title: Left ventricular structure and function in obese adolescents: relations to cardiovascular fitness, percent body fat, and visceral adiposity, and effects of physical training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the relations of fitness and fatness to left ventricular structure and function in obese adolescents. This project had 2 purposes: 1) to determine the correlations of cardiovascular fitness and adiposity to left ventricular parameters in obese adolescents; and 2) to see the effect of 8 months of physical training (PT) at low and high intensities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obese 13- to 16-year-olds (N = 81) were tested at baseline and then randomly assigned to lifestyle education (LSE) alone, LSE plus moderate-intensity PT, or LSE plus high-intensity PT. Follow-up testing was conducted 8 months later. Because no significant differences were found between moderate-intensity and high-intensity PT, the groups were combined to form a LSE + PT group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight months of PT, offered 5 days per week with the target energy expenditure for all PT participants being 250 kcal/session, and LSE every 2 weeks. Outcome Measures. Left ventricular mass divided by height to the 2.7th power (LVM/Ht(2.7)), midwall fractional shortening (MFS), and relative wall thickness (RWT) were measured using M-mode echocardiography. Cardiovascular fitness was measured by a maximal multistage treadmill test; percent body fat (%BF) with dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry; and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) with magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, high levels of VAT were associated with higher RWT (r = 0.30) and lesser MFS (r = -0.29). Compared with the LSE-alone group, the LSE + PT group significantly improved in cardiovascular fitness and decreased in %BF and VAT. However, there were no significant differences between groups on changes in LVM/Ht(2.7), MFS, or RWT. Individual changes in cardiovascular fitness, %BF, and VAT did not correlate significantly with interindividual changes in left ventricular structure and function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High levels of VAT were associated with unfavorable left ventricular structure and function. However, no evidence was provided that an 8-month PT program, which improved cardiovascular fitness and reduced general and visceral adiposity, improved left ventricular structure and function. Future studies consisting of longer training programs and/or greater weight reductions are needed to see whether the adverse left ventricular effects of obesity can be ameliorated by exercise training.
authors: Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA. brettmitchell@hotmail.com
authors: Brett M
authors: BM
authors: Mitchell
authors: Bernard
authors: B
authors: Gutin
authors: Gaston
authors: G
authors: Kapuku
authors: Paule
authors: P
authors: Barbeau
authors: Matthew C
authors: MC
authors: Humphries
authors: Scott
authors: S
authors: Owens
authors: Sarita
authors: S
authors: Vemulapalli
authors: Jerry
authors: J
authors: Allison
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001824:Body Constitution / Q000502:physiology; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D016276:Ventricular Function; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology