title: Up-regulation of COX-2 by inhibition of COX-1 in the rat: a key to NSAID-induced gastric injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent study demonstrated that inhibition of both cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 is required for the development of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastric lesions. However, the role of COX-1 or COX-2 inhibition in the pathogenisis of these lesions remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the gastric ulcerogenic properties of selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors in rats and to investigate further the relationship of COX inhibition to various events involved in the process of NSAID-induced gastric lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were given various COX inhibitors p.o., either alone or in combination, and killed 8 h later. Under the treatment, gastric damage, prostaglandin (PG) E2 content, mucosal permeability, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as well as gastric motility were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nonselective COX inhibitor indomethacin inhibited PGE2 production, enhanced gastric motility, and provoked severe lesions in the stomach, with an increase in mucosal permeability and MPO activity. In contrast, the selective COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib did not induce any damage in the stomach and had no effect on mucosal PGE2 content. Similarly, the selective COX-1 inhibitor SC-560 also caused no gastric damage, despite inhibiting PGE2 production. The combined administration of SC-560 and rofecoxib, however, provoked gross damage in the gastric mucosa, in a dose-dependent manner for each drug. SC-560, but not rofecoxib, caused marked gastric hypermotility and an increase in mucosal permeability, although an increase in MPO activity was observed only when rofecoxib was coadministered. The normal gastric mucosa expressed COX-1 mRNA and not COX-2 mRNA, but COX-2 mRNA was expressed in the stomach after administration of SC-560 as well as indomethacin but not rofecoxib.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the gastric ulcerogenic properties of NSAIDs are not accounted for solely by COX-1 inhibition, but require the inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2. The inhibition of COX-1 up- regulates COX-2 expression, and COX-2/PGs may, in turn, counteract the deleterious affects of gastric hypermotility due to COX-1 inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hase
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Komoike
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D013450:Sulfones; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007783:Lactones; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496513:Ptgs1 protein, rat; D015232:Dinoprostone; D007213:Indomethacin