title: [Magnitude, geographic distribution and trends of anemia in preschoolers, Brazil].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the magnitude, geographical distribution and trends of the prevalence of nutritional anemia among preschoolers and to identify risk groups in the state of Paraiba, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey with multistage random sampling procedure was conducted in 8 urban municipalities of three mid-regions (Zona da Mata, Agreste and Sertão) in the state of Paraíba in 1992. A total of 1,287 preschoolers of both sexes were selected. Hemoglobin was determined by the cyanometahemoglobin method in venous blood, employing <11 g/dl as the cut-off for anemia. Statistical analysis of proportions employed the chi Square test, whereas for means Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis were the choice, all with confidence interval of 95%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of anemia was 36.4% (CI 33.7 - 39.1) in the state of Paraiba, greater (p=0.00) than that observed (19.3%, CI 17.3 - 21.5) in 1982. Only 1.0% (CI 0.61 - 1.8) and 6.8% (CI 5.5 - 8.3) of anemia cases were classified as severe and moderate, respectively. Boys presented lower mean hemoglobin concentration (p=0.00), and children under age 3 comprised the biological group of highest susceptibility for deficiency status (p= 0.00). It was found that the second year of life is the most critical for developing nutritional deficiency (p= 0.00). The Agreste mid-region revealed to be the geographical area of highest risk (p= 0.00), outlining a new epidemiological dynamics when compared to the year 1982, when the drought-ridden Sertão region were the geographical area at greatest risk of deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to international epidemiological criteria, anemia in the studied regions represents a public health problem of moderate degree Assuming the analytical comparability of the 1982 and 1992 cross-sectional surveys, it suggests an increasingly prevalence of nutritional anemia (+88.5%) in all 3 mid-regions in a 10-year-period (1982-92).
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil.
authors.forename: Rejane Santana de
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Alcides da Silva
authors.initials: Ada S
authors.lastname: Diniz Ad
authors.forename: Maria José Cariri
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Benigna
authors.forename: Solange Maria
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Miranda-Silva
authors.forename: Margarida Maria
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lola
authors.forename: Maria Conceição
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Goncalves
authors.forename: Luiza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Asciutti-Moura
authors.forename: Maria Amélia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Leonor Maria Pacheco
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011897:Random Allocation; D012424:Rural Population; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins