title: Community study of the relative impact of HIV-1 and HIV-2 on intrathoracic tuberculosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-1 infection is associated with an increased incidence of and mortality from tuberculosis. Few community studies have examined the effect of HIV-2 on tuberculosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the association between HIV-1, HIV-2 and active tuberculosis in four districts (population 42 709) in Bissau, capital of Guinea-Bissau, with the highest known seroprevalence of HIV-2 infection in the world. From May 1996 to June 1998, tuberculosis surveillance and active case finding among contacts was conducted. Patients were HIV-tested, given specific tuberculosis treatment for 8 months and followed regarding mortality. Simultaneously, an HIV sero-survey was performed in a random sample of 1748 permanent residents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a 25-month period, 366 tuberculosis cases were identified. After excluding cases among visitors to the area, and adjusting for age, the incidence of tuberculosis was 18.3 times higher (95% CI 12.9-26.0) among HIV-1-positive individuals, 13.7 times higher (9.0-20.7) among dually infected (HIV-1 and HIV-2), and 3.0 times higher (2.1-4.3) among HIV-2-infected compared with HIV-negative individuals. HIV-1 and dually infected tuberculosis patients had a higher mortality rate than HIV-negative tuberculosis patients [mortality ratio (MR) 2.68; CI 1.11-6.48 and 2.89; CI 1.13-7.39, respectively]. The survival of HIV-2-positive tuberculosis patients was similar to that of HIV-negative tuberculosis patients (MR 1.19; CI 0.46-3.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of HIV-2 infection increases the incidence of tuberculosis compared with that in non-HIV-infected individuals, but does not affect tuberculosis-related mortality in the short term. In contrast, the presence of HIV-1 infection, alone or with HIV-2, has a several-fold greater impact on both the incidence of and mortality from tuberculosis.
authors.affiliation: Projecto de Saúde Bandim, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
authors.forename: Rémonie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seng
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: Victor F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Cesaltina S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rabna
authors.forename: Olav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larouzé
authors.forename: Renée
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Norberg
authors.forename: Ida M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Lisse
authors.forename: Badara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Samb
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006169:Guinea-Bissau / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015497:HIV-1; D015498:HIV-2; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents