title: Screening for second cancers and osteoporosis in long-term survivors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this preliminary study was to describe the extent to which healthcare providers recommend the screening strategies for early detection described by the American Cancer Society (ACS), for breast, gynecologic, and colorectal cancer, and by the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF), for osteoporosis, to women who are long-term survivors of breast, ovarian, or endometrial cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A four-part survey was developed for this study, with the first three parts based on the ACS guidelines for breast, gynecologic, and colorectal cancer screening and the NOF guidelines for osteoporosis screening. The fourth part related to personal characteristics, setting, knowledge, and perceptions of the nurses surveyed. A random sample of outpatient nurses was obtained from the Oncology Nursing Society. Of 668 nurses, 321 (48%) responded (Oncology Certified Nurse (OCN) 68.1%; Advanced Oncology Certified Nurse (AOCN) 16.6%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most consistently performed screenings that were reported were mammogram (range 74.2-87.7%), professional breast examination (range 73.9-83.7%), and Pap test and pelvic examination (range 61.8-85.2%). The least frequently performed screenings are flexible sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy (range 20.2-27.7%), bone mineral density testing (range 16.9-19.0%), and height measurement (range 22.5-28.3%). Less than one third of survivors are offered counseling on strategies to promote bone health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of factors associated with osteoporosis and the use of screening strategies for second malignancies in survivors of breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers can be used to implement activities such as patient education and clinical practice protocols that will increase the use of current screening recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Saint Louis University, Division of Hematology/Oncology, P.O. Box 15250, St. Louis, MO 63110-0250, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mahon
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Spies
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D004522:Educational Status; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D009859:Oncology Nursing / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States