title: Platelet-platelet and platelet-leukocyte interactions induced by outer membrane vesicles from N. meningitidis.
abstract: A large part of native meningococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS), i.e., LPS integrated in the outer cell membrane, is released in the form of 'blebs' from surplus outer membrane material. In the present study we investigated the effects of purified outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) on blood platelet-platelet and platelet-leukocyte interactions. Citrated whole blood was stimulated in vitro with equal amounts (on a weight basis) of OMV-integrated LPS, purified LPS (P-LPS) from the same meningococcal strain and purified E. coli-LPS. The samples were analyzed by flow cytometry. Upon OMV stimulation platelet aggregation increased 2.1-fold, platelet degranulation 1.8-fold, (measured as CD62P expression), platelet binding to monocytes 2.6-fold, whereas platelet binding to granulocytes increased 2.8-fold. Also, the fraction of large heteroconjugates, i.e., large CD45-positive cell aggregates increased 15.7-fold compared to control. P-LPS and E. coli-LPS also significantly increased platelet aggregation and heteroconjugate formation but did not influence platelet degranulation and binding of platelets to leukocytes in whole blood. When using platelet-rich plasma (PRP), OMVs increased platelet aggregation 2.1-fold and CD62P expression 1.9-fold. P-LPS and E. coli-LPS also significantly increased platelet aggregation in PRP but did not influence platelet degranulation. None of the LPS preparations induced platelet microvesiculation, either in whole blood or in PRP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Meningococcal-derived OMVs as well as purified meningococcal LPS, contribute to increased platelet-platelet and platelet-leukocyte aggregation and may thus be of great importance in the development of microthrombosis and organ dysfunction related to fulminant meningococcal septicemia.
authors.affiliation: Research Forum, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. m.r.mirlashari@ioks.uio.no
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mirlashari
authors.forename: Inger Anne
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Hagberg
authors.forename: Torstein
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lyberg
mesh_terms: D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D015550:Cell Degranulation / Q000187:drug effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D019007:P-Selectin