title: Clinical presentation of genetically defined patients with hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies (Bartter-like syndromes) comprise a set of clinically and genetically distinct inherited renal disorders. Mutations in four renal membrane proteins involved in electrolyte reabsorption have been identified in these disorders: the furosemide-sensitive sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter NKCC2, the potassium channel ROMK, the chloride channel ClC-Kb, and the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter NCCT. The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical features associated with each mutation in a large cohort of genetically defined patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The phenotypic characteristics of 65 patients with molecular defects in NKCC2, ROMK, ClC-Kb, or NCCT were collected retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ROMK and NKCC2 patients presented with polyhydramnios, nephrocalcinosis, and hypo- or isosthenuria. Hypokalemia was less severe in the ROMK patients compared with the NKCC2 patients. In contrast, NCCT patients had hypocalciuria, hypomagnesemia, and marked hypokalemia. While this dissociation of renal calcium and magnesium handling was also observed in some ClC-Kb patients, a few ClC-Kb patients presented with hypercalciuria and hypo- or isosthenuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ROMK, NKCC2, and NCCT mutations usually have uniform clinical presentations, whereas mutations in ClC-Kb occasionally lead to phenotypic overlaps with the NCCT or, less commonly, with the ROMK/NKCC2 cohort. Based on these results, we propose an algorithm for the molecular diagnosis of hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Nikola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jeck
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reinalter
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leonhardt
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tönshoff
authors.forename: G ünter
authors.initials: Gü
authors.lastname: Klaus G
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Konrad
authors.forename: Hannsjörg W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Seyberth
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011188:Potassium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000235:genetics*; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D011955:Receptors, Drug; D015499:Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D049992:Sodium Chloride Symporters; D028021:Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters / Q000235:genetics*; D064466:Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 1; D064486:Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3; D027981:Symporters
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; C086989:KCNJ1 protein, human; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D011955:Receptors, Drug; C578714:SLC12A1 protein, human; C578874:SLC12A3 protein, human; D049992:Sodium Chloride Symporters; D028021:Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters; D064466:Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 1; D064486:Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3; D027981:Symporters; C064415:thiazide receptor; D011188:Potassium