title: Does military service damage females? An analysis of medical discharge data in the British armed forces.
abstract: There is anecdotal and some scientific evidence that females in military service experience an excess of work-related injuries, compared with males. To investigate this more fully, we analysed data collected routinely by the Defence Analytical Services Agency on medical discharges in male and female personnel in the British armed forces. We found that for all disease and injury categories of medical discharge there is a statistically significant excess in females; this disparity is particularly marked for discharges on account of injury [relative risk (RR) = 1.65, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.30-2.10] and musculoskeletal disease (RR = 3.34, 95% CI = 2.75-4.06). Royal Navy females are eight times more likely (RR = 7.92, 95% CI = 3.03-20.66) and Army females seven times more likely (RR = 6.53, 95% CI = 2.60-16.42) than Royal Air Force females to be medically discharged on account of injury. Over the period 1993-1996, there was a statistically significant increase in the rate of medical discharge for both musculoskeletal disease and injury in female personnel in the British armed forces. During the period 1996-2000, a marked gender differential was maintained, but the rate of increase in females reached a plateau. We concur with previous investigators that mixed-sex training imposes particular ergonomic stresses on females and that it is a major risk factor for overuse injury. We discuss other possible explanations for the marked gender differential in medical discharge rates in the military. Some changes to training programmes are now being introduced to correct this health inequality, but further interventions are needed. Modifications to training programmes must be audited systematically and candidate interventions tested through randomized controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: Surgeon General's Department, Ministry of Defence, Whitehall, London, UK.
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Geary
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Croft
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D012306:Risk; D012723:Sex; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology