title: Barrier precautions in trauma: is knowledge enough?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The risk of blood and body fluid exposure and, therefore, risk of blood-borne disease transmission is increased during trauma resuscitations. Use of barrier precautions (BPs) to protect health care workers (HCWs) from exposure and infection has been codified in hospital rules and in national trauma education policy. Despite these requirements, reported rates of BP compliance vary widely. The reasons for noncompliance are not known. This study assesses self-reported rates of BP usage during resuscitations among trauma professionals, explores reasons for noncompliance, and compares self-reported compliance rates with actual observed compliance rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey regarding BPs was distributed to all HCWs involved in trauma resuscitations at our Level I trauma center. All surgical and emergency medicine residents as well as attending faculty from both disciplines and nursing staff were included in this study. A total of 161 surveys were distributed and 123 were returned.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most HCWs (114 of 123 [93%]) reported at least one exposure (usually intact skin contact) to blood or other body fluids. A considerable variation in the type of BP used was reported for those HCWs who reported use of BPs "all of the time." Of the HCWs who reported universal use of BPs, reported usage rates were as follows: gloves, 105 of 123 (85%); eyewear (no side protectors), 58 of 123 (47%); eyewear (side protectors), 20 of 123 (16%); gowns, 22 of 123 (18%); and masks, 5 of 123 (4%). The two most common reasons for noncompliance were "time factors" (61%) and "BPs are too cumbersome" (29%). Observed compliance rates were statistically significantly lower than self-reported rates in all BPs except gloves (p < 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The wide variation in BP use and the gap between perceived and actual usage that we have observed suggest that the effectiveness of current educational approaches to ensure BP use is inadequate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Atul K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Madan
authors.forename: Aml
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raafat
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rentz
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wahle
authors.forename: Lewis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Flint
mesh_terms: D017848:Blood-Borne Pathogens; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D017758:Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016635:Universal Precautions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000628:therapy*