title: D-AP5 blocks the increase of intracellular free Ca2+ induced by glutamate in isolated cochlear IHCs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of D-AP5 (D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate, a specific NMDA-antagonist) on the increase of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) induced by glutamate in isolated cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs), and to detect the autoreceptors of the IHC membrane.
  
  
  METHODS
  When a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) was used, the exogenous glutamate (Glu)-induced changes in [Ca2+]i of isolated IHCs and OHCs of guinea pig cochlea were observed with fluo-3, a fluorescent probe for [Ca2+]i. After D-AP5 or CNQX (6--cyano--7--nitroguinoxaline--2, 3--dione, a specific AMPA- antagonist) was administered, the exogenous glutamate (Glu)-induced changes in [Ca2+]i of isolated IHCs were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the presence of a low concentration Glu (3.85 mumol/L), there was an increase of [Ca2+]i in IHCs, whereas there was no change in OHCs. When 50 mumol/L of D-AP5 was administrated in advance, Glu did not induce a corresponding increase in [Ca2+]i in IHCs, and 50 mumol/L of CNQX did not completely block the increase of [Ca2+]i in IHCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the autoreceptors existing in the IHC membrane are mainly of NMDA type, while there are relatively few AMPA receptors. Exogenous Glu is capable of increasing [Ca2+]i in IHCs by acting on the NMDA autoreceptor of IHCs in a positive feedback manner.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Otolaryngology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China. Lixq@plagh.com.cn
authors.forename: Xingqi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jianhe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yanrong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Zulin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Sichang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chunxi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006199:Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; D002118:Calcium