title: Caring for men with breast cancer: causes, symptoms and treatment.
abstract: Male breast cancer is relatively rare when considering more common cancers that affect men such as lung cancer. Approximately 200 men are diagnosed each year in the UK with breast cancer. This article outlines some of the causes of male breast cancer: physiological changes, oestrogen-producing tumours, and certain drugs. Risk factors such as a particular hereditary gene, age, ethnic factors, and geographical variations are discussed. Symptoms that men may present with are described and nurses are asked to encourage men to seek early advice if they have any concerns regarding their breasts. Treatment options are outlined; these treatments are very similar to those offered to women with breast cancer. However, it must be noted that because male breast cancer is uncommon it is difficult to accumulate extensive data concerning the condition. Finally, the important role the nurse plays in supporting men with breast cancer is discussed. Nurses often act as advocates for women with breast cancer and this article suggests that they are in an ideal position to do the same for men with breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Human Science, Department of Nursing and Adult Health, University of Hertfordshire.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Peate
mesh_terms: D018567:Breast Neoplasms, Male / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009729:Nursing; D012307:Risk Factors