title: C1 adrenergic neurons are contacted by presynaptic profiles containing DELTA-opioid receptor immunoreactivity.
abstract: Ligands of the delta-opioid receptor tonically influence sympathetic outflow. Some of the actions of delta-opioid receptor agonists may be mediated through C1 adrenergic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. The goal of this study was to determine whether C1 adrenergic neurons or their afferents contain delta-opioid receptors. Single sections through the rostral ventrolateral medulla were labeled for delta-opioid receptor using the immunoperoxidase method and the epinephrine synthesizing enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) using the immunogold method, and examined at the light and electron microscopic level. Few ( approximately 5% of 903) profiles dually labeled for PNMT and delta-opioid receptor were detected; most of these were dendrites with diameters < 1.5 microm. delta-Opioid receptor immunoreactivity was affiliated with multivesicular bodies in dually labeled perikarya, whereas delta-opioid receptor immunoperoxidase labeling appeared as isolated clusters within both singly and dually labeled dendrites. The majority ( approximately 83% of 338) of delta-opioid receptor-immunoreactive profiles were axons and axon terminals. delta-Opioid receptor-immunoreactive terminals averaged 0.75 microm in diameter, contained numerous large dense-core vesicles and usually formed appositions or asymmetric (excitatory-type) synapses with their targets. The majority (>50% of 250) of delta-opioid receptor-immunoreactive axons and axon terminals contacted PNMT-immunoreactive profiles. Most of the contacts formed by delta-opioid receptor-immunoreactive profiles ( approximately 75% of 132) were on single-labeled PNMT-immunoreactive dendrites with diameters <1.5 microm. The prominent localization of delta-opioid receptors to dense-core vesicle-rich presynaptic profiles suggests that delta-opioid receptor activation by endogenous or exogenous agonists may modulate neuropeptide release. Furthermore, the presence of delta-opioid receptors on axon terminals that form excitatory-type synapses with PNMT-immunoreactive dendrites suggests that delta-opioid receptor ligands may modulate afferent activity to C1 adrenergic neurons. The observation that some PNMT-immunoreactive neurons contain delta-opioid receptor immunoreactivity associated with multivesicular bodies and other intracellular organelles suggests that some C1 adrenergic neurons may present, endocytose and/or recycle delta-opioid receptors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA. tmilner@mail.med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Aicher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D010625:Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012154:Reticular Formation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018847:Opioid Peptides; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D010625:Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase; D004837:Epinephrine