title: Inflammation and stroke: the Leiden 85-Plus Study .
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental evidence indicates that interleukin-10 (IL-10) deficiency is associated with the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. We analyzed the relation between low IL-10 production levels, history of stroke, and incident fatal stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 85-year-old inhabitants of Leiden, Netherlands (n=599) were visited at their place of residence (response rate, 87%). Production levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were assessed in a whole blood assay whereby lipopolysaccharide was used as a stimulus. Plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) were also used as a marker of inflammation. A history of stroke was obtained at baseline (prevalence, 10%). The number of fatal strokes was prospectively obtained for a median follow-up of 2.6 years (incidence, 1.82 per 100 person-years at risk). Subjects with a history of stroke had significantly lower median IL-10 production levels at baseline than subjects without stroke (558 versus 764 pg/mL; P<0.05). They also had significantly higher median CRP concentrations (6 versus 3 mg/L; P<0.05). The odds ratio for a history of stroke increased to 2.30 (95% CI, 1.12 to 4.72) over strata representing decreasing production levels of IL-10. The relative risk for incident fatal stroke was 2.94 (95% CI, 1.01 to 8.53) when we compared subjects with low or intermediate baseline IL-10 production levels to those with high production levels of IL-10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data support the hypothesis that subjects with low IL-10 production levels have an increased risk of stroke.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Exel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gussekloo
authors.forename: A J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: de Craen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bootsma-van der Wiel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frölich
authors.forename: R G J
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Westendorp
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood* / Q000172:deficiency; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D002097:C-Reactive Protein