title: Helium vs carbon dioxide gas insufflation with or without saline lavage during laparoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helium is an inert gas that, if used for insufflation during laparoscopy, may be followed by less postoperative pain than carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation, due to a more limited effect on intraabdominal pH and metabolism. Saline lavage has also recently been shown to reduce postoperative pain following laparoscopic surgery. To evaluate these possibilities and to better define the clinical safety of helium insufflation, we undertook a prospective randomized trial comparing CO2 and helium insufflation with or without saline lavage in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic upper abdominal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January to November 2000, 173 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy or fundoplication were randomized to undergo laparoscopy with either CO2 or helium insufflation. Within each group, patients were further randomized to undergo peritoneal lavage with 2 L of 0.9% saline at the end of the surgical procedure. This yielded the following four patient groups; CO2 (group 1, n = 47), CO2 + saline lavage (group 2, n = 43), helium (group 3, n = 43) and helium + saline lavage (group 4, n = 40). Patients were blinded to their randomization, and post-operative assessment was also performed by a blinded investigator, who applied a standardized scoring system to assess postoperative pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study groups were well matched for age, sex, weight, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status, duration of surgery, and volume of gas utilized, and 81% of patients were discharged within 48 h. There were no differences in the incidence of postoperative complications among the study groups, and postoperative pain scores were not significantly different when all four groups were compared. When helium (groups 3 and 4) was compared with CO2 (groups 1 and 2), no differences in pain score were seen. When no lavage (groups 1 and 3) was compared with lavage (groups 2 and 4), less pain was found in the group undergoing saline peritoneal lavage (mean 4-h pain score, 5.9 vs 5.2; 24-h pain score, 4.8 vs 4.1; p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of helium insufflation for laparoscopic surgery, while not associated with any significant adverse sequelae, was not associated with less postoperative pain in this trial. The use of saline peritoneal lavage was associated with less pain in the early postoperative period.
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: O'Boyle
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: deBeaux
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ackroyd
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lafullarde
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: J A R
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Jamieson
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000379:methods; D006371:Helium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007327:Insufflation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D010533:Peritoneal Lavage / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006371:Helium; D012965:Sodium Chloride