title: The FYVE domain in Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) is sufficient for localization of SARA in early endosomes and regulates TGF-beta/Smad signalling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) initiates intracellular signalling by inducing the formation of a heteromeric complex between TGF-beta type I (TbetaR-I) and TGF-beta type II serine/threonine kinase receptors (TbetaR-II). After the activation of TbetaR-I kinase by TbetaR-II kinase, specific receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads) are phosphorylated by TbetaR-I kinase. Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA), which contains a FYVE finger domain, regulates the subcellular localization of R-Smads and presents them to TbetaR-I. However, it is unclear where SARA is localized in the cell and which phospholipid(s) interacts with its FYVE domain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wild-type SARA and the FYVE domain of SARA (FYVE(SARA)) reveal a punctate staining pattern and co-localize with the early endosomal markers, early endosomal antigen-1 (EEA1) and hepatic growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs). The ectopic expression of dominant negative rab5, a critical regulatory molecule in endosome function, redistributes SARA from punctate to a diffuse cytosolic staining pattern. A lipid binding assay demonstrated that the recombinant FYVE domain from SARA predominantly interacts with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P). Consistent with this result, wortmannin, a PI3 kinase inhibitor, resulted in both a redistribution of SARA from the endosomal compartment to the cytosol and the attenuation of both TGF-beta-induced R-Smad phosphorylation and transcriptional activation. Ectopic expression of the FYVE domain of SARA also induced the redistribution of wild-type SARA and inhibited TGF-beta as well as BMP/Smad-induced transcriptional responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FYVE domain is sufficient and necessary for the early endosomal localization of SARA, probably through its interaction with PtdIns(3)P. Moreover, the localization of SARA in early endosomes is required for efficient TGF-beta/Smad signalling.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cellular Biochemistry, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fumiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Nullin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Divecha
authors.forename: Lenny
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brocks
authors.forename: Lauran
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oomen
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Jero
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calafat
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Peter ten
authors.initials: Pt
authors.lastname: Dijke Pt
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D018129:Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051785:Smad Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077191:Wortmannin; D020696:rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D018129:Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates; D051785:Smad Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C116420:ZFYVE16 protein, human; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D020696:rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins; D000077191:Wortmannin