title: Associations of demographic, functional, and behavioral characteristics with activity-related fear of falling among older adults transitioning to frailty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine, in a cohort of older individuals transitioning to frailty (defined by Speechley and Tinetti, 1991) who have previously fallen, whether there are significant associations between demographic, functional, and behavioral characteristics and activity-related fear of falling, using both the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline cross-sectional analysis in a prospective cohort intervention study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty independent senior living facilities in Atlanta.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen male and 270 female subjects (n = 287), age 70 and older (mean +/- standard deviation, 80.9 +/- 6.2), with Mini-Mental State Examination score > or = 24, transitioning to frailty, ambulatory (with or without assistive device), medically stable, and having fallen in the past year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Activity-related fear of falling was evaluated with the FES and ABC Scale. Because of the comparable data derived from each scale, associations with functional measures-related analyses were expressed using the latter. Depression was measured by Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Functional measurements included timed 360 degrees turn, functional reach test, timed 10-meter walk test, single limb stands, picking up an object, and three chair stands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant association was found between activity-related fear of falling and age. For the proposed activities, about half (ABC, 48.1%; FES, 50.1%) of the subjects were concerned about falling or showed lack of confidence in controlling their balance. A statistically significant inverse correlation was found between FES and ABC (r = -0.65; P < .001). African-American subjects showed more activity-related fear of falling than did Caucasians (odds ratio (OR): 2.7 for ABC; 2.1 for FES). Fearful individuals were more likely to be depressed and more likely to report the use of a walking aid than were nonfearful individuals. Fear of falling was significantly correlated to all of the functional measurements (P < .05). In a multivariable logistic regression model, depression, using a walking-aid, slow gait speed, and being an African-American were directly related to being more fearful of falling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activity-related fear of falling was present in almost half of this sample of older adults transitioning to frailty. The significant association of activity-related fear of falling with demographic, functional, and behavioral characteristics emphasizes the need for multidimensional intervention strategies to lessen activity-related fear of falling in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kressig
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sattin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Grady
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greenspan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Curns
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kutner
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification*; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology*; D005684:Gait; D005845:Georgia; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology