Pork quality, processing, and sensory characteristics of dry-cured hams as influenced by Duroc crossing and sex.
This study was designed to evaluate Duroc (DU) crossing for Carso dry-cured ham production. One hundred fifty-four pigs (81 females and 73 castrates) of four different genotypes, pure Landrace pigs (LAN), offspring of LAN females crossed with Large White (LW) males (LWxLAN), offspring of LAN females crossed with DU males (DUxLAN), and offspring of LWxLAN females crossed with DU males (DUx[LWxLAN]), were chosen in the weight range of 105 to 120 kg (112.7 +/- 0.4 kg). Raw material quality was evaluated for ham fatness (intra- and intermuscular and subcutaneous) and meat quality (pH, color, water-holding capacity) of longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris, and semimembranosus muscles. Ham weight losses were recorded at different stages of processing. The biceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles were analyzed for chemical composition before (lipid, moisture, total nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen) and after (moisture, salt, total nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen) processing. Chemical and sensory analyses were performed on 96 dry hams (12 castrates and 12 females per genotype). Biceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles were evaluated for color, saltiness, aroma, and texture. Pigs of the four genotypes had similar ham fatness as estimated by subcutaneous fat thickness. Duroc crosses exhibited higher intramuscular fat content, marbling, and intermuscular fat. Crossing with DU resulted in lower weight losses during ham processing. Castrates were fatter and had more intra- and intermuscular fat and lower ham processing weight losses than females. A strong negative relationship between ham fatness and ham processing losses was observed. Chemical and sensory traits of dry ham muscles were little affected by DU crossing. Lower salt content of biceps femoris was found in DU crosses. Dry hams from female pigs had higher total and nonprotein nitrogen, but drier, firmer texture and higher resistance to cutting force compared to dry hams from castrated pigs. Crossing with DU demonstrated some disadvantages (more intermuscular fat, more slice visible fat) and advantages (lower weight loss and salt intake) for the quality of dry-cured ham.
Candek-Potokar
M
M
Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana. meta.candek@kis-h2.si
Monin
G
G
Zlender
B
B
D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition / Q000235:genetics*; D001947:Breeding; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005838:Genotype; D006823:Hybrid Vigor; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*; D008461:Meat Products / Q000592:standards; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000254:growth & development; D013552:Swine / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D013649:Taste; D015430:Weight Gain