title: Human brain tumor cell culture characterization after immunostimulatory gene transfer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Immunogene therapy is a novel cancer treatment strategy based on vaccination with irradiated autologous tumor cells transduced with immunostimulatory genes. To characterize such cells before clinical applications, we studied a human glioma cell line (D54 MG) and early passage human glioma (Ed147.BT, Ed149.BT) and melanoma (Ed141.MEL) cultures after immunostimulatory gene transfer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and B7-2 genes were retrovirally transferred to tumor cells. Gene expression before and after irradiation (200 Gy) was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (GM-CSF, IL-12) and flow cytometry (B7-2). Viability and clonogenicity were determined via trypan blue staining before and after irradiation. Growth rates were determined by serial cell counts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GM-CSF expression was high in GM-CSF-transduced (10.36-162.10 ng/10(6) cells/d preirradiation and 10.22-122.02 ng/10(6) cells/d postirradiation) but lower in B7-2/GM-CSF-transduced cultures (1.41-2.90 ng/10(6) cells/d preirradiation, 1.96-5.02 ng/10(6) cells/d postirradiation). IL-12 expression also was lower (1.30-2.10 ng/10(6) cells/d preirradiation, 0.47-1.70 ng/10(6) cells/d postirradiation). B7-2 expression was high (one- to two-logarithm increase in fluorescence) and unaffected by radiation. Postirradiation viability was initially high (94.20 +/- 8.46%, Day 1) but decreased rapidly (28.13 +/- 4.64%, Day 10). No cultures demonstrated evidence of clonogenicity (i.e., cell division) after 200-Gy irradiation. Growth rates were similar in wild-type and gene-transduced Ed141.MEL, Ed147.BT, and Ed149.BT. However, D54MG-IL-12 growth was slower than that of wild-type D54MG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GM-CSF, IL-12, and B7-2 genes can be transferred to human glioma and melanoma cell cultures efficiently by use of our retroviral vectors. Irradiation (200 Gy) does not significantly alter therapeutic gene expression. Irradiated cells remain viable for several days but cannot undergo further cell division. Early passage culture growth rates are not altered by therapeutic gene expression but are decreased by IL-12 in an immortalized cell line (D54MG). These results suggest that it is feasible to create vaccines with irradiated, autologous, genetically modified brain tumor cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. ifparney@v-wave.com
authors.forename: Ian F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Parney
authors.forename: Maxine A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Farr-Jones
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koshal
authors.forename: Lung-Ji
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Petruk
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed / Q000528:radiation effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000528:radiation effects; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D005910:Glioma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000379:methods*; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D015703:Antigens, CD; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; C497964:CD86 protein, human; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D018664:Interleukin-12; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor