title: Review on the systemic delivery of insulin via the ocular route.
abstract: Systemic drug absorption from the ocular route is well known. Although there is some absorption from the conjunctival sac, the nasal meatus is the site where the majority of systemic absorption of instilled drug takes place. This article reviews the principles of systemic absorption of insulin applied topically to the eye. The physiological and pharmaceutical considerations for formulation development and the strategy of improving the systemic absorption and bioavailability of insulin are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. yung-chi.lee@pfizer.com
authors.forename: Yung-Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Pahala
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simamora
authors.forename: Sirirat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pinsuwan
authors.forename: Samuel H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yalkowsky
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005123:Eye / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin