title: Influence of patient gender on admission to intensive care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the case mix and outcomes of male and female patients admitted to intensive care units for a wide range of conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional study of prospectively collected data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, (ICNARC) Case Mix Programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  46 587 admissions to 91 units across England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No gender differences were found in case mix on admission or in mortality for five conditions (cardiac arrhythmia, chronic obstructive airways disease, asthma, self poisoning, and seizures). There was some evidence of horizontal and vertical inequity for female patients with myocardial infarction and with neurological bleeding. Vertical equity was not achieved for male pneumonia and ventricular failure patients and for women with primary brain injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated, for the first time, possible inequitable use of intensive care for patients with certain conditions. This may be secondary to gender bias and can result in either over-treatment in the favoured group, or under-treatment in the neglected group. It would therefore be pertinent to re-examine these findings using other databases, and to further investigate the causative factors, including gender bias.
authors: Health Services Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. rosalind.raine@lshtm.ac.uk
authors: Rosalind
authors: R
authors: Raine
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Goldfrad
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Rowan
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Black
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011287:Prejudice; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014600:Utilization Review; D016387:Women's Health