title: Risk of Arterial Thrombosis in Relation to Oral Contraceptives (RATIO) study: oral contraceptives and the risk of ischemic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of venous thrombosis in women taking third-generation oral contraceptives, ie, those containing the progestogens desogestrel or gestodene. This study assesses the risk of ischemic stroke with several types of oral contraceptives.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter, population-based, case-control study was performed in 9 Dutch centers in women aged 18 to 49 years. Women with a first ischemic stroke were compared with control women without vascular diseases. The control subjects were recruited by random-digit dialing and were stratified by age, area of residence, and year of stroke. All patients and control subjects filled in a questionnaire about the use of oral contraceptives and risk factors for ischemic stroke. Odds ratios were adjusted for the stratification factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred three women with an ischemic stroke and 925 control women were included. The risk of stroke in women using any type of oral contraceptives versus none was 2.3 (95% CI 1.6 to 3.3). Current users of first-generation oral contraceptives had an odds ratio of 1.7 (95% CI 0.7 to 4.4). Low-dose second-generation oral contraceptives increased the risk of stroke 2.4 times (95% CI 1.6 to 3.7), and third-generation oral contraceptives increased the risk of stroke 2.0 times (95% CI 1.2 to 3.5). The risk of stroke in women using third-generation oral contraceptives was not different from that in women using second-generation oral contraceptives (odds ratio 1.0, 95% CI 0.6 to 1.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Third-generation oral contraceptives (containing desogestrel or gestodene) confer the same risk of first ischemic stroke as second-generation oral contraceptives (containing levonorgestrel).
authors: Julius Centre for Patient Oriented Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Jeanet M
authors: JM
authors: Kemmeren
authors: Bea C
authors: BC
authors: Tanis
authors: Maurice A A J
authors: MA
authors: van den Bosch
authors: Edward L E M
authors: EL
authors: Bollen
authors: Frans M
authors: FM
authors: Helmerhorst
authors: Yolanda
authors: Y
authors: van der Graaf
authors: Frits R
authors: FR
authors: Rosendaal
authors: Ale
authors: A
authors: Algra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects; D017135:Desogestrel / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009652:Norpregnenes / Q000009:adverse effects; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D009652:Norpregnenes; C033273:Gestodene; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D017135:Desogestrel