title: Ketamine suppresses platelet aggregation possibly by suppressed inositol triphosphate formation and subsequent suppression of cytosolic calcium increase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ketamine has been shown to suppress platelet aggregation, but its mechanisms of action have not been defined. The purpose of the current study is to clarify the effects of ketamine on human platelet aggregation and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of its action.
  
  
  METHODS
  Platelet aggregation was measured using an eight-channel aggregometer, and cytosolic free calcium concentration was measured in Fura-2/AM-loaded platelets using a fluorometer. Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) was measured with use of a commercially available IP3 assay kit. To estimate thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor binding affinity and expression, Scatchard analysis was performed using [3H]S145, a specific TXA2 receptor antagonist. TXA2 agonist binding assay was also performed. The membrane-bound guanosine 5'-triphosphatase activity was determined using [gamma-32P]guanosine triphosphate by liquid scintillation analyzer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ketamine (500 microm) suppressed aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (0.5 microm), epinephrine (1 microm), (+)-9,11-epithia-11,12-methano-TXA2 (STA2) (0.5 microm), and thrombin (0.02 U/ml) to 39.1 +/- 30.9, 46.3 +/- 4.3, -2.0 +/- 16.8, and 86.6 +/- 1.4% of zero-control, respectively. Ketamine (250 microm-1 mm) also suppressed thrombin- and STA2-induced cytosolic free calcium concentration increase dose dependently. Although ketamine (2 mm) had no effect on TXA2 receptor expression and its binding affinity, it (1 mm) suppressed intracellular peak IP3 concentrations induced by thrombin and STA2 from 6.60 +/- 1.82 and 4.39 +/- 2.41 to 2.41 +/- 0.98 and 1.90 +/- 0.86 pmol/109 platelets, respectively, and it suppressed guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis induced by thrombin (0.02 units/ml) and STA2 (0.5 microm) to 50.3 +/- 3.2 and 67.5 +/- 5.5% versus zero-control, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine inhibits human platelet aggregation possibly by suppressed IP3 formation and subsequent suppression of cytosolic free calcium concentration. The site of action of ketamine is neither TXA2 nor thrombin binding sites but possibly receptor-coupled mechanisms, including G-protein.
authors: Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Takefumi
authors: T
authors: Nakagawa
authors: Hideo
authors: H
authors: Hirakata
authors: Masami
authors: M
authors: Sato
authors: Kumi
authors: K
authors: Nakamura
authors: Yoshio
authors: Y
authors: Hatano
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Nakamura
authors: Kazuhiko
authors: K
authors: Fukuda
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D016257:Fura-2; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007293:Inosine Triphosphate / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D017482:Receptors, Thromboxane / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D017482:Receptors, Thromboxane; D007293:Inosine Triphosphate; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D007649:Ketamine; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D002118:Calcium; D016257:Fura-2; D004837:Epinephrine