title: Sex differences in US mortality rates for stroke and stroke subtypes by race/ethnicity and age, 1995-1998.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ischemic stroke accounts for 70% to 80% of all strokes, but intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhagic strokes have greater fatality. Age-standardized death rates from overall stroke are higher among men than women, but little is known about sex differences in stroke subtype mortality by race/ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 1995 to 1998 national death certificate data to compare sex-specific age-standardized death rates (per 100 000) for ischemic stroke (n=507 256), intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke (n=98 709), and subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke (n=27 334) among whites, blacks, American Indians/Alaska Natives, Asians/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics. We calculated rate ratios and 95% CIs comparing women with men within age and racial/ethnic groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age-specific rates of ischemic and intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke deaths were lower for women than for men aged 25 to 44 and 45 to 64 years but were higher for ischemic stroke among older women, aged > or =65 years. Only among whites did women have higher age-standardized rates of ischemic stroke. Age-standardized death rates for intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke among women were lower than or similar to those among men in all racial/ethnic groups. Women had higher risk of death from subarachnoid hemorrhagic; this sex differential increased with age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The female-to-male mortality ratio differs for stroke subtypes by race/ethnicity and age. A primary public health effort should focus on increasing the awareness of stroke symptoms, particularly among people at high risk, to decrease delay in early detection and effective stroke treatment.
authors: Cardiovascular Health Branch, Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga 30341-3717, USA. cia1@cdc.gov
authors: Carma
authors: C
authors: Ayala
authors: Janet B
authors: JB
authors: Croft
authors: Kurt J
authors: KJ
authors: Greenlund
authors: Nora L
authors: NL
authors: Keenan
authors: Ralph S
authors: RS
authors: Donehoo
authors: Ann M
authors: AM
authors: Malarcher
authors: George A
authors: GA
authors: Mensah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D044469:Racial Groups; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000145:classification / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality*; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data