title: Maternal hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy promotes early atherogenesis in LDL receptor-deficient mice and alters aortic gene expression determined by microarray.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy is associated with markedly enhanced fatty streak formation in human fetal aortas and accelerated progression of atherosclerosis in normocholesterolemic children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To establish the causal role of maternal hypercholesterolemia in a genetically homogeneous murine model and to test the hypothesis that pathogenic events during fetal development result in persistent changes in arterial gene expression, female LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mice were fed regular chow or high-fat diets supplemented with 0.075% or 1.25% cholesterol during pregnancy. Lesion sizes were determined in the aortic origin of their chow-fed offspring at 3 months. Maternal hypercholesterolemia more than doubled lesion sizes in male offspring (P<0.0001 for the 0.0075% cholesterol group). Microarray analysis of the expression of 11 000 murine genes in the nonatherosclerotic descending aorta by Affymetrix gene chips suggested that 139 genes were significantly regulated in offspring of hypercholesterolemic mothers. A subset of 12 of the upregulated transcripts was subjected to secondary analysis by semiquantitative PCR of pooled RNA and 4 genes were found to be upregulated >1.7-fold. Quantitative PCR for one of these genes using RNA from individual mice yielded similar results. Comparative immunostaining for several of the above genes also indicated increased protein content in offspring of hypercholesterolemic mothers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings establish an atherogenic effect of maternal hypercholesterolemia in genetically uniform mice and indicate that changes in aortic gene expression persist long after fetal exposure to hypercholesterolemia. In addition to elucidating pathogenic mechanisms initiated during fetal development, this approach may identify genes in morphologically normal arteries that influence the susceptibility to classical risk factors of atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif 92093, USA. cnapoli@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Napoli
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Nigris
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Federico B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Calara
authors.forename: Robert O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: Christopher K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Wulf
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Palinski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001835:Body Weight; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000378:metabolism; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D004041:Dietary Fats; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol