title: Sampling and analyses of colloids at the Drigg low level radioactive waste disposal site.
abstract: Water samples have been extracted from inside (from standpipes) and from outside (from boreholes) of the trenches at the low level radioactive waste disposal site at Drigg in Cumbria, UK. The samples were taken anaerobically from between 8.5 and 10.0 m below the surface using a submersible pump at low flow rates to ensure that the waters in the standpipes and boreholes were maintained at constant levels. To ensure representative samples, the Eh, pH. conductivity, temperature, iron and dissolved oxygen concentrations of the waters were taken during initial purging and during sampling. The gross tritium, gross non-tritium beta, gross alpha and gamma activities of each sample were determined using suitable sample preparation and counting techniques. Samples were then anaerobically, sequentially filtered through 12 microm, 1 microm, 30 kDa and 500 Da filter membranes. The filtrates were analysed for gross alpha, gross non-tritium beta and gamma activities. SEM and STEM analyses were used to determine the colloid population. An energy dispersive analyser on the SEM was used to determine the major elements present in the colloids. UV-visible spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry and high performance size exclusion liquid chromatography were used to analyse the waters before and after treatment with ion exchange materials to determine whether natural organic matter was present in the waters. Results showed that two major types of colloids (iron containing colloids and silicon containing colloids) were present in the waters. There were also a small number of other colloids that contain, as major elements, aluminium, calcium and chromium. Organic colloids were also present. The majority of the radioactivity in the waters was due to tritium. Waters taken from outside the trenches contained low levels of non-tritium beta activities and alpha activities which were lower than the minimum detectable amount. Waters taken from the trenches contained non-tritium beta activities and low levels of alpha emitters. Filtration of the trench waters showed that some of the alpha activity was retained by the 30 kDa and 500 Da membranes suggesting that this activity was associated with small colloids. Radioactivity was not found to be associated with colloids present in the waters taken from outside the trenches. Possible reasons for this observation could be that radionuclide bearing colloids have not yet reached the far-field or that the radionuclide concentration is diluted to below the minimum detectable amount. After concentrating two of the samples by factors of x20 and x 16 respectively, 2.4+/-0.1 and 0.6+/-0.1 Bq dm(-3) of 137Cs were measured.
authors: Centre for Environmental Studies, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Warwick
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Allinson
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Beckett
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Eilbeck
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Fairhurst
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Russel-Flint
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Verrall
mesh_terms: D003102:Colloids / Q000032:analysis*; D004739:England; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D011850:Radioactive Waste; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013696:Temperature; D018505:Waste Management
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D011850:Radioactive Waste