title: Myocardial bradykinin following acute angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, AT1 receptor blockade, or combined inhibition in congestive heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study examined the effects of acute angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI), AT(1) receptor blockade (AT(1) block), or combined treatment on in vitro and in vivo bradykinin (BK) levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  BK levels were measured in isolated porcine myocyte preparations (n = 13) in the presence of exogenous BK (10(-8) M); with an ACEI (benezaprilat; 0.1 mM) and BK; an AT(1) block (valsartan; 10(-5) M) and BK; and combined treatment and BK. In a second study, myocardial microdialysis was used to measure porcine interstitial BK levels in both normal (n = 14) and pacing-induced congestive heart failure (CHF) (240 beats/min, 3 weeks, n = 16) under the following conditions: baseline, following ACEI (benezaprilat, 0.0625 mg/kg) or AT(1) block (valsartan, 0.1 mg/kg), and a combined treatment (benezaprilat, 0.0625 mg/kg; valsartan, 0.1 mg/kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the left ventricular myocyte study, BK levels increased over 93% with all treatments compared to untreated values (P < 0.05). In the in vivo study, basal interstitial BK values were lower in the CHF group than in controls (2.64 +/- 0.57 vs 5.91 +/- 1.4 nM, respectively, P < 0.05). Following acute infusion of the ACEI, BK levels in the CHF state increased from baseline (57% +/- 22; P < 0.05). Following combined ACEI/AT(1) block, BK levels increased from baseline in both control (42% +/- 11) and CHF groups (60% +/- 22; P < 0.05 for both).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that ACEI, or combined ACEI/AT(1) block increased BK at the level of the myocyte and potentiated BK levels in the CHF myocardial interstitium.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Multani
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Krombach
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hendrick
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sample
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Baicu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joffs
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: deGasparo
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Spinale
mesh_terms: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000032:analysis*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068756:Valsartan
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D001552:Benzazepines; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin; D013777:Tetrazoles; D000068756:Valsartan; D014633:Valine; C052133:benazeprilat; D001920:Bradykinin