title: The use of analgesic drugs in postoperative patients: the neglected problem of pain control in intensive care units. An observational, prospective, multicenter study in 128 Italian intensive care units.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of analgesic drugs in patients admitted to Italian intensive care units (ICUs) was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational, prospective, cohort study was conducted, involving all adult patients admitted during a 1-month period in 128 Italian general ICUs. The use of analgesic drugs was evaluated for the first 2 postoperative days in surgical patients who stayed in ICU for at least 2 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed 661 postoperative patients who underwent elective (72%) or emergency surgery. Of the patients with an ICU stay of at least 2 days, 49% did not receive any opioids in the first 48 postoperative hours, and more than 35% did not receive any analgesic at all. The most used opioid was fentanyl, followed by morphine and buprenorphine. Among the 336 patients who received at least one opioid, as many as 42% had only a single bolus per day. Pain control was reported as the reason for drug use in 54.5% of opioid administrations, while control of anxiety covered 10.3% of them. The probability of receiving an opioid was lower for patients in coma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Management of postoperative pain in Italian ICUs was insufficient, particularly in neurosurgical and comatose patients. A general lack of knowledge about pain and misconceptions about pain drugs may be at the basis of these results.
authors.affiliation: GiViTI Coordinating Center, Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro di Ricerche Cliniche per le Malattie Rare Aldo e Cele Daccò, 24020 Ranica (Bergamo), Italy. bertolini@marionegri.it
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bertolini
authors.forename: Cosetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Minelli
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Latronico
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cattaneo
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mura
authors.forename: Rita M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Melotti
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iapichino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007558:Italy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal