title: Renal outcome in type 2 diabetic patients with or without coexisting nondiabetic nephropathies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the risk factors for adverse renal outcome in type 2 diabetic patients who underwent renal biopsy and were followed-up longitudinally.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 68 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes during the period of 1985-1999 who underwent renal biopsy for proteinuria > or =1 g/day, renal involvement (proteinuria or renal impairment) at the absence of retinopathy, renal involvement with duration of diabetes < 5 years, or unexplained hematuria of glomerular origin. Their clinical features and underlying renal lesion were correlated with the renal outcome after longitudinal follow-up. Three groups of patients were defined based on their renal pathology: group I consisted of 24 patients (35%) with diabetic glomerulosclerosis (DGS) alone, group II consisted of 13 patients (19%) with nondiabetic nephropathy (NDN) superimposed on DGS, and group III consisted of 31 patients (46%) with NDN alone without evidence of DGS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a mean follow-up of 123 months from the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (74 months from the time of renal biopsy), univariate analysis showed that risk factors for reaching end-stage renal disease (requiring maintenance dialysis, or a serum creatinine [SCr] > or =700 micromol/l) included proteinuria > or = 2g/day (P = 0.0087), SCr >120 micromol/l (P = 0.0005), presence of retinopathy (P < 0.00001) at the time of biopsy, and biopsy showing DGS (groups I and II) (P = 0.035). On multivariate analysis, retinopathy was the only independent variable correlated with end-stage renal failure. This study also showed that the association of hematuria or proteinuria with the absence of retinopathy constitutes the strongest indication for a nondiabetic lesion (positive predictive values of 94%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing renal biopsy constitute a heterogeneous group by their clinical presentations and underlying pathology, but longitudinal studies on the renal outcome of these patients remain limited. Our study showed that renal biopsy is indicated in selective diabetic patients because of potentially treatable nephropathy and of a better prognosis than DGS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China. wgteresa@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Teresa Yuk Hwa
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Paul Cheung Lung
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Chun Cheuk
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Szeto
authors.forename: Ka Fai
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: To
authors.forename: Nelson Leung Sang
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Anthony Wing Hung
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Philip Kam Tao
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Fernand Mac-Moune
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine