title: The last 48 hours of life in long-term care: a focused chart audit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As a component of palliative care educational program development, the faculty at the University of Ottawa Institute of Palliative Care wished to assess end-of-life care for patients in long-term care (LTC) settings to develop an educational strategy for physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  A chart audit, focusing on the last 48 hours of life of residents dying in LTC facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five LTC facilities in a city in Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents who died in the LTC facilities in a 12-month period. Those who died suddenly (i.e., with no palliation period) or in a hospital were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptoms highlighted in the literature as commonly found in the terminally ill and the matching treatments were recorded on an audit form created by the authors. Included were pain, dyspnea, noisy breathing, delirium, dysphagia, fever, and myoclonus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred eighty-five charts were reviewed. A large number of patients were cognitively impaired. Cancer was the final diagnosis in 14% of cases. Respiratory symptoms were the most prevalent symptom, with dyspnea being first and noisy breathing third. Pain was second, with a prevalence similar to that found in studies of cancer patients. Dyspnea was not treated in 23% of the patients with this symptom; opioids were used in only 27% of cases with dyspnea. Ninety-nine percent of patients who experienced pain were treated for it. Less than one-third of patients with noisy breathing were treated. Delirium was not treated in 38% of the cases, and no anti-dopaminergic medications were administered. Nurses were primarily responsible for documenting end-of-life issues, supporting the families of the dying residents, and communicating with other team members.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The focused chart audit identified the high prevalence of cognitive impairment in the patient population, which complicates symptom management. Respiratory symptoms predominated in the last 48 hours of life. This symptom profile differs from that of cancer patients, who, according to the literature, have more pain and less respiratory trouble. Management of symptoms was variable. Nurses played a crucial role in the care of dying residents through their documentation and communication of end-of-life issues. Appropriate palliative care education can provide knowledge and skills to all health-care professionals, including physicians, and assist them in the control of symptoms and improvement of quality of life for patients dying in LTC facilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa Institute of Palliative Care, 43 Bruyère Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5C8, Canada. phall@scohs.on.ca
authors.forename: Pippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Cori
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schroder
authors.forename: Lynda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weaver
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002170:Canada; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000592:standards*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000592:standards*; D013997:Time Factors