title: Supercritical fluid extraction of lycopene from tomato processing byproducts.
abstract: Tomato seeds and skins acquired from the byproduct of a local tomato processing facility were studied for supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of phytochemicals. The extracts were analyzed for lycopene, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and delta-tocopherol content using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection and compared to a chemically extracted control. SFEs were carried out using CO(2) at seven temperatures (32-86 degrees C) and six pressures (13.78-48.26 MPa). The effect of CO(2) flow rate and volume also was investigated. The results indicated that the percentage of lycopene extracted increased with elevated temperature and pressure until a maximum recovery of 38.8% was reached at 86 degrees C and 34.47 MPa, after which the amount of lycopene extracted decreased. Conditions for the optimum extraction of lycopene from 3 g of raw material were determined to be 86 degrees C, 34.47 MPa, and 500 mL of CO(2) at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min. These conditions resulted in the extraction of 61.0% of the lycopene (7.19 microg lycopene/g).
authors.affiliation: Center for Enhancing Foods to Protect Health, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Rozzi
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Vierling
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Watkins
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000379:methods; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling; D000077276:Lycopene; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D018514:Plant Structures / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000032:analysis; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000032:analysis; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; C041635:alpha-carotene; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D000077276:Lycopene