title: Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid inhibits the growth of melanoma cells through a combination of cytostatic and pro-apoptotic effects.
abstract: Novel classes of drug that interfere with the signalling of the small G-protein Ras, the so-called Ras antagonists, are showing much promise as novel anti-cancer agents. In this study, we demonstrate that the novel Ras antagonist farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS) inhibits the growth of Colo 853 melanoma cells through a combination of cytostatic and pro-apoptotic effects. Furthermore, these phenomena are seen under conditions of cell attachment and in the presence of serum. Treatment of Colo 853 cells with FTS led to time-dependent inhibition of constitutive Akt, retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and ERK activity, with a concurrent loss of Akt expression. Inhibition of Akt and ERK activity induces apoptosis in other human cancer cell lines. Here it is demonstrated that inhibition of Akt, or ERK and Akt in combination, leads to cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis in melanoma cells. FTS treatment was also found to upregulate activity of the stress-activated p38 MAP kinase. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase, using the selective inhibitor SB 203580, followed by FTS treatment, significantly increased the proportion of apoptotic cells after 72 hr, possibly suggesting a modulatory role for p38 MAP kinase in FTS-induced melanoma cell apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Section of Medicine, Institute of Cancer Research, London, England. ksmalley@icr.ac.uk
authors.forename: Keiran S M
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Smalley
authors.forename: Tim G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Eisen
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005204:Farnesol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012459:Salicylates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C494819:BAD protein, human; C494820:Bad protein, mouse; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D012459:Salicylates; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; C093323:farnesylthiosalicylic acid; D005204:Farnesol; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases