title: Transplacental genotoxicity of combined antiretroviral nucleoside analogue therapy in Erythrocebus patas monkeys.
abstract: Antiretroviral nucleoside analogue drugs are a major constituent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the most advanced form of treatment for HIV-1 infection. Currently, HAART combinations that include zidovudine (ZDV) and lamivudine (3TC) are highly effective in preventing HIV-1 vertical transmission; most children are born with no evident adverse clinical effects. However, ZDV is a moderately strong transplacental carcinogen in mice, and potential long-term consequences of fetal exposure to most HAART combinations remain unknown. To model human transplacental ZDV and 3TC exposures, experiments were performed in Erythrocebus patas monkeys given human-equivalent drug exposure protocols. Pregnant monkeys were dosed with either no drug (n = 2), 40.0 mg ZDV/d (about 6 mg/kg body weight/d) for the last 50% (10 weeks) of gestation (n = 3), or with the same regimen of ZDV plus 24.0 mg 3TC/d (about 3.6 mg/kg body weight/d) for the last 20% (4 weeks) of gestation (n = 3). Multiple fetal organs were examined at term for DNA incorporation of ZDV and 3TC using two separate radioimmunoassays (RIAs). Values for ZDV-DNA incorporation were similar in fetuses exposed to ZDV alone and those exposed to ZDV plus 3TC. Values for 3TC-DNA in fetal organs were greater than or equal to values for ZDV-DNA, indicating that the total DNA damage sustained by fetuses exposed to both drugs was at least double that observed in fetuses exposed to ZDV alone. Telomere shortening, determined by Southern blot with a telomeric probe, was observed in most organs of the three animals exposed in utero to ZDV plus 3TC. No telomere shortening was evident in the unexposed fetuses, and occasional telomere shortening was found in fetuses exposed to ZDV alone. Overall, these studies demonstrate that monkey fetuses exposed in utero to the combination ZDV plus 3TC sustain a higher level of drug-DNA incorporation and show evidence of more telomere damage than monkey fetuses exposed to ZDV alone.
authors.affiliation: Carcinogen-DNA Interactions Section, Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. oliceroo@exchange.nih.gov
authors.forename: Ofelia A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Olivero
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Brendan B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Antiochos
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Marisa E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: St  Claire
authors.forename: Miriam C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Poirier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D004901:Erythrocebus patas; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D010920:Placenta / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D016615:Telomere / Q000187:drug effects; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019259:Lamivudine; D015215:Zidovudine; D004247:DNA