title: Increased end-stage diabetic nephropathy in Indo-Asian immigrants living in the Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the risk of end-stage diabetic nephropathy due to Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Indo-Asian immigrants from Surinam.
  
  
  METHODS
  A demographically based case-control study was carried out in Surinamese Indo-Asian immigrants and Dutch Caucasian subjects. All patients with end-stage diabetic nephropathy who had started dialysis between 1990 and 1998 were identified through a national registry of all patients entering a renal replacement program in the Netherlands. The general population of native Dutch and Surinamese Indo-Asians were considered the control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among Indo-Asian immigrants, the age adjusted relative risk of end-stage diabetic nephropathy was 38 (95 % CI 16 to 91) compared with the native Dutch population. The duration of diabetes until the start of dialysis treatment was similar in both ethnic groups, about 17 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Indo-Asian subjects had a nearly 40-fold increase in the risk for end-stage diabetic nephropathy due to Type II diabetes, compared with the native Dutch population. This was higher than expected on the basis of the eightfold higher prevalence of diabetes in the Indo-Asian population. The similar duration of diabetes until the start of dialysis treatment in both ethnic groups supports the hypothesis of a higher incidence of diabetic nephropathy in the Indo-Asian diabetic population. Early and frequent screening for diabetes and microalbuminuria is recommended in Indo-Asian subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, C3-P, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. P.K.Chandie_Shaw@LUMC.nl
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chandie Shaw
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vandenbroucke
authors.forename: Y I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Tjandra
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Rosendaal
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rosman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Geerlings
authors.forename: F Th
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: de Charro
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: van Es
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D018579:Patient Selection; D012042:Registries; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy; D012306:Risk; D013532:Suriname / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People