Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes: merging mechanisms for genetic diversity.
Somatic hypermutation is critical for the generation of high-affinity antibodies and effective immune responses, but its molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Recent studies have identified DNA strand lesions associated with the hypermutation process and suggested the involvement of specific repair molecules and pathways. Particularly exciting has been the discovery of a putative RNA editing enzyme, the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), that is required for all immunoglobulin gene-specific modification reactions (somatic hypermutation, class switch recombination, and gene conversion). Parallels between these three reactions are considered in light of recent advances.
Papavasiliou
F Nina
FN
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Schatz
David G
DG
D000818:Animals; D000916:Antibody Diversity / Q000235:genetics*; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017578:Immunoglobulin Class Switching / Q000235:genetics; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011995:Recombination, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D027041:Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin / Q000235:genetics*; D000098830:AICDA (Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase)
D000098830:AICDA (Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase); D003564:Cytidine Deaminase