title: Detection of genetically modified organisms in foods.
abstract: Legislation enacted worldwide to regulate the presence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in crops, foods and ingredients, necessitated the development of reliable and sensitive methods for GMO detection. In this article, protein- and DNA-based methods employing western blots, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, lateral flow strips, Southern blots, qualitative-, quantitative-, real-time- and limiting dilution-PCR methods, are discussed. Where information on modified gene sequences is not available, new approaches, such as near-infrared spectrometry, might tackle the problem of detection of non-approved genetically modified (GM) foods. The efficiency of screening, identification and confirmation strategies should be examined with respect to false-positive rates, disappearance of marker genes, increased use of specific regulator sequences and the increasing number of GM foods.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Radiation Oncology, Leo W. Jenkins Cancer Center, The Brody School of Medicine, LSB 014, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA. ahmedf@mail.ecu.edu
authors.forename: Farid E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D015139:Blotting, Southern / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D002170:Canada; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D005062:European Union; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D030841:Food, Genetically Modified / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008956:Models, Chemical; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D018744:DNA, Plant