title: Sputum processing: a new method to improve cytospin quality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sputum examination is being increasingly used as a non-invasive method for studying airway inflammation. However, the application of sputum still presents some methodological problems and the results of sputum analysis may be substantially flawed by salivary contamination, cell and mucus debris. In addition, much work is needed to deepen the possibility of extensive application of cell and molecular biology techniques to sputum analysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In an attempt to improve the technique of sputum processing, we investigated the effect of: (i) 20 and 11 microm filtration in addition to 40 microm on salivary contamination; (ii) Percoll density gradient centrifugation on sputum slides quality; (iii) a culture medium (Minimum Essential Medium containing HEPES 22 mm, pH 7.4: MEM) as washing and suspension solution compared to PBS on cell viability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Induced sputum samples were obtained in 37 asthmatics. 21 samples were processed as selected sputum and 16 samples as entire expectorates. After dithiotreitol (DTT) homogenization, each specimen was aliquoted in two parts of equal volume. One portion was processed with the usual method, the other using a modified method: cell pellet was suspended in sterile MEM, filtered through 40, 20 and 11 microm net filters and separated from the residual debris by Percoll gradient centrifugation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared to the current sputum processing this method resulted in: (i) no selective bronchial cellular loss; (ii) a significant decrease of salivary contamination, particularly in entire expectorates in which squamous cells were reduced from 47 (36) to 15.5% (20) as median values and interquartile range; (iii) a higher proportion of good quality cytospins; (iv) maintenance of cell viability over the time (88% vs. 81% in MEM and PBS, respectively) 1 h after sample collection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study we demonstrated that the proposed method is feasible and makes it possible to overcome most of the technical limits met with the commonly used method, pointing to a potential extension of induced sputum application for more sophisticated techniques.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Immunoallergology and Respiratory Diseases, University of Florence, Italy. m.ronchi@dmi.unifi.it
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Ronchi
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Galli
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Zonefrati
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Tanini
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Scano
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Duranti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000473:pathology; D002499:Centrifugation, Density Gradient / Q000379:methods; D003584:Cytological Techniques / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011205:Povidone; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: C016039:Percoll; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D011205:Povidone