title: Stromelysin-1 and gelatinase A are upregulated before TNF-alpha in LPS-stimulated neuroinflammation.
abstract: Neuroinflammation induces a complex molecular cascade that leads to the proteolysis of cells. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) attack all components of the extracellular matrix in a number of neuroinflammatory diseases and cause a delayed opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Earlier, we showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) disrupted the BBB through the action of gelatinase B (MMP-9). In a study of cerebral ischemia, gelatinase A (MMP-2) was seen in astrocytic end-feet and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) in microglia. Since other MMPs may be important in LPS-induced injury, we studied the gene transcription and cellular localization of several MMPs and an inflammatory mediator, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), using competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemical methods. Significantly elevated levels of MMP-2 and -3 mRNA were observed in LPS-injected brains by 2 h after injection as compared to non-injected brain tissue (P<0.05). By 8 h post-LPS injection, gene expression of MMP-2 and -3 had declined in both saline- and LPS-injected tissue, while TNF-alpha mRNA levels rose significantly. Immunohistochemistry of control brains confirmed the earlier observation of MMP-2 immunoreactivity in processes abutting cerebral blood vessels, which increased after LPS injection. The expression of MMP-9 and MMP-3 was localized mainly to the cerebrovasculature in LPS-stimulated brain tissue, predominantly in the perivascular cells of the basal lamina near the site of injection. Both of these proteinases were present at the site of LPS injection at 8 h, but MMP-2 was absent. Our results show that MMP genes are up-regulated prior to the induction of cytokines such as TNF-alpha, and that MMP proteins are prominent around blood vessels in LPS-induced neuroinflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. munbryce@unm.edu
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mun-Bryce
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lukes
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lukes-Marx
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2