title: Risperidone versus clonidine in the treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of risperidone in comparison with clonidine in the treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome (TS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Following a 7- to 14-day single-blind, placebo lead-in, 21 subjects aged 7 to 17 years were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of double-blind treatment with clonidine or risperidone. Research scales evaluated tics and comorbid obsessive-compulsive and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risperidone and clonidine appeared equally effective in the treatment of tics in an intent-to-treat analysis, as rated by the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS). Risperidone produced a mean reduction in the YGTSS of 21%; clonidine produced a 26% reduction. Among subjects with comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms, 63% of the risperidone group and 33% of the clonidine group responded to treatment (not significant). The most common adverse event seen with both treatments was sedation, which was mild to moderate in severity. Sedation subsequently resolved with continued administration of the medication or with a dose reduction. No clinically significant extrapyramidal symptoms were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this pilot study, risperidone demonstrated efficacy equivalent to clonidine in the treatment of tic symptoms in children and adolescents with TS. Further research is needed to clarify the role of atypical antipsychotics in TS and to delineate potential benefits for comorbid obsessive-compulsive and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA.
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Gaffney
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Kristine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bever-Stille
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arndt
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuperman
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003000:Clonidine; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018967:Risperidone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018967:Risperidone; D003000:Clonidine