title: Survival and incidence of acute rejection in heart transplant recipients undergoing successful withdrawal from steroid therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Steroid-free immunosuppression is feasible in selected patients after heart transplantation. Survival and incidence of acute rejection are important parameters to evaluate when weighing risks and benefits of steroid withdrawal.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-seven patients were retrospectively reviewed who underwent heart transplant at Emory University between January 1988 and April 1994 and survived >1 year. Standard immunosuppression (cyclosporine, azathioprine and prednisone) without induction therapy was used. Weaning from steroids was attempted in all patients. Scheduled endomyocardial biopsy was used for long-term surveillance screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-two patients (52.5%) underwent successful prednisone withdrawal (Group P0) at an average of 13 months after heart transplant, whereas 65 patients (47.5%) did not achieve steroid-free immunosuppression (Group P1). Group P0 had a mean of 1.3 treated rejection episodes (ISHLT Grade > or = 1b) during the first post-transplant year and Group P1 a mean of 2.3 (p <0.0001). In Group P0, 40 patients (55.6%) suffered a subsequent acute rejection with an ISHLT Grade > or = 1b, resulting in treatment. Of these, 15% were ISHLT Grade 1b, 47.5% Grade 2, 35% Grade 3a and 2.5% Grade 3b. The estimated risk of suffering from acute rejection of at least Grade 1b after achieving steroid-free immunosuppression was 50% at 21 months. Estimated survival at 5 years after heart transplant was 92.9% in Group P0 and 72.3% in Group P1 (p <0.01). Cox proportional hazard modeling revealed black recipient race as effect modifier of group status with decreased survival time in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Steroid-free immunosuppression in white heart transplant recipients is associated with improved survival. A low acute rejection score during the first year predicts successful steroid withdrawal. Black recipient race appears to be negatively associated with survival and deserves further detailed study. Long-term surveillance screening using endomyocardial biopsy is recommended.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2358, USA. thomas.felkel@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu
authors: Thomas O
authors: TO
authors: Felkel
authors: Andrew L
authors: AL
authors: Smith
authors: Hermann C
authors: HC
authors: Reichenspurner
authors: Bonnie
authors: B
authors: LaFleur
authors: Jerre F
authors: JF
authors: Lutz
authors: Kirk R
authors: KR
authors: Kanter
authors: Michael B
authors: MB
authors: Gravanis
authors: Thomas S
authors: TS
authors: Johnston
mesh_terms: D001379:Azathioprine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D001379:Azathioprine