title: Neuroimaging of NREM sleep in primary insomnia: a Tc-99-HMPAO single photon emission computed tomography study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to: 1) demonstrate the feasibility of combining polysomnography and SPECT neuroimaging to study NREM sleep in primary insomnia and 2) evaluate possible functional CNS abnormalities associated with insomnia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with insomnia and good sleeper controls were studied polysomnographically for three nights with a whole brain SPECT Scan of NREM sleep on Night 3. Groups were screened for medical/psychiatric history, substance use, and matched on age, body mass index, and education.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep Research Laboratory and Nuclear Medicine Center
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine females, 5 patients with chronic psychophysiologic insomnia and 4 healthy good sleepers (mean age 36 years, SD 12, range 27-55).
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tomographs of regional cerebral blood flow during the 1st NREM sleep cycle were successfully obtained. Contrary to our expectations, patients with insomnia showed a consistent pattern of hypoperfusion across all 8 pre-selected regions of interest, with particular deactivation in the basal ganglia (p=.006). The frontal medial, occipital, and parietal cortices also showed significant decreases in blood flow compared to good sleepers (p<.05). Subjects with insomnia had decreased activity in the basal ganglia relative to the frontal lateral cortex, frontal medial cortex, thalamus, occipital and parietal cortices (p<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated the feasibility of combining neuroimaging and polysomnography to study cerebral activity in chronic insomnia. These preliminary results suggest that primary insomnia may be associated with abnormal central nervous system activity during NREM sleep that is particularly linked to basal ganglia dysfunction.
authors: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21287-7218, USA. msmith62@jhmi.edu
authors: Michael T
authors: MT
authors: Smith
authors: Michael L
authors: ML
authors: Perlis
authors: Vaseem U
authors: VU
authors: Chengazi
authors: JaeMi
authors: J
authors: Pennington
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Soeffing
authors: Jean M
authors: JM
authors: Ryan
authors: Donna E
authors: DE
authors: Giles
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime