title: Inhibition of Nodal signalling by Lefty mediated through interaction with common receptors and efficient diffusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two TGFbeta-related proteins, Nodal and Lefty, are implicated in early embryonic patterning of vertebrates. Genetic data suggest that Nodal is a signalling molecule, while Lefty is an antagonist of Nodal, but their precise function remains unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The signalling pathway of Nodal was investigated with the use of a Nodal-responsive assay system based on frog animal caps. Expression of dominant negative mutants of various receptors indicated that ALK4, and either ActRIIA or ActRIIB, function as type I and type II receptors for Nodal, respectively. A soluble form of Cripto lacking the COOH-terminal region interacted with Nodal but failed to mediate Nodal signalling, indicating that the native Cripto protein functions as a membrane-bound co-receptor for Nodal. Processed forms of Lefty proteins, both smaller and larger forms, inhibited Nodal signalling. Such Lefty-induced inhibition was rescued by excess ActRIIA or ActRIIB, suggesting that Lefty antagonizes Nodal signalling through competitive binding to the common receptor ActRIIA or ActRIIB. This idea was supported by the demonstration of a genetic interaction between lefty2 and ActRIIB in mouse. Behaviours of GFP-Nodal and GFP-Lefty2 proteins were also investigated in chick embryos. Both proteins could diffuse over a long distance, but the latter diffused faster than the former.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efficient inhibition of Nodal signals by Lefty may involve competitive binding of Lefty to the common receptors and faster diffusion of Lefty.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakuma
authors.forename: Yu-ichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohnishi Yi
authors.forename: Chikara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meno
authors.forename: Hideta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Hou
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Juan
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogura
authors.forename: En
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyazono
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamada
mesh_terms: D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D030301:Activin Receptors, Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D055458:Left-Right Determination Factors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009154:Mutation; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D055457:Nodal Protein; D011506:Proteins; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014981:Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins
chemical_list: D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D055458:Left-Right Determination Factors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D055457:Nodal Protein; C526008:Nodal protein, mouse; D011506:Proteins; C489450:Tdgf1 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C096788:tdgf1.3 protein, Xenopus; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; D030301:Activin Receptors, Type II; C425585:activin receptor type II-A; C425584:activin receptor type II-B