title: Endoscopic surgery in weightlessness: the investigation of basic principles for surgery in space.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Performing a surgical procedure in weightlessness, also called 0-gravity (0-g), has been shown to be no more difficult than in a 1-g environment if the requirements for the restraint of the patient, operator, surgical hardware, are observed. The performance of laparoscopic and thorascopic procedures in weightlessness, if feasible, would offer several advantages over the performance of an open operation. Concerns about the feasibility of performing minimally invasive procedures in weightlessness have included impaired visualization from the absence of gravitational retraction of the bowel (laparoscopy) or thoracic organs (thoracoscopy) as well as obstruction and interference from floating debris such as blood, pus, and irrigation fluid. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of performing laparoscopic and thorascopic procedures and the degree of impaired surgical endoscopic visualization in weightlessness.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1993 to 2000, laparoscopic and thorascopic procedures were performed on 10 anesthetized adult pigs weighing approximately 50 kg in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Microgravity Program using a modified KC-135 airplane. The parabolic simulation system for advanced life support was used in this project, and 20 to 40 parabolas were used for laparoscopic or thorascopic investigation, each containing approximately 30 s of 0-g alternating with 2-g pullouts. The animal model was restrained in the supine position on a floor-level Crew Medical Restraint System, and the abdominal cavity was insufflated with carbon dioxide. The intraabdominal and intrathoracic anatomy was visualized in the 1-g, 0-g, and 2-g periods of parabolic flight. Bleeding was created in the animals, and the behavior of the blood in the abdominal and thoracic cavities was observed. In the thoracic cavity, gas insufflation and mechanical retraction was used at times unilaterally to decrease pulmonary ventilation enough to increase the thoracic domain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visualization was improved in laparoscopy, from tethering of the bowel by the elastic mesentery, and from the strong tendency for debris and blood to adhere to the abdominal wall because of surface tension forces. The lack of adequate thoracic domain made thorascopy more difficult. Fluid in the thoracic cavity did not impair visualization because the fluid at 0-g does not loculate posteriorly, but disperses along the thoracic wall and mediastinal reflections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Performing minimally invasive procedures instead of open surgical procedures in a weightless environment has theoretical advantages, especially in the ability to prevent cabin atmosphere contamination from surgical fluids (blood, pus, irrigation). Visualization will become more important and practical as the endoscopic hardware is miniaturized from its current form, as endoscopic technology becomes more advanced, and as more surgically capable medical crew officers are present in future long-duration space exploration missions.
authors.affiliation: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, (NASA) Medical Operations and Wyle Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA. mcamp@1starnet.com
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Billica
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dulchavsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D020706:Laparoscopes; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D013026:Space Flight; D013552:Swine / Q000601:surgery; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods; D014893:Weightlessness / Q000009:adverse effects; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation / Q000379:methods