title: Intestinal cannulation: model for study of the midgut of the pig.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a pig model that would enable repeated biopsy specimen collection and endoscopic monitoring of the gut. This would increase precision of the experiment and reduce the number of experimental animals required.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six 10-week-old Yorkshire pigs underwent surgery, and a cannula was inserted in the cecum. Two pigs served as non-operated controls. The health status of the animals was monitored by clinical, hematologic, and biochemical examinations and by studies of gut motility and microbial flora. The experimental period lasted for eight weeks and approximately 45 biopsy specimens were obtained from each animal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated endoscopy was performed and biopsy specimens were taken. Adverse effects on the animal's health were not apparent, and differences were not evident in transit time of digesta or in diversity of the gut microbial flora. After surgery there was a transient increase in the concentrations of haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, and plasma cortisol, and in body temperature and white blood cell count.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to use an intestinal cannula in the cecum both for endoscopy and biopsy specimen collection. The procedures did not influence health status of the pigs, nor alter gut function. The method will be useful in experimental infection studies as well as in other physiologic investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Segerstad
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wallgren
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fellström
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hultén
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jensen-Waern
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002404:Catheterization / Q000662:veterinary*; D002431:Cecostomy; D002432:Cecum / Q000382:microbiology; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility; D008297:Male; D013552:Swine