title: Risk of serious bacterial infection in children with fever without a source in the post-Haemophilus influenzae era when antibiotics are reserved for culture-proven bacteremia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the rate of serious bacterial infection in children aged 2 to 36 months with fever without a source in the post-Haemophilus influenzae era, when antibiotic therapy is reserved until blood culture results turn positive.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of emergency department, urgent care center, and hospital medical records from an urban children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible participants were identified from hospital medical record and microbiology laboratory databases. Immunocompetent individuals aged 2 to 36 months with fever without a source were eligible for enrollment. Exclusion criteria were temperature less than 39.0 degrees C, identifiable focus of infection, current or recent antibiotic use, and hospital admission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enrolled participants were assigned to group 1 (blood culture obtained) or group 2 (no blood culture) and did not receive empiric antibiotic treatment in the emergency department, in the urgent care center, or for home use. Demographic and outcome data were collected on all enrolled patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study, 9241 febrile children were identified; 2641 (29%) met the enrollment criteria. Blood cultures (group 1) were performed on 1202 patients (46%), and 37 (3%) had culture-proven occult bacteremia (95% confidence interval, 2.2%-4.2%). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most prevalent organism (84%). The mean +/- SD time for reporting a positive blood culture finding was 17.5 +/- 8.5 hours. Two patients (0.08%; 95% confidence interval, 0.009%-0.27%) developed serious bacterial infection, and both recovered completely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reserving antibiotic therapy for culture-proven occult bacteremia was not associated with increased risk of developing serious bacterial infection compared with previously published data.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W Wisconsin Ave, Mailstop 677, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. sbandy@mcw.edu
authors: Subhankar
authors: S
authors: Bandyopadhyay
authors: Jo
authors: J
authors: Bergholte
authors: Charles D
authors: CD
authors: Blackwell
authors: Jason R
authors: JR
authors: Friedlander
authors: Halim
authors: H
authors: Hennes
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005335:Fever of Unknown Origin / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D006753:Hospital Records; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014922:Wisconsin
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents