title: Effect of IL-1beta-induced macromolecular depletion on residual quadrupolar interaction in articular cartilage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sodium multiple-quantum filtered (MQF) NMR spectroscopy may potentially be used to measure proteoglycan (PG) depletion in cartilage caused by osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this work was to quantify the effect of interleukin-1 (IL-1beta)-induced macromolecule depletion on the residual quadrupolar interaction (RQI) of sodium in bovine cartilage plugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen 8-mm-diameter cartilage plug specimens were cored from the articular surface of fresh bovine patellae. All plugs were kept in culture media and nine of the plugs were subjected to interleukin-1 (IL-1beta)-induced degeneration of cartilage for 4, 6, and 7 days. Sodium NMR spectra were obtained from each sample with a 1-cm-diameter solenoid coil in a 2T whole-body magnet interfaced to a custom-built spectrometer. We employed a previously described theoretical model to analyze triple-quantum filtered (TQF) and double-quantum filtered magic angle (DQFMA) spectra obtained from normal cartilage and cartilage treated with IL-1beta. The model assumes a static Gaussian distribution of the RQI frequency, omega(Q), in the sample. TQF and DQFMA spectra from each sample were fitted with the appropriate signal expressions to determine sigma (the root mean square (RMS) omegaQ), T2f, and T2s. An inversion-recovery sequence was used to determine T1 of each plug. A spectrophotometric assay was used to determine the amount of PG depleted from each plug. Histology was performed to visualize the PG loss in cartilage plugs. We defined sigma as the measure of changes in macroscopic order in the tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulated spectra from the theoretical model were in excellent agreement with the experimental data. We were able to determine the relaxation times as well as sigma of each specimen from their corresponding fits. T2f ranged between 2.26-3.50 msec, decreasing with increased PG loss. Over the range of PG depletion investigated, T2s increased from 12.3 msec to 14.9 msec, and T1 increased from 16 msec to 21 msec, while sigma decreased from 180 Hz to 120 Hz. The order of macromolecules in the cartilage tissue decreased substantially with PG loss. Histology sections clearly showed qualitative visualization of the PG loss in cartilage following treatment with IL-1beta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that IL-beta-induced macromolecule depletion in cartilage not only changes the relaxation characteristics of sodium but also changes RQI of the tissue. Using MQF sodium spectroscopy we quantified the changes in sigma and showed that loss of macromolecules reduces the degree of order in the tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6100, USA. ari@mail.mmrrcc.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Arijitt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borthakur
authors.forename: Erik M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beers
authors.forename: Sagar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kudchodkar
authors.forename: J Bruce
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kneeland
authors.forename: Ravinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D002417:Cattle; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D011509:Proteoglycans; D012964:Sodium