title: Involvement of calmodulin inhibition in analgesia induced with low doses of intrathecal trifluoperazine.
abstract: We examined which of the known properties of trifluoperazine, including calmodulin inhibition, are involved in its analgesic effect. Furthermore, we tried to find any possible interaction between opioidergic system and calmodulin inhibition-induced analgesia. Intrathecal trifluoperazine (1, 10, 100 microg) showed a biphasic effect in the formalin test; i.e., analgesia at relatively low doses (1, 10 microg) and hyperalgesia at a high dose (100 microg). No analgesic effects were observed after intrathecal injection of sulpiride (1, 10, 100 microg), atropine (0.1, 1, 10 microg), phentolamine (0.1, 1, 10 microg) and brompheniramine (0.1, 1, 10 microg). Meanwhile, intrathecal calmidazolium (10, 50, 250 microg) induced a dose-dependent analgesia. Histamine (1 microg), physostigmine (1 microg), bromocriptine (1 microg) and norepinephrine (1 microg) did not affect trifluoperazine-induced analgesia. Calcium (20 microg) attenuated the antinociceptive effect of trifluoperazine and inhibited the analgesic effect of calmidazolium. Finally, naloxone (2 mg/kg) decreased trifluoperazine-induced antinociception but did not have any effects on calmidazolium-induced analgesia. We concluded that calmodulin inhibition may be involved in the analgesia produced by trifluoperazine. With increasing doses of trifluoperazine, the algesic effect seems to overcome the analgesic effect. It is also suggested that the opioidergic system does not interact with calmodulin inhibition-induced analgesia even though this system has a possible role in trifluoperazine-induced analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. saeidgolbidi@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Golbidi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moriuchi
authors.forename: Tetsumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Irie
authors.forename: Taghi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ghafghazi
authors.forename: Valiollahe
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hajhashemi
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014268:Trifluoperazine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D002147:Calmodulin; D014268:Trifluoperazine; D002118:Calcium