title: Nitric oxide synthase 2 mRNA expression in relation to p53 and adenomatous polyposis coli mutations in primary colorectal adenocarcinomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The inducible nitric (NO) synthase 2 (NOS2) is upregulated in breast, brain, colon, and gynecological tumors, which indicate that NO may have a role in tumorigenesis. However, little is known about the role and regulation of NOS2 in colorectal carcinomas. Recent in vitro experiments have implicated that NOS2 is downregulated by p53 accumulation. Virtual analysis of the NOS2 promoter showed putative TCF-4/Lef-1 response elements, which indicate a potential regulation of NOS2 expression by activation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)/beta-catenin pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  NOS2 mRNA expression was investigated in 59 colorectal carcinomas by reverse transcriptase/real-time polymerase chain reaction and related to mutations in the p53, APC, and beta-catenin genes. Presence of NOS2 protein was studied by Western blot, and the localization was studied by immunohistochemistry. Loss of heterozygosity was studied in the region of the NOS2 gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NOS2 mRNA and protein expression were significantly higher in tumors than in control tissue. Immunohistochemistry revealed extensive NOS2 staining in the epithelial cells and, to a minor degree, in leukocytes. Increased NOS2 mRNA expression was found in Dukes' stages A and B compared with the C and D stages. No relationship was found between elevated NOS2 expression and loss of heterozygosity in the later stages according to Dukes' classification or mutations in the p53, APC, or beta-catenin genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inactivating mutations in the p53 and APC pathways are not the main explanation for the increased NOS2 expression found in colorectal tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fransén
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dimberg
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Osterström
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Söderkvist
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sirsjö
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D016158:Genes, p53; D006801:Humans; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II