title: Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reproductive and hormonal factors are involved in the etiology of breast cancer, but there are only a few prospective studies on endogenous sex hormone levels and breast cancer risk. We reanalyzed the worldwide data from prospective studies to examine the relationship between the levels of endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the individual data from nine prospective studies on 663 women who developed breast cancer and 1765 women who did not. None of the women was taking exogenous sex hormones when their blood was collected to determine hormone levels. The relative risks (RRs) for breast cancer associated with increasing hormone concentrations were estimated by conditional logistic regression on case-control sets matched within each study. Linear trends and heterogeneity of RRs were assessed by two-sided tests or chi-square tests, as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk for breast cancer increased statistically significantly with increasing concentrations of all sex hormones examined: total estradiol, free estradiol, non-sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)-bound estradiol (which comprises free and albumin-bound estradiol), estrone, estrone sulfate, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and testosterone. The RRs for women with increasing quintiles of estradiol concentrations, relative to the lowest quintile, were 1.42 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04 to 1.95), 1.21 (95% CI = 0.89 to 1.66), 1.80 (95% CI = 1.33 to 2.43), and 2.00 (95% CI = 1.47 to 2.71; P(trend)<.001); the RRs for women with increasing quintiles of free estradiol were 1.38 (95% CI = 0.94 to 2.03), 1.84 (95% CI = 1.24 to 2.74), 2.24 (95% CI = 1.53 to 3.27), and 2.58 (95% CI = 1.76 to 3.78; P(trend)<.001). The magnitudes of risk associated with the other estrogens and with the androgens were similar. SHBG was associated with a decrease in breast cancer risk (P(trend) =.041). The increases in risk associated with increased levels of all sex hormones remained after subjects who were diagnosed with breast cancer within 2 years of blood collection were excluded from the analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levels of endogenous sex hormones are strongly associated with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research U.K. Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Key
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Appleby
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reeves
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000735:Androstenedione / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004970:Estrone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013739:Testosterone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D004970:Estrone; D013739:Testosterone; D000735:Androstenedione; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone; D004958:Estradiol; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; C017296:estrone sulfate