title: Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfide clusters for toxicological studies.
abstract: Zinc sulfide clusters were synthesized and characterized at low micromolar concentrations to assess the effect of metal-sulfide ligands on metal toxicity to aquatic organisms in oxic environments. Recommended preparation times are greater than 2 h initial reaction of equimolar sodium sulfide and zinc nitrate, followed by oxic aeration for 3 d. Ionic strength, pH, and anoxic stabilization time were found to be relatively unimportant in controlling the final yield. Adsorptive losses of zinc sulfide (ZnS) clusters to surfaces, however, were significant for a variety of vessel materials and membrane filters. Ionic strength and pH were found to be important factors controlling the extent of adsorptive losses with minimal loss for pHs greater than 9 and for soft waters. The Ag(I), Cu(II), and Hg(II) as metal sulfides completely suppress the analysis of sulfide, whereas Pb(II), Mn(II), and Co(II) partially suppress the analysis of sulfide by the methylene blue technique. Ultraviolet and fluorescence spectra are shown for synthesized ZnS clusters.
authors.affiliation: McMaster University, School of Geography and Geology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Bowles
authors.forename: Russell A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ernste
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Manolopoulos
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ogden
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008024:Ligands; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013440:Sulfides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D013440:Sulfides; D014873:Water Pollutants; D017967:Zinc Compounds; C031238:zinc sulfide