title: Evolution of extracellular enzyme activities during manure composting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this work were to determine the extracellular enzyme profiles during composting, relate the activities of these enzymes to the changes in microbial population and compare the enzyme profiles between two manures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  API ZYM assay was used to monitor the activities of 19 extracellular enzymes during poultry and pig manure composting. Results showed an overall increase in diversity and relative abundance of enzymes present. The relative abundance and activities of enzymes were higher in poultry manure than in pig manure. Among the 19 enzymes tested, esterase, valine amino-peptidase and alpha-galactosidase were the most abundant enzymes in poultry manure, whereas it was N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase for the pig manure. A number of these enzymes correlated with change in numbers of different microbial groups during composting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The composting process represented a combined activity of a wide succession of environments, as one enzyme/microbial group overlapped the other and each emerged gradually due to the continual change in temperature and progressive breakdown of complex compounds to simpler ones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results presented here show the applicability of the API ZYM test not only in monitoring the quantitative and qualitative fluctuation of the available substrate during composting, but also in revealing differences in composts and compost maturity.
authors.affiliation: Microbial Genomics and Ecology Group, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831, USA. tiquias@ornl.gov
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tiquia
mesh_terms: D000192:Actinomycetales / Q000201:enzymology; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005658:Fungi / Q000201:enzymology*; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D011200:Poultry; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D014934:Wood
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D008372:Manure