title: A cross-sectional study of early identification of postpartum depression: implications for primary care providers from The Ontario Mother & Infant Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This survey's objective was to provide planning information by examining utilization patterns, health outcomes and costs associated with existing practices in the management of postpartum women and their infants. In particular, this paper looks at a subgroup of women who score >or= 12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Survey (EPDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The design is cross-sectional with follow-up at four weeks after postpartum hospital discharge. Five Ontario hospitals, chosen for their varied size, practice characteristics, and geographic location, provided the setting for the study. The subjects were 875 women who had uncomplicated vaginal deliveries of live singleton infants. The main outcome measures were the EPDS, the Duke UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire and the Health and Social Services Utilization Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EPDS scores of >or= 12 were found in 4.3 to 15.2% of otherwise healthy women. None of these women were being treated for postpartum depression. Best predictors of an EPDS score of >or= 12 were lack: of confident support, lack of affective support, household income of <20,000 dollars, wanting to stay in hospital longer, identification of learning needs while in hospital, self-identified care needs for an emotional/mental health problem that have not been met and mother's rating of own and baby's health as fair or poor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary care physicians, midwives, and public health nurses need to screen for depression at every opportunity early in the postpartum period. A mother's expression of undue concern about her own or her baby's health may be predictive of postpartum depression. Flexible, mother-focused support from community providers may decrease the prevalence of postpartum depression.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. wattms@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sword
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sheehan
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support