Sulfhydryl binding and topoisomerase inhibition by PCB metabolites.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are highly persistent contaminants in our environment. Their persistence is due to a general resistance to metabolic attack. Lower halogenated PCBs, however, are metabolized to mono- and dihydroxy compounds, and the latter may be further oxidized to quinones with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We have shown that PCB metabolism generates ROS in vitro and in cells in culture and this leads to oxidative DNA damage, like DNA strand breaks and 8-oxo-dG formation. In the present study, we have evaluated the reactivity of PCB metabolites with other nucleophiles, like glutathione (GSH), by assessing (1) quantitative GSH binding in vitro, (2) GSH and thiol (sulfhydryl) depletion in HL-60 cells, (3) the associated cytotoxicity, and (4) the inhibition of topoisomerase II activity in vitro. PCB quinones were found to bind GSH in vitro at a ratio of 1:1.5 and to deplete GSH in HL-60 cells as measured by both spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric methods. By flow cytometry analysis, we confirmed that there was intracellular GSH depletion in HL-60 cells by PCB quinones and this is associated with cytotoxicity. On the other hand, the PCB hydroquinone metabolites did not bind GSH or other thiols within 1 h of exposure. However, by spectral analyses we found that the PCB hydroquinones could be oxidized enzymatically to the quinones, which could then bind GSH. The resulting hydroquinone-glutathione addition product(s) could undergo a second and third cycle of oxidation and GSH addition with the formation of di- and tri-GSH-PCB adducts. The effect of the PCB metabolites was also tested on a sulfhydryl-containing enzyme, topoisomerase II. PCB quinones inhibited topoisomerase II activity while the PCB hydroquinone metabolites did not. Hence, the oxidation of PCB hydroquinone metabolites to quinones in cells followed by the binding of quinones to GSH and to protein sulfhydryl groups and the resulting oxidative stress may be important aspects of the toxicity of these compounds.
Srinivasan
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A
Graduate Center for Toxicology, 306 Health Sciences Research Building, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0305, USA.
Robertson
L W
LW
Ludewig
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G
D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D018922:HL-60 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D011809:Quinones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006873:Hydroquinones; D011809:Quinones; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; D005978:Glutathione