title: Nonpulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis.
abstract: Sarcoidosis is one in a heterogeneous family of granulomatous disorders. The clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis can vary widely, depending on the patient and the tissues involved. Recent advances in our understanding of the immunologic steps leading to granuloma formation and persistence have yet to translate into more effective care for patients with this disease. This review discusses the immunology of granuloma formation and systemic disease, the various nonpulmonary expressions of the clinical disease, and the treatment options available to the practicing physician.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Physiology & Immunology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. olivers@rockvax.rockefeller.edu
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Oliver
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001168:Arthritis; D001847:Bone Diseases; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases; D005128:Eye Diseases; D006801:Humans; D009135:Muscular Diseases; D009422:Nervous System Diseases; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D012871:Skin Diseases; D014657:Vasculitis