title: Preoperative irradiation and surgery for recurrent rectal cancer. Will intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) be of additional benefit? A prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The therapeutic gain of surgery for recurrent rectal cancer is not clear, particularly with regard to the addition of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (107) with isolated pelvic recurrence of rectal cancer received preoperative external radiotherapy of 46-50 in 2 Gy fractions. At surgery 59 patients had IORT 12-18 Gy. Survival and local recurrence was analysed with regard to surgical resection stages and IORT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients (44) had R0- and 39 R1-resections, 24 R2-resections or exploratory laparotomy. IORT was given most often after R1-resections, least in R0-patients. Estimated 5-year survival was overall around 30%, around 60% in the R0-, around 25% for R1- and 0% in R2-patients. Local recurrence was around 30% in the R0- and around 65% in R1-stage patients. R0-/R1-stage patients survived statistically significantly longer than the R2-group otherwise there was no statistical significant difference between IORT and non-IORT groups in any R-stages regarding overall survival or local recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macroscopic removal of the recurrence improves survival. Whether R0- is better than R1-resections is not clear. The effect of IORT is not a major one. IORT need be evaluated in randomised controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Johan Nicolay
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Wiig
authors.forename: Kjell Magne
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Tveit
authors.forename: Jan Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: Dag Rune
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Karl Erik
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Giercksky
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period / Q000379:methods; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate