title: Intraoperative ultrasound reduces ECMO catheter malposition requiring surgical correction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One hundred ninety-three cannulation procedures for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) have been performed at the authors' institution from 1994 to now. Before 1996, their practice had been to position these catheters exclusively by clinical assessment and chest radiograph. Since then, the authors have utilized intraoperative ultrasound guidance during cannulation procedures to confirm proper tip position. This retrospective analysis was undertaken to establish whether this practice has reduced the rate of surgical repositioning of ECMO catheters in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed for all infants who underwent ECMO cannulation procedures at the authors' institution. Numbers of infants requiring surgery to readjust ECMO catheter position were totaled. Cases were categorized according to the presence or absence of intraoperative ultrasound scan. Statistical significance was determined using X(2) analysis, Student's t test, or analysis of variance where appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 193 ECMO cannulations performed. Of the 101 procedures done without ultrasound scan, 18 necessitated surgical repositioning. In contrast, only 3 of the 92 catheters placed with ultrasound assistance required reoperation. This represents a reduction the rate of repositioning from 17.8% to 3.3% of cannulations (P =.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these findings, the authors advocate the use of intraoperative ultrasound imaging to optimize the position of ECMO catheters. This high rate of initial success helps avoid the potential morbidity of ECMO circuit malfunction, repeat neck dissection, and catheter manipulation in these critically ill, anticoagulated patients.
authors: Wilmington, Delaware and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors: Keith A
authors: KA
authors: Kuenzler
authors: L Grier
authors: LG
authors: Arthur
authors: Andrew E
authors: AE
authors: Burchard
authors: Stephen T
authors: ST
authors: Lawless
authors: Philip J
authors: PJ
authors: Wolfson
authors: Stephen G
authors: SG
authors: Murphy
mesh_terms: D004452:Echocardiography; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies