title: Nutritional status of teenage female competitive figure skaters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the nutritional status of female competitive figure skaters during preseason, competitive season, and off-season.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen female competitive figure skaters, age range 14 to 16 years, from the New England region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance, Duncan Multiple Range Tests, one-sample t tests, and confidence intervals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nutrient intakes were determined from 3-day diet records. Body composition was assessed through heights, weights, and underwater weighing. Blood samples were drawn for analysis of selected indexes of nutritional status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Height and weight did not differ significantly among the seasons. Body fat was 1.1 kg higher off-season compared with preseason. Energy intake over the 3 seasons did not vary significantly (mean preseason: 1,678 kcal/day; competitive season, 1,630 kcal/day; off-season: 1,673 kcal/day) (P>.05). During the competitive season 78%, 50%, and 44% of the skaters had intakes less than 67% of RDA for folate, iron, and calcium, respectively. Most of the biochemical indexes of nutritional status were within normal limits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that teenage female skaters have relatively low energy intake and inadequate intakes of certain nutrients, which may account for some of the observed seasonal variations in blood markers of nutritional status. These findings point to the need for nutrition education for these athletes, especially during their competitive season when nutritional status may be compromised.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Regulatory, Gerber Baby Products Co, Summit, NJ 07901-1312, USA. Paula.Ziegler@ch.novartis.com
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Chor San
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Khoo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001823:Body Composition; D015930:Diet Records; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D009511:New England; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D012861:Skating / Q000502:physiology*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins