title: In vivo reflectance measurement of optical properties, blood oxygenation and motexafin lutetium uptake in canine large bowels, kidneys and prostates.
abstract: Motexafin lutetium (MLu) is a second-generation photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. We have developed and applied a diffuse optical reflectance spectrometer for in vivo measurement of MLu uptake, optical properties, haemoglobin concentration and haemoglobin oxygen saturation in normal canine large bowels, kidneys and prostates. The probe consists of a broadband fibre-optic-coupled light source and detector fibres placed at various distances from the source fibre to collect reflected light. An analysis based on the diffusion approximation of the photon transport equation was used to recover tissue optical properties from the reflectance measurements. The instrumentation and analysis methods were validated using measurements from homogeneous, highly scattering phantoms with known MLu concentrations. The same techniques were then used to estimate chromophore concentrations of normal canine large bowels, kidneys and prostates. We estimated (mean (standard deviation)) total haemoglobin concentrations of 119 (25), 340 (92) and 51 (11) microM in the large bowels, kidneys and prostates of four dogs, respectively; tissue blood oxygen saturations in these same organs were 75 (15), 76 (21) and 74 (16) per cent, respectively. Tissue MLu concentrations (mg l(-1)) were estimated from data taken 3.5 h after injection of a 2 mg kg(-1) injected dose; data from three dogs gave concentrations of 2.4 (0.4) in large bowels, 6.8 (1.3) in kidneys and 2.2 (1.1) in prostates. The reduced scattering coefficients, mu's, estimated for large bowels, kidneys and prostates at 730 nm were, respectively: 10.1 (1.3), 19.6 (4.0) and 12.7 (0.6) cm(-1). We observed significant variability in MLu uptake, tissue scattering and haemoglobin concentration between organs and even between the same organ in different dogs. This class of in situ optical property measurement may be desirable to individualize PDT drug and light delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solonenko
authors.forename: Rex
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kachur
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vulcan
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Hsing-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Yodh
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D007420:Intestine, Large / Q000187:drug effects*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008665:Metalloporphyrins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011467:Prostate / Q000187:drug effects*; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D008665:Metalloporphyrins; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C102825:motexafin lutetium; D010100:Oxygen