title: Inattention to nonsuperimposable midline symmetry causes wavefront analysis error.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nonsuperimposable mirror-image symmetry of the body (enantiomorphism) is reflected in the wavefront error maps of eyes. Averaging the wavefront errors of right and left eyes has the potential to adversely affect correlations made between wavefront error and visual acuity or other factors. Not only are the results of past studies using Zernike terms suspected of being invalid, there is concern about possible errors in the algorithms used to create customized corneal ablations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the results of analysis with and without correction for enantiomorphism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen TMS-1 corneal topographic maps from 7 patients having with-the-rule astigmatism in both corneas were selected for Zernike decomposition to 45 terms. The maps were distributed among 3 groups: 7 right eye maps, 7 left eye maps, and 7 left eye maps in which the topography was transposed about the vertical axial to correct for enantiomorphism (left eye-corrected). The wavefront error difference between the right and left eyes was compared with the difference between the right eyes and the left eyes in which enantiomorphism was corrected (right eye vs left eye-corrected). The left eye wavefront error was then compared with the left eye wavefront error after correction (left eye vs left eye-corrected).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correcting for enantiomorphism produced a statisticially significant difference in the first 5 radial orders of Zernike terms (P=.02). Of the 45 Zernike terms analyzed, 7 terms were significantly different at the P<.05 level in the right eye vs left eye category, compared with 4 terms in the right eye vs left eye-corrected category. Eleven terms were significantly different at the P<.05 level in the left eye vs left eye-corrected category.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Correcting for enantiomorphism makes the Zernike terms in right and left eyes appear more similar. Failure to correct for enantiomorphism causes certain terms to cancel each other when averaged across right and left eyes. Wavefront error studies that do not consider enantiomorphism, including those used to adjust laser surgical nomograms, will introduce significant errors to certain Zernike terms.
authors.affiliation: LSU Eye Center, 2020 Gravier St, Suite B, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. msmole@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Smolek
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Klyce
authors.forename: Edwin J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sarver
mesh_terms: D001251:Astigmatism / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology*; D019781:Corneal Topography; D006801:Humans; D012029:Refraction, Ocular