title: Pregnancy and oral contraceptive use do not significantly influence outcome in long term rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral contraceptives (OC) and pregnancy are known to have an influence on the risk of onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Pregnancy itself has beneficial effects on the activity of the disease, with relapses post partum. It is not known, however, whether OC and pregnancies influence the ultimate outcome of RA.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore whether OC use and pregnancies influence the 12 year outcome in RA as measured by radiological damage and disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective inception cohort of 132 female patients with recent RA according to the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria-a cohort initially gathered to study the association between hormonal factors and the onset of RA-outcome was assessed in a follow up after 12 years. The outcome was evaluated in 112 (85%) women by the radiological damage of hands and feet as measured with the Sharp score modification van der Heijde (SHS), the damage of the large joints measured with the Larsen score (LS) of large joints (0-60), and the disability measured with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). The median values of each outcome variable were calculated for several subgroups of patients stratified for OC use and pregnancies before and after onset of the disease and the tertiles of the total number of months of OC use and of pregnancies. The association of OC use and pregnancies before and after onset of the disease with the outcome variables was calculated using Spearman's rank correlation (r(s)). The combined influence of OC use and pregnancies on the SHS, LS, and HAQ at 12 years was estimated using ordinal polytomous logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median values of the SHS, LS, and HAQ showed a trend towards less radiological joint damage and less disability in women with long term OC use and multiple pregnancies. This difference, however, was not significant, except for the HAQ score in women with three or more pregnancies in life. There was no association between pregnancies, however defined, and any parameter of RA outcome after 12 years (maximum r(s)=-0.10). The only significant correlation was found between OC use before symptom onset and the LS (r(s)=-0.22, p<0.05). The combination of hormonal variables explained no more than a maximum of 3% of the variance of the 12 year outcome as measured by the SHS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OC use and pregnancy do not significantly influence outcome in long term RA. There is, however, a trend for patients with multiple pregnancies and long term OC use to have less radiographic joint damage and a better functional level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. wbakker@xs4all.nl
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Drossaers-Bakker
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Zwinderman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Zeben
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Breedveld
authors.forename: J M W
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hazes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001175:Arthrography; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal