title: Follow-up of clinical stage I testicular cancer patients: cost and risk benefit considerations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regardless of the way it is managed, a high cure rate has been achieved for recurrent low-stage testicular cancer. Achieving a balance between survival and the patient's inconvenience and expense during follow-up, has therefore become an important issue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognoses and recurrence patterns were investigated in 39 patients with stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis (NSGCT), and 82 patients with stage I seminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis (SGCT), who underwent high orchiectomy between 1970 and 1997 at our institution. We considered the cost benefits and the risks by reviewing our results together with other reported results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with clinical stage I NSGCT under surveillance showed no progression later than 4 years after orchiectomy. The ability to detect progression using chest X-ray alone appeared very low. There was no infradiaphragmatic recurrence after adjuvant radiotherapy for patients with stage I SGCT. Only two of 204 patients showed progression, which included eight of our patients who underwent two cycles of adjuvant carboplatin therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four years of intensive follow-up is probably sufficient for patients with stage I NSGCT under surveillance, and routine chest X-rays may be required only during the first year of surveillance. The benefit of using adjuvant radiotherapy for patients with stage I SGCT is that we could remove abdominal and pelvic CT scans from the routine follow-up protocol. Randomized trials will clarify whether the adjuvant carboplatin therapy is less toxic, provides better prognosis and is more cost-effective than adjuvant radiotherapy.
authors: Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. kakehi@kms.ac.jp
authors: Yoshiyuki
authors: Y
authors: Kakehi
authors: Toshiyuki
authors: T
authors: Kamoto
authors: Mutsushi
authors: M
authors: Kawakita
authors: Osamu
authors: O
authors: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018237:Germinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009919:Orchiectomy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000473:pathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016190:Carboplatin