title: The effects of alcohol and provocation on aggressive behavior in men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the manner in which acute alcohol consumption and provocation affect aggressive behavior in men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 102 (56 men) healthy social drinkers between 21 and 35 years of age. Aggression was measured using a modified version of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm, in which electric shocks are received from and administered to a fictitious opponent during a competitive task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Provocation was a stronger elicitor of aggression than either gender or alcohol. Under low provocation, men were more aggressive than were women. Under high provocation, men and women were equally aggressive, except in the case of extreme aggression, in which men again exhibited higher levels than did women. Alcohol increased aggression for men but not for women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are important because there now appears to be some convergence among studies indicating that, whereas provocation and alcohol are effective in lifting inhibitions against the expression of aggression for men, only provocation seems to be an effective aggression-elicitor for women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA. peter@uky.edu
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Giancola
authors.forename: Emily L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Helton
authors.forename: Abigail B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.forename: Angie M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fuss
authors.forename: Johnna A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Westerfield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000523:psychology; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004597:Electroshock; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects / Q000523:psychology; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol