title: Intracerebral adenosine infusion improves neurological outcome after transient focal ischemia in rats.
abstract: Second Institute of New Drug Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan In order to elucidate the role of adenosine in brain ischemia, the possible protective effects of adenosine on ischemic brain injury were investigated in a rat model of brain ischemia both in vitro and in vivo. Exogenous adenosine dose-dependently rescued cortical neuronal cells from injury after glucose deprivation in vitro. Adenosine (1 mM) also significantly reduced hypoglycemia/hypoxia-induced glutamate release from the hippocampal slice. In a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), extracellular adenosine concentration was increased immediately after occlusion, and then returned to the baseline by 30 min after reperfusion. Adenosine infusion through a microdialysis probe into the ipsilateral striatum (1 mM adenosine, 2 microl min(-1), total 4.5 h from the occlusion to 3 h after reperfusion) showed a significant improvement in the neurological outcome, and about 25% reduction of infarct volume, although the effect did not reach statistical significance, compared with the vehicle-treated group at 20 h after 90 min of MCAO. These results demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of adenosine against ischemic brain injury both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the possible therapeutic application of adenosine regulating agents, which inhibit adenosine uptake or metabolism to enhance or maintain extracellular endogenous adenosine levels, for stroke treatment.
authors.affiliation: Second Institute of New Drug Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan. q_kitagawa@research.otsuka.co.jp
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitagawa
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Yasuhide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mitsumoto
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000241:Adenosine