title: The "skin-skull-brain model": a new instrument for the study of gunshot effects.
abstract: In order to create and study wound morphology, a "skin-skull-brain model" had to be designed which would make the laboratory reproduction of a real ballistic injury possible. To simulate the human skin, an artificial skin (a silicon cap) is used. This silicon scalp contains synthetic fibers (artificial leather) to simulate the collagen and fat of the scalp. The artificial skull is a layered polyurethane sphere (19 cm o.d.; and 5, 6, or 7 mm thick) constructed in a specially designed form with a Tabula externa, Tabula interna, and a porous Diploe sandwiched in between. The periostium of the artificial skull is made of latex. This elastic latex layer prevents the bone fragments from scattering after the model has been struck by gunfire. The brain itself is simulated with ordnance gelatin, 10% at 4 degrees C, a material well known in wound ballistics. Gunshots were fired at a distance of 10 m from the model. During the evaluation of the "skin-skull-brain model", it was possible to show that injuries inflicted to this model are fully comparable to the morphology of equivalent real gunshot injuries. Using the "skin-skull-brain model" has some significant advantages: the model is inexpensive, easy to construct, instantly available for use, and eliminates ethics conflicts. The main advantage of such a model is, in comparison with biological substances, the high reproducibility of inflicted traumas.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Berne, Buehlstrasse 20, CH-3012, Switzerland. michael.thali@irm.unibe.ch
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thali
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Kneubuehl
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zollinger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dirnhofer
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries*; D012886:Skull / Q000293:injuries*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot