title: Rhizobium tropici genes involved in free-living salt tolerance are required for the establishment of efficient nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with Phaseolus vulgaris.
abstract: Characterization of nine transposon-induced mutants of Rhizobium tropici with decreased salt tolerance (DST) allowed the identification of eight gene loci required for adaptation to high external NaCl. Most of the genes also were involved in adaptation to hyperosmotic media and were required to overcome the toxicity of LiCl. According to their possible functions, genes identified could be classified into three groups. The first group included two genes involved in regulation of gene expression, such as ntrY, the sensor element of the bacterial ntrY/ntrX two-component regulatory system involved in regulation of nitrogen metabolism, and greA, which encodes a transcription elongation factor. The second group included genes related to synthesis, assembly, or maturation of proteins, such as alaS coding for alanine-tRNA synthetase, dnaJ, which encodes a molecular chaperone, and a nifS homolog probably encoding a cysteine desulfurase involved in the maturation of Fe-S proteins. Genes related with cellular build-up and maintenance were in the third group, such as a noeJ-homolog, encoding a mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase likely involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, and kup, specifying an inner-membrane protein involved in potassium uptake. Another gene was identified that had no homology to known genes but that could be conserved in other rhizobia. When inoculated on Phaseolus vulgaris growing under nonsaline conditions, all DST mutants displayed severe symbiotic defects: ntrY and noeJ mutants were impaired in nodulation, and the remaining mutants formed symbiosis with very reduced nitrogenase activity. The results suggest that bacterial ability to adapt to hyperosmotic and salt stress is important for the bacteroid nitrogen-fixing function inside the legume nodule and provide genetic evidence supporting the suggestion that rhizobia face severe environmental changes after their release into plant cells.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Joaquina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nogales
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Hanaa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: BenAbdelkhalek
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olivares
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lluch
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanjuan
mesh_terms: D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D007700:Kinetics; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation / Q000235:genetics*; D027805:Phaseolus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000494:pharmacology; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013395:Sucrose; D018021:Lithium Chloride