title: The independence of signaling pathways mediating increased expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in HepG2 cells exposed to free fatty acids or triglycerides.
abstract: We have shown that both free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) increase expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) in vivo and in vitro. To determine signaling mechanisms responsible, HepG2 cells were exposed to FFA, emulsified TG, or the combination. The combination of FFA and TG increased PAI-1 to a greater extent than either agent alone (fold induction: 0.45mM FFA 1.7 +/- 0.2, 1,000 mg/dl TG 1.9 +/- 0.1, both 2.3 +/- 0.2, n=10, p<0.05 for comparison of combination with either alone). Cells transfected with PAI-1 5' flanking region containing the 4G or 5G polymorphism displayed similar activity in response to FFA, but modestly greater activity with the 4G polymorphism in response to TG (fold induction: 5G-1.28 +/- 0.14 and 4G-1.46 +/- 0.13, n=6, p < 0.05 for comparison). Deletion analyses demonstrated that FFA and TG induce PAI-1 expression through distinct regions of the promoter. Inhibition of protein kinase C inhibited the response to FFA but not TG. Accordingly, increased FFA and TG contribute to increased PAI-1 through independent mechanisms.
authors: Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA.
authors: Yabing
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Schneider
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D014280:Triglycerides