title: Diagnosis and treatment of traumatic carotid cavernous fistula.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the diagnosis and management of traumatic carotid cavernous fistula (TCCF).
  
  
  METHODS
  In all 15 patients with TCCF confirmed by angiography, 8 patients got early diagnosis and cure. With Seldinger technique adopted in the puncture of femoral artery, Magic 3 F-1.8 F BD catheters combining with balloon were used to embolize the fistula or the internal carotid artery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early diagnosis and cure were achieved in 8 patients within one week and no sequelae occurred. Seven patients with delayed diagnosis who were cured beyond one week had some sequelae such as hypopsia in 5 cases, incomplete oculomotor paralyses in 3 and incomplete abducent paralyses in 2. Among all the 15 cases, the internal carotid artery was preserved in 12 cases accounting for 80%. Occluding the fistula with sacrifice of the internal carotid artery was performed in 3 cases and no repatency of the fistula occurred by following up beyond three months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preferred therapy for TCCF is to occlude the fistula using detachable balloon. The diagnosis and treatment for TCCF can significantly reduce occurrence rate of the complications and sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 40042, China.
authors.forename: Donghong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Qiyuan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Yongwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Minhui
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000293:injuries; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000379:methods; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome