title: Sleeping metabolic rate in relation to body mass index and body composition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether patterns of sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) are altered in obesity. Specifically to determine the relationship between changes in SMR and body weight, body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)), and fat-free mass (FFM); and to compare resting metabolic rate (RMR) with SMR during different periods of sleep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen healthy, pre-menopausal, obese (BMI >30, n=9) and non-obese (BMI <30, n=9), female subjects (six Caucasians and 12 African-Americans), with an average age of 36 y (range 22-45).
  
  
  METHODS
  Total energy expenditure (TEE or 24 h EE), metabolic rate (MR), SMR (minimum, average and maximum) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) or resting energy expenditure (REE) measured by human respiratory chamber, and external mechanical work measured by a force platform within the respiratory chamber. Physical activity index (PAL) was derived as TEE/REE. Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  SMR decreased continuously during sleep and reached its lowest point just before the subject was awakened in the morning by the research staff. Although averages for RMR and SMR were similar, RMR was lower than SMR at the beginning of the sleeping period and higher than SMR in the morning hours. The rate of decrease in SMR was faster with increasing body weight (-0.829, P<0.0001), BMI (correlation factor -0.896, P<0.0001) and FFM (-0.798, P=0.001). The relationship between the slope of SMR decrease and BMI (y=-5 x 10(-6)x(2)+0.0002x-0.0028) is highly significant, with a P-value of <0.0001 and r(2) value of 0.9622.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of decline in metabolic rate during sleep is directly related to body weight, BMI and FFM. Average SMR tends to be lower than RMR in obese subjects and higher than RMR in non-obese subjects.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. kz6@columbia.edu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kovera
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albu
authors.forename: F X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Pi-Sunyer
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Boozer
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology; D005082:Physical Exertion; D017697:Premenopause; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*