title: Development and validation of a method for using breast core needle biopsies for gene expression microarray analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gene expression microarray technologies have the potential to define molecular profiles that may identify specific phenotypes(diagnosis), establish a patient's expected clinical outcome (prognosis), and indicate the likelihood of a beneficial effect of a specific therapy (prediction). We wished to develop optimal tissue acquisition, processing, and analysis procedures for exploring the gene expression profiles of breast core needle biopsies representing cancer and noncancer tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human breast cancer xenografts were used to evaluate several processing methods for prospectively collecting adequate amounts of high-quality RNA for gene expression microarray studies. Samples were assessed for the preservation of tissue architecture and the quality and quantity of RNA recovered. An optimized protocol was applied to a small study of core needle breast biopsies from patients, in which we compared the molecular profiles from cancer with those from noncancer biopsies. Gene expression data were obtained using Research Genetics, Inc. Named Genes cDNA microarrays. Data were visualized using simple hierarchical clustering and a novel principal component analysis-based multidimensional scaling. Data dimensionality was reduced by simple statistical approaches. Predictive neural networks were built using a multilayer perceptron and evaluated in an independent data set from snap-frozen mastectomy specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Processing tissue through RNALater preserves tissue architecture when biopsies are washed for 5 min on ice with ice-cold PBS before histopathological analysis. Cell margins are clear, tissue folding and fragmentation are not observed, and integrity of the cores is maintained, allowing optimal pathological interpretation and preservation of important diagnostic information. Adequate concentrations of high-quality RNA are recovered; 51 of 55 biopsies produced a median of 1.34 microg of total RNA (range, 100 ng to 12.60 microg). Snap-freezing or the use of RNALater does not affect RNA recovery or the molecular profiles obtained from biopsies. The neural network predictors accurately discriminate between predominantly cancer and noncancer breast biopsies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The approaches generated in these studies provide a simple, safe, and effective method for prospectively acquiring and processing breast core needle biopsies for gene expression studies. Gene expression data from these studies can be used to build accurate predictive models that separate different molecular profiles. The data establish the use and effectiveness of these approaches for future prospective studies.
authors: Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Ellis
authors: Natalie
authors: N
authors: Davis
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Coop
authors: Minetta
authors: M
authors: Liu
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Schumaker
authors: Richard Y
authors: RY
authors: Lee
authors: Rujirutana
authors: R
authors: Srikanchana
authors: Chris G
authors: CG
authors: Russell
authors: Baljit
authors: B
authors: Singh
authors: William R
authors: WR
authors: Miller
authors: Vered
authors: V
authors: Stearns
authors: Marie
authors: M
authors: Pennanen
authors: Theodore
authors: T
authors: Tsangaris
authors: Ann
authors: A
authors: Gallagher
authors: Aiyi
authors: A
authors: Liu
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Zwart
authors: Daniel F
authors: DF
authors: Hayes
authors: Marc E
authors: ME
authors: Lippman
authors: Yue
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D012313:RNA