title: Carton sterilization by u.v.-C excimer laser light: recovery of Bacillus subtilis spores on vegetable extracts and food simulation matrices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the recovery of Bacillus subtilis spores loaded onto preformed cartons and irradiated with u.v.-excimer laser (248 nm) light.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacillus subtilis spores irradiated with u.v.-excimer laser light retained phase brightness, but were blocked at various stages of germination. In the presence of germinant, the majority of spores began to lose phase brightness but only after an extended lag period (ca 90 min). After 6 h ca 9% of the spores had elongated but failed to form new cells, approx. 12% had undergone partial phase darkening (grey spores), 15% remained phase bright whilst the remainder had turned fully phase dark but failed to elongate. No enhanced recovery of u.v.-treated spores (with intact or permeabilized coats) occurred in media containing hen egg white lysozyme or vegetable extracts (celery, carrot, swede or turnip). However, recovery did occur when irradiated spores were incubated for 26 d, semiaerobically, within cartons containing nutrient broth or milk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The germination ability of B. subtilis spores is altered following u.v.-excimer laser treatment. Recovery of treated spores was found in liquid systems but not on agar plates supplemented with vegetable extracts or lysozyme.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential recovery of u.v.-excimer laser-treated spores in a range of carton-packed food systems requires further investigation.
authors: Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Warriner
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Kolstad
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Rumsby
authors: W M
authors: WM
authors: Waites
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D005516:Food Microbiology; D007834:Lasers; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D009113:Muramidase; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014675:Vegetables / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D009113:Muramidase