title: Prenatal rotation of the lumbar spine and its relevance for the development of the zygapophyseal joints.
abstract: METHODS
  The intrauterine axial rotational characteristics of the lumbar spine were analyzed and quantified sonographically.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether axial rotational movements of the lumbar spine occur prenatally, which may influence the morphogenesis of the zygapophysial joints.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previously, the development of lumbar zygapophysial sagittal joint orientation was linked to the increase in torque of the torso as upright posture and locomotion are adopted. However, the potential influence of prenatal axial rotational movement of the lumbar spine on the development of the zygapophysial joints has not been examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this study, 52 healthy fetuses, gestation age 9 to 36 weeks, were monitored sonographically for rotational movements of the lumbar spine. By multiplanar reconstruction of the sonography images, exemplary segmental rotational values were acquired. This method was validated by directly measuring the manually induced rotation of the formalin-fixated fetus in addition to multiplanar reconstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Axial rotations of the lumbar spine were seen in most of the examined fetuses ages 9 to 36 gestation weeks. Rotations are best assessable with multiplanar reconstruction in the second trimenon, when segmental rotation of the lower lumbar spine reaches a mean of 8 degrees (range, 4-10 degrees ).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal axial rotation of the lower lumbar spine reaches a degree that may functionally influence the morphologic development of the articular processes of the zygapophysial joints. In contrast to the prevalent hypothesis, lumbar spine development is already functionally influenced prenatally by axial rotation.
authors: Anatomische Anstalt, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, and the; Neurochirurgische Abteilung, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany. alexandra.boszczyk@gmx.net
authors: Alexandra A
authors: AA
authors: Boszczyk
authors: Bronek M
authors: BM
authors: Boszczyk
authors: Reinhard V
authors: RV
authors: Putz
mesh_terms: D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000196:embryology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal