title: Interconversion of Anthozoa GFP-like fluorescent and non-fluorescent proteins by mutagenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Within the family of green fluorescent protein (GFP) homologs, one can mark two main groups, specifically, fluorescent proteins (FPs) and non-fluorescent or chromoproteins (CPs). Structural background of differences between FPs and CPs are poorly understood to date.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we applied site-directed and random mutagenesis in order to to transform CP into FP and vice versa. A purple chromoprotein asCP (asFP595) from Anemonia sulcata and a red fluorescent protein DsRed from Discosoma sp. were selected as representatives of CPs and FPs, respectively. For asCP, some substitutions at positions 148 and 165 (numbering in accordance to GFP) were found to dramatically increase quantum yield of red fluorescence. For DsRed, substitutions at positions 148, 165, 167, and 203 significantly decreased fluorescence intensity, so that the spectral characteristics of these mutants became more close to those of CPs. Finally, a practically non-fluorescent mutant DsRed-NF was generated. This mutant carried four amino acid substitutions, specifically, S148C, I165N, K167M, and S203A. DsRed-NF possessed a high extinction coefficient and an extremely low quantum yield (< 0.001). These spectral characteristics allow one to regard DsRed-NF as a true chromoprotein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We located a novel point in asCP sequence (position 165) mutations at which can result in red fluorescence appearance. Probably, this finding could be applied onto other CPs to generate red and far-red fluorescent mutants. A possibility to transform an FP into CP was demonstrated. Key role of residues adjacent to chromophore's phenolic ring in fluorescent/non-fluorescent states determination was revealed.
authors.affiliation: Shemiakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia. biomasha@mail.ru
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bulina
authors.forename: Dmitry M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Chudakov
authors.forename: Nikolay N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Mudrik
authors.forename: Konstantin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lukyanov
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D037421:Anthozoa; D005453:Fluorescence; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016296:Mutagenesis; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: C430876:FP595 protein, Anemonia sulcata; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; C413663:fluorescent protein 583; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins