title: Alternative approaches to the medical management of angina pectoris: acupuncture, electrical nerve stimulation, and spinal cord stimulation.
abstract: Complementary or alternative modalities of medical treatment have been gaining attention as primary or supplementary therapies in cardiovascular disease pain management. However, definitive research in these areas has been limited by the inability to perform placebo-controlled trials when evaluating these treatments. Preliminary studies have suggested a possible benefit from acupuncture, electrical nerve stimulation, and spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of patients with angina pectoris and coronary artery disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mamtani
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Frishman
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D000529:Complementary Therapies; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications; D059408:Pain Management; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; D016896:Treatment Outcome