title: Fatty acid analysis of wild ruminant tissues: evolutionary implications for reducing diet-related chronic disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Consumption of wild ruminant fat represented the primary lipid source for pre-agricultural humans. Hence, the lipid composition of these animals' tissues may provide insight into dietary requirements that offer protection from chronic disease in modern humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the lipid composition of muscle, brain, marrow and subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) from 17 elk (Cervus elaphus), 15 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and 17 antelope (Antilicapra americana) and contrasted them to wild African ruminants and pasture and grain-fed cattle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Muscle fatty acid (FA) was similar among North American species with polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (P/S) values from 0.80 to 1.09 and n-6/n-3 FA from 2.32 to 2.60. Marrow FA was similar among North American species with high levels (59.3-67.0%) of monounsaturated FA; a low P/S (0.24-0.33), and an n-6/n-3 of 2.24-2.88. Brain had the lowest n-6/n-3 (1.20-1.29), the highest concentration of 22:6 n-3 (elk, 8.90%; deer, 9.62%; antelope, 9.25%) and a P/S of 0.69. AT had the lowest P/S (0.05-0.09) and n-6/n-3 (2.25-2.96). Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers were found in marrow of antelope (1.5%), elk (1.0%) and deer (1.0%), in AT (deer, 0.3%; antelope, 0.3%) in muscle (antelope, 0.4%; elk, trace), but not in brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Literature comparisons showed tissue lipids of North American and African ruminants were similar to pasture-fed cattle, but dissimilar to grain-fed cattle. The lipid composition of wild ruminant tissues may serve as a model for dietary lipid recommendations in treating and preventing chronic disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. cordain@cahs.colostate.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cordain
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Florant
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelher
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D012418:Ruminants / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids