title: Further improvements in laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: decreased pain and accelerated recovery.
abstract: Fear of postoperative pain is a disincentive to living donor kidney transplantation. Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) was developed in part to dispel this disincentive. The dramatic increase in the number of laparoscopic donor nephrectomies performed at our institution has been in part due to the reduction in postoperative pain as compared to traditional, open donor nephrectomy. We sought to further diminish the pain associated with this surgical technique. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of three different postoperative pain management regimens after LDN. All living kidney donors performed laparoscopically (n=43) between September 1998 and April 2000 were included for analysis. Primary endpoints included postoperative narcotic requirements and length of stay. Narcotic usage was converted to morphine equivalents (ME) for comparison purposes. Patients received one of three pain control regimens (group 1: oral and intravenous narcotics; group II: oral and intravenous narcotics and the On-Q pump delivering a continuous infusion of subfascial bupivicaine 0.5%; and group III: oral and intravenous narcotics and subfascial bupivicaine 0.5% injection). Postoperative intravenous and oral narcotic use as measured in morphine equivalents was significantly less in group III versus groups I and II (group III: 28.7 ME versus group I: 40.2 ME, group II: 44.8 ME; P<0.05). Postoperative length of stay was also shorter for group III (1.8 days) versus group I (2.5 days) and group II (2.9 days). LDN has been shown to be a viable alternative to traditional open donor nephrectomy for living kidney donation. We observed that the use of combined oral and intravenous narcotics alone is associated with greater postoperative narcotic use and increased length of stay compared to either a combined oral and intravenous narcotics plus continuous or single injection subfascial administration of bupivicaine. The progressive modification of our analgesic regimen has resulted in decreased postoperative oral and intravenous narcotic use and a reduction in the length of stay. We recommend subfascial infiltration with bupivicaine to the three laparoscopic sites and the pfannenstiel incision at the conclusion of the procedure to reduce postoperative pain. We believe this improvement in postoperative pain management will continue to make LDN even more appealing to the potential living kidney donor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Ashcraft
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Baillie
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Shafizadeh
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McEvoy
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Baliga
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Rajagopalan
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Chavin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid