title: Clinical estimation of trunk position among mechanically ventilated patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Trunk position at 45 degrees from the horizontal is associated with a decreased risk of gastroesophageal aspiration. The objectives of this study were to determine the accuracy of trunk flexion estimates compared to a reference standard measurement, and to determine agreement about trunk flexion among ICU clinicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two university-affiliated medical-surgical ICUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three mechanically ventilated ICU patients, seven residents, two fellows, three intensivists, and twenty-eight bedside nurses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospectively, concurrently, and independently during rounds, one bedside nurse, one resident, one fellow, and one intensivist clinically estimated the trunk flexion of mechanically ventilated patients. To record the reference standard, a trained investigator measured trunk position in the vertical plane using a goniometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We made 438 clinical assessments on 33 patients aged 57.2+/-19.4 (SD) years with an APACHE II score of 27.3+/-9.4. Mean trunk flexion estimates were: nurses 24.3+/-12.3 degrees from the horizontal, residents 20.2+/-13.7, fellows 20.3+/-10.8, and intensivists 21.1+/-13.1 compared to the reference standard measurement 16.2+/-9.0 degrees. The accuracy of trunk flexion estimates was fair to moderate [intraclass correlation for reference standard versus nurses (ICC 0.42), residents (ICC 0.52), fellows (ICC 0.36), and intensivists (ICC 0.55)]. The agreement among different groups of clinicians was moderate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In mechanically ventilated patients, we found that clinical estimates of trunk position were moderately good, agreement amongst caregivers was moderately good, but that all clinicians tended to overestimate the angle of semirecumbency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McMullin
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Meade
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Letelier
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kahmamoui
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Guyatt
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D015588:Observer Variation; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011187:Posture; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012015:Reference Standards; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*