title: Connectedness of pregnant adolescents who smoke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship of the constructs from the family and school environments and protective individual characteristics to health risk behaviors among pregnant adolescents who smoke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inner-city adolescents (N = 53), aged 14-19 years, who were participating in a smoking cessation intervention program, completed self-report demographic, social, and behavioral questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent variables included family connectedness, school connectedness, and individual characteristics of religiosity, self-esteem, and grade-point average. Three areas of health risk behavior were dependent variables: delinquent behavior, substance, and precocious sexual behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positive self-esteem served as a protectivefactorfor alcohol use. In contrast to past studies, school connectedness was a risk, not a protective, factor for substance abuse. Neither school nor family connectedness were protective against delinquent or precocious sexual behavior.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA. saa01@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Maureen D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Marie D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cornelius
authors.forename: Joely
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heidinger
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Armfield
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires