title: Laparoscopic evaluation of indeterminate renal cysts: long-term follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present our long-term follow-up of patients who have undergone laparoscopic evaluation for their indeterminate renal cysts, specifically reporting those patients who were found to have cystic renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) and assessing the safety and efficacy of the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven patients with indeterminate renal cysts (28 Bosniak category II and 29 Bosniak category III) underwent laparoscopic evaluation between July 1993 and July 2000. A transperitoneal laparoscopic localization and aspiration of the cyst, cytologic analysis, and biopsy of the cyst wall and base were performed. A total of 11 patients were found to have cystic RCC. Patients with malignancy have been followed for a mean of 40 months (range 6-70 months), and five patients had 5 years or more of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients (19% of the total) were found to have cystic RCC. Three of these patients had Bosniak category II cysts, and eight had category III cysts. All tumors were low grade (I or II), and the stages were T1-2, Nx-0, M0. There has been no evidence of laparoscopic port site or renal fossa tumor recurrence, local recurrence, or metastatic disease to date in these patients. There is no cancer-specific mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term follow-up indicates that laparoscopic evaluation of indeterminate renal cysts is not associated with an increased risk of port site or retroperitoneal or peritoneal recurrence of RCC. It may save a patient from undergoing open surgery and should be considered as a diagnostic option for patients with indeterminate renal cysts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Limb
authors.forename: Lyric
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaswick
authors.forename: Gary C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Bellman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D003560:Cysts / Q000473:pathology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*