title: Detection of fractalkine in human seminal plasma and its role in infertile patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fractalkine is a relatively newly discovered CX(3)C chemokine, which is a chemoattractant for T cells, monocytes and natural killer cells. Several reports have demonstrated the association between chemokine levels in seminal plasma and semen quality. The fractalkine levels in ejaculates from normal donors and infertile male patients with or without asthenozoospermia, were examined and correlated with sperm motility and morphology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Western blot analysis showed fractalkine protein to be present in the seminal plasma. Fractalkine titres in the seminal plasma of infertile men with asthenozoospermia (0.64 +/- 0.04 microg/ml; n = 58) were lower than those in patients without asthenozoospermia (0.94 +/- 0.10 microg/ml; n = 22, P < 0.01) and fertile donors (1.04 +/- 0.07 microg/ml; n = 10, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between fractalkine levels in patients with and without leukospermia. No significant correlation was found between fractalkine and interleukin-8 levels in seminal plasma. Sperm motility was positively correlated (R(2) = 0.14, P < 0.001) with fractalkine concentration. The existence of CX(3)CR-positive leukocytes in semen was confirmed using specific primers for CX(3)CR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that fractalkine is a chemokine associated with sperm motility and the migration of CX(3)CR-positive leukocytes into semen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita city, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimoya
authors.forename: Yukinibu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: Rika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tenma
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isaka
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Masayasu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murata
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; D020523:Chemokines, CX3C / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012661:Semen / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C515538:CX3CL1 protein, human; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; D020523:Chemokines, CX3C; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger