title: Occurrence of celiac disease after onset of type 1 diabetes: a 6-year prospective longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of celiac disease in a large cohort of children and adolescents at the onset of type 1 diabetes and the occurrence of new cases during a 6-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied, by repeated serologic screening, 274 consecutive patients at the onset of type 1 diabetes (age [mean +/- standard deviation]: 8.28 +/- 4.65 years) for 6 subsequent years. One patient had a diagnosis of celiac disease before the onset of diabetes. The immunoglobulin A-antiendomysium antibody test was selected as the screening test; patients with positive results (++ or +++) or with 2 consecutive weak positive tests (+) were considered appropriate for the jejunal biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At diabetes onset, 15 (5.5%) of 273 patients tested positive with the antiendomysium test; jejunal biopsy was performed in 10, and celiac disease was diagnosed in 9. The prevalence of biopsy-confirmed celiac disease at the manifestation of diabetes was 3.6% (10 of 274 patients). Twelve more patients with a negative antiendomysium antibody test at diabetes onset tested positive during the follow-up within 4 years; 10 of them had biopsies performed, and 7 had celiac disease. Therefore, the overall prevalence of biopsy-confirmed celiac disease in the entire cohort of patients was 6.2%. The age at diabetes onset in patients with and without celiac disease was not different (7.88 +/- 5.69 vs 8.3 +/- 4.58 years). The majority of cases of celiac disease were asymptomatic in their presentation, and no signs of overt malnutrition were documented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of celiac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes is approximately 20 times higher than in the general population. Sixty percent of cases are already present at diabetes onset, mostly undetected, but an additional 40% of patients develop celiac disease a few years after diabetes onset. Extending screening programs for celiac disease after the onset of type 1 diabetes is recommended, even in the absence of clinical symptoms.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Scientific Institute H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. barera.graziano@hsr.it
authors: Graziano
authors: G
authors: Barera
authors: Riccardo
authors: R
authors: Bonfanti
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Viscardi
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Bazzigaluppi
authors: Giliola
authors: G
authors: Calori
authors: Franco
authors: F
authors: Meschi
authors: Cesare
authors: C
authors: Bianchi
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Chiumello
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D007223:Infant; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012698:Serologic Tests
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G