title: The spectrum of DNA damage in human sperm assessed by single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) and its relationship to fertilization and embryo development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The integrity of sperm DNA is important for the success of natural or assisted fertilization, as well as normal development of the embryo, fetus and child. ICSI, by bypassing sperm selection mechanisms, increases the risk of transmitting damaged DNA and the significance of this requires investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA damage in sperm from an unselected group of 60 men undergoing IVF treatment was measured by single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) and correlated with semen and treatment cycle parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wide spectra of sperm DNA damage were found both within and between men but no specific subgroups were identified. Semen and treatment cycle parameters were not different in men grouped according to high or low sperm DNA damage. However, regression analysis showed that DNA damage was positively associated with age (29-44 years), abnormal sperm and motility and negatively associated with sperm concentration. In ICSI cycles DNA damage was positively associated with impairment of post-fertilization embryo cleavage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study contributes to the evidence of DNA damage within sperm. High loads of DNA damage measured by the Comet assay were predictive of failure of embryo development after ICSI. As it is likely that sperm with DNA damage contributed to successful fertilization and in-vitro development, potential adverse effects remain to be clarified.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. i.morris@man.ac.uk
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ilott
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Brison
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D002970:Cleavage Stage, Ovum; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013076:Sperm Count; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000502:physiology*