title: [Clinical treatment (non surgical) of spasticity in cerebral palsy].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A review about the procedures used in the non surgical management of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic modalities for the management of spasticity in cerebral palsy include: (1) elimination of factors aggravating spasticity: pain, fatigue, stress, excitement, cold, illness, sleep disturbance, immobility, and hormonal changes; (2) rehabilitative therapies, there are four major groups: (a) biomechanical approach, (b) neurophysiologic approach, (c) developmental approach and (d) sensory approach; (3) orthosis; (4) oral pharmacotherapy: baclofen, tizanidine, diacepam and dantroleno; (5) chemical denervation: phenol injections and botulinum toxin injections. The medical management of spasticity in cerebral palsy is based on: 1. Oral pharmacotherapy: (a) baclofen, binds GABAB receptors of spinal interneurons presynaptically, inhibits release of excitatory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord; (b) tizanidine, binds alfa 2 adrenergic receptors presinaptically, inhibits release of excitatory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord; (c) diacepam, augments GABA mediated inhibition in the spinal cord and supraspinally;(d) dantrolene, inhibits release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle, weakens muscle contraction in response to myofiber excitation. 2. Chemical denervation: (a) phenol injection perineurally or into the motor point disrupts efferent signals from hyperexcitable anterior horn cells causing necrosis of axons or muscle; (b) botulinum toxin injection in selected muscles blocks the release of acetylcholine presynaptically and weakens the force of muscle contraction produced by hyperexcitable motoneurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the present time, there is not irrefutable evidence of a sustain benefit of physical rehabilitation in the management of spasticity. There are few studies with oral pharmacological agents involving children with cerebral palsy to define its role. On the other hand, botulinum toxin A is effective, well tolerated, and safe in the treatment of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy.
authors: Centro Neurológico para Niños y Adolescentes. Hospital San José Tec de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64710, México. racacena@neuroped.com.mx
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Calderón-González
authors: R F
authors: RF
authors: Calderón-Sepúlveda
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D003714:Denervation; D006801:Humans; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012046:Rehabilitation
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A