title: [Inhaled insulin: clinical results in type 2 diabetic patients].
abstract: French type 2 diabetic patients are underinsulinised mainly because of fear of injections. Among all alternatives to the subcutaneous route, only the lung has a sufficient bioavailability of 10% without addition of promoters. This is made possible by the large surface and thinness of the alveolo-capillary barrier, and only if insulin particles have an ideal size (2-3 microns). The Pfizer-Aventis-Inhale project utilises powder aerosolisation, whether the Novo-Aradigm project utilises liquid nebulization. In the former project, phase 1 studies have shown plasma kinetics similar to subcutaneous lispro, and intrasubject reproducibility non significantly different from rapid and lispro insulins. Phase 2 studies, performed on more than 200 insulin-treated and non insulin-treated subjects have shown an efficacy similar to subcutaneous insulin, with no difference in terms of side-effects (hypoglycaemia, weight gain) and a satisfactory 1-year local tolerance, as evaluated by functional tests. Phase 3 studies, performed on 1400 subjects have just been completed and are not published yet. Though results are promising, some important questions remain to be clarified: long term tolerance, miniaturisation of the inhaler, overcost, and long-term acceptability, especially in type 2 patients. It already appears that the major potential indications may be "functional" (flexible) insulin therapy of type 1 diabetes and early insulinisation of type 2 patients with oral drugs failure.
authors.affiliation: Service de Diabétologie, Hôtel-Dieu, 1, place du parvis Notre-Dame, Paris 75004. Jean-Louis.Selam@wanadoo.fr
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Selam
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin