title: Sinonasal cancer and occupational exposures: a pooled analysis of 12 case-control studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to examine the associations between sinonasal cancer and occupational exposures other than wood dust and leather dust, the data from 12 case-control studies conducted in seven countries were pooled and reanalyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pooled data set included 195 adenocarcinoma cases (169 men and 26 women), 432 squamous cell carcinomas (330 men and 102 women), and 3136 controls (2349 men and 787 women). Occupational exposures to formaldehyde, silica dust, textile dust, coal dust, flour dust, asbestos, and man-made vitreous fibers were assessed with a job-exposure matrix. Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for age, study, wood dust, and leather dust, or other occupational exposures when relevant. 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly increased risk of adenocarcinoma was associated with exposure to formaldehyde. The ORs for the highest level of exposure were 3.0 (Cl = 1.5-5.7) among men and 6.2 (CI=2.0-19.7) among women. An elevated risk of squamous cell carcinoma was observed among men (OR=2.5, CI=0.6-10.1) and women (OR = 3.5, CI = 1.2-10.5) with a high probability of exposure to formaldehyde. Exposure to textile dust was associated with non-significantly elevated risk of adenocarcinoma, among women only: the OR for the high level of cumulative exposure was 2.5 (CI = 0.7-9.0). High level of asbestos exposure was associated with a significantly increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma among men (OR = 1.6, CI = 1.1-2.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this pooled analysis support the hypothesis that occupational exposure to formaldehyde increases the risk of sinonasal cancer, particularly of adenocarcinoma. They also indicate an elevated risk of adenocarcinoma among women exposed to textile dust, and suggest that exposure to asbestos may increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Inserm Unité 88, Hopital, National de Saint-Maurice, Saint-Maurice, France. d.luce@st-maurice.inserm.fr
authors.forename: Danièle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luce
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leclerc
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bégin
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Demers
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gérin
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Orlowski
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kogevinas
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Belli
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bugel
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bolm-Audorff
authors.forename: Louise A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brinton
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Comba
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hardell
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magnani
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Merler
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Preston-Martin
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D001194:Asbestos / Q000009:adverse effects; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000009:adverse effects; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003031:Coal; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004391:Dust; D005260:Female; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019016:Mineral Fibers / Q000009:adverse effects; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D003031:Coal; D004202:Disinfectants; D004391:Dust; D019016:Mineral Fibers; D001194:Asbestos; D005557:Formaldehyde