title: Load-dependent and -independent regulation of proinflammatory cytokine and cytokine receptor gene expression in the adult mammalian heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although previous studies have examined the effects of acute hemodynamic pressure overload on proinflammatory cytokine gene expression, the effects of sustained hemodynamic overloading have not been examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sustained hemodynamic pressure overloading was produced in mice by transverse constriction of the aorta. Proinflammatory cytokine and cytokine receptor gene expression were determined by ribonuclease protection assays (RPA) at 6 hours and at 3, 7, 14 and 35 days after banding. M-mode echocardiography was used to assess left ventricular structure and function at identical time points. RPA showed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 mRNA levels were maximal at 6 hours and returned to baseline levels within 72 hours. There was a significant increase in IL-1RII and IL-6Ralpha receptor mRNA levels after overloading but no significant increase in TNFR1, TNFR2, IL-1RI, or gp130 mRNA levels. The transient increase in expression of proinflammatory cytokine gene expression was not explained by changes in left ventricular loading conditions, left ventricular wall stress, desensitization of proinflammatory genes, or decreased nuclear factor-kappaB activation. It is interesting that transverse constriction of the aorta provoked an increase in the expression of tristetraprolin, a homeostatic zinc finger protein that is known to destabilize TNF mRNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sustained hemodynamic overloading provokes a transient increase in proinflammatory cytokine and cytokine receptor gene expression; however, the decrease in proinflammatory cytokine gene expression occurred in the absence of changes in loading conditions, suggesting that the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the heart is regulated, at least in part, by load-dependent and load-independent mechanisms.
authors: Winters Center for Heart Failure Research, Department of Medicine, Houston VAMC and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex 77030, USA.
authors: Georg
authors: G
authors: Baumgarten
authors: Pascal
authors: P
authors: Knuefermann
authors: Dinesh
authors: D
authors: Kalra
authors: Feng
authors: F
authors: Gao
authors: George E
authors: GE
authors: Taffet
authors: Lloyd
authors: L
authors: Michael
authors: Perry J
authors: PJ
authors: Blackshear
authors: Ester
authors: E
authors: Carballo
authors: Natarajan
authors: N
authors: Sivasubramanian
authors: Douglas L
authors: DL
authors: Mann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003250:Constriction; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006321:Heart; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007700:Kinetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D051816:Tristetraprolin; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D051816:Tristetraprolin; C497553:Zfp36 protein, mouse