title: Motion analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability to make an objective evaluation of a surgeon's operative ability remains an elusive goal. In this study, we used motion analysis as a measure of dexterity in the performance of a simulated operation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen surgeons performed a total of 45 laboratory-based laparoscopic cholecystectomies on a cadaveric porcine liver model. Subjects were assigned to one of three groups according to their level of experience in human laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Electromagnetic tracking devices were used to analyze the surgeon's hand movements as they performed the procedure. Movement data (time, distance, number of movements, and speed of movement) were then compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of variance (ANOVA) movement scores across the three groups showed significantly better performance among the experienced laparoscopic surgeons than the novices. Learning curves across repetitions of procedures were plotted. Novices made more improvement than experts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Motion analysis provides useful data for the assessment of laparoscopic dexterity, and the porcine liver model is a valid simulation of the real procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Academic Surgery, Imperial College School of Medicine, 10th Floor, St. Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S G T
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Torkington
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Taffinder
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001662:Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards; D002102:Cadaver; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000145:classification; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000601:surgery; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery; D009038:Motion; D013552:Swine