title: Low daily 10-mg and 20-mg doses of fluvoxamine inhibit the metabolism of both caffeine (cytochrome P4501A2) and omeprazole (cytochrome P4502C19).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fluvoxamine is metabolized by the polymorphic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and the smoking-inducible CYP1A2. Therapeutic doses of fluvoxamine inhibit both CYP1A2 and CYP2C19. In this study we used extensive metabolizers (EMs) and poor metabolizers (PMs) of debrisoquin (INN, debrisoquine) (CYP2D6) and two probes, caffeine (CYP1A2) and omeprazole (CYP2C19), to investigate whether nontherapeutic doses of fluvoxamine inhibit CYP1A2 but possibly not CYP2C19.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single oral doses of 100 mg caffeine and 20 mg omeprazole were given separately to 5 EMs and 5 PMs of debrisoquin to assess the activity of CYP1A2 and CYP2C19, respectively. Initially, a single oral dose of fluvoxamine (25 mg to PMs and 50 mg to EMs) was given, followed by 1 week of daily administration of 25 mg x 2 to EMs and 25 mg x 1 to PMs. Caffeine (day 6) and omeprazole (day 7) were again administered at the steady state of fluvoxamine. Later the study protocol was repeated with a lower dose of fluvoxamine, 10 mg x 2 to EMs and 10 mg x 1 to PMs for 1 week. Concentrations of fluvoxamine, caffeine, omeprazole, and their metabolites were analyzed by HPLC methods in plasma and urine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The kinetics of fluvoxamine were not significantly different in EMs and PMs after a single oral dose of the drug. At the higher but not the lower steady-state dose of fluvoxamine, a significantly lower clearance in PMs compared with EMs was observed (geometric mean, 0.86 versus 1.4 L/h per kilogram; P <.05). At steady state, the 25 mg x 1 or x 2 fluvoxamine dose caused a pronounced inhibition of about 75% to 80% for both CYP1A2 and CYP2C19, whereas the inhibition after the lower 10 mg x 1 or x 2 dose was about 40% to 50%. The area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve from 0 to 24 hours [AUC(0-24)] of caffeine increased 5-fold (P <.001) after the higher dose of fluvoxamine and 2-fold (P <.05) after the lower dose. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 8 hours [AUC(0-8)] ratio of 5-hydroxyomeprazole/omeprazole decreased 3.4-fold (P <.001) and 2.4-fold (P <.001), respectively. One EM subject had a very low oral clearance of fluvoxamine after both single and multiple dosing of the drug. This subject might have a deficient transporter protein in the gut, leading to an increased absorption of fluvoxamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No convincing evidence was found that CYP2D6 is an important enzyme for the disposition of fluvoxamine. Other factors seem to be more important. A nontherapeutic oral daily dose of fluvoxamine is sufficient to provide a marked inhibition of both caffeine (CYP1A2) and omeprazole (CYP2C19) metabolism. It was not possible to separate the inhibitory effects of fluvoxamine on these enzymes, even after such a low daily dose such as 10 mg x 1 or x 2 of fluvoxamine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Technology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology at Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. magnus.christensen@labtek.ki.se
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Gunnel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tybring
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mihara
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yasui-Furokori
authors.forename: Juan Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Carrillo
authors.forename: Sara I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Marja-Liisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertilsson
mesh_terms: D018663:Adrenergic Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002110:Caffeine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D065609:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors; D003647:Debrisoquin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D016666:Fluvoxamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018663:Adrenergic Agents; D002110:Caffeine; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D065609:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors; D003647:Debrisoquin; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016666:Fluvoxamine; D009853:Omeprazole; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors