title: Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a description of 14 cases from North Yorkshire, UK.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the clinical and laboratory features of patients diagnosed with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) in North Yorkshire from 1986 to 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of patients with features satisfying the published criteria for streptococcal TSS were reviewed from laboratory and clinical records made at the time and from the hospital case notes. Isolates of streptococci were analyzed for serotype and genes encoding for the production of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen patients satisfied the entry criteria. In one district, where the data were complete, the annual incidence of detected streptococcal TSS rose from 1.1 to 9.5 cases per million population in the 1990s. TSS was associated with various M serotypes of group A streptococci and various exotoxin genotypes. Two cases (14% of the series) were associated with severe group G streptococcal infection. The fatality rate was 64%, and the mode of time to death was 4 days. Local tissue necrosis occurred in 71% of cases, including necrotizing fasciitis, intrathoracic and intra-abdominal forms. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) had been taken around the time of onset of disease by 92% of the patients with TSS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been a dramatic increase in the number of detected cases of streptococcal TSS over the 14 years since the first case was recognized here. There was a wide range of invasive forms of infection, a high fatality rate even in fit young adults, and a rapid course from onset to death. There was a high association of TSS with aggressive streptococcal infection producing local tissue necrosis.
authors: Department of Microbiology, Harrogate District Hospital, North Yorkshire, UK. mike.barnham@hhc-tr.northy.nhs.uk
authors: M R D
authors: MR
authors: Barnham
authors: N C
authors: NC
authors: Weightman
authors: A W
authors: AW
authors: Anderson
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Tanna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D019115:Fasciitis, Necrotizing / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal