title: The association between duration of breastfeeding and adult intelligence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of studies suggest a positive association between breastfeeding and cognitive development in early and middle childhood. However, the only previous study that investigated the relationship between breastfeeding and intelligence in adults had several methodological shortcomings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between duration of infant breastfeeding and intelligence in young adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective longitudinal birth cohort study conducted in a sample of 973 men and women and a sample of 2280 men, all of whom were born in Copenhagen, Denmark, between October 1959 and December 1961. The samples were divided into 5 categories based on duration of breastfeeding, as assessed by physician interview with mothers at a 1-year examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intelligence, assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) at a mean age of 27.2 years in the mixed-sex sample and the Børge Priens Prøve (BPP) test at a mean age of 18.7 years in the all-male sample. Thirteen potential confounders were included as covariates: parental social status and education; single mother status; mother's height, age, and weight gain during pregnancy and cigarette consumption during the third trimester; number of pregnancies; estimated gestational age; birth weight; birth length; and indexes of pregnancy and delivery complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Duration of breastfeeding was associated with significantly higher scores on the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale WAIS IQs. With regression adjustment for potential confounding factors, the mean Full Scale WAIS IQs were 99.4, 101.7, 102.3, 106.0, and 104.0 for breastfeeding durations of less than 1 month, 2 to 3 months, 4 to 6 months, 7 to 9 months, and more than 9 months, respectively (P =.003 for overall F test). The corresponding mean scores on the BPP were 38.0, 39.2, 39.9, 40.1, and 40.1 (P =.01 for overall F test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Independent of a wide range of possible confounding factors, a significant positive association between duration of breastfeeding and intelligence was observed in 2 independent samples of young adults, assessed with 2 different intelligence tests.
authors: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Kommunehospitalet, DK-1399 Copenhagen K, Denmark. e.l.mortensen@pubhealth.ku.dk
authors: Erik Lykke
authors: EL
authors: Mortensen
authors: Kim Fleischer
authors: KF
authors: Michaelsen
authors: Stephanie A
authors: SA
authors: Sanders
authors: June Machover
authors: JM
authors: Reinisch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007360:Intelligence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014888:Wechsler Scales