title: Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain with or without fibromyalgia: psychological distress in a representative community adult sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the severity of depression, anxiety, and other symptoms of psychological distress in a representative general population sample of fibromyalgia (FM) cases (FC) compared to pain controls (PC), and to identify strong correlates of depression and anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the severity of depression, anxiety, and other symptoms of psychological distress between 2 representative community samples: (1) 74 confirmed FC, and (2) 48 adults with chronic widespread pain (PC) who did not meet the 1990 ACR criteria for FM. Psychological distress was measured using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and other measures of psychological distress from the literature. Using cutoff scores for CES-D and trait anxiety, we compared demographic and clinical characteristics in those above and below each cutoff score. Simple linear regression was performed to identify factors strongly and independently correlated with depression and trait anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to PC, FC were more symptomatic on virtually all measures of psychological distress. Similarly, individuals who scored above cutoff scores for depression and anxiety had more physical symptoms and had poorer function than those below. Depression and trait anxiety were highly correlated (r = 0.86). In a simple regression model, the best predictors for both depression and trait anxiety were the total number of symptoms and a physical disability score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression and anxiety are common and frequently severe even among community cases of FM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. kevin.white@lhsc.on.ca
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Warren R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Nielson
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harth
authors.forename: Truls
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ostbye
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Speechley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011594:Psychometrics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*