title: Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis.
abstract: The increase of allergic diseases in the industrialized world has often been explained by a decline in infections during childhood. The immunological explanation has been put into the context of the functional T cell subsets known as T helper 1 (TH1) and T helper 2 (TH2) that display polarized cytokine profiles. It has been argued that bacterial and viral infections during early life direct the maturing immune system toward TH1, which counterbalance proallergic responses of TH2 cells. Thus, a reduction in the overall microbial burden will result in weak TH1 imprinting and unrestrained TH2 responses that allow an increase in allergy. This notion is contradicted by observations that the prevalence of TH1-autoimmune diseases is also increasing and that TH2-skewed parasitic worm (helminth) infections are not associated with allergy. More recently, elevations of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10, that occur during long-term helminth infections have been shown to be inversely correlated with allergy. The induction of a robust anti-inflammatory regulatory network by persistent immune challenge offers a unifying explanation for the observed inverse association of many infections with allergic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. M.Yazdanbakhsh@LUMC.NL
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yazdanbakhsh
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Kremsner
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Ree
mesh_terms: D000918:Antibody Specificity; D003429:Cross Reactions; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007239:Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D007249:Inflammation; D012307:Risk Factors; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007073:Immunoglobulin E