title: Underuse of controller medications among Medicaid-insured children with asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  National guidelines recommend daily use of controller medications for children with persistent asthma. Although studies suggest low rates of controller use, little is known about predictors of underuse among low-income children in whom asthma morbidity is greatest.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of underuse of controller medications among Medicaid-insured children in a variety of managed care arrangements, and to examine demographic factors and processes of asthma care associated with underuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional telephone survey of parents of children and adolescents aged 2 to 16 years with asthma, insured by Medicaid, and enrolled in 1 of 5 managed care plans. The main outcome was parent-reported underuse of controllers among children with persistent asthma. Survey items included demographic factors and reports of specific processes of care. Current symptom level was determined by recall of the number of days with symptoms in the previous 14 and by the Physical Function Score of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Child Health Status Assessment for Asthma. Logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with underuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 66%, with 1648 children included in the analysis; 1083 were classified as having persistent asthma. Of these, 73% were underusers of controller therapy, with 49% reporting no controller use and 24% reporting less than daily use. A multivariate model that adjusted for age, managed health care organization, and AAP Physical Function Score found that black (odds ratio [OR], 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.4) or Latino (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3-3.8) race were associated with underuse and that parental education beyond high school was protective (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4-0.8). Having a primary care physician (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8), written action plan (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.4-0.7), or a follow-up visit (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.4-0.8) and having seen an asthma specialist (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.4-0.7) were associated with lower rates of underuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Underuse of controller medications among Medicaid-insured children is widespread. Racial minorities and children whose parents are less educated are at higher risk for underuse. Patients who have received action plans or had follow-up visits or specialty consultations are less likely to be symptomatic underusers of controller medications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, 133 Brookline Ave, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Jonathan_Finkelstein@harvardpilgrim.org
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.forename: Harold J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Miroshnik
authors.forename: Tracy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lieu
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010290:Parents; D044469:Racial Groups; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents