title: Long-term followup of patients treated with total lymphoid irradiation for lupus nephritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the long-term survival, renal condition, and morbidity outcomes in patients who received total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) for the treatment of lupus nephritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one patients with biopsy-proven, diffuse membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and significant proteinuria of >2.5 grams/day received TLI from 1980 to 1987 at Stanford University Medical Center. All patients had previously failed to respond to treatment with high-dose corticosteroids or therapy with corticosteroids plus immunosuppressive agents (azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, or chlorambucil).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of followup since TLI was 10.7 years. Fifteen of 21 patients (71%) remained alive at the time of this assessment. Nine of the 21 patients (43%) survived without developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The probability of long-term survival without ESRD and without need for additional immunosuppressive agents after TLI was 19% (4 of 21). Factors predicting renal failure at the time of TLI included elevated creatinine levels, increased interstitial fibrosis on renal biopsy, and increased fractional excretion of immunoglobulin and albumin. Malignancies were found in 4 patients, and opportunistic infections occurred in 7 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, patients with lupus nephritis treated with TLI do not appear to have better 10-year survival with lower incidence of ESRD compared with patients in published series treated with conventional immunosuppressive therapies. However, in this series of patients, treatment with conventional immunosuppressive therapies had been unsuccessful and given the limited number of adverse events and the efficacy seen in some patients, TLI appears to be a reasonable therapeutic option for the treatment of severe lupus nephritis among patients who fail to respond under standard cytotoxic regimens.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA. genovese@leland.stanford.edu
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Uhrin
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oehlert
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sibley
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strober
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D015182:Lymphatic Irradiation; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000401:mortality; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome