title: Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) genotype and phenotype, galactose consumption, and the risk of borderline and invasive ovarian cancer (United States).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have suggested that high levels of galactose consumption and/or low levels of galactose-I-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) activity may result in an increased risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Similarly, some have reported that carriers of the N314D (asparagine at codon 314 replaced by aspartate) GALT polymorphism, which can be associated with low GALT activity, may have a higher risk of ovarian cancer. We examined these issues as part of a large case-control study of ovarian cancer conducted in Los Angeles between 1992 and 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,439 histologically confirmed borderline and invasive ovarian cancer cases among English-speaking non-Asian women were ascertained through the population-based cancer registry for Los Angeles County and completed in-person interviews were obtained from 689 of these (78% of cases approached). Controls consisted of 645 English-speaking non-Asian women with at least one intact ovary matched to cases on race/ethnicity (African-American, Latina, non-Latina White), date of birth (+/-3 years), and neighborhood of residence. Interviewer-administered questionnaires included information on reproductive factors, exogenous hormone use, medical history, and diet. Dietary information for the year before each case's diagnosis (and the same period for her matched control) was obtained using a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire. Blood samples were obtained from 452 controls, 136 cases with borderline ovarian cancer, and 312 cases with invasive ovarian cancer. The N314D polymorphism was characterized using PCR-RFLP and GALT enzyme activity, and was determined for a sample of the subjects with GALT genotype using an erythrocyte-based radioactive enzyme assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no effect of N314D GALT genotype on the risk of borderline ovarian cancer (odds ratio (OR)=0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.54-1.6) or invasive ovarian cancer (OR=0.78; 95% CI= 0.53-1.2). Neither did we observe a relationship between GALT activity or lactose/galactose intake and risk of borderline or invasive ovarian cancer. Among N314D carriers, galactose consumption was associated with an increased risk of borderline (OR = 2.7, p = 0.01), but not invasive (OR = 1.2, p = 0.34), ovarian cancer; however, this result was based on only 24 N314D-positive borderline cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in galactose intake and GALT metabolism do not contribute significantly to the risk of ovarian cancer. There is some evidence that galactose intake may play a role in the development of borderline ovarian cancer among women who carry the uncommon GALT N314D polymorphism. More data are needed if this latter suggestion is to be definitively addressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, USC/Norris Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cozen
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Juergen K V
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Reichardt
authors.forename: Won
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Malcolm C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pike
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005690:Galactose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D005694:UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005694:UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase; D005690:Galactose