title: Combined effects of chemical, heat and ultrasound treatments to kill Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on alfalfa seeds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of combined treatments with chemicals, heat and ultrasound in killing or removing Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on alfalfa seeds intended for sprout production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alfalfa seeds inoculated with Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 were treated with ultrasound (38.5-40.5 kHz) in solutions containing 1% Ca(OH)(2), 1% Tween 80, 1% Ca(OH)(2) plus 1% Tween 80, 160 microg ml(-1) Tsunami 200 and 0.5% Fit at 23 and 55 degrees C for 2 and 5 min. Highest reductions were in chemical solutions at 55 degrees C, but seed viability was also reduced compared with treatment at 23 degrees C. Inactivation of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 was generally enhanced by simultaneous treatments with ultrasound, chemicals and heat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound treatment, in combination with chemicals and heat, had a modest enhancing effect on the effectiveness of chemicals in killing or removing pathogens on alfalfa seeds. Overall, treatment with 1% Ca(OH)(2) was most effective in killing Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of 1% Ca(OH)(2) instead of 20,000 microg ml(-1) chlorine, which is currently recommended as a sanitizer for seeds intended for sprout production in the US, should be considered. Ultrasound treatment of alfalfa seeds containing Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7, in combination with chemical treatment, contributes to achieving greater reductions in populations of these pathogens, thereby reducing the risk of contamination and the presence of pathogens in sprouts produced from these seeds.
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, 30223-1797, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Scouten
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Beuchat
mesh_terms: D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D000455:Medicago sativa / Q000382:microbiology*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D012639:Seeds / Q000382:microbiology*; D013010:Sonication
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide