title: Postoperative radiotherapy for patients with completely resected thymoma: a multi-institutional, retrospective review of 103 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimal management of postoperative radiotherapy for patients with completely resected thymoma remains controversial. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of postoperative mediastinal irradiation in patients with completely resected thymoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 103 patients with completely resected thymoma who received postoperative mediastinal irradiation during the period between 1979 and 1998 were reviewed. The distribution according to Masaoka stage was Stage I in 17 patients, Stage II in 61 patients, and Stage III in 25 patients. Fifty-two patients were treated with involved field (IF) irradiation, and 51 patients were treated with irradiation of the whole mediastinal field with or without boost (WM irradiation). The total radiation dose to the primary tumor bed was 30-61 grays (Gy), with a median dose of 40 Gy. No patients received chemotherapy during the initial treatment. The median follow-up of the 82 living patients was 112 months (range, 24-244 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 10-year actuarial overall and disease free survival rates for all patients were 81% and 79%, respectively. The 10-year actuarial overall survival rate was 100% for patients with Stage I disease, 90% for patients with Stage II disease, and 48% for patients with Stage III disease. In the analysis, clinical stage alone had a statistically significant impact on both overall survival and disease free survival (P < 0.0001 for both). Recurrent disease was observed in 17 patients, and the pleura was the most frequent site of first recurrence. Of 12 patients who had pleural recurrences, 11 patients had pleural dissemination remote from the initial tumor site. No recurrence was observed in any of the 17 patients with Stage I disease, and 6 of 61 patients (10%) with Stage II disease and 11 of 25 patients (44%) with Stage III disease experienced recurrences. With regard to intrathoracic recurrences, there were no recurrences within the irradiated field in any of the 103 patients, and no dose response correlation was seen in intrathoracic control (incidence of intrathoracic recurrence: 2 of 19 patients in the group that received < 40 Gy, 6 of 45 patients in the group that received 40 Gy, and 7 of 39 patients in the group that received > 40 Gy). With respect to treatment field, mediastinal recurrences were observed in 4 of 52 patients (8%) who were treated with IF irradiation, whereas 0 of 51 patients who were treated with WM irradiation experienced mediastinal recurrences. Pleural-based recurrences were observed both in patients who were treated with IF irradiation (7 of 52 patients) and in patients who were treated with WM irradiation (5 of 51 patients). According to the degree of pathologic tumor invasion, 0 of 71 patients without pleural invasion had pleural-based recurrences (0 of 17 patients with Stage I disease, 0 of 51 patients with Stage II disease, and 0 of 3 patients with Stage III disease), whereas 12 of 32 patients (38%) with pleural invasion had pleural-based recurrences (4 of 10 patients with Stage II disease and 8 of 22 patients with Stage III disease).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current results indicated that WM irradiation with a total dose of 40 Gy was effective in preventing mediastinal recurrence for patients with completely resected thymoma. However, in patients with pathologic pleural invasion of the tumor, mediastinal irradiation alone was insufficient to avoid pleural-based recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of the Ryukyus School of Medicine, Okinawa, Japan. kogawa@med.u-ryukyu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uno
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toita
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Onishi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Yasumasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kakinohana
authors.forename: Genki
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Itami
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Sadayuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murayama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013945:Thymoma / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D013953:Thymus Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome