title: Vitamin A levels and immunity in humans.
abstract: In animal studies, vitamin A deficiency induces a shift from type 2 (humoral) to type 1 (cellular) cytokines; there are no similar data for humans. Control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections requires type 1 cytokine (cellular) immunity. These infections and vitamin A deficiency are highly prevalent in Africa. We therefore examined the interactions among serum vitamin A levels, immune parameters, HIV infection status, Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine scarring (as an indicator of a type 1 cytokine profile), and clinical findings for 70 hospitalized children in Malawi, Africa. Directly conjugated monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry were used to assess cell-specific cytokine production by peripheral blood monocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations. The statistical techniques employed included nonparametric statistics and logistic regression analyses. Thirty percent of the participants had severe vitamin A deficiency (<10 microg/dl), 34% had moderate deficiency (10 to <20 microg/dl), and 36% had normal levels (> or = 20 microg/dl). Vitamin A levels were lower for HIV-positive than for HIV-negative children (median, 10 and 17 microg/dl, respectively). Vitamin A-deficient children (<20 microg/dl) were more likely than non-vitamin A-deficient children to have higher proportions of natural killer (NK) cells (median, 8.3 and 5.2%, respectively) and lower ratios of interleukin-10-producing monocytes to tumor necrosis factor alpha-producing monocytes after induction (median, 1.0 and 2.3, respectively). Vitamin A-deficient children were also more likely than non-vitamin A-deficient children to exhibit respiratory symptoms (47% versus 12%) and visible BCG vaccine scars (83% versus 48%), which are indicative of a type 1 response to vaccination. Vitamin A status did not vary with gender, age, incidence of malaria parasitemia, blood culture positivity, or rates of mortality (6% of vitamin A-deficient children died versus 20% of non-vitamin A-deficient children). Lower vitamin A levels were associated with a relative type 1 cytokine dominance and proportionately more NK cells, both of which may be somewhat beneficial to persons who are exposed to HIV, M. tuberculosis, or other type 1 pathogens.
authors: HIV Immunology and Diagnostics Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. JMJ1@cdc.gov
authors: Janine
authors: J
authors: Jason
authors: Lennox K
authors: LK
authors: Archibald
authors: Okey C
authors: OC
authors: Nwanyanwu
authors: Anne L
authors: AL
authors: Sowell
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Buchanan
authors: Joshua
authors: J
authors: Larned
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Bell
authors: Peter N
authors: PN
authors: Kazembe
authors: Hamish
authors: H
authors: Dobbie
authors: William R
authors: WR
authors: Jarvis
mesh_terms: D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D014801:Vitamin A