title: Cardiovascular pharmacology of nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and coxibs: clinical considerations.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors have been developed with the goal of providing similar efficacy and greater safety compared with traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Development was based on the hypothesis that COX-1 is the housekeeping enzyme necessary for production of prostaglandins (PGs) with homeostatic functions, whereas COX-2 is a mediator of pathophysiologic processes. However, later research has demonstrated a role of COX-2 in production of PGs that have functions under normal physiologic conditions. In the vasculature, COX-2 seems to be the main enzyme responsible for the production of prostacyclin. Increased synthesis of this vasodilatory and antithrombotic PG represents a homeostatic response during periods of accelerated platelet-vessel wall interactions and counteracts increased synthesis of COX-1-derived prothrombotic prostanoid thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)). The clinical sequelae of inhibiting prostacyclin activity in the absence of concomitant inhibition of TXA(2) are not currently clear. Animal studies show that inhibition of prostacyclin activity does not lead to spontaneous thrombosis but may increase response to thrombotic stimuli. Therefore, prostacyclin synthesis may be important for limiting thrombotic events in patients who are at an increased cardiovascular risk. Overviews of clinical studies in arthritis and Alzheimer's disease have not demonstrated increased cardiovascular risk associated with specific COX-2 inhibition in most patients. However, data from 1 clinical trial revealed a 5-fold divergence in rates of myocardial infarction between a coxib and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug comparitor. Credible explanations for the results of this trial have been proposed and further studies are necessary to clarify the relative risk-to-benefit ratio of COX-2 inhibition in patients at increased risk for cardiovascular events, and the effects of concomitant aspirin therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. garret@spirit.gcrc.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Garret A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: FitzGerald
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001168:Arthritis / Q000188:drug therapy; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004341:Drug Evaluation / Q000379:methods; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases