title: Personal choices of health plans by managed care experts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expert opinion has not been used as a basis for comparing different forms of health insurance, in part because this perspective may not be appropriately sensitive to aspects of care that consumers value.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a case-control design, managed care experts were surveyed at 17 academic institutions in the United States to determine the type of health plan they chose (fee-for-service, HMO, POS, PPO, or catastrophic). Controls consisted of academicians from other disciplines at these institutions who ostensibly faced the same insurance options. We then compared the choices of physician experts, nonphysician experts and controls using a multinomial logit model that was sensitive to the choice set available at each institution. We also examined the choice behavior of respondents within moderate (< $150,000) and high (> or =$150,000) income levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred thirty-seven experts and 465 controls were surveyed and responses were received from 73.7% and 52.7%, respectively. Physician experts were approximately half as likely (14.9%) as controls (26.6%) or nonphysician experts (27.6%) to enroll in HMO plans. In moderate-income households, both physicians (Relative Risk [RR] = 0.42; P <0.01) and nonphysician experts (RR = 0.71; P <0.1) were less likely than controls to opt for an HMO. Experts' propensity to choose HMO coverage varied little with income, whereas controls' propensity changed dramatically between moderate (39.1% in HMOs) and high (14.0% in HMOs) income categories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The aversion of physician experts, and nonphysician experts with moderate income, to HMO plans may be caused by their stronger distaste for the constraints on choice and access that typically accompany HMO coverage. Alternatively, it may be explained by their superior ability to absorb, understand, and use information about available insurance options. Insights into quality in managed care may also play a role.
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. studdert@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Studdert
authors.forename: Jayanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schoenbaum
authors.forename: Brandee
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: José J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Escarce
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005178:Faculty; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000592:standards*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007354:Insurance, Major Medical / Q000592:standards*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011243:Preferred Provider Organizations / Q000592:standards*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014495:Universities