Nutritional status in dialysis patients: a European consensus.
BACKGROUND
Malnutrition is common in dialysis patients and closely related to morbidity and mortality. Therefore, assessment of nutritional status and nutritional management of dialysis patients play a central role in everyday nephrological practice.


METHODS
Achieving a consensus on key points relating to pathogenesis, clinical assessment, and nutritional management of dialysis patients.


RESULTS
The assessment of nutritional status should be based on clinical assessment and biochemical parameters, including history of weight loss, per cent standard weight, body mass index, muscle mass, subcutaneous fat mass, and plasma albumin, creatinine, bicarbonate and cholesterol. Co-morbid conditions should be assessed and C-reactive protein (CRP) measured--as a marker of inflammation--as there is a close relation between malnutrition, on one side, and co-morbid conditions and inflammation on the other. For a more detailed assessment, subjective global assessment of nutritional status is a well-validated tool, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is a useful method for routine assessment of lean body mass. Anthropometric methods are also useful. They are cheap and easy to apply, although less precise than DEXA. The recommended daily protein intake is at least 1.2 g/kg standard body weight and the energy intake 35 kcal/kg standard body weight (BW), in patients <60 years, and 30 kcal/kg standard BW in patients >60 years. The standard bicarbonate level should be at least 22 mmol/l. If CRP is >10 mg/l, it is important to seek and treat the underlying cause. Adequate dialysis (for haemodialysis: Kt/V >1.2) should be ensured and, although no definite evidence of the importance of dialysis water quality is available, the opinion of the authors is that the water quality should be high. The role of the biocompatibility of the dialysis membrane is still not clear. The dietitian plays a pivotal role in the nutritional care of dialysis patients, and patients should be provided with dietary counselling from the start of substitutive treatment in order to meet the recommended nutritional intakes. Dietary counselling can also play an important role in an integrated treatment of hyperphosphataemia, although most patients will also need phosphate binders if they have an adequate protein intake.


CONCLUSIONS
Malnutrition assessment and treatment is a great challenge for nephrological care. Achieving evidence-based consensus can help in implementing the progress of knowledge in clinical practice.
Locatelli
Francesco
F
Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Ospedale di Lecco, Ospedale A. Manzoni, Lecco, Italy. nefrologia@ospedale.lecco.it
Fouque
Denis
D
Heimburger
Olof
O
Drüeke
Tilman B
TB
Cannata-Andía
Jorge B
JB
Hörl
Walter H
WH
Ritz
Eberhard
E
D015992:Body Mass Index; D003376:Counseling; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake; D006801:Humans; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood; D006435:Renal Dialysis
D004044:Dietary Proteins; D010710:Phosphates