title: A physiologic flow chamber model to define intravascular ultrasound enhancement of fibrin using echogenic liposomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Echogenic immunoliposomes (ELIP) for enhancement of vasoactive and pathologic components of endothelium and atherosclerosis have been developed. A physiologic flow chamber model has been developed to define intravascular ultrasound enhancement of a fibrin interface.
  
  
  METHODS
  A IgG ELIP was used, which nonspecifically associated with fibrin, to demonstrate the suitability of this model. With varying doses of IgG ELIP, the fibrin wells were imaged at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 9 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IgG ELIP enhanced fibrin versus saline (P < 0.005) was visible at 1 minute, lasted at least 9 minutes, and at 6 minutes the interface enhanced 27% +/- 6.1%. Enhancement was caused by increases in interface thickness and brightness. Enhancement increased with dose up to 8 mg lipid (n = 4 per time point).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model can quantitate the components of IVUS enhancement of an interface produced by ELIP. This model may allow for further development and understanding of ELIP and other targeted ultrasound contrast agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611-2908, USA. a-hamilton@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rabbat
authors.forename: Parag
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Noam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Belkind
authors.forename: Shao-Ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ashwin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagaraj
authors.forename: Melvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klegerman
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: McPherson
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004867:Equipment Design; D005337:Fibrin; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D008081:Liposomes; D011817:Rabbits; D012212:Rheology; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D005337:Fibrin