title: Hemoglobin levels, cardiovascular disease, and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic kidney disease. Case study of the anemic patient.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Anemia, a well-defined risk factor for cardiovascular disease, has been shown to contribute to the development of angina pectoris, ischemic events, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Data indicate that these cardiovascular-related disorders are often ameliorated or reversed in patients who maintain hemoglobin (Hb) levels in the 11 to 12 g/dL range recommended by NKF-K/DOQI. Conversely, Hb levels below 11 g/dL result in an increase in cardiovascular disorders and a 2.9-fold increased risk of death. Nephrology nurses should understand the interplay between Hb levels and cardiovascular disease, and how their efforts to maintain Hb levels > or = 11 g/dL can positively affect patient outcomes.
authors: Fresenius Medical Care North America, Lexington, MA, USA.
authors: Karen G
authors: KG
authors: Butler
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins