title: Renal flares are common in patients with severe proliferative lupus nephritis treated with pulse immunosuppressive therapy: long-term followup of a cohort of 145 patients participating in randomized controlled studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Immunosuppressive agents have become the standard of therapy for proliferative lupus nephritis, but some patients may relapse after discontinuing treatment. We reviewed the cases of renal flares in a cohort of patients who participated in 2 randomized controlled clinical trials at the National Institutes of Health and explored the prevalence, outcome, and predictive factors of renal flares.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained on 145 patients treated with pulse cyclophosphamide, pulse methylprednisolone, or the combination of both. Patients had not received immunosuppressive therapy for at least 6 months and had experienced complete or partial response according to defined criteria. Renal flares were classified as either proteinuric or nephritic based on changes in urinary protein and sediment. Most patients who experienced a flare received additional immunosuppressive therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-three patients had a complete response, and 19 had partial response/stabilization. Forty-one of these patients (45%) experienced renal flares (nephritic in 33, proteinuric in 8) after a mean followup of 117 months; 31 of them received additional immunosuppressive therapy. The median time to renal flare was 36 months in the complete responders and 18 months in the partial responders. Eleven of the 41 patients (27%) progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD); 9 had nephritic flares (all severe except for 1) and 2 had proteinuric flares (1 in each responder group). Compared with patients who had a complete response, those with a partial response were more likely to experience a flare, to have a severe nephritic flare, or to progress to ESRD. Low C4 at the time of response and African American ethnicity were significant independent risk factors for renal flare, by multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nephritic flares are common in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis, even in those with a complete response to therapy, but they do not necessarily result in loss of renal function if treated with additional immunosuppressive agents. Renal flares are an important feature of the natural history of lupus nephritis and provide an opportunity for additional preventive strategies, as well as measures of efficacy in future therapeutic trials.
authors.affiliation: Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. illeig@exchange.nih.gov
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Illei
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parkin
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yarboro
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuroiwa
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Danning
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pando
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gourley
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Klippel
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Balow
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Boumpas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000401:mortality; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D020551:Pulse Therapy, Drug; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D008775:Methylprednisolone