title: Design of the Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS) in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few data on the role of lipid lowering in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in diabetic patients. This paper describes the design of a collaborative clinical trial between Diabetes UK, the NHS Research and Development Directorate and Pfizer UK, that addresses this question.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS) is a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with Type 2 diabetes. The primary objective is to investigate whether treatment with the hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, reduces the incidence of major cardiovascular events. At entry patients have at least one other risk factor for CHD in addition to diabetes, namely current smoking, hypertension, retinopathy, or micro- or macroalbuminuria. At randomization patients have been selected for a serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration < or = 4.14 mmol/l (160 mg/dl) and triglycerides < or = 6.78 mmol/l (600 mg/dl). Randomization was completed in June 2001. Patients will be followed until 304 primary endpoints have accrued (expected date early 2005). The trial includes 2838 men and women aged 40-75 years. This report describes the design and administration of the study and reviews the evidence to date of the effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapy in Type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The case for lipid-lowering therapy for the primary prevention of CHD in diabetes has not been demonstrated. CARDS will provide essential information on the extent of any benefits and adverse effects of lipid-lowering therapy in diabetic patients without prior CHD.
authors.affiliation: EURODIAB, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK. h.colhoun@public-health.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Colhoun
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thomason
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Mackness
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Maton
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Betteridge
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Durrington
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hitman
authors.forename: H A W
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Neil
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fuller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D010919:Placebos; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012107:Research Design
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D010919:Placebos; D011758:Pyrroles; D000069059:Atorvastatin