title: Piriformis syndrome: diagnosis, treatment, and outcome--a 10-year study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate an operational definition of piriformis syndrome based on prolongation of the H-reflex with hip flexion, adduction, and internal rotation (FAIR) and to assess efficacy of conservative therapy and surgery to relieve symptoms and reduce disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before-after trial of cohorts identified by operational definition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient departments of 2 hospitals and 4 physicians' offices. Surgery performed at 3 hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive sample of 918 patients (1014 legs) with follow-up on 733.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with significant (3 standard deviations [SDs]) FAIR tests received injection, physical therapy, and serially reported pain and disability assessments. Forty-three patients (6.47%) had surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Likert pain scale. Subjective estimates of disablement in activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 3 SDs, the FAIR test had sensitivity and specificity of.881 and.832, respectively. Seventy-nine percent (514/655) of FAIR test positive (FTP) patients improved 50% or more from injection and physical therapy at a mean follow-up of 10.2 months. Average improvement was 71.1%. Of 385 FTP patients with disability data, mean disability fell from 35.37% prestudy (SD =.2275) to 12.96% poststudy (SD =.1752), a 62.8% improvement. Twenty-eight surgical FTP patients (68.8%) showed 50% or greater improvement; mean improvement was 68% at a mean follow-up of 16 months. Surgery reduced the mean FAIR test to 1.35 +/- 2.17 months postoperatively. FTP patients generally improved 10% to 15% more than others after conservative treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FAIR test correlates well with a working definition of piriformis syndrome and is a better predictor of successful physical therapy and surgery than the working definition. The FAIR test, coupled with injection and physical therapy and/or surgery, appears to be effective means to diagnose and treat piriformis syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New York Flushing Hospital and New York-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10028, USA. Loren@arcon-inc.com
authors.forename: Loren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Dombi
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michaelsen
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ringel
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rozbruch
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004568:Electrodiagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006181:H-Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology*; D026761:Physical Therapy Specialty; D012585:Sciatica / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine