title: Inorganic and organic clays as carriers for controlled release of the herbicide hexazinone.
abstract: The risk of ground water contamination resulting from rapid leaching of highly soluble pesticides can be minimized through the application of the pesticide adsorbed on a matrix or carrier, which limits the amount of pesticide immediately available for undesirable losses. The use of natural materials for this purpose is of special interest in terms of economy and sustainability. In this work the adsorption of the herbicide hexazinone by two montmorillonites saturated with various inorganic and organic cations was determined and the ability of the two clays displaying the highest adsorption capacities [Fe(3+)-saturated Wyoming montmorillonite, (Fe-SW) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium-saturated Arizona montmorillonite (HDTMA-SA)] to act as carriers for slow release of hexazinone and to reduce herbicide leaching losses was evaluated. Hexazinone formulations based on Fe-SW and HDTMA-SA displayed slow release properties in water and soil/water suspensions, reduced herbicide leaching in soil columns, and maintained herbicidal activity, as compared with the currently available commercial hexazinone formulation (wettable powder). Loosely bound hexazinone-HDTMASA formulations, which led to the slowest breakthrough of hexazinone in soil columns along with the greatest amounts of herbicide released from the clay particles, displayed the most interesting characteristics for their use as slow release formulations and to prevent ground water contamination.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, Apartado 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain. rcelis@irnase.csic.es
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Celis
authors.forename: M Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hermosín
authors.forename: M José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Carrizosa
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cornejo
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D000077215:Clay; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D014227:Triazines; D014867:Water; D000077215:Clay; C025641:hexazinone