title: Impact of harmonic imaging and transducer frequency on 'ventricular volume' measurements using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: studies in an in vitro model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Harmonic imaging has increased the yield of quantifiable scans in two-dimensional echocardiography. Although real-time three-dimensional echocardiography avoids geometric assumptions in volume analysis, accurate measurement can be limited by image quality. This study compared volumes from a balloon model mimicking the left ventricle, scanned with and without harmonic imaging, using real time three-dimensional echocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two balloons separated by ultrasound gel were suspended in a water bath. To mimic different chamber volumes, 12 volumes of water within the inner balloon (40-180ml) were scanned using a 3.5MHz probe at fundamental frequency and using a 2.5MHz probe with and without harmonic imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scanning at 3.5MHz, the long axis (B) scans did not significantly underestimate the balloon volume but the 'short axis' (C) scans did (mean difference from actual volumes -0.7-1.4ml, P=0.14 - 3.9 +/- 1.2 ml,P < 0.0001 for B and C scans, respectively). Scanning at 2.5MHz both B and C scans significantly underestimated even more the true volume, C scans to a greater extent (mean difference -6.9 +/- 2.4ml and -11.2 +/- 4.0ml for B and C scans respectively,P < 0.0001 in both cases). However with harmonic imaging, transmitting at 1.7MHz and receiving at 2-4MHz, there was no significant difference of either B or C scans from the reference values (mean difference of B scans -1.2 +/- 1.9ml, P=0.06 and C scans -0.6 +/- 2.2ml, P=0.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The enhanced resolution provided by harmonic imaging improves accuracy of volume analysis by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rusk
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mehwald
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sahn
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016014:Linear Models; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*