title: Oral motor parafunctions among heavy drug addicts and their effects on signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), bruxism, and other oral habits among drug addicts compared to a normal, non-addicted, matched control population, and to assess the detrimental effect of long-term drug abuse on the parameters studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included 55 drug-addicted patients (51 males and 4 females) randomly selected from long-term addicts using "hard" narcotics and attending a methadone maintenance center and a control group of 52 normal non-addicted individuals (48 males and 4 females) matched to the addicts for age, gender, and socioeconomic status. A clinical examination and a questionnaire were used. One examiner determined that all questions were correctly understood and answered, and a second examiner performed the clinical examinations and was unaware of the results of the questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addicted group had a high prevalence of orofacial motor behavior (bruxing, clenching) as well as signs and symptoms of TMD (morning headache, joint noises, joint and masticatory muscle tenderness to palpation, and tooth wear) compared to the controls. Active (voluntary) jaw opening was significantly smaller, although within an acceptable range when compared to the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term drug abuse detrimentally affects the stomatognathic system, as expressed in a high prevalence of oral motor behavior and signs and symptoms of TMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occlusion and Behavioral Sciences, Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Winocur
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gavish
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Volfin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halachmi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gazit
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002012:Bruxism / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012923:Social Class; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013706:Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D014072:Tooth Abrasion / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone