title: The human spleen as an erythrocyte reservoir in diving-related interventions.
abstract: Twelve subjects without and ten subjects with diving experience performed short diving-related interventions. After labeling of erythrocytes, scintigraphic measurements were continuously performed during these interventions. All interventions elicited a graduated and reproducible splenic contraction, depending on the type, severity, and duration of the interventions. The splenic contraction varied between approximately 10% for "apnea" (breath holding for 30 s) and "cold clothes" (cold and wet clothes applied on the face with no breath holding for 30 s) and approximately 30-40% for "simulated diving" (simulated breath-hold diving for 30 s), "maximal apnea" (breath holding for maximal duration), and "maximal simulated diving" (simulated breath-hold diving for maximal duration). The strongest interventions (simulated diving, maximal apnea, and maximal simulated diving) elicited modest but significant increases in hemoglobin concentration (0.1-0.3 mmol/l) and hematocrit (0.3-1%). By an indirect method, the splenic venous hematocrit was calculated to 79%. No major differences were observed between the two groups. The splenic contraction should, therefore, be included in the diving response on equal terms with bradycardia, decreased peripheral blood flow, and increased blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. kurtespersen@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Espersen
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frandsen
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lorentzen
authors.forename: Inge-Lis
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Kanstrup
authors.forename: Niels J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001049:Apnea / Q000503:physiopathology; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D004911:Erythrocyte Volume; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D006400:Hematocrit; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013154:Spleen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine