title: Temporal trends and misclassification in residential 60 Hz magnetic field measurements.
abstract: This research addressed the question of how well measurement data collected during a single visit, made at an arbitrary hour of day, day of week, and season, estimate longer term residential 60 Hz magnetic field levels. We made repeat spot and 24 h measurements in 51 children's home, located in the Detroit, MI, and the Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN metropolitan areas, on a regular bimonthly schedule over a 1 year period, as well as a single 2 week measurement, for total of eight visits, producing 21 days of data for each residence. We defined the long term estimate (LTE) as the geometric mean of all available 24 h geometric means from the first six bimonthly visits. The LTE served as the reference level for assessing seasonal, day of week, and diurnal effects, as well as the potential for misclassification. We found a small, but statistically significant (P<.05), seasonal effect, with levels approximately 3% lower than the LTE in the spring and about 4% greater during the summer. No effect was found for day of week. However, we did find a systematic and appreciable diurnal effect, suggesting that, for example, an evening spot measurement may overestimate the LTE by 20% or more. We also assessed how well the 24 h measurement from the last visit, which was not used in calculation of the LTE, estimated the LTE. We found a high degree of correlation (r=.92) and fair to good agreement using four exposure categories (kappa=.53). Thus, the 24 h measurement appears to be a satisfactory LTE estimator. However, this finding must be interpreted with caution since considerable unexplained variability was present among the repeat 24 h measurements in about one-third of the homes. While the 2 week measurement does somewhat decrease exposure misclassification, its added intrusiveness and cost are likely to outweigh the improved precision.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. bobbanks@usinternet.com
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Jack S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Kaune
authors.forename: Sholom
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wacholder
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Tarone
authors.forename: Martha S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Linet
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006798:Housing / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000209:etiology; D012621:Seasons; D013995:Time