title: External and iatrogenic trauma of the urinary bladder: a survey in Poland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess incidence of urinary bladder injuries (frequently associated with pelvic trauma and often iatrogenic) in Poland.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records and details of urinary bladder injuries treated between 1995 and 1999 were analysed for 61 urological departments in Poland.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 5-year period 512 patients had urinary bladder injuries; in 210 (41%) the injury was caused by a road traffic accident, in eight (2%) by compression (crushing injury) within the limits of the pelvic bones, in 40 (8%) by a fall from a height, in three by a gunshot wound and in the remaining 251 (49%) the injury was iatrogenic. Among the 261 bladder injuries that were not iatrogenic, 41 (16%) were associated with pelvic bone trauma. In 36 patients there was simultaneous injury of the urinary bladder and posterior urethra, constituting 14% of such injuries and 7% of all trauma cases. The iatrogenic injuries were in 98 patients (39%) in urological departments, in 130 (52%) women in gynaecological departments and in 23 (9%) on surgical wards. The injury was open in 102 patients (20%) and closed in 372 (73%); there was bladder contusion in 38 patients (7%). The injuries were intraperitoneal in 225 patients (44%) and extraperitoneal in 287 (56%). For diagnosis, abdominal ultrasonography was used in 455 (89%) patients, intravenous pyelography in 266 (52%), cystography in 388 (76%) and computed tomography in 15 (3%). The delay between trauma and diagnosis was 0.5-124 h. Surgical treatment of the injury comprised a monolayer suture of the bladder wall in 51 patients (10%), a two-layered suture in 461 (90%), perivesical drainage in 468 (91%) and inspection of the peritoneal cavity in 232 (45%). The mean (range) interval between diagnosis and treatment was 14 (7-70) days. Seven patients died after the treatment failed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almost half the patients had iatrogenic injuries, of which over half occurred in gynaecological and maternity wards. Thus it is important teach the basic range of urological operations to trainee doctors. The commonest diagnostic method was not ascending cystography but ultrasonography; we recommend ascending cystography be used with at least two views after filling the urinary bladder with approximately 300 mL of contrast medium, with an additional film after emptying the contrast medium. In patients with pelvic bone trauma it is reasonable to use spiral computed tomography with virtual analysis before surgery. A two-layered suture of the bladder wall with perivesical drainage should be used.
authors.affiliation: Department and Clinic of Urology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 31-531 Kracow, Grzegorzecka st 18, Poland. zdobrowol@psk.cm-uj.krakow.pl
authors.forename: Z F
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Dobrowolski
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lipczyñski
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Drewniak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jakubik
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kusionowicz
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000453:epidemiology; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000453:epidemiology