title: Automated identification of diploid reference cells in cervical smears using image analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acquisition of DNA ploidy histograms by image analysis may yield important information regarding the behavior of premalignant cervical lesions. Accurate selection of nuclei for DNA measurement is an important prerequisite for obtaining reliable data. Traditionally, manual selection of nuclei of diagnostic and reference cells is performed by an experienced cytotechnologist. In the present study, a method for the fully automated identification of nuclei of diploid epithelial reference cells in Feulgen- restained Papanicolaou (PAP) smears is described.
  
  
  METHODS
  The automated procedure consists of a decision tree implemented on the measurement device, containing nodes with feature threshold values and multivariate discriminant functions. Nodes were constructed to recognize debris and inflammatory cells, as well as diploid and nondiploid epithelial cells of the uterine cervix. Evaluation of the classifier was performed by comparing resulting diploid integrated optical densities with those from manually selected reference cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On average, automatically acquired values deviated 2.4% from manually acquired values, indicating that the method described in this paper may be useful in cytometric practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. J.vanderlaak@pathol.azn.nl
authors.forename: Jeroen A W M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van der Laak
authors.forename: Albertus G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Siebers
authors.forename: Vincent M J I
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Cuijpers
authors.forename: Martin M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pahlplatz
authors.forename: Peter C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: de Wilde
authors.forename: Antonius G J M
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hanselaar
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology*; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical / Q000295:instrumentation; D004171:Diploidy; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018307:Neoplasms, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology; D015588:Observer Variation; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D011123:Polyploidy; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*