title: The Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS): a new research instrument for assessing the common cold.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a sensitive, reliable, responsive, easy-to-use instrument for assessing the severity and functional impact of the common cold.
  
  
  METHODS
  We created an illness-specific health-related quality-of-life outcomes instrument. This original questionnaire was used in a 1999 randomized trial of echinacea for the common cold. In 2000 we used cognitive interview and focus group qualitative methods to further develop the instrument. Semistructured interviews used open-ended questions to elicit symptoms, terminology, and perceived functional impact. Responses were used to improve the instrument.
  
  
  METHODS
  The randomized trial watched 142 University of Wisconsin students for a total of 953 days of illness. The subsequent qualitative instrument development project recruited 74 adults with self-diagnosed colds for 56 in-person interviews and 3 focus groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured specific symptoms, symptom clusters (dimensions), functional impact, and global severity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The original questionnaire included 20 questions: a global severity indicator, 15 symptom-severity items using 9-point severity scales, and 4 yes/no functional assessments. Data from the trial provided evidence of 4 underlying dimensions: nasal, throat, cough, and fever and aches, with reliability coefficients of 0.663, 0.668, 0.794, and 0.753, respectively. Qualitative assessments from the interviews and focus groups led us to expand from 15 to 32 symptom-specific items and from 4 to 10 functional impairment items. The original 9-point severity scale was revised to 7 points. Two global severity questions bring the item count to 44. The instrument fits comfortably on the front and back of a single sheet of paper.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS) is ready for formal validity testing or practical use in common cold research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Locken
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maberry
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwamman
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bobula
authors.forename: Ellyn A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Stauffacher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003139:Common Cold / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014922:Wisconsin