title: Citrate anticoagulation in a piglet model of pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop pediatric guidelines for the use of citrate as a regional anticoagulant for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) using a neonatal piglet model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal laboratory in the research center of a tertiary-level children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten neonatal piglets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a venovenous CRRT circuit and filter, we randomly altered the filter blood flow rate, replacement flow rate, and citrate flow rate over conventional pediatric ranges. Measured end points were prefilter serum ionized calcium and citrate levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A prefilter serum citrate concentration of 6 mmol/L is required to maintain the prefilter ionized calcium < or =0.4 mmol/L. Using multiple regression analysis on collected data, we derived a formula to predict prefilter serum citrate for combinations of replacement flow rate, blood flow rate, and citrate flow rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available literature and our past experience indicate that a prefilter ionized calcium < or =0.4 mmol/L is required to anticoagulate a CRRT circuit; a prefilter serum citrate concentration of 6 mmol/L is required to achieve this. Our multiple regression analysis can be expressed graphically to allow easy calculation of the required citrate flow rate, given the knowledge of the replacement flow rate and blood flow rate. Our results provide the first guidelines for the use of citrate as a regional anticoagulant in a pediatric-size model of CRRT.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nuthall
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Skippen
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daoust
authors.forename: Fahad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Jofan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seear
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002951:Citrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D006440:Hemofiltration / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D002951:Citrates