title: Cigarette smoking and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis among postmenopausal women: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether cigarette smoking increases the risk of rheumatoid arthritis among postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed a cohort of 31 336 women in Iowa who were aged 55 to 69 years in 1986 and who had no history of rheumatoid arthritis. Through 1997, 158 cases of rheumatoid arthritis were identified and validated based on review of medical records and supplementary information provided by physicians. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to derive rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between cigarette smoking and rheumatoid arthritis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with women who had never smoked, women who were current smokers (RR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.3 to 2.9) or who had quit 10 years or less before study baseline (RR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1 to 3.1) were at increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis, but women who had quit more than 10 years before baseline were not at increased risk (RR = 0.9; 95% CI: 0.5 to 2.6). Both the duration and intensity of smoking were associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Multivariable adjustments for age, marital status, occupation, body mass index, age at menopause, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, alcohol use, and coffee consumption did not alter these results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that abstinence from smoking may reduce the risk of rheumatoid arthritis among postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis (LAC), University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsey A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Criswell
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Merlino
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cerhan
authors.forename: Ted R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Mikuls
authors.forename: Amy S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mudano
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burma
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
authors.forename: Kenneth G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Saag
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016387:Women's Health