title: Pain and hip fracture outcomes for older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if postoperative pain is a predictor of functional outcomes for elderly hip fracture patients who were previously independent ambulators (with or without assistive device).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective comparative survey design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convenience sample. 85 hip fracture patients age 65 years or older from two Midwestern urban hospital orthopaedic units.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were interviewed between day 2 and 5 (M = 2.6) postoperatively and again 2 months postoperatively. Independent variables of cognitive status and pain status were measured using the Folstein Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) and two pain measures, the Verbal Descriptor Scale (VDS) and Ferrell's Pain Experience Interview (FPEI). The dependent variable, functional outcome, was measured using the degree of assistance required for basic ADLs from Jette's Functional Status Index (FSI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain with movement was significantly higher than pain at rest (p < .0001). Mental status, pain report with movement (during hospital interview), illness severity, and age accounted for 51% of the variance in functional outcomes 2 months postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Undertreated postoperative pain contributes to poor functional outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain assessment of postoperative older patients should be conducted during movement. Efforts to reduce postoperative pain severity in the immediate postoperative period may yield better functional outcomes months later.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Feldt
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D016530:Orthopedic Nursing; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics