title: Association between antidepressant drug use and hyponatraemia: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the risk of, and risk factors for, hyponatraemia associated with the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) compared with the use of other antidepressant drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study of psychiatric in- and out-patients on antidepressant drugs performed in the mid-southern part of The Netherlands over a 2 year period. Cases (n=29) were all using antidepressant drugs with a serum sodium concentration of < or = 130 mmol l(-1) while controls (n=78) were patients on antidepressants with a normal sodium concentration (136-144 mmol l(-1)). Information on blood sodium concentrations was obtained from clinical chemistry data while information on drug use was obtained from community and hospital pharmacy databases. Medical records were used to ascertain possible risk and confounding factors. Unconditional multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios for hyponatraemia in patients on SSRIs compared with patients on other antidepressant drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SSRIs were associated with an increased risk of hyponatraemia (OR 3.3; 95% CI 1.3, 8.6) compared with other classes of antidepressant drugs. Stratified and interaction analyses revealed that elderly patients using diuretics concomitantly with SSRIs were at the highest risk of experiencing hyponatraemia (OR 13.5; 95% CI 1.8, 101).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SSRIs are more frequently associated with hyponatraemia than other classes of antidepressant drugs. This adverse drug reaction was more common in older patients (> or = 65 years) and in those using diuretics.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Pharmacy Midden-Brabant, TweeSteden and St Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands. kmovig@zamb.tsz.nl
authors.forename: Kris L L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Movig
authors.forename: Hubert G M
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Leufkens
authors.forename: Albert W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Lenderink
authors.forename: Veronique G A
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: van den Akker
authors.forename: Paul P G
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Hodiamont
authors.forename: Henk M J
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Goldschmidt
authors.forename: Antoine C G
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Egberts
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors