title: Attenuated acute liver injury in mice by naked hepatocyte growth factor gene transfer into skeletal muscle with electroporation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plays an essential role in hepatic development and regeneration, and shows proliferative and antiapoptotic activity in hepatocytes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish an effective new method for HGF gene transfer in vivo and to investigate its effects in acute experimental liver injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight week old female mice were used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat HGF gene in a modified pKSCX plasmid was transferred to the tibialis anterior muscle by electroporation using a pulse generator. Four days later, plasma HGF concentrations were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay every two days for three weeks. To confirm the efficacy of electroporation, a plasmid bearing green fluorescence protein (GFP) was transferred similarly. Four days after electroporation, carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) was administered to mice to induce acute liver injury. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was measured. Hepatic apoptosis was assessed by Hoechst 33258 staining and the TUNEL method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluorescence microscopy showed strong green fluorescence where the GFP gene had been transferred into muscle. In mice given the HGF gene, HGF in plasma was increased up to fourfold from pretreatment amounts, peaking 6-9 days after electroporation and quickly decreasing within three weeks. Compared with the group without HGF transfer, the percentage of apoptotic hepatocytes after CCl(4) intoxication was significantly lower, as was ALT activity. In addition, ALT activity normalised more rapidly in the HGF gene transfer group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Naked DNA injection and transfer by electroporation efficiently brings about HGF expression in vivo, which can attenuate acute liver injury.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Minemura
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Morioka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahara
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yamato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dono
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000009:adverse effects; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000473:pathology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D000410:Alanine Transaminase