title: Present concepts on the inflammatory modulators with special reference to cytokines.
abstract: The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines create a network of interactions between cells that lead to both stimulatory and inhibitory responses that maintain an effective homeostatic regulation. The anti-inflammatory cytokines are a family of peptides that modulate the pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Cytokines act in concert with non-cytokine mediators, such as prostaglandin E2, glucocorticosteroids, lipocortins, and catecholamines. This review highlights new developments in our understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammation and gives an example of a more recent approach to the modulation of acute systemic inflammatory disorders; activation of beta2-adrenergic receptors on macrophages. In this respect the potent beta2-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol seems of therapeutic interest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A S J P A M
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Van Miert
mesh_terms: D058672:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D006706:Homeostasis; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D058672:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine