title: Ureteral segmental replacement using multilayer porcine small-intestinal submucosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the outcome of segmental ureteral replacement using a new multilayer porcine small-intestinal submucosa (SIS), Surgisis ES (Cook Inc., Stouffville, ON, Canada) designed to provide enhanced strength.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ureters of five female farm pigs were accessed through a median laparotomy incision. A segment of 2-cm midureter was resected bilaterally. The left ureteral segments were replaced by 10F tubularized SIS segments using 5-0 PDS interrupted sutures. The right ureters were primarily end-to-end anastomosed, serving as controls. Internal pigtail stents were left bilaterally for 6 weeks. One animal at 3 weeks, one animal at 6 weeks, and three animals at 12 weeks were sacrificed. The patency of the ureters was assessed by retrograde pyelography at 6 and 12 weeks, while inflammation and regeneration were assessed grossly and histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 3 and 6 weeks, both experimental and control ureters were patent without extravasation on retrograde studies. Adhesions and signs of ureteral inflammation were found only on the SIS side. The graft was partially and completely epithelialized at 3 and 6 weeks, respectively. However, at 12 weeks, all the ureters on the experimental side were completely occluded, while on the control side, all were patent. Although histologically, urothelium and muscular cells had proliferated over the graft, they were embedded in an intense fibrotic and inflammatory process. At 12 weeks, all animals had developed hydroureteronephrosis above the grafts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Technically, Surgisis ES was easily modeled, providing conditions for a water-tight anastomosis. None of the animals developed urinary fistula. Regeneration of urothelium and muscle were induced and supported by the graft. However, functional replacement was not successful. A suitable material for this purpose has yet to be discovered.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sofer
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: Dale M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Forder
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Denstedt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D005260:Female; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000637:transplantation*; D007813:Laparotomy; D011859:Radiography; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials