title: Homology induction: the use of machine learning to improve sequence similarity searches.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The inference of homology between proteins is a key problem in molecular biology The current best approaches only identify approximately 50% of homologies (with a false positive rate set at 1/1000).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present Homology Induction (HI), a new approach to inferring homology. HI uses machine learning to bootstrap from standard sequence similarity search methods. First a standard method is run, then HI learns rules which are true for sequences of high similarity to the target (assumed homologues) and not true for general sequences, these rules are then used to discriminate sequences in the twilight zone. To learn the rules HI describes the sequences in a novel way based on a bioinformatic knowledge base, and the machine learning method of inductive logic programming. To evaluate HI we used the PDB40D benchmark which lists sequences of known homology but low sequence similarity. We compared the HI methodology with PSI-BLAST alone and found HI performed significantly better. In addition, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that these improvements were robust for all reasonable error costs. The predictive homology rules learnt by HI by can be interpreted biologically to provide insight into conserved features of homologous protein families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HI is a new technique for the detection of remote protein homology--a central bioinformatic problem. HI with PSI-BLAST is shown to outperform PSI-BLAST for all error costs. It is expect that similar improvements would be obtained using HI with any sequence similarity method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, UK. adk@aber.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karwath
authors.forename: Ross D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D030562:Databases, Protein; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020407:Internet; D051379:Mice; D012275:Oryza; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012191:Retroviridae Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016415:Sequence Alignment / Q000379:methods*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012191:Retroviridae Proteins