title: Promotion of alpha/beta interferon induction during in vivo viral infection through alpha/beta interferon receptor/STAT1 system-dependent and -independent pathways.
abstract: Viruses and viral components can be potent inducers of alpha/beta interferons (IFN-alpha/beta). In culture, IFN-alpha/beta prime for their own expression, in response to viruses, through interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7) induction. The studies presented here evaluated the requirements for functional IFN receptors and the IFN signaling molecule STAT1 in IFN-alpha/beta induction during infections of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). At 24 h after infection, levels of induced IFN-alpha/beta in serum were reduced 90 to 95% in IFN-alpha/beta receptor-deficient (IFN-alpha/betaR(-/-)) and STAT1(-/-) mice compared to those in wild-type mice. However, at 48 h, these mice showed elevated expression in the serum whereas IFN-alpha/beta levels were still reduced >75% in IFN-alpha/betagammaR(-/-) mice even though the viral burden was heavy. Levels of IFN-beta, IFN-alpha4, and non-IFN-alpha4 subtype mRNA expression correlated with IFN-alpha/beta bioactivity, and all IFN-alpha/beta subtypes were coincidentally detectable. IRF-7 mRNA was induced under conditions of IFN-alpha/beta production, including late production in IFN-alpha/betaR(-/-) mice. These data demonstrate that the presence of the virus alone is not sufficient to induce IFN-alpha/beta during LCMV infection in vivo. Instead, autocrine amplification through the IFN-alpha/betaR is necessary for optimal induction. In the absence of a functional IFN-alpha/betaR, however, alternative mechanisms, independent of STAT1 but requiring a functional IFN-gammaR, take over.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
authors.forename: Lene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Malmgaard
authors.forename: Thais P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Salazar-Mather
authors.forename: Casey A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Christine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Biron
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050839:Interferon Regulatory Factor-7; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D008216:Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D008217:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus / Q000276:immunology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053633:Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta; D017471:Receptors, Interferon / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000096743:Interferon gamma Receptor
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050839:Interferon Regulatory Factor-7; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D016899:Interferon-beta; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D053633:Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta; D017471:Receptors, Interferon; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators; D000096743:Interferon gamma Receptor; C494235:Irf7 protein, mouse; C494080:Stat1 protein, mouse