title: Physical correlates of the ultrasonic reflectivity of lipid dispersions suitable as diagnostic contrast agents.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the physical basis of ultrasound (US) reflectivity of echogenic lipid dispersions. These dispersions were made using a process previously described involving sonication of the lipid in water, addition of mannitol, freezing, lyophilization and rehydration. The component lipids were egg phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol and cholesterol in a molar ratio of 69:8:8:15. Ultrasound reflectivity, as assessed with a 20-MHz intravascular US catheter and analyzed using computer-assisted videodensitometry, was found to be sensitive to variations in ambient pressure; echogenicity was greatly reduced by exposure to 0.5 atm vacuum for 10 s or 1.5 atm pressure for 10 s. Pressure changes of the magnitude that obtain in the arterial circulation had little effect on echogenicity. Vacuum treatment resulted in the release of approximately 100 microL air from a standard preparation of 10 mg lipid in 1 mL. Maximum ultrasonic reflectivity required the presence of 0.1-0.2 mol/L mannitol during the lyophilization step; mere addition of mannitol to the lipid lyophilized in the absence of mannitol produced nonreflective dispersions. Inclusion of sodium phosphate or other electrolytes reduced echogenicity. High echogenicity was associated with the presence of large-volume freeze-dried cakes and fusion of liposomes (which led to a 10 times increase in liposome diameters) during freezing before lyophilization. Lyophilization from water led to liposome fusion, but the cakes were small and US reflectivity was weak. Lyophilization from solutions of cryoprotectants such as trehalose produced large cakes, but little liposome fusion and also led to weak US reflectivity. Filtration through defined pores revealed that approximately 50% of the echogenicity originated from particles smaller than 1 microm and about 2/3 from particles smaller than 3 microm. These results indicate that lyophilization from 0.2 mol/L mannitol solution generates a disrupted array of lipid bilayers that, upon rehydration, fuse and trap small amounts of air distributed among liposome-size particles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
authors.forename: Shao-Ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pozharski
authors.forename: Ashwin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagaraj
authors.forename: Melvin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Klegerman
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D000399:Air Pressure; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D005612:Freeze Drying; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008353:Mannitol / Q000737:chemistry*; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014743:Videotape Recording
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D008055:Lipids; D008081:Liposomes; D008353:Mannitol