Non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors: past, present, and future perspectives.
Along with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have gained a definitive and important place in the treatment of HIV-1 infections, and are in rapid development. These compounds can be grouped into two classes: the first generation NNRTIs, mainly discovered by random screening, and the second generation NNRTIs, developed as a result of comprehensive strategies involving molecular modelling, rationale-based drug synthesis, biological and pharmacokinetic evaluations. The recent boom of NNRTIs is mainly due to their antiviral potency, high specificity and low toxicity. The rapid emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains induced by the first generation drugs is a disadvantage bypassed, in part, by the broad spectrum second generation NNRTIs. Starting from the first generation, this review will focus on the second generation NNRTIs dealing with the recent and most interesting published results, highlighting the guidelines for the development of a third generation of NNRTIs.
Campiani
Giuseppe
G
Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy. campiani@unisi.it
Ramunno
Anna
A
Maga
Giovanni
G
Nacci
Vito
V
Fattorusso
Caterina
C
Catalanotti
Bruno
B
Morelli
Elena
E
Novellino
Ettore
E
D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy; D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001570:Benzodiazepinones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D020008:Delavirdine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015195:Drug Design; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000639:trends; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010078:Oxazines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013936:Thymidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014529:Uridine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D001570:Benzodiazepinones; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D009705:Nucleosides; D010078:Oxazines; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D013141:Spiro Compounds; D019829:Nevirapine; D020008:Delavirdine; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; C098320:efavirenz; D013936:Thymidine; C075132:TSAO-T; D014529:Uridine