title: Carbamazepine augmentation for schizophrenia: how good is the evidence?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Augmentation strategies in schizophrenia treatment remain an important issue because despite the introduction of several new antipsychotics, many patients remain treatment resistant. The aim of this study was to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of the safety and efficacy of one frequently used adjunctive compound: carbamazepine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials comparing carbamazepine (as a sole or as an adjunctive compound) with placebo or no intervention in participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were searched for by accessing 7 electronic databases, cross-referencing publications cited in pertinent studies, and contacting drug companies that manufacture carbamazepine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The identified studies were independently inspected and their quality assessed by 2 reviewers. Because the study results were generally incompletely reported, original patient data were requested from the authors; data were received for 8 of the 10 randomized controlled trials included in the present analysis, allowing for a reanalysis of the primary data. Dichotomous variables were analyzed using the Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio and continuous data were analyzed using standardized mean differences, both specified with 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten studies (total N = 283 subjects) were included. Carbamazepine was not effective in preventing relapse in the only randomized controlled trial that compared carbamazepine monotherapy with placebo. Carbamazepine tended to be less effective than perphenazine in the only trial comparing carbamazepine with an antipsychotic. Although there was a trend indicating a benefit from carbamazepine as an adjunct to antipsychotics, this trend did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present, this augmentation strategy cannot be recommended for routine use. The most promising targets for future trials are patients with excitement, aggression, and schizoaffective disorder bipolar type.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany. Stefan.Leucht@Lrz.tu-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leucht
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kissling
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002220:Carbamazepine