title: Selenium incorporation into Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells: a study of different incorporation methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of the selenium enrichment protocols in yeast at various points in the cell cycle, total selenium accumulation and the forms of selenium incorporated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of selenized yeast as enriched selenium supplements in human nutrition has become a topic of increasing interest over the last decade. Four enrichment procedures have been evaluated using sodium selenite as the selenium source: enrichment during the growth phase; enrichment at the non-growth phase, both of these at different selenium levels; enrichment by seeding in a fermentable carbon source (glucose); Se-enrichment with a non-fermentable carbon source (glycerol). A nitric acid digestion of the yeast samples prepared under different conditions has been performed in order to evaluate the total selenium incorporated into the yeast cells. Also, an enzymatic digestion of the yeast samples with pepsin has been carried out as an initial step to begin the process of determining which of the different possible selenium species are formed. The cell count evaluations of the selenium-enriched yeast showed that the growth phase, seeding and the use of YEPG media is influenced by the addition of Se, while the non-growth phase is not. Total selenium incorporation studies showed that seeding the yeast permits more accumulation of selenium. Speciation studies of the enriched yeast showed that the growth phase increases the formation of L-Se-methionine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the aim of enriching yeast with selenium is the formation of L-Se-methionine, the best enrichment procedure is using the growth phase with small concentrations of sodium selenite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of selenium supplements is widespread and most of the supplements use selenium-enriched yeast in their formulation. Studies made on supplements do not have the appropriate Se-species for optimal absorption in the human body. This study presents and compares methods for the best selenium yeast enrichment that could ultimately be used in selenium supplement formulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ponce de León
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bayón
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paquin
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Caruso
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003470:Culture Media; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006801:Humans; D009172:Mycology / Q000379:methods; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D012643:Selenium / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D012643:Selenium