title: Psychological reactions related to chemosensory irritation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For risk assessments of solvents the knowledge on chemosensory irritation effects is important, but the methodological base for that is incomplete. The psychological approach measuring chemosensory irritations leans on perceived symptoms and self-reported changes of well being. Characteristics assessing the validity of such psychological approaches are presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  The article is based on 14 experimental inhalation studies with (mostly) 4-h exposures to acetone, 2-butanone, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl benzene, iso-propanol, 1-octanol, and styrene. The profiles of exposure include constant and changing concentrations using the range of the German maximum concentrations at the workplace (MAK) list. Irritations (eyes and nose), olfactory symptoms (odour), and annoyance are the dependent variables measured by ratings. Young and healthy subjects ( n=160), - partially, subjects with self-reported odour sensitivity (measured by items from the questionnaire on chemical and general environmental sensitivity) - were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reliability of ratings is sufficient. Dose-response relationships for perceived odour and annoyance are stronger than those for irritations. A ranked order of the size of effect (related to the values before exposure) for the substances investigated shows correspondence between odour and annoyance; that for irritation differs. Within the limits of the MAK list, perceived irritations are not correlated to annoyance, whereas perceived bad smell correlates significantly to annoyance. Reversibility of the self-reported effects to approximately the pre-exposure level can be shown 1 h after cessation of the experimental exposure for the "normal" subjects. Influences of trait anxiety and chemical sensitivity on reports of annoyance, bad odour or irritation are only weak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The psychological approach of repeated measurements for self-reported irritation includes distinctive advantages compared with other methods, the simple and repeated availability during exposure, the sufficient reliability and dose-response relationship, and the comparability between substances by means of effect size. The extension of the concept of "chemosensory irritations" on reports for annoyance and bad smell can be recommended.
authors: Institute for Occupational Physiology at the University of Dortmund, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany. seeber@arb-phys.uni-dortmund.de
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Seeber
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: van Thriel
authors: Katja
authors: K
authors: Haumann
authors: Ernst
authors: E
authors: Kiesswetter
authors: Meinolf
authors: M
authors: Blaszkewicz
authors: Klaus
authors: K
authors: Golka
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001007:Anxiety; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007509:Irritants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D010465:Perception; D011594:Psychometrics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012997:Solvents; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D007509:Irritants; D012997:Solvents