Firearm availability and female homicide victimization rates among 25 populous high-income countries.
OBJECTIVE
to determine the association between firearm availability and female homicide victimization among high-income countries.


METHODS
Data were assembled for the most recent available year (1994-1999) from the official reports of the ministries of health for those countries that had more than 2 million inhabitants and were dassified as high income by the World Bank. Twenty-five nations provided sufficient information for the analysis. Rates of female victimization from homicide, firearm homicide, and nonfirearm homicide were compared with a validated proxy for household firearm ownership (the percentage of total national suicides that are committed with firearms). Possible confounding variables included in the analysis were the percentage of the population living in urban areas and income inequality.


RESULTS
The United States is an outlier. It had the highest level of household firearm ownership and the highest female homicide rate. The United States accounted for 32% of the female population in these high-income countries, but for 70% of all female homicides and 84% of all female firearm homicides. Female homicide victimization rates were significantly associated with firearm availability largely because of the United States.


CONCLUSIONS
Among high-income countries, where firearms are more available, more women are homicide victims. Women in the United States are at higher risk of homicide victimization than are women in any other high-income country.
Hemenway
David
D
Harvard Injury Control Research Center, Harvard School of Public Health, USA.
Shinoda-Tagawa
Tomoko
T
Miller
Matthew
M
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019548:Crime Victims; D005260:Female; D005389:Firearms / Q000191:economics*; D014943:Global Health; D006708:Homicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007182:Income; D008875:Middle Aged; D010067:Ownership; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology