Modulating Ca2+ clearance from neurons.
Neurons are exquisitely sensitive to the duration, amplitude and localization of transient increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Modulation of Ca2+ uptake into the mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum, and efflux via the plasma membrane Ca2+ pump and Na+/Ca2+ exchange profoundly affect the shape of [Ca2+]i signals. Ca2+ clearance mechanisms are modulated by other signaling pathways, are sensitive to metabolic state and have a memory of the recent history of cell activation. We present here examples of pharmacologic and endogenous regulation of Ca2+ sequestration and efflux in neurons. Ca2+ clearance mechanisms differentially shape [Ca2+]i signals based on their affinity, capacity and location; their modulation alters specific neuronal functions. The increasingly apparent diversity of the molecular entities that make up the [Ca2+]i regulatory system reveals new sites for modulation. Specialized Ca2+ clearance mechanisms participate in unique cellular functions and thus, are important targets for pharmacological and physiological regulation of the neuron.
Thayer
Stanley A
SA
Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0217, USA.
Usachev
Yuriy M
YM
Pottorf
William J
WJ
D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000378:metabolism; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000378:metabolism
D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D002118:Calcium