title: Meals and energy intake among elderly women--an analysis of qualitative and quantitative dietary assessment methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to analyse whether a qualitative method, in relation to traditional dietary assessment methods, was adequate to establish sufficient energy intake and energy content in separate meals in a population of elderly women.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirty-five elderly women, aged 63-88 years, living at home from three communities in mid-eastern Sweden participated in the present study. The quantitative methods used were a combination of repeated 24-h recall and a 3-day estimated food diary. The qualitative method used was the Food-Based Classification of Eating episodes model (FBCE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean intake of energy estimated by the 5-day registration was 6.8 +/- 1.9 MJ. The total number of eating events was 5.22 +/- 1.04 per day. On a group level, FBCE was useful to describe the diet among a group of elderly women; however, on an individual level, some complete meals were low or very low in energy, due to small portion sizes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main conclusion was that a qualitative method, such as FBCE, must be supplemented with a dietary assessment method giving the energy intake to ensure that it is sufficient, especially when studying groups at risk for malnutrition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Domestic Sciences, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 21, SE-75237 Uppsala, Sweden. jenny.andersson@ihv.uu.se
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fjellström
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sidenvall
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nydahl
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015930:Diet Records; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D013548:Sweden