title: The use of cryopreserved mature and immature testicular spermatozoa for intracytoplasmic sperm injection: risks and limitations.
abstract: Treatment of severe male subfertility has become available since the intracytoplasmic injection of a single sperm into an oocyte was successfully applied for the first time in 1992. Moreover, with the use of fresh and cryopreserved epididymal and testicular spermatozoa for this procedure, fertilization and pregnancies could be accomplished. This review addresses the development and performance of these techniques and discusses achievements and problems as well as future aspects of the feasibility of early spermatid injection. Furthermore, limitations of these procedures and concerns with regard to genetic and epigenetic risks of using immature gametes are stressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Küpker
authors.forename: Safaa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Hasani
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Johannisson
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sandmann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jocham
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Diedrich
mesh_terms: D015925:Cryopreservation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010062:Ovulation Induction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012662:Semen Preservation; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic / Q000379:methods*; D013087:Spermatids; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology*; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods