title: Neoinfundibulotomy for the management of symptomatic caliceal diverticula.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Direct percutaneous access provides effective treatment for complex caliceal diverticula. Yet, access into the diverticulum alone is usually tenuous and passage of a guide wire across a stenotic infundibulum is often impossible. An alternative technique is described which creates a "neoinfundibulum" to assist in the management of symptomatic caliceal diverticula.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 6-year period 22 patients with symptomatic caliceal diverticula were treated via a percutaneous approach, of whom 21 had calculi within the diverticula. After accessing the diverticulum directly, it was impossible to pass a guide wire through the stenotic infundibulum in 18 (82%) patients, prompting advancement of the access needle through the diverticular wall into the renal pelvis. Once secure access was established, balloon dilation was performed to 30Fr to create the "neoinfundibulum." Percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy was performed in the usual fashion. A 22Fr Councill catheter was placed to keep the infundibular tract open for 5 to 7 days to allow complete epithelialization and drainage. Stone-free, symptom-free and complication rates were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain, recurrent urinary tract infections and hematuria were the presenting complaints in the subgroup of patients undergoing "neoinfundibulotomy." Average stone burden was 11.7 x 12 mm. and average hospital stay was 2.8 days. Of the patients 94% were symptom-free at 6-week followup, and 80% were stone-free on followup excretory urography. The remaining patients had residual stone fragments less than 3 mm. in diameter. Complications related to access were identified in 2 patients who sustained a pneumothorax after a supra-11th rib access, which was successfully managed with tube thoracostomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous management of complex caliceal diverticula provides a safe and effective option for symptomatic patients. When the stenotic infundibulum cannot be traversed with a guide wire, creation of a new infundibulum offers a secure alternative for accessing the collecting system, while providing equally effective results.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Kidney Stone Center, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Auge
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Munver
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kourambas
authors.forename: Glenn E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Ning Z
authors.initials: NZ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Glenn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Preminger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004240:Diverticulum / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007670:Kidney Calices; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous