SETDB1: a novel KAP-1-associated histone H3, lysine 9-specific methyltransferase that contributes to HP1-mediated silencing of euchromatic genes by KRAB zinc-finger proteins.
Posttranslational modification of histones has emerged as a key regulatory signal in eukaryotic gene expression. Recent genetic and biochemical studies link H3-lysine 9 (H3-K9) methylation to HP1-mediated heterochromatin formation and gene silencing. However, the mechanisms that target and coordinate these activities to specific genes is poorly understood. Here we report that the KAP-1 corepressor for the KRAB-ZFP superfamily of transcriptional silencers binds to SETDB1, a novel SET domain protein with histone H3-K9-specific methyltransferase activity. Although acetylation and phosphorylation of the H3 N-terminal tail profoundly affect the efficiency of H3-K9 methylation by SETDB1, we found that methylation of H3-K4 does not affect SETDB1-mediated methylation of H3-K9. In vitro methylation of the N-terminal tail of histone H3 by SETDB1 is sufficient to enhance the binding of HP1 proteins, which requires both an intact chromodomain and chromoshadow domain. Indirect immunofluoresence staining of interphase nuclei localized SETDB1 predominantly in euchromatic regions that overlap with HP1 staining in nonpericentromeric regions of chromatin. Moreover, KAP-1, SETDB1, H3-MeK9, and HP1 are enriched at promoter sequences of a euchromatic gene silenced by the KRAB-KAP-1 repression system. Thus, KAP-1 is a molecular scaffold that is targeted by KRAB-ZFPs to specific loci and coordinates both histone methylation and the deposition of HP1 proteins to silence gene expression.
Schultz
David C
DC
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. dcs17@po.cwru.edu
Ayyanathan
Kasirajan
K
Negorev
Dmitri
D
Maul
Gerd G
GG
Rauscher
Frank J
FJ
D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D000090266:Chromobox Protein Homolog 5; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D022041:Euchromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D020868:Gene Silencing / Q000502:physiology*; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000378:metabolism; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008745:Methylation; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D011496:Protein Methyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000076183:Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 28; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques; D016335:Zinc Fingers
D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D022041:Euchromatin; D006657:Histones; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C422407:ZNF350 protein, human; D000090266:Chromobox Protein Homolog 5; D011496:Protein Methyltransferases; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase; C454062:SETDB1 protein, human; C101116:TRIM28 protein, human; C103190:Trim28 protein, mouse; D000076183:Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 28; D008239:Lysine