title: Cephalometric evaluation of facial types in preschool children without sleep-related breathing disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  this study was aimed at characterizing the craniofacial structures, i.e. the facial skeleton, cranial base, dentition, pharyngeal airway space, and the hyoid bone position, in healthy preschool children without sleep-related breathing disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  from lateral cephalometric radiographs taken of 92 children for diagnostic purposes, 45 were selected for the present investigation on the basis of head position, and divided according to the classification of Siriwat and Jarabak (Angle Orthod. 55 (1985) 127) into groups representing counter-clockwise (CC), straight downward (SD), and clockwise (C) facial types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the findings showed that, in comparison with the other groups, CC is associated with larger facial taper and posterior facial height, smaller mandibular line angle, ramus position, lower facial height and cranial base angle. By a similar comparison, C is associated with larger mandibular line, gonial angles and convexity, and with a smaller L-1 to mandibular line angle. There were no significant differences in hyoid bone position among the three groups. However, the distance of the lower pharynx was smaller in CC than in C, while the tongue base of CC was noted to be in a posterior position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  thus, the results indicate that there are significant differences in the madibular position and form among the present three groups of children. It is proposed that the objective of vertical facial control ought to be included in the treatment of preschool children with malocclusion and respiratory disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, FIN-20520, Finland. BZP05305@nifty.ne.jp
authors.forename: Shigeto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peltomäki
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rönning
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000503:physiopathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000503:physiopathology; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*