title: Repeated doses of antenatal corticosteroids in animals: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review was to assess the effects of repeated doses of antenatal corticosteroids on lung and brain function and on growth restriction in animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for randomized controlled trials that compared repeated doses of antenatal corticosteroids versus a single dose, with or without placebo, in pregnant animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen studies were included. The animals that were studied included sheep, monkeys, rabbits, and mice. There were 8 studies that assessed the effects of repeated doses of antenatal corticosteroids on lung function. All the studies reported improvement in lung function after repeated doses of antenatal corticosteroids. Seven studies investigated the effects of repeated doses of antenatal corticosteroids on brain or nervous system function or growth; all the studies found adverse effects with repeated doses of antenatal corticosteroids. Eleven studies looked at the effect of repeated doses of antenatal corticosteroids on fetal growth. Nine studies found evidence of fetal growth restriction with repeated doses of antenatal corticosteroids. One study assessed long-term behavioral outcomes in mice and found no effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence from randomized controlled trials in animals suggests that repeated doses of antenatal corticosteroids may have beneficial effects in terms of lung function but may have adverse effects on brain function and fetal growth. Because of the differences between animals and humans, it is difficult to extrapolate directly the results of these studies to humans. Therefore, randomized controlled trials in humans are needed to assess the effects of repeated courses of antenatal corticosteroids for pregnant women who are at increased risk of preterm birth in terms of important perinatal, neonatal, and maternal outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Sciences, Maternal, Infant and Reproductive Health Research Unit, Center for Research in Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Fariba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aghajafari
authors.forename: Kellie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
authors.forename: Kofi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amankwah
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hannah
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001623:Betamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D001724:Birth Weight; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000139:chemically induced; D005325:Fetal Organ Maturity; D000882:Haplorhini; D008168:Lung / Q000196:embryology; D016239:MEDLINE; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010919:Placebos; D011247:Pregnancy; D011817:Rabbits; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D010919:Placebos; D001623:Betamethasone