title: Water usage patterns in low-income urban communities in Uganda: implications for water supply surveillance.
abstract: The selection of water sources by poor households in three urban areas in Uganda is shown to be complex, with a range of communal water sources used. In all towns, significant numbers of households used multiple sources. An aggregated estimate of the level of use in the largest town, Kampala, showed little difference in the number of households collecting water from piped and non-piped sources. In the other towns, households in Soroti were more likely to use point sources than piped water and in Masaka most households used piped water, with unprotected sources the most common subsidiary source. Differentiation in use by source type was evaluated. In two of the towns no differentiation in use is seen. In Soroti, some differentiation in use is seen as the water from boreholes is widely used for drinking and that from other sources less frequently consumed. Supplemental water purchased from vendors was relatively uncommon in the towns, but two towns showed that many households collect rainwater for domestic use. The implications of these findings for the drinking water surveillance programme are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Water, Engineering and Development Centre, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Teuton
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luyima
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Odongo
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D006801:Humans; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011203:Poverty; D011634:Public Health; D014454:Uganda; D014505:Urban Population; D014881:Water Supply