title: Thalidomide suppresses NF-kappa B activation induced by TNF and H2O2, but not that activated by ceramide, lipopolysaccharides, or phorbol ester.
abstract: Thalidomide ([+]-alpha-phthalimidoglutarimide), a psychoactive drug that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and immunosuppressive properties through a mechanism that is not fully established. Due to the central role of NF-kappaB in these responses, we postulated that thalidomide mediates its effects through suppression of NF-kappaB activation. We investigated the effects of thalidomide on NF-kappaB activation induced by various inflammatory agents in Jurkat cells. The treatment of these cells with thalidomide suppressed TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation, with optimum effect occurring at 50 microg/ml thalidomide. These effects were not restricted to T cells, as other hematopoietic and epithelial cell types were also inhibited. Thalidomide suppressed H(2)O(2)-induced NF-kappaB activation but had no effect on NF-kappaB activation induced by PMA, LPS, okadaic acid, or ceramide, suggesting selectivity in suppression of NF-kappaB. The suppression of TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation by thalidomide correlated with partial inhibition of TNF-induced degradation of an inhibitory subunit of NF-kappaB (IkappaBalpha), abrogation of IkappaBalpha kinase activation, and inhibition of NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression. Thalidomide abolished the NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression activated by overexpression of TNFR1, TNFR-associated factor-2, and NF-kappaB-inducing kinase, but not that activated by the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. Overall, our results clearly demonstrate that thalidomide suppresses NF-kappaB activation specifically induced by TNF and H(2)O(2) and that this may contribute to its role in suppression of proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and the immune system.
authors.affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Bioimmunotherapy, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Sekhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lamothe
authors.forename: Bharat B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D002518:Ceramides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D011506:Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047992:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D020298:U937 Cells; D000097782:NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D002518:Ceramides; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011506:Proteins; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047992:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D013792:Thalidomide; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000097782:NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; C496559:CHUK protein, human; C496560:IKBKB protein, human; C496565:IKBKE protein, human