title: Design and quality considerations for randomized controlled trials in systemic sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To appraise systematically randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on systemic sclerosis (SSc) in order to determine whether the parameter of study design and its quality may influence the reporting of efficacy for tested interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy RCTs were analyzed (1965-2000) in terms of design, patient characteristics, outcomes, and reported results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median sample size was 28 patients. Fifty-nine trials were double blind, but only 16 mentioned the randomization mode and only 7 described allocation concealment. There was sufficient information on withdrawals in 37 trials. Larger trials with longer followup scored higher on quality characteristics, but had higher withdrawal rates. Only 8 trials had a followup of more than 1 year. Significant efficacy was less likely to be reported in double-blind studies (P = 0.029) and in studies with larger rates of withdrawal (P = 0.032). Specification of the following parameters improved over time: power calculations (P = 0.0003), outcomes (P = 0.001), and sample size per arm (P = 0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several aspects of the quality of design and conduct of SSc RCTs can be improved. Adequately powered trials with longer followup and clear outcomes are needed.
authors.affiliation: University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kyriakidi
authors.forename: John P A
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ioannidis
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011786:Quality Control; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D018401:Sample Size; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors