title: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated and linked to TNF-alpha signaling in inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)--Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis--are relapsing chronic inflammatory disorders which involve genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. The regulation of TNF-alpha, a key mediator in the inflammatory process in IBD, is interconnected with mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. The aim of this study was to characterize the activity and expression of the four p38 subtypes (p38alpha-delta), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2 in the inflamed intestinal mucosa. Western blot analysis revealed that p38alpha, JNKs, and ERK1/2 were significantly activated in IBD, with p38alpha showing the most pronounced increase in kinase activity. Protein expression of p38 and JNK was only moderately altered in IBD patients compared with normal controls, whereas ERK1/2 protein was significantly down-regulated. Immunohistochemical analysis of inflamed mucosal biopsies localized the main expression of p38alpha to lamina propria macrophages and neutrophils. ELISA screening of the supernatants of Crohn's disease mucosal biopsy cultures showed that incubation with the p38 inhibitor SB 203580 significantly reduced secretion of TNF-alpha. In vivo inhibition of TNF-alpha by a single infusion of anti-TNF-alpha Ab (infliximab) resulted in a highly significant transient increase of p38alpha activity during the first 48 h after infusion. A significant infliximab-dependent p38alpha activation was also observed in THP-1 myelomonocytic cells. In human monocytes, infliximab enhanced TNF-alpha gene expression, which could be inhibited by SB 203580. In conclusion, p38alpha signaling is involved in the pathophysiology of IBD.
authors: Mucosal Immunology Group, First Department of Medicine, Kiel University Medical Center, Schittenhelmstrasse 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors: Georg H
authors: GH
authors: Waetzig
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Seegert
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Rosenstiel
authors: Susanna
authors: S
authors: Nikolaus
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Schreiber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000276:immunology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D000069285:Infliximab; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D048308:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069285:Infliximab; D048308:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093642:SB 203580