title: Isolation, identification, and characterization of compounds from acer rubrum capable of oxidizing equine erythrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify compounds in Acer rubrum that cause hemolysis or oxidation of equine erythrocytes and determine whether these toxins are found in other Acer spp.
  
  
  METHODS
  Equine erythrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Washed erythrocytes were incubated with extracts and fractions of Acer spp that were separated by thin layer chromatography. Methemoglobin and hemolysis were measured spectrophotometrically. Compounds within Acer spp fractions associated with cell oxidation or hemolysis were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Erythrocytes incubated separately with either A. rubrum, A. saccharum, or A. saccharinum extracts had increased methemoglobin formation, compared with extract-free control samples. Two Acer spp fractions had toxic effects on erythrocytes in vitro. A major component of the Acer fraction that caused a significant amount of methemoglobin formation was identified as gallic acid. An amount of gallic acid equivalent to that found in A. rubrum extract significantly increased methemoglobin, compared with extract-free control erythrocytes, but caused less methemoglobin formation than A. rubrum extracts did. A potential co-oxidant, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-4H-pyran-4-one, was found in the A. rubrum extract and may have been responsible for increasing methemoglobin formation. A second A. rubrum fraction caused methemoglobin formation and significant hemolysis. A. saccharum and A. saccharinum extracts caused hemolysis but less than the A. rubrum extracts did.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxidants in A. rubrum are also found in A. saccharum and A. saccharinum, and the ingestion of A. saccharum and A. saccharinum poses a potential threat to horses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Jeanelle D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Breeden
authors.forename: Dan L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer / Q000662:veterinary; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006736:Horses; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D011748:Pyrogallol / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D029631:Sapindaceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D014197:Trees / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D016877:Oxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011748:Pyrogallol; D005707:Gallic Acid; D008706:Methemoglobin