title: Prolonged survival in rat liver transplantation with mouse monoclonal antibody against an inducible costimulator (ICOS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An inducible costimulator (ICOS), a recently identified costimulatory receptor with a close structural homology to CD28 and CTLA4, is expressed on activated T cells. Interaction with its ligand on antigen-presenting cells stimulates T-cell proliferation to produce a different spectrum of cytokine. The inhibition of ICOS-mediated signal transduction by an anti-ICOS antibody is considered to be capable of protecting against graft rejection in organ transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  An anti-rat ICOS antibody was intravenously administered into recipients of dark Agouti-to-Lewis liver transplantations. The recipient lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes were harvested on day 7 after transplantation for fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, and tissue specimens from the grafts were removed for histologic evaluation. Antigen-specific T-cell proliferation responses were assessed in vitro with anti-ICOS antibody.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monotherapy with the antibody significantly prolonged the graft survival time by inhibiting T-cell activation and its proliferation response. The graft-infiltrating cells, both CD4 and CD8 T cells, were not completely reduced even when rats were administered the antibody, whereas the expression of ICOS almost completely disappeared in these cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T-cell activation through the ICOS costimulatory pathway plays an important role in graft rejection, and manipulating its pathway is an effective method for modulating transplantation immunity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery and Bioengineering, National Children's Medical Research Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Xiao-Kang
authors.initials: XK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Funeshima
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujino
authors.forename: Yuhko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.forename: Hiromitsu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amemiya
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Enosawa
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harihara
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makuuchi
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000502:physiology*; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000502:physiology; D006085:Graft Survival; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000032:analysis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D018106:CD28 Antigens; C556694:Icos protein, mouse; C556695:Icos protein, rat; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2