title: Endoscopic harvest of four muscle flaps: safe and effective techniques.
abstract: The recent explosion of endoscopic techniques in plastic surgery has led to the successful harvest of a number of useful muscle flaps. The gracilis, rectus femoris, external oblique, and gastrocnemius muscles can all be harvested safely and reproducibly using endoscopic techniques. The aim of this study was to identify a safe and effective technique for endoscopic muscle flap harvest. Harvesting the gracilis muscle as a free flap and the gastrocnemius as a pedicle flap lends themselves best to the use of endoscopic techniques.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Hisham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seify
authors.forename: Glyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sigurdson
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sherif
authors.forename: Magdy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Refky
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bolitho
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bostwick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods*