title: Differential regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in bladder cancer cells.
abstract: The growth of any solid tumor depends on angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a prominent role in vesical tumor angiogenesis regulation. Previous studies have shown that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) was involved in the angiogenesis process. Here, we report for the first time that in two different human bladder cancer cell lines, RT4 (derived from grade I tumor) and T24 (derived from grade III tumor), VEGF (mRNA and protein) is differentially up-regulated by the three PPAR isotypes. Its expression is increased by PPARalpha, beta, and gamma in RT4 cells and only by PPARbeta in T24 cells via a transcriptional activation of the VEGF promoter through an indirect mechanism. This effect is potentiated by an RXR (retinoid-X-receptor), selective retinoid LG10068 providing support for a PPAR agonist-specific action on VEGF expression. While investigating the downstream signaling pathways involved in PPAR agonist-mediated up-regulation of VEGF, we found that only the MEK inhibitor PD98059 reduced PPAR ligand-induced expression of VEGF. These data contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which PPARs regulate VEGF expression. They may lead to a new therapeutic approach to human bladder cancer in which excessive angiogenesis is a negative prognostic factor.
authors: Institut d'Etudes et de Transfert de Gènes Bâtiment INSERM, 240 route de Dole, Besançon, France.
authors: Sylvie
authors: S
authors: Fauconnet
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Lascombe
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Chabannes
authors: Gérard-Louis
authors: GL
authors: Adessi
authors: Béatrice
authors: B
authors: Desvergne
authors: Walter
authors: W
authors: Wahli
authors: Hugues
authors: H
authors: Bittard
mesh_terms: D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D000071438:Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; C107608:FABP7 protein, human; D000071438:Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases