title: G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 gene variants in human essential hypertension.
abstract: Essential hypertension has a heritability as high as 30-50%, but its genetic cause(s) has not been determined despite intensive investigation. The renal dopaminergic system exerts a pivotal role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and participates in the pathogenesis of genetic hypertension. In genetic hypertension, the ability of dopamine and D(1)-like agonists to increase urinary sodium excretion is impaired. A defective coupling between the D(1) dopamine receptor and the G protein/effector enzyme complex in the proximal tubule of the kidney is the cause of the impaired renal dopaminergic action in genetic rodent and human essential hypertension. We now report that, in human essential hypertension, single nucleotide polymorphisms of a G protein-coupled receptor kinase, GRK4gamma, increase G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) activity and cause the serine phosphorylation and uncoupling of the D(1) receptor from its G protein/effector enzyme complex in the renal proximal tubule and in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Moreover, expressing GRK4gammaA142V but not the wild-type gene in transgenic mice produces hypertension and impairs the diuretic and natriuretic but not the hypotensive effects of D(1)-like agonist stimulation. These findings provide a mechanism for the D(1) receptor coupling defect in the kidney and may explain the inability of the kidney to properly excrete sodium in genetic hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. rfelder@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Felder
authors.forename: Hironobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sanada
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Pei-Ying
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hidetsuna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Laureano D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Asico
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shaopeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Ikuyo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gainer
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hazen-Martin
authors.forename: Lee-Jun C
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Jean E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Robillard
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Gilbert M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Eisner
authors.forename: Pedro A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jose
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001835:Body Weight; D016466:CHO Cells; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006224:Cricetinae; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D054771:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 4; D006339:Heart Rate; D020962:Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009929:Organ Size; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054771:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 4; C517855:GRK4 protein, human; C517853:GRK4 protein, mouse; D020962:Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins