title: A new evolutionary scenario for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.
abstract: The distribution of 20 variable regions resulting from insertion-deletion events in the genomes of the tubercle bacilli has been evaluated in a total of 100 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium canettii, Mycobacterium microti, and Mycobacterium bovis. This approach showed that the majority of these polymorphisms did not occur independently in the different strains of the M. tuberculosis complex but, rather, resulted from ancient, irreversible genetic events in common progenitor strains. Based on the presence or absence of an M. tuberculosis specific deletion (TbD1), M. tuberculosis strains can be divided into ancestral and "modern" strains, the latter comprising representatives of major epidemics like the Beijing, Haarlem, and African M. tuberculosis clusters. Furthermore, successive loss of DNA, reflected by region of difference 9 and other subsequent deletions, was identified for an evolutionary lineage represented by M. africanum, M. microti, and M. bovis that diverged from the progenitor of the present M. tuberculosis strains before TbD1 occurred. These findings contradict the often-presented hypothesis that M. tuberculosis, the etiological agent of human tuberculosis evolved from M. bovis, the agent of bovine disease. M. canettii and ancestral M. tuberculosis strains lack none of these deleted regions, and, therefore, seem to be direct descendants of tubercle bacilli that existed before the M. africanum-->M. bovis lineage separated from the M. tuberculosis lineage. This observation suggests that the common ancestor of the tubercle bacilli resembled M. tuberculosis or M. canettii and could well have been a human pathogen already.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne, Laboratoire de Génomique des Microorganismes Pathogènes, and Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brosch
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marmiesse
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brodin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buchrieser
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eiglmeier
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Garnier
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hewinson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pym
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samper
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Soolingen
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Cole
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017384:Sequence Deletion / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000382:microbiology*