title: No major cognitive impairment in young children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia using chemotherapy only: a prospective longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study, using serial neuropsychological assessment and evaluation of school achievement, persistent neuropsychological late effects in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at a young age with chemotherapy only.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty consecutive patients underwent three evaluations, including 12 psychometric measures beside IQ. The authors applied strict methodology and a prospective-longitudinal design that started at diagnosis and extended to a median follow-up of 7 years. This report focuses on the outcome of the last evaluation. Test results were compared with healthy controls and to patients with ALL treated on a previous chemotherapy-only protocol. School achievement was evaluated in patients and their siblings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the last evaluation, significantly lower test scores in patients compared with controls were found for only 2 of 14 cognitive measures (1 intelligence and 1 attention measure). No great differences were seen between school achievement of patients and siblings. Compared with the previous chemotherapy protocol, a better outcome was seen in the current study group on two measures (one memory and one attention measure).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children surviving ALL have no major cognitive impairment after chemotherapy, including intrathecal and high-dose intravenous methotrexate. The slightly better outcome in the current group may indicate possible adverse effects of more dexamethasone treatment in the previous group.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands. a.kingma@bkk.azg.nl
authors: Annette
authors: A
authors: Kingma
authors: Rieneke I
authors: RI
authors: Van Dommelen
authors: Eduard L
authors: EL
authors: Mooyaart
authors: Jan T
authors: JT
authors: Wilmink
authors: Betto G
authors: BG
authors: Deelman
authors: Willem A
authors: WA
authors: Kamps
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001215:Asparaginase / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015122:Mercaptopurine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011241:Prednisone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D013713:Teniposide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003561:Cytarabine; D014750:Vincristine; D003907:Dexamethasone; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D013713:Teniposide; D015122:Mercaptopurine; D001215:Asparaginase; D007069:Ifosfamide; D011241:Prednisone; D008727:Methotrexate