title: Deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine region in the normal non-human primate.
abstract: Lesions in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) cause akinesia. The PPN degenerates in Parkinson's disease. Stimulation of the PPN region induces stepping movements in rats and cats. These findings suggest that the PPN may play an important role in akines ia and that stimulating it may alleviate akinesia.Therefore, we have stereotactically implanted a macroelectrode in the left PPN region in a normal macaque to investigate the effects of deep brain stimulation at different frequencies. Motor activity was recorded with an infra-red counter and behaviour videotaped. At frequencies above 45 Hz there was significantly more severe akinesia than at lower frequencies (paired t -test, n=15, P<0.005). At 100 Hz, there was gross impairment of postural control. At low frequencies (5-30 Hz), stimulation induced a 5-Hz tremor in the right arm. We conclude that stimulating the PPN region at high frequency causes akinesia, whereas low frequencies induce some positive motor effects.
authors.affiliation: University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, UK.
authors.forename: Dipankar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nandi
authors.forename: Xuguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Tipu Z
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D008251:Macaca; D008297:Male; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011300:Preoperative Care; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data