title: Practice Patterns of Electroconvulsive Therapy: A California Perspective (1984).
abstract: The sixty-five California hospitals administering electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) during 1984 were surveyed regarding ECT practices to develop data on the community standard of care. Usable data were obtained from 58 hospitals. In each facility two psychiatrists usually administered ECT, including one psychiatrist who received credentials in or after 1977. Thirty-four brief-pulse and 43 sine-wave machines were in use. Treatment was performed on the psychiatric unit in 41.4% of the hospitals, in the operating room or the recovery room in 50% of the hospitals, and in other locations in 8.6% of the hospitals. The psychiatrist administered the anesthesia in 12 (21%) of the hospitals. Unilateral electrode placement was used in 42% of patients. The use of anesthetic agents, ancillary equipment, and staffing patterns is reviewed.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Barry Alan
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kramer