title: Cyclic stretch upregulates interleukin-8 and transforming growth factor-beta1 production through a protein kinase C-dependent pathway in alveolar epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Positive-pressure mechanical ventilation can injure the lung, causing oedema and alveolar inflammation, which is termed 'ventilator-induced lung injury' (VILI). We postulated that cyclic stretch upregulates the release of cytokines, which may cause lung damage, and explored which cytokines were released after cyclic stretch in type II alveolar epithelial cells (A549).
  
  
  METHODS
  To test this hypothesis, A549 cells were cultured on a silicoelastic membrane and interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, activin, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, insulin-like growth factor-2 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha mRNA and protein were assessed after stimulation of the cells by cyclic stretch.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyclic stretch induced activation of protein kinase C and resulted in the release of IL-8 and TGF-beta1 from A549 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The release of IL-8 and TGF-beta1 from alveolar epithelial cells may be a contributing factor in alveolitis associated with VILI.
authors: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan.
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Yamamoto
authors: Hidemi
authors: H
authors: Teramoto
authors: Kohsaku
authors: K
authors: Uetani
authors: Katsutoshi
authors: K
authors: Igawa
authors: Eiji
authors: E
authors: Shimizu
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism*; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D016209:Interleukin-8; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1