title: Newborn hearing screening: costs of establishing a program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the costs and performance characteristics associated with the start-up phase of Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Programs, one utilizing automated auditory brainstem response (AABR) and the other using transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Economic and performance data were collected at the initiation of both screening programs. Data were collected until 1500 newborn infants were screened or until a referral rate for further audiologic evaluation at hospital discharge of less than or equal to 5% was achieved. Data collected included screening pass/fail rates, referral rates and personnel, equipment, and supply utilization. Actual costs of personnel, equipment, and supplies were used. Statistical comparisons of proportions using z-statistic with the one-tailed test and an alpha of 0.01 were made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Screening in the AABR program was performed by neonatal nurses, whereas screening in the TEOAE program was performed by master's level audiologists. The average age at initial screen was 29 hours for TEOAE, and 9.5 hours for AABR. Eighty-four percent of infants was screened within 24 hours in the AABR program, in contrast to 35% in the TEOAE program. Throughout the duration of the study, the referral rate at hospital discharge remained approximately 15% for the TEOAE program. The AABR referral rate began at 8% and was less than 4% at the completion of the study. Pre-discharge total costs for initiating and establishing the programs were US$49,316 for TEOAE and US$47,553 for AABR. Cost per infant screened was US$32.23 and US$33.68, respectively. When post-discharge screening and diagnostic evaluation costs were included, the total cost per infant screened was US$58.07 for TEOAE and US$45.85 for AABR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AABR appears to be the preferred method for universal newborn hearing screening. AABR was associated with the lowest costs, achieved the lowest referral rates at hospital discharge, and had the quickest learning curve to achieve those rates.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5119, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lemons
authors.forename: Avroy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fanaroff
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Judith D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bentkover
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diefendorf
mesh_terms: D001299:Audiometry / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States