title: Non-invasive monitoring of functionally distinct muscle activations during swallowing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dysphagia is an important consequence of many diseases. As some of the muscles of deglutition tend to be deep to the surface, needle electrodes are typically used, but this limits the number of muscles that can be simultaneously recorded. Since control of swallowing involves central pattern generators (CPGs) which distribute commands to several muscles, monitoring several muscles simultaneously is desirable. Here we describe a novel method, based on computing the independent components (ICs) of the simultaneous sEMG recordings (Muscle Nerve Suppl 9 (2000) 9) to detect the underlying functional muscle activations during swallowing using only surface EMG (sEMG) electrodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven normal subjects repeatedly swallowed liquids of varying consistency while sEMG was recorded from 15 electrodes from the face and throat. Active areas of EMG were excised from the recordings and the ICs of the sEMG were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ICs demonstrated less swallow-to-swallow variability than the raw sEMG. The ICs, each consisting of a unique temporal waveform and a spatial distribution, provided a means to segregate the complex sequence of muscle activation into rigorously defined separate functional units. The temporal profiles of the ICs and their spatial distribution were consistent with prior needle EMG studies of the cricopharyngeal, superior pharyngeal constrictor, submental and possibly arytenoid muscles. Other components appeared to correspond to EKG artifact contaminating the EMG recordings, laryngeal excursion, tongue movement and activation of the buccal and/or masseter musculature At least two of the components were affected by the consistency of the liquids swallowed. Re-testing one subject a week later demonstrated good intertrial reliability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that the ICs of the sEMG provide a non-invasive means to assess the complex muscle sequence activation of deglutition.
authors.affiliation: Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, 254E Bell Research Building, Box 3918, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. martin.mckeown@duke.edu
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McKeown
authors.forename: Dana C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Torpey
authors.forename: Wendy C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Gehm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology