title: Host systemic and local nitric oxide levels do not correlate with rejection of pig proislet xenografts in mice.
abstract: The rejection of pig proislet xenografts in mice is a CD4 T cell-dependent process in which macrophages play an important role. To assess the potential for activated macrophages to act as effector cells in xenograft destruction, we have examined the relationship between proislet xenograft rejection, two principal markers of macrophage activation, transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and production of nitric oxide (NO), and their temporal relationship to intragraft cytokine gene expression. Xenograft rejection in CBA/H mice correlated with early induction of intragraft host iNOS mRNA and marked intragraft production of NO (reactive nitrogen intermediates, RNI). Intragraft mRNA expression for IFN-gamma, IL-1beta and TNF, cytokines associated with macrophage activation, was also found. These findings suggested that activated macrophages could be contributing to xenograft destruction via local NO-mediated toxicity at the graft site. To test the role of NO in this model: (1) Q-fever antigen (QFA) was administered to recipient mice in order to induce high systemic RNI levels and (2) in another experiment, pig proislets were transplanted into iNOS-/- mice. Treatment with QFA correlated with prolonged xenograft survival at 7 days post-transplant. Splenocytes from QFA-treated, but not control mice at 7 and 22 days post-transplant, exhibited inhibition of secondary xenogeneic mouse antiporcine mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) that was reversed by culture with the NOS inhibitor N-methylarginine (NMA). Despite continued elevated NO production, xenograft protection was temporary with complete rejection by day 22. Evidence that locally produced NO was not contributing to rejection was seen when pig proislets transplanted into iNOS-/- mice were rejected with normal kinetics; in these animals intragraft NO production was not detected (despite porcine iNOS gene expression). Failure of activated macrophages to achieve indefinite xenograft survival suggests that other factors are also required. Macrophage potential to effect either destructive or protective roles after pig proislet xenotransplantation suggests that such functions may depend on the site and magnitude of macrophage activation. Together these findings clearly demonstrate that high NO levels in the periphery are not damaging to xenogeneic islet tissue, neither host nor donor NO production is essential for islet xenograft rejection and consequently elevated plasma RNI levels do not represent a direct marker for rejection.
authors: Division of Molecular Medicine and Immunology and Cell Biology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Canberra, Australia. Charmaine.Simeonovic@anu.edu.au
authors: Charmaine J
authors: CJ
authors: Simeonovic
authors: Damien V
authors: DV
authors: Cordery
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Van Leeuwen
authors: Sarah K
authors: SK
authors: Popp
authors: Michelle J
authors: MJ
authors: Townsend
authors: Michelle F
authors: MF
authors: Paule
authors: J Dennis
authors: JD
authors: Wilson
authors: William B
authors: WB
authors: Cowden
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D016332:Fetal Tissue Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse