title: Structure-activity relationship of hydroxamate-based inhibitors on the secretases that cleave the amyloid precursor protein, angiotensin converting enzyme, CD23, and pro-tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
abstract: Multiple proteins are proteolytically shed from the membrane, including the amyloid precursor protein (APP) involved in Alzheimer's disease, the blood pressure regulating angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), the low affinity IgE receptor CD23, and the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The inhibitory effect of a range of hydroxamic acid-based compounds on the secretases involved in cleaving and releasing these four proteins has been examined to build up a structure-activity relationship. Compounds have been identified that can discriminate between TNF-alpha convertase and the other three secretases (compound 15), between the shedding of CD23 and the shedding of APP and ACE (compound 21), and between the secretases and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (compound 22). The structure-activity relationship for the APP alpha-secretase and the ACE secretase were remarkably similar, and both secretases were activated in whole cell systems by the serine proteinase inhibitor 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin. The basal and carbachol-stimulated shedding of APP and ACE from human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells could not be differentiated by any of the hydroxamate compounds, implying that the same or very similar activities are involved in the constitutive and regulated shedding of these two proteins. By utilizing a key discriminatory compound (compound 15) that potently inhibits TNF-alpha convertase but not alpha-secretase, we show that TNF-alpha convertase is not involved in the regulated shedding of APP from human neuronal cells. The compounds reported here will be useful in future studies aimed at identifying and validating candidate secretases.
authors.affiliation: Proteolysis Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Edward T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Parkin
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trew
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faller
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Nigel M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Hooper
mesh_terms: D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; D002460:Cell Line; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D009000:Monocytes; D009474:Neurons; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000378:metabolism*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017455:Receptors, IgE / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D017455:Receptors, IgE; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; D010450:Endopeptidases; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; C509280:BACE1 protein, human