title: The evolving role of mammary ductoscopy.
abstract: Mammary ductoscopy (MD) is an emerging technique that allows direct visualisation of the mammary duct system, and that produces sharp and clear video images and ductal washings for cytological analysis. There is a growing body of evidence that MD may have a role in the management of women with pathological nipple discharge, the guiding of breast conserving surgery for cancer, and the screening of high risk women. Further research is required to confirm these potential applications and the feasibility of its use in the rapid intervention and outpatient setting under local anaesthesia. Furthermore, the addition of molecular and genetic analysis of cells obtained by MD and the emergence of newer generations of microendoscopes are likely to enhance the use of this technique.
authors: The Breast Cancer Centre, St George's Hospital and Medical School, London, UK. kefahmokbel@hotmail.com
authors: Kefah
authors: K
authors: Mokbel
authors: Abd Elrafea
authors: AE
authors: Elkak
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D009558:Nipples / Q000378:metabolism; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013997:Time Factors