title: Monocyte phagocytosis as a reliable parameter for predicting early-onset sepsis in very low birthweight infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Septic complications lead to a high mortality rate in very low birthweight infants (VLBWI). Therefore, prognostic markers for the development of sepsis attach importance to start an efficient therapy as early as possible.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Functional and phenotypical variables of blood monocytes in the cord and peripheral blood were investigated to evaluate the parameters for predicting early-onset and late-onset sepsis (nosocomial infections).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, 25 VLBWI were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the cord blood taken immediately after birth, the capacity of the monocytes to phagocytose non-opsonized E. coli bacteria by flow cytometry and the ex-vivo production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-6 (enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA)) after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation were measured. At the third day, the HLA-DR expression on the monocytes (flow cytometry) and the LPS-induced cytokine production were measured from the peripheral blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five VLBWI already developed early septic complications after 24-72 h, while the other three infants had late-onset sepsis 10-18 days after birth. The prognostic significance for early-onset sepsis was highest for the decreased monocyte phagocytic capacity (sensitivity and specificity: 100%) and for the LPS-induced formation of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in cord blood. Moreover, in septic VLBWI, the HLA-DR expression on the monocytes was lowered on day 3 after birth. The prognostic significance for late-onset sepsis was highest for TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta levels in the peripheral blood on the third day after birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The determination of phagocytosis in the cord blood seems to be a reliable parameter for predicting early-onset sepsis and offers the possibility for a forward start of an antibiotic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical School of Vienna, AKH Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria. u.hallwirth@aon.com
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hallwirth
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pomberger
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zaknun
authors.forename: Zsolt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Szepfalusi
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Horcher
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pollak
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spittler
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha