title: Endovenous treatment of the greater saphenous vein with a 940-nm diode laser: thrombotic occlusion after endoluminal thermal damage by laser-generated steam bubbles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite a rapid spread of the technique, very little is known about the laser-tissue interaction in endovenous laser treatment (EVLT). We evaluated EVLT of the incompetent greater saphenous vein (GSV) for efficacy, treatment-related adverse effects, and putative mechanisms of action.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients with 31 limbs of clinical stages C(2-6), E(P), A(S,P), P(R) with incompetent GSV proven by means of duplex scanning were selected for EVLT in an outpatient setting. A 600-microm fiber was entered into the GSV via an 18-gauge needle below the knee and proceeded to the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ). After infiltration of tumescent local anesthesia, multiple laser pulses of 15 J energy and a wavelength of 940 nm were administered along the vein in a standardized fashion. D-dimers were determined in peripheral blood samples 30 minutes after completion of EVLT in 16 patients and on postoperative day 1 in 20 patients. One GSV that was surgically removed after EVLT was examined by means of histopathology. Additionally, an experimental in vitro set-up was constructed as a means of investigating the mechanism of laser action within a blood-filled tube.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A median of 80 laser pulses (range, 22-116 laser pulses) were applied along the treated veins. On days 1, 7, and 28, all limbs except one (97%) showed a thrombotically occluded GSV. In one patient, the vessel showed incomplete occlusion. The distance of the proximal end of the thrombus to the SFJ was a median 1.1 cm (range, 0.2-5.9 cm) in the remaining patients. Adverse effects in all 26 patients were ecchymoses and palpable induration along the thrombotically occluded GSV that lasted for 2 to 3 weeks. In two limbs (6%), thrombophlebitis of a varicose tributary required oral treatment with diclofenac. D-dimers in peripheral blood were tested with normal results in 14 of 16 patients 30 minutes after completion of the procedure and elevated results in 7 of 20 patients at day 1 after EVLT. However, an increase of D-dimers from day 0 to day 1 was observed in 15 of the 16 patients undergoing tests 30 minutes after EVLT and on day 1. The 940-nm laser was demonstrated by means of in vitro experiments and the histopathological examination of one explanted GSV to act by means of indirect heat damage of the inner vein wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EVLT of the GSV with a 940-nm diode laser is effective in inducing thrombotic vessel occlusion and is associated with only minor adverse effects. Laser-induced indirect local heat injury of the inner vein wall by steam bubbles originating from boiling blood is proposed as the pathophysiological mechanism of action of EVLT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Mainz, Germany. Thomas.Proebstle@t-online.de
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Proebstle
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Lehr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kargl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Espinola-Klein
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rother
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bethge
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knop
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012501:Saphenous Vein; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000601:surgery*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology*