title: N- and L-type calcium channel antagonist improves glomerular dynamics, reverses severe nephrosclerosis, and inhibits apoptosis and proliferation in an l-NAME/SHR model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the responses of the new dihydropyridine N- and L-type calcium antagonist, cilnidipine, on systemic and renal hemodynamics, glomerular dynamics, renal function, and histopathology in an Nomega-nitro-l-arginine methylester spontaneously hypertensive rat (l-NAME/SHR) model of nephrosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five groups of 20-week-old male SHR were studied using renal micropuncture techniques and histopathological analyses: group 1, control; group 2, cilnidipine (10 mg/kg per day) by gavage, for 3 weeks; group 3, l-NAME (50 mg/l) in drinking water, for 3 weeks; group 4, combination of l-NAME and cilnidipine, for 3 weeks; group 5, l-NAME for 3 weeks, followed by cilnidipine for a subsequent 3 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cilnidipine significantly reduced mean arterial pressure, total peripheral resistance and renal vascular resistance, while increasing effective renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (P < 0.01) in l-NAME/SHR. These hemodynamic changes were associated with significantly increased single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) and plasma flow (SNPF) and decreased afferent glomerular arteriolar resistances when cilnidipine was used alone, and with increased SNGFR and SNPF, but decreased glomerular capillary pressure, afferent and efferent arteriolar resistances, urinary protein excretion, serum creatinine and uric acid concentrations (at least P < 0.05) in l-NAME-exacerbated SHR nephrosclerosis. In addition, glomerular and arteriolar injuries were markedly reversed (both P < 0.01), and glomerular apoptosis and cellular proliferation were inhibited and associated with glomerular tuft enlargement and an increase in cell number.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cilnidipine not only prevented, but reversed, the severe renal hemodynamic and glomerular dynamic changes, including apoptosis and glomerular cellular proliferation, in l-NAME/SHR-exacerbated nephrosclerosis. This dual-channel calcium antagonist thus exerted renoprotective pathophysiological effects in the l-NAME/SHR.
authors: Hypertension Research Laboratories, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.
authors: Xiaoyan
authors: X
authors: Zhou
authors: Hidehiko
authors: H
authors: Ono
authors: Yuko
authors: Y
authors: Ono
authors: Edward D
authors: ED
authors: Frohlich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000187:drug effects*; D020864:Calcium Channels, N-Type / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004095:Dihydropyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D009400:Nephrosclerosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D020864:Calcium Channels, N-Type; D004095:Dihydropyridines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C065927:cilnidipine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester