title: Photodynamic therapy for cancer of the pancreas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few pancreatic cancers are suitable for surgery and few respond to chemoradiation. Photodynamic therapy produces local necrosis of tissue with light after prior administration of a photosensitising agent, and in experimental studies can be tolerated by the pancreas and surrounding normal tissue.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To undertake a phase I study of photodynamic therapy for cancer of the pancreas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with inoperable adenocarcinomas (2.5-6 cm in diameter) localised to the region of the head of the pancreas were studied. All presented with obstructive jaundice which was relieved by biliary stenting prior to further treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were photosensitised with 0.15 mg/kg meso-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin intravenously. Three days later, light was delivered to the cancer percutaneously using fibres positioned under computerised tomographic guidance. Three had subsequent chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had substantial tumour necrosis on scans after treatment. Fourteen of 16 left hospital within 10 days. Eleven had a Karnofsky performance status of 100 prior to treatment. In 10 it returned to 100 at one month. Two patients with tumour involving the gastroduodenal artery had significant gastrointestinal bleeds (controlled without surgery). Three patients developed duodenal obstruction during follow up that may have been related to treatment. There was no treatment related mortality. The median survival time after photodynamic therapy was 9.5 months (range 4-30). Seven of 16 patients (44%) were alive one year after photodynamic therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Photodynamic therapy can produce necrosis in pancreatic cancers with an acceptable morbidity although care is required for tumours invading the duodenal wall or involving the gastroduodenal artery. Further studies are indicated to assess its influence on the course of the disease, alone or in combination with chemoradiation.
authors.affiliation: National Medical Laser Centre, Department of Surgery, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK. s.bown@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Bown
authors.forename: A Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Rogowska
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Whitelaw
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Lovat
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ripley
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wyld
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gillams
authors.forename: A W R
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hatfield
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000368:Aged; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome