title: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication inhibition by the bidentate iron chelators CP502 and CP511 is caused by proliferation inhibition and the onset of apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The iron chelators deferoxamine (DF) and deferiprone (CP20) have been shown to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The orally active bidentate chelators CP502 and CP511, which also belong to the 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one family, but with higher affinities for iron than CP20, were monitored for their antiviral properties by checking for p24 antigen production and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation, and their ability to induce apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human PBLs were isolated from HIV-1 seronegative donors and subsequently infected with HIV-1(Ba-L) for 2 h. After 5 days' incubation, HIV-1 replication was monitored by p24 antigen production. Cellular proliferation as well as caspase-3 activity were monitored in uninfected cells after a period of 5 days and after 1 day infection, respectively. NF-kappaB activity was also monitored by electromobility shift assays (EMSA) performed on nuclear extracts of Jurkat cells treated with the different chelators for 4 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CP502 and CP511 decrease HIV-1 replication by decreasing cellular proliferation in a similar manner to DF and CP20. CP511 seemed to be more potent than either CP502 or CP20. Due to the reduction in cellular proliferation, there was an increase in caspase-3 activity after 24 h incubation. NF-kappaB activity was not affected by any of the chelators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iron chelators with high affinities for iron, which are under development for the treatment of iron overload, could contribute to the reduction of HIV-1 replication in infected patients by cellular proliferation inhibition rather than by a direct antiviral action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Eijkman-Winkler Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Inflammation, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Bruggen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oudshoorn
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hider
authors.forename: J J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: van Asbeck
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D000077543:Deferiprone; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011728:Pyridones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011728:Pyridones; D000077543:Deferiprone; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases