title: Vitamins in Spanish food patterns: the eVe Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe vitamin intakes in Spanish food patterns, identify groups at risk for inadequacy and determine conditioning factors that may influence this situation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pooled-analysis of eight cross-sectional regional nutrition surveys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten thousand two hundred and eight free-living subjects (4728 men, 5480 women) aged 25-60 years. Respondents of population nutritional surveys carried out in eight Spanish regions (Alicante, Andalucia, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Catalunya, Galicia, Madrid and Basque Country) from 1990 to 1998. The samples were pooled together and weighted to build a national random sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary assessment by means of repeated 24-hour recall using photograph models to estimate portion size. Adjusted data for intra-individual variation were used to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intake. A Diet Quality Score (DQS) was computed considering the risk for inadequate intake for folate, vitamin C, vitamin A and vitamin E. DQS scores vary between 0 (good) and 4 (very poor). Influence of lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity) was considered as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inadequate intakes (<2/3 Recommended Dietary Intake) were estimated in more than 10% of the sample for riboflavin (in men), folate (in women), vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E. More than 35% of the sample had diets classified as poor quality or very poor quality. Factors identified to have an influence on a poor-quality diet were old age, low education level and low socio-economical level. A sedentary lifestyle, smoking, usual consumption of alcohol and being overweight were conditioning factors for a poor-quality diet as well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from The eVe Study suggest that a high proportion of the Spanish population has inadequate intakes for at least one nutrient and nearly 50% should adjust their usual food pattern towards a more nutrient-dense, healthier diet.
authors.affiliation: Community Nutrition Unit, Department of Public Health, Bilbao, Spain. bisaludpublica@jet.es
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aranceta
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serra-Majem
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pérez-Rodrigo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Llopis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mataix
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ribas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tojo
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tur
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001361:Avitaminosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D013030:Spain; D014815:Vitamins
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins