title: Genetic influence on early age-related maculopathy: a twin study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness in industrialized countries. There has been considerable interest in the genetics of early age-related maculopathy (ARM) and AMD, because they have phenotypes similar to inherited diseases where mutations have been identified, but the heritability of ARM and AMD is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  A classical twin study was performed to compare the concordance in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins in an unselected sample of female volunteer twins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred six twin pairs, 226 MZ and 280 DZ, with a mean age of 62 years, were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  ARM was graded from stereoscopic macular photographs of 501 of the twin pairs (99%) according to the International ARM Epidemiologic Study Group grading system. The casewise concordance was calculated for twin pairs from 2 x 2 contingency tables of affected/unaffected twins, and these tables were used in maximum likelihood genetic modeling to estimate the heritabilities of phenotypes graded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of ARM; concordance in MZ and DZ twins of the phenotypes of ARM, soft drusen >63 microm and > or =125 microm diameter, pigmentary changes and hard drusen (<20 and > or =20 in number); heritability of ARM and subphenotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of ARM was 14.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.4%-16.8%). The concordance for ARM in MZ twins was 0.37 compared with 0.19 in DZ twins, suggesting a role for genes. Modeling confirmed a genetic effect for phenotypes of ARM, soft drusen, pigmentary changes, and > or =20 hard drusen, although there was little genetic effect for scattered (<20) hard drusen. The heritability of ARM was estimated as 45% (95% CI, 35%-53%). The most heritable phenotypes were soft drusen > or =125 microm (57%) and > or =20 hard drusen (81%), with the latter being dominantly inherited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms a significant genetic influence in ARM and suggests that future genetic studies should examine phenotypes of large (> or =125 microm) soft drusen and > or =20 hard drusen, because these seem to be the most heritable components.
authors.affiliation: Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, St. Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, England, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Snieder
authors.forename: Alan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Spector
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D015995:Prevalence; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic