title: Replication of human tracheobronchial hollow airway models using a selective laser sintering rapid prototyping technique.
abstract: Exposures to toxic or pathogenic aerosols are known to produce adverse health effects. The nature and severity of these effects often are governed in large part by the location and amount of aerosol deposition within the respiratory tract. Morphologically detailed replica hollow lung airway casts are widely used in aerosol deposition research; however, techniques are not currently available that allow replicate deposition studies in identical morphologically detailed casts produced from a common reference anatomy. This project developed a technique for the precision manufacture of morphologically detailed human tracheobronchial airway models based on high-resolution anatomical imaging data. Detailed physical models were produced using the selective laser sintering (SLS) rapid prototyping process. Input to the SLS process was a three-dimensional computer model developed by boundary-based two-dimension to three-dimension conversion of anatomical images from the original National Institutes of Health/National Library of Medicine Visible Human male data set. The SLS process produced identical replicate models that corresponded exactly to the anatomical section images, within the limits of the measurement. At least five airway generations were achievable, corresponding to airways less than 2 mm in diameter. It is anticipated that rapid prototyping manufacture of respiratory tract structures based on reference anatomies such as the Visible Male and Visible Female may provide "gold standard" models for inhaled aerosol deposition studies. Adaptations of the models to represent various disease states may be readily achieved, thereby promoting exploration of pharmaceutical research on targeted drug delivery via inhaled aerosols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA.
authors.forename: Rodney E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Clinkenbeard
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Ramkumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parthasarathy
authors.forename: M Cengiz
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Altan
authors.forename: Kah-Hoe
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Seok-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects; D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D000886:Anthropometry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D007834:Lasers; D008954:Models, Biological; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants