title: Control of regional metastasis after induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To study the impact of adding induction chemotherapy to radiotherapy on the long-term control of regional metastasis and survival in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between February 1988 and August 1993, 240 NPC patients with Ho's T3 stage, N2-3 stage, or nodal size >/=3 cm were recruited onto two randomized trials comparing induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (CT + RT) and radiotherapy alone (RT) using a similar treatment protocol. Of these, 210 patients (105 in each treatment arm) had cervical nodal metastasis and were included in the analysis. Patients in the CT + RT arm received two to three cycles of cisplatin, 60 mg/m(2) day 1, + epirubicin, 110 mg/m(2) day 1, followed by radiotherapy. Radiotherapy technique and dose were similar in both arms. The median follow-up time was 71 months (range, 5-152 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall response rate of nodal disease to chemotherapy was 86%, and the complete response (CR) rate was 44%. At the end of radiotherapy, 92% of patients in the CT + RT arm and 86% in the RT arm achieved CR in the neck (p =.12). The 5-year nodal relapse-free survival rates in the CT + RT and RT arm were 83% and 75%, respectively (p =.13). Most neck failures (81%) occurred during the first 36 months of follow-up. Radical neck dissection successfully salvaged 41% of neck failures in the CT + RT arm and 46% in the RT arm. The 5-year distant metastases-free survival rates were 70% in the CT + RT arm and 68% in the RT arm (p =.56), and the corresponding 5-year disease-specific survival rates were 66% and 68%, respectively (p =.55). In subgroup analysis, no significant differences in regional control and survival could be found in patients with Ho's N2-3 stage, AJCC N2-3 stage, or nodal size >6 cm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Induction chemotherapy does not seem to improve the regional control and survival in NPC patients with regional metastasis compared with radiotherapy alone and is not recommended as a routine treatment outside the context of a clinical trial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, PB-115, Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. dttchua@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: Daniel T T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: Jonathan S T
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sham
authors.forename: William I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Wai Kuen
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: Damon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Choy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012074:Remission Induction; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome