title: Blunt traumatic hematuria in children. Is a simplified algorithm justified?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined whether radiographic evaluation is indicated in all children with traumatic hematuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of 110 children from 1992 to 1999 diagnosed with blunt trauma and hematuria. It is routine practice at our emergency department to perform radiographic evaluation in all children with hematuria regardless of the degree. Each chart was evaluated for the mechanism of injury, degree of hematuria, hypotension, imaging studies, renal injury, renal anomalies, associated injuries and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 110 patients 1 to 18 years old (mean age 9) were identified. The most common mechanism of injury was motor vehicle accident in 37 children (34%), followed by a fall in 32 (29%). Grades I to V renal injury was present in 5, 6, 6, 6 and 1 cases, respectively (22%), while 1 (0.9%) involved ureteropelvic junction avulsion. No child had renal pedicle injury. In 9 patients renal anomalies were detected incidentally. Of the 110 patients 101 underwent radiographic evaluation, including computerized tomography in 97 (88%). The 24 patients (22%) with significant renal injury and all with incidentally diagnosed renal anomalies had 50 or greater red blood cells per high power field on urinalysis, while 1 with ureteropelvic junction avulsion presented without hematuria. Hypotension was present in only 3 patients (2.7%), who also had associated injuries, including 2 who presented with renal injury. All 3 with associated injuries. Associated injuries were identified in 11 of 25 patients (44%). The 9 patients (8%) who did not undergo radiographic imaging had negative results on repeat urinalysis with an excellent outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend that radiological evaluation consisting of abdominal and pelvic computerized tomography should be performed only in patients with 50 or greater red blood cells on urinalysis, hypotension at presentation to the emergency room or based on the severity of mechanism of injury, for example high speed motor vehicle accident deceleration injuries. The patient who presented with ureteropelvic junction avulsion without hematuria would have undergone imaging considering the mechanism of injury and number of associated injuries.
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors: Marcos R
authors: MR
authors: Perez-Brayfield
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Gatti
authors: Edwin A
authors: EA
authors: Smith
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Broecker
authors: Charlotte
authors: C
authors: Massad
authors: Hal
authors: H
authors: Scherz
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Kirsch
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*