title: Congestive heart failure: understanding the pathophysiology and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explain key concepts involved in the development and management of congestive heart failure (CHF). An overview of medications commonly used in the treatment of CHF is also presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selected clinical articles, major research studies, and clinical guidelines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of CHF continues to increase and in the United States alone accounts for more than two million outpatient clinic visits per year at a cost of more than $10 billion annually. With the growing number of people over age 65, coupled with the advances in medical technology, primary care providers are treating many more patients with CHF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology, especially the compensatory neurohormonal systems and ventricular remodeling that are the hallmarks of CHF, is essential for consistent application of the principles of management of this complex condition. Multidisciplinary approaches led by advanced practice nurses have excellent outcomes and improve the quality of life of patients with CHF.
authors.affiliation: West Palm Beach VA Medical Center, Florida, USA. lynnfletcher59@hotmail.com
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008875:Middle Aged; D009722:Nurse Practitioners; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D011157:Population Dynamics; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling