title: p14ARF promoter hypermethylation in plasma DNA as an indicator of disease recurrence in bladder cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several genes are reported to be implicated in bladder carcinogenesis, including p53, p16INK4a, pRb, erbB-2, Cyclin D1, H-ras, EGFR, and c-myc. Gene alterations in plasma DNA identical to those observed within the tumor have been detected in various types of neoplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed loss of heterozygosity in six microsatellite markers (D17S695, D17S654, D13S310, TH2, D9S747, and D9S161), p53 and K-ras mutations, and the promoter status of p14ARF and p16INK4a in the mononuclear normal blood cells, tumor, and plasma DNA of 27 bladder cancer patients. We also studied the distribution of several clinicopathological parameters in these patients in regard to molecular alterations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen (63%) cases displayed the same alteration in plasma and tumor DNA (some patients showed more than one alteration simultaneously). Plasma p14ARF promoter hypermethylation was associated with the presence of multicentric foci (P = 0.03), larger tumors (P = 0.01), and relapse of the disease (P = 0.03). Plasma loss of heterozygosity was also linked to disease recurrence (P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that p14ARF aberrant promoter methylation could be involved in bladder carcinogenesis and that plasma DNA is a potential prognostic marker in urinary bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Clínica Puerta de Hierro, E-28035 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Domínguez
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carballido
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Josefa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Menéndez
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Provencio
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: España
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bonilla
mesh_terms: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D025803:Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF / Q000235:genetics*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D025803:Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53