title: Global cerebral edema after subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency, predictors, and impact on outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebral edema visualized by CT is often seen after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Inflammatory or circulatory mechanisms have been postulated to explain this radiographic observation after SAH. We sought to determine the frequency, causes, and impact on outcome of early and delayed global cerebral edema after SAH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the presence of global edema on admission and follow-up CT scans in 374 SAH patients admitted within 5 days of onset to our Neurological Intensive Care Unit between July 1996 and February 2001. Using multivariate analysis, we identified predictors of global cerebral edema and evaluated the impact of global edema on outcome 3 months after onset with the modified Rankin Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Global edema was present on admission CT scans in 8% (n=29) and developed secondarily in 12% (n=44) of the patients. Global edema on admission was predicted by loss of consciousness at ictus and increasing Hunt-Hess grade. Delayed global edema was predicted by aneurysm size >10 mm, loss of consciousness at ictus, use of vasopressors, and increased SAH sum scores. Thirty-seven percent (n=137) of the patients were dead or severely disabled (modified Rankin Scale 4 to 6) at 3 months. Death or severe disability was predicted by any global edema, aneurysm size >10 mm, loss of consciousness at ictus, increased National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores, and older age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Global edema is an independent risk factor for mortality and poor outcome after SAH. Loss of consciousness, which may reflect ictal cerebral circulatory arrest, is a risk factor for admission global edema, and vasopressor-induced hypertension is associated with the development of delayed global edema. Critical care management strategies that minimize edema formation after SAH may improve outcome.
authors: Division of Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Claassen
authors: J Ricardo
authors: JR
authors: Carhuapoma
authors: Kurt T
authors: KT
authors: Kreiter
authors: Evelyn Y
authors: EY
authors: Du
authors: E Sander
authors: ES
authors: Connolly
authors: Stephan A
authors: SA
authors: Mayer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003710:Demography; D018450:Disease Progression; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome