title: Marked increases in macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-18 in maintenance hemodialysis patients: comparative study of advanced glycation end products, carboxymethyllysine and pentosidine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have demonstrated the crucial involvement of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in major complications of long-term hemodialysis (HD) patients. HD, in a clinical setting, is characterized by increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. AGEs and cytokines are presumed to be responsible for the development of major complications in long-term HD. We therefore investigate here the relationship between a newly identified cytokine, interleukin-18 (IL-18), and two AGEs, carboxymethyllysine-hemoglobin (CML-Hb) and pentosidine.
  
  
  METHODS
  CML-Hb, pentosidine macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and IL-18 were evaluated in 35 patients undergoing stable maintenance HD. CML-Hb and pentosidine were measured by a dot blot and competitive ELISA. Cytokines were measured with a cytokine-specific ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Circulating levels of CML-Hb and pentosidine were elevated in HD patients as compared to controls. The serum values of M-CSF and IL-18 were significantly increased in the HD patients in comparison to controls. Moreover, these two AGEs and serum values of M-CSF, M-CSF and IL-18 showed significant correlation by simple and multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevation of circulating IL-18 levels was demonstrated in maintenance HD patients relative to controls. A correlative increase in M-CSF and IL-18 suggests the presence of a primed state of monocytes/macrophages in HD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kagoshima University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchimura
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Motomiya
authors.forename: Haruki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Teruto
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashiguchi
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uji
authors.forename: Hisahiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
authors.forename: Ikuro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maruyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000097:blood*; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood*; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006454:Hemoglobins; D020382:Interleukin-18; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D001120:Arginine; C062187:pentosidine; D008239:Lysine