title: Environmental fate of metalaxyl and chlorothalonil applied to a bentgrass putting green under southern California climatic conditions.
abstract: Putting greens usually receive high inputs of fertilizers and pesticides to meet the high demand for visual quality and to overcome the stress from close mowing and traffic. In this study, two commonly used fungicides, metalaxyl (methyl N-(methoxyacetyl)-N-(2,6-xylyl)-DL-alaninate) and chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,3-benzenedicarbonitrile), were evaluated for their partitioning and persistence in a bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds) putting green under southern California climatic conditions. The putting green site was constructed according to the US Golf Association (USGA) specifications. Lysimeter assemblies installed at the center of each plot were used to monitor the leachate, flux chambers were used to measure volatilization, clippings were collected to determine the residues on grass, and soil cores were sampled to determine residues in the soil profile. Results showed that cumulative volatilization loss accounted for 0.10 and 0.02%, clipping removal 0.11 and 0.13%, and cumulative leaching 0.71 and 0.002% of the applied metalaxyl and chlorothalonil, respectively. The two fungicides were mainly found in the top 10 cm of the soil profile due to the high organic carbon content in the thatch and mat layers. The dissipation half-life was 1.4 days for metalaxyl and 4.9 days for chlorothalonil on grass, shorter than those found in agricultural fields. This study showed that, under normal turf management practices, the offsite transport of the parent fungicides was minimal. Future research should focus on investigating the fate and mobility of the metabolites of the fungicides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yates
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption / Q000187:drug effects; D000409:Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002140:California; D002980:Climate; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006207:Half-Life; D009570:Nitriles / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis; D006109:Poaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D014835:Volatilization / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009570:Nitriles; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C028175:metalaxyl; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile; D000409:Alanine