title: Clonality of combined tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumors with mixed morphologic patterns (combined tumors) are sometimes encountered, and questions often arise regarding the mechanism of molecular pathogenesis of each component and their relationships.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether different components of combined tumors contain the same or different genetic alterations, thus providing evidence for their clonality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six combined tumors with 2 components (in each case, both components showed epithelial differentiation morphologically) were studied by microdissecting tumor cells from each morphologic area followed by loss of heterozygosity analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1 of the cases studied, the different morphologic areas contained different patterns of genetic alterations. In the remaining 5 cases, the different morphologic areas harbored identical genetic changes in the chromosome regions studied. The latter group, interestingly, included a colonic tumor with an area of tubulovillous adenoma and an area of neuroendocrine carcinoma, and 2 lung tumors with squamous carcinoma and small cell carcinoma components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that in the majority of combined tumors, cells with different phenotypes share similar genotype and may arise from a single precursor cell. However, in a minority of these tumors, different areas may be derived from different precursor cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jiaoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.forename: Ignacio I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Wistuba
authors.forename: Adi F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Gazdar
authors.forename: Jaishree
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jagirdar
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018253:Adenoma, Villous / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D000368:Aged; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002999:Clone Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D016158:Genes, p53; D011905:Genes, ras; D006801:Humans; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm