title: Blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling for therapy of metastatic human pancreatic cancer.
abstract: We determined whether concurrent blockage of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor signaling by two novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors, PTK 787 and PKI 166, respectively, can inhibit angiogenesis and, hence, the growth and metastasis of human pancreatic carcinoma in nude mice. Highly metastatic human pancreatic carcinoma L3.6pl cells were injected into the pancreas of nude mice. Seven days later, groups of mice began receiving oral doses of PTK 787 and PKI 166 three times weekly. Some groups of mice also received i.p. injections of gemcitabine twice a week. The mice were necropsied when the control mice became moribund. Treatment with PTK 787 and PKI 166, with gemcitabine alone, or with the combination of PTK 787, PKI 166, and gemcitabine produced 69, 50, and 97% reduction in the volume of pancreatic tumors, respectively. Administration of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors and gemcitabine also significantly decreased the incidence of lymph node and liver metastasis. The therapeutic efficacy directly correlated with a decrease in circulating proangiogenic molecules (VEGF, interleukin-8), a decrease in microvessel density, a decrease in proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining, and an increase in apoptosis of tumor cells and endothelial cells. Therapies produced by combining gemcitabine with either PKI 166 or PTK 787 were similar to those produced by combining gemcitabine with both PKI 166 and PTK 787. These results suggest that blockade of either epidermal growth factor receptor or VEGF receptor signaling combined with chemotherapy provides an effective approach to the therapy of pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Cheryl H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Carmen C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Solorzano
authors.forename: Isaiah J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Fidler
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010793:Phthalazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D010793:Phthalazines; D011725:Pyridines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011758:Pyrroles; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D003841:Deoxycytidine; C404768:vatalanib; C410026:PKI 166; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D000093542:Gemcitabine