title: Generation of *OH initiated by interaction of Fe2+ and Cu+ with dioxygen; comparison with the Fenton chemistry.
abstract: Iron and copper toxicity has been presumed to involve the formation of hydroxyl radical (*OH) from H2O2 in the Fenton reaction. The aim of this study was to verify that Fe2+-O2 and Cu+-O2 chemistry is capable of generating *OH in the quasi physiological environment of Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KH), and to compare the ability of the Fe2+-O2 system and of the Fenton system (Fe2+ + H2O2) to produce *OH. The addition of Fe2+ and Cu+ (0-20 microM) to KH resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in *OH formation, as measured by the salicylate method. While Fe3+ and Cu2+ (0-20 microM) did not result in *OH formation, these ions mediated significant *OH production in the presence of a number of reducing agents. The *OH yield from the reaction mediated by Fe2+ was increased by exogenous Fe3+ and Cu2+ and was prevented by the deoxygenation of the buffer and reduced by superoxide dismutase, catalase, and desferrioxamine. Addition of 1 microM, 5 microM or 10 microM Fe2+ to a range of H2O2 concentrations (the Fenton system) resulted in a H2O2-concentration-dependent rise in *OH formation. For each Fe2+ concentration tested, the *OH yield doubled when the ratio [H2O2]:[Fe2+] was raised from zero to one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (i) Fe2+-O2 and Cu+-O2 chemistry is capable of promoting *OH generation in the environment of oxygenated KH, in the absence of pre-existing superoxide and/or H2O2, and possibly through a mechanism initiated by the metal autoxidation; (ii) The process is enhanced by contaminating Fe3+ and Cu2+; (iii) In the presence of reducing agents also Fe3+ and Cu2+ promote the *OH formation; (iv) Depending on the actual [H2O2]:[Fe2+] ratio, the efficiency of the Fe2+-O2 chemistry to generate *OH is greater than or, at best, equal to that of the Fe2+-driven Fenton reaction.
authors: Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warszawa, Poland.
authors: N K
authors: NK
authors: Urbański
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Beresewicz
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D007477:Ions; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D007477:Ions; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D003300:Copper; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007501:Iron; D010100:Oxygen