title: Assessment of chromium tripicolinate supplementation and dietary energy level and source on growth, carcass, and blood criteria in growing pigs.
abstract: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate potential interactive effects of supplemental Cr and dietary energy supply in growing pigs. Experiment 1 used 36 individually penned barrows, 25 to 65 kg, in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of supplemental Cr (0 or 200 ppb) and energy level (70, 80, or 90% of ME requirement). A corn-soybean meal basal diet was designed to supply all protein, mineral, and vitamin needs and 70% of the estimated ME need at 70% of ad libitum feed intake. Additional energy to 80% or 90% of the ME requirement was provided by a cornstarch/corn oil blend. In Exp. 2, 30 individually penned barrows, 23 to 68 kg, were used in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of supplemental Cr (0 or 200 ppb) and added energy source (none, cornstarch, corn oil, or choice white grease) with basal diets identical to Exp. 1. The various energy sources were added to 90% of the ME requirement. In both experiments, growth data were collected over a 50-d period and pigs were killed at 70.1 kg. Increasing energy levels increased (linear, P < 0.01) ADG, average backfat thickness, 10th rib backfat thickness, and cooler shrink and decreased (linear, P < 0.01) longissimus muscle area in Exp. 1. Carcass composition increased (linear, P < 0.01) in lipid and decreased in protein, water, and protein:lipid ratio in response to increasing ME levels. Similar results were observed in Exp. 2 in response to added energy, regardless of the energy source used. In response to ME, linear increases (P < 0.05) in plasma insulin concentration before feeding and after feeding were observed in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, plasma insulin concentration was lower for the basal diet before feeding (P < 0.05) and higher for the starch diet after feeding (P < 0.01); insulin:glucose ratio increased (P < 0.01) after feeding for starch compared to oil and fat. No consistent effect of Cr or Cr x ME level on performance or carcass was observed (P > 0.10) in these experiments. Similarly, no Cr effect or Cr x ME interaction (P > 0.10) was observed in plasma glucose or insulin levels. Dietary energy levels markedly affected growth criteria in growing pigs (23 to 68 kg) in these experiments, as anticipated, but supplemental Cr was without effect on performance or carcass responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546, USA.
authors.forename: C P A
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van de Ligt
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lindemann
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Cromwell
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight; D002857:Chromium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D010848:Picolinic Acids; D002857:Chromium; C079689:chromium tripicolinate