title: Retinoic acid receptor beta2 inhibition of metastasis in mouse mammary gland xenografts.
abstract: The retinoic acid receptor beta2 (RARbeta2) protein is a putative tumor suppressor that inhibits proliferation and can induce apoptosis when introduced into breast, cervical, lung, and pancreatic cancer cell lines. To determine if RARbeta2 suppresses proliferation of mammary-derived cancer cells in vivo, we transduced MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells with the LXSN retroviral vector containing RARbeta2 and implanted LXSN vector- or RARbeta2-transduced cells into the mammary fat pads of nude and severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice. We analyzed the xenografts for several tumor parameters, including tumor size, inflammation, vascularity, mitoses, tumor recurrence at the primary site following resection, and metastases. We found that 19 of 52 mice inoculated with vector-transduced cells developed metastases in multiple organs while only one of 55 mice receiving RARbeta2-transduced cells displayed evidence of metastases (p < 0.000001, combined experiments, two-tailed Fisher's exact test). Moreover, RARbeta2-tumor cell recipient mice had a lower incidence of post-resection tumor recurrence (8/55 vs. 25/52, p = 0.0004), 34% less necrosis (in three of four experiments, p = 0.001), and 39% fewer mitoses in tumor tissue (p < 0.000001). Our findings suggest that RARbeta2 may play a role in inhibiting the metastatic cascade in a mouse mammary gland xenograft tumor model and is a potential candidate for therapeutic intervention in human breast cancer.
authors: Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
authors: Piper M
authors: PM
authors: Treuting
authors: Lucinda I
authors: LI
authors: Chen
authors: Bernard S
authors: BS
authors: Buetow
authors: Weiping
authors: W
authors: Zeng
authors: Ted A
authors: TA
authors: Birkebak
authors: Victoria L
authors: VL
authors: Seewaldt
authors: Karen M
authors: KM
authors: Sommer
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Emond
authors: Lillian
authors: L
authors: Maggio-Price
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Swisshelm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006728:Hormones; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008156:Luciferases; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000276:immunology; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta; C000611841:retinoic acid receptor beta2, mouse; D008156:Luciferases