title: Diurnal salivary cortisol in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been implicated in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Additional information on basal cortisol levels in children exposed to trauma and experiencing PTSD symptoms may contribute to the understanding of the role of this axis in PTSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one children (30 boys and 21 girls, mean age 10.7 years) with a history of exposure to trauma and PTSD symptoms were compared with 31 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects. Salivary cortisol was obtained from participants during home measurements and was collected four times a day (prebreakfast, prelunch, predinner, and prebed) for up to 3 consecutive days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical group demonstrated significantly elevated cortisol levels when compared with the control group. In addition, exploratory analyses revealed that girls with PTSD symptoms had significantly elevated cortisol levels when compared with boys with PTSD symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The physiologic response of children with history of trauma and with PTSD symptoms may be characterized by heightened adrenal activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Child Development, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5719, USA.
authors.forename: Victor G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Carrion
authors.forename: Carl F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Weems
authors.forename: Rebecca D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Bronwyn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hessl
authors.forename: Allan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Reiss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D012016:Reference Values; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone