title: Social context of work injury among undocumented day laborers in San Francisco.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify ways in which undocumented day laborers' social context affects their risk for occupational injury, and to characterize the ways in which these workers' social context influences their experience of disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative study employing ethnographic techniques of participant-observation, supplemented by semistructured in-depth interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Street corners in San Francisco's Mission District, a homeless shelter, and a nonprofit day labor hiring hall.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight Mexican and Central American male day laborers, 11 of whom had been injured. PRIMARY THEMES: Anxiety over the potential for work injury is omnipresent for day laborers. They work in dangerous settings, and a variety of factors such as lack of training, inadequate safety equipment, and economic pressures further increase their risk for work injury. The day laborers are isolated from family and community support, living in a local context of homelessness, competition, and violence. Injuries tend to have severe emotional, social, and economic ramifications. Day laborers frequently perceive injury as a personal failure that threatens their masculinity and their status as patriarch of the family. Their shame and disappointment at failing to fulfill culturally defined masculine responsibilities leads to intense personal stress and can break family bonds. Despite the high incidence of work injuries and prevalence of work-related health conditions, day laborers are frequently reluctant to use health services due to anxiety regarding immigration status, communication barriers, and economic pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of these ethnographic data, we recommend strategies to improve ambulatory care services to day laborers in 3 areas: structural changes in ambulatory care delivery, clinical interactions with individual day laborers, and policymaking around immigration and health care issues.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bourgois
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Margarita Loinaz
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schillinger
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000592:standards; D002489:Central America / Q000208:ethnology; D003144:Communication Barriers; D005190:Family; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico / Q000208:ethnology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D012495:San Francisco; D012934:Social Isolation; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000523:psychology*; D017132:Workplace / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology