title: Blood glucose pre-prandial baseline decreases from morning to evening in type 2 diabetes: role of fasting blood glucose and influence on post-prandial excursions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To know the relationships between pre- and postprandial blood glucose (BG), i.e. BG profile shape, is a requisite for an appropriate therapy for type 2 diabetic patients. In non diabetic subjects, pre-breakfast, pre-lunch and pre-dinner BG are similar, so that BG postprandial excursions are superimposed on a stable BG preprandial baseline. We aimed to clarify: (a) whether BG preprandial baseline is stable also in type 2 diabetes and (b) whether fasting BG (FBG) influences the slope of BG preprandial baseline and the relationships between pre- and postprandial BG.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated self-measured BG profiles of 237 type 2 diabetic patients on diet alone (M/F, 152/85; age 58.6 +/- 0.7 years; years from diagnosis 4.8 +/- 0.6; BMI 28.0 +/- 0.3 kg m-2): 536 profiles containing preprandial BG (corresponding HbA1c 6.8 +/- 0.06%) and 208 profiles containing both pre- and postprandial BG (corresponding HbA1c 6.8 +/- 0.09%). The profiles, measured by nurses, of 866 type 2 diabetic patients on diet alone were also considered (corresponding HbA1c 6.7 +/- 0.04%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In self-measured profiles containing only preprandial BG: (i) FBG (6.77 +/- 0.07 mmol L(-1)) is higher than pre-lunch BG (6.09 +/- 0.07 mmol L(-1)), P = 0.0001) and pre-dinner BG (5.84 +/- 0.06 mmol L(-1)), P =0.0001); (ii) the delta value between FBG and pre-dinner BG is correlated with FBG (r = 0.57, P = 0.0001), the highest FBG, the steepest the fall of BG preprandial baseline throughout the day. This trend is confirmed in profiles measured by nurses. In profiles containing both pre- and postprandial BG: (i) there is a trend to preprandial BG fall (P = 0.0001) and to postprandial BG increase (P = 0.0001) from morning to evening; (ii) postprandial excursions are influenced and sometimes masked by the slope of BG preprandial baseline, thus, in profiles with FBG < or = 6.7 mmol L(-1), all postprandial values are higher than FBG (P = 0.0001), whereas in profiles with FBG > 7.8 mmol L(-1), postprandial values are not significantly higher than FBG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In type 2 diabetes, the shape of BG profiles changes in relation to FBG, because it deeply influences the slope of BG preprandial baseline on which postprandial excursions are superimposed. Thus, before planning treatment policies, not only the extent of fasting and postprandial hyperglycaemia, but also the shape of profiles should be considered, to safely correct hyperglycaemia without inducing hypoglycaemia.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy. mariella.trovati@unito.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trovati
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ponziani
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Massucco
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anfossi
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mularoni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burzacca
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tassone
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perna
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Traversa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavalot
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000592:standards; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D019518:Postprandial Period; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose