title: A phase II study of active specific immunotherapy and 5-FU/Leucovorin as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon carcinoma.
abstract: Active specific immunotherapy, using vaccines with autologous tumour cells and BCG, significantly reduces the rate of tumour recurrence in stage II colon cancer patients, while no clinical benefit has yet been observed in stage III patients. Adjuvant treatment with 5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin is now considered standard therapy for stage III colon carcinoma and results in an absolute survival benefit of approximately 10%. Yet, the 5-year overall survival rate of stage III colon cancer patients is only 40-50%. Combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy might improve prognosis for stage III patients, especially when considering that active specific immunotherapy and chemotherapy have shown synergistic effects in pre-clinical tumour models. We performed a phase II study with 56 patients, using the combination of active specific immunotherapy and chemotherapy as an adjuvant therapy in stage III colon cancer patients to assess the influence of 5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin on anti-tumour immunity induced by autologous tumour cell vaccinations. Anti-tumour immunity was measured before and after chemotherapy by means of delayed type hypersensitivity reactions, taken 48 h after the third and the fourth vaccination. We also investigated the toxicity of this combined immuno-chemotherapy treatment. Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions before chemotherapy had a median size of 20.3 mm, while after chemotherapy delayed type hypersensitivity size was 18.4 mm (P=0.01), indicating that chemotherapy hardly affected anti-tumour immunity. The severity of ulcers at the BCG vaccination sites was comparable to previous studies. In 30% of the patients grade III or grade IV chemotherapy related toxicity was seen; this is comparable to what is normally observed after adjuvant chemotherapy alone. This study shows that the active specific immunotherapy-induced anti-tumour immune response is only minimally impaired by consecutive chemotherapy and that the combined treatment of stage III colon cancer patients with active specific immunotherapy and 5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin does not cause unexpected toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baars
authors.forename: A M E
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Claessen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wagstaff
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giaccone
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Scheper
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: M J A G
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schakel
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gall
authors.forename: C J L M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Vermorken
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Pinedo
authors.forename: A J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van den Eertwegh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed; D016233:Immunotherapy, Active / Q000009:adverse effects; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging
chemical_list: D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil