title: Maternal anxiety in late pregnancy: effect on fetal movements and fetal heart rate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether maternal state and trait anxiety levels affect fetal movements or fetal heart rate (FHR) in the third trimester.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one healthy pregnant nulliparous women not on medication and with a singleton pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal anxiety was assessed using the Spielberger State- Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y) at 36 gestational weeks. The fetuses of the women were examined at 37-40 gestational weeks with ultrasound observation of fetal movements and cardiotocography (CTG). The results of the fetal examinations were compared between women with low and high anxiety scores (low scores being defined as scores below the median and high scores as scores equal to or above the median of the study population), and correlation analyses between anxiety scores and the outcome variables were performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence and duration (expressed as a percentage of the total examination time) of FHR patterns A, B, C, and D, the percentage duration of fetal movements in each FHR pattern, baseline FHR and FHR variability in each FHR pattern.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of FHR patterns A, B, C, and D, the duration of FHR patterns A, B, and C, FHR variability in FHR patterns A, B, and C, baseline FHR and the percentage duration of fetal movements in each FHR pattern did not differ between women with low and high state and trait anxiety scores. In fetuses with FHR pattern D, the duration of FHR pattern D increased with increasing maternal trait anxiety scores, (rho=0.88; p=0.008), and FHR variability in FHR pattern D increased with maternal state and trait anxiety scores (r=0.86, p=0.01; r=0.96, p=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal anxiety does not seem to affect fetal movements or baseline FHR in late pregnancy, but there is a possible association between maternal anxiety and the duration of FHR pattern D and FHR variability in FHR pattern D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Malmö, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden. karin.sjostrom.malmo@telia.com
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sjöström
authors.forename: Lil
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valentin
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thelin
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marsál
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015148:Cardiotocography; D005260:Female; D005324:Fetal Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011581:Psychological Tests; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal