title: Erythrocyte damage and leukocyte activation in ischemic stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The traditional lipid risk factors can only predict some of the cardiovascular events. Our work has focused on new potential biological markers of risk, namely leukocyte activation and erythrocyte membrane damage, in ischemic stroke cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Besides the traditional lipid profile, we evaluated the plasma levels of elastase and lactoferrin as markers of leukocyte activation, and membrane band 3 protein profile and membrane bound hemoglobin as markers of erythrocyte damage. Total and differential leukocyte counts and erythrocyte counts, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations were also evaluated. The lipid study included the evaluation of triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), apolipoprotein AI (Apo AI) and B (Apo B), and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)). The work was performed in a control group (n=29) with no history of cardiovascular events, presenting normal hematological and lipid values, and in a pathologic group (n=21) of ischemic stroke cases diagnosed by computed tomographic imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that ischemic stroke was associated with significantly higher values of leukocytes, which seem to be activated, as shown by significant higher levels of elastase and lactoferrin. This activation seems to impose erythrocyte damage, as suggested by a significant increase in membrane bound hemoglobin and by a different band 3 profile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that plasma levels of elastase and lactoferrin, together with levels of erythrocyte membrane bound hemoglobin and band 3 profile, could be used as powerful new markers of risk for cardiovascular events.
authors: Departmento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-047 Oporto, Portugal. assilva@ff.up.pt
authors: Alice
authors: A
authors: Santos-Silva
authors: Irene
authors: I
authors: Rebelo
authors: Elisabeth
authors: E
authors: Castro
authors: Luís
authors: L
authors: Belo
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Catarino
authors: Isabel
authors: I
authors: Monteiro
authors: Maria Daniel
authors: MD
authors: Almeida
authors: Alexandre
authors: A
authors: Quintanilha
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001457:Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology*; D004906:Erythrocyte Count; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000737:chemistry; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000097:blood; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase / Q000097:blood; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012698:Serologic Tests; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001457:Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte; D015415:Biomarkers; D006454:Hemoglobins; D008055:Lipids; D007781:Lactoferrin; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase