title: Mineral and nitrogen balance study: results of metabolic observations on Skylab II 28-day orbital mission.
abstract: Prediction that the various stresses of flight, particularly weightlessness, would bring about significant derangements in the metabolism of the musculoskeletal system has been based on various observations of long-term immobilized or inactive bed rest. The only attempt at controlled measurement of metabolic changes in space prior to Skylab, a study during the 14-day Gemini VII flight, revealed rather modest losses of important elements. The three astronauts of Skylab II consumed a planned day-by-day, quite constant, dietary intake of major metabolic elements in mixed foods and beverages and provided virtually complete collections of excreta for 31 days preflight, during the 28 days inflight, and for 17 days postflight. Analyses showed that, in varying degree among the crewmen, urinary calcium increased gradually during flight in a pattern similar to that observed in bed-rest studies: the mean plateau peak of urinary calcium excretion in the latter part of flight was double preflight levels. Fecal calcium excretion did not change significantly, but calcium balance, owing to the urinary calcium rise, became either negative or less positive than in preflight measurement. Increased excretion and negative balance of nitrogen and phosphorus indicated appreciable loss of muscle tissue in all three crewmen. Significant losses also occurred inflight in potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Based on the similarity in pattern and degree between these observations and those in bed rest of the losses in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, musculoskeletal integrity would not be threatened in space flights of up to at least 3 months. However, if similar changes occur, indicative of continuing losses of these elements, in the planned Skylab flights for considerably more than 28 days, concern for capable musculoskeletal function should be serious for flights of very many months' duration, and greater research attention will need to be given to development of protective counter-measures.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Whedon
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lutwak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rambaut
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whittle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leach
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D001510:Bed Rest; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D005243:Feces; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D013026:Space Flight; D015431:Weight Loss; D014893:Weightlessness
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus; D012964:Sodium; D003404:Creatinine; D008274:Magnesium; D009584:Nitrogen; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium