title: The MyoD-inducible p204 protein overcomes the inhibition of myoblast differentiation by Id proteins.
abstract: The murine p204 protein level is highest in heart and skeletal muscle. During the fusion of cultured myoblasts to myotubes, the p204 level increases due to transcription dependent on the muscle-specific MyoD protein, and p204 is phosphorylated and translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. p204 overexpression accelerates myoblast fusion in differentiation medium and triggers this process even in growth medium. Here we report that p204 is required for the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. We propose that it enables the differentiation, at least in part, by overcoming the inhibition of the activities of the MyoD and E47 proteins by the Id proteins: Id1, Id2, and Id3. These are known to inhibit skeletal muscle differentiation by binding and blocking the activity of MyoD, E12/E47, and other myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins. Our hypothesis is based on the following findings. (i) A decrease in the p204 level in C2C12 myoblasts by antisense RNA (a) increased the level of the Id2; (b) inhibited the MyoD-, E12/E47-, and other bHLH protein-dependent accumulation of the muscle-specific myosin heavy-chain protein; and (c) inhibited the fusion of myoblasts to myotubes in differentiation medium. (ii) p204 bound to the Id proteins in vitro and in vivo. (iii) In the binding of p204 to Id2, the b segment of p204 and the HLH segment of Id2 were involved. (iv) Addition of p204 overcame the inhibition by the Id proteins of the binding of MyoD and E47 to DNA in vitro. (v) Overexpression of p204 in myoblasts (a) decreased the level of the Id proteins, even in a culture in growth medium, and (b) overcame the inhibition by the Id proteins of MyoD- and E47 dependent transcription and also overcame the inhibition by Id2 of the fusion of myoblasts to myotubes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8024, USA.
authors.forename: Chuan-ju
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lengyel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002459:Cell Fusion; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019281:Dimerization; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D051797:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2; D051796:Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins; D051379:Mice; D009132:Muscles / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D016372:RNA, Antisense / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; D058125:Transcription Factor 7-Like 1 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497455:Idb1 protein, mouse; C497452:Idb2 protein, mouse; C489664:Ifi16 protein, mouse; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D051797:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2; D051796:Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins; D017570:MyoD Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D016372:RNA, Antisense; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; C544912:TCF7L1 protein, human; C544913:Tcf7l1 protein, mouse; D058125:Transcription Factor 7-Like 1 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; C075640:ID3 protein, human