title: Musculoskeletal pain and risk for falls in older disabled women living in the community.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether musculoskeletal pain increased risk for falls in older women with disabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective population-based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The city and county of the eastern area of Baltimore.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand two women aged 65 and older, participants in the Women's Health and Aging Study, representing the one-third of older women who were living at home with disabilities, followed semiannually for 3 years beginning in 1991.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain was categorized into four groups according to severity and location. Widespread pain was defined as pain in the upper and lower extremities and in the axial skeletal region, with moderate to severe pain in at least one region (> or = 4 on a 10-point numeric rating scale, 10 = excruciating pain). Moderate to severe lower extremity pain that did not meet criteria for widespread pain was the next category. The reference category was no pain or mild pain in one site. The additional category of "other pain" was pain that did not fit into the other three groups. The occurrence of falls and fall-related injuries were assessed at each interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 940 women who participated in at least one follow-up examination, 39% fell in first year; of the survivors, 36% fell in Year 2, and 39% in Year 3. After adjusting for several major risk factors for falls, women with widespread pain had an increased likelihood of falling during follow-up (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.25-2.21) compared with those with no or mild pain in only one musculoskeletal site. Women who had other musculoskeletal pain but not widespread pain or lower extremity pain also had an increased risk of falls (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.02-1.82). Among women with musculoskeletal pain, risk for falls was lower in those who used daily analgesic medication. Risk for recurrent falls and self-reported fractures due to falls was also elevated in women with musculoskeletal pain, most consistently in women with widespread pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Musculoskeletal pain, particularly widespread pain, is a substantial risk factor for falls in older women with disabilities. These findings add an important dimension to our understanding of the multifactorial processes leading to falls in older persons.
authors: Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA. leveille@mail.hrca.harvard.edu
authors: Suzanne G
authors: SG
authors: Leveille
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Bean
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Bandeen-Roche
authors: Rich
authors: R
authors: Jones
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Hochberg
authors: Jack M
authors: JM
authors: Guralnik
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005853:Geriatrics; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors