title: Pain and disability, perceptions and beliefs of a rural Indian population: A WHO-ILAR COPCORD study. WHO-International League of Associations for Rheumatology. Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The WHO-ILAR Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Diseases (COPCORD) primarily aims to estimate the burden of rheumatic-musculoskeletal symptoms/disorders (RMS). We investigated data on pain and disability, perceptions and beliefs in the first rural community based COPCORD study in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 4092 adults were interviewed (response rate 89%) in a population survey (Stage 1) in Bhigwan village in 1996 using modified COPCORD core questionnaires. Twenty-one trained volunteers completed the survey in 5 weeks. Those reporting RMS were identified (Phase 1) to complete a self-evaluation questionnaire (Phase 2) prior to rheumatological evaluation (Phase 3). Phase 2 included questions on perceptions and beliefs regarding pain, effect on life, work and socioeconomic factors, disability, and therapy; only the moderate and severe grades were considered significant. Patients marked their pain sites on a manikin during the presurvey week. A validated modified Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index (HAQDI) in the local language evaluated functional disability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RMS were the predominant ailments reported by 746 adult villagers (18.2%; 95% CI 17.1, 19.2). Moderate pain of > 2 years' duration was reported by almost 60% of RMS patients. Neck (6%), lumbar (11.4%), shoulder (7.4%), elbow (6.5%), wrist (6.4%), hand (6.1%), knee (13.2%), calf (6.6%), and ankle (6.5%) were the common painful sites, predominantly in women; 91%, 89%, and 31% with RMS reported a significant grade of pain, RMS illness, and disturbed sleep, respectively. In the age group 25-54 years, 21% of those with RMS perceived a significant effect on work ability, while less than 20% of those with RMS admitted a similar effect on their personal life (including finances). About 10% with RMS had ceased to work because of RMS. Among RMS subjects 21% scored a significant HAQDI, but many more reported significant difficulty (HAQ) in the individual items of walking, hygiene (squatting), arising (from sitting cross-legged), reaching, and occupational/household chores; this corresponded to the dominant pain sites in low back and lower limbs. Oral tobacco use was reported to be significantly greater (p < 0.001) in the RMS patients. Past trauma was recalled by 23% of patients, and many connected this to their RMS. Modern medicines were consumed by 55% of patients with RMS. Among patients, 86% and 65% expected "pain relief" and "cure," respectively, from their doctor; 23% of patients wanted greater sympathy and attention. However, 21% of patients had never visited a doctor and were only identified by the COPCORD study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study (1) demonstrate that RMS, although a predominant ailment, has a modest effect on daily living in most subjects with RMS; (2) indicate there is inconsistency between the measures of pain and disability (using HAQ) and their effects; (3) describe the beliefs and expectations of the community. Based on the data and community support, the COPCORD has been continued for Stages II and III, especially with a view to health education.
authors.affiliation: Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Pune, India. archopra@pn2.vsnl.net.in
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.forename: Manjit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saluja
authors.forename: Jayshree
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Hanumant S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Tandale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001294:Attitude to Health; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008515:Medicine, Ayurvedic; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D012424:Rural Population; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology