title: Are cutaneous reactions to fly larvae mediated by CD4+, TIA+ NK1.1 T Cells?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although there have been reports of fly larvae in wounds and as isolated primary infestations, there have been only rare reports documenting reactions to the larvae within the skin in humans and animals. There have been no reports documenting the histopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of the inflammatory infiltrate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We present a patient who developed local pruritus, erythema, and swelling approximately three weeks after infestation by a fly larva within the scalp. Histopathologically the biopsy site showed a mixed infiltrate containing lymphoid cells and numerous eosinophils. Immunohistochemical stains showed predominantly CD4+ T cells expressing an ab T-cell receptor (TCR) of which approximately 30% coexpressed T-cell intracellular antigen (TIA) and CD56. In addition, there were approximately 5% of these CD4+ T cells which coexpressed CD30.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings are consistent with an effector cell population of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells that produce a T-helper 2 cytokine pattern. The phenotype of this subset of T cells is unique and among its characteristics is that antigens--usually nonprotein antigens--are presented to these CD4+,TIA+ natural killer (NK)1.1T cells by CD1d molecules.
authors.affiliation: National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Norwood
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neafie
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Skelton
mesh_terms: D017951:Antigen Presentation; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009198:Myiasis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D012536:Scalp Dermatoses / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens