title: The role of ketamine in preventing fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia and subsequent acute morphine tolerance.
abstract: Perioperative opioids increase postoperative pain and morphine requirement, suggesting acute opioid tolerance. Furthermore, opioids elicit N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-dependent pain hypersensitivity. We investigated postfentanyl morphine analgesic effects and the consequences of NMDA-receptor antagonist (ketamine) pretreatment. The rat nociceptive threshold was measured by the paw-pressure vocalization test. Four fentanyl boluses (every 15 min) elicited a dose-dependent (a) increase followed by an immediate decrease of the nociceptive threshold and (b) reduction of the analgesic effect of a subsequent morphine administration (5 mg/kg): -15.8%, -46.6%, -85.1% (4 x 20, 4 x 60, 4 x 100 microg/kg of fentanyl, respectively). Ketamine pretreatment (10 mg/kg) increased the fentanyl analgesic effect (4 x 60 microg/kg), suppressed the immediate hyperalgesic phase, and restored the full effect of a subsequent morphine injection. Fentanyl also elicited a delayed dose-dependent long-lasting decrease of the nociceptive threshold (days) that was prevented by a single ketamine pretreatment before fentanyl. However, a morphine administration at the end of the fentanyl effects restored the long-lasting hyperalgesia. Repeated ketamine administrations were required to obtain a complete preventive effect. Although ketamine had no analgesic effect per se at the dose used herein, our results indicate that sustained NMDA-receptor blocking could be a fruitful therapy for improving postoperative morphine effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fentanyl-induced analgesia is followed by early hyperalgesia (hours), acute tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine, and long-lasting hyperalgesia (days). All these phenomena are totally prevented by repeated administrations of the NMDA-receptor antagonist, ketamine, simultaneously with fentanyl and morphine administration.
authors.affiliation: Université Bordeaux 1, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Laulin
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maurette
authors.forename: Jean-Benoît
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Corcuff
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rivat
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chauvin
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simonnet
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000633:toxicity*; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D007649:Ketamine; D009020:Morphine; D005283:Fentanyl