title: IFN gamma/TNF alpha synergism in MHC class II induction: effect of nicotinamide on MHC class II expression but not on islet-cell apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) and TNFalpha synergistically induce pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis. Apart from their direct effect, we studied the possible indirect immunological role of IFNgamma/TNFalpha synergism on pancreatic beta-cell death by investigating MHC class II induction by cytokines. The effect of nicotinamide on the cytokine-induced MHC class II expression and pancreatic beta-cell death was also studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and RNase protection assay were used to study MHC class II expression. Immunoblotting was done to study downstream signals of IFN gamma. The effects of nicotinamide on islet-cell apoptosis and diabetes mellitus were examined using MTT assay and adoptive transfer model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IFN gamma alone induced MHC class II expression on a small number of insulinoma cells. TNFalpha alone did not induce MHC class II expression, but enhanced IFN gamma-induced MHC class II expression. MHC class II expression by cytokine(s) was due to the induction of class II transactivator (CIITA). Nicotinamide reduced MHC class II expression by cytokine(s) but did not protect insulinoma-cell apoptosis by IFN gamma and TNFalpha in combination or protect against the development of diabetes mellitus after adoptive transfer of diabetogenic lymphocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IFN gamma and TNFalpha synergistically induced MHC class II expression on insulinoma cells through the induction of CIITA; nicotinamide reduced the expression of cytokine-induced MHC class II expression on insulinoma cells through its effect on CIITA expression; and the preventive effect of nicotimamide on Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is probably due to its effect of MHC class II expression rather than that on islet cell apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: K-A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Y-K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: M-K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K-W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: M-S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D005802:Genes, MHC Class II / Q000187:drug effects*; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D007340:Insulinoma; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009536:Niacinamide; D007371:Interferon-gamma