title: Correlates of overweight and obesity in 644 patients with bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Overweight and obesity are common clinical problems encountered in the treatment of bipolar disorder. We therefore assessed the prevalence and clinical correlates of overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity in 644 bipolar patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  644 outpatients with DSM-IV bipolar disorder in the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Outcomes Network were evaluated with structured diagnostic interviews and clinician- and self-administered questionnaires to determine bipolar disorder diagnoses, demographic and historical illness characteristics, comorbid Axis I diagnoses, medical histories, health habits, and body mass indices (BMMs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-eight percent of the patients with bipolar disorder were overweight, 21% were obese, and 5% were extremely obese. American patients had significantly higher mean (p < .0001) BMIs and significantly higher rates of obesity (p < .001) and extreme obesity (p < .001) than European patients. Significant associations (p < or = .001) were found between overweight, obesity. and extreme obesity and gender, age, income level, comorbid binge-eating disorder, hypertension, arthritis, diabetes mellitus, exercise habits, and coffee consumption. Current BMI and weight were each correlated with the number of weight gain-associated psychotropics to which patients had been exposed. Multinomial logistic regression (adjusted for site and eating disorder diagnosis and corrected for multiple comparisons) showed that (1) overweight was significantly associated with male gender and hypertension (p < .001), (2) obesity was significantly associated with hypertension (p < .001), and (3) extreme obesity was significantly associated with hypertension and arthritis (p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity were common in this group of bipolar patients, although it was unclear that their prevalence rates were truly elevated, because overweight and obesity are increasingly common public health problems among the general population. Correlates of overweight and obesity in bipolar disorder include patient and treatment variables such as gender, geographical location, comorbid binge-eating disorder, age, income level, degree of exposure to weight gain-associated psychotropics, medical disorders associated with obesity, and health habits.
authors.affiliation: Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Outcome Network, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0559, USA.
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: McElroy
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.forename: Trisha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suppes
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dhavale
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Keck
authors.forename: Gabriele S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Leverich
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Altshuler
authors.forename: Kirk D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Denicoff
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Nolen
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kupka
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grunze
authors.forename: Jorg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walden
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Post
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000150:complications; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs