title: Effect of an estradiol gel with monthly or quarterly progestogen on menopausal symptoms and bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the acceptability, efficacy and endometrial safety of transdermal estradiol gel (Divigel/Sandrena) combined with monthly or quarterly oral progestogen (medroxyprogesterone acetate).
  
  
  METHODS
  This 12-month, multicenter, open-label study was carried out at 12 study centers in Finland and Sweden. A total of 395 postmenopausal women received 1 mg estradiol in 1 g gel, daily, with oral medroxyprogesterone acetate 10 mg for the first 12 days every month (groups I and III) or every 3 months (group II). The main outcome measures were relief of climacteric symptoms, bleeding patterns and endometrial safety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All regimens reduced the severity of hot flushes, sweating episodes and vaginal dryness. In groups I and III, approximately 80% and 70% of women, respectively, had regular monthly withdrawal bleeding (excepting the first cycle), with irregular bleeding in 8.3% and 5.3% of treatment months. In group II, approximately 94% of women had regular tri-monthly withdrawal bleeding, with irregular bleeding in 10.7% of the treatment months. Endometrial hyperplasia was observed in 0.3% of women. More than 87% of subjects completed the study, and 97% of these rated the gel as acceptable or convenient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the 1- and 3-month regimens were equally effective in controlling climacteric symptoms and protecting against endometrial hyperstimulation. The bleeding patterns were comparable between groups and were similar to those reported for oral estrogens. Estradiol gel was highly acceptable to the majority of women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Crona
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wahlström
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bäckström
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005782:Gels; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D013548:Sweden; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000187:drug effects; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D004958:Estradiol; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate