title: The molecular basis of Src kinase specificity during vertebrate mesoderm formation.
abstract: Members of the Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases play a critical role in mesoderm formation in the frog, Xenopus laevis, acting as required mediators downstream of the fibroblast growth factor receptor. At least four members of this gene family, Src, Fyn, Yes, and Laloo, are expressed during early embryonic development. Ectopic expression of Laloo and Fyn, but not Src, induce mesoderm in ectodermal explants, indicating that these factors are non-redundant during early vertebrate development. Here we investigate the basis for the differential activity of the Src and Laloo kinases during mesoderm formation. We demonstrate that although both Src and Laloo physically interact with the substrate protein SNT-1/FRS2alpha only Laloo phosphorylates SNT-1, an event previously shown to be required for the activity of the latter and for mesoderm induction in vivo. We show that Src is enzymatically capable of stimulating mesoderm formation, as an activated Src construct both phosphorylates SNT-1 and induces mesoderm in explant cultures. However, a chimeric Laloo construct containing a Src C-terminal tail is inactive, suggesting that the early embryo contains a specific Laloo-activating, or Src-inactivating, factor. Finally, through further chimeric analysis, we provide evidence to suggest that differences in Laloo and Src activity are also mediated by the SH2, SH3, and kinase domains of these molecules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hama
authors.forename: Crystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Suri
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haremaki
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D051076:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D014982:Xenopus laevis; D018909:src Homology Domains; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C114358:HCK protein, Xenopus; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C494963:Fyn protein, Xenopus; D051076:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn; D019061:src-Family Kinases