title: Changes in intrathoracic blood volume associated with pneumoperitoneum and positioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is still controversial whether elevated cardiac filling pressures after the onset of pneumoperitoneum are the consequence of increased intrathoracic pressure or of increased venous return. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of pneumoperitoneum and body positioning on intrathoracic blood volume (ITBV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty anesthetized patients were randomly assigned to have CO2-pneumoperitoneum (13 mmHg) either in a supine, in a 15 degrees head-up tilt or in a 15 degrees head-down tilt position. Measurements of ITBV and hemodynamics by the double indicator method were recorded after induction of anesthesia and application of a fluid bolus (Lactated Ringer's solution 10 ml/kg), after positioning and after induction of pneumoperitoneum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBVI) increased significantly after induction of pneumoperitoneum in all body positions (supine: from 18.5 +/- 3.3 -20.2 +/- 5.2 ml/kg (+6%) head-up from 16.7 +/- 3.8 - 17.4 +/- 3.7 ml/kg (+16%) and head-down: from 19.8 +/- 5.6 - 20.5 +/- 5.9 ml/kg (+14%)). Heart rate did not change significantly in any of the groups. Cardiac index showed a statistically significant change in the head-down position with pneumoperitoneum (-11%). A good correlation was found for stroke volume (SV) with ITBV (r = 0.79), but not with central venous pressure (r = 0.26). Systemic vascular resistance index increased significantly in all three groups (supine +6%, head-up +16%, head-down position +14%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates that the onset of pneumoperitoneum, even with moderate intra-abdominal pressures, is associated with an increased intrathoracic blood volume in ASA I/II patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anesthesiology, Triemli City Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Zalunardo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klaghofer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Spahr
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pasch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zollinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001810:Blood Volume; D002496:Central Venous Pressure; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial; D011187:Posture; D012119:Respiration; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013909:Thorax