title: Load on the shoulder in low intensity wheelchair propulsion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the mechanical load on the glenohumeral joint and on shoulder muscles during wheelchair propulsion at everyday intensities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Model simulations based on experimental input dataBackground. Virtually nothing is known about the mechanical load on the upper extremity during wheelchair propulsion. Hand rim wheelchair propulsion is a significant risk factor for shoulder pain and injury among wheelchair users. A musculoskeletal model of the upper extremity during wheelchair propulsion will quantify the stresses placed on anatomic structures and may provide insight into the source of symptoms and injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three experienced wheelchair users underwent wheelchair exercise tests at combinations of two load levels (10 and 20 W) and two velocities (0.83 and 1.39m.s(-1)) during which input data were collected for a musculoskeletal model of the upper extremity. The model was then used for the estimation of the glenohumeral contact force, as well as individual muscle forces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak glenohumeral contact forces were between 800 and 1400 N (100-165% body weight) and differed significantly between load levels. Averaged over the push phase, these forces were 500-850 N. In absolute terms the m. deltoideus and rotator cuff muscles were highly active (>100N). In relative terms the load on the m. supraspinatus was high, with peak values of over 50% of its maximum attainable force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low intensity wheelchair propulsion does not appear to lead to high contact forces. The muscle forces in the rotator cuff and especially in the m. supraspinatus are high. This might indicate a risk for muscle damage and the subsequent development of shoulder complaints, such as rotator cuff tears.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the wheelchair user population, there is a high prevalence of upper extremity complaints. Not much is known about the causes of those complaints. Wheelchair propulsion is likely to be a major risk factor. If the (nature of this) mechanical load can be identified, specific exercise programs and/or design changes can be better tuned to prevent overuse injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Movement Sciences, Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h_e_j_veeger@fbw.vu.nl
authors.forename: H E J
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Veeger
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rozendaal
authors.forename: F C T
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: van der Helm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D011336:Probability; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000502:physiology*; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014910:Wheelchairs