title: Assessment of fatigue, monitor placement, and surgical experience during simulated laparoscopic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic surgery requires the surgeon to assume atypical postures for extended periods of time, potentially leading to fatigue and chronic injury. This study assessed the level of muscle activity and compared the effects of fatigue, monitor placement, and surgical experience during simulated laparoscopic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four attending and four resident surgeons repeated a series of four tasks with a View site and a standard operating room monitor. Electromyography (EMG) activity and muscular discomfort scores were obtained before and after a "fatigue session." Two variables, the EMG amplitudes and discomfort scores, were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The EMG amplitudes generally exceed the recommended threshold limits of acceptable muscular load. EMG data and discomfort scores demonstrated a fatigue response in several muscle groups. Minimal differences between the two monitor positions were seen. Overall, the EMG data and discomfort scores showed less muscle activity and discomfort in the attending surgeons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic surgery required a relatively high muscular load, putting surgeons at risk for fatigue and injury. Altering the monitor placement did not reduce the surgeon's risk of fatigue. Experience slightly reduced the level of fatigue, but not enough to reduce the surgeon's risk category.
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 4555 Forest Park Parkway, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA. muhrich@roadrunner.carenet.org
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Uhrich
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Standeven
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Soper
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Engsberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D006804:Ergonomics / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D020706:Laparoscopes; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires