title: Human uremic plasma increases microvascular permeability to water and proteins in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk of cardiovascular disease is significantly higher in patients with long-term uremia than in otherwise healthy adults. This is true even before patients proceed to dialysis, but the reason why cardiovascular risk is increased is unknown. Transvascular transport of lipids and other macromolecules in both large vessels and the microcirculation has been implicated in generation of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether patients with long-term uremia have circulating factors that promote increased vascular permeability, we measured the effect of perfusing microvessels with uremic plasma in a non-mammalian model of vascular permeability measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perfusion of frog mesenteric microvessels with dialyzed normal plasma did not result in an increase in either hydraulic conductivity (Lp, permeability of the vessel wall to water) or oncotic reflection coefficient (sigma, permeability to macromolecules, particularly proteins). Perfusion with dialyzed uremic plasma resulted in a very significant increase in vascular permeability to both water (Lp increased 8.8-fold from 4.1 to 36.4 x 10(-7) cm x s(-1) cm H2O(-1)) and proteins (sigma reduced from 0.93 to 0.53).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that one or more circulating macromolecules in uremic plasma are able to increase transvascular solute and fluid flux, and may underlie the increased cardiovascular risk found in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Academic Renal Laboratories, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, England, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Charles R V
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Tomson
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Bates
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001790:Blood Physiological Phenomena; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D010477:Perfusion; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011896:Rana temporaria; D013552:Swine; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D014867:Water