title: A strong initial systemic inflammatory response is associated with higher corticosteroid requirements and longer duration of therapy in patients with giant-cell arteritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether the intensity of the initial systemic inflammatory response is able to predict response to therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of 75 patients (49 women and 26 men) with biopsy-proven GCA who had regular followup and were treated according to uniform criteria. Four parameters were used to evaluate the baseline inflammatory response at diagnosis: fever, weight loss, erythrocyte sedimentation rate > or = 85 mm/hour, and hemoglobin < 110 gm/liter. Patients were considered to have a weak inflammatory response if they had 2 or fewer inflammatory parameters (group 1) and a strong inflammatory response if 3 or 4 parameters were present (group 2). Time required to achieve a maintenance dose of less than 10 mg prednisone/day was recorded and analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis method. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) serum levels were also determined in 62 patients and 15 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty patients had a weak (group 1) and 35 had a strong (group 2) initial inflammatory response. Patients in group 2 had significantly higher levels of circulating TNFalpha (31.9 +/- 16.8 versus 22.3 +/- 9 pg/ml; P = 0.01) and IL-6 (28.2 +/- 17.4 versus 16.6 +/- 13 pg/ml; P = 0.004) than patients in group 1. In group 1, 50% of patients required a median of 40 weeks (95% CI 37-43) to reach a maintenance dose of <10 mg, whereas in group 2 a median of 62 weeks (95% CI 42-82) was necessary (P = 0.0062). Patients in group 2 experienced more flares than patients in group 1 (P = 0.01) and received higher cumulative steroid doses (8.974 +/- 3.939 gm versus 6.893 +/- 3.075 gm; P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GCA patients with a strong initial systemic inflammatory reaction have more elevated circulating levels of IL-6 and TNFalpha, have higher and more prolonged corticosteroid requirements, and experience more disease flares during corticosteroid therapy than patients with a weak systemic acute phase response.
authors.affiliation: University of Barcelona, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernández-Rodríguez
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García-Martínez
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Casademont
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Filella
authors.forename: María-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Esteban
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López-Soto
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernández-Solà
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urbano-Márquez
authors.forename: Josep M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Grau
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cid
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D013700:Giant Cell Arteritis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011241:Prednisone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011241:Prednisone