title: Risk factors for intestinal ischaemia in cardiac surgical patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mesenteric ischaemia is an uncommon (<1%) but serious complication of cardiac surgery associated with a mortality >50%. Predictors of this complication are not well defined, and diagnosis can be difficult and prompt surgical intervention can be lifesaving.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a retrospective case-note analysis from May 1994 through to May 2000, we identified mesenteric ischaemia in 39 of 5349 consecutive patients (0.07%) undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. By logistic multivariate analysis, we have identified six possible predictors of intestinal ischaemia: duration of cross-clamp, use of significant inotropic support, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation for low cardiac output, need for blood transfusions, triple vessel disease and peripheral vascular disease. In all patients a combination of four predictors were present. Patients who survived this complication had surgical intervention earlier (6.4+/-3.8 h) than those who did not (16.9+/-10 h).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis and prompt treatment of mesenteric ischaemia post cardiac surgery requires a high degree of awareness. These predictors may be useful in alerting medical staff to the possibility of gastro-intestinal ischaemic complications after cardiac surgery particularly that early surgical intervention reduces mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK. sudip.ghosh@uhl-tr.nhs.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Firmin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jameson
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Spyt
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008641:Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors