title: Cleaning and shaping the apical third of a root canal system.
abstract: The apical third of a root canal system is the most difficult section to clean and shape because of its ramifications and tortuosities. This article discusses the clinical anatomy of the root and lists the "10 commandments" of cleaning and shaping to achieve predictably successful endodontics.
authors: Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton.
authors: D C
authors: DC
authors: Yu
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Schilder
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003646:Debridement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003804:Dentin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011859:Radiography; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite