title: Prenatal drug exposure and the conceptualization of long-term effects.
abstract: This paper discusses several factors affecting the development of children prenatally exposed to drugs. In the "first generation" of research in this field a main factor model of disease formed the basis for a belief in the feasibility of detecting the direct pharmacological or teratogenic effects of drug exposure on long-term child development. However, the clustering of confounding variables has constituted a major problem in identifying these effects. In the last few years a "second generation" of research in this field has emerged, and investigators have moved beyond simple main-effect models. The importance of controlling for confounding variables has been underscored. However, prenatal substance exposure is still often studied within a teratology model where the main goal is the search for unique effects of a specific drug or substance. Based on this review it is suggested that an appropriate model for understanding the development of drug-exposed children cannot be based on a main-effect perspective. Rather, such a model must evolve from a contextual perspective, and it is suggested that a transactional model, where both potential risk factors and protective factors are considered, should replace the traditional teratology model in this field.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway. vibeke.moe@psykologi.uio.no
authors.forename: Vibeke
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moe
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Slinning
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017028:Caregivers; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005581:Foster Home Care; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D013995:Time