title: The role of gravity in the phylogeny of structure and function in animal sensors of spatial orientation, and their predicted action in weightlessness.
abstract: The evolution of the structural, functional and cytochemical organization of the gravity receptor which determines a body position in the gravitational field of the earth by means of muscular regulation was traced both invertebrates and vertebrates, using electron microscopic and histochemical methods. In the course of evolution of vertebrates, the specialized gravity receptor-statocyst which, as a rule, consists of primary sensory cells and supplies otoliths, is formed. In vertebrates, there exists a vestibular apparatus made up of secondary sensory cells and also having otoliths. The receptor cells, both of statocysts and the vestibular apparatus, are supplied with special antennas (kinocilia and stereocilia). Deviation of the antennas stimulated by displacement of the otoliths resulting from locomotor activity of animals leads to excitation of the receptor cells. When exposed to a modified gravitational field (linear accelerations of 10 g, for 3 min), the receptor cells of the vestibular apparatus, in all classes of vertebrates, show progressive changes in RNA content and protein synthesis (increase followed by decrease) which return to normal only after 12 days. Thus, immediate transfer of animals and man from acceleration to weightlessness appears to be a reason for movement disease. The above consideration showed the need for an experiment in which an animal (with its vestibular apparatus) which had not undergone previous accelerations, would be exposed to weightlessness. Frog embryos, Rana temporaria, at the stage preceding the organogenesis, when the vestibular apparatus and other organs were lacking, were chosen as a suitable subject. Frog embryos at the stage of an early gastrula were placed in a special container Emkon aboard the Soyuz 10 spacecraft. After short accelerations, they were exposed to weightlessness for 44 hours. The embryos were allowed to continue to develop to the stage of early tail bud. The experimental embryos showed normally developed acoustic vesicles and vestibular ganglia. Clear differentiation of the receptor cells with antennas (kinocilia and stereocilia) was found in the acoustic vesicles. Thus, in weightlessness, vestibular apparatus develops just as well as in the gravitational field of the earth. However, only a much longer stay in weightlessness conditions will indicate whether there are any changes in the structural, cytochemical and functional organization of vestibular apparatus. The similarity in the structural, functional and cytochemical organization of the gravity receptor in vertebrates and invertebrates appears to allow the prediction of the behaviour of the gravity receptor as a whole, and of its receptor elements, both in normal and changed gravitational fields. The first attempts were carried out only on the vestibular apparatus of vertebrates.
authors.affiliation: Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, USSR.
authors.forename: Y A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Vinnikov
authors.forename: O G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Gazenko
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Titova
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bronstein
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Tsirulis
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pevzner
authors.forename: V I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Govardovskii
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Gribakin
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Pal'mbakh
authors.forename: M Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Aronova
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Mashinskii
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kharkeevich
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Pyatkina
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D047108:Embryonic Development; D018466:Gravity Sensing / Q000502:physiology*; D018471:Hypergravity; D007448:Invertebrates; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010037:Otolithic Membrane / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D011896:Rana temporaria / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D012444:Saccule and Utricle / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013026:Space Flight; D014714:Vertebrates; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014893:Weightlessness
chemical_list: D012313:RNA; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase