title: Neuronavigation by intraoperative three-dimensional ultrasound: initial experience during brain tumor resection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound is an intraoperative imaging modality used in neuronavigation as an alternative to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This article summarizes 4 years of clinical experience in the use of intraoperative 3-D ultrasound integrated into neuronavigation for guidance in brain tumor resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were selected for inclusion in the study on the basis of the size and location of their lesion. Preoperative 3-D MRI data were registered and used for planning as in other conventional neuronavigation systems. Intraoperative 3-D ultrasound images were acquired three to six times, and tumor resection was guided on the basis of these updated 3-D images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraoperative 3-D ultrasound represents a good solution to the problem of brain shift in neuronavigation because it easily provides an updated, and hence more accurate, map of the patient's true anatomy in all phases of the operation. Ultrasound makes it possible to follow the progression of the operation, and it improves the radicality of tumor resection by detecting tumor tissue that would remain if the imaging technology had not been used (in 53% of the cases). Integration of 3-D ultrasound with navigation technology solves the orientation problem experienced previously with two-dimensional ultrasound in neurosurgery. The technology makes it possible to directly compare intraoperative ultrasound and MRI data regarding visualization of the lesion. Ultrasound image quality is useful for guiding surgical procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative 3-D ultrasound seems to provide a time- and cost-effective way to update high-quality 3-D maps used in neuronavigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Geirmund
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Unsgaard
authors.forename: Steinar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ommedal
authors.forename: Tomm
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Aage
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gronningsaeter
authors.forename: Toril A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nagelhus Hernes
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D014463:Ultrasonography