title: Long-term kidney graft survival by delayed T cell ablative treatment in rhesus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tolerance to organ allografts in primates including man has been elusive, although in rodents and pigs tolerance can be achieved to organ allografts with relatively short courses of immunosuppressive treatment. In all varieties of graft acceptance that do not require full-dose maintenance immunosuppression, immunological engagement of donor and recipient and an early unstable period have been observed. On the basis of the hypothesis that elimination of aggressive T cell function should tip the balance in favor of an operationally tolerant state, experiments have been performed in monkeys allowing recipient-donor interaction before T-cell ablation and a short course of immunosuppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rhesus monkeys received an allogeneic kidney graft from a MHC-mismatched donor. The animals either received anti-CD3 immunotoxin (FN18-CRM9) alone, started 2 days after transplantation, or in combination with a short course of cyclosporine (CsA) and/or rapamycin (RAPA), started at 5 days after transplantation. Kidney function was followed by monitoring serum creatinine levels and regular biopsies. Humoral and cellular antidonor immunity was tested in vitro before and at several time points after transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Graft survival of monkeys that received CsA alone (mean survival time (MST)=29.3) was significantly prolonged compared with the controls (MST=6). FN18-CRM9 treatment alone also resulted in prolonged graft survival (MST=29.4). The combined treatment of FN18-CRM9 and CsA and/or RAPA resulted in prolonged graft survival after all immunosuppression was stopped (MST=207.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems feasible to postpone immunosuppression posttransplantation and yet prevent allograft rejection without the need of permanent immunosuppression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Margreet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jonker
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ringers
authors.forename: Miriam A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ossevoort
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Slingerland
authors.forename: Yvon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: van den Hout
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haanstra
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wubben
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Friend
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calne
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004167:Diphtheria Toxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000276:immunology*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008212:Lymphocyte Depletion; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D023421:Models, Animal; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D004167:Diphtheria Toxin; C114317:FN18-CRM9; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007518:Isoantibodies; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D016572:Cyclosporine; D020123:Sirolimus