Early physical and sexual abuse associated with an adverse course of bipolar illness.
BACKGROUND
There is growing awareness of the association between physical and sexual abuse and subsequent development of psychopathology, but little is known, however, about their relationship to the longitudinal course of bipolar disorder.


METHODS
We evaluated 631 outpatients with bipolar I or II disorder for general demographics, a history of physical or sexual abuse as a child or adolescent, course of illness variables, and prior suicide attempts, as well as SCID-derived Axis I and patient endorsed Axis II comorbidity.


RESULTS
Those who endorsed a history of child or adolescent physical or sexual abuse, compared with those who did not, had a history of an earlier onset of bipolar illness, an increased number of Axis I, II, and III comorbid disorders, including drug and alcohol abuse, faster cycling frequencies, a higher rate of suicide attempts, and more psychosocial stressors occurring before the first and most recent affective episode. The retrospectively reported associations of early abuse with a more severe course of illness were validated prospectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Greater appreciation of the association of early traumatic experiences and an adverse course of bipolar illness should lead to preventive and early intervention approaches that may lessen the associated risk of a poor outcome.
Leverich
Gabriele S
GS
Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Outcome Network and the Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, Room 3S 239, Bethesda, MD 20892-1272, USA.
McElroy
Susan L
SL
Suppes
Trisha
T
Keck
Paul E
PE
Denicoff
Kirk D
KD
Nolen
Willem A
WA
Altshuler
Lori L
LL
Rush
A John
AJ
Kupka
Ralph
R
Frye
Mark A
MA
Autio
Karen A
KA
Post
Robert M
RM
D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D013997:Time Factors