title: Viral hepatitis and other infectious diseases in a homeless population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of four common infectious diseases-hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and tuberculosis-as well as co-infection rates and risk factors in a homeless population.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of infectious diseases, especially viral hepatitis, among the homeless population is largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study consists of a retrospective analysis of the history and laboratory data collected from all homeless veterans admitted to a Veterans Administration (VA) domiciliary from May 1995 to March 2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the homeless veterans admitted to a VA domiciliary program, 597 of 829 were screened for markers of all four infectious diseases. The overall prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody, and positive result for purified protein derivative (PPD), anti-HIV antibody, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) were 41.7%, 20.6%, 1.84% and 1.17%, respectively. At least one of the four markers was positive in 52.6% and more than one in 12%. Co-infection with HCV occurred commonly in veterans who were positive for anti-HIV (72.7%) and HBsAg (57.1%). Four self-reported major risk factors (intravenous drug use, alcohol abuse, previous imprisonment, and prior stay in a shelter) were evaluated. Multivariate analysis indicates that intravenous drug use and anti-HBs reactivity are independent risk factors for HCV infection, HCV infection for anti-hepatitis B surface antibody reactivity, and older age for PPD positivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic hepatitis C and co-infections are common among the homeless population. Patients infected with HIV and hepatitis B virus frequently are co-infected with HCV. Infections frequently are associated with certain identifiable risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA. rcheung@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Ramsey C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Aspasia K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Kalyani
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maganti
authors.forename: Emmet B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Keeffe
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Matsui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*