title: Dairy consumption, obesity, and the insulin resistance syndrome in young adults: the CARDIA Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Components of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS), including obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Although diet has been postulated to influence IRS, the independent effects of dairy consumption on development of this syndrome have not been investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine associations between dairy intake and incidence of IRS, adjusting for confounding lifestyle and dietary factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a population-based prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  General community sample from 4 US metropolitan areas of 3157 black and white adults aged 18 to 30 years who were followed up from 1985-1986 to 1995-1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten-year cumulative incidence of IRS and its association with dairy consumption, measured by diet history interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dairy consumption was inversely associated with the incidence of all IRS components among individuals who were overweight (body mass index > or =25 kg/m(2)) at baseline but not among leaner individuals (body mass index < 25 kg/m(2)). The adjusted odds of developing IRS (2 or more components) were 72% lower (odds ratio, 0.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.58) among overweight individuals in the highest (> or =35 times per week, 24/102 individuals) compared with the lowest (<10 times per week, 85/190 individuals) category of dairy consumption. Each daily occasion of dairy consumption was associated with a 21% lower odds of IRS (odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.88). These associations were similar for blacks and whites and for men and women. Other dietary factors, including macronutrients and micronutrients, did not explain the association between dairy intake and IRS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary patterns characterized by increased dairy consumption have a strong inverse association with IRS among overweight adults and may reduce risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. mark.pereira@tch.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Horn
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Slattery
authors.forename: Alex I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Kartashov
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ludwig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors