title: Cardiovascular T2-star (T2*) magnetic resonance for the early diagnosis of myocardial iron overload.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate a non-invasive method for measuring myocardial iron in order to allow diagnosis and treatment before overt cardiomyopathy and failure develops.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have developed a new magnetic resonance T2-star (T2*) technique for the measurement of tissue iron, with validation to chemical estimation of iron in patients undergoing liver biopsy. To assess the clinical value of this technique, we subsequently correlated myocardial iron measured by this T2* technique with ventricular function in 106 patients with thalassaemia major. There was a significant, curvilinear, inverse correlation between iron concentration by biopsy and liver T2* (r=0.93, P<0.0001). Inter-study cardiac reproducibility was 5.0%. As myocardial iron increased, there was a progressive decline in ejection fraction (r=0.61, P<0.001). All patients with ventricular dysfunction had a myocardial T2* of <20 ms. There was no significant correlation between myocardial T2* and the conventional parameters of iron status, serum ferritin and liver iron. Multivariate analysis of clinical parameters to predict the requirement for cardiac medication identified myocardial T2* as the most significant variable (odds ratio 0.79, P<0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Myocardial iron deposition can be reproducibly quantified using myocardial T2* and this is the most significant variable for predicting the need for ventricular dysfunction treatment. Myocardial iron content cannot be predicted from serum ferritin or liver iron, and conventional assessments of cardiac function can only detect those with advanced disease. Early intensification of iron chelation therapy, guided by this technique, should reduce mortality from this reversible cardiomyopathy.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular MR Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Charrier
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Bunce
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Firmin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wonke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pennell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis*; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis; D017086:beta-Thalassemia
chemical_list: D007501:Iron