title: A ligand for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in human liver cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Induction of apoptosis of cancer cells through ligands of nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) is a new approach in cancer therapy. Recently, one of the NHRs, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), has been shown to influence cell growth in certain cancer cells although its effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been analysed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were conducted using three human liver cancer cell lines, PLC/PRF/5, Hep G2 and HuH-7, in vitro. These cells were exposed to troglitazone, a synthetic ligand for PPARgamma, and the effects on cell growth were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of PPARgamma mRNA was detected in all three liver cancer cell lines. Activation of PPARgamma by troglitazone caused a marked growth inhibition in a dose dependent manner in three hepatoma cell lines. The DNA fragmentation ELISA assay and Hoechst 33258 staining revealed that the growth inhibitory effect by adding troglitazone was due to apoptosis of PLC/PRF/5, which strongly expressed PPARgamma. Troglitazone also induced activation of the cell death protease, caspase 3, but not caspase 8, in PLC/PRF/5 cells. However, expression levels of antiapoptotic factor bcl-2 and apoptosis inducing factor bax were not affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that PPARgamma was expressed in human liver cancer cells and that the ligand for PPARgamma, troglitazone, inhibited the growth of these cells by inducing apoptosis through caspase 3 activation, indicating that troglitazone could be potentially useful as an apoptosis inducer for the treatment of HCC.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Horiguchi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kakizaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077288:Troglitazone; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002839:Chromans; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D020169:Caspases; D000077288:Troglitazone