title: Toxicity study of an antidipsotropic Chinese herbal mixture in rats: NPI-028.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the potential toxicity and safety of the Chinese herbal medicine NPI-028 in rats following subchronic (3-month) exposure via daily oral consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subchronic toxicity was evaluated in four groups of rats (n = 10 per group) receiving NPI-028 orally at a dose of either 0.0 (normal diet control), 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg, ingested as part of their daily diet for 3 months. NPI-028 was incorporated into powdered rat chow diet as a specific percent of the total diet provided each day. The primary active isoflavone content of NPI-028 (puerarin) used in the rat diet was also determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subchronic toxicity was assessed over a 3-month period by biweekly measurement of water and food intake, weight gain, and visual inspection for maintenance of grooming and normal behavior. At the end of the study period rats were euthanized and blood was obtained for hematologic and chemical analysis. Organs were removed for histopathologic examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats in all three NPI-028 dose groups were similar to the control group in weight gain, food intake, and water intake over the study period. Hematology, blood chemistries, and organ histology in rats at all three NPI-028 doses did not significantly differ from control rats. Minor exceptions were elevated urea nitrogen values at all NPI-028 doses, and increased triglyceride and thyroid-stimulating hormone values in the lowest NPI-028 dose-treated group. Puerarin (used as a dietary isoflavone marker) content of NPI-028 was 26 mg/g dry weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NPI-028 ingested orally at doses up to 2.0 g/kg per day in the rat diet for up to 3 months resulted in normal growth with no changes in hematologic or hepatic parameters, and only minor alterations in renal and blood chemistry parameters. There was no evidence of abnormal histology. These data suggest the long-term daily oral consumption of NPI-028 as a part of the daily diet for 3 months, at the doses studied, is safe in rats. Thus, NPI-028 may potentially be safe for clinical use as an antidipsotropic agent.
authors: Center for Addiction and Alternative Medicine Research, Natural Products and Toxicology Laboratories, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, MN 55404, USA. keyle001@tc.umn.edu
authors: Daniel E
authors: DE
authors: Keyler
authors: John I
authors: JI
authors: Baker
authors: David Y W
authors: DY
authors: Lee
authors: David H
authors: DH
authors: Overstreet
authors: Tacey A
authors: TA
authors: Boucher
authors: Scott K
authors: SK
authors: Lenz
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000427:Alcohol Deterrents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000188:drug therapy; D000818:Animals; D002957:Citrus / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D029882:Glycyrrhiza uralensis / Q000633:toxicity; D006402:Hematologic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D020944:Silybum marianum / Q000633:toxicity; D005894:Panax / Q000633:toxicity; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D036625:Stevia / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000427:Alcohol Deterrents; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D007529:Isoflavones; C033607:puerarin