Some psychological and engineering aspects of the extravehicular activity of astronauts.
One of the main in-flight problems being fulfilled by astronauts is the preparation for and realization of egress into open space for the purpose of different kinds of extravehicular activity, such as, the performance of scientific experiments, repairing and dismantling operations etc. The astronaut's activity outside the space vehicle is the most difficult item of the space flight programme, which is complicated by a number of space factors affecting a man, viz. dynamic weightlessness, work in a space suit under conditions of excessive pressure, difficulties of space orientation etc. The peculiarities mentioned require special training of the cosmonaut. The physical training involves a series of exercises forming the body-control habits necessary for work in a state of weightlessness. In a new kind of training use is made of equipment simulating the state of weightlessness. From analysis of the available data and the results of my own investigations during ground training and the Soyuz 4 and 5 flights one can establish the following peculiarities of the astronaut's extravehicular activity: (1) Operator response lag in the planned algorithm; (ii) systematic appearance of some stereotype errors in the mounting and dismantling of the outer equipment and in scientific-technical experiments; (iii) a high degree of emotional strain and 30-35% decrease in in-flight working capacity of the astronaut compared with the ground training data; (iv) a positive influence of space adaptation on the cosmonaut and the efficiency of his work in open space; (v) the necessity for further engineering and psychological analysis of the astronaut's activity under conditions of the long space flight of the multi-purpose orbital station. One of the main reasons for the above peculiarities is the violation of the control-coordination functions of the astronaut in the course of the dynamical operations. The paper analyses the extravehicular activity of the astronaut and presents some recommendations for its more efficient realization. Proposals are given concerning the complex engineering, psychological and technical investigations to be made during in-flight egress.
Khrunov
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D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D018480:Astronauts / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D015444:Exercise; D018478:Extravehicular Activity; D006801:Humans; D013026:Space Flight; D019442:Space Suits; D018531:Spacecraft; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014893:Weightlessness