title: Negative co-receptors on lymphocytes.
abstract: The past year has seen significant advances in our understanding of critical roles of negative immunoregulatory signals delivered through the B7-CD28 superfamily in regulating T cell activation and tolerance. Structural data on CTLA-4 have provided novel insights into the inhibitory functions of CTLA-4. Initial characterization of the PD-1-PD-1-ligand pathway has revealed that this pathway can downregulate TCR- and CD28-mediated signals. Recent studies indicate that ICOS exerts distinct effects at different phases of an immune response: ICOS can inhibit as well as stimulate T cell responses.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Division, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. rgreenwald@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: Yvette E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Latchman
authors.forename: Arlene H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Sharpe
mesh_terms: D000069594:Abatacept; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000502:physiology; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000502:physiology; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000502:physiology*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D001798:Blood Proteins; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000502:physiology*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D006801:Humans; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D010455:Peptides / Q000502:physiology; D061027:Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D001798:Blood Proteins; C423236:CD274 protein, human; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; C556692:ICOS protein, human; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; C556977:PDCD1LG2 protein, human; D010455:Peptides; D061027:Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D000069594:Abatacept