title: Ten years' experience of persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia of infancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the presentation, management and outcome of persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia of infancy seen at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children over a 10 year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 20 subjects was performed. As well as laboratory data, data were collected on clinical presentation, medical and surgical management and developmental outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty subjects (11 male) were identified with presentation at a median age of 1.5 months (range 0-10 months), with 10 (50%) presenting in the first week of life. Only 20% of patients were large for gestational age. Diagnosis was made on the basis of high glucose requirements and inappropriately high insulin levels at the time of hypoglycaemia. Eight (40%) responded well to diazoxide treatment alone, seven (35%) received diazoxide in combination with other short-term medical therapy initially and five (25%) required pancreatectomy (repeat surgery in three). Those who required surgery had a higher mean birth weight. Infants presenting in the first week of life were less likely to respond to diazoxide. At the time of last review, eight (40%) of those treated medically had ceased all treatment. Two of the five cases requiring pancreatectomy now require insulin treatment. Neurodevelopmental assessment was normal in 11 (55%), mild delay was found in six (30%) and moderate or severe delay was found in three (15%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia of infancy remains a major diagnostic and management challenge. Early suspicion and recognition is critical with definitive investigation and medical therapy to avoid hypoglycaemia, with pancreatectomy in medically unresponsive cases. Normal neurodevelopmental outcome was found in only 55% of cases.
authors.affiliation: Ray Williams Institute of Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Ambler
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Yeow
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Cowell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silink
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010180:Pancreatectomy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D003981:Diazoxide