title: Cardiorespiratory fitness and smoking-related and total cancer mortality in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and smoking-related, nonsmoking-related, and total cancer mortality in men.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed 25,892 men, age 30-87 yr, who had a preventive medical evaluation, including a maximal exercise test and self-reported health habits. There were 335 cancer deaths (133 from smoking-related cancer, 202 from nonsmoking-related cancer) during an average of 10 yr of follow-up (259,124 man-yr).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age, examination year, smoking habits, alcohol intake, body mass index, and diabetes mellitus, there was an inverse association between cardiorespiratory fitness levels and smoking-related (P < 0.001 for trend), nonsmoking-related (P = 0.001 for trend), and total cancer mortality (P < 0.001 for trend). Moderate and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with lower risk of smoking-related and nonsmoking-related cancer mortality when compared with low fitness in men. We also observed that smoking-related mortality rates were progressively lower across low, moderate, and high fitness groups in former (P = 0.06 for trend) and current (P = 0.04 for trend) smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that cardiorespiratory fitness may provide protection against cancer mortality in men.
authors: Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors: Chong Do
authors: CD
authors: Lee
authors: Steven N
authors: SN
authors: Blair
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology