title: Use of continuous ambulatory infusions of concentrated subcutaneous (s.q.) hydromorphone versus intravenous (i.v.) morphine: cost implications for palliative care.
abstract: Health care practitioners are increasingly under pressure to curtail spending while trying to deliver excellent patient care. These issues are also affecting palliative care, particularly now that palliative care programs are expanding. A comparison of cost-effectiveness and feasibility of using continuous subcutaneous (s.q.) ambulatory infusion of hydromorphone versus intravenous (i.v.) ambulatory morphine is illustrated in this study. With the high doses of morphine required in chronic cancer pain, the use of subcutaneous morphine is not feasible due to the volume of solution required to be delivered. Hydromorphone can be prepared in concentrated solutions enabling it to be delivered by the subcutaneous route. Morphine stability data are available. However, hydromorphone stability has only been verified for seven days; thus, stability data were needed post-seven days. Concentrations of 10 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml, in 0.9 percent normal saline or dextrose 5 percent water, were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at seven and 28 days. Cost comparisons of supplies and associated costs with subcutaneous versus intravenous solutions were obtained. Hydromorphone was found to be stable for 28 days in both dilutants. Cost analysis of a hydromorphone 28-day supply resulted in substantial savings over the equivalent costs of morphine infusions.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pharmacy, Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fudin
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Toledo-Binette
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boutin
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D004091:Hydromorphone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine; D004091:Hydromorphone