title: Variables affecting survival of single-tooth hydroxyapatite-coated implants in anterior maxillae at 3 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development and expanded use of endosseous dental implants over the last two decades have been remarkably rapid. It is, therefore, imperative that the dental profession closely monitor the performance of root-form implants used in a variety of applications. The Dental Implant Clinical Research Group (DICRG) was established in 1990 by the Department of Veterans Affairs as a forum for conducting prospective, multidisciplinary, multicentered studies in the field of implant dentistry. The DICRG comprised 30 VA medical centers and 2 dental schools at the time of this study. This paper reports on the survival of hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated grooved implants used to replace single missing teeth in anterior maxillae at 3 years post-implant placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 4-year accrual period, a total of 247 single-tooth implant restorations were placed in anterior maxillae. This paper focuses on the survival of 222 implants (149 patients) for which 3-year data were recorded for the period from placement. Survival was examined with respect to patient demographics and health status, implant location, surgical variables, and 2-week post-placement use of chlorhexidine digluconate (0.12%) rinses. Implant stability was recorded using a hand-held probe. Periodontal-type measures were recorded and evaluated, and all complications related to osseointegration were noted. Failure was defined as removal of the implant for any reason.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Establishment and maintenance of osseointegration at 3 years post-placement was 97.3%. During this 3 year period, 6 implants were removed due to either failure to osseointegrate or loss of osseointegration. Implant length correlated positively with 3-year survival (P = 0.003, exact test). The use of preoperative antibiotics was nearly significant to implant survival (P = 0.051. Pearson chi-square). Mean stability values (PTVs) increased incrementally from -4.5 at uncovering to +1.1 at 36 months, indicating a decrease in stability of the bone-implant-prosthesis complex. The most common complication was related to inadequate available bone to fully house implants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-year post-placement survival data suggest that the use of HA-coated, grooved, endosseous implants to support maxillary anterior single-tooth replacements is a predictable and reliable procedure that can offer significant benefits. Longer implants demonstrated higher survival than shorter implants. The use of preoperative antibiotics was nearly significant to implant survival, and there was an increase in mean PTVs observed over the duration of the study. Further research is needed to assess stability of the hydroxyapatite-bone interface over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Orenstein
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Petrazzuolo
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ochi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry; D019250:Dental Implants, Single-Tooth; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007576:Jaw, Edentulous, Partially / Q000473:pathology / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016348:Osseointegration; D010512:Periodontal Index; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013499:Surface Properties; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D017886:Durapatite; D002710:Chlorhexidine