title: The IGF pathway regulates head formation by inhibiting Wnt signaling in Xenopus.
abstract: The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are well known mitogens, both in vivo and in vitro, while functions in cellular differentiation have also been indicated. Here, we demonstrate a new role for the IGF pathway in regulating head formation in Xenopus embryos. Both IGF-1 and IGF-2, along with their receptor IGF-1R, are expressed early during embryogenesis, and the IGF-1R is present particularly in anterior and dorsal structures. Overexpression of IGF-1 leads to anterior expansion of head neural tissue as well as formation of ectopic eyes and cement gland, while IGF-1 receptor depletion using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides drastically reduces head structures. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IGF signaling exerts this effect by antagonizing the activity of the Wnt signal transduction pathway in the early embryo, at the level of beta-catenin. Thus, the IGF pathway is required for head formation during embryogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richard-Parpaillon
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Héligon
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chesnel
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boujard
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Philpott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology; D005123:Eye / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006257:Head / Q000196:embryology*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D008934:Mitogens / Q000235:genetics*; D009024:Morphogenesis; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D014981:Xenopus / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins
chemical_list: D008934:Mitogens; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II