title: Use of a charged lidocaine derivative, tonicaine, for prolonged infiltration anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that the duration of cutaneous anesthesia elicited by the permanently charged compound N-phenylethyl lidocaine (tonicaine) would be longer than that elicited by its parent structure, lidocaine, and that it would be less affected by epinephrine (epi), after subcutaneous injection in rats, as a model for infiltration anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subcutaneous injections were performed on the shaved dorsal skin of rats with either tonicaine or lidocaine (0.1% or 0.5%, n = 8 in each group) with and without epi (1:200,000). Inhibition of the cutaneous trunci muscle reflex was quantitatively evaluated by a blinded observer by the number of times pinpricks failed to elicit the nocifensive motor response out of a total of 6 pinpricks applied to the injected area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Duration of complete nociceptive blockade in the 0.5% tonicaine and lidocaine groups was 619 +/- 47 and 58 +/- 2 minutes, respectively; duration of full recovery in these groups was 1,106 +/- 19 and 86 +/- 3 minutes, respectively. Epi increased the duration of complete block in the 0.5% tonicaine and lidocaine groups to 750 +/- 13 and 97 +/- 11 minutes, respectively, and the duration of full recovery to 1,185 +/- 13 and 172 +/- 6 minutes, respectively. Skin toxicity was seen only in the 0.5% tonicaine with epi group (3 of 8 rats).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tonicaine is a substantially longer lasting local anesthetic with a delayed onset of action compared with lidocaine and may be useful in situations where long duration of infiltration block is desirable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gerner
authors.forename: Yukari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sudoh
authors.forename: Ging Kuo
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; C097272:tonicaine; D008012:Lidocaine