title: The urge to smoke depends on the expectation of smoking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An earlier study (Dols et al. 2000) suggested that cue-induced urge to smoke depends on the expectation of smoking. The present study tried to replicate the findings under stringently controlled conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2 (context) x 2 (cues) x 6 (trial) within-subject design. Each smoker entered two different contexts; one context predicted the future occurrence of smoking (i.e. one puff of a cigarette) and one context predicted the non-occurrence of smoking. In each context smokers were exposed to smoking cues (i.e. cigarettes and lighter) or not.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory at Maastricht University.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two daily smokers, smoking at least five cigarettes a day for at least 2 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants reported their urge to smoke in each context in the presence and absence of smoking cues using a computerized visual analogue scale (VAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed that the urge to smoke was higher in a context in which smoking was expected relative to a context in which it was not expected. As in the previous study the urge-inducing effect of smoking cues was larger in the smoking context than in the non-smoking context. Moreover, smoking cues did not have a significant effect in the non-smoking context.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was shown that smoking cues elicit craving due mainly to a generated expectation of the occurrence of smoking and less due to salience or long history of associative learning. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Clinical and Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. M.Dols@dep.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dols
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van den Hout
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kindt
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Willems
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D013404:Suggestion