title: Principles for the justification of public health intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this paper is to discuss principles relevant to ethical deliberation in public health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conceptual analysis and literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four principles are identified: The Harm Principle, The Principle of Least Restrictive Means, The Reciprocity Principle, and The Transparency Principle. Two examples of how the principles are applied in practice are provided.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The paper illustrates how clinical ethics is not an appropriate model for public health ethics and argues that the type of reasoning involved in public health ethics may be at potential variance from that of empirical science. Further research and debate on the appropriate ethics for public health are required.
authors.affiliation: Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Primary Care Research Unit, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5. rupshur@idirect.com
authors.forename: R E G
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Upshur
mesh_terms: D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control; D004782:Environmental Health / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D026689:Ethical Analysis / Q000379:methods; D028663:Ethical Theory; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D006801:Humans; D015980:Public Health Practice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*