title: Interictal and ictal EEG activity in the basal ganglia: an SEEG study in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The interictal and ictal EEG activity in the basal ganglia in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy were studied during invasive EEG monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight epilepsy surgery candidates, each with a proven mesiotemporal seizure-onset zone, participated in the study. We used two invasive EEG methods to determine the seizure-onset zone. In both methods, diagonal electrodes were targeted into the amygdalohippocampal complex via a frontal approach and were passed through the basal ganglia with several leads. We analyzed 16 partial epileptic seizures, four of which became secondarily generalized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No epileptic interictal or ictal discharges were noticed in the basal ganglia. The interictal activity in the basal ganglia was a mixture of low-voltage beta activity and medium-voltage alpha-theta activity. When the ictal paroxysmal activity remained localized to the seizure-onset zone, the activity of the basal ganglia did not change. The spread of epileptic activity to other cortical structures was associated with the basal ganglia EEG slowing to a theta-delta range of 3-7 Hz. This slowing was dependent on the spread of ictal discharge within the ipsilateral temporal lobe (related to the investigated basal ganglia structures); alternatively, the slowing occurred in association with the regional spread of ictal activity from the mesiotemporal region to the temporal neocortex contralaterally to the investigated basal ganglia. Secondary generalization was associated with a further slowing of basal ganglia activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The basal ganglia do not generate specific epileptic EEG activity. Despite the absence of spikes, the basal ganglia participate in changing or reflect changes in the distribution of the ictal epileptic activity.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Centre, 1st Department of Neurology, Masaryk University, St. Anne's Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic. irektor@med.muni.cz
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rektor
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuba
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brázdil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes