title: Lymphatic endothelial regulation, lymphoedema, and lymph node metastasis.
abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) mediates lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) growth, migration, and survival by binding VEGF-C and VEGF-D. Recent studies have revealed new regulators of the lymphatic endothelium, such as the transcription factor Prox1, and the cell surface proteins podoplanin and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1). Furthermore, the isolation of LECs now allows detailed molecular studies of the factors regulating the lymphatic vasculature. These studies are aimed at targeting the lymphatic vasculature in the treatment of various diseases, such as tumour metastasis and lymphoedema.
authors.affiliation: Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. Marika.Karkkainen@Helsinki.Fl
authors.forename: Marika J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Karkkainen
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alitalo
mesh_terms: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D042702:Angiopoietin-2; D000818:Animals; D002916:Chylothorax / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016023:Integrins / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D039943:Neuropilin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; D000098551:Prospero-Related Homeobox 1 Protein; D000098853:Podoplanin
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D042702:Angiopoietin-2; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D006023:Glycoproteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D016023:Integrins; D008024:Ligands; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D039943:Neuropilin-2; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; D000098551:Prospero-Related Homeobox 1 Protein; C086924:Elk3 protein, mouse; C490441:Pdpn protein, mouse; D000098853:Podoplanin; C119248:LYVE1 protein, human; C117468:PDPN protein, human; C492273:LYVE1 protein, mouse; C113256:integrin alpha 9 beta 1; C082078:mesenchyme fork head 1 protein