title: The presence of African American race predicts improvement in coronary endothelial function after supplementary L-arginine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of our study was to determine if the presence of African American ethnicity modulates improvement in coronary vascular endothelial function after supplementary L-arginine.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Endothelial dysfunction is an early stage in the development of coronary atherosclerosis and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and cardiomyopathy. Amelioration of endothelial dysfunction has been demonstrated in patients with established coronary atherosclerosis or with risk factors in response to infusion of L-arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide. Racial and gender patterns in L-arginine responsiveness have not, heretofore, been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Invasive testing of coronary artery and microvascular reactivity in response to graded intracoronary infusions of acetylcholine (ACh) +/- L-arginine was carried out in 33 matched pairs of African American and white subjects with no angiographic coronary artery disease. Pairs were matched for age, gender, indexed left ventricular mass, body mass index and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to the matching parameters, there were no significant differences in peak coronary blood flow (CBF) response to intracoronary adenosine or in the peak CBF response to ACh before L-arginine infusion. However, absolute percentile improvement in CBF response to ACh infusion after L-arginine, as compared with before, was significantly greater among African Americans as a group (45 +/- 10% vs. 4 +/- 6%, p = 0.0016) and after partitioning by gender. The mechanism of this increase was mediated through further reduction in coronary microvascular resistance. L-arginine infusion also resulted in greater epicardial dilator response after ACh among African Americans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that intracoronary infusion of L-arginine provides significantly greater augmentation of endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in those of African American ethnicity when compared with matched white subjects drawn from a cohort electively referred for coronary angiography. Our findings suggest that there are target populations in which supplementary L-arginine may be of therapeutic benefit in the amelioration of microvascular endothelial dysfunction. In view of the excess prevalence of cardiomyopathy among African Americans, pharmacologic correction of microcirculatory endothelial dysfunction in this group is an important area of further investigation and may ultimately prove to be clinically indicated.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA. Houghtj@mail.amc.edu
authors.forename: Jan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Houghton
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Philbin
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Strogatz
authors.forename: Mikhail T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Torosoff
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fein
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kuhner
authors.forename: Vivienne E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Albert A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044383:Black People; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D001120:Arginine; D000109:Acetylcholine