title: Role of race in the pharmacotherapy of heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature assessing the differences in response to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-blockers in black patients compared with the response in non-black patients in the management of systolic heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search (January 1966-May 2001) was performed using heart failure, blacks, Negroid race, adrenergic beta-antagonists, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors as key words. English-language articles were identified. Additional pertinent articles were identified from review of the references of these articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  All identified references were reviewed. All articles deemed relevant to the subject of this article were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It has been suggested that the antihypertensive effect of ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers may be less in black patients than in other racial groups. Retrospective reanalyses of major heart failure trials have suggested that black patients may not realize a significant benefit in morbidity or mortality when heart failure is managed with ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers. It has also been suggested that black patients may respond more favorably than non-black patients to the combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Published reanalyses of ACE inhibitor and beta-blocker trials in heart failure provide weak data to support a lack of benefit in black patients. The published literature on this topic is limited by its retrospective nature. Firm conclusions regarding the influence of race on effectiveness of ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers cannot be made until prospective trials, with planned analysis of the effect of race, have been performed.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA. james.kalus@excite.com
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kalus
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nappi
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044383:Black People; D004358:Drug Therapy; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors