title: Moisture-insensitive adhesives: reactivity with water and bond strength to wet and saliva-contaminated enamel.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the reactivity with water of a moisture-insensitive orthodontic primer (Transbond MIP), in conjunction with a no-mix orthodontic adhesive (Unite), and a moisture-insensitive adhesive (Smartbond), and to assess their bond strength to wet and saliva-contaminated enamel relative to the conventional application of the no-mix adhesive. The reactivity of the moisture-insensitive products with water was investigated by micro-multiple internal reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro-MIR FTIR). Sixty premolars were divided into two groups of 30 teeth each and, on the buccal enamel surfaces, a standardized volume (0.1 ml) of water or fresh whole saliva was applied. Standard edgewise stainless steel brackets were then bonded to enamel surfaces as follows: (a) Unite, (b) Unite with the Transbond MIP, and (c) Smartbond. The brackets were debonded under shear force at a speed of 2 mm/min and the debonded enamel surfaces were subjected to fractographic analysis. The statistical analysis of the bond strength values was performed by two-way ANOVA with condition (water, saliva) and adhesive type serving as discriminating variables (n = 10, alpha = 0.05). The results of the fractographic analysis were evaluated by chi 2 test (alpha = 0.05). FTIR analysis showed that only Smartbond set in the presence of water. Application of water in Transbond MIP increased the extent of carboxyl ionization without inducing any setting reaction. Transbond MIP did not improve bond strength values when combined with the no-mix adhesive. Most adhesive-enamel condition combinations showed a trend to present lower bond strength in the presence of saliva; however, this was not confirmed statistically. Fractography of enamel and bracket base surfaces showed that Unite + Transbond MIP resulted in the most adhesive fractures (leaving no resin on enamel surface), whereas Smartbond presented the highest frequency of cohesive fractures (adhesive left on bracket and enamel surfaces).
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Science Unit, University of Manchester, Turner Dental School, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eliades
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Katsavrias
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eliades
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001641:Bicuspid; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003487:Cyanoacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry; D000431:Ethanol; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D012463:Saliva; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D008689:Methacrylates; D019279:Resin Cements; C449140:Smartbond; C458821:Transbond moisture-insensitive primer; D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C073908:Unite resin