title: Biofilm formation by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: strain variability, outer membrane antigen expression and role of pili.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is an important cause of otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infection in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Several lines of evidence suggest that the bacterium grows as a biofilm in the human respiratory tract.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen clinical isolates from middle ear fluid of children with otitis media and 15 isolates from sputum of adults with COPD were studied in an in vitro assay of biofilm formation. Striking variability among isolates was observed in their ability to form biofilms. Analysis of cell envelopes revealed minimal differences in banding patterns in polyacrylamide gels, alteration of expression of an epitope on lipooligosaccharide, and preservation of expression of selected epitopes on outer membrane proteins P2, P5 and P6 in biofilms compared to planktonically grown cells. A pilus-deficient variant showed a marked impairment in biofilm formation compared to its isogenic parent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nontypeable H. influenzae forms biofilms in vitro. Clinical isolates show substantial variability in their ability to grow as biofilms. Three major outer membrane proteins (P2, P5 and P6) are expressed during growth as a biofilm. Expression of lipooligosaccharide is altered during growth as a biofilm compared to planktonic growth. Pili are important in biofilm formation. As the role of biofilms in human infection becomes better defined, characterization of biofilms may be important in understanding the pathogenesis of infection and immune response to nontypeable H. influenzae in children with otitis media and adults with COPD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, USA. murphyt@acsu.buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Timothy F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Charmaine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirkham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism*; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002455:Cell Division; D002648:Child; D010861:Fimbriae, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology*; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000382:microbiology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000382:microbiology; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins