title: Morphine 6 glucuronide stimulates nitric oxide release in mussel neural tissues: evidence for a morphine 6 glucuronide opiate receptor subtype.
abstract: We have previously demonstrated that Mytilus edulis pedal ganglia contain opiate alkaloids, i.e., morphine and morphine 6 glucuronide (M6G), as well as mu opiate receptor subtype fragments exhibiting high sequence similarity to those found in mammals. Now we demonstrate that M6G stimulates pedal ganglia constitutive nitric oxide (NO) synthase (cNOS)-derived NO release at identical concentrations and to similar peak levels as morphine. However, the classic opiate antagonist, naloxone, only blocked the ability of morphine to stimulate cNOS-derived NO release and not that of M6G. CTOP, a mu-specific antagonist, blocked the ability of M6G to induce cNOS-derived NO release as well as that of morphine, suggesting that a novel mu opiate receptor was present and selective toward M6G. In examining a receptor displacement analysis, both opiate alkaloids displaced [3H]-dihydromorphine binding to the mu opiate receptor subtype. However, morphine exhibited a twofold higher affinity, again suggesting that a novel mu opiate receptor may be present.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York at Old Westbury, 11568, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mantione
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rialas
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Casares
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cadet
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tonnesen
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Stefano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009417:Nerve Tissue / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000145:classification* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009022:Morphine Derivatives; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009270:Naloxone; C035349:morphine-6-glucuronide