title: Fruit and vegetable intakes and the risk of colorectal cancer in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project follow-up cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent findings have cast doubt on the hypothesis that high intakes of fruit and vegetables are associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In a large prospective cohort of women, we examined the association between fruit and vegetable intakes and colorectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1987 and 1989, 45490 women with no history of colorectal cancer satisfactorily completed a 62-item Block-National Cancer Institute food-frequency questionnaire. During 386142 person-years of follow-up, 314 women reported incident colorectal cancer, searches of the National Death Index identified an additional 106 colorectal cancers, and a match with state registries identified another 65 colorectal cancers for a total of 485 cases. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to estimate the relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs in both energy-adjusted and fully adjusted models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In models using the multivariate nutrient-density model of energy adjustment, RRs for increasing quintile of fruit consumption indicated no significant association with colorectal cancer [RR (95% CI)]: 1.00 (reference), 0.94 (0.70, 1.26), 0.85 (0.63, 1.15), 1.07 (0.81, 1.42), and 1.09 (0.82, 1.44). For vegetable consumption, there was also no significant association in the multivariate nutrient-density model with increasing quintiles of consumption: 1.00 (reference), 0.77 (0.58, 1.02), 0.83 (0.63, 1.10), 0.90 (0.69, 1.19), and 0.92 (0.70, 1.22). Additionally, 3 alternative models of energy adjustment showed no significant association between increases in vegetable intake and the risk of colorectal cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the limitations of our study design and data merit consideration, this investigation provides little evidence of an association between fruit and vegetable intakes and colorectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. flooda@exchange.nih.gov
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flood
authors.forename: Ellen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Velie
authors.forename: Nilanjan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaterjee
authors.forename: Amy F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Subar
authors.forename: Frances E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: James V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Lacey
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schairer
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Troisi
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schatzkin
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables