title: Effects of difluoromethylornithine on growth inhibition and apoptosis in human cervical epithelial and cancerous cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Difluoromethylornithine(DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase and an angiogenesis inhibitor, has been used in phase I cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) trials, producing a 50% regression of CIN 3 lesions. DFMO is currently in phase II trials. In the experiments reported here, DFMO's growth inhibition and apoptosis induction were explored in an in vitro model to elucidate mechanisms of action.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four immortalized cervical epithelial cell lines, serving as in vitro models of precancerous CIN lesions, and nine cervical carcinoma cell lines were studied. DFMO's growth inhibitory effect was tested in monolayer culture and in semisolid medium, and concentrations required for a 50% growth inhibition (IC(50)) with a 5-day treatment were determined. Apoptosis induction was analyzed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay of DNA fragmentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DFMO inhibited growth of immortalized cervical epithelial cell lines and cervical cancer cell lines in monolayer culture and in semisolid medium. The immortalized cervical epithelial cell lines were more sensitive than the cervical cancer cell lines to DFMO's growth inhibitory effect. Concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition after a 5-day treatment ranged from 100 microM to >5 mM for cervical carcinoma cell lines and from 100 microM to 1 mM for immortalized cervical epithelial cell lines. DFMO induced apoptosis in precancerous and cancerous cell lines at a concentration of 5 mM, regardless of the cells' human papillomavirus status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DFMO inhibits the growth of cervical precancerous and cancerous cells in vitro in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, partially through inducing apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Changping
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Anne-Thérèse
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Vlastos
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishioka
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Follen
mesh_terms: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D000518:Eflornithine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D000518:Eflornithine