title: Intermediate cells in normal and malignant prostate epithelium express c-MET: implications for prostate cancer invasion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Analysis of keratin (K) expression discriminates luminal (K18) and intermediate (K5/18) cells in prostate carcinoma, while basal (K5/14) cells are absent. Intermediate cells have been proposed as targets of malignant transformation in prostate cancer and precursors of androgen-independent tumor progression. We demonstrate localization of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor c-MET in intermediate cells in both normal and malignant prostate epithelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Receptor localization was analyzed using triple staining for c-MET, K5, K14, and K18. The percentage of strongly c-MET positive cells was determined in 15 prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen-deprivation and 14 patients without neo-adjuvant treatment. Effects of HGF were investigated on prostate cancer cell line DU145.
  
  
  RESULTS
  c-MET expression in non-malignant epithelium was strong in intermediate cells absent in differentiated cells, and heterogeneous in basal cells. In prostate cancer, intermediate cells displayed high c-MET levels coupled with mild expression in differentiated cells. During androgen-deprivation, 7.6% of tumor cells revealed high c-MET expression compared to 1.7% without treatment (P = 0.02). Matrigel penetration of DU145 was 8.2 +/- 1.7 mm(2) after HGF stimulation compared to 3.6 +/- 2.4 mm(2) in controls (P < 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intermediate cells in normal and malignant prostate epithelium express high c-MET levels, indicating that they are prone to stromal invasion in prostate carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University Medical Center St. Radboud, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. G.vanleenders@pathol.azn.nl
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Leenders
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Balken
authors.forename: Tilly
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aalders
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hulsbergen-van de Kaa
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ruiter
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schalken
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011467:Prostate / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met