title: Pathology and causes of death in a group of 128 predominantly HIV-positive patients in Botswana, 1997-1998.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about causes of death in countries of southern Africa seriously affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
  
  
  METHODS
  After obtaining informed consent, autopsies were performed on 128 mainly hospitalised adults in Francistown, Botswana, between July 1997 and June 1998. Criteria for case selection included those who died before a diagnosis could be established, those whose condition deteriorated unexpectedly during hospitalization, and those who had respiratory disease. This represented 14% of adult medical patients who died in hospital during the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 128 patients, 104 (81%) were HIV-positive. Among HIV-positive patients, the most common pathologic findings were tuberculosis (TB) (40%), bacterial pneumonia (23%), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (11%), and Kaposi's sarcoma (11%); these conditions were the cause of death in 38%, 14%, 11%, and 6%, respectively. Of the 40 pulmonary TB cases, 90% also had disseminated extra-pulmonary TB. Chest radiology could not reliably distinguish the pathologies pre-mortem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TB was the leading cause of death in our series of HIV-positive adults in Botswana, selected towards those with chest disease; in most, it was widely disseminated. Bacterial pneumonia also played an important role in mortality. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was present, but relatively uncommon.
authors.affiliation: The BOTUSA Project, Gaborone, Botswana. ansarnas@aol.com
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kombe
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kenyon
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Hone
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tappero
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Nyirenda
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Binkin
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Lucas
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001344:Autopsy; D001902:Botswana / Q000453:epidemiology; D002423:Cause of Death; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*