title: The influence of the pericellular microenvironment on the chondrocyte response to osmotic challenge.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether differences in the pericellular microenvironment of different chondron preparations influence the chondrocyte volume regulatory response to experimental osmotic challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mechanically extracted chondrons (MC), enzymatically extracted chondrons (EC) and isolated chondrocytes (IC) were seeded into agarose and sampled at 1, 3 and 7 days. Samples mounted in a perfusion chamber were subjected to osmotic challenge. The cross-sectional areas of the chondrocyte and pericellular microenvironment were measured under isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic conditions, and percentage change calculated. Separate samples were immunolabeled for type VI collagen and keratan sulfate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initially, the microenvironment of MC represented 60% of the chondron area and was occupied by type VI collagen and keratan sulfate. In EC, the microenvironment comprised 18% of the chondron area with narrow bands of type VI collagen and keratan sulfate. IC had no visible microenvironment, with small amounts of type VI collagen and keratan sulfate present. All preparations sequestered additional pericellular macromolecules during culture. Under isotonic conditions, the EC and IC chondrocytes were larger than those of MC. All chondrocytes shrank under hypertonic conditions and swelled under hypotonic conditions. MC were the least responsive, displaying the most efficient volume regulation. IC showed the largest response initially but this decreased with time. EC exhibited intermediate responses that decreased as the microenvironment increased in size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The composition and structural integrity of the pericellular microenvironment do influence the cellular response to experimental osmotic challenge. This suggests that the microenvironment functions in situ to mediate the chondrocyte response to physicochemical changes associated with joint loading.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. w.hing@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hing
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Sherwin
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Poole
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002358:Cartilage, Articular; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods*; D048429:Cell Size; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D024142:Collagen Type VI / Q000032:analysis; D003470:Culture Media; D004285:Dogs; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D007632:Keratan Sulfate / Q000032:analysis; D009997:Osmotic Pressure
chemical_list: D024142:Collagen Type VI; D003470:Culture Media; D007632:Keratan Sulfate