title: Exposure to genotoxins present in ambient air in Bangkok, Thailand--particle associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and biomarkers.
abstract: Exposure to genotoxic compounds in ambient air has been studied in Bangkok, Thailand, by analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with particles and using different biomarkers of exposure. Eighty-nine male, non-smoking Royal Thai police officers were investigated. The police officers were divided into a high exposure group (traffic police) and low exposure (office duty). Particulate matter was collected using personal pumps (2 l/min) and the eight carcinogenic PAHs were analysed by standard procedures. The traffic police was exposed to a 20-fold higher level of total PAHs than office police (74.25 ng/m3 vs. 3.11; P= 0.001). A two-fold variation was observed between the different police stations. The major PAHs in all groups was benzo[g,h,l]pyrelene. Large inter-individual differences in biomarker levels were observed, but the level of all markers was statistically significantly higher in the traffic police group than in the office group. The level of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP) was 0.181+/-0.078 (range 0.071-0.393) micromol/mol creatinine in the traffic group and 0.173+/-0.151 (P = 0.044) in the office group. The bulky carcinogen DNA-adduct level, determined by P32-post-labelling, was 1.6+/-0.9 (range 0.4-4.3) adducts/10(8) nucleotides in the traffic group and 1.2+/-1.0 (0.2-4.9) in the office group (P = 0.029; Mann-Whitney U-test). The serum PAH-albumin adduct level was 1.76 (0.51-3.07) fmol adducts/microg albumin in the traffic group and 1.35+/-0.77 (0.11-3.45; P = 0.001) in the office group. Lower biomarker levels were observed during the period when the traffic police officers were wearing a simple facemask, indicating that these masks protect against particle-associated PAHs. No statistically significant correlations were observed between biomarker levels and the level of individual PAHs or total PAH. Our data show, that people in Bangkok, who spend most of the day outside air-conditioned offices, are exposed to high levels of genotoxic PAHs. However, for people who spend their working day in offices, the exposure is similar to people living in other metropolitan areas.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand. mathuros@tubtim.cri.or.th
authors.forename: Mathuros
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruchirawa
authors.forename: Chulabhorn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mahidol
authors.forename: Chanthana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tangjarukij
authors.forename: Sittisak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pui-ock
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Ormrat
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kampeerawipakorn
authors.forename: Jantamas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuntaviroon
authors.forename: Auratai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aramphongphan
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Autrup
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities; D018736:DNA Adducts; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009153:Mutagens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D009790:Occupations; D010316:Particle Size; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000032:analysis; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices; D013785:Thailand; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D018736:DNA Adducts; D009153:Mutagens; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene