title: Growth and biochemical markers of growth in children with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathophysiological mechanisms of growth impairment frequently associated with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children are poorly defined. The main objective of this study was to evaluate whether nighttime upper airway obstruction attributable to adenotonsillar hypertrophy and subsequent surgical treatment affect the circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) along with other growth parameters in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We initially studied 70 children (mean age: 5.8 years; range: 2.4-10.5 years) admitted to a university hospital because of clinical symptoms of OSAS. Their sleep was monitored with a 6-channel computerized polygraph. Data on anthropometry and circulating concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were generated and compared with corresponding characteristics in control children (N = 35). Thirty children with an obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) of 1 or more were categorized as children with OSAS (mean OAHI: 5.4 [95% confidence interval for mean (CI): 3.8-6.9]), whereas 40 children with an OAHI of <1 were considered as primary snorers (PS) (mean OAHI 0.13 [95% CI: 0.05-0.21]). Nineteen children with OAHI >2 underwent adenotonsillectomy attributable to OSAS and were reassessed 6 months later together with 34 nonoperated children with OAHI <2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no initial differences in relative height and weight for height between the 3 groups of children. No differences were observed in peripheral IGF-I concentrations, but both OSAS and PS children had reduced peripheral IGFBP-3 levels. The operated children with initial OSAS experienced a highly significant reduction in their OAHI from 7.1 (95% CI: 5.1-9.1) to 0.37 (95% CI: 0.2-0.95). Weight-for-height, body mass index, body fat mass, and fat-free mass increased during the follow-up in the operated children with OSAS, whereas only fat-free mass and relative height increased in the PS children. Both the IGF-I and the IGFBP-3 concentrations increased significantly in the operated children, whereas no significant changes were seen in the PS children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations indicate that growth hormone secretion is impaired in children with OSAS and PS. Respiratory improvement after adenotonsillectomy in children with OSAS results in weight gain and restored growth hormone secretion.
authors.affiliation: Department Otorhinolaryngology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. peter.nieminen@pp.qnet.fi
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nieminen
authors.forename: Tuija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Löppönen
authors.forename: Uolevi
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tolonen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lanning
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Löppönen
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy; D000886:Anthropometry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006128:Growth; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012913:Snoring / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014068:Tonsillectomy; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I