title: Clinical assessment of retronasal olfactory function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a test kit for the simple assessment of retronasal olfactory function and to compare orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function in healthy subjects and patients with olfactory disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested 230 individuals with normosmia, hyposmia, and anosmia using grocery-available powders. Initially, 30 different substances were investigated. Subjects identified each substance using a list with 4 verbal items (forced choice). After preliminary experiments, 20 items were selected according to the degree to which they were identified by normosmic and anosmic subjects. Orthonasal olfactory function was assessed psychophysically using "sniffin' sticks," which includes tests for odor identification, discrimination, and butanol odor thresholds. In addition, anosmia was confirmed electrophysiologically by means of olfactory-evoked potentials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In healthy subjects, there was a test-retest reliability correlation of r(27) = 0.76 for retronasal olfactory function, which is similar to other odor identification tests. Retronasal testing in normosmic subjects allowed for the discrimination of sex-related differences, with women scoring higher than men (P =.007), and the identification of a slight decrease with age (r(120) = -0.20; P =.03). Orthonasal and retronasal identification of odors was found to correlate (r(86) = 0.78; P<.001). Retronasal testing allowed for the discrimination between normosmia, hyposmia, and anosmia (P<.001). In addition, retronasal performance of anosmic patients appeared to improve with duration of anosmia (P =.03). No difference was found between patients with anosmia of different origin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the present investigation indicate that the assessment of retronasal olfactory function is possible using oral stimulus presentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heilmann
authors.forename: Gundel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Strehle
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rosenheim
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Damm
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hummel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D012737:Sex Factors; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology