title: Nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in response to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene particles depends on osteoblast maturation state.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have shown that osteoblast-like cells respond directly to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene particles in culture, suggesting that they may be involved in aseptic loosening of endoprostheses. We tested the hypothesis that the state of cell maturation plays a role in the response of osteogenic cells to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene particles.
  
  
  METHODS
  MG63 cells (immature osteoblast-like cells), OCT-1 cells (mature secretory osteoblast-like cells), and MLO-Y4 cells (osteocyte-like cells) were treated for twenty-four hours with commercial ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene particles with an average diameter of 1 mm. The effect of particle treatment on cell proliferation was assessed by measuring the number of cells, whereas the effects on differentiation and local factor production were assessed by measuring the production of osteocalcin, prostaglandin E2, and nitric oxide. The effect of particles on apoptosis was also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene particles increased the number of MG63 cells, did not affect the number of OCT-1 cells, and led to a decrease in the number of MLO-Y4 cells. The observed changes in cell number were not due to programmed cell death, as no more than 3% of the cells in cultures treated with the highest concentration of particles were undergoing apoptosis. Osteocalcin production was not affected by the addition of particles. Prostaglandin E2 production was increased in all three types of cultures, but the effect was greatest in OCT-1 cell cultures, as was the absolute amount of prostaglandin E2 produced. Nitric oxide production was unaffected in MG63 cell cultures, but it was stimulated in OCT-1 and MLO-Y4 cell cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study support the hypothesis that osteoblast cell maturation state plays an important role in the response to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene particles and that the terminally differentiated osteocyte may be involved in the bone response to wear debris in vivo.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA.
authors.forename: Christoph H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lohmann
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Lynda F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Bonewald
authors.forename: Zvi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Barbara D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Boyan
mesh_terms: D000527:Alprostadil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011095:Polyethylenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011475:Prosthesis Failure
chemical_list: D011095:Polyethylenes; C111601:ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene; D015675:Osteocalcin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C033246:prostaglandin E3; D000527:Alprostadil