title: Low parental monitoring predicts subsequent pregnancy among African-American adolescent females.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accumulating evidence suggests that parental monitoring is associated with adolescents' sexual risk behaviors. However, evidence associating low parental monitoring with greater odds of becoming pregnant has not been reported. The objective of this study was to prospectively assess the relationship of low perceived parental monitoring with incidence of biologically confirmed pregnancy among a sample of low-income African-American adolescent females.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  African-American females 14-18 years of age were recruited from schools and health clinics in low-income neighborhoods. Adolescents completed an in-depth survey and interview at baseline and 6 months later. The study achieved an 85.7% baseline participation rate (n = 522) and 92% (n = 482) returned at follow-up. Only adolescents who initially tested negative for pregnancy were included in the analysis (n = 410). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence of biologically assessed pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In controlled analyses, among adolescents testing negative for pregnancy at baseline, those who reported less parental monitoring were 2.5 times more likely to become pregnant in the 6-month follow-up period (AOR = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.1-5.9, P <.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low parental monitoring was prospectively associated with incidence of biologically confirmed pregnancy among minority adolescent females. This finding adds to a growing body of empirical literature that supports the value of parental monitoring as a protective factor in adolescents' lives. Interventions designed to increase parental monitoring or adolescent females' perceptions of their parents' monitoring may be effective components of pregnancy prevention programs designed for minority youth.
authors.affiliation: Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. rcrosby@sph.emory.edu
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Crosby
authors.forename: Ralph J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: DiClemente
authors.forename: Gina M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Wingood
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: Suzy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Edward W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Hook
authors.forename: M Kim
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology