title: Clinical supervision: a review of underlying concepts and developments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review examines how psychiatric clinical supervision is represented in the psychiatric literature and its relevance for Australasian psychiatry.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature was first identified then reviewed using Medline and Psychlit, manual searches of relevant journals and personal contact with some key workers in Australia and New Zealand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The predominantly American literature written two to three decades ago reflected the conditions in which psychiatry was practised at that time, largely based in asylums or private offices and informed by the dominant psychoanalytic discourse of that era. These articles, frequently anecdotal and with little empirical support, conceptualized supervision as a developmental process, a syndrome, or a process of identification. They focused substantially on the nature of the relationship between the trainee and supervisor. More recent writers have included trainees' perspectives. They have identified a number of problems with supervision, including role conflicts, uncertainty about boundaries, lack of supervisory training and lack of effective feedback, and have introduced the concepts of adult learning as highly relevant. These concerns, however, have led to little change to date.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implementation by the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) of new training by-laws provides an opportunity to define the meaning of supervision in the current clinical context, to undertake research to clarify the key elements in the process, and to evaluate different techniques of supervision.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Wellington School of Medicine, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, New Zealand. macdonaldj@wnmeds.ac.nz
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009520:New Zealand; D009934:Organization and Administration; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000193:education*; D012106:Research; D012955:Societies, Medical