title: Early physical and sexual abuse associated with an adverse course of bipolar illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is growing awareness of the association between physical and sexual abuse and subsequent development of psychopathology, but little is known, however, about their relationship to the longitudinal course of bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 631 outpatients with bipolar I or II disorder for general demographics, a history of physical or sexual abuse as a child or adolescent, course of illness variables, and prior suicide attempts, as well as SCID-derived Axis I and patient endorsed Axis II comorbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Those who endorsed a history of child or adolescent physical or sexual abuse, compared with those who did not, had a history of an earlier onset of bipolar illness, an increased number of Axis I, II, and III comorbid disorders, including drug and alcohol abuse, faster cycling frequencies, a higher rate of suicide attempts, and more psychosocial stressors occurring before the first and most recent affective episode. The retrospectively reported associations of early abuse with a more severe course of illness were validated prospectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater appreciation of the association of early traumatic experiences and an adverse course of bipolar illness should lead to preventive and early intervention approaches that may lessen the associated risk of a poor outcome.
authors.affiliation: Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Outcome Network and the Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, Room 3S 239, Bethesda, MD 20892-1272, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriele S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Leverich
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: McElroy
authors.forename: Trisha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suppes
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Keck
authors.forename: Kirk D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Denicoff
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Nolen
authors.forename: Lori L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Altshuler
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rush
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kupka
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Autio
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Post
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D013997:Time Factors