title: Effects of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (p,p'-DDT) on 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A adipocyte differentiation.
abstract: Based upon our initial observations that 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (p,p'-DDT) induces a concentration-dependent increase in 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation, the mechanism of the p,p'-DDT-induced adipocyte differentiation was studied, using 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A cells. Since, it is known that the differentiation of the 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line involves the induction of the transcription factors CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and C/EBPalpha, the possible role of these factors in p,p'-DDT-induced adipocyte differentiation had to be examined. It was found that p,p'-DDT-treated 3T3-L1 cells showed a concentration-dependent increase in the nuclear levels of both PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha protein. On the other hand, treatment with p,p'-DDT (20 microM) did not affect the expression pattern of C/EBPbeta protein during differentiation. Gel shift analysis of nuclear proteins for binding to the C/EBP recognition site of DNA showed an increase in binding activity at day 2 of differentiation in p,p'-DDT-treated cells. Supershift analysis revealed that this rise was caused mainly by a dramatic increase in the abundance of the C/EBPalpha-DNA complex. Similar increases were observed at days 4 and 7 after the induction of differentiation. Tumor necrosis factor alpha induced a strong inhibition of adipocyte differentiation, which was reversed by co-treatment with troglitazone, an activator of PPARgamma. p,p'-DDT was unable to reverse the inhibitory effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. 3T3-F442A is another preadipocyte cell line that can be induced to differentiate into adipocytes in the presence of insulin and fetal bovine serum. p,p'-DDT (20 microM) induced an alteration in the morphology of these cells at day 2 after the induction of differentiation. These cells however, were unable to become fully differentiated adipocytes. These data showed, therefore, the ability of p,p'-DDT to alter the differentiation process of adipocyte cell lines through the modification of transcription factors regulating this event.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Moreno-Aliaga
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matsumura
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D003634:DDT / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004247:DNA; D003634:DDT