title: Long-term survival and competing causes of death in patients with early-stage Hodgkin's disease treated at age 50 or younger.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the long-term survival and the pattern and timing of excess mortality in patients with early-stage Hodgkin's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1969 and 1997, 1,080 patients age 50 or younger were treated for clinical stage IA to IIB Hodgkin's disease. Overall survival was determined, and prognostic factors were assessed. Relative risk and absolute excess risk (AR) of mortality were calculated for the entire cohort and by prognostic groups (on the basis of B symptoms, mediastinal status, and number of sites, modified from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up was 12 years. The 15- and 20-year Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were 84% and 78%, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models showed that number of involved sites (P =.006), mediastinal status (P =.02), and histology (P =.02) were independent predictors of death from all causes. The AR of mortality in patients with a favorable prognosis increased over time, whereas for those with an unfavorable prognosis, the AR peaked in the first 5 years, predominantly from Hodgkin's disease. The relative risk of mortality from all causes, causes other than Hodgkin's disease, second tumors, and cardiac disease remained significantly elevated more than 20 years after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients treated for early-stage Hodgkin's disease have a sustained excess mortality risk despite good control of the disease. Treatment reduction efforts in patients with early-stage, favorable-prognosis disease should continue, but for patients with an unfavorable prognosis, modified treatment may not be advisable. The excess mortality noted beyond two decades underscores the importance of long-term follow-up care in patients treated for Hodgkin's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: M Patricia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.forename: Edie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: Kendall H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Backstrand
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Karen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Tarbell
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Friedberg
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Canellos
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Mauch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017741:Survivors