title: West Nile virus in the western hemisphere.
abstract: West Nile virus first appeared in the western hemisphere in 1999 in New York. Genetic analysis determined that the virus was introduced from the Mediterranean Basin. This review discusses the establishment of West Nile virus in the naïve environment of the northeastern USA, its ecology, epizootiology, pathology, prevention and prediction, as well as laboratory studies that have been conducted to elucidate the transmission cycle.
authors.affiliation: Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159, USA. ldk02@health.state.ny.us
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bernard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004199:Disease Vectors; D004463:Ecology; D006801:Humans; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D014765:Viral Vaccines