title: The role of approximate entropy in predicting ventricular defibrillation threshold.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of myocardial tissue mass on ventricular defibrillation threshold (DFT) is unclear. We hypothesized that changes in tissue mass modulate DFT by changing ventricular fibrillation (VF) wavefront regularity (entropy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The right ventricles (RV) of seven farm pigs were isolated, superfused and perfused through the right coronary artery with oxygenated Tyrode's solution at 37 degrees C. The epicardial surface was stained with the voltage sensitive dye, di-4-ANEPPS, and activation wavefront numbers (AWN) during VF were determined from the optical maps using a CCD camera (96 x 96 pixels over a 3.5 x 3.5 cm area). The RV mass was progressively reduced by sequential cutting of 1 to 2 g of tissue (approximately 12 cuts in total) distal to the perfusion site. After each cut, VF was reinduced, optical maps obtained, and the 50% probability of successful DFT(50) determined using an up-down algorithm. After each cut, the approximate entropy (ApEn) was also computed using 5 seconds of VF data obtained with a bipolar electrode and a pseudo-electrocardiogram. Tissue mass reduction of up to one third of the RV mass (ie, from 48.4 +/- 4.25 g to 34 +/- 4.7 g) caused little or no change in the DFT, ApEn or AWN. However, further progressive reduction of the RV mass near the critical mass of VF resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) progressive decrease in all three measured parameters. DFT energy was reduced by 27% (1.47 +/- 0.34 J vs. 1.02 +/- 0.14 J). There was a significant (P < 0.01) correlation between the DFT and ApEn, which significantly further increased (P < 0.001) near the critical mass. In a separate series of 6 isolated RVs, the ApEn correlated well with the Kolmogorov-Sinai (K-S) entropy, the standard method of calculating entropy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tissue mass reduction significantly reduces DFT when the mass reduction increases VF wavefront regularity.
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Hamzei
authors: Toshihiko
authors: T
authors: Ohara
authors: Young-Hoon
authors: YH
authors: Kim
authors: Moon-Hyoung
authors: MH
authors: Lee
authors: Olga
authors: O
authors: Voroshilovski
authors: Shien-Fong
authors: SF
authors: Lin
authors: James N
authors: JN
authors: Weiss
authors: Peng-Sheng
authors: PS
authors: Chen
authors: Hrayr S
authors: HS
authors: Karagueuzian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001699:Biometry; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D019277:Entropy; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D013552:Swine; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right