title: How rewarding can a pacifier be? A systematic review of nonnutritive sucking in preterm infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether nonnutritive sucking (NNS) in preterm infants influences selected outcome variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review, based on the Cochrane Collaboration format, of trials utilizing experimental or quasi-experimental designs in which NNS (by pacifier) was compared to no provision of NNS; related to naso/orogastric tube feedings, bottle feedings, or not associated with feeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  All infants born at < 37 weeks gestation. This review consisted of 19 studies; 13 were randomized controlled trials. Sample sizes ranged from 10 to 59 infants and totaled 518 infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Weight gain, energy intake, heart rate, oxygen saturation, length of hospital stay, intestinal transit time, and postconceptional age at full oral feedings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NNS significantly decreased the length of hospital stay in preterm infants. The review did not reveal a consistent benefit of NNS with respect to other major clinical variables. No negative outcomes were reported in any of the studies.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, 3N25D, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada. pinellij@fhs.mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Symington
mesh_terms: D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007224:Infant Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D017283:Neonatal Nursing; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015430:Weight Gain