title: Differentiation between women with vulvovaginal symptoms who are positive or negative for Candida species by culture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether clinical criteria could differentiate between women with vulvovaginitis who were culture positive or negative for vaginal Candida species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vulvovaginal specimens were obtained from 501 women with a vaginal discharge and/or pruritus. Clinical information and wet mount microscopy findings were obtained. All specimens were sent to a central laboratory for species identification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A positive culture for Candida species was obtained from 364 (72.7%) of the specimens. C. albicans was identified in 86.4% of the positive cultures, followed by C. glabrata in 4.5%, C parapsilosis in 3.9%, C. tropicalis in 2.7% and other Candida species in 1.4%. Women with a positive Candida culture had an increased utilization of oral contraceptives (26.1% vs. 16.8%, p = 0.02) and antibiotics (8.2% vs. 0.7%, p = 0.001), and were more likely to be pregnant (9.1% vs. 3.6%, p = 0.04) than the culture-negative women. Dyspareunia was more frequent in women without Candida (38.0% vs. 28.3%, p = 0.03) while vaginal erythema (p = 0.01) was more common in women with a positive Candida culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although quantitative differences were observed, the presence of vaginal Candida vulvovaginitis cannot be definitively identified by clinical criteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Linhares
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Witkin
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pinotti
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Ledger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D002175:Candida / Q000145:classification* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002181:Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy