title: Smad3 in the mammary epithelium has a nonredundant role in the induction of apoptosis, but not in the regulation of proliferation or differentiation by transforming growth factor-beta.
abstract: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) regulates proliferation, morphogenesis, and functional differentiation in the mammary gland and plays complex roles in mammary tumorigenesis. Here we show that the signaling mediators Smad1-Smad5 are expressed at all stages of mammary gland development. To begin to investigate which Smads mediate which TGF-beta responses, we have analyzed mammary gland development in Smad3 null mice. Smad3 null virgin females showed delayed mammary gland development. However, this phenotype was secondary to ovarian insufficiency because Smad3 null mammary epithelium developed normally in hormonally supplemented Smad3 null mice or when transplanted into wild-type hosts. Absence of Smad3 had no effect on the ability of TGF-beta to inhibit the growth of mammary epithelial cells in culture, and no compensatory changes in expression or activation of Smad2 were seen in the Smad3 null epithelium. A small but significant decrease in apoptotic cells was seen in involuting glands from Smad3 null transplants. The results suggest that epithelial Smad3 is dispensable for TGF-beta effects on proliferation and differentiation in the mammary gland, but that it contributes in a nonredundant manner to the induction of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5055, USA.
authors.forename: Yu-an
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Binwu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Gertraud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hennighausen
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Brodie
authors.forename: Chu-Xia
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Lalage M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wakefield
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D007774:Lactation; D008297:Male; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010053:Ovary / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D051785:Smad Proteins; D051898:Smad1 Protein; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006728:Hormones; D051785:Smad Proteins; D051898:Smad1 Protein; C497401:Smad1 protein, mouse; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497783:Smad2 protein, mouse; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497791:Smad3 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta