title: Induction of apoptosis by norcantharidin in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines: involvement of the CD95 receptor/ligand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cantharidin, a natural toxin, is the active substance of mylabris and has antitumor effects in man. Norcantharidin, the demethylated analogue of cantharidin, has been used in the treatment of patients with primary hepatoma and those with leukopenia in China. The present study was designed to investigate whether norcantharidin exerts cytotoxic activity against colorectal cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and to examine the possible mechanism in the phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inhibition of proliferation of norcantharidin on Colo205, HT-29, and SW480 colorectal cancer cells was determined by the trypan blue dye exclusion test. Apoptosis of norcantharidin-treated cells was determined by morphological analysis, agarose gel DNA electrophoresis, and quantitated by flow cytometry after staining with propidium iodide. Cell cycle and the cell surface expression of the CD95/CD95 ligand were evaluated by flow cytometry. Caspase 8-like protease and protein phosphatase 1 and 2A activities were also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with norcantharidin of colorectal cancer cells not only inhibited cell proliferation, but also induced apoptosis. Norcantharidin induced apoptosis mainly in two phases: rapid apoptosis in S-phase cells and delayed apoptosis in G2/M arrested cells. Treatment with norcantharidin resulted in an upregulation of the CD95 receptor and CD95 ligand on the cell surface. Furthermore, stimulation with anti-CD95 monoclonal antibody (mAb) resulted in further induction of apoptosis after treatment with norcantharidin. In addition, the apoptosis-inducing effect of norcantharidin was almost completely inhibited by anti-CD95 ligand mAb. Norcantharidin-treated cells showed the activation of caspase 8. Both zVAD-FMK (a broad range caspase inhibitor) and IETD-FMK (a caspase-8 inhibitor) showed apparent inhibition of the apoptosis-inducing effect. Norcantharidin did not show an inhibitory effect on protein phosphatase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that norcantharidin triggers apoptosis in colorectal cancer cell lines via the activation of the CD95 receptor/ligand system, and that this agent may be useful for developing new therapeutic regimens for the treatment of colorectal carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotherapy of Cancer and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Xiang, Number 37, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Y-Q
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Y-Q
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: G-S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Q-R
authors.initials: QR
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: L-Q
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: J-Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000502:physiology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; C505661:FASLG protein, human; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C069741:norcantharidin; C505530:CASP8 protein, human; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases