title: Cost analysis of fentanyl and remifentanil in coronary artery bypass graft surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Opiates such as remifentanil have the potential to reduce time to extubation (TTE), shorten length of stay (LOS) and lower hospital costs, because of a short duration of action. However, the cost of remifentanil is approximately ten times higher than longer-acting opiates like fentanyl.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this analysis was to compare TTE, LOS and total hospital costs between patients who received remifentanil and fentanyl during off-pump bypass surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was prospective and observational in design. Consecutive patients who underwent off-pump cardiac bypass surgery and received either remifentanil or fentanyl from September 1998 to August 1999 were screened for study entry. Patient bills and charges were converted to costs using hospital cost-to-charge ratios. The percent of patients' extubated in the operating room (OR), LOS and hospital costs were compared between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The baseline demographics (age: 66 +/- 12 years mean +/- SD; female 36%) and intraoperative variables were similar between the remifentanil (n=39) and fentanyl (n=20) groups. Patients given remifentanil during surgery were significantly more likely to be extubated in the OR than patients given fentanyl (15 vs. 64%; P < 0.001). Mean LOS was similar in both groups (7.3 +/- 3.1 vs. 8.3 +/- 2.7 days; P=0.27). Patients who received remifentanil incurred lower pulmonary function testing ($0 +/- 0 vs. $34 +/- 103; P=0.045), recovery room ($31 +/- 40 vs. $65 +/- 33; P=0.002) and lower ward costs ($3973 +/- 1719 vs. $4808 +/- 1794; P=0.09) than patients who received fentanyl. Anesthesia costs were higher among patients who received remifentanil ($476 +/- 102 vs. $416 +/- 130; P=0.06). Medical and surgical supplies, OR, intensive care unit, laboratory, respiratory therapy, pharmacy, radiology and transfusion costs were similar between the two groups. The total cost was $15 272 +/- 5556 and $15 616 +/- 4169 in the remifentanil and fentanyl groups, respectively (P=0.81).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Remifentanil, when used in off-pump bypass surgery, is associated with an increased likelihood of extubation in the OR. However, LOS and total hospital costs remain unchanged.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA. preddy@harthosp.org
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Feret
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kulicki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Quercia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000191:economics; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000191:economics; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010880:Piperidines / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D005283:Fentanyl