title: A controlled trial of valganciclovir as induction therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Valganciclovir is an orally administered prodrug that is rapidly hydrolyzed to ganciclovir. We compared the effects of oral valganciclovir with those of intravenous ganciclovir as induction therapy for newly diagnosed cytomegalovirus retinitis in 160 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary end point was photographically determined progression of cytomegalovirus retinitis within four weeks after the initiation of treatment. Secondary end points included the achievement of a prospectively defined satisfactory response to induction therapy and the time to progression of cytomegalovirus retinitis. After four weeks, all patients received valganciclovir as maintenance therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty patients were randomly assigned to each treatment group. Of the patients who could be evaluated, 7 of 70 assigned to intravenous ganciclovir (10.0 percent) and 7 of 71 assigned to oral valganciclovir (9.9 percent) had progression of cytomegalovirus retinitis during the first four weeks (difference in proportions, 0.1 percentage point; 95 percent confidence interval, -9.7 to 10.0). Forty-seven of 61 patients (77.0 percent) assigned to intravenous ganciclovir and 46 of 64 (71.9 percent) assigned to valganciclovir had a satisfactory response to induction therapy (difference in proportions, 5.2 percentage points; 95 percent confidence interval, -20.4 to 10.1). The median times to progression of retinitis were 125 days in the group assigned to intravenous ganciclovir and 160 days in the group assigned to oral valganciclovir. The mean values for the area under the curve for the ganciclovir dosage interval were similar at both induction doses and maintenance doses. The frequency and severity of adverse events were similar in the two treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orally administered valganciclovir appears to be as effective as intravenous ganciclovir for induction treatment and is convenient and effective for the long-term management of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dmart04@emory.edu
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sierra-Madero
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walmsley
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wolitz
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Macey
authors.forename: Panos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Mary Jean
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stempien
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017726:Cytomegalovirus Retinitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006678:HIV / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077562:Valganciclovir; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D011355:Prodrugs; D000077562:Valganciclovir; D015774:Ganciclovir