title: Spinal cord injury medicine. 1. Etiology, classification, and acute medical management.
abstract: This self-directed learning module highlights basic management and approaches to intervention-both established and experimental. The revised American Spinal Injury Association classification (2000) of spinal cord injury (SCI) further defines the examination and classification guidelines. The incidence of traumatic SCI remains at approximately 10,000 cases per year, with 32 years the average age at injury. Initial management includes establishment of oxygenation, circulation (mean blood pressure >85 mm Hg), radiographic evaluations for spine instability, intravenous methylprednisolone, and establishment of spinal alignment. Prevention measures for medical complications include pressure relief for skin, thromboembolism prophylaxis, prevention of gastric ulcers, Foley catheter drainage to prevent urine retention, and bowel care to prevent colonic impaction. Nontraumatic SCI from spinal stenosis, neoplastic compression, abscess, or multiple sclerosis becomes more common with aging. Experimental treatments for SCI include antibodies to block axonal growth inhibitors, gangliosides to augment neurite growth, 4-aminopyridine to enhance axonal conduction through demyelinated nerve fibers, and fetal tissue to fill voids in cystic spinal cord cavities. Early comprehensive rehabilitation at a SCI center prevents complications and enhances functional gains.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the comprehensive evaluation and management of a newly injured individual.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, West Orange, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kirshblum
authors.forename: Suzanne L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Groah
authors.forename: William O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: McKinley
authors.forename: Michelle S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gittler
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stiens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*