title: Role of Yersinia murine toxin in survival of Yersinia pestis in the midgut of the flea vector.
abstract: Transmission by flea bite is a relatively recent adaptation that distinguishes Yersinia pestis, the plague bacillus, from closely related enteric bacteria. Here, a plasmid-encoded phospholipase D (PLD), previously characterized as Yersinia murine toxin (Ymt), was shown to be required for survival of Y. pestis in the midgut of its principal vector, the rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis. Intracellular PLD activity appeared to protect Y. pestis from a cytotoxic digestion product of blood plasma in the flea gut. By enabling colonization of the flea midgut, acquisition of this PLD may have precipitated the transition of Y. pestis to obligate arthropod-borne transmission.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA. jhinnebusch@niaid.nih.gov
authors.forename: B Joseph
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hinnebusch
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cherepanov
authors.forename: Jack E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Tom G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Schwan
authors.forename: Ake
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forsberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004064:Digestive System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D009154:Mutation; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D010930:Plague / Q000635:transmission; D010957:Plasmids; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D005423:Siphonaptera / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D013104:Spheroplasts / Q000502:physiology; D015010:Yersinia pestis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D010739:Phospholipase D