Immunotherapy of human papillomavirus-associated malignancies and the challenges posed by T-cell tolerance.
Human papillomaviruses are associated with a broad range of carcinomas, including cervical cancer. Although the delivery of immunogenic tumor-associated antigens represents a promising approach in the treatment of these malignancies, the imposition of T cell tolerance poses a significant challenge in this endeavor. The purpose of this review is to discuss T cell tolerance and the role of T cell costimulation in the immunotherapy of HPV-associated malignancies.
Wilcox
Ryan A
RA
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Chen
Lieping
L
D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000637:transplantation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D027383:Papillomaviridae; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D017475:Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D053261:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology
D015703:Antigens, CD; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D017475:Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; C505714:TNFRSF9 protein, human; C505715:Tnfrsf9 protein, mouse; D053261:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9