title: [CO2-stunning of slaughter pigs: effects on EEG, catecholamines and clinical reflexes].
abstract: Investigations were carried out on the response of slaughter pigs to CO2 stunning with two different gas concentrations (80 vol%, 90 vol%, 73 s) under practical conditions in a one gondola-dip-lift system. EEG measurements were performed and blood constituents such as catecholamines (adrenaline, nor-adrenaline) and lactate as well as clinical reactions (nasal septum and corneal reflex, heart beats) investigated. Special EEG-electrodes were adapted for the measurement on pigs and a mobile data logger was prepared for the use in the lairage of the slaughter house and in the stunning unit. The CO2 concentrations were measured continuously close to the head of the pigs when transported up and down in the stunning gondola. The results show that the technique is suited to monitor the effects of different CO2 gas concentrations on the EEG of the pigs under practical conditions. There is strong evidence that CO2 concentrations of 80 vol% applied over 70 s as required by law are not sufficient to stun pigs properly. A large part of the animals still showed typical reflexes when leaving the stunning pit. When an atmosphere of 90 vol% CO2 is applied, most animals are already dead before bleeding commences. This may create problems in respect to meat hygiene. The blood analysis revealed very high concentrations of catecholamines after stunning. The values for adrenaline and nor-adrenaline in the sticking blood rose by a factor of about 1000 as compared to the concentrations in blood samples taken in the lairage before stunning. It seems necessary to revise the current legislation on gas stunning and to look in greater detail in the effects of CO2 stunning on the welfare of slaughter pigs.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Tierhygiene, Tierschutz und Nutztierethologie, Hannover.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hartung
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Waldmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellerbrock
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs / Q000592:standards*; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000662:veterinary*; D006920:Hygiene; D008460:Meat / Q000592:standards; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D002245:Carbon Dioxide