title: The influence of new technologies on laparoscopic adrenalectomy: our personal experience with 91 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has proved to be the technique of choice for managing benign pathologies of the adrenals and isolated adrenal metastases, especially those arising from lung tumor, but the procedure should not be performed for primitive adrenal carcinoma. The Authors wanted to test the advantages of the Harmonic Scalpel in laparoscopic adrenalectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 1995 to April 2001, the authors investigated their series of laparoscopic adrenalectomies performed at the Careggi General Hospital, Division of General and Vascular Surgery, Florence, Italy. This study enrolled 91 patients with various adrenal pathologies. The transperitoneal approach was used, with the patient in a lateral position, as suggested by Gagner. Special care was taken to improve the surgical approach to the adrenals by the use of new technological devices such as the Harmonic Scalpel. The operative time required by the surgical procedure was computed by dividing the study into three periods: 1995-1997, 1998-1999, 2000-2001. The first period was necessary to complete the learning curve. In the second period, a steady state in surgical time was reached. During the third period, the Harmonic Scalpel was introduced. The differences between the three periods were tested using a nonparametric analysis (Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis test) as appropriate. A two-tailed p value of 0.05 or less was considered statistically significant. The authors investigated the cost of the operation performed in each of the two groups using, respectively, the conventional laparoscopic device (1998-1999) and the Harmonic Scalpel (2000-2001). The following expenses were considered: Harmonic Scalpel impulse generator and disposable shears, operating room cost per hour, and endoclip applier.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 91 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed with these indications: 31 incidentalomas (26 adenomas and 5 cysts), 25 cases of Conn's disease, 18 cases of Cushing's disease, 9 pheochromocytomas, 2 myelolipomas, 5 metastases (from lung, kidney, and breast) and 1 primitive carcinoma diagnosed preoperatively. Considering the whole series (1995-2001), there was a significant trend of reduction in operative time (p = 0.0001). Moreover looking at the first period (1995-1997), in which the learning curve was completed, the mean surgical time was 148 min, as compared with 125 mm. For the second period (1998-1999) (p = 0.0002). This represents a significant reduction in operative time. The authors noted a further reduction in the operative time when surgery was performed with the Harmonic Scalpel (2000-2001) (92 min; p = 0.001). The reduction in operative time attributable to the Harmonic Scalpel was confirmed also by a multivariate analysis of covariance general linear models procedure (GLM), which accounts for several confounders: age, gender, site and size of tumors, and histology (p = 0.0001). The rate was 3.3% for morbidity, 1.1% for mortality, and 2.2% for conversion. There was no difference in complications between patients treated with conventional devices and those treated with the Harmonic Scalpel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The laparoscopic approach has proved to be an extremely reliable procedure for benign pathologies and isolated metastases. There may yet be doubts about its use for the treatment of adrenal carcinomas preoperatively diagnosed. When surgery is performed using Harmonic Scalpel, operative time is significantly reduced and surgery is easier and less expensive. Infact use of the Harmonic Scalpel allowed the cost per operation to be reduced $70. Moreover, if surgery is performed using the nondisposable clip applier, the expenses are reduced $105.
authors: U.O. Chirurgia Generale e Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi-Viale Morgagni, 85, 50100 Firenze, Italy.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Valeri
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Borrelli
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Presenti
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Lucchese
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Manca
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Tonelli
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Bergamini
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Borrelli
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Palli
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Saieva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors