title: Cloning of the human claudin-2 5'-flanking region revealed a TATA-less promoter with conserved binding sites in mouse and human for caudal-related homeodomain proteins and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha.
abstract: Claudin-2 is a structural component of tight junctions in the kidneys, liver, and intestine, but the mechanisms regulating its expression have not been defined. The 5'-flanking region of the claudin-2 gene contains binding sites for intestine-specific Cdx homeodomain proteins and hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1, which are conserved in human and mouse. Both Cdx1 and Cdx2 activated the claudin-2 promoter in the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2. HNF-1alpha augmented the Cdx2-induced but not Cdx1-induced transcriptional activation of the human claudin-2 promoter. In mice, HNF-1alpha was required for claudin-2 expression in the villus epithelium of the ileum and within the liver but not in the kidneys, indicating an organ-specific function of HNF-1alpha in the regulation of claudin-2 gene expression. Tight junction structural components, which determine epithelial polarization and intestinal barrier function, can be regulated by homeodomain proteins that control the differentiation of the intestinal epithelium.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.forename: Xiubin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Golden
authors.forename: EunRan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Rhoads
authors.forename: Hans-Christian
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Reinecker
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D000071616:CDX2 Transcription Factor; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D057167:Claudins; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1; D051538:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha; D051539:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C491273:CDX1 protein, human; D000071616:CDX2 Transcription Factor; C491270:CDX2 protein, human; C491875:CLDN2 protein, human; C491272:Cdx1 protein, mouse; D057167:Claudins; C113371:Cldn2 protein, mouse; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C496487:HNF1A protein, human; C496495:HNF1B protein, human; D051538:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha; C496488:Hnf1a protein, mouse; C496496:Hnf1b protein, mouse; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1; D051539:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta; D012313:RNA; D008156:Luciferases