Immunity, immunopathology and vaccines against HIV?
Immunity and immunopathology of HIV infections leading to AIDS are reviewed from an evolutionary point of view. Accordingly infectious agents and host defences have co-evolved to reach balanced states where virus and host survive. While HIV has not quite yet reached an optimal balance, tuberculosis (TB), leprosy, HBV, HCV in humans or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in mice have successfully established persistence. These non- or poorly-cytopathic infections infect the next host usually before or at birth while hosts are immunoincompetent. They also infect immunocompetent hosts to persist at low levels concomitant with an ongoing T and B cell immune response that is repeatedly triggered by latent or persistent infection of extralymphatic or lymphatic host cells. This infectious or infection-immunity is the basis for cellular immunoprotection by antigen activated T cells. Because we cannot imitate this infection-immunity long-term and cannot build polyspecific vaccine combinations covering all possible neutralising variants yet, vaccines against TB, leprosy, HCV and HIV only protect transiently and incompletely.
Zinkernagel
Rolf M
RM
Institute for Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. rolf.zinkernagel@pty.usz.ch
D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; D015195:Drug Design; D006678:HIV / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology*; D007121:Immunocompetence; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D008216:Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008217:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D017735:Virus Latency
D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D014765:Viral Vaccines