title: Longitudinal changes in ferritin during chronic transfusion: a report from the Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic red cell transfusion has been used for prevention of recurrent stroke in patients with sickle cell disease for three decades, and its effectiveness in primary prevention was recently shown. Iron overload, the inevitable result of chronic transfusion, is commonly monitored with serum ferritin concentration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one patients at high risk for stroke received chronic transfusion in a clinical trial of stroke prevention. A serum ferritin level of less than 500 ng/mL was required for study entry. Ferritin levels were obtained quarterly. Fifty patients who had four or more ferritin measurements were included in this analysis. Transfusions were administered as exchange or simple, with washed, reconstituted, or packed red blood cells, at the discretion of the site investigator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum ferritin levels increased linearly with cumulative transfusion volume during the first four ferritin measurements, but the rate of increase varied widely among patients. Rates of increase varied similarly among 23 patients who received exclusively simple transfusion with packed red cells and in five patients who received exchange transfusions. Thirty-two patients received a total transfusion volume of more than 250 mL/kg. Ferritin continued to increase linearly after the first four measurements in 14, but the remaining 18 experienced a plateau before the level reached 3,000 ng/mL. Six of those with a linear increase never reached a ferritin level of 3,000 ng/dL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was strong intrapatient correlation between serum ferritin levels and volume transfused but wide interpatient variability early during chronic transfusion therapy. Intrapatient correlation declined at transfusion volumes of more than 250 mL/kg. Direct iron store assessment is needed to determine the clinical significance of serum ferritin variability.
authors.affiliation: Children's Healthcare of Atlanta-Scottish Rite, Atlanta, Georgia 30342, USA. beatrice.files@choa.org
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Files
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kutlar
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Elliott
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vichinsky
authors.forename: Winfred
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004909:Erythrocyte Indices; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron