title: To establish the normal bone mineral density reference database for the Singapore male.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to establish the normal bone mineral density (BMD) reference curve for the Asian Singapore male.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and eighty-three male subjects were enrolled; comprising of 309 Chinese, 44 Malays and 30 Indians resident in Singapore. Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine and left hip using a Hologic QDR 4500 Elite dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean peak BMD for the average lumbar spine and the neck of femur was 1.006 g/cm2 and 0.97 g/cm2, respectively. The mean peak BMD was taken at the 20 to 24 years age group at both the hip and spine based on data distribution for the various age groups. The BMD corresponding to -2.5 standard deviations from the peak adult value was 0.719 g/cm2 for the average lumbar spine and 0.655 g/cm2 for the neck of femur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This Asian male BMD reference database, which is 10% and 5% lower than corresponding values from the Caucasian reference database, allows for more accurate diagnosis of osteoporosis in Asian males.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3, Singapore 529889.
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Thoo
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chng
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: J B I
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Teh
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Khoo
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012015:Reference Standards; D012016:Reference Values; D012846:Singapore