title: Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petal extracts in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crocus sativus L. (saffron) is used in folk medicine, for example as an antiedematogenic agent. We aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of saffron extracts in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used aqueous and ethanolic maceration extracts of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petals. Antinociceptive activity was examined using the hot plate and writhing tests. The effect of extracts against acute inflammation was studied using xylene induced ear edema in mice. The activity of the extracts against chronic inflammation was assessed by formalin-induced edema in the rat paw. In the hot plate tests, intraperitoneal injection of both extracts showed no significant antinociceptive activity in mice. The extracts exhibited antinociceptive activity against acetic acid induced writhing. Naloxone partially blocked only the antinociceptive activity of the stigma aqueous extract. Only the stigma extracts showed weak to moderate effect against acute inflammation. In chronic inflammation, both aqueous and ethanolic stigma extracts, as well as ethanolic petal extract, exerted anti-inflammatory effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that aqueous and ethanolic extracts of saffron stigma and petal have an antinociceptive effect, as well as acute and/or chronic anti-inflammatory activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 91775-1365, Mashhad, Iran. hosseinzadehh@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hosseinzadeh
authors.forename: Hani M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Younesi
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D027622:Crocus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D051379:Mice; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts