title: Sources of variability and effect of experimental approach on expression profiling data interpretation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We provide a systematic study of the sources of variability in expression profiling data using 56 RNAs isolated from human muscle biopsies (34 Affymetrix MuscleChip arrays), and 36 murine cell culture and tissue RNAs (42 Affymetrix U74Av2 arrays).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied muscle biopsies from 28 human subjects as well as murine myogenic cell cultures, muscle, and spleens. Human MuscleChip arrays (4,601 probe sets) and murine U74Av2 Affymetrix microarrays were used for expression profiling. RNAs were profiled both singly, and as mixed groups. Variables studied included tissue heterogeneity, cRNA probe production, patient diagnosis, and GeneChip hybridizations. We found that the greatest source of variability was often different regions of the same patient muscle biopsy, reflecting variation in cell type content even in a relatively homogeneous tissue such as muscle. Inter-patient variation was also very high (SNP noise). Experimental variation (RNA, cDNA, cRNA, or GeneChip) was minor. Pre-profile mixing of patient cRNA samples effectively normalized both intra- and inter-patient sources of variation, while retaining a high degree of specificity of the individual profiles (86% of statistically significant differences detected by absolute analysis; and 85% by a 4-pairwise comparison survival method).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using unsupervised cluster analysis and correlation coefficients of 92 RNA samples on 76 oligonucleotide microarrays, we found that experimental error was not a significant source of unwanted variability in expression profiling experiments. Major sources of variability were from use of small tissue biopsies, particularly in humans where there is substantial inter-patient variability (SNP noise).
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20010 USA. mbakay@cnmc.org
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakay
authors.forename: Yi-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Rehannah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borup
authors.forename: Po
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Kanneboyina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagaraju
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D016189:Dystrophin / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013154:Spleen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016189:Dystrophin; D012313:RNA