title: Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in carriage and disease: a difference in IgA1 protease activity levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strains form part of the normal flora of the human upper respiratory tract but are also implicated in a wide range of diseases. Infections caused by nontypeable H influenzae are major health and socioeconomic burdens. No single bacterial trait has been associated with disease as opposed to colonization.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare IgA1 protease activity in nontypeable H influenzae strains isolated from patients with symptomatic Haemophilus infection (sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or normally sterile tissue) vs strains from throat swabs of asymptomatic carriers and to compare iga gene carriage and variability in nontypeable H influenzae strains.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of 63 strains (44 clinical and 19 carriage) collected between 1991 and 2000 and maintained at the Public Health Laboratory, Gwynedd General Hospital, Bangor, Wales.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of IgA1 protease activity produced by carriage strains and clinical isolates from symptomatic patients; the determination of the size and sequence of a variable region of the iga gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacterial IgA1 protease activity was significantly higher (P<.001) in strains isolated from sputum, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or normally sterile tissue of symptomatic individuals (median, 155 mU; interquartile range [IQR], 80-220 mU; mean, 169 mU; 95% confidence interval [CI], 126-211 mU) than in those isolated from throat swabs of asymptomatic carriers (median, 30 mU; IQR, 15-90 mU; mean, 56 mU; 95% CI, 26-86 mU; assayed on secretory IgA). The iga gene was detected in 97% of all strains examined. Variations in the sizes and sequences of part of the iga genes were also apparent. This variable region encodes a polypeptide linker connecting the protease domain to the beta-core autotranslocator, a porelike structure required for secretion of the protease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings reveal the importance of iga gene variability and expression levels in the establishment of disease phenotype. They identify nontypeable H influenzae IgA1 protease as a virulence factor and as a potential target for the development of new strategies to fight these important pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genomic Medicine, Infection and Immunity Group, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, S10 2RX, England.
authors.forename: Srdjan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vitovski
authors.forename: Kim T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Dunkin
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Jon R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sayers
mesh_terms: D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000382:microbiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; C021433:IgA-specific serine endopeptidase