title: Angiogenesis inhibitors in clinical development for lung cancer.
abstract: The use of tumor angiogenesis as a therapeutic target is based on extensive literature showing the dependence of tumors on the process of angiogenesis for growth, invasion, and metastasis. Seminal work performed by Folkman three decades ago determined that tumors beyond the size of approximately 2 mm require angiogenesis for subsequent growth and development. This basic hypothesis stimulated research in the field of angiogenesis and has resulted in the identification of factors that both enhance and inhibit this "angiogenic switch." The intent of this article is to present data on several angiogenesis inhibitors that are currently undergoing clinical evaluation in cancer patients. These agents may be particularly useful in the treatment of lung cancer, both as adjunctive therapy in early-stage or locally advanced disease, as well as in combination strategies with platinum-based therapy in metastatic disease. Although angiogenesis inhibitors have been in clinical trials for the past decade, there has been a shift in recent years towards the development of more mechanism-based and receptor-targeted agents. Interestingly, no antiangiogenic agent has been approved as such for use in cancer, perhaps because of the challenges involved in the clinical development of these novel agents. These include the potential requirement for long-term administration, difficulties in deriving biologically efficacious doses in early clinical trials, and the inability to use tumor regression as a primary endpoint in phase II trials.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Roy S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Herbst
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.forename: A Scott
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pierson
authors.forename: Scott N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergen
authors.forename: S Gail
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Eckhardt
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D018450:Disease Progression; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008222:Lymphokines; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases