title: Endoscopic approach for carotid artery surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although recent advances in the treatment of carotid artery stenosis have included endovascular angioplasty and stent placement, carotid endarterectomy is still the approach of choice for carotid disease and is one of the most commonly performed operations today. Minimally invasive surgeries involving the neck have recently been performed for thyroid and parathyroid diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of an endoscopic approach for carotid artery surgery in a large animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight 25- to 30-kg pigs were used. Animals underwent endoscopic carotid dissection with carbon dioxide insufflation at 10 mmHg. A 1.5- to 2-cm arteriotomy was made in the common carotid artery. Four animals underwent direct arteriotomy closure, and four animals underwent synthetic patch graft placement using intracorporeal suturing techniques. Open examination of the operative site and carotid angiograms were performed at the end of the procedure. Operative time was recorded in the last four cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All animals tolerated the procedure well and carotid artery repair was successfully performed in all cases using a four-trocar technique. The entire extent of the cervical common and internal carotid arteries was exposed up to the cranial base. Cranial nerves and cervical structures were clearly visualized and preserved. No bleeding occurred at the end of the procedure. Carotid angiograms confirmed patent, nonstenotic vessels in all cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic approach for carotid surgery is technically feasible in the porcine model. This approach may represent a valuable option for surgery of the carotid artery since it offers the advantages of minimally invasive techniques while maintaining the benefits of surgical arterial repair.
authors: Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA. f.rubino@lycos.com
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Rubino
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Nahouraii
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Deutsch
authors: W
authors: W
authors: King
authors: W B
authors: WB
authors: Inabnet
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Gagner
mesh_terms: D017546:Angioscopy / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000601:surgery*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000601:surgery; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000601:surgery; D004691:Endarterectomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D009333:Neck / Q000601:surgery; D013552:Swine