title: Survival and growth of potential microbial contaminants in severe environments.
abstract: Studies conducted in our laboratory have established that a number of potential soil microbes could survive a simulated Martian environment. In view of the uncertainty of the Martian environment and the importance of noncontamination of extraterrestrial bodies, studies were performed with common soil microbes to determine the minimal environment necessary to produce a complete growth cycle. The effects of diurnal temperature cycling (+25 degrees C to -65 degrees C) and of limiting concentrations of moisture and oxygen on spore germination, vegetative growth and sporulation of Bacillus cereus and B. subtilis have been determined. The results indicated that diurnally temperature-cycled heat-shocked spores of B. cereus in the simulated Martian atmosphere: 1) survived when the moisture concentration was < or = 4%; 2) germinated but became nonviable when the moisture concentration was > 4 < 8%; 3) germinated with subsequent vegetative growth when a) the moisture concentration was > or = 8%, and b) the concentration was > or = 6% and the partial pressure of oxygen was 15 mm; 4) sporulated when the moisture concentration was > or = 6% and the partial pressure of oxygen was 15 mm. Similar data for heat-shocked spores of B. subtilis in the simulated Martian atmosphere, diurnally temperature-cycled, indicated that the spores: 1) survived when the moisture concentration was > or = 6%; 2) germinated but became nonviable when the moisture concentration was > 1 < 4%; 3) germinated with subsequent vegetative growth when the moisture concentration was > or = 8%; 4) sporulated when the moisture concentration was > or = 6% and the partial pressure of oxygen was > or = 10 mm. Preliminary studies with B. cereus and B. subtilis spores produced in the simulated Martian environment and reintroduced into this environment indicated that vegetative cell growth and sporulation were normal. These data are discussed with regard to the probability of contamination of extraterrestrial bodies.
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Research Division, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hawrylewicz
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
mesh_terms: D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D006358:Hot Temperature; D018535:Mars; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000254:growth & development; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water