title: The limited incorporation of economic analyses in clinical practice guidelines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because there is increasing concern that economic data are not used in the clinical guideline development process, our objective was to evaluate the extent to which economic analyses are incorporated in guideline development.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched medline and HealthSTAR databases to identify English-language clinical practice guidelines (1996-1999) and economic analyses (1990-1998). Additional guidelines were obtained from The National Guidelines Clearinghouse Internet site available at http://www.guideline.gov. Eligible guidelines met the Institute of Medicine definition and addressed a topic included in an economic analysis. Eligible economic analyses assessed interventions addressed in a guideline and predated the guideline by 1 or more years. Economic analyses were defined as incorporated in guideline development if 1) the economic analysis or the results were mentioned in the text or 2) listed as a reference. The quality of economic analyses was assessed using a structured scoring system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using guidelines as the unit of analysis, 9 of 35 (26%) incorporated at least 1 economic analysis of above-average quality in the text and 11 of 35 (31%) incorporated at least 1 in the references. Using economic analyses as the unit of analysis, 63 economic analyses of above-average quality had opportunities for incorporation in 198 instances across the 35 guidelines. Economic analyses were incorporated in the text in 13 of 198 instances (7%) and in the references in 18 of 198 instances (9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rigorous economic analyses may be infrequently incorporated in the development of clinical practice guidelines. A systematic approach to guideline development should be used to ensure the consideration of economic analyses so that recommendations from guidelines may impact both the quality of care and the efficient allocation of resources.
authors.affiliation: Zynx Health Incorporated, a Subsidiary of Cedars-Sinai Health System, Cedars-Sinai Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joel F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Weingarten
authors.forename: Chiun-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Henning
authors.forename: Andriana A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hohlbauch
authors.forename: Margaret S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Nicole S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: Lior S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Lewensztain
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ofman
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D013997:Time Factors