title: Increasing prevalence of resistance mutations in antiretroviral-naïve individuals with established HIV-1 infection from 1996-2001 in St. Louis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transmission of drug-resistant virus in HIV-1 infected individuals is well documented, particularly in patients with primary infection. Prevalence in chronically infected antiretroviral-naïve patients is reportedly low. Routine genotyping in this population is not recommended.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate resistance profiles in patients with established HIV infection in St. Louis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected specimens from drug-naïve individuals (CD4 >300 cells/mL and VL >1000 copies/mL) with established HIV infection between 1996-2001. 62 of 75 specimens were available for genotyping. We excluded patients with evidence of acute HIV infection and long-term nonprogressors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of resistance was 11% (7/62). From 1996 to 1998, a prevalence of 4% was observed (1/27 individuals). During the subsequent period from 1999 to 2001, the frequency increased to 17% (6/35 participants; p =.08; 95% CI 5-29%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the prevalence of primary resistance is increasing in our region to the point that it justifies genotypic testing in all individuals before the initiation of antiretroviral therapy. This has to be considered when designing antiretroviral clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ristig
authors.forename: M Q
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Arens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Powderly
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tebas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008923:Missouri; D009154:Mutation; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral