title: Identification of odor signature chemicals in cocaine using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography and detector-dog response to isolated compounds spiked on U.S. paper currency.
abstract: Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography (GC) is optimized and applied to the analysis of street-cocaine samples followed by the field-testing of isolated chemicals using certified detector dogs. SPME proves to be a very sensitive and rapid method for isolating odor chemicals from street-cocaine samples. SPME-GC and activated charcoal strip (ACS)-SPME-GC signature profile methods are developed for the detection and quantitation of cocaine-odor chemicals, including the optimization of controllable variables such as fiber chemistry, extraction time, and desorption time. The volatile odor chemicals in representative illicit cocaine samples are identified and quantitated by the ACS-SPME-GC signature profile method and direct injection. Field tests with drug detector dogs show methyl benzoate to be the dominant signature odor chemical along with cocaine on U.S. currency at a threshold level of approximately 1-10 microg when spiked or when 10 ng/s methyl benzoate is diffused from polymer bottles, which is required in order to initiate an alert. No other substance studied initiated consistent responses by the drug dogs. The results indicate that the microgram levels of cocaine that have been reported on circulated U.S. currency are insufficient to signal an alert from law-enforcement trained drug detector dogs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, International Forensic Research Institute (IFRI), Florida International University, University Park, Miami 33199, USA. furtonk@fiu.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Furton
authors.forename: Yi-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Ya-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Tianying
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis*; D004285:Dogs; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D010209:Paper
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D003042:Cocaine