title: Evidence for high activity of xylem parenchyma and ray cells in the interface of host stem and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-induced tumours of Ricinus communis.
abstract: Rapidly developing tumours at hypocotyls of Ricinus communis, induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58, were characterized by strong differentiation of vascular bundles and their functional connection to the host bundles. The stem/tumour interface showed increased xylem, with numerous vessels accompanied by multiseriate unlignified rays. To know how nutrients efficiently accumulate in the tumour sink tissue, cell electropotentials (E(m)) in cross-sections were mapped. The measured cells were identified by injected Lucifer Yellow. Xylem and phloem parenchyma cells and stem/tumour-located rays hyperpolarized to E(m) values of about -170 mV, which suggest high plasma membrane proton pump activities. Rapidly dividing cells of cambia or small tumour parenchyma cells had low E(m). The tumour aerenchyma and the stem cortex cells displayed values close to the energy-independent diffusion potential. The lowest values were recorded in stem pith cells. Cell K(+) concentrations largely matched the respective E(m). The pattern of individual cell electropotentials was supplemented by whole organ voltage measurements. The voltage differences between the tumour surface and the xylem perfusion solution in stems attached to the tumours, the trans-tumour electropotentials (TTP), confirm the findings of respiration-dependent and phytohormone-stimulated high plasma membrane proton pump activity in intact tumours, mainly in the xylem and phloem parenchyma and ray cells. TTPs were inhibited by addition of NaN(3), CN(-) plus SHAM or N(2) gas in the xylem perfusion solution and by external N(2) flushing. The data provide functional evidence for the structural basis of priority over the host shoot in nutrient flow from the stem to the tumour.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Phytopathology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-90028-Ivánka pri Dunaji, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pavlovkin
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wächter
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Läuchli
authors.forename: Cornelia I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Ullrich
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D016960:Agrobacterium tumefaciens / Q000254:growth & development*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003486:Cyanides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006027:Glycosides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000494:pharmacology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D018514:Plant Structures / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D010941:Plant Tumors / Q000382:microbiology*; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012278:Ricinus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D012457:Salicylamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D019810:Sodium Azide / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D003486:Cyanides; D006027:Glycosides; D012457:Salicylamides; C007808:fusicoccin; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D000040:Abscisic Acid; C005703:salicylhydroxamic acid; D019810:Sodium Azide; D009584:Nitrogen; D002133:Calcium Sulfate