title: Investigation into the significance of task difficulty and divided allocation of resources on the glucose memory facilitation effect.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Memory for a list of 20 words can be enhanced by preceding learning with consumption of 25 g glucose rather than an equally sweet aspartame solution. In previous studies, participants performed a secondary hand-movement task during the list-learning phase.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present placebo-controlled, double-blind study examined whether the additional cognitive load created by a secondary task is a crucial feature of the glucose memory facilitation effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of glucose administration on word recall performance in healthy young participants was examined under conditions where the primary memory task and a secondary task were competing for cognitive resources (across a range of secondary tasks), and where task difficulty was increased but dual task-mediated competition for cognitive resources did not exist. Measures of non-verbal and working memory performance were also compared under the different glycaemic conditions (glucose versus aspartame drinks).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, a beneficial effect of glucose on memory was detected after participants encoded a 20-word list while performing a secondary task, but not when participants encoded the list without a secondary task, nor when the 20 target words were intermixed with 20 non-target words (distinguished by gender of speaker). In addition, glucose significantly enhanced performance on spatial and working memory tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate that possible "depletion" of episodic memory capacity and/or glucose-mediated resources in the brain due to performing a concomitant cognitive task might be crucial to the demonstration of a glucose facilitation effect. Possible implications regarding underlying cognitive and physiological mechanisms are discussed in this article.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Fylde College, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK. s. sunram-lea@lancaster.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sandra I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Sünram-Lea
authors.forename: Jonathan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Durlach
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001218:Aspartame / Q000494:pharmacology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D013549:Sweetening Agents; D005947:Glucose; D001218:Aspartame