title: Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sotalol in pediatric patients with supraventricular or ventricular tachyarrhythmia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To derive useful pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) information for guiding the clinical use of sotalol in pediatric patients with supraventricular (SVT) or ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two studies were conducted in-patients with SVT or VT in the age range between birth and 12 years old. Both studies used an extemporaneously compounded formulation prepared from sotalol HCl tablets. In the PK study, following a single dose of 30 mg/m2 sotalol, extensive blood samples (n = 10) were taken. The PK-PD study used a dose escalation design with doses of 10, 30, and 70 mg/m2, each administered three times at 8-hr intervals without a washout. Six ECG recordings for determination of QT and RR were obtained prior to the initial dose of sotalol. Four blood samples were collected six ECG's were determined during the third interval at each dose level. Plasma concentrations of sotalol (C) were assayed by LC/MS/MS. The data analysis used NONMEM to obtain the population PK and PD parameter estimates. The individual PK and PD parameters were estimated with empirical Bayes methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 611 C from 58 patients, 477 QTc and 499 RR measurements from 23 and 22 patients, respectively, were available for analysis. The PK of sotalol was best described by a linear two-compartment model. Oral clearance (CL/F) and volume of central compartment (Vc/F) were linearly correlated with body surface area (BSA), body weight or age. CL/F was also linearly correlated with creatinine clearance. The best predictor for both CL/F and Vc/F was BSA. The remaining intersubject coefficients of variation (CV's) in CL/F, and Vc/F were 21.6% and 20.3%, respectively. The relationship of QTc to C was adequately described by a linear model. The intersubject CV's in slope (SL) and intercept (E0) were 56.2 and 4.7%, respectively. The relationship of RR to C was also adequately described by a linear model in which the baseline RR and SL were related to age or BSA. The intersubject CV's for SL and E0 were 86.7 and 14.4%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BSA is the best predictor for the PK of sotalol. Both QTc and RR effects are linearly related to C. No covariates are found for the QTc-C relation, while the RR-C relation shows age or BSA dependency.
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Berlex Laboratories, Inc., Montville, NJ 07039, USA.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Shi
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: Ludden
authors: A P
authors: AP
authors: Melikian
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Gastonguay
authors: P H
authors: PH
authors: Hinderling
mesh_terms: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010361:Patients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013015:Sotalol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D013015:Sotalol