title: Development of an ultrasonically activated trocar system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although rare, visceral and vascular injuries related to the insertion of conventional laparoscopic trocars may have disastrous consequences. Most of these injuries are due to the high puncture force applied to the trocar. We present the results of an animal laboratory evaluation of a newly developed ultrasonically activated trocar.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 punctures were made in four pigs with an average weight of 53 kg. An 11-mmHg pneumoperitoneum was created through a Veress needle. A 10-mm diameter trocar was inserted in the midline for a laparoscope. A series of five trocars were then inserted on each lateral wall under laparoscopic control. Twenty punctures were made with a conventional reusable 11-mm trocar (CT) whose tip was sharp and conical. Twenty punctures were made with an 11-mm ultrasonically activated trocar (UT), whose fequency was 23.5 KHz and amplitude 150 mm. The cutaneous incision was made large enough so that the skin did not interfere with the trocar insertion. The force applied to the trocar was measured with a push-pull gauge connected to a computer. The following data were recorded: maximal force applied to the trocar to obtain insertion of the tip through the abdominal wall, maximum abdominal pressure increase during trocar insertion, and time for abdominal penetration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average time needed for trocar penetration was 12.8 s with CT and 4.5 s with UT (p < 0.001). The average maximal force was 6.8 kgF with CT and 0.4 kgF with UT (p < 0.001). The average abdominal pressure increase was 7.6 mmHg with CT and 0.8 mmHg with UT (p < 0.001). At 30 days, no necrosis was found. Pathological findings were similar in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonically activated trocars required less time and much less force to be inserted. This may be a breakthrough in the safety of trocar insertion.
authors.affiliation: Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, 42 Bd Jourdan, F-75014 Paris, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gossot
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Validire
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tokumura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimomura
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flowers
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Borenstein
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Daniel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D004867:Equipment Design; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery; D020706:Laparoscopes / Q000639:trends; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D013525:Surgical Instruments / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000639:trends*; D013552:Swine; D014159:Transducers; D014465:Ultrasonics