title: Effect of a standardized nurse case-management telephone intervention on resource use in patients with chronic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Case management is believed to promote continuity of care and decrease hospitalization rates, although few controlled trials have tested this approach.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of a standardized telephonic case-management intervention in decreasing resource use in patients with chronic heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled clinical trial was used to assess the effect of telephonic case management on resource use. Patients were identified at hospitalization and assigned to receive 6 months of intervention (n = 130) or usual care (n = 228) based on the group to which their physician was randomized. Hospitalization rates, readmission rates, hospital days, days to first rehospitalization, multiple readmissions, emergency department visits, inpatient costs, outpatient resource use, and patient satisfaction were measured at 3 and 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The heart failure hospitalization rate was 45.7% lower in the intervention group at 3 months (P =.03) and 47.8% lower at 6 months (P =.01). Heart failure hospital days (P =.03) and multiple readmissions (P =.03) were significantly lower in the intervention group at 6 months. Inpatient heart failure costs were 45.5% lower at 6 months (P =.04). A cost saving was realized even after intervention costs were deducted. There was no evidence of cost shifting to the outpatient setting. Patient satisfaction with care was higher in the intervention group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduction in hospitalizations, costs, and other resource use achieved using standardized telephonic case management in the early months after a heart failure admission is greater than that usually achieved with pharmaceutical therapy and comparable with other disease management approaches.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4158, USA. briegel@mail.sdsu.edu
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Riegel
authors.forename: Beverly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: LePetri
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Unger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019090:Case Management / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000592:standards*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000191:economics; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D013689:Telephone / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*