title: DNA methylation in the androgen receptor gene promoter region in rat prostate cancers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Invasive adenocarcinomas developing in the rat dorsolateral prostate on combined treatment with 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB) and testosterone propionate (TP) are biologically androgen-independent and lacking androgen receptor protein (AR) expression. The present study was conducted to assess the mechanisms underlying this loss of AR expression in rat prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methylation status of the AR gene promoter region in rat prostate cancer and cell lines (PLS10, 20, and 30) was examined by Southern blotting, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, and methylation-sensitive single-strand conformation analysis (MS-SSCA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  AR mRNA expression was not detected in any of the rat prostate cancers or cancer cell lines tested by Northern blot analysis. Higher levels of methylated CpGs were observed in PLS20 than PLS10 or 30. Demethylation treatment by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored AR mRNA expression in PLS20. The CpGs suggested to be responsible for AR expression in rat prostate cancer were found to be located -9 and -1 nucleotides upstream of the transcriptional initiation site. All of the examined rat prostate and seminal vesicle cancers demonstrated hypermethylation at these CpG sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data clearly demonstrate that aberrant hypermethylation in the AR promoter region may play a critical role in AR expression in rat prostate cancers.
authors: First Department of Pathology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan. sattak@med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp
authors: Satoru
authors: S
authors: Takahashi
authors: Shingo
authors: S
authors: Inaguma
authors: Michihisa
authors: M
authors: Sakakibara
authors: Young-Man
authors: YM
authors: Cho
authors: Shugo
authors: S
authors: Suzuki
authors: Yoshihisa
authors: Y
authors: Ikeda
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Cui
authors: Tomoyuki
authors: T
authors: Shirai
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015246:Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI / Q000378:metabolism; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012669:Seminal Vesicles; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015246:Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific; C037130:GCGC-specific type II deoxyribonucleases