title: Management of spasticity, pain, and paroxysmal phenomena in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease with tremendous variability and innumerable symptoms. Among the more common symptoms is spasticity. Despite a lack of full knowledge of the physiology causing this phenomenon, successful treatments have been developed. Many of these have had a recent introduction. Pain and paroxysmal phenomena are surprisingly common in MS, but have not had the recognition their frequency deserves. It is not unusual to hear that they are rare in MS, but surprisingly they are all too common. Their management is changing as newer treatments are developed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Fairview Multiple Sclerosis Center and University of Minnesota, 701 25th Ave. South, #200, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA. Schap003@umn.edu
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Schapiro
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000588:Amines; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D001418:Baclofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002422:Causalgia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D003000:Clonidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D003620:Dantrolene / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004421:Dystonia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077206:Gabapentin; D006801:Humans; D008465:Mechanoreceptors / Q000502:physiology; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects; D018080:Receptors, GABA-B / Q000187:drug effects; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D014277:Trigeminal Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000588:Amines; D002186:Cannabinoids; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D018755:GABA Agonists; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D018080:Receptors, GABA-B; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; C023754:tizanidine; D000077206:Gabapentin; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; D003620:Dantrolene; D001418:Baclofen; D003000:Clonidine