title: Humoral and cell mediated immune response to cow's milk proteins in Behçet's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the humoral and cellular immune response against cow's milk proteins in Behçet's disease and to distinguish any behaviour during active or inactive disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 16 patients and from eight normal controls were cultured in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), beta-casein, beta-lactoglobulin, or chicken egg albumin. Interferon gamma (IFNgamma) and interleukin 4 (IL4) were measured in the culture supernatants by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum samples from 46 patients with Behçet's disease and from 37 healthy subjects were also studied for antibody detection. Antibodies to beta-casein, beta-lactoglobulin, and chicken egg albumin were determined by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High IFNgamma but not IL4 levels were found in the supernatants of lymphocytes from patients with active disease cultured in the presence of cow's milk proteins. Levels were comparable with those obtained in cultures stimulated with PHA. A significantly higher level of anti-beta-casein and anti-beta-lactoglobulin IgG and IgA antibodies was found in patients with active Behçet's disease. No relation was found between their occurrence and the age of the patients, the duration of disease, or the presence of gastrointestinal abnormalities. Antibodies to chicken albumin were detected at low levels and with a prevalence similar to that of healthy subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that an active immune response occurs in Behçet's disease. This response involves an increased frequency of antibodies to cow's milk protein and a strong Th1 polarisation after exposure to these antigens. The occurrence of these abnormalities supports a putative role for cow's milk proteins immune response in the pathogenesis of Behçet's disease.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology), Policlinico Universitario, Palermo, Italy. triolog@tiscalinet.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Triolo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Accardo-Palumbo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dieli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ciccia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrante
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giardina
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Licata
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000032:analysis*; D001528:Behcet Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002364:Caseins / Q000276:immunology; D002417:Cattle; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000276:immunology; D002645:Chickens; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D007782:Lactoglobulins / Q000276:immunology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D002364:Caseins; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007782:Lactoglobulins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D010047:Ovalbumin