title: An ergonomic study of the optimum operating table height for laparoscopic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic surgery requires the use of longer instruments than open surgery, thus changing the relation between the height of the surgeon's hands and the desirable height of the operating room table. The optimum height of the operating room table for laparoscopic surgery is investigated in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one surgeons performed a two-handed, one-fourth circle cutting task using a laparoscopic video system and laparoscopic instruments positioned at five instrument handle heights relative to subjects' elbow height (-20, -10, 0, +10, and +20 cm) by adjusting the height of the trainer box. Subjects rated the difficulty and discomfort experienced during each task on a visual analog scale. Skin conductance (SC) was measured in Micromhos via paired surface electrodes placed near the ulnar edge of the palm of the right (cutting) hand. The mean electromyographic (EMG) signal from the right deltoid and trapezius muscles was measured. Arm orientation was measured in three dimensions using a magnetometer/accelerometer. Signals were acquired using analog circuitry and digitally sampled using a National Instruments DAQCard 700 connected to a Macintosh PowerBook 5300c running LabVIEW software. Statistical analysis was carried out by analysis of variance and post hoc testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant changes were found in the subjective rating of discomfort (p <0.002), deltoid EMG (p <0.0006), trapezius EMG (p <0.0001), and arm elevation (p <0.0001) between instrument handle heights. SC values and task times did not change significantly. Discomfort and difficulty ratings were lowest when instrument handles were positioned at elbow height. EMG values and arm elevation all decreased with lower instrument height.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the optimum table height for laparoscopic surgery should position the laparoscopic instrument handles close to surgeons' elbow level to minimize discomfort and upper arm and shoulder muscle work. This corresponds to an approximate table height of 64 to 77 cm above floor level. A redesign of current operating room tables may be required to meet these ergonomic guidelines.
authors.affiliation: University of California Davis, School of Medicine, and VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road (112), Martinez, CCA 94553, USA. rberguer@dnai.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berquer
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D013523:Surgical Equipment