title: The epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E gene is a potential risk factor for the severity of macular edema in type 2 diabetic Mexican patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between APOE polymorphism and the severity of retinal hard exudates in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 36 patients with diabetic retinopathy and 22 unrelated and apparently healthy age-matched individuals. Blood samples for DNA genotyping and lipid profile were taken. Genotyping of polymorphic APOE alleles was done after polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic DNA, digestion with HhaI, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Stereoscopic 35 degrees color fundus photographs were taken of seven standard fields. Diabetic retinopathy, macular edema and hard exudates were graded according to a standardized procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the lipid profile was higher but not statistically significant (p > 0.05) in e4 allele carriers, with the exception of total lipids (p > 0.05). The frequency of severe retinal hard exudates was higher in those epsilon4 allele carriers (p < 0.05). The higher frequency of visual impairment (VA < 0.5 Log MAR) in epsilon4 carriers showed a tendency towards statistical significance (p = 0.057).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the epsilon4 allele of the ApoE gene is a potential risk factor for the severity of retinal hard exudates and visual loss in type 2 diabetic Mexican patients with diabetic retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Oftalmología y Ciencias Visuales, Mexico. asantos@retina.com.mx
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Mario L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Salguero
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gurrola
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roig-Melo
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panduro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D008055:Lipids; D004247:DNA