title: Differential residual effects of zaleplon and zopiclone on actual driving: a comparison with a low dose of alcohol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare residual effects of zaleplon 10 mg, zopiclone 7.5 mg, and placebo, and a social dose of alcohol on car driving, memory, and psychomotor performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-part placebo controlled, crossover study. Part 1 was single blind, Part 2 double blind.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research institute.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty healthy volunteers (15 men and 15 women, mean age 32 +/- 7 years)
  
  
  METHODS
  In Part 1 alcohol and alcohol-placebo drinks were administered around noon. In Part 2 single oral doses of zaleplon 10 mg, zopiclone 7.5 mg and placebo were administered at bedtime.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A highway driving test, laboratory tests of word learning, critical tracking and divided attention, and subjective assessments of sleep, mood, and effects of treatments on driving. Driving started 40 minutes after a second alcohol dose in Part 1, and 10 hours after drug intake in Part 2. The results demonstrated that alcohol, at average plasma concentrations of approximately 0.030 g/dl, significantly impaired performance in all tests. Zaleplon's residual effects did not differ significantly from those of placebo in any test. In contrast, zopiclone had significant residual effects on driving, divided attention, and memory. The magnitude of impairment in the driving test observed the morning after zopiclone 7.5 mg was twice that observed with alcohol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zaleplon 10 mg has no residual effects on driving when taken at bedtime, 10 hours before driving. In contrast, zopiclone 7.5 mg can cause marked residual impairment. Patients should be advised to avoid driving the morning after zopiclone administration.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Psychopharmacology Unit, Brain and Behaviour Institute, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. a.vermeeren@psychology.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Annemiek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vermeeren
authors.forename: Wim J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Riedel
authors.forename: Martin P J
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: van Boxtel
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Darwish
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Paty
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patat
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D010879:Piperazines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010879:Piperazines; D011743:Pyrimidines; C515050:zopiclone; D000431:Ethanol; C085665:zaleplon