title: Re-exploration for hemorrhage following open heart surgery differentiation on the causes of bleeding and the impact on patient outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To differentiate surgical bleeding requiring re-exploration from postoperative coagulopathy and determine the differences in patient outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective chart review of 2,263 adult patients undergoing elective and emergency open heart procedures encompassing coronary artery bypass, valvular, and a combined procedure to determine the impact of source of bleeding leading to re-exploration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-two patients (3.6%) required re-exploration. Sixty-six percent had surgical bleeding; the remaining 34% were coagulopathic. Postoperative coagulopathy was associated with preoperative heparin use (37% vs. 19.9% for controls p<0.05). Re-operative procedures combined bypass/ valve (p<0.001) and prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times (p<0.05) were more prevalent in the coagulopathy group. Postoperative inotrope use was increased in patients who were re-explored (p<0.001), as were cardiac, pulmonary, renal and abdominal complications (p<0.001), and in all cases those patients with medically related bleeding had worse acute outcomes than the group with surgical causes for re-exploration. The hospital stay was prolonged for both patients with surgical bleeding (23.5 days) and patients with coagulopathy (27.1 days) compared to patients not undergoing re-exploration for bleeding (12.0 days, p<0.001). Survival was 91.3% for patients with surgical bleeding, 87.5% for patients with coagulopathy, and 98.0% for all others (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe postoperative hemorrhage is associated with significant morbidity and increased mortality. Postoperative hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality were significantly worse in patients suffering from coagulopathy when compared to those patients with hemorrhage from surgical causes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Brevetti
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Skoultchi
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sines
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Spotnitz
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D006494:Heparin Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011479:Protamines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006494:Heparin Antagonists; D011479:Protamines