title: Acquired skewing of Lyonization remains stable for a prolonged period in healthy blood donors.
abstract: The pattern of X-chromosome inactivation (XCIP), or Lyonization, can be used to distinguish monoclonal from polyclonal cell populations in females. However, a skewed XCIP exists in hematopoietic cells in approximately 40% of healthy elderly females, interfering with interpretation of clonality assays. In hematopoiesis, an active stem cell pool is assumed to be present within a larger population of inactive stem cells, with a continuous exchange of cells between the two compartments. The assumption that the active stem cell pool size decreases with age may explain the phenomenon of acquired skewing occurring by chance and predicts the XCIP of this population to fluctuate. This fluctuation should be reflected in the XCIP of peripheral granulocytes. We examined the XCIP for fluctuations in time in peripheral granulocytes, monocytes and T cells of young, middle-aged and elderly healthy females. We used an optimized HUMARA PCR assay that eliminates unbalanced DNA amplification. We found no fluctuations in XCIP in any age group in up to 18 months follow-up. We conclude that acquired skewing arises gradually in life without fluctuations in XCIP and that analysis at multiple time points cannot distinguish monoclonal hematopoiesis from normal, skewed hematopoiesis.
authors.affiliation: Central Hematology Laboratory, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Heuver
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stevens-Linders
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: E J B M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mensink
authors.forename: R A P
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Raymakers
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de Witte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D019003:Deoxyribonuclease HpaII / Q000378:metabolism; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D005260:Female; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000166:cytology; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000235:genetics*; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D004247:DNA; D019003:Deoxyribonuclease HpaII