title: The relationship between DSM-IV oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: findings from the Great Smoky Mountains Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examine models of the relationship between oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) in a community sample. Particular attention is paid to the generalisability of findings based on clinic-referred boys.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analyses were based on four waves of data from the Great Smoky Mountains Study covering children in the community aged 9-16 years. Child and parent reports of DSM-IV symptoms, diagnoses, and a range of family and environmental adversities were collected using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cross-sectional analyses indicated that CD and ODD largely shared similar correlates, although some aspects of parenting appeared more related to CD than ODD. This pattern was broadly similar in boys and girls. Longitudinal analyses confirmed that ODD was a strong risk factor for CD in boys and there was a suggestion that ODD was a stronger risk factor for CD than for other common disorders. Atypical family structure was an important factor in the transition between ODD and CD in boys. In girls ODD provided no increased risk for later CD but was associated with increased risk for continued ODD, depression, and anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are more consistent with a developmental relationship between ODD and CD in boys than girls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK. r.rowe@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maughan
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pickles
authors.forename: E Jane
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angold
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors