title: Leptin and thyroxine during sexual development in male monkeys: effect of neonatal gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist treatment and delayed puberty on the developmental pattern of leptin and thyroxine secretion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neonatal treatment of male monkeys with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (Ant) increased the incidence of delayed puberty. Using blood samples that had been collected from monkeys with normal or delayed puberty, we assessed the potential involvement of leptin and thyroxine (T4) in sexual development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monkeys were treated from birth until 4 months of age with vehicle, Ant or Ant/androgen and blood samples were drawn from 10 to 62 months of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum leptin and total T4 concentrations declined in parallel throughout adolescence in all treatment groups. There was no transient rise in leptin before or in association with the onset of puberty. Also, leptin did not differ during the peripubertal period between animals experiencing puberty at that time versus those in which puberty was being delayed. Neonates treated with Ant either alone or with androgen replacement had higher leptin levels than controls throughout development. While leptin exhibited no significant changes during the peripubertal period, T4 values increased and declined in parallel with the peripubertal changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data do not support the concept that a transient rise in leptin triggers the onset of puberty in male monkeys. However, the disruption of neonatal activity of the pituitary-testicular axis alters the developmental pattern of leptin. The changes in T4 levels during the peripubertal period suggest that thyroid status may be a significant contributor to the process of sexual development in the male monkey and that peripubertal changes in secretion of this hormone may serve as an effective physiological response during a critical period of elevated energy expenditure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, USA. mann@msm.edu
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Akinbami
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: V D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Castracane
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000882:Haplorhini; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000502:physiology*; D013737:Testis / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013974:Thyroxine