title: Impact of reference-based pricing for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on drug utilization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing copayments for higher-priced prescription medications has been suggested as a means to help finance drug coverage for elderly patients, but evaluations of the impact of such policies are rare. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of reference-based pricing of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on drug utilization, cost savings and potential substitution with other medication classes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 36 months of claims data from British Columbia for 2 years before and 1 year after implementation of reference-based pricing (in January 1997). The 119,074 patients were community-living Pharmacare beneficiaries 65 years of age or older who used ACE inhibitors during the study period. The main outcomes were changes over time in use of ACE inhibitors, use of antihypertensive drugs and expenditures for antihypertensive drugs, as well as predictors of medication switching related to reference-based pricing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a sharp decline (29%) in the use of higher-priced cost-shared ACE inhibitors immediately after implementation of the policy (p < 0.001). After a transition period, the post-implementation utilization rate for all ACE inhibitors was 11% lower than projected from pre-implementation data. However, overall utilization of antihypertensives was unchanged (p = 0.40). The policy saved $6.7 million in pharmaceutical expenditures during its first 12 months. Patients with heart failure or diabetes mellitus who were taking a cost-shared ACE inhibitor were more likely to remain on the same medication after implementation of reference-based pricing (OR 1.12 [95% confidence interval, CI, 1.06-1.19] and 1.28 [95% CI 1.20-1.36] respectively). Patients with low-income status were more likely than those with high-income status to stop all antihypertensive therapy (OR 1.65 [95% CI 1.43-1.89]), which reflects a general trend toward discontinuation of therapy among these patients even before implementation of reference-based pricing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reference-based pricing in British Columbia achieved a sustained reduction in drug expenditures, and no changes in overall use of antihypertensive therapy were observed. Further research is needed on the overall health and economic effects of such policies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass., USA. schneeweiss@post.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneeweiss
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Soumerai
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maclure
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dormuth
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000191:economics*; D001955:British Columbia; D003363:Cost Control; D017046:Cost Savings; D016527:Drug Costs; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000191:economics*; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors