title: Nature's impartiality, man's inhumanity: reflections on terrorism and world crisis in a context of historical disaster.
abstract: This paper compares the terrorist outrages of 11 September 2001 in New York City and Washington to the Lisbon earthquake of 1 November 1755. Both events occurred, literally out of the blue, at critical junctures in history and both struck at the heart of large trading networks. Both affected public attitudes towards disaster as, not only did they cause unparalleled destruction, but they also represented symbolic victories of chaos over order, and of moral catastrophism over a benign view of human endeavour. The Lisbon earthquake led to a protracted debate on teleology, which has some parallels in the debate on technological values in modern society. It remains to be seen whether there will be parallels in the reconstruction and the ways in which major disasters are rationalised in the long term. But despite the differences between these two events--which are obviously very large as nearly 250 years of history separate them and they were the work of different sorts of forces--there are lessons to be learned from the comparison. One of these is that disaster can contribute to a perilous form of self absorption and cultural isolation.
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst 01003-9297, USA. davida@geo.umass.edu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D004190:Disasters / Q000266:history*; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D009014:Morals; D019368:Nature; D009519:New York City; D010684:Philosophy / Q000266:history*; D013030:Spain; D023481:Terrorism / Q000523:psychology*; D014768:Virginia