title: Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explored the feasibility of mapping the retina's responses to visual stimuli noninvasively, by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  fMRI was performed on a 9.4-Tesla scanner to map activity-evoked signal changes of the retina-choroid complex associated with visual stimulation in anesthetized cats (n = 6). Three to 12 1-mm slices were acquired in a single shot using inversion-recovery, echo-planar imaging with a nominal in-plane resolution of 468 x 468 microm(2). Visual stimuli were presented to the full visual field and to the upper and lower visual fields. The stimuli were drifting or stationary gratings, which were compared with the dark condition. Activation maps were computed using cross-correlation analysis and overlaid on anatomic images. Multislice activation maps were reconstructed and flattened onto a two-dimensional surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  fMRI activation maps showed robust increased activity in the retina-choroid complex after visual stimulation. The average stimulus-evoked fMRI signal increase associated with drifting-grating stimulus was 1.7% +/- 0.5% (P < 10(-4), n = 6) compared with dark. Multislice functional images of the retina flattened onto a two-dimensional surface showed relatively uniform activation. No statistically significant activation was observed in and around the optic nerve head. Hemifield stimulation studies demonstrated that stimuli presented to the upper half of the visual field activated the lower part of the retina, and stimuli presented to the lower half of the visual field activated the upper part of the retina, as expected. Signal changes evoked by the stationary gratings compared with the dark basal condition were positive but were approximately half that evoked by the drifting gratings (1.0% +/- 0.1% versus 2.1% +/- 0.3%, P < 10(-4)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first fMRI study of the retina, demonstrating its feasibility in imaging retinal function dynamically in a noninvasive manner and at relatively high spatial resolution.
authors.affiliation: Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA. timothy.duong@umassmed.edu
authors.forename: Timothy Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Duong
authors.forename: Shing-Chung
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ngan
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ugurbil
authors.forename: Seong-Gi
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D002829:Choroid / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*; D014794:Visual Fields