title: Short note: oral contraceptives and sleep in depressed and healthy women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) on sleep EEG in healthy women and in those with major depressive disorders (MDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This archival study selected participants who had sleep EEG measured over two consecutive nights, following a five-day regularized sleep-wake routine. Between-groups multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) contrasted group and OC main effects and interactions on sleep architecture.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-eight women (ages 14-46 years) diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), 13 of whom were on OCs and 55 were not. Patients were symptomatic and untreated at the time of study. Thirty-seven healthy control women (ages 12-46 years), nine of whom were on OCs and 28 were not.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A Measurements and Results: OC main effects were found for %SW and for REM latency. Significant OC x Group interactions were found for sleep latency and %REM. Sleep latency was significantly shorter on OCs, but only in healthy women. Women on OCs showed a shorter REM latency, more total REM time, and less slow-wave sleep than women who were not on OCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of OCs were generally larger in healthy women than in those with MDD. Moreover, OC use was associated with more disturbed sleep in healthy women. These findings imply that OC use may compromise sleep EEG differences between healthy and depressed women and may be more difficult to differentiate between depressed patients and healthy controls when sleep studies include women on OCs. These findings may also have implications for evaluating gender differences in sleep architecture.
authors: The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390-9070, USA.
authors: Rebecca Shine
authors: RS
authors: Burdick
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Hoffmann
authors: Roseanne
authors: R
authors: Armitage
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal