title: Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 and short-term recovery from predominantly mild brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether APOE genotype explained variability in short-term recovery from predominantly mild traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 87 adult patients presenting with mild or moderate TBI to a shock trauma center were enrolled prospectively. A battery of 13 neuropsychological tests was administered twice, at approximately 3 and 6 weeks after injury. Eighty of 87 patients were successfully genotyped for APOE using a buccal swab technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety percent of study patients had mild TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 to 15); 18 (22.5%) had one APOE epsilon 4 and none had two epsilon 4 alleles. After adjusting for potential confounders, patients positive for the APOE epsilon 4 allele had lower mean scores on 12 of 13 neuropsychological outcomes at visit 1 compared with APOE epsilon 4-negative patients. Two of the differences were significant (grooved pegboard test, p = 0.005; paced auditory serial addition task 2.8-second trial, p = 0.004). At visit 2, APOE epsilon 4-positive patients had lower adjusted mean scores on 11 of the 13 neuropsychological outcomes. None of the differences was significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  APOE genotype may influence the severity of the acute injury. However, with no consistent pattern to the recovery curves, it is not clear if APOE genotype influences the rate of recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. jliberman@imrinc.com
authors.forename: Joshua N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Liberman
authors.forename: Walter F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wesnes
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Troncoso
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E