title: Administration of human inter-alpha-inhibitors maintains hemodynamic stability and improves survival during sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The major forms of human inter-alpha-inhibitor proteins circulating in the plasma are inter-alpha-inhibitor (IalphaI, containing one light peptide chain called bikunin and two heavy chains) and pre-alpha-inhibitor (PalphaI, containing one light and one heavy chain). Although it has been reported that a decrease in IalphaI/PalphaI is correlated with an increased mortality rate in septic patients, it remains unknown whether administration of IalphaI/PalphaI early after the onset of sepsis has any beneficial effects on the cardiovascular response and outcome of the septic animal. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine whether IalphaI and PalphaI have any salutary effects on the depressed cardiovascular function, liver damage, and mortality rate after polymicrobial sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled, randomized animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male adult rats were subjected to polymicrobial sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture or sham operation followed by the administration of normal saline (i.e., resuscitation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1 hr after cecal ligation and puncture, human IalphaI/PalphaI at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight or vehicle (normal saline, 1 mL/rat) were infused intravenously over a period of 30 mins. At 20 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture (i.e., the late, hypodynamic stage of sepsis), cardiac output was measured by using a dye dilution technique, and blood samples were collected for assessing oxygen content. Oxygen delivery, consumption, and extraction ratio were determined. Plasma concentrations of liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase as well as lactate and tumor necrosis factor-alpha also were measured. In additional animals, the necrotic cecum was excised at 20 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture with or without IalphaI/PalphaI treatment, and survival was monitored for 10 days thereafter. The results indicate that administration of human IalphaI/PalphaI early after the onset of sepsis maintained cardiac output and systemic oxygen delivery, whereas it increased oxygen consumption and extraction at 20 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture. The elevated concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and lactate were attenuated by IalphaI/PalphaI treatment. In addition, administration of human IalphaI/PalphaI improved the survival rate from 30% to 89% in septic animals at day 10 after cecal ligation and puncture and cecal excision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human IalphaI/PalphaI appears to be a useful agent for maintaining hemodynamic stability and improving survival during the progression of polymicrobial sepsis.
authors: Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
authors: Shaolong
authors: S
authors: Yang
authors: Yow-Pin
authors: YP
authors: Lim
authors: Mian
authors: M
authors: Zhou
authors: Philomena
authors: P
authors: Salvemini
authors: Horst
authors: H
authors: Schwinn
authors: Djuro
authors: D
authors: Josic
authors: Douglas J
authors: DJ
authors: Koo
authors: Irshad H
authors: IH
authors: Chaudry
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000510:Alpha-Globulins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D000637:Transaminases / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D014360:Trypsin Inhibitor, Kunitz Soybean; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000510:Alpha-Globulins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C109148:SPINT2 protein, human; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019344:Lactic Acid; C011877:inter-alpha-inhibitor; D014360:Trypsin Inhibitor, Kunitz Soybean; D000637:Transaminases