title: Expression and distribution of id helix-loop-helix proteins in human astrocytic tumors.
abstract: The Id family of helix-loop-helix proteins is involved in a variety of processes, such as development, proliferation, and angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of Id1, Id2, and Id3 in surgical specimens of human glial tumors. Western blot analysis demonstrated that all three Id proteins were expressed in astrocytic tumors. Expression levels in high-grade tumors were higher than in low-grade tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that many of the tumor astrocytes exhibited strong Id1-3 IR. In contrast, in adult human normal brain, Id expression was low both in resting astrocytes and in endothelial cells. In tumor cells, Id proteins displayed cytoplasmic as well as nuclear localization. Id1-3 IR scores in tumor cells were positively correlated with proliferation indices. Moreover, Id1-3 IR was detected in endothelial cells of the astrocytic tumor blood vessels. The vascular Id1-3 expression correlated positively with tumor vascularity and grade. These results support the role of the Id gene family in the enhanced proliferative potential of tumor astrocytes. The evidence also supports the involvement of the Id gene family in tumor angiogenesis, a process that critically influences the malignant behavior of glial tumors.
authors: Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Dmitri A A
authors: DA
authors: Vandeputte
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Troost
authors: Sieger
authors: S
authors: Leenstra
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Ijlst-Keizers
authors: Marja
authors: M
authors: Ramkema
authors: D Andries
authors: DA
authors: Bosch
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Baas
authors: Nab K
authors: NK
authors: Das
authors: Eleonora
authors: E
authors: Aronica
mesh_terms: D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497453:ID1 protein, human; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors