title: Early rehabilitative concepts in therapy of the comatose brain injured patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the changes of vegetative parameters and behavioural assessment in comatose patients after severe brain injury during the Multimodal-Early-Onset-Stimulation (MEOS) in early rehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 16 predominantly male (3:1) patients, age mean 43.6 (16-77) years. Mean coma duration was 22.2 (8-41) days, therapy duration (MEOS) 9.8 (1-30) days. The initial GCS was 6.6 (3-9), KRS 5.3 (0-15). Including criteria for therapy: Severe head trauma, coma for at least 48 hours (GCS < 8), vegetative stability, normal intracranial pressure, abandon of mechanical ventilation, sedation and severe infections. MEOS was finished in achieving GCS > 9, follow-up investigations were made after 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified significant changes in two vegetative parameters (heart/respiratory frequencies), even in deep coma (GCS 3-4). Most significant changes were caused by tactile and acoustic stimulation. Standardized behavioural assessment turned out to be particularly advisable in cases of medium coma (GCS 5-7). Stimulation of tactile and acoustic senses resulted mainly in mimical, head and eye movements. Follow-up was possible in 14 patients: One remained in a vegetative state (GOS 2), two exhibited severe neurologic/neuropsychologic deficits, depending on care (GOS 3), six substained major functional deficits (GOS 4), at though they were able to perform the tasks of daily life on their own, three patients reached GOS 5. Two returned to their former jobs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results indicate that stimulation therapy should be based on a close observation of patterns of behaviour, and, at least in deep coma stages, involve the registration of vegetative parameters. It may be sensitive to identify parameters predicting a favourable or unfavourable outcome. Preliminary data seem to support the hypothesis that the absence of any response to external stimuli is indicative of an unfavourable outcome.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Allgemeine Neurochirurgie, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lippert-Grüner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wedekind
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Ernestus
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klug
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001519:Behavior; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D003128:Coma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006257:Head / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D018458:Persistent Vegetative State / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D012046:Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods; D014110:Touch