title: Types of macular holes encountered during diabetic vitrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the types of macular holes encountered during vitrectomy for complicated cases of diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study of consecutive cases of macular holes diagnosed either before or during pars plana vitrectomy for complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy over a 6-year period. The morphology of these holes is described. Possible mechanisms of their development, surgical considerations, and results after a follow-up of at least 3 months are discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen consecutive cases of macular holes associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were reviewed over a 6-year period. Five cases were lamellar and 14 were full thickness. The 14 cases of full thickness macular holes occurred in patients with the following conditions: tractional rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (5); tractional retinal detachment (3); premacular hemorrhage (3); and cystic macular edema (3). Closure of the full thickness holes was achieved in 8 of 11 patients who were followed up for at least 3 months. All the patients had visual improvement, but no patient had a visual acuity of better than 20/100.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macular holes may occur in proliferative diabetic retinopathy in different configurations. Full thickness macular holes can be closed in most cases. Functional improvement can be achieved.
authors.affiliation: Tanta University and Magrabi Eye Hospital, Tanta, Egypt. hghoraba@email.com
authors.forename: Hammouda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghoraba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000145:classification* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012827:Silicone Oils / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D012827:Silicone Oils; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride