Intra- and interspecific variation in primate gene expression patterns.
Although humans and their closest evolutionary relatives, the chimpanzees, are 98.7% identical in their genomic DNA sequences, they differ in many morphological, behavioral, and cognitive aspects. The underlying genetic basis of many of these differences may be altered gene expression. We have compared the transcriptome in blood leukocytes, liver, and brain of humans, chimpanzees, orangutans, and macaques using microarrays, as well as protein expression patterns of humans and chimpanzees using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We also studied three mouse species that are approximately as related to each other as are humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans. We identified species-specific gene expression patterns indicating that changes in protein and gene expression have been particularly pronounced in the human brain.
Enard
Wolfgang
W
Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Inselstrasse 22, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Khaitovich
Philipp
P
Klose
Joachim
J
Zöllner
Sebastian
S
Heissig
Florian
F
Giavalisco
Patrick
P
Nieselt-Struwe
Kay
K
Muchmore
Elaine
E
Varki
Ajit
A
Ravid
Rivka
R
Doxiadis
Gaby M
GM
Bontrop
Ronald E
RE
Pääbo
Svante
S
D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D000882:Haplorhini / Q000235:genetics*; D015186:Hominidae / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009115:Muridae / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009928:Organ Specificity; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics; D011148:Pongo pygmaeus / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity
D018076:DNA, Complementary; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger