title: Novel glutathione-dependent thiopurine prodrugs: evidence for enhanced cytotoxicity in tumor cells and for decreased bone marrow toxicity in mice.
abstract: Elevated glutathione (GSH) levels have been detected in many tumors compared with the healthy, surrounding tissue. Often, this GSH up-regulation is associated with drug resistance. The prodrugs 6-(2-acetylvinylthio)guanine (AVTG) and 6-(2-acetylvinylthio)purine (AVTP) contain a novel butenone moiety that allows the prodrugs to react selectively with sulfhydryl nucleophiles to release the chemotherapeutic drug 6-thioguanine (6-TG) or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), respectively. The cellular uptake and metabolism of trans-AVTG in two human renal carcinoma cell lines that were used as models were rapid and associated with depletion of intracellular GSH. Formation of 6-TG from trans-AVTG correlated positively with intracellular GSH concentrations, and was significantly reduced by diethyl maleate pretreatment. Intracellular concentrations of 6-TG after incubations with trans-AVTG were significantly higher than the 6-TG concentrations obtained after incubations with equimolar concentrations of 6-TG; thus, the prodrug delivered more 6-TG to the cell than did 6-TG itself. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that AVTG and AVTP had similar IC(50) values that were comparable with those of 6-TG, but were significantly lower than those of 6-MP. Furthermore, after in vivo treatment of mice with the prodrugs, no reduction was observed in circulating white blood cell counts, whereas white blood cell counts of mice treated with equimolar or 60% lower doses of 6-TG were reduced by 50 to 60%. Collectively, the results show that AVTG and AVTP are novel potential chemotherapeutic agents that may target tumors with up-regulated levels of GSH, and may exhibit less systemic toxicity than the parent thiopurines.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Sjofn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gunnarsdottir
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rucki
authors.forename: Adnan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Elfarra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000473:pathology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000473:pathology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity*; D011687:Purines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C451721:6-(2-acetylvinylthio)guanine; C451722:6-(2-acetylvinylthio)purine; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D011355:Prodrugs; D011687:Purines; D006147:Guanine; D005978:Glutathione