title: The relative toxicities of insecticides to earthworms of the Pheretima group (Oligochaeta).
abstract: An artificial soil test was used to determine the LC50 values of carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, cyfluthrin and fipronil against earthworms of the Pheretima group. For a 24-h interval, carbaryl was the most toxic to earthworms (LC50 = 77 mg kg-1), followed by imidacloprid (155 mg kg-1), cyfluthrin (351 mg kg-1), chlorpyrifos (390 mg kg-1) and fipronil (> 8550 mg kg-1) as the least toxic. For the 48-h and 7-day intervals, imidacloprid was the most toxic to earthworms (LC50 = 5 mg kg-1 and 3 mg kg-1 respectively), followed by carbaryl (16 mg kg-1; 9 mg kg-1), cyfluthrin (128 mg kg-1; 110 mg kg-1), chlorpyrifos (330 mg kg-1; 180 mg kg-1) and the least toxic was fipronil (> 8550 mg kg-1 both intervals). The surface application rates required to achieve these values are compared with the rates recommended for the control of turfgrass pests.
authors: Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. mmellet@zoology.up.ac.za
authors: Magdel A
authors: MA
authors: Mostert
authors: At S
authors: AS
authors: Schoeman
authors: Mac
authors: M
authors: van der Merwe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012721:Carbaryl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012987:Soil; C082359:imidacloprid; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; C082360:fipronil; D012721:Carbaryl; C052570:cyfluthrin