title: Combination drug therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of combination therapy with proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine(2) receptor antagonists in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical literature identified through MEDLINE (January 1966-August 2001). Key search terms included gastroesophageal reflux, benzimidazoles; omeprazole; lansoprazole; pantoprazole; rabeprazole; receptor antagonists, histamine(2); therapy, combination drug; therapy, combined modality; and combinations, drug.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 80-90% of patients show healing of reflux esophagitis after 8 weeks of once-daily PPI therapy. Patients taking PPI therapy twice daily still have nocturnal acid breakthrough (periods of gastric pH <4 lasting for > or =60 min during the night) as much as 70% of the time. The clinical application of this finding has not been shown. One trial has shown that omeprazole in the morning plus ranitidine at bedtime is not as effective as omeprazole twice daily given before the morning and evening meals at controlling nocturnal acid breakthrough. Further, 1 small trial in healthy subjects without GERD showed that the addition of a 1-time dose of ranitidine at bedtime to a twice-daily regimen of omeprazole may decrease the occurrence of nocturnal acid breakthrough. However, the clinical significance of this finding is not clear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No studies in patients with GERD demonstrate that the addition of histamine(2) receptor antagonists to twice-daily PPI therapy provides any further benefit above that derived from PPIs alone. The parameter used to measure the efficacy of combination regimens for GERD thus far--nocturnal acid breakthrough--has not been proven to correlate with improvement of GERD symptoms in any controlled or prospective clinical trials. Further investigation is needed to determine optimal therapy in patients refractory to standard doses of PPIs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmacoeconomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, 847 Monroe Avenue, Suite 205 C, Memphis, TN 38163-2109, USA. lbcross@utmem.edu
authors.forename: L Brian
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: Lori N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Justice
mesh_terms: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017506:H(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D011899:Ranitidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D011899:Ranitidine; D017506:H(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase; D009853:Omeprazole