title: A comparison of the shaping characteristics of two nickel-titanium endodontic hand instruments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the shaping characteristics of Ni-Ti K-files and Ni-Ti S-files manipulated by hand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 extracted human roots were embedded in resin blocks. The embedded roots were divided into three groups: (i) roots with straight; (ii) apically curved; and (iii) continuously curved canals. Each of the three groups was randomly divided into two subgroups; one subgroup in each group was prepared with Ni-Ti K-files and the other with Ni-Ti S-files. The files were used with a step-back technique and enlarged so that the master apical file was size 30, and the canals were stepped back to size 40. The performance of the files was assessed by the superimposition of projected radiographs taken in bucco-lingual and mesio-distal directions before and after the preparation. The results were analysed statistically using analysis of covariance and Duncan's multiple range test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although canal preparation using Ni-Ti K-files was quicker, there were no statistically significant differences between file types. The Ni-Ti S-file removed significantly more material at the most coronal level (P < 0.05). There were minor differences between instruments at the apical level. Only in the proximal view of apically curved canals prepared with Ni-Ti S-files was significantly more dentine removed from the outer aspect of the curvature (P < 0.05). At the middle level (wide danger zone) the Ni-Ti S-files removed more dentine from the inner aspect of the curvature in those roots with apically curved canals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the conditions of this study, preparation with Ni-Ti K-files produced more appropriate shapes in roots with apically curved canals than Ni-Ti S-files.
authors: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. dobonagy@hotmail.com
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Dobó-Nagy
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Serbán
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Szabó
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Nagy
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Madléna
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003762:Dental Instruments / Q000009:adverse effects; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D009532:Nickel; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium