title: Consecutive 1127 therapeutic echocardiographically guided pericardiocenteses: clinical profile, practice patterns, and outcomes spanning 21 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate consecutive therapeutic echocardiographically (echo)-guided pericardiocenteses performed at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, from 1979 to 2000 and to determine whether patient profiles, practice patterns, and outcomes have changed over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive echo-guided pericardiocenteses performed between February 1, 1979, and January 31, 2000, for treatment of clinically significant pericardial effusions were identified in the Mayo Clinic Echocardiographic-guided Pericardiocentesis Registry. The medical records of these patients were examined, and a follow-up survey was conducted. Clinical profiles, echocardiographic findings, procedural details, and outcomes were determined for 3 periods: February 1, 1979, through January 31, 1986; February 1, 1986, through January 31, 1993; and February 1, 1993, through January 31, 2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 21-year study period, 1127 therapeutic echo-guided pericardiocenteses were performed in 977 patients. The mean +/- SD age at pericardiocentesis increased from 49+/-14 years in period 1 to 57+/-14 years in period 3. In recent years, cardiothoracic surgery replaced malignancy as the leading cause of an effusion requiring pericardiocentesis and together with malignancy and perforation from catheter-based procedures accounted for nearly 70% of all pericardiocenteses performed. The procedural success rate was 97% overall, with a total complication rate of 4.7% (major, 1.2%; minor, 3.5%). These rates did not change significantly over time. The use of a pericardial catheter for extended drainage increased from 23% in period 1 to 75% in period 3 (P<.001), whereas rates of effusion recurrence and pericardial surgery decreased significantly (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The profile of patients presenting with clinically significant pericardial effusion has changed over time. Increasing numbers of older patients and those who have undergone cardiothoracic surgery or catheter-based procedures develop effusions that can be rapidly, safely, and effectively managed with echo-guided pericardiocentesis. Extended drainage with use of a pericardial catheter has become standard practice, and concomitantly, recurrence rates and need for surgical management have decreased considerably.
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors: Teresa S M
authors: TS
authors: Tsang
authors: Maurice
authors: M
authors: Enriquez-Sarano
authors: William K
authors: WK
authors: Freeman
authors: Marion E
authors: ME
authors: Barnes
authors: Lawrence J
authors: LJ
authors: Sinak
authors: Bernard J
authors: BJ
authors: Gersh
authors: Kent R
authors: KR
authors: Bailey
authors: James B
authors: JB
authors: Seward
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects; D002305:Cardiac Tamponade / Q000601:surgery; D004322:Drainage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010361:Patients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010490:Pericardial Effusion / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D020519:Pericardiocentesis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D013995:Time