title: Neurovascular free-muscle transfer to treat facial paralysis associated with hemifacial microsomia.
abstract: Despite the wide spectrum of hemifacial microsomia manifestations, treatment mainly focuses on mandible and ear abnormalities, rather than on facial paralysis. In fact, the surgical treatment of facial paralysis associated with hemifacial microsomia is quite underdeveloped, because the degree of paralysis is frequently incomplete or partial. Timing and type of surgery are also difficult to determine. Neurovascular free-muscle transfer is now a standard procedure for the dynamic smile reconstruction of longstanding facial paralysis. This type of strategy has considerable potential in the treatment of facial paralysis in patients with hemifacial microsomia. We present here our experience with neurovascular free-muscle transfer for smile reconstruction in eight patients with facial paralysis associated with hemifacial microsomia. The age of the patients at the time of surgery ranged from 7 to 28 years old, (average, 13.9 years). Six were male patients and two were female patients. The two-stage method combining gracilis muscle transfer with cross-face nerve grafting was performed in three patients, whereas the one-stage transfer of the latissimus dorsi muscle was performed in five. To construct a natural or near-natural smile, the muscles were transferred into the paralyzed cheek in all except one patient, in whom the latissimus dorsi muscle was transferred into the sublabial area to reconstruct a paralyzed lower lip. A dermal flap segment vascularized with perforating vessels from the latissimus dorsi muscle was simultaneously inserted into the underdeveloped cheek for soft-tissue augmentation in this patient. Muscle contraction was evident in all patients between 4 and 8 months after muscle transfer. Our present series revealed that neurovascular free-muscle transfer is a good option not only for smile reconstruction but also for restoration of the facial contours of patients with hemifacial microsomia. Compared with the two-stage method combining gracilis muscle transfer with cross-face nerve grafting, the one-stage method using the latissimus dorsi muscle has some advantages, including a one-stage operation, a shorter recovery period, and the absence of sequelae that occur after harvesting a sural nerve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan. takushima-pla@h.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takushima
authors.forename: Kiyonori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harii
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Asato
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000150:complications*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000601:surgery*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome