title: In vitro drug resistance profile of Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia is heterogeneous and related to age: a report of the Dutch and German Leukemia Study Groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation leading to the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome resulting in BCR-ABL gene fusion is associated with a poor prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the relation between t(9;22), determined by karyotype, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and in vitro drug resistance, measured by the MTT assay, in precursor B-cell ALL at diagnosis. The findings in twenty-one Ph-positive (Ph+) childhood common/precursorB (c/preB) cases were compared with 254 Ph-negative (Ph-) ALL cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A large range of LC(50) values was found within the Ph+ patients. Moreover, LC(50) values did not differ significantly between Ph+ and Ph- samples for prednisolone, dexamethasone, L-asparaginase, vincristine, anthracyclines, thiopurines, epipodophyllotoxins, and 4H00-ifosfamide, even after matching for important prognostic features (age, white blood cell count (WBC), and immunophenotype). Adult Ph+ (n = 12) ALL was more resistant to prednisolone (> 270-fold, P = 0.030), and displayed an overall tendency to resistance when compared to matched cases of Ph- (n = 15) adult precursor B-cell ALL. Within Ph+ ALL, in vitro prednisolone resistance increased significantly with age (P = 0.006). The expression of lung resistance protein (LRP), but not P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or multidrug resistance protein (MRP), was significantly higher in all Ph+ patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both childhood and adult Ph+ precursor B-cell ALL samples display a heterogeneous in vitro resistance profile, with relatively sensitive and resistant cases. The adult Ph+ samples, however, are generally more resistant compared to matched Ph- controls, reaching significance for prednisolone. The correlation of prednisolone resistance with age within the Ph+ cases might help explain the poorer prognosis of adult Ph+ ALL.
authors: Department of Pediatric Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ramakersvanwoerden@VUmc.nl
authors: N L
authors: NL
authors: Ramakers-van Woerden
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Pieters
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Hoelzer
authors: R M
authors: RM
authors: Slater
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: den Boer
authors: A H
authors: AH
authors: Loonen
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Harbott
authors: G E
authors: GE
authors: Janka-Schaub
authors: W-D
authors: WD
authors: Ludwig
authors: G J
authors: GJ
authors: Ossenkoppele
authors: E R
authors: ER
authors: van Wering
authors: A J P
authors: AJ
authors: Veerman
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D010677:Philadelphia Chromosome; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011379:Prognosis; D020394:Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles / Q000235:genetics; D000099187:Major Vault Protein
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011239:Prednisolone; D020394:Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles; D000099187:Major Vault Protein; C421109:multidrug resistance-associated protein 1