title: Long-term vigorous training in young adulthood and later physical activity as predictors of hypertension in middle-aged and older men.
abstract: 500 and 69 male former elite athletes and 319 male controls completed a health questionnaire in 1985 and in 1995. Register data on the subjects were also collected. Subjects were aged 65 years or less and had no history of hypertension in 1985, and they had been healthy at the age of 20 years. The athletes were grouped into endurance and mixed sports (n = 386), and power sports (n = 183). The cumulative 10-year incidence of hypertension up to 1995 was significantly lower in the endurance and mixed sports group (23.6 %) compared to the power sports group (33.3 %) or the control group (32.0 %). The difference between the endurance and mixed sports group and the two other groups was still significant after adjustment for age, but not after further adjustment for body mass index, alcohol consumption, and later physical activity. However, the trend of reduced risk remained. In conclusion, a history of being an elite athlete in endurance or mixed sports predicts a lower risk of hypertension in working age men, while a history of being an elite athlete in power sports appears to confer no benefit. Later physical activity was also associated with lower risk.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland. miika.hernelahti@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernelahti
authors.forename: U M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Kujala
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaprio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors