title: Factors associated with dysmorphic concern and psychiatric morbidity in plastic surgery outpatients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare new referrals to a plastic surgery clinic for cosmetic (non-medically explained) reasons with a control group of equal size with medically explained symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients attending for cosmetic (non-medically explained) reasons were compared with the controls using the general health questionnaire (GHQ), and dysmorphic concern questionnaire (DCQ). Patients were divided into high and low DCQ scores on the basis of their median scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety subjects were approached of whom 84 (93%) participated giving 42 patients each in the cosmetic (non-medically explained) and control groups. Forty-four per cent were referred for mammoplasty (n = 37) and 8% for rhinoplasty (n = 7). The other 40 cases (48%) were for other procedures including excision, abdominoplasty and blepharoplasty. Thirty-two per cent of the sample were GHQ cases (n = 27). Patients presenting for cosmetic (non-medically explained) reasons were 13 times more likely to be female (95% CI = 4.3-41), nine times more likely to have high DCQ scores (95% CI = 3.3-24), six times more likely to be GHQ cases (95% CI = 2.1-17), and seven times more likely to present for mammoplasty. The same factors were associated with high DCQ scores. Patients with high DCQ scores were 32 times as likely to be GHQ cases (95% CI = 6.8-151). On multivariate analysis, dysmorphic concern emerged as the only independent predictor of GHQ caseness rather than sex, surgical diagnosis or procedure (adjusted OR = 32.0, 95 % CI = 6.5-156). Similarly, only GHQ caseness and presentation for cosmetic (non-medically explained) surgery independently predicted DCQ score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients presenting for cosmetic (non-medically explained) surgery have high rates of dysmorphic concern and psychiatric morbidity
authors.affiliation: The Primary Care Mental Health Unit, University of Western Australia, 16 The Terrace, Fremantle, Western Australia 6160, Australia. stephenk@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kisely
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morkell
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Allbrook
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.forename: Jasmina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jovanovic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000523:psychology*; D014904:Western Australia