title: Effect of Nd:YAG, Ho:YAG, Er:YAG, CO2, and GaAIAs laser irradiation on surface properties of endosseous dental implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze potential surface alterations in endosseous dental implants induced by irradiation with common dental lasers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sandblasted and acid-etched, plasma-sprayed, hydroxyapatite-coated, and smooth titanium discs were irradiated using Nd:YAG, Ho:YAG, Er:YAG, CO2, and GaAIAs lasers at various power settings. The specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In an energy-dependent manner, the pulsed YAG lasers induced partial melting, cracking, and crater formation on all 4 surfaces. Within the energy range applied, the CO2 laser caused surface alterations on the hydroxyapatite and plasma coatings as well as in the acid-etched surface. GaAIAs laser irradiation did not damage any of the surfaces. Energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed an altered chemical compound of the surfaces with regard to titanium, oxygen, and silicon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical application of most common dental laser systems can induce implant surface alterations. Relevant factors are not only the laser system and power setting, but also the application system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study indicate that Nd:YAG and Ho:YAG lasers are not suitable for use in decontamination of implant surfaces, irrespective of the power output. With the Er:YAG and CO2 laser, the power output must be limited so as to avoid surface damage. The GaAIAs laser seems to be safe as far as possible surface alterations are concerned.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany. matthiaskreisler@web.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kreisler
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Götz
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Duschner
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods; D015921:Dental Implants; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D004871:Erbium; D005708:Gallium; D006695:Holmium; D007834:Lasers; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009354:Neodymium; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000528:radiation effects; D014025:Titanium / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009354:Neodymium; D004871:Erbium; D005708:Gallium; D014025:Titanium; D006695:Holmium