title: L-arginine deficiency and supplementation in experimental acute renal failure and in human kidney transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The "L-arginine paradox" refers to situations where L-arginine (L-Arg) supplementation stimulates nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, despite saturating intracellular concentrations. This paradox is frequently observed in acute renal failure (ARF). First, the effects of L-Arg on renal function of rats with ARF were studied. Based on the promising results from these initial studies, the second part of our study searched for a form of ARF in humans that could be studied easily under conditions with little variance and yet was linked with endothelial dysfunction. Thus, we investigated the effects of L-Arg supplementation immediately after kidney transplantation in 54 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In uranyl nitrate-induced ARF in rats the effects of L-Arg and L-NNA (inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; NOS) on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), blood pressure (BP) and NOx (NO2- +NO3-) excretion were examined. Tissue L-Arg levels, NOS activities, immunodetection of NOS and superoxide dismutase (SOD), activities of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and xanthine oxidase, and nitrotyrosine immunoreactive protein (NT-IR) were determined and compared to sham operated animals. Secondly, in a randomized, double-blind study, the effects of L-Arg on GFR and RPF were investigated in 54 kidney transplant recipients, receiving IV L-Arg for three days. GFR and RPF were measured on days 1, 3, 5 and 10 by scintigraphy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In experimental ARF, decreased RPF and GFR were associated with reduced tissue L-Arg levels, endothelial NOS-III expression, NO formation and NOx excretion. Reduction in GFR, RPF and NOx excretion were reversed upon administration of exogenous L-Arg. There also was a loss of Cu,Zn-SOD, a key enzyme against oxidative stress, and an elevation of NT-IR, an indicator of nitrosative stress and suggested marker for pathological actions of NO. However, NT-IR was not dependent on de novo NO synthesis and not related to the functional effects of l-Arg administration. In kidney transplant recipients receiving organs with a short cold ischemia time (CIT) and from young donors, that is, those with a higher likelihood of a functional endothelium, early administration of L-Arg improved renal function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both experimental and clinical data show that \L-Arg deficiency and endothelial dysfunction are pathomechanistically relevant in ARF. The data suggest a therapeutic potential for the administration of L-Arg in ARF and kidney transplantation, at least in patients receiving kidneys with shorter CIT and from younger donors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany. L.schramm@dialyse-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.forename: Mylinh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: La
authors.forename: Ekkehart
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heidbreder
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hecker
authors.forename: Joe S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Beckman
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lopau
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rendl
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reiners
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Winderl
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wanner
authors.forename: Harald H H W
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012079:Renal Circulation
chemical_list: D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D010100:Oxygen