title: Irradiation therapy for gallbladder carcinoma: recent advances.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gallbladder carcinomas were usually considered to be radioresistant. So far, the role of radiotherapy has not been adequately evaluated. The aim of this report is to assess the value of radiotherapy in carcinoma of the gallbladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed publications concerning the role of radiation therapy in gallbladder carcinoma from 1974 to 2000. External radiation therapy, intraoperative radiation therapy, and brachytherapy were evaluated in two different groups: one group of patients underwent surgery, with apparently complete resection of the tumor; and another group underwent palliative treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local control of the tumor and reduction of tumor size were reported in several publications. Collected data suggested a slight improvement in survival after adjuvant or palliative radiotherapy. The best benefit was obtained in tumors resected with only microscopic residual tissue. If possible an intraoperative "boost" (15 Gy) is recommended on the gross lesion, residual lesion, or tumor bed. Additional postoperative external radiotherapy (45-50 Gy) must be delivered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiotherapy appears to be a safe procedure that slightly improves the survival time of patients treated for gallbladder carcinoma. Further trials are needed to assess the role of combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestive Surgery, Tenon Hospital, University Paris VI, 4 rue de la Chine 75020 Paris, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Houry
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barrier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huguier
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D010166:Palliative Care; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000639:trends; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D015996:Survival Rate