title: Influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein YXXL endocytosis/polarization signal on viral accessory protein functions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A tyrosine-based targeting signal in the intracytoplasmic domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein is required for basolateral targeting of viral budding in polarized epithelial cells, concentration of viral assembly at one pole of infected lymphocytes, and rapid endocytosis of the glycoprotein from the plasma membrane. In HIV-1, the process of viral assembly and budding is complex and involves the participation of viral accessory proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we examined whether the functions of the Nef, Vif, and Vpu proteins can influence or be influenced by the presence of envelope targeting signal in epithelial cells or lymphocytes. A series of proviral DNAs combining a mutation that inactivates the targeting signal with independent mutations in the three accessory proteins was constructed for this purpose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that none of these three accessory proteins affected the basolateral release of the virus in polarized MDCK cells. Reciprocally, a mutation abolishing targeting of the viral envelope glycoprotein did not affect the phenotype conferred by the accessory proteins. Interestingly, the mutation abolishing targeting increased viral infectivity only in the presence of the Vpu protein. This phenotype was found to be associated with the release-enhancing function of Vpu and with an increased incorporation of viral envelope glycoprotein in virions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data clearly show that accessory protein functions, and more specifically Vpu modulation of viral infectivity, can be affected by variations in the viral envelope glycoprotein.
authors.affiliation: Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cervantes-Acosta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lodge
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lemay
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002460:Cell Line; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D004285:Dogs; D004705:Endocytosis; D015693:Gene Products, nef / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D016346:Gene Products, vif / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054320:vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
chemical_list: D015693:Gene Products, nef; D016346:Gene Products, vif; D006023:Glycoproteins; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054320:vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C514859:vpu protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins