title: Outpatient treatment with subcutaneous histamine dihydrochloride in combination with interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of an open single-armed multicentre phase II study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Histamine inhibits formation and release of monocyte/macrophage-derived reactive oxygen metabolites and thereby protects natural killer (NK) and T cells against oxidative inhibition. Efficacy and safety of histamine, when given in combination with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), were evaluated in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight mRCC patients were included. The self-administered, outpatient regimen included IFN-alpha, 3 MIU s.c., once daily for 1 week, followed by up to nine 4 week cycles of IFN-alpha, 3 MIU s.c., days 1-7, weeks 1-4; interleukin-2, 2.4 MIU/m2 s.c., b.i.d., days 1-5, weeks 1 and 2; and histamine dihydrochloride, 1 mg s.c., b.i.d. days 1-5, weeks 1-4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six patients were eligible. Forty-two patients were evaluable for response with four partial responses (9% of eligible patients, 10% of evaluable patients). Fifteen patients (36%) had stable disease. After subsequent surgery of residual tumours, three patients (7%) had no evidence of disease at 14+, 21+ and 21+ months. Median survival time for all patients was 16.3 months. One grade 4 toxicity (thrombocytopenia) was observed. Most frequent grade 3 toxicities were fatigue/malaise (26%), dyspnoe (11%), nausea (9%) and stomatitis (9%). Four patients discontinued due to treatment-related toxicity. There were no treatment-related deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present combination of histamine with IL-2 and IFN-alpha. as self-administered outpatient therapy is a safe and well-tolerated regimen. However, histamine does not appear to add efficacy with respect to response in this low-dose schedule of IL-2 and IFN-alpha. Whether histamine might improve efficacy with higher doses of IL-2 and IFN-alpha requires further investigation.
authors: Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. fd@microbiology.au.dk
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Donskov
authors: H
authors: H
authors: von der Maase
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Henriksson
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Stiemer
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Wersäll
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Nellemann
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Hellstrand
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Engman
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Naredi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006632:Histamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D007376:Interleukin-2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006632:Histamine