title: [T4 rectal carcinoma. Surgical and multimodal therapy].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In locally advanced rectal cancer with infiltration of neighbouring organs (uT4), resectability and local control are difficult to achieve. Combined preoperative radiochemotherapy may result in increased resectability and reduced local recurrence rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four patients with biopsy-proven locally advanced rectal cancer were treated by preoperative radiochemotherapy. All tumours had been staged as uT4 lesions by endorectal ultrasound or computed tomography. Radiotherapy was applied in standard blocks, 5 x 1.8 Gy up to 45 Gy. Chemotherapy consisted of two cycles of 5-fluorouracil (300-350 mg/m2/day) and leucovorin (50 mg). In 20 patients, additional thermotherapy was carried out using the Sigma 60 applicator BSD 2000 once a week prior to radiotherapy. Surgery was performed 4-6 weeks after radiochemotherapy. Postoperatively, all patients received four cycles of 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment-induced toxicity occurred in 26% of the patients (WHO grade III (n = 6) and IV (n = 3)). The resectability rate was 76% (26/34 patients) (R0 resectability n = 21; 62%). The pathological complete response rate was 6% (n = 2) and the partial response rate was 47% (n = 16). A local failure was observed in six patients after median time of 16 months (range 7-36 months). Patients with R0 resection achieved a 5-year disease-free survival rate of 55% and a survival rate of 71%. The overall 5-year survival rate for all patients with advanced uT4 rectal cancer was 49%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data on preoperative combined treatment in locally advanced T4 rectal cancer revealed encouraging downstaging, local control, and survival rates.
authors.affiliation: Robert-Rössle-Klinik, Charité, Campus Buch im Helios-Klinikum Berlin, 13122 Berlin.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rau
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hohenberger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gellermann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hünerbein
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Riess
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wust
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Schlag
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015996:Survival Rate