title: Epidemiologic features of infantile spasms in Slovenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the epidemiologic features of infantile spasms (ISs) in Slovenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of all children with ISs in Slovenia in the period from 1985 to 1995, based on community pediatrician referrals to four hospitals, including all pediatric EEG laboratories, were retrospectively studied. The outcome was assessed by a follow-up study in 1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-seven children with ISs were identified over an 11-year interval. The cumulative incidence was 2.06 per 10,000 live births. Among 29 (61.7%) children with symptomatic etiology, 14 cases had prenatal etiology [tuberous sclerosis (TS), seven; vascular insult, three; cerebral malformations, three; Down syndrome, one child], 14 perinatal and one postnatal cause: anoxic brain damage after cardiac surgery. Cryptogenic and idiopathic etiology were diagnosed in 13 (27.6%) and five (10.6%) of 47 cases, respectively. The age of onset of ISs ranged from 2 to 10 months. As initial treatment, steroids were used in 19 children (remission in 10); vigabatrin in seven (remission in four), and other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in 20 children (remission in six). According to the follow-up study, 18 (38.3%) children were seizure free, and 14 of them had normal mental development. Among 29 mentally retarded children (14 severely), 26 belonged to the symptomatic group. Four children died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of ISs in Slovenia is similar to that in some parts of the United States, but lower than that in Finland or Sweden. The outcome depends mainly on etiology. Additional neuroimaging studies are needed for evaluation of cryptogenic cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia. zvonka.rener@mf.uni-lj.si
authors.forename: Zvonka Rener
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Primec
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kopac
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neubauer
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017668:Age of Onset; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017524:Slovenia; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020888:Vigabatrin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D020888:Vigabatrin; D006854:Hydrocortisone