title: Very early extubation in children after cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Very early extubation of children after cardiac surgery has been suggested as a safe alternative to prolonged postoperative intubation but is still not common practice. Studies of early extubation in children may not have described reasons for failure to extubate, or have included nonbypass or only low-risk repairs. We present our experience with very early extubation in an inclusive group of children after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital operating room and pediatric intensive care unit (ICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 102 consecutive children (age <18 yrs) undergoing cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight patients were extubated early (88% in the operating room, 12% on arrival in ICU). Patients extubated late were younger (13.8 +/- 26.2 vs. 47.6 +/- 44.5 months), smaller (8.1 +/- 10.7 vs.17.5 +/- 14.2 kg), and had higher ASA scores than patients extubated early (p <.001 for all). The youngest patient extubated early was 2 months old (range, 2-192 months). Paco2 on ICU arrival was higher in the early extubation group (52.4 +/- 6.9 vs. 41.2 +/- 14.7 mm Hg [7.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 5.5 +/- 2.0 kPa], p <.001), and pH was lower (7.27 +/- 0.04 vs. 7.37 +/- 0.16, p <.001). Use of subarachnoid morphine did not affect ability to extubate early. No patients in the early extubation group required special airway support, reintubation, or increased inotropic support after ICU admission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful early extubation of even young children is possible and easily accomplished in most children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, even with complex procedures, but advantages of extubation in the operating room vs. immediate ICU extubation remain unclear. Transient mild-to-moderate mixed acidosis is common and requires no treatment. Full implementation requires acceptance by surgical and ICU staffs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Robin L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kloth
authors.forename: Victor C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Baum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D010313:Partial Pressure; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide