title: Effect of hypoxia on calcium influx and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase activity in cortical neuronal nuclei of the guinea pig fetus during development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to investigate the effect of hypoxia on calcium (Ca(++)) influx and Ca(++)-calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase IV (CaM kinase IV) activity in the neuronal nuclei of the guinea pig fetal cerebral cortex during development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preterm and term pregnant guinea pigs (n = 61) were exposed to either 21% or 7% oxygen for 60 minutes. Hypoxia in the fetal cerebral cortical tissue was documented by determining the tissue concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine. Fetal cerebral cortical neuronal nuclei were isolated and purified, and ATP-dependent Ca(++) influx and CaM kinase activity were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypoxia resulted in increased neuronal intranuclear (45)Ca(++) influx for 2 minutes from 6.65 +/- 1.29 pmol/mg protein to 9.07 +/- 1.98 pmol/mg protein (P <.05) in preterm and from 6.65 +/- 1.63 pmol/mg protein to 11.26 +/- 1.79 pmol/mg protein (P <.05) in term fetuses. The hypoxia-induced (45)Ca(++) influx was significantly higher (P <.05) in the term than in the preterm fetuses. Hypoxia resulted in increased CaM kinase IV activity from 383.7 +/- 53.3 pmol/mg/min protein to 451.6 +/- 59.5 pmol/mg/min protein (P <.05) in the preterm and from 364.6 +/- 109.7 pmol/mg/min protein to 487.0 +/- 43.3 pmol/mg/min protein (P < 0.05) in term fetuses. No significant difference was observed in CaM kinase IV activity between the preterm and the term groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cerebral hypoxia increases calcium influx and CaM kinase IV activity in the cortical neuronal nuclei of the guinea pig fetal brain during development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.
authors.forename: Dev
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maulik
authors.forename: Qazi M
authors.initials: QM
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.forename: Om P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delivoria-Papadopoulos
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000196:embryology* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D010725:Phosphocreatine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D010100:Oxygen; D002118:Calcium