title: [Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) in the treatment of rectal cancer].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Local recurrence remains one of the most complex problem in the management of rectal carcinoma. Often, surgery alone is not able to prevent local recurrence development, particularly in locally advanced cancer. A better local control is obtained using the association with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (IORT) represents an innovative therapeutic modality.
  
  
  METHODS
  141 patients, 97 with "high risk" cancer (T2N1-2 or T3N0-2) and 44 with "locally advanced" tumor (T3N3, T4N0-3 or local recurrence). 64 patients with extraperitoneal "high risk" rectal cancer have been treated with preoperative radiotherapy (38 Gy), surgical excision and IORT (10 Gy). In other 33 "high risk" cases, preoperative radio- (50.4 Gy) chemotherapy (Tomudex 2-3 mg), surgery and IORT (10 Gy) have been given. Fourty four patients with "locally advanced" rectal tumor have had external radiotherapy (48 Gy) + chemotherapy (5FU + Mitomicin C) preoperatively, surgery, IORT (10-15 Gy) and chemotherapy (5FU + Levamisolo) postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among "high risk" patients, 52-83% of cases have had a sphincter-saving surgical procedure, 5-year local control is 93%, 5-year overall survival 80%, and 5-year disease free survival 77%. In 50-60% of "high risk" tumors treated with preoperative chemo-radiotherapy the pathologic staging have found a T0-1 tumor. Among "locally advanced" primary tumors, 5-year local control is 90.9%, 5-year disease free survival 47.1%, 5-year overall survival 60.7%. Among patients treated for local recurrence, in 60% a complete tumor resection has been performed; 5-year local control is 79.5%, 5-year disease free survival 19.4%, 5-year overall survival 41.4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Integrated treatment with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery and IORT has allowed a good local control and seems prolong survival also.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Clinica Chirurgica, Divisione di Chirurgia Digestiva, UniversitàCattolica del S. Cuore, Roma.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Doglietto
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ratto
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valentini
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D012307:Risk Factors