title: Freeze-drying of tert-butanol/water cosolvent systems: a case report on formation of a friable freeze-dried powder of tobramycin sulfate.
abstract: A case study is presented in which a tert-butanol (TBA)/water cosolvent system was found to be a useful means of producing freeze-dried tobramycin sulfate that readily forms a loose powder upon agitation in a specialized application in which a critical quality attribute is the ability to pour the sterile powder from the vial. Both formulation and processing variables are important in achieving acceptable physical properties of the cake as well as minimizing residual TBA levels. Liquid/liquid phase separation was observed above critical concentrations of both drug and TBA, resulting in a two-layered lyophilized cake with unacceptable appearance, physical properties, and residual TBA levels. However, the choice of tobramycin sulfate and TBA concentrations in the single-phase region of the phase diagram resulted in a lyophilized solid that can readily be poured from vials. Crystallization of TBA before drying is critical to achieving adequately low residual TBA levels, and this is reflected in the effect of thermal history of freezing on residual TBA levels, where rapid freezing results in incomplete crystallization of TBA and relatively high levels of residual solvent. Annealing at a temperature above T'(g) of the system after an initial freezing step significantly reduces the level of residual TBA. Secondary drying, even at increased temperature and for extended times, is not an effective method of reducing residual TBA levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, 1336 Robert Heine Building, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Sakchai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wittaya-Areekul
authors.forename: Gregory F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Needham
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Milton
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Nail
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D005612:Freeze Drying / Q000379:methods; D011208:Powders; D012996:Solutions; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D014031:Tobramycin / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D020002:tert-Butyl Alcohol / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D011208:Powders; D012996:Solutions; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D020002:tert-Butyl Alcohol; D014031:Tobramycin