title: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin for pancreatic cancer: from the laboratory to the clinic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have reported that gemcitabine and concurrent radiation is a promising therapy for patients with pancreatic cancer. We investigated whether the addition of cisplatin, which may increase the systemic efficacy of gemcitabine, would be synergistic with gemcitabine and/or radiation in human pancreatic cancer cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  BxPc3 and Panc-1 human pancreatic cancer cells were treated with three different schedules before radiation: (A) a sequential incubation of gemcitabine for 2 h followed by cisplatin for 2 h, (B) gemcitabine for 2 h, followed by washout of drug, replenishment of media for a 24-h incubation, followed by cisplatin for 2 h, and (C) gemcitabine for 24 h with a concurrent incubation of cisplatin for the last 2 h. Cells were assessed for clonogenic survival using a standard assay. Synergism was evaluated by the median effect analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The schedule shown to be maximally synergistic for both cell lines was the consecutive 2-h gemcitabine, 2-h cisplatin exposure, particularly at surviving fractions of <0.5. Cisplatin did not produce radiosensitization nor did it affect gemcitabine-mediated radiosensitization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cisplatin produces synergistic cytotoxicity with gemcitabine without compromising gemcitabine-mediated radiosensitization. On the basis of these laboratory and previous clinical observations, we have initiated a Phase I trial of cisplatin plus gemcitabine and radiotherapy in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors: Zvi
authors: Z
authors: Symon
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Davis
authors: Cornelius J
authors: CJ
authors: McGinn
authors: Mark M
authors: MM
authors: Zalupski
authors: Theodore S
authors: TS
authors: Lawrence
mesh_terms: D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D002945:Cisplatin; D000093542:Gemcitabine