title: Intensity modulated versus non-intensity modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of the left breast and upper internal mammary lymph node chain: a comparative planning study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare and evaluate intensity modulated (IMRT) and non-intensity modulated radiotherapy techniques in the treatment of the left breast and upper internal mammary lymph node chain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The breast, upper internal mammary chain (IMC), heart and lungs were delineated on a computed tomography (CT)-scan for 12 patients. Three different treatment plans were created: (1) tangential photon fields with oblique IMC electron-photon fields with manually optimized beam weights and wedges, (2) wide split tangential photon fields with a heart block and computer optimized wedge angles, and (3) IMRT tangential photon fields. For the IMRT technique, an inverse planning program (KonRad) generated the intensity profiles and a clinical three-dimensional treatment planning system (U-MPlan) optimized the segment weights. U-MPlan calculated the dose distribution for all three techniques. The normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCPs) for the organs at risk (ORs) were calculated for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average root mean square deviation of the differential dose-volume histogram of the breast planning target volume was 4.6, 3.9 and 3.5% and the average mean dose to the IMC was 97.2, 108.0 and 99.6% for the oblique electron, wide split tangent and IMRT techniques, respectively. The average NTCP for the ORs (i.e. heart and lungs) were comparable between the oblique electron and IMRT techniques (<or=0.7%). The wide split tangent technique resulted in higher NTCP values (>or=2%) for the ORs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lowest NTCP values were found with the oblique electron and the IMRT techniques. The IMRT technique had the best breast and IMC target coverage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B C John
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Coen W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hurkmans
authors.forename: Eugene M F
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Damen
authors.forename: Lambert J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Zijp
authors.forename: Ben J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mijnheer
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000528:radiation effects; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000379:methods*; D014022:Tissue Survival / Q000528:radiation effects