title: Risk factors for elevated HIV incidence rates among female injection drug users in Vancouver.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 1997, we found a higher prevalence of HIV among female than among male injection drug users in Vancouver. Factors associated with HIV incidence among women in this setting were unknown. In the present study, we sought to compare HIV incidence rates among male and female injection drug users in Vancouver and to compare factors associated with HIV seroconversion.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis was based on 939 participants recruited between May 1996 and December 2000 who were seronegative at enrolment with at least one follow-up visit completed, and who were studied prospectively until March 2001. Incidence rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify independent predictors of time to HIV seroconversion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As of March 2001, seroconversion had occurred in 110 of 939 participants (64 men, 46 women), yielding a cumulative incidence rate of HIV at 48 months of 13.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 11.0%-15.8%). Incidence was higher among women than among men (16.6% v. 11.7%, p = 0.074). Multivariate analysis of the female participants' practices revealed injecting cocaine once or more per day compared with injecting less than once per day (adjusted relative risk [RR] 2.6, 95% CI 1.4-4.8), requiring help injecting compared with not requiring such assistance (adjusted RR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-3.8), having unsafe sex with a regular partner compared with not having unsafe sex with a regular partner (adjusted RR 2.9, 95% CI 0.9-9.5) and having an HIV-positive sex partner compared with not having an HIV-positive sex partner (adjusted RR 2.7, 95% CI 1.0-7.7) to be independent predictors of time to HIV seroconversion. Among male participants, injecting cocaine once or more per day compared with injecting less than once per day (adjusted RR 3.3, 95% CI 1.9-5.6), self-reporting identification as an Aboriginal compared with not self-reporting identification as an Aboriginal (adjusted RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-4.2) and borrowing needles compared with not borrowing needles (adjusted RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.4) were independent predictors of HIV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV incidence rates among female injection drug users in Vancouver are about 40% higher than those of male injection drug users. Different risk factors for seroconversion for women as opposed to men suggest that sex-specific prevention initiatives are urgently required.
authors.affiliation: British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver.
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Spittal
authors.forename: Kevin J P
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Craib
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Laliberté
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Tyndall
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: O'Shaughnessy
authors.forename: Martin T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Schechter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011336:Probability; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population