title: Nighttime versus daytime hypnotic self-administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have shown that insomniacs self-administer hypnotics at high nightly rates. This study assessed whether insomniacs' self-administration of hypnotics extended to the daytime.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four healthy men and women, 21-55 years old, with ( n=22) and without ( n=22) insomnia volunteered. They were randomized to one of two triazolam dose groups (0.125 or 0.25 mg) and their preference for placebo versus triazolam was assessed at night (2300 hours) and day (0900 hours) over 7 consecutive days in each phase. In both night and day phases of the study, subjects received triazolam or placebo in color-coded capsules on two sampling days or nights and then were forced to choose their preferred capsule on 5 subsequent days or nights. The order of day and night study phases and the placebo and triazolam sampling days was counterbalanced. In the night phase subjects went to bed from 2330 to 0730 hours and in the day phase they were tested for level of sleepiness-alertness at 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 hours by the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and mood and performance at 1100 and 1500 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More triazolam was chosen at night than during the day. No dose differences in preferences at night versus day or between insomniacs and normals were found. Insomniacs did not differ in their triazolam preferences between night and day, while the normals chose triazolam less frequently during the day. Among insomniacs, 40% chose triazolam on >3 of the 5 days. On both screening and placebo sampling days, those with a high (>60%) daytime triazolam preference had greater average daily sleep latencies on the MSLT than those with a low (<50%) daytime triazolam preference (i.e. with a placebo preference). In the triazolam preference group, triazolam reduced daily MSLT latencies to the level of the placebo preference group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that the minority of insomniacs who self-administer hypnotics during the day are physiologically aroused and the drug reduces their arousal suggesting that their daytime self-administration, like their night-time self-administration, is more consistent with therapy-seeking than drug-seeking behavior, at least for the short-term.
authors: Henry Ford Hospital, Sleep Disorders and Research Center, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, CFP-3, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. taroehrs@aol.com
authors: Timothy
authors: T
authors: Roehrs
authors: Alicia
authors: A
authors: Bonahoom
authors: Bonita
authors: B
authors: Pedrosi
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Zorick
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Roth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012646:Self Administration / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D014229:Triazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D014229:Triazolam