title: Endotoxin contamination of particles produces misleading inflammatory cytokine responses from macrophages in vitro.
abstract: Particulate prosthetic materials are often studied by adding them to monocytic cells in vitro and measuring the release of cytokines as an indicator of their inflammatory potential. Endotoxin is known to be a contaminant of particle preparations and also stimulates the release of cytokines. It is usual to use a proprietary endotoxin test to avoid erroneous results. Four different formulations of cement were found to be free from endotoxin using standard, gel-clot tests but stimulated different levels of release of cytokines from macrophages. These differences were explained when a more sensitive, kinetic endotoxin assay showed that release correlated with minor contamination with endotoxin. In a repeat experiment using cement particles with low or undetectable levels of endotoxin by kinetic assay, differences in the ability of the formulations to stimulate the release of cytokines were not seen. Endotoxin is adsorbed on to the surface of particles and it is this combination which stimulates increased release of cytokines. In both the above methods for determination of endotoxin, the water in which the particles had been soaked was examined rather than the particles directly. Further investigations showed that a kinetic assay directly on a particle suspension is the most sensitive method to measure contamination with endotoxin.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Unit, University of Cambridge, England, UK.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wimhurst
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rushton
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D016207:Cytokines; D004731:Endotoxins