title: Effects of confinement (110 and 240 days) on neuroendocrine stress response and changes of immune cells in men.
abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of long-term confinement on stress-permissive neuroendocrine and immune responses in humans. Two groups of four male subjects were confined 240 days (group 240) or 110 days (group 110) in two space modules of 100 or 200 m3, respectively. During confinement, none of the volunteers developed psychic stress as could be examined and verified by a current stress test. However, in group 240 but not in group 110, the diurnal rhythm of cortisol secretion was slightly depressed and the urine excretion of norepinephrine significantly increased. The innate part of the immune system became activated as seen by a rise in the number of circulating granulocytes and the enhanced expression of beta2-integrins. In contrast, the ratio of T-helper to T-suppressor cells decreased. All these effects, observed during confinement, were even more pronounced in both groups when values of endocrinological and immunological parameters were compared between before and 1 wk after the end of the confinement period. Hence, return to normal life exerts pronounced effects to a much higher degree, irrespective of how long or under which conditions individuals were confined. Because the delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reaction against recall antigens remained unaffected, it is to be presumed that confinement appears to induce distinct sympathoadrenergic activation and immunological changes but no clinically relevant immunosuppression.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Anaesthesiology, University of Munich, 81366 Munich, Germany. alexander.chouker@ana.med.uni-muenchen.de).
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Choukèr
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Christ
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Larina
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nichiporuk
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baranov
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bobrovnik
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pastushkova
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Messmer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thiel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018480:Astronauts / Q000523:psychology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018821:CD18 Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D020378:Confined Spaces; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000276:immunology*; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000276:immunology*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018821:CD18 Antigens; D002395:Catecholamines; D016207:Cytokines; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen; D013481:Superoxides; D011388:Prolactin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006854:Hydrocortisone