A lipoprotein family from Mycoplasma fermentans confers host immune activation through Toll-like receptor 2.
Mycoplasma have been reported to be associated with human diseases. Three forms of a mycoplasma lipopeptide/protein with the ability to modulate the host immune system were independently identified and named macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2 (MALP-2), P48 and M161Ag (identical to MALP-404). Although these molecules had polypeptides of different sizes, they exerted similar immunomodulatory effects on macrophages/dendritic cells, such as cytokine induction, NO production and maturation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). M161Ag exhibited complement-activating ability and bound macrophages via complement C3b/C3bi and their receptors. The diacylated N-terminal palmitates were involved in these activities. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was found to be responsible for these functional features of these mycoplasma products, except for complement activation. Here, we summarize the functional properties of this family of proteins, namely pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and discuss its relationship to the reported pathogenesis of latent mycoplasma infection.
Seya
Tsukasa
T
Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan. seya-tu@mc.pref.osaka.jp
Matsumoto
Misako
M
D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D003170:Complement Pathway, Alternative / Q000276:immunology*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D055666:Lipopeptides; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D016858:Mycoplasma fermentans / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D006133:Growth Substances; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D055666:Lipopeptides; D008074:Lipoproteins; C091221:M161 antigen; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; C102370:monocytic differentiation factor P48; C106335:macrophage stimulatory lipopeptide 2