title: Movement artefacts and MR BOLD signal increase during different paradigms for mapping the sensorimotor cortex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors evaluated the impact of motion artefacts on presurgical mapping of the sensorimotor cortex with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Different mapping paradigms were compared with regard to the frequency of motion artefacts and the resulting signal increase.
  
  
  METHODS
  94 surgical candidates with mass lesions near the central region were investigated using BOLD(1)-contrast T2(*) weighted multislice multi-echo EPI gradient echo sequences on a 1,5 T Philips Gyroscan. Three functional paradigms were performed: a) repetitive self-paced clenching of the hand to a fist (68 runs); b) repetitive finger-to-thumb opposition (46 runs); c) sensory stimulation by repetitive brushing of the palm (15 runs). Task-related haemodynamic changes were identified by statistical analysis with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov-test. MR signal increase in percent was calculated for each of the paradigms. Motion artefacts were rated on a scale from 1 to 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Severe motion artefacts occurred in 8 hand clenching runs and in 2 finger opposition runs. Artefacts were more pronounced in hand clenching than in finger opposition. There were no motion artefacts in any of the sensory stimulation runs. Concerning the percent MR signal change there was no significant difference between hand clenching and finger opposition (T-test: p>0,5) but a highly significant difference (p<0,0001) between both motor tasks and the sensory paradigm (hand clenching: 2.68+/-0.75; finger opposition: 2.76+/-0.79; sensory stimulation: 1.72+/-0.65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sensory stimulation causes by far less artefacts than motor paradigms but it also has to be considered less sensitive as it produces a smaller MR signal increase. Therefore in presurgical evaluation sensory stimulation should be kept in reserve for cases in whom motion artefacts are very likely to occur, i.e. patients with severe forms of paresis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of the University of Technology, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoeller
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krings
authors.forename: M H T
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Reinges
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Hans
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gilsbach
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thron
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016477:Artifacts; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*