title: Detection of doxorubicin and metabolites in cell extracts and in single cells by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection.
abstract: Capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection was used to separate and detect doxorubicin and at least five metabolites from NS-1 cells that were treated with 25 microM doxorubicin for 8 h. Using 10 mM borate, 10 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (pH 9.3) as separation buffer, the 488-nm argon-ion laser line for fluorescence excitation, and a 635 +/- 27.5 nm bandpass filter for detection, the limit of detection (S/N=3) for doxorubicin is 61 +/- 13 zmol. This low limit of detection allows for the detection of a larger number of metabolites than previously reported. Two extraction procedures were performed: a bulk liquid-liquid extraction and an in-capillary single-cell lysis. While in the bulk liquid-liquid extraction procedure, recovery for doxorubicin range from 50 to 99%, in single cell analysis the recovery is expected to be complete. Furthermore performing lysis of a single cell inside the separation capillary prevents doxorubicin or metabolite loss or degradation during handling. Based on the bulk method the calculated metabolite abundance is in the sub-amol per cell range while it varies from 0.1 to 1.1 fmol per cell in single cell analysis confirming metabolite loss during handling. Each metabolite was found at a level less than 0.1% of the doxorubicin content in either method, suggesting a slow metabolism in the NS-1 cell system or effective removal of metabolites by the cell.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Adrian B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gergen
authors.forename: Edgar A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Arriaga
mesh_terms: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000378:metabolism*; D002457:Cell Extracts; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000378:metabolism; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D007834:Lasers; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D002457:Cell Extracts; D004317:Doxorubicin