title: Dietary vitamin C and its derivatives affect immune responses in grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon.
abstract: Effects of L-ascorbic acid (AA) and its four derivatives, namely L-ascorbyl-2-sulfate (C2S), L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (C2PP), L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Na (C2MP-Na) and L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Mg (C2MP-Mg) on the immune responses of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, were studied. The vitamin C deprived diet together with diets supplemented with either adequate or high (five times adequate) levels of AA, C2S, C2PP, C2MP-Na and C2MP-Mg were each fed to triplicate groups of shrimp (mean initial weight: 0.37 +/- 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. Significantly (P<0.01) higher weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), survival, total haemocyte count (THC), superoxide anion (O2) production ratio and phenoloxidase (PO) activity were observed in shrimp fed diets supplemented with adequate and high levels of ascorbate than shrimp fed the vitamin C deprived diet, regardless of the ascorbate source. Among the ascorbate sources, shrimp fed C2MP-Mg and C2PP containing diets had higher THC than shrimp fed AA, C2S and C2MP-Na containing diets, regardless of the supplementation level. Shrimp fed adequate levels of C2MP-Mg and C2PP and high levels of C2MP-Mg containing diets had higher O2 production ratios than shrimp fed AA and C2S containing diets. Shrimp fed adequate levels of C2MP-Mg and C2PP and high levels of C2PP containing diets had higher PO activity than shrimp fed AA, C2S and C2MP-Na containing diets. These data suggest that dietary ascorbate enhances immune responses in P. monodon and different ascorbate sources may affect the immune responses differently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Min Hsien
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Shi Yen
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Shiau
mesh_terms: D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006434:Hemocytes; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology*; D013481:Superoxides; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D013481:Superoxides; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D001205:Ascorbic Acid