title: Comparison of three-dimensional, two-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound in predicting the presence of a nuchal cord at birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the use of two-dimensional, color Doppler and three-dimensional ultrasound for predicting the presence of a nuchal cord at birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-five singleton pregnancies without nuchal cord and 35 with nuchal cord (30 with a single coil of cord, four with a double coil, and one in which the cord was coiled around the neck three times) were studied within 1 week before delivery using transabdominal three-dimensional sonography. Two-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound were also conducted for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-dimensional, color Doppler and three-dimensional sonography identified in utero 24 (69%), 29 (83%) and 25 (71%), respectively, of the cases of nuchal cord found at birth. There were no significant differences in overall diagnostic indices of each diagnostic modality for detecting nuchal cord. However, the ability to view the nuchal cord (subjective assessment of the ease of visualization of nuchal cord) was better with three-dimensional sonography than with two-dimensional or color Doppler ultrasound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional surface imaging does not provide more useful diagnostic information compared with two-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound for detecting nuchal cord in utero.
authors: Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Kagawa Medical University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan. uhanaoka@kms.ac.jp
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Hanaoka
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Yanagihara
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Tanaka
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Hata
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D009333:Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology