title: Apoptosis of T lymphocytes invading glioblastomas multiforme: a possible tumor defense mechanism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to investigate whether apoptosis occurs in T lymphocytes that invade Fas ligand (FasL)-expressing glioblastomas multiforme (GBMs) and if its induction could be mediated by Fas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apoptotic T lymphocytes were detected in GBMs by using detection of cell-type markers combined with active caspase-3 immunohistochemical analysis, a recently introduced apoptosis-specific in situ ligation assay, as well as by examining morphological criteria. Apoptotic T cells expressed Fas and were localized in the vicinity or in direct contact with FasL-expressing tumor cells. The T lymphocytes were undergoing apoptosis in spite of Bcl-2 expression. Expression of Bax was also detected in dying T cells, which can explain the absence of the protective effect of Bcl-2. because Bax inhibits Bcl-2 death-repressor activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of the data presented in this paper, the authors suggest that GBM cells that express FasL can induce apoptosis in invading immune cells. This phenomenon may play an important role in these tumors' maintenance of immune privilege and evasion of immune attacks. Awareness of this phenomenon should be helpful for the development of novel strategies for treatment of malignant gliomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Vladimir V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Didenko
authors.forename: Hop N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.forename: Candace
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Minchew
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Baskin
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: C494826:BAX protein, human; C505661:FASLG protein, human; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein