title: Cross-priming versus cross-tolerance: are two signals enough?
abstract: Depending on their state of maturation, dendritic cells (DCs) can cross-prime or cross-tolerize T cells. Mature DCs provide T-cell-receptor ligands (signal 1) and costimulatory molecules (signal 2), and activate T cells. Immature DCs provide signal 1, but not signal 2, and tolerize T cells. However, new data show that it is not the expression of costimulatory molecules alone that determines whether DCs induce immunity or tolerance, because mature DCs can induce tolerance also.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Immunology, Free University Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blankenstein
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schüler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007378:Interleukins / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D017634:Self Tolerance; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007378:Interleukins