title: A comparison in normal individuals and sickle cell patients of reduced glutathione precursors and their transport between plasma and red cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduced glutathione is an important antioxidant in red cells whose depletion may contribute to the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease. The current study was designed to examine the availability of reduced glutathione precursors (glutamate, cysteine, glycine and possibly glutamine) together with the activity of the main transport pathways for their uptake (system ASC for cysteine and glycine; system gly for glycine).
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were obtained from normal (HbAA, HbA cells) and sickle cell disease patients (HbSS, HbS cells); amino acids were measured by HPLC; and transporter activity was measured by radioactive tracer fluxes (using serine and glycine for activity of system ASC; and glycine for that of system gly).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma concentrations of cysteine and glycine were increased and concentrations of all amino acids were elevated in HbS cells. The activity of system ASC was increased in HbS cells (both transport capacity and affinity were elevated for serine transport; transport capacity only for glycine). Activity of system gly was also increased (twofold increase in V(max) for glycine flux), though not significantly. Oxygenation also increased the activity of both transporters in normal and HbS cells. CO prevented deoxy-inhibition of glycine transport. Staurosporine (5 microM) inhibited O(2)-stimulated glycine transport through system ASC. It also inhibited the absolute magnitude of transport through system gly, but the O(2)-dependent flux was unaffected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low reduced glutathione levels in HbS cells were not due to decreased substrate availability and O(2) stimulated transport of reduced glutathione precursors in both normal and HbS cells, through a mechanism that is likely to involve Hb and possibly protein phosphorylation.
authors.affiliation: University Laboratory of Physiology, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kiessling
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ellory
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D026962:Amino Acid Transport System ASC / Q000097:blood*; D027062:Amino Acid Transport System L / Q000097:blood*; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000097:blood*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003545:Cysteine / Q000097:blood*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000097:blood*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood*; D005998:Glycine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000097:blood; D012694:Serine / Q000097:blood; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D026962:Amino Acid Transport System ASC; D027062:Amino Acid Transport System L; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D012694:Serine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D011494:Protein Kinases; D005978:Glutathione; D019311:Staurosporine; D003545:Cysteine; D010100:Oxygen; D005998:Glycine