title: Impact of hot temperatures on death in London: a time series approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the relation between heat and mortality in London to determine the temperature threshold at which death rates increase and to quantify the effect of extreme temperatures on mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily data on all cause mortality and temperature were obtained for a 21 year period and the relation between them investigated both graphically and by using non-parametric time series methods of analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Greater London.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily mortality counts in Greater London between January 1976 and December 1996.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A plot of the basic mortality-temperature relation suggested that a rise in heat related deaths began at about 19 degrees C. Average temperatures above the 97th centile value of 21.5 degrees C (excluding those days from a 15 day "heatwave" period in 1976) resulted in an increase in deaths of 3.34% (95% CI 2.47% to 4.23%) for every one degree increase in average temperature above this value. It was found that the 1976 heatwave resulted in a particularly large number of deaths in comparison with other hot periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that heat related deaths in London may begin at relatively low temperatures. Hot days occurring in the early part of any year may have a larger effect than those occurring later on; and analysis of separate heatwave periods suggest that episodes of long duration and of highest temperature have the largest mortality effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Shakoor.Hajat@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hajat
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kovats
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haines
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009026:Mortality; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*