title: Influence of maternal murine immunization with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract on the type I hypersensitivity response in offspring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal exposure to environmental ubiquitous allergens could exert an influence on the newborn's immune repertoire and the later development of allergy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal immunization with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) on the hypersensitivity response and IgG subclass production in offspring using a murine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A/Sn mice were immunized with Dp before mating with normal A/Sn males. Diaplacental serum samples were collected from newborn mice delivered by cesarean section, and maternal milk samples were extracted from the stomachs of newborn mice. Groups of offspring 25 or 45 days old were Dp immunized and boosted on the 10th day after sensitization. The animals were bled 7 days after the booster.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High levels of anti-Dp IgG subclasses - mainly IgG1, but also IgG2a and IgG2b - were transmitted by immunized mice via the placenta to the offspring. In the milk from immunized mothers, significant levels of anti-Dp IgG subclasses and anti-Dp IgM and IgA antibodies were detected. Moreover, the increase in total IgA antibodies in the milk of the immunized females correlated with a significantly increased level of TGF-beta1. TGF-beta2 levels were markedly higher than the beta1 isoform in the milk, although no difference was observed between the groups. When offspring from immunized mothers were sensitized at 25 days, a significant decrease in total and anti-Dp IgE antibodies as well as total and anti-Dp IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses was observed compared to normal female offspring, whereas when offspring were sensitized at 45 days, both offspring groups showed similar levels of IgE and IgG subclasses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that maternal immunization with Dp promotes the transference of specific antibodies and/or TGF-beta, which can negatively modulate the allergic response in offspring, and suggests that maternal preexposure to allergen before mating can protect mice during the early phase.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, LIM 56/HC-FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Fusaro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maciel
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Victor
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: A J S
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D002457:Cell Extracts / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology*; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000276:immunology*; D007112:Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; D007114:Immunization; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008805:Mice, Inbred A; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D008925:Mites / Q000276:immunology*; D010920:Placenta / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D002457:Cell Extracts; D006023:Glycoproteins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta