title: Strategies for designing and optimizing new generation vaccines.
abstract: Although the field of immunology developed in part from the early vaccine studies of Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur and others, vaccine development had largely become the province of virologists and other microbiologists, because the model for classic vaccines was to isolate the pathogen and prepare a killed or attenuated pathogen vaccine. Only recently has vaccinology returned to the realm of immunology, because a new understanding of immune mechanisms has allowed translation of basic discoveries into vaccine strategies.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1578, USA. berzofsk@helix.nih.gov
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Berzofsky
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ahlers
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Belyakov
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D015195:Drug Design; D000939:Epitopes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D018448:Models, Immunological; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology; D014612:Vaccines / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D016207:Cytokines; D000939:Epitopes; D014612:Vaccines; D019444:Vaccines, DNA