title: Metabotropic glutamate and GABA(B) receptors contribute to the modulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The neurotransmitters glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) could participate in the regulation of the endocrine functions of islets of Langerhans. We investigated the role of the metabotropic glutamate (mGluRs) and GABA(B) (GABA(B)Rs) receptors in this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the expression of mGluRs and GABA(B)Rs in rat and human islets of Langerhans and in pancreatic alpha-cell and beta-cell lines using RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. Effects of mGluR and GABA(B) R agonists on insulin secretion were determined by radioimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assays (ELISAs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected mGluR3 and mGluR5 (but not mGluR1, 6 and 7) mRNAs in all of the samples examined. Trace amount of mGluR2 was found in MIN6 beta cells; mGluR4 was identified in rat islets; and mGluR8 expression was detected in rat islets, RINm5F and MIN6 cells. GABA(B)R1 a/b and 2 mRNAs were identified in islets of Langerhans and MIN6 cells. The expression of mGluR3, mGluR5, GABA(B)R1 a/b and GABA(B)R2 proteins was confirmed using specific antibodies. Group I (mGluR1/5) and group II (mGluR2/3) specific mGluR agonists increased the release of insulin in the presence of 3 to 10 mmol/l or 3 to 25 mmol/l glucose, respectively, whereas a group III (mGluR4/6-8) specific agonist inhibited insulin release at high (10-25 mmol/l) glucose concentrations. Baclofen, a GABA(B)R agonist, also inhibited the release of insulin but only in the presence of 25 mmol/l glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that mGluRs and GABA(B)Rs play a role in the regulation of the endocrine pancreas with mechanisms probably involving direct activation or inhibition of voltage dependent Ca(2+)-channels, cAMP generation and G-protein-mediated modulation of K(ATP) channels.
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Brice
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varadi
authors.forename: S J H
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ashcroft
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Molnar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017931:DNA Primers; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D064529:Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; D018080:Receptors, GABA-B / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C578935:GRM5 protein, human; C578937:Grm5 protein, rat; D007328:Insulin; D064529:Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; D018080:Receptors, GABA-B; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; C102718:metabotropic glutamate receptor 3; D005947:Glucose