title: High physical work load and low job satisfaction increase the risk of sickness absence due to low back pain: results of a prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether physical and psychosocial load at work influence sickness absence due to low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research was a part of the study on musculoskeletal disorders, absenteeism, stress, and health (SMASH), a 3 year prospective cohort study on risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders. Workers from 21 companies located throughout The Netherlands participated in the part of this study on sickness absence due to low back pain. The study population consisted of 732 workers with no sickness absences of 3 days or longer due to low back pain in the 3 months before the baseline survey and complete data on the reasons for absences during the follow up period. The mean (range) period of follow up in this group was 37 (7-44) months. Physical load at work was assessed by analyses of video recordings. Baseline information on psychosocial work characteristics was obtained by a questionnaire. Data on sickness absence were collected from company records. The main outcome measure was the rate of sickness absences of 3 days or longer due to low back pain during the follow up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment of the work related physical and psychosocial factors for each other and for other potential determinants, significant rate ratios ranging from 2.0 to 3.2 were found for trunk flexion, trunk rotation, lifting, and low job satisfaction. A dose-response relation was found for trunk flexion, but not for trunk rotation or lifting. Non-significant rate ratios of about 1.4 were found for low supervisor support and low coworker support. Quantitative job demands, conflicting demands, decision authority, and skill discretion showed no relation with sickness absence due to low back pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flexion and rotation of the trunk, lifting, and low job satisfaction are risk factors for sickness absence due to low back pain. Some indications of a relation between low social support, either from supervisors or coworkers, and sickness absence due to low back pain are also present.
authors: TNO Work and Employment, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands.
authors: W E
authors: WE
authors: Hoogendoorn
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Bongers
authors: H C W
authors: HC
authors: de Vet
authors: G A M
authors: GA
authors: Ariëns
authors: W
authors: W
authors: van Mechelen
authors: L M
authors: LM
authors: Bouter
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016526:Workload