title: The First ECT Devices.
abstract: The earliest electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) equipment was surprisingly advanced in its characteristics. Designed by some of the leading clinical scientists of the day in conjunction with creative engineering entrepreneurs, many devices contained features as advanced as are now in contemporary devices. A review of the development of ECT devices is of historical interest and it offers a fresh glimpse into technical issues that occupy recent interest.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center and Durham Veterans Administration Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Richard D.
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Weiner