title: Efficacy of resident training in smoking cessation: a randomized, controlled trial of a program based on application of behavioral theory and practice with standardized patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New educational programs must be developed to improve physicians' skills and effectiveness in counseling patients about smoking cessation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of an educational program based on behavioral theory, active learning methods, and practice with standardized patients in helping patients abstain from smoking and changing physicians' counseling practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cluster randomized, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two general internal medicine clinics in Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  35 residents and 251 consecutive smoking patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A training program administered over two half-days, during which physicians learned to provide counseling that matched smokers' motivation to quit and practiced these skills with standardized patients acting as smokers at different stages of change. The control intervention was a didactic session on management of dyslipidemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported abstinence from smoking at 1 year of follow-up, which was validated by exhaled carbon monoxide testing at one clinic; score of overall quality of counseling based on use of 14 counseling strategies; patient willingness to quit; and daily cigarette consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1 year of follow-up, abstinence from smoking was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (13% vs. 5%; P = 0.005); this corresponded to a cluster-adjusted odds ratio of 2.8 (95% CI, 1.4 to 5.5). Residents who received the study training provided better counseling than did those who received the control training (mean score, 4.0 vs. 2.7; P = 0.002). Smokers' willingness to quit was also higher in the intervention group (94% vs. 80%; P = 0.007). A nonsignificant trend toward lower daily cigarette consumption in the intervention group was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A training program in smoking cessation administered to physicians that was based on behavioral theory and practice with standardized patients significantly increased the quality of physicians' counseling, smokers' motivation to quit, and rates of abstinence from smoking at 1 year.
authors.affiliation: Lausanne University Outpatient Clinic and Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland. Jacques.Cornuz@chuv.hospvd.ch
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cornuz
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Humair
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Seematter
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stoianov
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Melle
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stalder
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pécoud
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005194:Family Practice / Q000193:education; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000517:prevention & control; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education*; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology