title: Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) can protect the adult heart from injury when added both prior to ischaemia and at reperfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the cytokine cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) can protect the adult heart against ischaemia/reperfusion when added either prior to ischaemia or at reperfusion.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  CT-1 has previously been shown to protect cultured embryonic or neonatal cardiocytes from cell death. To assess the therapeutic potential of CT-1, it is necessary to determine whether this effect can be observed in adult cardiac cells both in culture and most importantly in the intact heart.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the protective effect of CT-1 both in cultured adult rat cardiocytes and in the rat intact heart. In both cases, the cardiac cells were exposed to hypoxia/ischaemia followed by reoxygenation/reperfusion and CT-1 was administered either prior to hypoxia/ischaemia or at reoxygenation/reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CT-1 has a protective effect in reducing ischaemic damage in the intact heart ex vivo as assayed by infarct size to area at risk ratio (20% compared to 35%). Similar protective effects against cell death were noted in adult cells in vitro. Both in vitro and ex vivo CT-1 can exert a protective effect when added at the time of reoxygenation/reperfusion as well as prior to the hypoxic/ischaemic stimulus (cell death reduced from 50 to 20% in TUNEL assay, infarct size to zone at risk ratio reduced from 35 to 20%). These protective effects are blocked by an inhibitor of the p42/p44 MAPK pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT-1 can protect adult cardiac cells both in vitro and in vivo when added both prior to or after the hypoxic/ischaemic stimulus. The potential therapeutic benefit of CT-1 when added at the time of reperfusion following ischaemic damage is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Bhawanjit K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Brar
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Anastasis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stephanou
authors.forename: Rhona M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pennica
authors.forename: Derek M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yellon
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Latchman
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; C092073:cardiotrophin 1; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one