title: Inducer-specific enhanceosome formation controls tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression in T lymphocytes.
abstract: We present evidence that the inducer-specific regulation of the human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene in T cells involves the assembly of distinct higher-order transcription enhancer complexes (enhanceosomes), which is dependent upon inducer-specific helical phasing relationships between transcription factor binding sites. While ATF-2, c-Jun, and the coactivator proteins CBP/p300 play a central role in TNF-alpha gene activation stimulated by virus infection or intracellular calcium flux, different sets of activators including NFATp, Sp1, and Ets/Elk are recruited to a shared set of transcription factor binding sites depending upon the particular stimulus. Thus, these studies demonstrate that the inducer-specific assembly of unique enhanceosomes is a general mechanism by which a single gene is controlled in response to different extracellular stimuli.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Blood Research and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Alla V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Tsytsykova
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Goldfeld
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004247:DNA