title: Inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 induces cell-cycle arrest in the epithelial cancer cell line via up-regulation of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase-2 is the rate-limiting enzyme in synthesis of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Prior reports have shown that inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 activity, either by selective inhibitors or by antisense oligonucleotide, results in suppression of growth of squamous cell carcinoma cell lines which express high cyclooxygenase-2 levels, such as NA, a cell line established from a squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. To investigate the mechanisms by which cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors suppressed growth of these cells, the effects of NS-398, the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on cell-cycle distribution were examined. NS-398 induced G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest in NA cells which expressed cyclooxygenase-2. G0/G1 arrest induced by NS-398 was accompanied by up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, but not by up-regulation of the other cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Transfection with p21 antisense oligonucleotide inhibited cell-cycle arrest induced by NS-398. Accumulation in G0/G1 was also observed in NA cells transfected with cyclooxygenase-2 antisense oligonucleotide. On the other hand, NS-398-treated NA cells showed a loss of plasma membrane asymmetry, a marker of early events in apoptosis. However, NS-398 did not induce other morphological and biochemical changes related to apoptotic cell death. These results suggest that cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor induces G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest in NA cells by up-regulation of p21. Our results also suggest that NS-398 is not sufficient to complete the whole process of apoptosis in NA cells, although it induces an early event in apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1, Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan. number:toyo@senzoku.showa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyoshima
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamijo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takizawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sumitani
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagumo
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000494:pharmacology; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D017931:DNA Primers; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D011453:Prostaglandins; D013449:Sulfonamides; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases