title: Platelet calmodulin levels in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: do the levels correlate with curve progression and severity?
abstract: METHODS
  This ongoing longitudinal study evaluates simultaneous radiographic and platelet calmodulin determinations for patients with idiopathic scoliosis who are skeletally immature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether platelet calmodulin levels correlate with curve progression and severity.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A previous study based on a single calmodulin determination and a single radiograph identified higher calmodulin levels in progressive curves and in higher magnitude curves. A longitudinal study was needed to demonstrate the relation of calmodulin to curve changes for individual patients over time during the growth period.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 55 patients with idiopathic scoliosis of varying types and severity were followed longitudinally with serial radiographs and platelet calmodulin determinations. A Risser sign was recorded for each radiograph at each visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calmodulin levels increased in all the patients with progressive curves (13/13), remained stable in 73% of the patients with nonprogressive curves (11/15), and were higher generally in curves greater than 30 degrees and double structural curves. Calmodulin levels usually decreased in patients undergoing brace treatment (14/17) or spine fusion (9/10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It appears that platelet calmodulin levels correlate closely with curve progression and stabilization by bracing or spine fusion. Correlation with nonprogressive curves was not as consistent, with 27% noncorrelation. Longer follow-up evaluation and enrollment of additional patients will be necessary to determine whether calmodulin may serve as a biochemical marker of curve progression and to help identify stable and progressive curves.
authors.affiliation: Woodridge Orthopaedic and Spine Center, P.C., Wheat Ridge, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lawellin
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haher
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merola
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000737:chemistry*; D001915:Braces; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000032:analysis*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D013123:Spinal Fusion
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002147:Calmodulin