title: The effects of age on neural blockade and hemodynamic changes after epidural anesthesia with ropivacaine.
abstract: We studied the influence of age on the neural blockade and hemodynamic changes after the epidural administration of ropivacaine 1.0% in patients undergoing orthopedic, urological, gynecological, or lower abdominal surgery. Fifty-four patients were enrolled in one of three age groups (Group 1: 18-40 yr; Group 2: 41-60 yr; Group 3: > or=61 yr). After a test dose of 3 mL of prilocaine 1.0% with epinephrine 5 microg/mL, 15 mL of ropivacaine 1.0% was administered epidurally. The level of analgesia and degree of motor blockade were assessed, and hemodynamic variables were recorded at standardized intervals. The upper level of analgesia differed among all groups (medians: Group 1: T8; Group 2: T6; Group 3: T4). Motor blockade was more intense in the oldest compared with the youngest age group. The incidence of bradycardia and hypotension and the maximal decrease in mean arterial blood pressure during the first hour after the epidural injection (median of Group 1: 11 mm Hg; Group 2: 16 mm Hg; Group 3: 29 mm Hg) were more frequent in the oldest age group. We conclude that age influences the clinical profile of ropivacaine 1.0%. The hemodynamic effects in older patients may be caused by the high thoracic spread of analgesia, although a diminished hemodynamic homeostasis may contribute.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analgesia levels after the epidural administration of 15 mL of ropivacaine 1.0% increase with increasing age. This is associated with an increased incidence of hypotension in the elderly, although an effect of age on the hemodynamic homeostasis may have contributed. It appears that epidural doses should be adjusted for elderly patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. M.J.G.Simon@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Mischa J G
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Bernadette T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Veering
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stienstra
authors.forename: Jack W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: van Kleef
authors.forename: Anton G L
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Burm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine