title: Influence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy on heart rate dependence of ventricular repolarization in diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prolongation of the QT interval and increased QT dispersion are associated with a poor cardiac prognosis. The goal of this study was to assess the long-term influence of the autonomic nervous system on the heart rate dependence of ventricular repolarization in patients with diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 27 subjects (mean age 51.8 years) divided into three age- and sex-matched groups: nine control subjects, nine diabetic subjects with DAN (mostly at a mild stage; DAN+), and nine diabetic subjects without DAN (DAN-). DAN was assessed on heart rate variations during standard maneuvers (Valsalva, deep-breathing, and lying-to-standing maneuvers). No subject had coronary artery disease or left ventricular dysfunction or hypertrophy, and no subject was taking any drugs known to prolong the QT interval. All subjects underwent electrocardiogram and 24-h Holter recordings for heart rate variations (time and frequency domain) and QT analysis (selective beat averaging QT/RR relation, nocturnal QT lengthening).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rate-corrected QT intervals (Bazett formula) did not differ significantly between the three groups. The diurnal and nocturnal levels of low frequency/high frequency, an index of sympathovagal balance, were significantly reduced in DAN+ subjects. Using the selective beat-averaging technique, a day-night modulation of the QT/RR relation was evidenced in control and DAN- subjects. This long-term modulation was significantly different in DAN+ subjects, with a reversed day-night pattern and an increased nocturnal QT rate dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In diabetic patients with mild parasympathetic denervation, QT heart rate dependence was found to be impaired, as determined by noninvasive assessment using Holter data. Analysis of ventricular repolarization could represent a sensitive index of the progression of neuropathy. The potential prognostic impact of a reversed day-night pattern with steep nocturnal QT/RR relation still remains to be defined.
authors.affiliation: Jean Verdier University Hospital, Bondy Cedex, France. paul.valensi@jvr.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Valensi
authors.forename: Nicolas B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maison-Blanche
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Extramania
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Motte
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coumel
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016276:Ventricular Function