title: A chemically modified tetracycline (CMT-3) is a new antifungal agent.
abstract: Several chemically modified tetracycline analogs (CMTs), which were chemically modified to eliminate their antibacterial efficacy, were unexpectedly found to have antifungal properties. Of 10 CMTs screened in vitro, all exhibited antifungal activities, although their efficacies varied. Among these compounds, CMT-315, -3, and -308 were found to be the most potent as antifungal agents. The MICs of CMT-3 against 47 strains of fungi in vitro were determined by using amphotericin B (AMB) and doxycycline as positive and negative controls, respectively. The MICs of CMT-3 were generally found to be between 0.25 and 8.00 microg/ml, a range that approximates the blood levels of this drug when administrated orally to humans. Of all the yeast species tested to date, Candida albicans showed the greatest sensitivity to CMT-3. The filamentous species most susceptible to CMT-3 were found to be Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum gypseum, Pseudallescheria boydii, a Penicillium sp., Scedosporium apiospermum, a Tricothecium sp., and Trichophyton rubrum. Growth inhibition of C. albicans by CMT-3, determined by a turbidity assay, indicated a 50% inhibitory concentration of 1 microg/ml. Thirty-nine strains, including 20 yeasts and 19 molds, were used to measure viability (the ability to grow after treatment with a drug) inhibition by CMT-3 and AMB. CMT-3 exhibited fungicidal activity against most of these fungi, especially the filamentous fungi. Eighty-four percent (16 of 19) of the filamentous fungi tested showed more than 90% inhibition of viability by CMT-3. In contrast, AMB showed fungicidal activity against all yeasts tested. However, most of the filamentous fungi (16 of 19) showed less than 50% inhibition of viability by AMB, indicating that AMB is fungistatic against most of these filamentous fungi. To begin to identify the sites in fungal cells affected by CMT-3, C. albicans and a Penicillium sp. were incubated with the compound at 35 degrees C, and then the fluorescence of CMT-3 was observed by confocal laser scanning electron microscopy. CMT-3 appeared to have widespread intracellular distribution throughout C. albicans and the Penicillium sp. The mechanisms of the antifungal activity of CMT-3 are now being explored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Hsi-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sanford
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tortora
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lauzon
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Lorne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Golub
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013754:Tetracyclines / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D013754:Tetracyclines; C117155:tetracycline CMT-3; D000666:Amphotericin B