title: Angiotensin II induces tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis in the adult mammalian heart through a protein kinase C-dependent pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies suggest that angiotensin II (Ang II) upregulates the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in nonmyocyte cell types; however, the effect of Ang II on TNF expression in the adult mammalian heart is not known.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To determine whether Ang II was sufficient to provoke TNF biosynthesis in the adult heart, we examined the effects of Ang II in isolated buffer-perfused Langendorff feline hearts. Ang II (10(-7) mol/L) treatment resulted in a time- and dose-dependent increase in myocardial TNF mRNA and protein biosynthesis in the heart as well as in cultured adult cardiac myocytes. The effects of Ang II on myocardial TNF mRNA and protein synthesis were mediated through the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R), insofar as an AT1R antagonist (AT1a) blocked the effects of Ang II, whereas an angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) antagonist (AT2a) had no effect. Stimulation with Ang II led to the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 (AP-1), two transcription factors that are important for TNF gene expression. Nuclear factor-kappaB activation was accompanied by phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha on serine 32 as well as degradation of IkappaBalpha, suggesting that the effects of Ang II were mediated through an IkappaBalpha-dependent pathway. The important role of protein kinase C (PKC) was suggested by studies in which a phorbol ester triggered TNF biosynthesis, and a PKC inhibitor abrogated Ang II-induced TNF biosynthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies suggest that Ang II provokes TNF biosynthesis in the adult mammalian heart through a PKC-dependent pathway.
authors: Winters Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex 77030, USA.
authors: Dinesh
authors: D
authors: Kalra
authors: Natarajan
authors: N
authors: Sivasubramanian
authors: Douglas L
authors: DL
authors: Mann
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D007700:Kinetics; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004075:Diglycerides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000804:Angiotensin II; D011493:Protein Kinase C