title: Human thrombin injection for the percutaneous treatment of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thrombin injection is becoming well established for the percutaneous management of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms. All the published series to date use bovine thrombin, and there have been reports of adverse immunologic effects following its use. Our study aimed to assess the efficacy of human thrombin injection for pseudoaneurysm occlusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms underwent a color Doppler ultrasound examination to assess their suitability for percutaneous human thrombin injection. Human thrombin 1000 IU was then injected into the pseudoaneurysm sac under sterile conditions and with ultrasound guidance. A further color Doppler ultrasound examination was performed 24 hr later to confirm occlusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 14 pseudoaneurysms were successfully occluded by human thrombin injection. In two cases a second injection of thrombin was required, but there were no other complications, and all pseudoaneurysms remained occluded at 24 hr.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound-guided human thrombin injection is simple to perform, effective and safe. We recommend that human thrombin becomes the agent of choice for percutaneous injection into iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elford
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burrell
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roobottom
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D000792:Angiography; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013917:Thrombin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D013917:Thrombin