Electromigration-induced soliton propagation on metal surfaces.
It is demonstrated that under certain conditions, solitons can propagate on the surface of a current-carrying metal thin film. The equation of motion for small amplitude, long waves is the Korteweg-de Vries equation in the limit of high applied currents. The solitons are protrusions whose velocity decreases linearly with amplitude and that propagate in the direction of the applied electric field.
Bradley
R M
RM
Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.