title: Immunohistochemical staining of GLUT1 in benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian epithelia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aberrant expression of the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT1 is found in a wide spectrum of epithelial malignancies. The authors describe an immunohistochemical study of GLUT1 expression in benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian epithelia.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty one formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections were immunostained with rabbit anti-GLUT1 using the streptavidin-biotin method. The samples were as follows: 3 endometriotic cysts, 9 serous cystadenomas, 15 mucinous cystadenomas, 17 noninvasive borderline implants, 3 invasive borderline implants, and 3 endosalpingiosis. In addition, 35 borderline tumors (26 serous, 7 mucinous, 2 seromucinous) and 56 adenocarcinomas (50 serous, 4 endometrioid, 2 mucinous) were stained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Benign serous and mucinous cystadenomas and endosalpingiosis were non-staining with GLUT1 antiserum. Twenty-eight of 35 borderline tumors (80%) stained positively, with weak to moderate (1-2+ out of 3) staining intensity and focal or patchy distribution. Seventeen noninvasive serous borderline implants were negatively stained; however, three invasive serous borderline implants were positively stained with GLUT1 antiserum. Fifty four of 56 ovarian carcinomas (96%) stained positively, with moderate to strong (2-3+ out of 3) intensity and multifocal distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GLUT1 is a consistent marker of ovarian epithelial malignancy. GLUT1 staining is absent in benign ovarian epithelial tumors, and shows progressively more staining in invasive tumors as compared to borderline tumors. Anti-GLUT1 antibody may be useful in distinguishing invasive from noninvasive serous borderline implants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA. tamara.kalir@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kalir
authors.forename: Beverly Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldfischer
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Haber
authors.forename: Ilan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reder
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Demopoulos
authors.forename: Carmel J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Burstein
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D005260:Female; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010049:Ovarian Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; C495677:SLC2A1 protein, human