title: Seven-day (24-h) ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, self-reported depression and quality of life scores.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Effects of environmental conditions on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) variations as putative factors underlying the onset of vascular events.
  
  
  METHODS
  BP and HR were monitored around the clock for 7 days on 54 residents from Urausu, Hokkaido, Japan. Daytime, night-time, and 24-h means served to identify dippers and non-dippers. Questionnaire-assessed depression and subjective quality of life were related to BP and HR by analyses of variance and linear regression. Statistical significance was at 5%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A circaseptan (about 7-day) component characterizes the 24-h mean and standard deviation (SD) of HR, and the daytime and day-night ratio of systolic BP. The SD of HR is higher on weekends and lower on Mondays and Thursdays. When awake, systolic BP is lowest on Sundays and the day-night ratio is optimal on weekends (Saturdays: 15.7 +/- 9.4%; Sundays: 14.0 +/- 13.2%). Depression was detected in 15 subjects, who had higher mean systolic and diastolic BP values (systolic BP: P = 0.028 Fridays, P = 0.021 Tuesdays; diastolic BP: P = 0.022 Mondays, P = 0.006 daytime Mondays) and a lower day-night ratio of diastolic BP (P = 0.012 Tuesdays, P = 0.005 Wednesdays, and P = 0.038 Thursdays). A depressive mood correlated positively with 24-h averages of systolic (P = 0.037) and diastolic (P = 0.030) BP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression (and subjective quality of life) can affect BP and HR variability. The results indicate the role that psychological factors may play in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Therapeutic implications are suggested for primary and secondary prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Daini Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinagawa
authors.forename: Kuniaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otsuka
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Germaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cornelissen
authors.forename: Kozo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsubayashi
authors.forename: Shohki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mitsutake
authors.forename: Ken-ichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasaka
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Halberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003625:Data Collection; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010507:Periodicity; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors