Prenatal diagnosis: what does four-dimensional ultrasound add?
BACKGROUND
The key benefit of 4D ultrasound lies in providing real-time 3D images of embryonic or fetal movements, previously limited by technological advancement.


OBJECTIVE
To classify types of first trimester embryonic and fetal movements in normal pregnancies as seen by 4D sonography.


RESULTS
Three types of movements can be visualized in the first trimester: gross body between seven and eight weeks, limb movements after ten weeks and complex limb movements after 11 weeks of gestation.


CONCLUSIONS
An alteration from the given pattern of motoric development should be considered as an indication for further investigation.


CONCLUSIONS
4D ultrasound enables visualization of more details of the dynamics of small anatomical structures. Therefore, body and limb movements can be visualized a week earlier than with 2D.
Kurjak
Asim
A
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Zagreb, Sveti Duh Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.
Vecek
Nenad
N
Hafner
Tomislav
T
Bozek
Tomislav
T
Funduk-Kurjak
Biserka
B
Ujevic
Boris
B
D000328:Adult; D005121:Extremities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005324:Fetal Movement; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*