Linking objects in the process of mourning for sons disappeared in war: Croatia 2001.
OBJECTIVE
Mothers use linking object to externalize the complex aspects of their relationship to the loss of their child. We analyzed the linking objects that mothers kept in memory of their sons who disappeared in the 1991-1995 war in Croatia or whose remains were uncovered and identified long time after they had gone missing.


METHODS
The case study of disturbed mourning included 26 mothers of Croatian soldiers from Croatian Osijek-Baranja County who went missing in war or whose remains were recovered and identified long after they had gone missing. The mothers were selected independently by the president of the Association of Families of Missing and Detained Croatian Soldiers and agreed to participate in the study in 2001. They were interviewed in their homes, their testimonies were recorded, and photographs of the linking objects taken. Linking objects were classified according to the Volkan's four-group classification.


RESULTS
Out of four Volkan's groups of linking objects, we identified the objects belonging to the first three. Those were 1) objects that had been worn by the deceased (clothes, wrist-watch, ring, or glasses), (6/26); 2) objects that could be viewed in the psychoanalytic sense as an extension of the body of the disappeared or dead person, such as a camera (4/26); and 3) objects with realistic or symbolic resemblance to the deceased, usually a photograph (8/26). None of the examined objects belonged to the fourth Volkan's group (objects at hand when the news of the death came or objects present at the funeral, things that could be considered last-minute objects, ie, related to the moment when the deceased was last seen alive). However, 8/26 objects formed a new hitherto undescribed group. Mothers used such objects to create a memorial shrine to their sons. A photograph of the missing person or person whose remains were identified long after he had gone missing occupied a central place at the shrine, and was surrounded by other symbols of the Catholic iconography (Virgin Mary, crucifix), flowers, and candles. The memorial shrine to the beloved son who disappeared was always located in the room where the family spent most of their time and/or where guests were received (living room or kitchen).


CONCLUSIONS
We found three out of four original (Volkan's) groups of linking objects, but also an additional one, hitherto undescribed, comprising objects used for designing a memorial shrine to the deceased. This could be viewed as an expression typical of Christian, mid-European Croatian culture and tradition.
Jurcević
Slavica
S
Center for Health and Human Rights, Split University School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia. jurcevic@bsb.mefst.hr
Urlić
Ivan
I
D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D017523:Croatia; D005260:Female; D006117:Grief; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D008875:Middle Aged; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009769:Object Attachment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014857:Warfare