title: The production of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 induced by soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in mouse astrocytes is mediated by src tyrosine kinases and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase.
abstract: Severe traumatic brain injury stimulates the release of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) into CSF. Studies in cultured mouse astrocytes suggest that sICAM-1 induces the production of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). In the present study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms for MIP-2 induction. sICAM-1 induced MIP-2 in astrocytes lacking membrane-bound ICAM-1, indicating that its action is due to heterophilic binding to an undescribed receptor rather than homophilic binding to surface ICAM-1. Signal transduction may be mediated by src tyrosine kinases, as the src tyrosine kinase inhibitors herbimycin A and PP2 abolished MIP-2 induction by sICAM-1. Phosphorylation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but not of p38 MAPK, occurred further downstream, as evidenced by western blot analysis combined with the use of herbimycin A and specific MAPK inhibitors. By contrast, induction of MIP-2 by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) involved both p42/44 MAPK and p38 MAPK. Following stimulation with either sICAM-1 or TNF-alpha, astrocyte supernatants promoted chemotaxis of human neutrophils and incubation of these supernatants with anti-MIP-2 antibodies more efficiently suppressed the migration induced by sICAM-1 than by TNF-alpha. These results show that sICAM-1 induces the production of biologically active MIP-2 in astrocytes by heterophilic binding to an undefined receptor and activation of src tyrosine kinases and p42/44 MAPK.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. vivianne-otto@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: Vivianne I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Sergio M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gloor
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frentzel
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gilli
authors.forename: Emerita
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ammann
authors.forename: Andreas E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Folkers
authors.forename: Otmar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Trentz
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kossmann
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Morganti-Kossmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015846:Monokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D015846:Monokines; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases