title: Transcatheter thrombolysis with high-dose bolus tissue plasminogen activator in iatrogenic arterial occlusion after femoral arterial catheterization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of percutaneous local thrombolysis with high-dose bolus recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in patients with acute limb ischemia due to arterial thrombosis after cardiac catheterization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated eight patients (7 men; mean age 56 years) with thrombotic occlusion of both the common femoral artery (CFA) and external iliac artery (EIA) in six patients and of the CFA only in two patients. Two 5 mg boluses of rt-PA were injected into the proximal clot through a 5 Fr end-hole catheter and subsequently two additional boluses of 5 mg rt-PA were given through a catheter with multiple side-holes. In case of a significant amount of residual thrombus, a continuous infusion of 2.5 mg/hr of rt-PA was started.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Successful lysis was achieved in all patients. The mean duration of lysis was 2 hr 41 min. The mean total amount of rt-PA delivered was 23.16 mg. In four patients unmasked flow-limited dissections confined to the CFA were managed by prolonged balloon dilatation, while in the remaining four patients with extension of the dissection to the external iliac artery one or two Easy Wallstents were implanted. There was prompt relief of lower limb ischemic symptoms and signs in all patients. Two groin hematomas were conservatively treated. Clinical and color Doppler flow imaging follow-up with a mean duration of 15 months, showed no reappearance of ischemic symptoms or development of restenosis in any of the patients. One patient died 6 months after thrombolysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcatheter thrombolysis with high-dose bolus rt-PA is a safe and effective treatment in patients with iatrogenic arterial occlusion after femoral catheterization. Underlying dissections should be treated by prolonged balloon dilatation but stent implantation is often required.
authors.affiliation: Medical School of Heraklion, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion-Stravrakia, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Tsetis
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Kochiadakis
authors.forename: Adam A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hatzidakis
authors.forename: Emannuel I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Skalidis
authors.forename: Evangelia G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Chryssou
authors.forename: Ioanna N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Tritou
authors.forename: Panos E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Vardas
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Gourtsoyiannis
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator