title: The oral health consequences of chewing areca nut.
abstract: Deleterious effects of areca nut on oral soft tissues are published extensively in the dental literature. Its effects on dental caries and periodontal tissues, two major oral diseases, are less well researched. Areca-induced lichenoid lesions mainly on buccal mucosa or tongue are reported at quid retained sites. In chronic chewers a condition known as betel chewer's mucosa, a discoloured areca nut-encrusted change, is often found where the quid particles are retained. Areca nut chewing is implicated in oral leukoplakia and submucous fibrosis, both of which are potentially malignant in the oral cavity. Oral cancer often arises from such precancerous changes in Asian populations. In 1985 the International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that there is limited evidence to conclude that areca chewing may directly lead to oral cancer. There is, however, new information linking oral cancer to pan chewing without tobacco, suggesting a strong cancer risk associated with this habit. Public health measures to quit areca use are recommended to control disabling conditions such as submucous fibrosis and oral cancer among Asian populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Oral Cancer and Precancer, The Guy's Medical and Dental School of King's College, London, UK.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Trivedy
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Warnakulasuriya
mesh_terms: D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology