title: Inducing oral immune regulation of hepatitis B virus envelope proteins suppresses the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) expresses hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) on its cell surface, and this may serve as a tumor-associated antigen. It was shown previously that adoptive transfer of immunity against HBsAg facilitates the suppression of experimental human HCC-expressing HBsAg in athymic mice. The authors recently showed that it was possible to augment the anti-HBV immune response through induction of oral immune regulation for HBV-associated antigens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral immune regulation for HBV antigens on the growth of HBsAg-expressing HCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recipient athymic Balb/c mice were irradiated sublethally and injected with 10(7) human hepatoma cells followed by the adoptive transfer of 2 x 10(6) splenocytes from donor mice. Four groups of donor Balb/c mice were studied: Two groups were immune modulated through oral administration of HBV antigens (HBsAg, PreS1, and Pre S2) or bovine serum albumin (BSA). Two control groups were immunized for HBsAg and fed HBV antigens or BSA. Recipient mice were followed for tumor volume and serum alpha-fetoprotein (aFP) levels. The humoral immune response was determined by measuring serum HBs antibodies. HBV specific T-cell immune modulation was assessed in vitro by HBV specific T-cell proliferation and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) ELISPOT assays as well as cytokine expression by reverse transcriptase-polymerse chain reaction assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adoptive transfer of orally immune modulated HBV splenocytes induced complete tumor suppression in recipient mice compared with control mice transplanted with nonimmune modulated cells (BSA), which showed significant tumor growth (serum aFP levels were 3.5 ng/mL and 2320.0 ng/mL, respectively). Control mice transplanted with anti-HBs immunized cells (with or without oral immune modulation) manifested similar tumor suppression (3.5 ng/mL and 0.5 ng/mL, respectively). Immunoregulation for HBV antigens augmented the HBV specific T-cell immune response, as manifested by an increase in HBV specific T-cell proliferation and IFNgamma ELISPOT assays in mice orally immune regulated with HBV proteins compared with naïve mice. Tumor suppression was mediated through increased IFNgamma production in immune regulated and immunized mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The induction of oral immune regulation for HBV antigens modulated the antitumor immune response, thus suppressing the growth of HCC in mice. This effect was mediated by the enhancement of anti-HBV specific T-cell immunity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gotsman
authors.forename: Ruslana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alper
authors.forename: Athalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Elazar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rabbani
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.forename: Yaron
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ilan
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D016207:Cytokines; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma