title: Maturation of mismatch negativity in typically developing infants and preschool children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  1) To determine whether an adult-like mismatch negativity (MMN) can be reliably elicited in typically developing awake infants and preschool children, and if so 2) to examine whether maturational changes exist in MMN latencyand amplitude.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two experiments were designed to elicit MMN using an "oddball" paradigm. In Experiment 1, a 1000-Hz tone served as the standard stimulus and a 1200-Hz tone as the deviant. In Experiment 2, a 1000-Hz standard stimulus and a 2000-Hz deviant were presented. Infants' ages ranged from 2 to 47 and 3 to 44 mo in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Experiment 1, a negativity was not elicited in the majority of the infants and preschoolers tested. In Experiment 2, a negativity was reliably elicited in the infants and preschoolers across all ages. A significant negative correlation was observed between age and latency, but not for age and amplitude for this negativity. This negativity was found to decrease at a rate of 1 msec/mo. Infants younger than 12 mo of age showed a significantly larger positivity to the deviant than to the standard between 150-300 and 200-300 msec in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The discriminative processes indexed by MMN in response to frequency changes areimmature in infants and preschool children. Although there is convincing evidence that the negativity elicited in Experiment 2 is an immature MMN, the possibility that it may be an "obligatory effect" indexing recovery from refractoriness cannot be ruled out at this time. The results from these experiments suggest that the MMN component haslimited use as a clinical tool at this time for infants and young children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Bronx 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Mara L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Morr
authors.forename: Valerie L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Shafer
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kreuzer
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kurtzberg
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004566:Electrodes; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011601:Psychophysics / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*