title: Augmentation of hypoxia-induced nitric oxide generation in the rat carotid body adapted to chronic hypoxia: an involvement of constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthases.
abstract: Acute hypoxia increases the endogenous release of nitric oxide (NO) in rat carotid body and the expression of nitric oxide synthases is modulated by chronic hypoxia. The aim of the study was to examine hypoxia-induced NO generation in rat carotid body adapted to chronic hypoxia with inspired oxygen at 10% for 4 weeks. The concentration of NO was measured electrochemically with a Pt/Nafion/Pd-IrOx/POAP modified electrode inserted into the isolated carotid body superfused with bicarbonate-buffer saline at 35 degrees C. Acute hypoxia increased the concentration of NO by 471.3+/-71.4 nM in the carotid body of chronically hypoxic (CH) rats. The amount of NO release induced by hypoxia was significantly augmented when compared with that of the normoxic control (87.6+/-15.9 nM). The hypoxia-induced NO generation was markedly attenuated by pretreatment with L- NG-nitroarginine methylester (L-NAME; 500 microM), a non-selective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor and also by removal of extracellular calcium with the calcium chelator EGTA (5 mM). Additionally, NO generation during hypoxia was reduced by 30% in the CH carotid body treated with S-methylisothiourea (SMT; 50 microM), a specific blocker of inducible NOS (iNOS). Immunohistochemical study revealed that positive iNOS protein immunoreactivity was detected in clusters of glomus cells in the carotid bodies of CH rats, but not in the normoxic group. Thus, chronic hypoxia enhances hypoxia-induced NO generation mediated by calcium-dependent NOSs and iNOS in the carotid body. Extracellular recording of sinus nerve activity of CH carotid bodies showed that L-NAME treatment enhanced the afferent discharge in response to hypoxia, confirming that the generation of NO suppresses the activities of carotid chemoreceptors. Taken together, our results suggest that hypoxia-induced NO production increases in the rat carotid body adapted to chronic hypoxia and that constitutive and inducible NOSs are involved in the NO generation. The enhancement of NO generation may play a physiological role in blunting the hypoxic chemosensitivity during chronic hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Jian-Shan
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Tipoe
authors.forename: Peter C W
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Man-Lung
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002344:Carotid Body / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004566:Electrodes; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester