title: The influence of CO2 versus helium insufflation or the abdominal wall lifting technique on the systemic immune response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both laparoscopic and conventional surgery result in activation of the systemic immune response; however, the influence of the laparoscopic approach, using CO2 insufflation, is significantly less. Little is known about the influence of alternative methods for performing laparoscopy, such as helium insufflation and the abdominal wall lifting technique (AWLT), and the systemic immune response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three patients scheduled for elective cholecystectomy were randomly assigned to undergo laparoscopy using either CO2 or helium for abdominal insufflation or laparoscopy using only the AWLT. The postoperative inflammatory response was assessed by measuring the white blood cell count, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The postoperative immune response was assessed by measuring monocyte HLA-DR expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CRP levels were significantly higher 1 day after helium insufflation when compared with CO2 insufflation; however, no differences were observed 2 days after surgery. The AWLT resulted in significantly higher levels of CRP both 1 and 2 days after surgery when compared with either CO2 or helium insufflation. A small increase in postoperative IL-6 levels was observed in all groups, but no significant differences were seen between the groups. After both helium insufflation and AWLT a significant decrease in HLA-DR expression was observed, in contrast to the CO2 group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carbon dioxide used for abdominal insufflation seems to limit the postoperative inflammatory response and to preserve parameters reflecting the immune status. These findings may be of importance in determining the preferred method of laparoscopy in oncologic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sietses
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: von Blomberg
authors.forename: Q A J
authors.initials: QA
authors.lastname: Eijsbouts
authors.forename: R H J
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Beelen
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Berends
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cuesta
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006371:Helium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007327:Insufflation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D015850:Interleukin-6; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006371:Helium; D002097:C-Reactive Protein