title: A controlled study of postpartum depression among Nepalese women: validation of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale in Kathmandu.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the prevalence of depression amongst postpartum and non-postpartum Nepalese women in Kathmandu using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) and to assess the ease of use and validity of the scale compared with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria for major depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened 100 women 2-3 months post-delivery and 40 control women using the EPDS. All those who screened positive for depression and 20% of the negatives also underwent a structured interview to assess depression by DSM-IV criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Predictive errors were minimized by using an EPDS score > or =13 to define depression. Using this threshold, there was no difference in depression prevalence between postpartum women (12%) and the control group (12.5%) (Fisher's exact test, P > 0.05). Compared with DSM-IV, the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values were 100, 92.6 and 41.6%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) in Nepalese women and the validity and ease of use of the EPDS in the setting of a postnatal clinic in Kathmandu are all surprisingly similar to the results of numerous studies in developed countries. Despite poor living conditions, PPD is no more common than the background depression rate amongst Nepalese women. It can be reliably detected by trained clinical nurses using the EPDS screening test. These results may have implications for the planning of mental health resources for women in other developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Resource Centre, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Shishir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Regmi
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sligl
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grut
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seear
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results