title: Prophylaxis against organophosphate poisoning by sustained release of scopolamine and physostigmine.
abstract: Protection efficacy of continuous prophylactic administration of physostigmine and scopolamine against sarin-induced toxicity was evaluated previously in guinea pigs. The present study in large animals used Beagle dogs, that serve as an animal model with cholinergic sensitivity similar to that of humans. Pretreatment with physostigmine salicylate and scopolamine hydrochloride at dose rates of 2.5 and 1 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1), respectively, was administered via Alzet mini-osmotic pumps. At the time of exposure, the physostigmine salicylate concentration in plasma was 0.7 ng x ml(-1) and the scopolamine hydrochloride concentration was ca. 0.2 ng x ml(-1), both of which are levels known to be well tolerated in humans. Whole-blood cholinesterase inhibition was 15-20%. This regimen conferred full protection against 2.5 x LD50 i.v. of sarin. Albeit the high-dose exposure, cholinergic toxicity symptoms were mild with no convulsions. About 11-14 min following poisoning the treated animals started to walk and 15-20 min following exposure full recovery was observed and the dogs behaved normally. With higher dose rates of physostigmine salicylate and scopolamine hydrochloride, at plasma concentrations of 2.1 and 0.6 ng x ml(-1), respectively, treated dogs regained normal posture 6-10 min after exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), PO Box 19, 70450 Ness-Ziona, Israel.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Meshulam
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alkalai
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000506:poisoning*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010830:Physostigmine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011041:Poisoning / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012524:Sarin / Q000506:poisoning*; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D010830:Physostigmine; D012524:Sarin; D012601:Scopolamine