title: Induction of apoptosis by bexarotene in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells: relevance to mechanism of therapeutic action.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bexarotene is the first synthetic rexinoid approved for the treatment of all stages of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) however the mechanism of bexarotene action is unknown. We examined the effects of bexarotene on induction of apoptosis and expression of its cognate receptors in well-established CTCL cell lines (MJ, Hut78, and HH).
  
  
  METHODS
  CTCL cells were treated with 0.1, 1, and 10 microM bexarotene for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Apoptosis was determined by flow-cytometry analysis of sub-G(1) hypodiploid nuclei and annexin V binding populations. Apoptosis-associated proteins and retinoid receptors were detected by Western blots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bexarotene treatment at 1 and 10 microM for 96 h increased the number of cells with sub-G1 populations and annexin V binding in a dose-dependent manner compared with vehicle controls (DMSO) in all three cell lines, respectively. Bexarotene treatment suppressed the expression of retinoid X receptor alpha and retinoic acid receptor alpha proteins in all three lines compared with untreated controls. Bexarotene treatment decreased the protein levels of survivin, activated caspase-3, and cleaved poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase, but had no obvious effect on expression of Fas/Fas ligand and bcl-2 proteins in all three CTCL lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bexarotene treatment at clinically relevant concentrations causes apoptosis of CTCL cell lines in association with activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase, as well as down-regulation of retinoid X receptor alpha, retinoic acid receptor alpha, and survivin. These findings support apoptosis as a mechanism for bexarotene therapy in CTCL.
authors: Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors: Chunlei
authors: C
authors: Zhang
authors: Parul
authors: P
authors: Hazarika
authors: Xiao
authors: X
authors: Ni
authors: Douglas A
authors: DA
authors: Weidner
authors: Madeleine
authors: M
authors: Duvic
mesh_terms: D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077610:Bexarotene; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D016410:Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000077022:Survivin; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; C107489:BIRC5 protein, human; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C000607071:RARA protein, human; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D000077022:Survivin; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000077610:Bexarotene