title: Combined administration of diltiazem and nicardipine attenuates hypertensive responses to emergence and extubation.
abstract: Diltiazem and nicardipine, when injected as a mixture during anesthesia, reduce blood pressure in an additive manner without changing heart rate. The author evaluated the use of this mixture for controlling the blood pressure during emergence from general anesthesia and at extubation. The subjects included 15 preoperative hypertensive (HT) patients who underwent various types of surgery and 18 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) who underwent clipping of a cerebral aneurysm. General anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane, supplemented with fentanyl. A mixed solution containing 2.5 mg diltiazem plus 0.5 mg nicardipine in 1 mL was injected intermittently every 2 to 4 minutes to bring the blood pressure to its resting level from cessation of inhaled anesthetics to extubation. Untreated patients who underwent similar types of surgery and anesthesia were selected for comparison. The average systolic blood pressure during emergence and at extubation increased to 156 +/- 19 mm Hg (mean +/- standard deviation) and 170 +/- 10 mm Hg in the untreated HT group, and increased to 157 +/- 16 mm Hg and 170 +/- 5mm Hg in the untreated SAH group. Systolic blood pressure was well controlled at 127 +/- 14 mm Hg and 145 +/- 14 mm Hg in the treated HT group with 3.7 +/- 1.9 mL of the mixture, and at 120 +/- 9 mm Hg and 137 +/- 20 mm Hg in the treated SAH group with 7.1 +/- 2.5 mL of the mixture. No significant difference (P < .05) in the heart rate was found between the untreated and the treated HT or SAH groups. Two patients in the treated SAH group exhibited tachycardia. The combined administration of diltiazem and nicardipine can help control blood pressure in patients with a possible HT response to emergence from general anesthesia and extubation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Saga National Hospital, Hinode, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsutsui
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D009529:Nicardipine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011184:Postoperative Period
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009529:Nicardipine; D004110:Diltiazem