title: Human papillomavirus, smoking, and cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of smoking on human papillomavirus (HPV) activity and subsequent dysplasia and neoplasia remains controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine any reported effects of smoking on either HPV activity or HPV-related dysplasia/cancer using retrospective analysis of the literature from 1966 through 1998 via Toxline and PubMed to search for "smoking," "papillomavirus," and "cancer."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several recent large studies demonstrated that smoking was associated with a greater incidence of cervical, vulvar, penile, anal, oral, and head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion, while other studies did not show any correlation between smoking and cervical dysplasia after multivariate adjustment. Recent studies have also indicated that smoking may be more closely related to high-grade lesions of the cervix and vulva. These data provide evidence of an association between HPV, smoking, and cancer. Progression of dysplasia likewise seems to be associated with smoking. Several groups have attempted to discern whether the connection between smoking and cervical cancer is from local immunosuppression and/or from direct carcinogenic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Baylor University Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carrasco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vander Straten
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arany
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tyring
mesh_terms: D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000209:etiology; D003218:Condylomata Acuminata / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D027383:Papillomaviridae; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000209:etiology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology