title: Quantitative PCR monitoring of the effect of azoxystrobin treatments on Mycosphaerella graminicola epidemics in the field.
abstract: Quantitative PCR and visual monitoring of Mycosphaerella graminicola epidemics were performed to investigate the effect of curative and preventative applications of azoxystrobin in wheat field crops. A non-systemic protectant and a systemic curative fungicide, chlorothalonil and epoxiconazole, respectively, were used as references. PCR diagnosis detected leaf infection by M graminicola 3 weeks before symptom appearance, thereby allowing a clear distinction between curative and preventative treatments. When applied 1 week after the beginning of infection, azoxystrobin curative activity was intermediate between chlorothalonil (low effect) and epoxiconazole. When applied preventatively, none of the fungicides completely prevented leaf infection. There was some indication that azoxystrobin preventative treatments may delay fungal DNA increase more than epoxiconazole at the beginning of leaf infection. Both curative and preventative treatments increased the time lapse between the earliest PCR detection and the measurement of a 10% necrotic leaf area. Azoxystrobin only slightly decreased the speed of necrotic area increase compared with epoxiconazole. Hence, azoxystrobin activity toward M graminicola mainly resides in lengthening the time lapse between the earliest PCR detection and the measurement of a 10% necrotic leaf area. Information generated in this way is useful for optimal positioning of azoxystrobin treatments on M graminicola.
authors.affiliation: INRA Centre de Recherches Agronomiques de Rennes, UMR BiO3P, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu, France.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rohel
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laurent
authors.forename: Bart A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fraaije
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cavelier
authors.forename: Derek W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hollomon
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000633:toxicity*; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity; D008689:Methacrylates; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000633:toxicity*; D000073739:Strobilurins; D013997:Time Factors; D014230:Triazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D014908:Triticum / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D008689:Methacrylates; D009570:Nitriles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D000073739:Strobilurins; D014230:Triazoles; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile; C087670:azoxystrobin; C109476:epoxiconazole