title: An ergonomic evaluation comparing desktop, notebook, and subnotebook computers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and compare the postures and movements of the cervical and upper thoracic spine, the typing performance, and workstation ergonomic factors when using a desktop, notebook, and subnotebook computers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated-measures design.
  
  
  METHODS
  A motion analysis laboratory with an electromagnetic tracking device.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 21 university students between ages 20 and 24 years with no history of neck or shoulder discomfort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each subject performed a standardized typing task by using each of the 3 computers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements during the typing task were taken at set intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cervical and thoracic spines adopted a more flexed posture in using the smaller-sized computers. There were significantly greater neck movements in using desktop computers when compared with the notebook and subnotebook computers. The viewing distances adopted by the subjects decreased as the computer size decreased. Typing performance and subjective rating of difficulty in using the keyboards were also significantly different among the 3 types of computers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computer users need to consider the posture of the spine and potential risk of developing musculoskeletal discomfort in choosing computers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong ROC. rsgszeto@polyu.edu.hk
authors.forename: Grace P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Szeto
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology; D016288:Computer Terminals; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008838:Microcomputers; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology