title: Transplantation tolerance from a historical perspective.
abstract: Although transplantation immunology as a distinctive field began with the development of experimental models that showed the feasibility of bone marrow transplantation, organ engraftment was accomplished first in humans, and was thought for many years to occur by drastically different mechanisms. Here, we present our view of the concepts of allograft acceptance and acquired tolerance from a historical perspective, and attempt to amalgamate them into simple and unifying rules that might guide improvements in clinical therapy.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. starzlte@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Starzl
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Zinkernagel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000266:history; D002678:Chimera; D017637:Clonal Deletion; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000266:history; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D018448:Models, Immunological; D014181:Transplantation Immunology