title: Transfer of selected elements from food into human milk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We measured the transfer factors of antimony, cerium, chromium, cobalt, gallium, lanthanum, molybdenum, niobium, ruthenium, silver, thorium, titanium, and uranium from food to milk in nursing mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Food and milk samples from 19 mothers were taken daily over 2 to 8 wk. The samples were analyzed for element content after microwave-assisted pressure digestion with a mass spectrometer and inductively coupled plasma. The transfer factor, or the portion of element intake passed on in the milk, was calculated as the element concentration in food (g/kg) divided by the element concentration in milk (g/L).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calculated transfer factors were 5.1 for silver, 16.1 for cerium, 6.9 for chromium, 8.4 for cobalt, 19.1 for gallium, 13.8 for lanthanum, 77.4 for molybdenum, 20.7 for niobium, 4.1 for ruthenium, 13.2 for antimony, 20.2 for thorium, 5.6 for titanium, and 21.3 for uranium. Factors differed significantly across individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These differences can be attributed to the fact that the different levels of elements in breast milk are the result of individual differences in milk production and factors other than the amount of any particular element absorbed by the body.
authors.affiliation: International Graduate School of Zittau, Martk 23, D-02763 Zittau, Germany.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wappelhorst
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kühn
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heidenreich
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Markert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015930:Diet Records; D004602:Elements; D004603:Elements, Radioactive / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D014165:Transfer Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D004602:Elements; D004603:Elements, Radioactive; D014165:Transfer Factor