title: Pulse pressure and diurnal blood pressure variation: association with micro- and macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In nondiabetic subjects pulse pressure (PP) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease and microalbuminuria. Reduced circadian blood pressure (BP) variation is a potential risk factor for the development of diabetic complications. We investigated the association between retinopathy, nephropathy, macrovascular disease, PP, and diurnal BP variation in a group of type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 80 type 2 diabetic patients we performed 24-h ambulatory BP (AMBP) and fundus photographs. Urinary albumin excretion was evaluated by urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. Presence or absence of macrovascular disease was assessed by an independent physician.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-nine patients had no detectable retinal changes (grade 1), 13 had grade 2 retinopathy, and 18 had more advanced retinopathy (grades 3-6). Compared to patients without retinopathy (grade 1), patients with grades 2 and 3-6 had higher PP and blunted diurnal BP variation: night PP 55 +/- 10 mm Hg, 64 +/- 10 mm Hg, 61 +/- 15 mm Hg, P < .05 and systolic night/day ratio 89.3% +/- 7%, 94.6% +/- 8%, and 92.0% +/- 6%, P < .05 (grade 1, 2, and 3-6, respectively). Comparing nephropathy groups (45 normo-, 19 micro-, and 15 macroalbuminuric patients) results were similar: night PP 54 +/- 9 mm Hg, 57 +/- 10 mm Hg, and 70 +/- 15 mm Hg, P < .001 and systolic night/day ratio 88.9% +/- 7%, 92.0% +/- 7%, and 94.9% +/- 7%, P < .02. Likewise, compared to patients without macrovascular disease (n = 55), patients with this complication (n = 25) had higher AMBP values: night PP 57 +/- 12 mm Hg v 63 +/- 11 mm Hg, P < .05 and systolic night/day ratio 89.2% +/- 6% v 94.1% +/- 9%, P < .01.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased PP and blunted diurnal BP variation are hemodynamic abnormalities associated with micro- and macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department M (Diabetes & Endocrinology), Aarhus Kommunehospital, Aarhus, Denmark. stk@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Søren Tang
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: Per Løgstrup
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: Klavs Würgler
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ebbehøj
authors.forename: Toke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bek
authors.forename: Carl Erik
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mogensen
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011674:Pulse