title: 'Never twice without thrice'. An outline for the understanding of traumatic neurosis.
abstract: Following the review of Freud's work on trauma (1916-17, 1920, 1926, 1933, 1939), this article proposes to view the traumatic scene as a screen which acts as an active process in the case of many victims who, like Mrs D, break down a few days after being assaulted. After a first attempt at denial, the ego is submerged with repressed content. Repetition is seen as a means of abreacting the trauma by seeking to bind the enormous quantity of excitations that cannot find discharge. Repetition, because of its compulsive quality, fails. The victim remains in a state of helplessness against which she resorts to denial, splitting and projection (Freud, 1920, 1926). This strategy is seen, however, as maintaining the victim in a state of helplessness. Thus, I suggest that, overwhelmed, the ego finally resorts to a multi-levelled system of defence. On a first level, fixation to the trauma, like in screen-memories, gives way to a first displacement. On a second level, the adoption of an identity built upon being a victim contributes to the strength of this displacement. On a third level, identification with the aggressor consolidates this defensive strategy by giving meaning to the hostility awakened by the sexual assault.
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Casoni
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011573:Psychoanalytic Interpretation; D011575:Psychoanalytic Therapy; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D014167:Transference, Psychology