title: The "time and change" test: an appropriate method to detect cognitive decline in the elderly.
abstract: The Time and Change (T&C) test is an easy and time-saving test validated for the detection of dementia. Our aim was to determine how geriatric features like depression, disability, and comorbidity are able to influence the result of the T&C and, consequently, to decide whether it could be a reliable screening test for cognitive impairment in the elderly. A total of 220 participants (mean age = 75.8+/-9.6 years, 63.7% females) underwent the T&C, Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Clock Drawing Test; Activities of Daily Living, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, comorbidity, and depression were also evaluated. Time and Change-positive participants were older, had poorer cognitive tests, and had higher levels of disability and comorbidity than participants testing negative. Multivariate analysis showed that cognitive impairment and comorbidity were the only features that influenced the T&C, regardless of age, education, disability, and depression. We conclude that the T&C should be implemented in primary care because it quickly identifies elderly patients with cognitive impairment who need a more accurate evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mussi
authors.forename: Micaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foroni
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valli
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ascari
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tolve
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salvioli
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003863:Depression; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D011594:Psychometrics; D013997:Time Factors