title: Chronic antioxidant supplementation attenuates nuclear factor-kappa B activation and preserves endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypercholesterolemia (HC), a pro-oxidant condition, activates nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-kappa B) and is associated with coronary endothelial dysfunction. The physiological significance of in vivo chronic antioxidant intervention on HC-induced NF-kappa B activation and coronary endothelial function remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of pigs were studied after 12 weeks of normal diet, normal diet with concomitant antioxidant intervention (100 IU/kg of vitamin E and 1 g of vitamin C daily), 2% HC diet, or HC diet+antioxidant supplementation. NF-kappa B activation and the nitric oxide (NO) pathway were investigated by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, while oxidative stress was evaluated by coronary artery tissue radical scavenger activity and levels of vitamin E and C. Endothelial function was studied in vitro by coronary vasoreactivity to bradykinin and substance P.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HC animals had increased activation of NF-kappa B, decreased endothelial NO synthase expression, and decreased radical scavenger system activity, associated with impaired coronary endothelial function. Antioxidant supplementation in HC normalized NF-kappa B activation and NO bioactivity, and preserves coronary endothelial function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates for the first time that in vivo chronic interruption of the endogenous oxidative stress cascade reduces HC-induced NF-kappa B activation and normalizes NO bioactivity in association with preservation of coronary endothelial function. This study suggests a role for increased oxidative stress and NF-kappa B activation in early atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Porcel
authors.forename: Lilach O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Darcy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Napoli
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lerman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014810:Vitamin E; D002784:Cholesterol; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D001205:Ascorbic Acid