title: Enhanced sister-chromatid exchange rate in human lymphocytes exposed to 17beta estradiol in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic data and animal experiments strongly implicate that steroid hormones are involved in the process of malignant transformation due to their capability to stimulate mitotic division and/or elevate the level of mutations in susceptible cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate the effects of 17beta estradiol in sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) test on cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The lowest concentration of 17beta estradiol used in this experiment (10(-10) M) was calculated as comparable with the physiologic blood level of 17beta estradiol in women. Three experimental concentrations corresponded to minimal (7 x 10(-8) M), average (3.5 x 10(-6) M), and maximal (7 x 10(-6) M) therapeutic doses in human medicine. In addition, the highest concentrations exceed maximal therapeutic dose 10-fold (7 x 10(-5) M) and 30-fold (2.1 x 10(-4) M), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The obtained results indicate that estradiol significantly elevates SCE per cell frequency at all concentrations applied except at the lowest one. However, estradiol has not influenced mitotic activity of cultured human lymphocytes significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be concluded that 17beta estradiol expressed genotoxic effects and therefore might represent a human health risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. JNA #18, Belgrade, 11000 Serbia, Yugoslavia. ndjelic@vet.bg.ac.yu
authors.forename: Ninoslav
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Djelic
authors.forename: Dijana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Djelic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D012854:Sister Chromatid Exchange
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol