title: Transperineal sonography guided biopsy of the prostate: critical review of 1107 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the predictive value for a positive biopsy of different indicators (rectal examination, transrectal ultrasonography, total PSA, PSA density).
  
  
  METHODS
  Positive predictive value was assessed on 1107 consecutive US-guided transperineal biopsies performed from 1991 to 2001 (cancer=344, dysplasia (PIN)=64, atypical hyperplasia=4, benign hyperplasia=686, inadequate=9) with univariate and multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing age (chi square for trend 52.2, p <0.001), positive rectal examination (chi square 233, df=1, p<0.001) or ultrasonography (chi square 191, df=1, p<0.001), total PSA (chi square for trend 68.9, p<0.001) and PSA density (cutoff 0.15, chi square 104, df=1, p<0.001; cutoff 0.20, chi square 104, df=1, p<0,001) were all significantly associated to the likelihood of a positive biopsy outcome. Multivariate analysis stresses the independent role of Psa density over total PSA. If the parameters studied had determined the biopsy, spared benign biopsies [positive rectal examination=505 (66%), positive ultrasonography=467 (61%), PSA>4=124 (16%), PSA>10=159 (74%), PSA density >0,15=426 (62%), PSA density >0.20=517 (75%)] would not have justified the amount of delayed cancer biopsies [positive rectal examination=103 (29%), positive ultrasonography=55 (15%), PSA>4=42 (12%), PSA>10=569 (46%), PSA density >0,15=73 (25%), PSA density >0,20=107 (37%)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The parameters currently available prior to biopsy, if used alone, allow no reliable prediction of biopsy outcome. Positive predictive value, particularly for PSA density, allows a better evaluation of biopsy indication, particularly for random sextant biopsies in the 4-10 ng/ml PSA range, which are frequently negative.
authors.affiliation: Centro per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy. s.ciatto@cspo.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ciatto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bonardi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gervasi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Lollo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Crocetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zappa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010173:Palpation; D010502:Perineum; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen