title: Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is usually based on trials where patients are randomized individually into two different, parallel, treatment groups. This paper concentrates on RCTs of a different design-two-period, two-treatment cross-over trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  The characteristics of these trials are outlined, with detailed examples of methods for analysis for both continuous and binary data. These case studies are then extended into the context of a meta-analysis. The Cochrane Library was surveyed to assess current practice for synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methods are described for continuous and binary data for use both when the necessary paired data are given and also when they need to be calculated or imputed, and some suggestions are provided to help people wishing to synthesize data from cross-over trials into meta-analyses. The survey suggested that about 8% of the trials in the Cochrane library were cross-over trials and 18% of the reviews referred to such trials, although there was no consistent approach to their inclusion into the reviews.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methods do exist for including valuable information from two-period, two-treatment cross-over trials into quantitative reviews. However, poor reporting of cross-over trials will often impede attempts to perform a meta-analysis using the available methods.
authors.affiliation: Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. diana.elbourne@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Diana R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Elbourne
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Altman
authors.forename: Julian P T
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Curtin
authors.forename: Helen V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Worthington
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vail
mesh_terms: D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012196:Review Literature as Topic