title: Magnetic resonance urography in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction and spinal dysraphism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the reliability of magnetic resonance urography (MRU) using heavily T2-weighted very fast spin-echo sequences in imaging the upper urinary tract in patients with spinal dysraphism and neuropathic bladder dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with neuropathic bladder dysfunction secondary to spinal dysraphism may have gross spinal deformity, which makes assessing the urinary tract extremely difficult by ultrasonography or intravenous urography. The study included 50 patients (median age 33 years, range 19-52) with a median (range) Cobb's angle of 60 (0-240) degrees. No contrast medium was given but all patients received 20 mg of intramuscular frusemide 20-30 min before MRU.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five patients had previous ultrasonography, during which only 42 kidneys and no ureters were visible. Of the 94 renal tracts, MRU visualized all kidneys and 86 (89%) ureters. There was good agreement amongst observers on assessing the kidneys and pelvicalyceal systems (kappa > or = 0.61) but only moderate agreement on evaluating the ureters (kappa < or = 0.61). There was disagreement on normality vs renal parenchymal scarring in 14 (15%) kidneys, about no dilatation vs dilatation of the pelvicalyceal system in 14 (15%) systems and about no dilatation vs dilatation of the ureter in 20 (22%) ureters. The overall quality of the MRU images was rated highly, with a mean (range) score of 4.6 (3-5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRU provides a reliable noninvasive technique for imaging the upper tract in patients who were previously difficult to investigate.
authors.affiliation: Princess Royal Spinal Injuries Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Shipstone
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Darwent
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Morcos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000150:complications*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000473:pathology*; D014567:Urography / Q000379:methods