title: Open reduction and internal fixation of displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thirty-two displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus in 30 patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Fracture classification was based on Sanders computed tomographic classification. There were 18 type II fractures, 10 type III fractures, and 4 type IV fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The operations were performed using a standard extended lateral approach, and the fractures were fixed with small-fragment AO T-plates without bone grafting. Average follow-up was 35.4 months (range, 24-53 months). The Creighton-Nebraska Health Foundation Assessment score for fractures of the calcaneus was used for evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average score was 86.7 for type II, 82.3 for type III, and 59.2 for type IV fractures. There was a clear statistically significant superiority with type II and type III fractures treated with open reduction when compared with type IV fractures (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of our result, we recommend that type II and type III fractures be treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Despite the results of type IV fractures being significantly worse than that of type II and type III fractures, we recommend open reduction and internal fixation for type IV fractures to restore the hindfoot architecture and the subtalar joint, if possible. When the disrupted subtalar joint is so comminuted that it is beyond the surgeon's ability to reconstruct, primary subtalar arthrodesis should be performed in addition to open reduction and internal fixation.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors: Peng-Ju
authors: PJ
authors: Huang
authors: Hsuan-Ti
authors: HT
authors: Huang
authors: Tai-Bin
authors: TB
authors: Chen
authors: Jian-Chih
authors: JC
authors: Chen
authors: Yen-Ko
authors: YK
authors: Lin
authors: Yuh-Min
authors: YM
authors: Cheng
authors: Sen-Yuen
authors: SY
authors: Lin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001860:Bone Plates; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices