title: Polynitroxylated starch/TPL attenuates cachexia and increased epithelial permeability associated with TNBS colitis.
abstract: Free radicals play an important role in the initiation and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, the reduction or elimination of adverse oxidant effects can provide novel therapy for IBD. Here, the antioxidant capacity and protective effects of a new class of chemically modified hetastarch (polynitroxyl starch, or PNS) plus 4-hydroxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (Tempol or TPL) (PNS/TPL) were assessed in a model of colitis. The superoxide scavenging capacity of PNS/TPL-that is, the inhibition of the reduction of cytochrome c in the presence of xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO)-was evaluated in vitro. The effects of PNS/TPL on X/XO-induced neutrophil endothelial adhesion in vitro were investigated. Also, this study tested the protection produced by PNS/TPL in a mouse model of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. PNS/TPL was given intravenously immediately before (< 30 min) and intraperitoneally at 24 and 72 hr after TNBS induction. The body weight and survival rate of the mice were checked daily. Colonic mucosal damage was assessed on the 7th day by measuring intestinal permeability to Evans blue (EB) in vivo. The ability of PNS to reoxidize bioreduced TPL was documented by whole-body electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detection. We found that PNS or TPL exhibits superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, with approximately 2% of SOD activity occurring on a molar basis. The endothelial-neutrophil adherence induced by X/XO was significantly inhibited by PNS/TPL but not by TPL alone. PNS/TPL protected against cachexia and mortality, both usually induced by TNBS. Epithelial permeability was increased significantly in TNBS mice but was ameliorated by the administration of PNS/TPL. In conclusion, PNS/TPL may be beneficial in the treatment or prevention of IBD through its antioxidant effects, which inhibit oxidant-mediated leukocyte adhesion and injury to endothelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health and Sciences Center, Shreveport 71130, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Coe
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Specian
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Grisham
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Trimble
authors.forename: C J C
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hsia
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002100:Cachexia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D003092:Colitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals; D006801:Humans; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D013113:Spin Labels; D015996:Survival Rate; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D005609:Free Radicals; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D013113:Spin Labels; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; C039900:nitroxyl; C001803:tempol