title: Parasuicidal poisoning treated in a Greek medical ward: epidemiology and clinical experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the epidemiology of acute poisoning patients presenting to an acute medical service ward in a Greek hospital between January 1998 and December 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case series.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 273 patients with self-poisoning were included in the study. This represented 3.8% of the overall admissions to the unit. The mean age of patients was 33, the most frequent age group being that aged 20-30 years (36.2% of total) with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.97. Sixty per cent of patients was admitted within 4 h. Those from urban areas comprised 76.2% and 23.8% from rural areas. The most frequently ingested agents were psychopharmaceuticals (37.4%) and analgesics/anti-rheumatics (32.6%). Pesticides (7.7% of total) were most frequently used by patients coming from rural areas (32.3% of patients from rural areas). Alcohol was included in the overdose in 8.4%. Of the patients, 16.2% had a previous history of overdose. In this case series, psychiatric assessment suggested that 52% of the patients had a formal psychotic diagnosis, 21% had personality disorder and 27% had taken an overdose in response to stress. The most frequently documented precipitating factors were family problems and disputes (37%). Unusually, the seasonal distribution in these patients suggested a peak in summer (37.5% of presentations) with lower numbers in spring (30.2%), autumn (17.7%) and winter (14.6%). Of the patients, 23.7% presented in July. A total of 73.5% of patients was conscious, 16.4% was somnolent, 4.5% was in precoma and 5.6% was in coma (GCS <8). Patients who received antidotal therapy comprised 17.9%. Evidence of hepatic dysfunction was observed in 8.9% of patients and renal dysfunction in 3.6%. Extracorporeal techniques for drug removal (hemodialysis and hemoperfusion) were used in 2.2% of patients. Intensive care therapy was required in 11.4% of patients. The mean overall hospitalization time was 3.3 days. The mortality rate was 2.9%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that the epidemiology of self-harm by overdose in Greece is significantly different in terms of the seasonal presentation from other parts of Europe. The agents ingested and other features are similar to northern Europe. Psychiatric diagnoses are more common in our group than in those reported from northern Europe.
authors.affiliation: 1st Propedeutic Medical Department, Aristotles University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Hatzitolios
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sion
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Eleftheriadis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toulis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Efstratiadis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vartzopoulos
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Ziakas
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000931:Antidotes; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011041:Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D013406:Suicide, Attempted; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000506:poisoning
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D015262:Xenobiotics