title: Cost and cost-effectiveness studies in heart failure research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure is a major and increasing cause of death and disability and accounts for significant resource use. In the United States alone, the prevalence is 4.6 million, with an incidence rate of 550,000 new cases a year and approximately 957,000 hospitalizations a year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methods of evaluating cost and outcome and of comparing cost with outcome are reviewed. Economic and cost-effectiveness studies in heart failure research, especially those related to clinical trials, are reviewed in the therapeutic areas of digoxin, angiotension-converting enzyme inhibition, beta blockers, disease management, and transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an era in which economic constraints on medical resource use limit the ability to give all services to all patients, economic studies can help guide more rational decision making. Economic studies in heart failure can be expected to improve and so help society to make better, more informed choices.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga, USA. wweintr@emory.edu
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Weintraub
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Tooley
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D004077:Digoxin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004077:Digoxin