title: Breast-feeding protects against celiac disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Celiac disease, or permanent gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is an immunologic disease strictly dependent on exposure to wheat gluten or related proteins in rye and barley.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to explore whether breast-feeding and the mode of introducing dietary gluten influence the risk of celiac disease in childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based incident case-referent study of Swedish children, 627 cases with celiac disease and 1254 referents, was conducted; 78% of the matched sets were included in the final analyses. A questionnaire was used to assess patterns of food introduction to infants. Models were built, based on current epidemiologic and immunologic knowledge of celiac disease, to study the potential influence of dietary patterns on disease risk and were evaluated by conditional logistic regression in multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of celiac disease was reduced in children aged <2 y if they were still being breast-fed when dietary gluten was introduced [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 0.59; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.83]. This effect was even more pronounced in infants who continued to be breast-fed after dietary gluten was introduced (OR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.51). The risk was greater when gluten was introduced in the diet in large amounts (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.1) than when introduced in small or medium amounts. In older children, these risk factors were of no or only minor importance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The gradual introduction of gluten-containing foods into the diet of infants while they are still being breast-fed reduces the risk of celiac disease in early childhood and probably also during the subsequent childhood period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. anneli.ivarsson@epiph.umu.se
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ivarsson
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hernell
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stenlund
authors.forename: Lars Ake
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Persson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005983:Glutens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D005983:Glutens