title: Insertion of vagal nerve stimulator using local and regional anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is a valuable therapy for patients with intractable epilepsy. Placement of a vagal nerve stimulator typically requires general anesthesia, which frequently interrupts anticonvulsant therapy. Insertion of the stimulator using regional/local anesthesia may offer the advantages of continuity of anticonvulsant therapy and implantation in the outpatient setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively compared the first 10 consecutive patients undergoing VNS implantation under general anesthesia with the first 12 consecutive patients undergoing VNS implantation under regional/local anesthesia. Patients for the regional/local anesthesia were selected on the basis of their ability to cooperate and follow commands. Regional anesthesia for implantation of the VNS leads was achieved by performing superficial and deep cervical plexus blocks. A local anesthetic field block of a small area of the posterior chest provided anesthesia for insertion of the generator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the patients undergoing regional/local anesthesia completed the procedure without difficulty and on an outpatient basis. None complained of discomfort, sedation, nausea, or vomiting and none had seizures in the perioperative period. These results contrasted with the group that underwent general anesthesia (n = 10), who had an 80% incidence of nausea and vomiting and a 30% incidence of postoperative seizures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VNS implantation under regional/local anesthesia is proficiently performed as an outpatient procedure with minimal postoperative side effects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7060, USA.
authors.forename: Estrada J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Anthony N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Passannante
authors.forename: Billie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lannon
authors.forename: Bradley V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Vaughn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology