title: Adrenal gland hypofunction in active polymyalgia rheumatica. effect of glucocorticoid treatment on adrenal hormones and interleukin 6.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in patients with recent onset polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) not previously treated with glucocorticoids; and to detect possible correlations between adrenal hormone levels, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and other acute phase reactants at baseline and during 12 months of glucocorticoid treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one PMR patients of both sexes with recent onset disease and healthy sex and age matched controls were enrolled into a longitudinal study. Patients were monitored for serum cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione (ASD), and clinical and laboratory measures of disease activity such as C-reactive protein and IL-6 concentrations at baseline and after 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of glucocorticoid treatment. To assess dynamic HPA axis function, serum cortisol and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels were evaluated in another 8 patients with recent onset PMR not treated with glucocorticoid in comparison to controls after challenge with ovine corticotropin releasing hormone (oCRH) test. In addition, serum cortisol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) levels were evaluated after stimulation with low dose (1 microg) intravenous ACTH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum cortisol and ASD levels of all PMR patients at baseline did not differ from controls. During followup, cortisol levels dipped at one and 3 months. Serum DHEAS levels in all patients were significantly lower than in controls at baseline. In female PMR patients a significant correlation was found at baseline between cortisol levels and duration of disease. Serum concentrations of IL-6 at baseline were significantly higher in PMR patients than in controls. During 12 months of glucocorticoid treatment IL-6 levels dropped significantly at one month; thereafter they remained stable and did not increase again despite tapering of the glucocorticoid dose. After oCRH stimulation, a similar cortisol response was found in patients and controls. After ACTH administration, a significant cortisol peak was detected in patients and controls, whereas no significant difference in cortisol area-under-the-curve (AUC) was found between the groups. In contrast, ACTH induced a significantly higher (p < 0.05) peak of 17-OHP and AUC in PMR patients than in controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found reduced production of adrenal hormones (cortisol, DHEAS) at baseline in patients with active and untreated PMR. The defect seems mainly related to altered adrenal responsiveness to the ACTH stimulation (i.e., increased 17-OHP), at least in untreated patients. The 12 month glucocorticoid treatment of patients reduced the production of inflammatory mediators (i.e., IL-6) in a stable manner that persisted after glucocorticoids were tapered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Genova, Italy. mcutolo@unige.it
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cutolo
authors.forename: Rainer H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Straub
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Foppiani
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prete
authors.forename: Lia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pulsatelli
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sulli
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boiardi
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Macchioni
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giusti
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pizzorni
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seriolo
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Salvarani
mesh_terms: D019326:17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone / Q000097:blood; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D000309:Adrenal Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000368:Aged; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology; D011111:Polymyalgia Rheumatica / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019326:17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D011241:Prednisone