title: Long-term disability after first-ever stroke and related prognostic factors in the Perth Community Stroke Study, 1989-1990.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few reliable estimates of the long-term functional outcome after stroke are available. This population-based study aimed to describe disability, dependency, and related independent prognostic factors at 5 years after a first-ever stroke in patients in Perth, Western Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  All individuals with a suspected acute stroke who were resident in a geographically defined region (population, 138 708) of Perth, Western Australia, were registered prospectively and assessed according to standardized diagnostic criteria over a period of 18 months in 1989 to 1990. Patients were followed up prospectively at 4 and 12 months and 5 years after the index event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 370 cases of first-ever stroke, and 277 patients survived to 30 days. Of these early survivors, 152 (55%) were alive at 5 years, and among those who were neither institutionalized (n=146) nor disabled (n=129) at the time of their stroke, 21 (14%) were institutionalized in a nursing home, and 47 (36%) were disabled. The most important predictors of death or disability at 5 years were increasing age, baseline disability defined by a Barthel Index score of <20/20 (odds ratio [OR], 6.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7 to 14), moderate hemiparesis (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1 to 6.2), severe hemiparesis (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 19), and recurrent stroke (OR, 9.4; 95% CI, 3.0 to 30). A low level of activity before the stroke was a significant predictor of institutionalization, and subsequent recurrent stroke was a consistent, independent predictor of institutionalization, disability, and death or institutionalization, increasing the odds of each of these 3 adverse outcomes by 5- to 15-fold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among 30-day survivors of first-ever stroke, about half survive 5 years; of survivors, one third remain disabled, and 1 in 7 are in permanent institutional care. The major modifiable predictors of poor long-term outcome are a low level of activity before the stroke and subsequent recurrent stroke. Efforts to increase physical activity among the elderly and to prevent recurrent stroke in survivors of a first stroke are likely to reduce the long-term burden of cerebrovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia. gjhankey@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Graeme J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hankey
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jamrozik
authors.forename: Robyn J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Broadhurst
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D015996:Survival Rate; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013995:Time; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology