title: The presence and prognostic importance of glomerular macrophage infiltration in renal allografts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of intraglomerular macrophage infiltration in human renal allografts by examining biopsies from kidney grafts that were dysfunctional after transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-three patients (58 men, 25 women) of a mean age of 30.2 +/- 1.4 years were evaluated. In all cases, biopsy specimens were examined for the presence of macrophage infiltration in the glomeruli. The infiltration of these cells was evaluated immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibody CD68, which labels macrophage cytoplasm. 10 renal allograft biopsies with normal histopathology were used as control group. The CD68-positive macrophages in all glomeruli were counted and the glomerular macrophage index (GMI) was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 83 patients, 40 showed acute rejection (AR), 33 showed chronic rejection (CR) and 10 showed cyclosporin A (CsA) toxicity. Only the biopsies of 28 patients stained positive for CD68 in the glomeruli. Neither patients with CsA toxicity nor controls showed intraglomerular macrophages. The CD68-positive group consisted of 7/33 CR and 21/40 AR patients. We observed intraglomerular macrophages in only 6 of the 20 AR cases that responded to steroid therapy (mean GMI 0.3 +/- 0.1) and in 15 of the 20 steroid-resistant AR cases (mean GMI 1.7 +/- 1.2; p < 0.01). The outcome of grafts that contained intraglomerular macrophages was significantly worse than the outcomes of other grafts noticed during the follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the presence of glomerular macrophages can be considered a marker for rejection and is a valuable additional criterion of rejection in the histological examination of renal allograft biopsies. The presence of intraglomerular macrophages indicates that the outcome of the graft will be significantly worse than that of grafts without intraglomerular macrophage infiltration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey. handan27@hotmail.com
authors.forename: B Handan
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
authors.forename: Beyhan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Demirhan
authors.forename: Yücel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Güngen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D027261:Fusion Regulatory Protein-1 / Q000032:analysis; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006801:Humans; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000473:pathology*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D027261:Fusion Regulatory Protein-1