title: Effects of lactated Ringer's solutions on human leukocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The standard lactated Ringer's (LR) solution contains racemic lactate, an equal mixture of D(-)- and L(+)-isomers. The aim of this study was to investigate whether racemic LR solution (containing both isomers, dl-LR) differs from LR containing L-isomer only (L-LR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood from 20 volunteers was incubated for 30 minutes with lactated Ringer's solutions containing the DL- or L-form of lactate, Hank's balanced salt solution, normal saline, and ketone Ringer's (lactate replaced with ketone bodies). Neutrophil "oxidative burst" was measured using flow cytometry. Gene expression of 23 genes associated with leukocyte function was determined with cDNA array technique. The arraying procedure was repeated four times to obtain four sets of data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the L-LR and ketone Ringer's, DL-LR causes an increased production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils and affects expression of leukocyte genes known to be involved in inflammation, cell migration, and apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lactated Ringer's solution in commonly used formulation (racemic mixture, DL-LR) influences neutrophil function and leukocyte gene expression.
authors: Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA. ekoustova@ushs.mil
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Koustova
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Stanton
authors: Vadim
authors: V
authors: Gushchin
authors: Hasan B
authors: HB
authors: Alam
authors: Svetlana
authors: S
authors: Stegalkina
authors: Peter M
authors: PM
authors: Rhee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007536:Isomerism; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012016:Reference Values; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate