title: Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to penicillin and ceftriaxone in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The proportion of penicillin and ceftriaxone resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates and associated risk factors varies by geographic areas in the world. We conducted a retrospective study to determine the extent of penicillin and ceftriaxone non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia in a tertiary care medical center in the city of Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 172 episodes of Streptrococcus pneumoniae bacteremic diseases involving 160 hospitalized patients at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, over a 5 year period between January 1995 through to December 1999. Patients' characteristics and underlying illnesses of those patients with bacteremias and meningitis caused by Streptococccus pneumoniae as well as antimicrobial susceptibility were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of patients affected with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia were children <5 years of age (number=91, 53%). Malignant diseases were the main underlying diagnosis in our patient population affected with pneumoncoccal bacteremia (number=46, 27%). Overall (51%) of the isolates were penicillin non-susceptible; of these (7%) were highly resistant. The overall resistance rate to ceftriaxone was 7%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the high prevalence in Streptococcus pneumoniae antimicrobial resistance to penicillin and ceftriaxone, it is important to continue surveillance of infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, and also we recommend that guidelines for treatment and prevention of pneumococcal infection must be addressed by health care and public health agencies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmed A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Aqeeli
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.forename: Suliman A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Al-Jumaah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010406:Penicillins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D010406:Penicillins; D002443:Ceftriaxone