title: Molecular tools for study of genomic and rapid signal transduction responses initiated by 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3).
abstract: The steroid hormone 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) [1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)] mediates through its widely distributed nuclear receptor (VDR(nuc)) regulation of gene transcription (genomic responses) and through a putative membrane receptor (VDR(mem)) a variety of rapid responses. Rapid responses studied in our laboratories include opening of voltage-gated calcium and chloride channels in ROS 17/2.8 osteoblast cells, activation of MAP-kinase in human leukemia NB4 cells and chick intestinal cells, release of insulin by rat pancreatic beta-cells, and in chick duodena transcaltachia (the rapid hormonal stimulation of intestinal Ca(2+) transport). 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) is conformationally flexible (side chain, seco B-ring and A-ring) and accordingly is able to generate a large array of different shapes to serve as ligands for available receptors (VDR(nuc) and VDR(mem)) in the vitamin D endocrine system. Our laboratories have utilized a number of conformationally restricted analogs of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) (from a library of several hundred analogs) to evaluate the preferred shape of the ligands for rapid and genomic responses. The determination of the X-ray structure of the 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)-occupied VDR(nuc) revealed that the preferred ligand shape was a twisted 6-s-trans bowl shape [Molecular Cell 5 (2000) 173-179]. Optimal agonists for genomic responses include 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and other side chain conformationally flexible analogs such as 20-epi-1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) [approximately equal to 200-500-fold more potent than 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)] and 21-(3'-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) [an analog with two side chains] all which can achieve the preferred VDR(nuc) shape. In contrast, rapid responses require a 6-s-cis shape of the agonist ligand such as can be achieved by the natural hormone 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) or by analogs permanently locked in the 6-s-cis shape such as 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)lumisterol(3) or 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)-7-dehydrocholesterol. Additionally, we have discovered analogs that are specific in their antagonist properties for either rapid or genomic responses. Thus, 1 beta,25(OH)(2)D(3) is an antagonist of only rapid responses [via the VDR(mem)], while 23S-25-dehydro-1 alpha,25(OH)D(3)-26,23-lactone is an antagonist of only nuclear responses [via the VDR(nuc)]. In conclusion, we have presented evidence that 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) mediated rapid response and genomic response signal transduction pathways utilize differing shapes of ligand, both as agonists and antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Anthony.Norman@ucr.eu
authors.forename: Anthony W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: June E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Craig M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bula
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Olivera
authors.forename: Mathew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Mizwicki
authors.forename: Laura P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Zanello
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Okamura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D006801:Humans; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C116441:2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; C465239:23-25-dehydro-1,25(OH)D(3)-26,23-lactone; D007783:Lactones; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014807:Vitamin D