title: Dermal application of jet fuel suppresses secondary immune reactions.
abstract: Applying military jet fuel (JP-8) to the skin of mice activates systemic immune suppression. In all of our previous experiments, JP-8 was applied to immunologically naïve mice. The effect of jet fuels on established immune reactions, such as immunological memory, is unknown. The focus of the experiments presented here was to test the hypothesis that jet fuel exposure [both JP-8 and commercial jet fuel (Jet-A)] suppresses established immune reactions. Mice were immunized with the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans and, at different times after immunization (10 to 30 days), various doses of undiluted JP-8 or Jet-A were applied to their skin. Both the elicitation of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) (mice challenged 10 days after immunization) and immunological memory (mice challenged 30 days after immunization) were significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. Dermal exposure to either multiple small doses (50 microl over 4 days) or a single large dose (approximately 200-300 microl) of JP-8 and/or Jet-A suppressed DTH to C. albicans. The mechanism by which dermal application of JP-8 and Jet-A suppresses immunological memory involves the release of immune biologic response modifiers. Blocking the production of prostaglandin E(2) by a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (SC 236) significantly reversed jet fuel-induced suppression of immunologic memory. These findings indicate, for the first time, that dermal exposure to commercial jet fuel (Jet-A) suppresses the immune response. In addition, the data reported here expand on previous findings by suggesting that jet fuel exposure may depress the protective effect of prior vaccination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas, 77030
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Dat X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Nghiem
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Walterscheid
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ullrich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000276:immunology; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity*; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology; D007114:Immunization; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000276:immunology; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; C119130:4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides; C098607:JP8 aviation fuel