title: Why do identical twins differ in personality: shared environment reconsidered.
abstract: While heritability studies show that most of the variance in adult personality can be attributed to genetic or so-called nonshared environmental influence, this does not mean that shared events lack importance for the development of later personality differences. We studied the relationship between Big Five personality differences in monozygotic (MZ) twins at age 29, and life stressors at age 6 to 15, using prospective data from 26 MZ pairs studied from birth onwards. A positive significant correlation was found between stressors in childhood and early adolescence, and intrapair personality differences in Agreeableness, Openness, Conscientiousness, and five-factor profiles. We note that the effects of shared events are labeled "nonshared" environment when the effect is to make siblings more different. Case examples illustrate the relationship between stress and personality differences, and provide hypotheses for further studies in larger samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway. a.m.torgersen@psyki-atri.uio.no
authors.forename: Anne Mari
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Torgersen
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Janson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009679:Nuclear Family / Q000523:psychology*; D010551:Personality / Q000235:genetics*; D010553:Personality Development; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010641:Phenotype; D012931:Social Environment; D014427:Twins / Q000523:psychology*; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000523:psychology; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000523:psychology