title: Renal and ureteric trauma: diagnosis and management in Poland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse retrospectively kidney and ureteric injuries (the former often associated with multiple-organ trauma) and thus optimize diagnostic and treatment methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records and details of kidney and ureteric injures treated between 1995 and 1999 in 61 urological departments in Poland were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 887 kidney injuries were analysed; blunt trauma comprised 97%, with most injuries classified as renal contusion and minor parenchymal damage (687 cases). Intravenous urography was used in 80% of the patients and computed tomography in only 20%. In all, 234 patients (26%) underwent surgery; nephrectomy was the most common surgical treatment, in 170 patients (73% of those undergoing surgery). Complications occurred in 9% of patients after conservative treatment and in 5% after surgery. Of the 452 ureteric injuries, 340 (75%) were iatrogenic, 81 (18%) blunt injuries and 31 (7%) open injuries. Of the iatrogenic injuries 73% occurred during gynaecological procedures, 14% in general surgery and 14% in urological procedures. The most frequent diagnostic method was intravenous urography (244 cases), with retrograde pyelography (98) and ureteric catheterization in 125. The diagnosis was established immediately during surgery in 104 patients. The most frequent surgical treatment was uretero-neocystostomy (213, 47%), the others being a Boari flap (113, 25%), end-to-end anastomosis (92, 20%), reconstruction with an ileal loop (30, 7%) and autotransplantation (four, 1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Poland, patients with blunt kidney injuries often undergo surgery, with nephrectomy the most frequent procedure. Computed tomography with the intravenous administration of contrast medium should be considered the diagnostic method of choice for kidney injures. Catheterization of the ureters before surgery and an indigocarmine intravenous infusion (to stain the urine) when a ureteric injury is suspected may reduce the rate of iatrogenic injury and improve the rate of intraoperative diagnosis. We suggest catheterizing the ureters in any doubtful case to avoid injury, because prevention is better than treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department and Clinic of Urology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 31-531 Kracow, Grzegorzecka st 18, Poland. zdobrowol@psk.cm-uj.krakow.pl
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dobrowolski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kusionowicz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Drewniak
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Habrat
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lipczyñski
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jakubik
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wêglarz
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods; D014519:Ureterostomy / Q000379:methods; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D014567:Urography / Q000379:methods