title: Three proteins, MBNL, MBLL and MBXL, co-localize in vivo with nuclear foci of expanded-repeat transcripts in DM1 and DM2 cells.
abstract: Myotonic dystrophy is a complex neuromuscular disorder associated with DNA expansion mutations in two different genes. In DM1 a CTG repeat in the 3'-untranslated region of DMPK is expanded, whereas in DM2 an intronic CCTG expansion occurs in the gene ZNF9. Transcripts containing expanded repeats form foci in the nuclei of DM1 and DM2 cells. Recent work using antibodies has shown that proteins related to Drosophila muscleblind co-localize with repeat foci in DM1 and DM2 cells. We show that rather than there being a single human muscleblind gene producing multiple proteins through alternative splicing, there are in fact three different muscleblind genes, MBNL, MBLL and MBXL, which map to chromosomes 3, 13 and X, respectively, and which show extensive alternative splicing. Two of the genes, MBNL and MBLL, are expressed in many adult tissues whereas MBXL is expressed predominantly in the placenta. Green fluorescent protein-tagged versions of MBNL, MBLL and MBXL co-localize with nuclear foci in DM1 and DM2 cells, suggesting that all three proteins may play a role in DM pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fardaei
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Helena M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: Marion G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hamshere
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Brook
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009223:Myotonic Dystrophy / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D019680:Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion / Q000235:genetics*; D016335:Zinc Fingers / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C109271:mbl protein, Drosophila