title: High intensity focused ultrasound as noninvasive therapy for multilocal renal cell carcinoma: case study and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Noninvasive tumor ablation can be achieved by extracorporeally induced high intensity focused ultrasound. Clinical high intensity focused ultrasound performed to date for renal tumors have only been experimental in nature. We present specific details on a patient with renal cell carcinoma who underwent high intensity focused ultrasound with curative intent and long-term followup examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasound waves were generated by a cylindrical piezoelectric element focused by a paraboloid reflector. High intensity focused ultrasound was applied to 3 tumors in 3 sessions with the patient under general anesthesia or sedation analgesia, followed by magnetic resonance imaging for 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After treatment magnetic resonance imaging showed necrosis in the 2 tumors in the lower kidney pole within 17 and 48 days, respectively. The necrotic tumor area shrank thereafter within 6 months. The tumor in the upper pole was not affected by treatment due to absorption of the ultrasound energy by the interposed ribs. General anesthesia was required to apply high energy levels of focused ultrasound. Absorption of high intensity focused ultrasound in the tissue induced sharply demarcated thermonecrosis. For 50 years patients have been treated with high intensity focused ultrasound for different indications, focusing on the brain, eyes, prostate, liver and bladder. For the kidney experimental but only few clinical studies indicate sufficient tissue ablation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our case contactless noninvasive application of high intensity focused ultrasound to 2 renal carcinomas achieved thermal ablation. When high intensity focused ultrasound energy was coupled correctly, no lesions occurred outside of the target area. Successful high intensity focused ultrasound application depended on optimum energy coupling, a sufficiently high ultrasound energy level and general anesthesia.
authors: Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors: Kai Uwe
authors: KU
authors: Köhrmann
authors: Maurice Stephan
authors: MS
authors: Michel
authors: Jochen
authors: J
authors: Gaa
authors: Ernst
authors: E
authors: Marlinghaus
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Alken
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation