrosis of the femoral head, 2 instances of heterotopic ossification over the rod tip, 1 broken rod, and 3 cases that demonstrated decreased external rotation of the affected limb. One child developed osteomyelitis after intramedullary rodding for a fracture previously treated with external fixation. There were no cases of surgically induced nonunion or malunion and only one delayed union secondary to infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this series demonstrate intramedullary rodding to be an effective treatment modality for femoral fractures in skeletally mature children. In children with open femoral physes, rigid rodding should be avoided because of the small but serious occurrence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Intramedullary rodding is not recommended in children initially treated with external fixation because of the increased risk of infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Merv
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Letts
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: Lou
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lawton
authors.forename: Darin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011859:Radiography; D016896:Treatment Outcome