title: Psychological reactions among family members of patients with implantable defibrillators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe psychological reactions among family members of patients receiving an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) during the first 9 months after implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-two family members (age 56+/-12 years, 74 percent female, 79 percent married, 88 percent Caucasian) of ICD patients completed questionnaires regarding their mood (Profile of Mood State), cognitive illness appraisals (Meaning of Illness Questionnaire) and coping strategies (Jalowiec Coping Scale) prior to ICD implantation, and as well as 1 and 9 months postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total mood disturbance score (TMD), threat appraisal, and emotion- and problem-focused coping were highest prior to ICD implantation, and decreased during the first postoperative month showing stable values thereafter. There was no change in challenge appraisal. Multiple regression analysis found that the use of psychotropic drugs (anxiolytics, sedatives; Beta = .25), emotion-focused coping (Beta = .37), and challenge appraisal (Beta =-.21) at 1 month accounted for 26 percent of variance in TMD at 9 mon ths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A spouse's ICD implantation is a major stressful event for family members leading to a diminished mood state prior ICD implantation. Reduction in emotion-focused coping and the use of challenge appraisal may improve mood state in family members of ICD patients during early follow-up.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bollmann
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hawthorne
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors