title: Clinical and microbiological studies of periodontal disease in Sjögren syndrome patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the periodontal status of patients with Sjögren's Syndrome (SS), a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by xerophthalmia and xerostomia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the periodontal status of SS patients, in terms of clinical and microbiological parameters, differs from systemically healthy age- and gender-matched controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 primary SS and 10 secondary SS patients were examined in comparison with 11 control subjects. All patients were diagnosed by the European Community Criteria. Control subjects were systemically healthy and not undergoing periodontal treatment. The comparison of clinical status was made in terms of mean periodontal parameters (plaque index, gingival index, gingival recession, probing pocket depth, probing attachment level and bleeding on probing) as well as the frequency distribution of probing pocket depth and probing attachment level measurements. Microbiological assays of the subgingival dental plaque samples were carried out by both a chairside enzyme test (Periocheck) for the detection of peptidase activity (PA) and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for 9 selected periodontal micro-organisms (Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter rectus, Bacteroides forsythus, Streptococcus oralis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The occurrence, severity and extent of periodontal lesions were not significantly different between the 3 patient groups for all periodontal parameters examined. No significant differences in the sub-gingival plaque samples from control, primary or secondary SS patients for the PA test, frequency or type of periodontal micro-organisms observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No significant differences could be detected in either clinical or microbiological parameters of primary or secondary SS patients compared with that of control subjects. The results of the present study thus support the notion that the periodontal status of patients with SS do not differ from systemically healthy age- and gender-matched controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Marmara University Dental Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey. btkuru@superonline.com
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kuru
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Porter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000145:classification; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000145:classification; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000145:classification; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D016124:Eikenella corrodens / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000145:classification; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000032:analysis; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000145:classification* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000145:classification; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000145:classification; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D019533:Streptococcus oralis / Q000145:classification; D014208:Treponema / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D010447:Peptide Hydrolases