title: Interactions between pesticides and components of pesticide formulations in an in vitro neurotoxicity test.
abstract: Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are often used in combination with one another and with the components of formulations. Evidence already exists for interactions in the neurotoxic effects of OPs through interference with metabolism, but there is also potential for interactions related directly to cell damage. The purpose of this work was to investigate this possibility for OPs and the components of one of their common formulations in vitro. NB2a neuroblastoma cells were induced to differentiate in the presence of the OPs diazinon and chlorpyrifos, in combination with a commercial formulation (identified as Commercial Formulation 1) of the compounds and, independently, the components of that formulation. The compounds were tested in pairs in various proportions and the resulting inhibition of neurite outgrowth was measured by light microscopy and quantitative image analysis. Interactions were determined in terms of enhanced or reduced effects of the paired compounds in comparison with the expected additive effects estimated from the effects of each compound on its own. Synergism was detected between combinations of: 10 microM chlorpyrifos and 500 nM pyrethrum; chlorpyrifos and one of the solvents (regular spirit) found in Commercial Formulation 1. All other combinations of OPs and products were additive in their neurotoxicity. The data suggest that exposure to multiple OP-containing pesticide formulations may lead to synergistic neurotoxicity by a direct mechanism at the cellular level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, L69 3GE, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Axelrad
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: McLean
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D002460:Cell Line; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity; D011723:Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium / Q000633:toxicity; D003976:Diazinon / Q000633:toxicity; D004357:Drug Synergism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D016501:Neurites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D012997:Solvents / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010575:Pesticides; D012997:Solvents; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D003976:Diazinon