title: CT-guided transthoracic percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma not detectable with US.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) not detectable with ultrasonography (US).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between April 1994 and January 2001, 51 patients with 57 HCC nodules not detectable with US underwent CT-guided transthoracic PEI. Complications associated with the transthoracic approach, effectiveness of transthoracic PEI, and prognosis of the patients were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-one PEI sessions were performed for 57 nodules. Complications included pneumothorax in 21 sessions (30%) for 19 nodules (33%), moderate pleural effusion in four sessions (6%) for four nodules (7%), and hemoptysis in three sessions (4%) for two nodules (4%). A chest tube was required for pneumothorax in five sessions (7%) for five nodules (9%), and pleural effusion drainage was performed in two sessions (3%) for two nodules (4%). Apparent tumor necrosis was noted at CT in 51 nodules (89%). During follow-up (range, 3 months to 5(1/2) years; mean, 29 months +/- 18 [SD]), local recurrence was seen in seven nodules (12%), three of which received repeat treatment with transthoracic PEI. Twenty-six patients survived, and 25 patients died of multiple tumors, hepatic failure, or rupture of esophageal varices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transthoracic PEI seems to be relatively safe and effective for the treatment of HCC not detectable with US.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Shogoin, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iimuro
authors.forename: Yuzo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Iwao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ikai
authors.forename: Kyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Yoji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maetani
authors.forename: Fumie
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ametani
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Konishi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000628:therapy*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000379:methods; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol