title: Human factor observations of the Biosphere 2, 1991-1993, closed life support human experiment and its application to a long-term manned mission to Mars.
abstract: Human factors are a key component to the success of long-term space missions such as those necessitated by the human exploration of Mars and the development of bioregenerative and eventually self-sufficient life support systems for permanent space outposts. Observations by participants living inside the 1991-1993 Biosphere 2 closed system experiment provide the following insights. (1) Crew members should be involved in the design and construction of their life support systems to gain maximum knowledge about the systems. (2) Individuals living in closed life support systems should expect a process of physiological and psychological adaptation to their new environment. (3) Far from simply being a workplace, the participants in such extended missions will discover the importance of creating a cohesive and satisfying life style. (4) The crew will be dependent on the use of varied crops to create satisfying cuisine, a social life with sufficient outlets of expression such as art and music, and to have down-time from purely task-driven work. (5) The success of the Biosphere 2 first 2-year mission suggests that crews with high cultural diversity, high commitment to task, and work democracy principles for individual responsibility may increase the probability of both mission success and personal satisfaction. (6) Remaining challenges are many, including the need for far more comprehensive real-time modeling and information systems (a "cybersphere") operating to provide real-time data necessary for decision-making in a complex life support system. (7) And, the aim will be to create a noosphere, or sphere of intelligence, where the people and their living systems are in sustainable balance.
authors: Biosphere Foundation, Biosphere Technologies (a Division of Global Ecotechnics Corporation), and Institute of Ecotechnics, USA. alling@pcrf.org
authors: Abigail
authors: A
authors: Alling
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Nelson
authors: Sally
authors: S
authors: Silverstone
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Van Thillo
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D018504:Ecological Systems, Closed; D006804:Ergonomics; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D005260:Female; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D008021:Life Support Systems; D008297:Male; D018535:Mars; D008875:Middle Aged; D012934:Social Isolation; D013026:Space Flight; D018561:Space Simulation; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis