title: State AIDS Drug Assistance Programs: equity and efficiency in an era of rapidly changing treatment standards.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 54 state AIDS Drug Assistance Programs (ADAP) provide medications to HIV-infected persons with limited resources. Eligibility and coverage vary, raising concerns about health inequities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the relative clinical and economic performance of ADAP programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A state-transition simulation model of HIV disease was used to explore the clinical consequences and lifetime costs associated with selected state policies. Clinical data came from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 320, and other published randomized trials. Cost data came from the national AIDS Cost and Services Utilization Survey, and the 1999 Red Book. ADAP data came from National Association of State and Territorial AIDS Directors reports and interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Projected life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, total lifetime direct medical costs, cost-effectiveness in dollars per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ADAPs vary considerably in terms of formulary policies, health outcomes, expected costs, and cost-efficiency. Conservative projections, based on a cohort with starting mean CD4 count of 250 cells/microL, yield life expectancies ranging from 5.36 to 6.81 life years (4.69-6.01 quality-adjusted life years [QALYs]). Total per person lifetime direct medical costs range from $81,200 to $112,700; higher costs reflect increased spending on medications. Expected costs per QALY gained range from $7000 to $28,000. Under pessimistic assumptions regarding initial CD4 counts, drug efficacy, and discounting, the most comprehensive policy remains below $33,000/QALY.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even the most comprehensive ADAPs constitute a cost-effective use of HIV care resources. A uniform, national ADAP formulary warrants consideration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Administration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. mira.johri@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: David Paltiel
authors.forename: Sue J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Goldie
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Freedberg
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000191:economics*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004180:Direct Service Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018450:Disease Progression; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D004608:Eligibility Determination; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008483:Medical Assistance / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017059:Models, Econometric; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D013221:State Health Plans / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents