title: Dietary antioxidants, supplements, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.
abstract: Several studies of dietary and serum antioxidant micronutrients (vitamins A, C, and E and beta-carotene) suggest that higher levels may be protective for ovarian cancer. None of these has examined supplements. We used a food frequency questionnaire and additional questions on supplements to study 168 histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer cases, 159 community controls, and 92 hospital-based controls. Antioxidant consumption from diet or supplements was calculated in milligrams or international units per day. In multivariate analyses using only community controls, the highest levels of intake of vitamins C and E from supplements were protective: odds ratio (OR) = 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.21-0.78] and OR = 0.33 (95% CI = 0.18-0.60), respectively. Consumption of antioxidants from diet was unrelated to risk. In analyses combining antioxidant intake from diet and supplements, vitamins C (> 363 mg/day) and E (> 75 mg/day) were associated with reduced risks: OR = 0.45 (95% CI = 0.22-0.91) and OR = 0.44 (95% CI = 0.21-0.94), respectively. Results were similar, with some attenuation toward the null, in analyses combining both control groups. The levels of vitamins C and E associated with the protective effect were well above the current US Recommended Dietary Allowances. These findings support the hypothesis that antioxidant vitamins C and E from supplements are related to a reduced risk of ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Epidemiology, CB 7435, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Fleischauer
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mignone
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harlap
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014810:Vitamin E; D001205:Ascorbic Acid