title: A case-control study of the association between socio-demographic, lifestyle and medical history factors and multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains poorly understood. Socio-demographic characteristics may play important roles in its development.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study of MS, a total of 200 newly diagnosed MS patients and 202 frequency age- and sex-matched controls were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A direct and significant association was observed between cigarette smoking and the risk of MS. Higher education seemed to reduce the risk of MS. Contact with cats was inversely associated with MS, particularly in males, whereas contact with caged birds increased the risk significantly, especially in females. A strong family aggregation of MS was observed among cases. A past history of trauma and eye problems appeared to pose a high risk of MS. Cases had a significant family history of eye problems, mumps, measles, rubella, cancer and auto-immune diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If smoking and history of certain infectious diseases increase the risk of MS significantly, they could be modified and avoided, thereby reducing the likelihood of being afflicted by MS.
authors.affiliation: Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal-Hôtel-Dieu, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Research Centre, Sainte Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC. parviz.ghadirian@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghadirian
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dadgostar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Azani
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maisonneuve
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires