title: Bile acids induce cyclooxygenase-2 expression via the epidermal growth factor receptor in a human cholangiocarcinoma cell line.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although bile acids have been implicated in colon cancer development, their role in biliary tract carcinogenesis remains unexplored. Because receptor tyrosine kinases and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 have been implicated in carcinogenesis, we examined the hypothesis that bile acids modulate these enzymes in KMBC cells, a human cholangiocarcinoma cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of bile acids on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) stimulation, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and COX-2 expression was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bile acids both induced EGFR phosphorylation and enhanced COX-2 protein expression. Bile acid-induced EGFR phosphorylation was associated with subsequent activation of MAPK p42/44, p38, and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). The MAPK inhibitors, PD098059 for MAP or extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1, SB203580 for p38, and BAY 37-9751 for Raf-1, blocked COX-2 induction by bile acids. However, inhibition of JNK activity did not block bile acid-mediated COX-2 induction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that EGFR is activated by bile acids and functions to induce COX-2 expression by an MAPK cascade. This induction of COX-2 may participate in the genesis and progression of cholangiocarcinomas.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic, and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Jung-Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Nathan W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Werneburg
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gores
mesh_terms: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases