title: Obstructive sleep apnea and maxillomandibular advancement: an assessment of airway changes using radiographic and nasopharyngoscopic examinations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aim was to evaluate the resultant changes in the upper airway after maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) for obstructive sleep apnea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients were evaluated before and after MMA using fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy (NPG) with Müller maneuver. An inspiratory force meter was used to ensure the consistency of the inspiratory efforts between the 2 examinations. Preoperative and postoperative lateral cephalometric radiographs were also compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decrease in the airway obstruction was shown by the lateral cephalometric radiograph as well as by fiberoptic NPG during passive respiration. Fiberoptic NPG with Müller maneuver also revealed a decrease in airway collapsibility. Although the retrodisplacement of the tongue base was improved, the improvement in lateral pharyngeal wall stability was the most striking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MMA achieved expansion of the upper airway. In addition, MMA decreased the collapsibility of the airway, especially the lateral pharyngeal walls. These findings may explain the highly successful outcomes of MMA for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.
authors: Stanford University Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Stanford, CA, USA. kaseyli@hotmail.com
authors: Kasey K
authors: KK
authors: Li
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Guilleminault
authors: Robert W
authors: RW
authors: Riley
authors: Nelson B
authors: NB
authors: Powell
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000601:surgery; D002508:Cephalometry; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D019186:Mandibular Advancement; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010614:Pharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017286:Polysomnography; D011859:Radiography; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000601:surgery*