title: The use of stereotactic radiosurgery to treat intractable childhood partial epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although conventional surgery is presently used to treat seizures of temporolimbic and neocortical origin, deep-seated lesions are often associated with morbidity. Stereotactic radiosurgery is a noninvasive procedure that effectively treats patients with vascular malformations and brain tumors, but its efficacy for epileptogenic foci is limited, especially in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1995 and 1999, four candidates who had medically uncontrolled seizures and localized seizure foci were selected for stereotactic radiosurgery, with a mean age of 9.75 years at the time of surgery (range, 4-17 years). Seizure foci were identified on the basis of ictal and interictal video-EEG. Magnetic resonance (MR) images were obtained before and after surgery. Ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed by using stabilized hexamethyl-propyleneamine oxime (HMPAO; 300 microcuries/kg) with early injection after electrographic ictal onset. The clinical features of the patients are given. All radiosurgical procedures were performed with the gamma knife unit with the Leksell stereotactic frame, stereotactic MRI imaging, and the Gamma Plan workstation. Seizure outcome was scored according to Engel's classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients had hypothalamic hamartoma (HH), and two had neocortical epilepsy. At mean follow-up of 39.2 months (range, 26-69 months), two patients were seizure free, one with a HH and one with a suggestive developmental tumor in the insular cortex by MRI findings. The other patient with HH had 90% reduction of seizures. One patient with a widespread seizure focus that involved the motor strip was unimproved. The two patients with HH also exhibited markedly improved neurobehavioral status after surgery. There were no significant complications of radiosurgical therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that gamma knife surgery is a potentially valuable treatment modality for children with medically intractable epilepsy due to a well-localized seizure focus that is difficult to excise by conventional techniques or for whom they are deemed unsuitable. More widespread application in childhood epilepsy should be investigated in larger series.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida 33155, USA.
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dunoyer
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ragheb
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Prasanna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jayakar
authors.forename: Nolan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Altman
authors.forename: Aizik
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duchowny
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006222:Hamartoma / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007027:Hypothalamic Diseases / Q000150:complications; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016634:Radiosurgery; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime