title: Thermometric determination of cartilage matrix temperatures during thermal chondroplasty: comparison of bipolar and monopolar radiofrequency devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare cartilage matrix temperatures between monopolar radiofrequency energy (mRFE) and bipolar RFE (bRFE) at 3 depths under the articular surface during thermal chondroplasty. We hypothesized that cartilage temperatures would be higher at all cartilage depths for the bRFE device than for the mRFE device.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized trial using bovine cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty osteochondral sections from the femoropatellar joint of 15 adult cattle were used for this study. Using a custom jig, fluoroptic thermometry probes were placed at one of the following depths under the articular surface: 200 microm, 500 microm, or 2,000 microm. RF treatment was performed either with fluid flow (F) (120 mL/min) or without fluid flow (NF) (n = 5/depth/RFE device/flow; total specimens, 60). Irrigation fluid temperature was room temperature (22 degrees C). Thermometry data were acquired at 4 Hz for 5 seconds with the RF probe off, for 20 seconds with the RF probe on, and then for 15 seconds with the RF probe off. During RF treatment, a 0.79-cm2 area (1.0-cm diameter) of the articular surface centered over the thermometry probe was treated in a paintbrush manner in noncontact (bRFE) or light contact (mRFE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thermal chondroplasty with bRFE resulted in higher cartilage matrix temperatures compared with mRFE for all depths and regardless of fluid flow. Bipolar RFE resulted in temperatures of 95 degrees C to 100 degrees C at 200 microm and 500 microm under the surface, with temperatures of 75 degrees C to 78 degrees C at 2,000 microm. Fluid flow during bRFE application had no effect at 200 microm. Monopolar RFE resulted in temperatures of 61 degrees C to 68 degrees C at 200 microm, 54 degrees C to 70 degrees C at 500 microm under the surface, and 28 degrees C to 30 degrees C at 2,000 microm below the surface. A significant effect of fluid flow during mRFE application occurred at 200 microm (NF, 61 degrees C; F, 63 degrees C) and 500 microm (NF, 53 degrees C; F, 68 degrees C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we found significant differences between bRFE and a temperature-controlled mRFE device with regard to depth of thermal heating of cartilage in vitro. Bipolar RFE resulted in matrix temperatures high enough (>70 degrees C) to kill cells as deep as 2,000 microm under the articular surface. Fluid flow during thermal chondroplasty had the effect of significantly increasing cartilage matrix temperatures at 200 and 500 microm with the mRFE device. During thermal chondroplasty, bRFE creates greater matrix temperature elevations at equivalent depths and treatment duration than does mRFE. Excessive temperatures generated deep within the cartilage matrix could cause full-thickness chondrocyte death, in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1102, USA.
authors.forename: Ryland B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Markel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D001831:Body Temperature; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002417:Cattle; D023421:Models, Animal; D011897:Random Allocation; D013817:Thermography