title: Expression of nicotinic receptors in the skin of patients with palmoplantar pustulosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A suggested role for nicotine in the pathogenesis of palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) has been discussed. The target for the inflammation in PPP is the acrosyringium. Nicotine acts as an agonist on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and can influence a variety of cellular functions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the alpha 3- and alpha 7-nAChR expression in palmar skin of patients with PPP in comparison with that in healthy smoking and non-smoking controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsies from 20 patients with PPP, seven healthy smokers and eight healthy non-smokers were studied by immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal anti-alpha 3 and a polyclonal anti-alpha 7 antibody.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In healthy controls both nAChR subtypes showed stronger immunoreactivity in the eccrine glands and ducts than in the epidermis. The papillary endothelium was positive for both subtypes. Epidermal alpha 3 staining was stronger and that of the coil and dermal ducts weaker in healthy smokers than in healthy non-smokers. In involved PPP skin, granulocytes displayed strong alpha 3 immunoreactivity. The normal epidermal alpha 7 staining pattern was abolished in PPP skin and was replaced by strong mesh-like surface staining, most markedly adjacent to the acrosyringium, which in controls was intensely alpha 7 positive at this level. Endothelial alpha 7 staining was stronger in PPP skin than in the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking can influence nAChR expression. The altered nAChR staining pattern in PPP skin may indicate a possible role for nicotine in the pathogenesis of PPP. We hypothesize that there is an abnormal response to nicotine in patients with PPP, resulting in inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hagforsen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edvinsson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nordlind
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Michaëlsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D020405:Dermis / Q000737:chemistry; D004817:Epidermis / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000032:analysis*; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013545:Sweat Glands / Q000737:chemistry; D064569:alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
chemical_list: D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D064569:alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; C579167:Chrna7 protein, human