title: Analysis and quantification of DNA adducts of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline in liver of rats by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: Liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) was used to measure DNA adducts of the carcinogen 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) with a microbore C-18 reversed-phase column. Quantification of the isomeric adducts N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (dG-C8-MeIQx) and 5-(deoxyguanosin-N(2)-yl)-2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (dG-N(2)-MeIQx) was achieved using synthetic, isotopically labeled internal standards. The reaction of the N-acetoxy ester of 2-(hydroxyamino)-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (HONH-MeIQx) with calf thymus DNA (ct DNA) resulted in formation of these adducts in a ratio of 5:1 (dG-C8-MeIQx:dG-N(2)-MeIQx). The detection limit by LC/ESI-MS/MS in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode ([MH(+) --> MH - 116](+)) (loss of deoxyribose) approached 500 fg (1 fmol) of adduct standard, and 1 adduct per 10(8) DNA bases using 100 microg of DNA following solid-phase extraction. The SRM analysis of rat liver DNA 24 h after an oral dose of MeIQx (10 and 0.5 mg/kg) revealed the presence of isomeric dG-MeIQx adducts at levels of 3.07 +/- 0.84 and 0.45 +/- 0.27 adducts per 10(7) bases, respectively. LC/ESI-MS/MS product ion spectra were acquired on both adducts from the elevated dose of MeIQx for unambiguous adduct identification. The contribution of dG-N(2)-MeIQx to the total adducts in vivo was significantly more important than that observed in vitro. dG-C8-MeIQx was the principal adduct formed at the 10 mg/kg dose, (dG-C8-MeIQx:dG-N(2)-MeIQx (3:2)); however, dG-N(2)-MeIQx was the major lesion detected at the 0.5 mg/kg dose (dG-C8-MeIQx:dG-N(2)-MeIQx 1:10). The striking differences between the relative amounts of dG-C8-MeIQx and dG-N(2)-MeIQx formed in vivo as a function of dose suggest that reactive esters of HONH-MeIQx other than N-acetoxy-MeIQx may be formed in vivo and react preferentially with the N(2) atom of guanine, or that dG-C8-MeIQx is removed at a significantly more rapid rate than dG-N(2)-MeIQx. The dG-N(2)-MeIQx adduct, previously thought to be a minor adduct, is likely to be an important contributor to the genotoxic damage of MeIQx.
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paehler
authors.forename: Janique
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Richoz
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soglia
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vouros
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Turesky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000032:analysis* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D018736:DNA Adducts; D011810:Quinoxalines; C036990:2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline; D004247:DNA