title: The estrogen receptor is not essential for all estrogen neuroprotection: new evidence from a new analog.
abstract: We synthesized an estrogen analog, ZYC-5, lacking activity at the classical estrogen receptor and examined its neuroprotective potential against necrosis induced by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and apoptosis/necrosis induced by the NMDA receptor antagonist (+)-3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP). ZYC-5 protected cortical neurons in a dose-dependent manner, and the neuroprotection was more robust than with 17beta-estradiol. The effect of ZYC-5 was not mediated by the classical estrogen receptor, because it was unaffected by the antagonists 4-hydroxytamoxifen and ICI 182,780. The ZYC-5 protection against excitotoxicity was not directly mediated through the NMDA receptor, because there was no effect of ZYC-5 on NMDA current or the intracellular calcium increase induced by NMDA. Results obtained with the free-radical-sensitive dye, dihydroethidium, suggested that the neuroprotection of ZYC-5 was partly related to its radical scavenging properties. Although some of estrogen's neuroprotective effects may depend upon the estrogen receptor, our results suggest the possibility of neuroprotection without hormonal side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Center for the Study of Nervous System Injury, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Shuli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Zu Yun
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Liu Lin
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Thio
authors.forename: Jeong Sook
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim-Han
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Dugan
authors.forename: Douglas F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Covey
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rothman
mesh_terms: D000218:Adamantane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000633:toxicity; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; C462680:ZYC 5; D004958:Estradiol; D000218:Adamantane