title: Clinical and laboratory features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Pakistani patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the clinico-pathological features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Pakistani patients at the time of presentation in the four teaching hospitals of Rawalpindi-Islamabad area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Immunology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi, Military Hospital (MH), Rawalpindi, Armed Forces Institute of Urology (AFIU), Rawalpindi, Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Rawalpindi, Department of Rheumatology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients suffering from SLE, diagnosed on the basis of the ARA criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinico-pathological features at the time of presentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve male patients in age range 5-30 years (mean 21.6 years) and 38 female patients in age range 8-37 years (mean 22.2 years) were included in the study, showing a female to male ratio of 3:1. Fever was the most common presenting feature (100%), followed by arthralgias/arthritis (98%), malar rash (64%) and oral ulcers (58%). Laboratory results showed antinuclear antibody to be positive in all patients followed by anti double stranded DNA antibodies (anti DNA antibodies: 64%), anti extractable nuclear antigen antibodies (anti ENA antibodies: 64%) and evidence of complement consumption in 64% of the patients. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) was found to be increased with a mean of 64 mm first hour fall in males and a mean of 87 mm first hour fall in the female patients. The C reactive protein was detected to be normal or marginally increased inspite of the increased ESR with mean of 7 mg/l for male patients and 5 mg/1 for the females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The subject patient population presented almost universally with fever and arthralgias or arthritis in combination with malar rash or oral ulcers and in some patients a combination of all of the above was observed. A combination of positive anti nuclear antibody test, evidence for consumption of the complement in form of low C4 and C3, increased ESR and low C reactive protein were found to be a sensitive and cost effective set of laboratory findings for the diagnosis of patients suffering from SLE. The above mentioned set of clinical and laboratory features would help in the correct and early diagnosis of patients suffering from SLE, a relatively rare disease, in the busy medical out patient departments in our set up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Military Hospital (MH), Rawalpindi.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ikram
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farooqui
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haleem
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bashir
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moin
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Karamat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan