title: When the family asks, 'what happened?'.
abstract: Because of the high level of acuity of hospitalized patients, untoward events can and do occur. Very often, nurses develop a caring relationship with the families of these patients. As a result, the family may approach the nurse about this negative turn of events. The questions that the family raises may create an ethical dilemma for the nurse. The nurse may wonder how to respond, feel powerless and "caught in the middle," and experience moral distress because of constraints in the health care system. This article discusses the ethical perspective of caring and the "nurse in the middle" phenomenon. Several strategies to help nurses manage this issue include consulting with a mentor, consulting with the institutional ethics committee, and promoting an ethical climate within the health care setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Development, Center for Research in Chronic Disorders, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. jae001@pitt.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Erlen
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D004645:Empathy; D017041:Ethics Committees; D004993:Ethics, Nursing; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D010360:Patient Transfer; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D014342:Truth Disclosure