title: Expression of the hMSH6 mismatch-repair protein in colon cancer and HeLa cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  10 to 15% of human colon cancers are associated with an inherited or somatic defect of the DNA Mismatch Repair (MMR) system, which has evolved to correct biosynthetic errors such as nucleotide mis-incorporations or misalignments arising during DNA replication in the S phase of the cell-cycle. Although expression of the MMR genes was expected to be cell-cycle dependent, we and others observed that the MMR proteins hMSH2 and hMLH1 are expressed constitutively in proliferating cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we extend our observations to another essential MMR protein, hMSH6. We used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression pattern of this protein in human colorectal mucosa and tumours, as well as in synchronised HeLa-S3 cells, in which we analysed its steady-state levels during the cell-cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that the immunohistochemical pattern of expression of hMSH6 in normal colorectal crypts and in colon cancers differs significantly from that of the other MMR proteins, with a much lower percentage of replicating cells being hMSH6-positive. This implies that hMSH6 could be cell-cycle regulated. In order to test this hypothesis in a model system, we synchronised HeLa-S3 cells with mitotic shake-off and found that the hMSH6 protein was detectable throughout the cell-cycle, but that its steady-state level increased when cells progressed from G1 to S-phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase of hMSH6 steadystate level when cells enter S-phase was expected, since MMR acts during DNA replication. However, the overall low level of oscillations of hMSH6 during the cell-cycle in this cellular model apparently does not fit the immunohistochemical phenotype. We believe that this discrepancy is due to the fact that human cell lines proliferate at a much higher rate than normal and neoplastic colorectal cells in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Radiobiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klingler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hemmerle
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bannwart
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haider
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cattaruzza
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marra
mesh_terms: D020137:Base Pair Mismatch; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004260:DNA Repair; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C094443:G-T mismatch-binding protein; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein