title: Neurostimulation systems for deep brain stimulation: in vitro evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging-related heating at 1.5 tesla.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-related heating for a neurostimulation system (Activa Tremor Control System, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) used for chronic deep brain stimulation (DBS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Different configurations were evaluated for bilateral neurostimulators (Soletra Model 7426), extensions, and leads to assess worst-case and clinically relevant positioning scenarios. In vitro testing was performed using a 1.5-T/64-MHz MR system and a gel-filled phantom designed to approximate the head and upper torso of a human subject. MRI was conducted using the transmit/receive body and transmit/receive head radio frequency (RF) coils. Various levels of RF energy were applied with the transmit/receive body (whole-body averaged specific absorption rate (SAR); range, 0.98-3.90 W/kg) and transmit/receive head (whole-body averaged SAR; range, 0.07-0.24 W/kg) coils. A fluoroptic thermometry system was used to record temperatures at multiple locations before (1 minute) and during (15 minutes) MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the body RF coil, the highest temperature changes ranged from 2.5 degrees-25.3 degrees C. Using the head RF coil, the highest temperature changes ranged from 2.3 degrees-7.1 degrees C.Thus, these findings indicated that substantial heating occurs under certain conditions, while others produce relatively minor, physiologically inconsequential temperature increases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The temperature increases were dependent on the type of RF coil, level of SAR used, and how the lead wires were positioned. Notably, the use of clinically relevant positioning techniques for the neurostimulation system and low SARs commonly used for imaging the brain generated little heating. Based on this information, MR safety guidelines are provided. These observations are restricted to the tested neurostimulation system.
authors.affiliation: Section of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Ali R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rezai
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Finelli
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nyenhuis
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hrdlicka
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tkach
authors.forename: Ashwini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharan
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rugieri
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Stypulkowski
authors.forename: Frank G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Shellock
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013817:Thermography