title: The FEMA GRAS assessment of pyrazine derivatives used as flavor ingredients. Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association.
abstract: This is the fifth in a series of safety evaluations performed by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA). In 1993, the Panel initiated a comprehensive program to re-evaluate the safety of more than 1700 GRAS flavoring substances under conditions of intended use. Elements that are fundamental to the safety evaluation of flavor ingredients include exposure, structural analogy, metabolism, pharmacokinetics and toxicology. Flavor ingredients are evaluated individually taking into account the available scientific information on the group of structurally related substances. Scientific data relevant to the safety evaluation of the use of pyrazine derivatives as flavoring ingredients is evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1620 I Street, NW, Suite 925, Washington, DC 20006, USA. tadams@therobertsgroup.net
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doull
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Feron
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Marnett
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Munro
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Newberne
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Portoghese
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Waddell
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D019649:Food Industry; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D012016:Reference Values; D012449:Safety; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D011719:Pyrazines