title: Nicotinamide and ketamine reduce infarct volume and DNA fragmentation in rats after brain ischemia and reperfusion.
abstract: The possible ability of nicotinamide and ketamine to decrease infarction volume and DNA fragmentation was investigated in a middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model. DNA fragmentation was measured with an enzyme linked immunoassay. Control infarct volume was 223.8 +/- 10.6 mm(3). Ketamine alone did not alter infarct volume, 233.2 +/- 61.8 mm(3). Nicotinamide alone did not alter infarct volume, 235.2 +/- 62.8 mm(3). The combination of ketamine and nicotinamide decreased infarct volume to 83.8 +/- 35.2 mm(3). Ketamine produced hypothermia. Nicotinamide and ketamine decreased brain swelling and DNA fragmentation in the cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus in rats perfused for 6 or 24 h. Ketamine may synergize the actions of nicotinamide and partially prevent brain damage from ischemia and reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, PSC 508, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA.
authors.forename: Mei Ling
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Seyha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kem
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klaidman
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Pak H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology*; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009536:Niacinamide; D007649:Ketamine