title: Radiation-induced brachial plexopathy in women treated for carcinoma of the breast.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the clinical presentation and natural history of radiation-induced brachial plexopathy in 33 women treated for carcinoma of the breast.
  
  
  METHODS
  All of the patients were referred to a single consultant neurologist. Details of surgical procedures, radiotherapy, symptoms at presentation and follow-up and neurological findings were recorded. Patients were reviewed at six or 12 monthly intervals for 2-19 years (median 9.5 years). Investigations included blood tests, chest X-ray, bone scan, neurophysiological studies, computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine and cerebrospinal fluid examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptoms began from six months to 20 years after radiotherapy (median time 1.5 years). Progressive weakness was universal and resulted in loss of any useful hand function in all but three patients. The time taken to loss of useful hand function ranged from six weeks to five years (median 1.25 years). Three patterns of upper limb weakness were identified, distal limb weakness only (13 patients), global limb weakness that was more marked distally (11 patients), and completely flaccid arm (10 patients). Seventeen patients required long-term morphine to palliate pain. A chemical sympathectomy benefited three patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients developed symptoms within three years, but late presentations 8-20 years later were encountered. Symptoms were progressive in all patients, though the rate did vary. Pain was common and persisted indefinitely in all but one patient. Morphine was effective and should be used early and in adequate doses. Chemical sympathectomy provided sustained relief in three of six patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK. Edward.Fathers@btinternet.com
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fathers
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thrush
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Huson
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Norman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000528:radiation effects; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D013997:Time Factors