title: Effects of participation in the WIC program on birthweight: evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to estimate the impact on birthweight of maternal participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC).
  
  
  METHODS
  WIC estimates were based on sibling models incorporating data on children born between 1990 and 1996 to women taking part in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fixed-effects estimates indicated that prenatal WIC participation was associated with a 0.075 unit difference (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.007, 0.157) in siblings' logged birthweight. At the 88-oz (2464-g) low-birthweight cutoff, this difference translated into an estimated impact of 6.6 oz (184.8 g).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Earlier WIC impact estimates may have been biased by unmeasured characteristics affecting both program participation and birth outcomes. Our approach controlled for such biases and revealed a significant positive association between WIC participation and birthweight.
authors: Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112-0080, USA. lori.kowaleski-jones@fcs.utah.edu
authors: Lori
authors: L
authors: Kowaleski-Jones
authors: Greg J
authors: GJ
authors: Duncan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D003710:Demography; D004045:Dietary Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005522:Food Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009679:Nuclear Family; D011247:Pregnancy; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011632:Public Assistance / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012306:Risk; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology