title: Ligand activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma induces apoptosis of leukemia cells by down-regulating the c-myc gene expression via blockade of the Tcf-4 activity.
abstract: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is expressed at highest levels in adipose tissue and functions as a central regulator in the process of adipocyte differentiation. In the present study, we showed that human leukemic cell lines, not only myeloid but also lymphoid, express PPAR gamma and its activation by natural ligand (15-deoxy-Delta(12,14) - prostaglandin J(2)) and synthetic ligand (troglitazone) profoundly inhibited their proliferation by induction of apoptosis preferentially in the serum-free culture. We pursued its mechanism using the representative cell lines, and found that induction of apoptosis was accompanied by caspase-3 activation and specifically blocked by its inhibitor. While status of several apoptosis-related molecules remained unchanged, the c-Myc expression was markedly down-regulated within 24 h after troglitazone treatment. The c-myc mRNA levels were dramatically reduced at 1 h and became undetectable at 12 h after troglitazone treatment, which proved to be accompanied by complete blockade of the Tcf-4 activity in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. We succeeded in establishing HL-60 cell lines growing well in the presence of troglitazone in the long-term serum-free culture. They showed neither induction of apoptosis nor down-regulation of the c-Myc expression via blockade of the Tcf-4 activity after troglitazone treatment. This is the first identification of the linkage between PPAR gamma-mediated apoptosis and down-regulation of the c-myc gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical University, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamakawa-Karakida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inukai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uno
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kagami
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D058118:Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D000077288:Troglitazone; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002839:Chromans; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; C544894:TCF7L2 protein, human; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D058118:Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D000077288:Troglitazone