title: A pilot study of N-acetylcysteine as adjunctive therapy for severe malaria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The case fatality rate of severe malaria remains unacceptably high. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a safe compound that inhibits tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and impedes cytoadherence, both of which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of malaria complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate NAC as adjunctive therapy in severe malaria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A placebo-controlled, double-blind prospective study, with serum lactate level as the principal objective measure of response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty adult males with severe, quinine-treated malaria received either 300 mg/kg of NAC or placebo, over 20 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum lactate levels normalized twice as quickly after NAC (median 21 h, 95%CI 12-36 h) as after placebo (median 42 h, 95%CI 30-84 h; p=0.002, Mann-Whitney U test). Twenty-four hours after admission, 10/15 (67%) NAC-group patients but only 3/15 (20%) placebo-group patients had normal lactate concentrations (p=0.01, Fisher exact test). NAC-treated patients could be switched from intravenous to oral therapy earlier than individuals who received placebo (42 h vs. 51 h after admission) but the difference was not significant (p=0.28, Mann-Whitney U test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NAC's mechanism of action in malaria is unclear, since it did not markedly alter plasma cytokine profiles. Trials of NAC adjunctive therapy for complicated malaria, with mortality as an endpoint, appear to be warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Retrovirology, USAMC, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand. wattgh@thai.amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jongsakul
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruangvirayuth
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008288:Malaria / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011803:Quinine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D000962:Antimalarials; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D019344:Lactic Acid; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D011803:Quinine; D000111:Acetylcysteine