title: Parthenolide, an inhibitor of the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway, ameliorates cardiovascular derangement and outcome in endotoxic shock in rodents.
abstract: Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone used in folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory activity. Recent in vitro studies have shown that this compound inhibits the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway. This study examines the effect of parthenolide in endotoxic shock in rodents. Endotoxic shock was induced by administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin in rats. Three groups of rats received parthenolide (0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg) 15 min before endotoxin; another group received parthenolide (1 mg/kg) 3 h after endotoxin. In vehicle-treated rats, administration of endotoxin caused severe hypotension, which was associated with a marked hyporeactivity to norepinephrine in ex vivo thoracic aortas. Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for nitrotyrosine, poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS) and apoptosis, whereas Northern blot analysis showed increased mRNA expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) in thoracic aortas. Elevated levels of plasma nitrate/nitrite were also found. Elevated lung levels of myeloperoxidase activity were indicative of infiltration of neutrophils. These inflammatory events were preceded by cytosolic degradation of inhibitor kappaBalpha (IkappaBalpha) and activation of nuclear NF-kappaB in the lung. In vivo pretreatment and post-treatment with parthenolide improved the hemodynamic profile and reduced plasma nitrate/nitrite and lung neutrophil infiltration in a dose-dependent fashion. Vascular hyporeactivity of ex vivo aortas was ameliorated. Treatment with parthenolide also abolished nitrotyrosine formation, PARS expression, and apoptosis and reduced iNOS mRNA content in thoracic aortas. DNA binding of NF-kappaB was inhibited by parthenolide in the lung, whereas degradation of IkappaBalpha was unchanged. In a separate set of experiments, pretreatment or post-treatment with parthenolide significantly improved survival in mice challenged with endotoxin. We conclude that parthenolide exerts beneficial effects during endotoxic shock through inhibition of NF-kappaB.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
authors.forename: Maeve
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: Hector R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hake
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Basilia
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zingarelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004731:Endotoxins; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004731:Endotoxins; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606205:Nfkbia protein, mouse; C000606206:Nfkbia protein, rat; D009566:Nitrates; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; C002669:parthenolide; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D014443:Tyrosine; D004247:DNA; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases