title: UV absorbance dependent toxicity of acridine to the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
abstract: The present study seeks quantitative measures for photoenhanced toxicity under natural light regimes by comparing the effects of an aromatic compound under natural and laboratory light. To this purpose, the influence of light irradiance and spectral composition on the extent of photoenhanced toxicity of acridine, a three-ringed azaarene, to the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was analyzed. Under laboratory light containing ultraviolet radiation (UV), the 72-h EC50 growth value for acridine was 1.55 microM. Under natural light, a 72-h EC50 value for acridine below the lowest test concentration (0.44 microM) was observed. Under both laboratory and natural light, the toxicity of acridine was equally enhanced by total UV (UV-A and UV-B) and UV-A radiation, while in the absence of UV no enhancement of toxicity was observed. Hence, the UV-A region of light was dominant in the photoenhanced toxicity of acridine to P. tricornutum, in accordance with its absorption spectrum in the UV-A region. Therefore, the total amount of UV radiation absorbed by aqueous acridine was calculated for each separate treatment. The amount of UV absorbed by acridine effectively described the effect of acridine on the growth of P. tricornutum in a dose-response-dependent manner. It is concluded that photoenhanced toxicity of aromatic compounds expressed as a function of the actually absorbed UV may circumvent some of the variability between studies using different concentrations of the phototoxic compounds and light sources. The UV quantity absorbed by these compounds allows a comparison with the absorption characteristics of natural waters and, thus, is a key parameter to determine the role of photoenhanced toxicity in water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology, IBED, Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands. wiegman@science.uva.nl
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiegman
authors.forename: Joost A G
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Termeer
authors.forename: Tommie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Verheul
authors.forename: Michiel H S
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kraak
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Voogt
authors.forename: Remi W P M
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Laane
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Admiraal
mesh_terms: D000166:Acridines / Q000633:toxicity*; D017377:Diatoms; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D010777:Photochemistry; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000166:Acridines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical