title: Maternal periodontitis and prematurity. Part II: Maternal infection and fetal exposure.
abstract: Clinical data from the first 812 deliveries from a cohort study of pregnant mothers entitled Oral Conditions and Pregnancy (OCAP) demonstrate that both antepartum maternal periodontal disease and incidence/progression of periodontal disease are associated with preterm birth and growth restriction after adjusting for traditional obstetric risk factors. In the current study we present measures of maternal periodontal infection using whole chromosomal DNA probes to identify 15 periodontal organisms within maternal periodontal plaque sampled at delivery. In addition, maternal postpartum IgG antibody and fetal exposure, as indexed by fetal cord blood IgM level to these 15 maternal oral pathogens, was measured by whole bacterial immunoblots. The potential role of maternal infection with specific organisms within 2 bacterial complexes most often associated with periodontitis, conventionally termed "Orange" (Campylobacter rectus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus micros, Prevotella nigrescens, and Prevotella intermedia) and "Red" (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus, and Treponema denticola) complexes, respectively, to prematurity was investigated by relating the presence of oral infection, maternal IgG, and fetal cord IgM, comparing full-term to preterm (gestational age < 37 weeks). The prevalence of 8 periodontal pathogens was similar among term and preterm mothers at postpartum. There was a 2.9-fold higher prevalence of IgM seropositivity for one or more organisms of the Orange or Red complex among preterm babies, as compared to term babies (19.9% versus 6.9%, respectively, P = 0.0015, chi square). Specifically, the prevalence of positive fetal IgM to C. rectus was significantly higher for preterm as compared to full-term neonates (20.0% versus 6.3%, P = 0.0002, as well as P. intermedia (8.8% versus 1.1%, P = 0.0003). A lack of maternal IgG antibody to organisms of the Red complex was associated with an increased rate of prematurity with an odds ratio (OR) = 2.2; confidence interval (CI) 1.48 to 3.79), consistent with the concept that maternal antibody protects the fetus from exposure and resultant prematurity. The highest rate of prematurity (66.7%) was observed among those mothers without a protective Red complex IgG response coupled with a fetal IgM response to Orange complex microbes (combined OR 10.3; P < 0.0001). These data support the concept that maternal periodontal infection in the absence of a protective maternal antibody response is associated with systemic dissemination of oral organisms that translocate to the fetus resulting in prematurity. The high prevalence of elevated fetal IgM to C. rectus among premature infants raises the possibility that this specific maternal oral pathogen may serve as a primary fetal infectious agent eliciting prematurity.
authors.affiliation: Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, Departments of Periodontology and Dental Ecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Madianos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lieff
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Murtha
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Boggess
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Auten
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Offenbacher
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000276:immunology; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000276:immunology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000276:immunology; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000097:blood; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010462:Peptostreptococcus / Q000276:immunology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018720:Prevotella / Q000276:immunology; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000276:immunology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014208:Treponema / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M