title: Inhibition of tumorigenicity and metastasis of human bladder cancer growing in athymic mice by interferon-beta gene therapy results partially from various antiangiogenic effects including endothelial cell apoptosis.
abstract: We determined whether the IFN-beta gene could suppress angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis of human bladder transitional cell carcinoma. The highly tumorigenic and metastatic 253J B-V(R) human bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cell line (resistant to the antiproliferative effects of IFN-beta) was infected in vitro with adenoviral beta-galactosidase (Ad-LacZ), murine adenoviral IFN-beta (Ad-mIFN-beta), or human adenoviral IFN-beta (Ad-hIFN-beta) and implanted into the bladders of athymic nude mice. Ad-mIFN-beta and Ad-hIFN-beta were used because of the species specificity of IFN-beta. The transient production of mIFN-beta and hIFN-beta from the infected 253JB-V(R) tumor cells significantly inhibited tumorigenicity and spontaneous lymph node metastasis. Subsequently, the 253J B-V(R) cells were implanted into the subcutis of athymic nude mice, and established tumors were treated by direct intratumoral injection with Ad-mIFN-beta, Ad-hIFN-beta, Ad-LacZ, or PBS. By in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemical analysis (IHC), expression of hIFN-beta and mIFN-beta mRNA and protein within the tumors was demonstrated after Ad-hIFN-beta and Ad-mIFN-beta gene therapy, respectively. The therapy also induced necrosis in both the Ad-mIFN-beta- and Ad-hIFN-beta-treated tumors. IHC revealed decreased tumor cell proliferation and the sequestration of activated macrophages within the tumors after Ad-mIFN-beta therapy. In addition, the expression of the proangiogenic factors bFGF, and MMP-9 protein (by IHC) was significantly down-regulated by Ad-hIFN-beta gene therapy. Double-immunofluorescent IHC for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and CD-31 demonstrated tumor and endothelial cell apoptosis in those tumors treated with Ad-hIFN-beta gene therapy. Tumor-induced angiogenesis, as determined by the microvessel density, was decreased in tumors treated with both Ad-mIFN-beta and Ad-hIFN-beta. These data suggest that the inhibition of tumorigenicity and the metastasis of the 253J B-V(R) cells after infection with Ad-IFN-beta is caused by the inhibition of angiogenesis and the activation of host effector cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Izawa
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perrotte
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kedar
authors.forename: Zhongyun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Joel W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Slaton
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karashima
authors.forename: Keji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Benedict
authors.forename: Colin P N
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Dinney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000032:analysis; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology*; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000032:analysis; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000235:genetics*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000517:prevention & control; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008222:Lymphokines; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D016899:Interferon-beta; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9