title: Nonbilharzial bladder carcinoma complicating pregnancy: review of the literature.
abstract: The purpose of this review is to evaluate tumor presentation and characteristics, and maternal-fetal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by nonbilharzial bladder carcinoma. The mean age of the patients was 29.5 years (range = 18-40). Symptoms and diagnosis occurred after the first trimester in 20 (83%) and 22 (92%) cases, respectively. Presenting complaints included painless gross hematuria [N = 12 (50%)], vaginal bleeding [N = 7 (29%)], dysuria [N = 2 (8.4%)], abdominal pain [N = 2 (8.4%)], and 1 instance each of urgency, frequency, recurrent cystitis, and no symptoms. Tumors were initially identified by ultrasound [N = 12 (50%)], cystoscopy [N = 11 (46%)], and intravenous urography [N = 1 (4.5%)]. Transitional cell carcinoma was found in 17 (74%), adenocarcinoma in 5 (22%), and squamous cell carcinoma in 1 (4.5%) patient. Tumors did not favor a specific bladder location, tended to be low grade [8 (40%) = grade 1, 7 (35%) = grade 2; 5 (21%) = grade 3], and noninvasive [N = 19 (79%)]. Treatment was typically by transurethral resection (N = 18), but 3 women required radical cystectomy, 2 received radiation, 1 received chemotherapy, and 1 underwent partial cystectomy. Three (14%) women died of their disease and 3 (14%) fetuses were lost because of complications of cancer or its treatment. Bladder carcinoma in pregnancy can mimic cystitis or obstetric hemorrhage and should be considered when evaluations for these conditions are negative. Routine ultrasound evaluation of the bladder in these patients may improve the diagnostic yield. Pregnancy is not a contraindication to treating most forms of bladder cancer.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Family Physicians.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After completion of this article, the reader will be able to list the various types of bladder cancers, to describe the presenting symptoms in a patient with a bladder cancer, and to outline the work up and treatment strategies for bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA. waxj@mmc.org
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wax
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pinette
authors.forename: Jacquelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blackstone
authors.forename: Angelina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cartin
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McCrann
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy