title: Effects of dopamine D4 receptor-selective antagonists on motor hyperactivity in rats with neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism has been repeatedly associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and related personality traits. We recently reported that motor hyperactivity in an animal model of ADHD was dose-dependently reversed by CP-293,019, a D4 receptor-selective antagonist. However, behavioral effects of this agent may not be attributed exclusively to D4 receptor blockade, since it interacts with other sites including serotonin receptors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test further the hypothesis that D4 receptor blockade can reduce motor hyperactivity, behavioral effects of three chemically and pharmacologically dissimilar D4 antagonists were compared to that of ketanserin, a serotonin 5-HT(2A/2C) antagonist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selective dopamine lesions were made in male rats at postnatal day (PD) 5 with intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine (100 microg) after desipramine pretreatment (25 mg/kg, SC) to protect noradrenergic neurons. Effects of D4 receptor-selective antagonists and ketanserin on lesion-induced motor hyperactivity were examined during the periadolescent period (postnatal days 23-26) with an infrared photobeam activity system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The D4 antagonists L-745,870 and U-101,958 dose-dependently inhibited motor hyperactivity in rats with neonatal lesions, whereas S-18126 lacked this effect at doses up to 30 mg/kg. None of these drugs affected motor behavior in sham control rats. In contrast, ketanserin produced apparent sedative effects in both lesioned and intact control rats without normalizing hyperactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Motor hyperactivity in this ADHD model was selectively antagonized by three of four dopamine D4 receptor antagonists evaluated, encouraging clinical assessment of D4 antagonists in patients with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. kz@mclean.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Kehong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Eugen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Davids
authors.forename: Frank I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Tarazi
authors.forename: Ross J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Baldessarini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007650:Ketanserin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D016627:Oxidopamine; D051381:Rats; D044402:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; C493601:Drd4 protein, rat; D044402:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D016627:Oxidopamine; D007650:Ketanserin