title: Accumulation of ammonia in the body and NH(3) volatilization from alkaline regions of the body surface during ammonia loading and exposure to air in the weather loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus.
abstract: The weather loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus inhabits rice fields that experience drought in summer and ammonia loading during agricultural fertilisation. Exposure of specimens to ammonia led to the accumulation of ammonia in muscle, liver and blood. The level of ammonia reached in the plasma was the highest reported among fishes. Ammonia was not detoxified to urea, and urea excretion rate was unaffected by ammonia exposure. Fish acidified the water to reduce ammonia loading. Ammonia loading, unlike aerial exposure, did not induce glutamine synthesis, and there was no accumulation of glutamine. This is a unique observation different from those reported for other fishes in the literature. An initial switch to partial amino acid catabolism led to the accumulation of alanine and was probably associated with a decreased rate of ammonia production. Aerial exposure led to decreases in rates of ammonia and urea excretion, as well as the accumulation of tissue ammonia. As the internal ammonia levels increased, M. anguillicaudatus was able to excrete some ammonia in the gaseous form (NH(3)). The percentage of ammonia excreted as NH(3) increased with time of exposure and with increasing temperature. It appears that air-breathing through the gut is involved, with the anterior portion of the digestive tract playing a central role: it became significantly more alkaline in fish exposed to air or to environmental ammonia. The skin, which also became more alkaline during air exposure, may also be involved in ammonia volatilization in air-exposed fish. This represents the first report of a fish using volatilization of NH(3) as part of a defence against ammonia toxicity. It can be concluded that the main strategy adopted by M. anguillicaudatus confronted with ammonia loading or air exposure is to tolerate high ammonia levels in the tissues. During periods of elevated tissue ammonia levels, some ammonia is lost by volatilization via air-breathing using the gut. In addition, some ammonia may be lost across the skin during air exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: T K N
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Ip
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D003531:Cypriniformes / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000641:Ammonia; D014508:Urea; D010100:Oxygen