title: Modulation of brain and serum glutamatergic concentrations following a switch from conventional neuroleptics to olanzapine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent evidence suggests that effects upon glutamatergic transmission may contribute to the therapeutic action of certain atypical antipsychotic agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glutamate concentrations were measured in serum and were estimated (Glx/Cr) in cingulate cortex by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in schizophrenia patients while they were being treated with conventional neuroleptics and then 8 weeks after switching to olanzapine. Serum glutamate concentrations were obtained from 11 subjects, and MRS estimates of Glx/Cr were available from 10 subjects at both time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum glutamate concentrations significantly increased after the switch from conventional agents to olanzapine; brain glutamate (Glx/Cr) did not change significantly; however, brain glutamate (Glx/Cr) concentrations increased significantly in patients who exhibited an improvement in negative symptoms with olanzapine compared with patients with no change or worsening of negative symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparisons performed following the switch from conventional agents to olanzapine are consistent with previous studies of clozapine and provide additional preliminary evidence supporting the hypothesis that effects on excitatory amino acid activity may contribute to olanzapine's efficacy for treating negative symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Donald C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hennen
authors.forename: In Kyoon
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Lyoo
authors.forename: Guochuan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Lawrence L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wald
authors.forename: A Eden
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Evins
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Yurgelun-Todd
authors.forename: Perry F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Renshaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010890:Pirenzepine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012016:Reference Values; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D010890:Pirenzepine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D003401:Creatine; D000077152:Olanzapine