title: The Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Symptom Questionnaire: psychometric evaluation during a discontinuation program in depressed chronic benzodiazepine users in general practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Symptom Questionnaire (BWSQ, Tyrer et al. 1990) has been developed to measure distinct features of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. However, psychometric evaluations of this questionnaire are scarce. AIMS, SETTING: To evaluate the BWSQ during a discontinuation program carried out by general practitioners in 230 depressed chronic benzodiazepine users.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliability coefficients during the program were between 0.84 and 0.88 and the test-retest correlations were between 0.75 and 0.88 during withdrawal. Mean scores of the BWSQ during withdrawal differentiated between completers and failures (p = 0.036). The factor structure underlying the items consisted of perceptual and sensory disturbances, dysphoric mood, muscular pain and memory loss. Low scores during the last phase of tapering off predicted no, or limited, use of benzodiazepines in the first years following discontinuation (p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found the BWSQ to measure symptoms during benzodiazepine withdrawal in a reliable way. Our findings indicate some construct validity for BWSQ. Low scores during withdrawal predict more limited future use of benzodiazepines.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Zeist, The Netherlands. jaap.e.couvee@gsk.com
authors.forename: Jaap E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Couvée
authors.forename: Frans G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Zitman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005194:Family Practice / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines