title: Effect of a chicken-based diet on renal function and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of replacing red meat with chicken in the usual diet and the effect of a low-protein diet on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER), and lipid levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, crossover, controlled trial was conducted with 28 patients with type 2 diabetes (seven women; mean age 58.1 years): 15 patients were normoalbuminuric (UAER <20 microg/min), and 13 patients were microalbuminuric (UAER 20-200 microg/min). A chicken-based diet (red meat replaced with chicken) and a low-protein diet were compared with the patients' usual diet. Patients followed each diet for 4 weeks with a 4-week washout period between. GFR ((51)Cr-EDTA single-injection technique), 24-h UAER (immunoturbidimetry), apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured after each diet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normoalbuminuric and microalbuminuric patients with diabetes were analyzed separately. In normoalbuminuric patients, GFR after the chicken (101.3 +/- 22.9 ml x min(-1) x 1.73 m(-2)) and low-protein diets (93.8 +/- 20.5 ml x min(-1) x m(-2)) was lower than after the usual diet (113.4 +/- 31.4 ml x min(-1) x 1.73 m(-2); P < 0.05). In microalbuminuric patients, apolipoprotein B levels were lower after the chicken (113.5 +/- 36.0 mg/dl) and low-protein diets (103.5 +/- 40.1 mg/dl) than after the usual diet (134.3 +/- 30.7 mg/dl; P < 0.05). Only the chicken diet reduced UAER (median 34.3 microg/min) compared with the low-protein (median 52.3 microg/min) and usual (median 63.8 microg/min) diets (P < 0.05). Glycemic control and blood pressure did not change after the diets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A normoproteic diet with chicken as the only source of meat may represent an alternative strategy for treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jorge L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Themis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zelmanovitz
authors.forename: Cileide C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Moulin
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Mello
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perassolo
authors.forename: Cristiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leitão
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoefel
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paggi
authors.forename: Mirela J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Azevedo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria; D000818:Animals; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002645:Chickens; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D019270:Fructosamine / Q000097:blood; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D011200:Poultry; D012016:Reference Values; D012907:Smoking; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D019270:Fructosamine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides