title: Comparison of the antioxidant properties of HYAFF-11p75, AQUACEL and hyaluronan towards reactive oxygen species in vitro.
abstract: In chronic wounds, a number of host factors are released which perpetuate the inflammatory process, including polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide radical (O2*-) and hydroxyl radical (*OH) species. The glycosaminoglycan. hyaluronan, has been shown to act as an antioxidant towards ROS, although the potential for biomaterials, such as HYAFF -11p75 (the 75% benzyl ester of hyaluronan) and AQUACEL (carboxymethylcellulose), to act in this manner has yet to be elucidated. This study compared the antioxidant properties of high and low molecular weight hyaluronan (HMWT HA and LMWT HA), HYAFF -11p75, AQUACEL and an AQUACEL /hyaluronan composite (AQUACEL /HA) against O2*- and *OH. The antioxidant capacities of each material were assessed by their ability to inhibit cytochrome C reduction by O2*- fluxes, generated via the oxidation of hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidase, and their inhibition of 2-deoxy-D-ribose degradation by *OH fluxes, generated by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and iron (Fe2+). All materials studied possessed dose dependent antioxidant properties towards O2*-, with HYAFF 11p75 having the greatest antioxidant potential towards these species, followed by AQUACEL, HMWT HA, AQUACEL /HA and LMWT HA. Only HMWT HA exhibited dose dependent antioxidant properties towards *OH at the fluxes examined. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis implied that ester bonds between the hyaluronan backbone and benzyl groups of HYAFF -11p75 are highly susceptible to O2*- hydrolysis, with the de-esterified benzyl alcohol being rapidly degraded in the presence of *OH. This data supports the hypothesis that HYAFF -11p75 has greater antioxidant capacity towards O2*-, due to the esterified benzyl groups providing alternative sites for O2*- attack other than the hyaluronan backbone of HYAFF -11p75 itself and explains the inability of HYAFF -11p75 to scavenge *OH, due to benzyl alcohol degradation by *OH. The antioxidant activities of these biomaterials, particularly HYAFF -11p75 and AQUACEL, towards O2*- could be beneficial, as the scavenging of PMN-derived O2*- may remove initial sources of O2*- and further prevent the secondary formation of *OH. These ROS are thought to be a primary causal factor for the extensive degradation and metabolic alterations observed in chronic wounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Dental Science, Dental School, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. Moseleyr@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leaver
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Waddington
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: W Y J
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Embery
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001592:Benzyl Alcohols / Q000378:metabolism; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium / Q000737:chemistry*; D002474:Cell-Free System; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D008422:Materials Testing; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001592:Benzyl Alcohols; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C086358:hyaluronic acid benzyl ester; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007501:Iron; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; D010100:Oxygen