title: Antiviral activity of artesunate towards wild-type, recombinant, and ganciclovir-resistant human cytomegaloviruses.
abstract: Antiviral therapy of primary and recurrent infections with human cytomegalovirus is reserved for severe manifestations and faces several limitations. Presently candidates for novel drugs with lower adverse side effects and a minimized frequency of resistance formation are under investigation. Here we demonstrate that artesunate, an antimalaria drug with highly valuable pharmacological properties, possesses antiviral activity. A concentration-dependent inhibition of the replication of human cytomegaloviruses with wild-type phenotype was demonstrated in several cell lines. Inhibition was quantified using recombinant green fluorescent protein expressing virus variants. The IC50 values were in the same range for ganciclovir-sensitive and ganciclovir-resistant human cytomegalovirus, as calculated with 5.8+/-0.4 microM and 6.9+/-0.2 microM, respectively. This indicated a strong antiviral potential and a lack of cross-resistance. The optimal antiviral concentrations of artesunate were separable from those inducing cytotoxicity. In addition, the replication of viruses from three genera was seen to be artesunate-sensitive to varying degrees. This suggests a mechanism linked to cellular activation pathways. Both the protein levels and the DNA binding activity of the two virus-induced cellular transcription factors Sp1 and NF-kappaB were found to be markedly reduced in the presence of artesunate. We also analyzed the cellular signaling kinase phosphoinositide 3-kinase, required for the activation of factors such as Sp1 and NF-kappaB in infected fibroblasts. The phosphorylation of two downstream effectors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Akt and p70S6K, was markedly inhibited in the presence of artesunate. Thus, artesunate possesses attractive antiviral characteristics which are suggestively based on the interference with essential steps in the host cell kinase cascades.
authors.affiliation: Virtual Campus Rhineland-Palatinate, P.O. Box 4380, 55033 Mainz, Germany. efferth@vcrp.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Efferth
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marschall
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shu-Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Huong
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hauber
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olbrich
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kronschnabl
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stamminger
authors.forename: Eng-Shang
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D037621:Artemisinins; D000077332:Artesunate; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018139:Simplexvirus / Q000187:drug effects; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D037621:Artemisinins; D004279:DNA, Viral; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D000077332:Artesunate; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases; D015774:Ganciclovir