title: The effects of bupivacaine and lidocaine on the corneal endothelium when applied into the anterior chamber at the concentrations supplied commercially.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the direct toxic effects of bupivacaine HCl 0.5% and lidocaine HCl 2%, two commonly used injectable local anesthetic agents, on the corneal endothelium when applied intracamerally.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups were formed, each consisting of 12 pigmented rabbits, and 0.2 ml of the anesthetic agent were injected intracamerally into the right eyes. The central corneal thicknesses and corneal clarities were evaluated preoperatively and at 3, 6, 9, 12 h and 1, 3, 7 days postoperatively. While the central corneal thicknesses were evaluated by ultrasonic pachymetry, the corneal opacification scored between 0 and 3 was assessed by biomicroscopic examination and photographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both bupivacaine and lidocaine caused corneal thickening in the 3- to 12-hour measurements. In addition, there was significant corneal opacification in both groups in the 3-hour and 3-day measurements. The corneal thickening and corneal opacification determined during 3- and 6-hour measurements in the eyes which received intracameral bupivacaine were significantly higher than those determined in the lidocaine-injected group. In both groups, the corneal thickness and corneal clarity scores returned to the preoperative values on the 1st and 7th days, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When applied into the anterior chamber at the concentrations supplied commercially, both bupivacaine and lidocaine cause statistically significant corneal thickening and clinically significant corneal opacification. It should be noted that the injection of these agents into the anterior chamber during the operation at the concentrations supplied commercially may be a potential risk factor for endothelial injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Harran University School of Medicine, Sanliurfa, Turkey. guzey@turk.net
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guzey
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Satici
authors.forename: Zeki
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.forename: Sezin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karadede
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000867:Anterior Chamber / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D015715:Corneal Edema / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D003318:Corneal Opacity / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D004728:Endothelium, Corneal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D007267:Injections; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine