title: Combination therapy for erectile dysfunction: a randomized, double blind, unblinded active-controlled, cross-over study of the pharmacodynamics and safety of combined oral formulations of apomorphine hydrochloride, phentolamine mesylate and papaverine hydrochloride in men with moderate to severe erectile dysfunction.
abstract: Oral therapy has become first line treatment for patients with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction (ED). Studies have shown that sildenafil may not be effective in all patients, and has been associated with a variety of adverse effects and an adverse interaction with nitrates and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 enzymes. The objective was to compare the efficacy and safety of three different oral combinations with the highest dose of sildenafil in men with moderate to severe ED. Randomized, double blind, unblinded active-controlled, Phase II study was carried out at three sites in Mexico. After a 4-week placebo run-in period, patients received all four of the following treatments using a 4-way cross-over design: 40 mg phentolamine (PM) +6 mg apomorphine (Apo); 40 mg PM +150 mg papaverine (Pap); 40 mg PM +6 mg Apo +150 mg Pap (Tricombo); 100 mg sildenafil (SC). With the exception of sildenafil tablets, all study medication was blinded. Moderate to severe ED was defined as a less than 50% vaginal penetration success rate during the placebo run-in period. A total of 44 patients were enrolled, of whom 36 completed all four treatment periods. All treatments produced a significant effect in primary efficacy variable (Sexual Encounter Profile) compared to baseline, however, no statistically significant differences were found between treatments. A significant period effect was observed. Also, the four treatments were found not to differ significantly in five out of six secondary efficacy variables. The lowest incidence of treatment-related adverse events (AE) occurred in the 40 mg PM +6 mg Apo group (9.8%), followed by 100 mg SC (15%), and the other two combinations (16.7 and 17.5%, respectively). Nasocongestion and headache were the most frequently reported AE. An oral combination of vasoactive agents may provide an alternative approach to sildenafil. Based on these results a combination of phentolamine and apomorphine warrants further clinical investigation.
authors.affiliation: Zonagen, Inc., The Woodlands, TX 77380, USA. plammers@zonagen.com
authors.forename: P I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rubio-Aurioles
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Castell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castaneda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ponce de Leon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lipezker
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Loehr
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lowrey
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010208:Papaverine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010646:Phentolamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011687:Purines; D012449:Safety; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013450:Sulfones; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013450:Sulfones; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D010208:Papaverine; D001058:Apomorphine; D010646:Phentolamine