title: Immunologic approaches to therapy for brain tumors.
abstract: Malignant brain tumors are notoriously invasive. Although surgical debulking can relieve the patient of the main mass of tumor, adjuvant treatments are needed to target the glioma cells that infiltrate through normal parenchyma as single cells or pockets of tumor cells from which recurrent tumors arise. Successful adjuvant cellular therapy of brain tumors, or activation of endogenous immune cells, requires that either cell effectors make direct contact with tumor cells or come within close proximity to them and exert an indirect effect. This review examines current clinical trials aimed at direct lysis of glioma cells and trials making gliomas more visible to the endogenous immune system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kruse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D016373:DNA, Antisense / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005544:Forecasting; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005910:Glioma / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007116:Immunization, Passive; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007167:Immunotherapy; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000637:transplantation; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000637:transplantation; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000637:transplantation; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000637:transplantation; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016373:DNA, Antisense; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C509041:TGFB2 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D007371:Interferon-gamma