title: Bronchopleural fistula in the surgery of non-small cell lung cancer: incidence, risk factors, and management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of a bronchopleural fistula (BPF) as a major complication after non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) surgery has decreased in recent years, due to new surgical refinements and a better understanding of the bronchial healing process. We reviewed our most recent experience with BPFs and tried to determine methods which may effectively reduce its occurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on 490 patients with lung resections for NSCLC over a period from 1990 to 1999 were retrospectively reviewed. Details regarding surgery and the subsequent treatment were carefully reviewed. Particular attention was paid to factors possibly affecting the occurrence of BPFs: the technique of the initial bronchial closure, previous radiation and/or chemotherapy, need for postoperative ventilation and presence of residual carcinomatous tissue at the bronchial suture line. Information about age, sex, clinical diagnosis, associated conditions, TNM stage, period between primary operation and rethoracotomy and postoperative outcome was also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall BPF incidence was 4.4% (22/490). There were 21 (95.5%) males and 1 (4.5%) female, mean age was 57.8 years. BPFs occurred after pneumonectomy in 12 (54.6%), after lobectomy in 9 (40.9%) patients and after sleeve resections in 1 (4.5%) patient. Mortality rate was 27.2% (6/22). Right-sided pneumonectomy and postoperative mechanical ventilation were identified as risk factors for BPFs (p<0.05). Initial chest re-exploration was performed in 20 (90.9%) patients. After debridement, the bronchial stump was reclosed by hand suture in 10 (45.4%) patients. All 10 (45.4%) patients with a post-lobectomy- and sleeve resection BPF necessitated completion surgery. The BPF was additionally covered with a vascularized flap in 20 (90.9%) patients. In 2 (9%) patients with small BPFs and poor overall condition the initial treatment was endoscopic. In both the fistula persisted and the stump had to be surgically resutured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A BPF remains a major complication in the surgery of NSCLC because of its high mortality and morbidity rate. A BPF is more common after right-sided pneumonectomy and is frequently associated with postoperative mechanical ventilation. The management varies according to the initial type of surgery, the size of the BPF, the overall patient condition and that of the remaining lung. Endoscopic treatment is reserved only for small fistulas associated with poor general condition.
authors.affiliation: Klinik fur Thorax-, Herz- und Gefabchirurgie, Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, Robert Koch Strabe 40, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sirbu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aleksic
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oster
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dalichau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001983:Bronchial Fistula / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010995:Pleural Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors