title: Comparison of the morphine-sparing effects of diclofenac sodium and ketorolac tromethamine after major orthopedic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy of diclofenac sodium with ketorolac tromethamine in reducing postoperative morphine use after major orthopedic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Major teaching institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  102 ASA physical status II patients undergoing hip and knee replacement with general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before induction of anesthesia, patients were randomly allocated to receive intravenously either diclofenac sodium 75 mg (Group D), ketorolac tromethamine 60 mg (Group K), or placebo (Group P). Patient-controlled analgesia was supplied postoperatively using morphine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visual analog scale (VAS), verbal pain score (VPS), sedation score, frequency of opioid side effects, and morphine consumption were recorded every 4 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a highly significant downward trend for VAS, VPS, and sedation scores over time, p = 0.001. The mean VAS and VPS scores were significantly lower in Groups D and K compared with Group P at time 0, p = 0.009 and 8 hours, p = 0.026. The mean (SD) 24-hour morphine requirements were 36.3 mg (16.9), 47.2 mg (34.9), and 51.6 mg (22.2) for Groups D, K, and P, respectively, p = 0.032. Fewer patients suffered from postoperative nausea and vomiting in the treatment groups (Groups D and K) compared with Group P (9, 8, and 19, respectively), p < 0.05. Fewer patients also suffered from pruritus in Groups D and K compared with Group P (3, 4, and 11, respectively), p < 0.01.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative administration of intravenous diclofenac 75 mg or ketorolac 60 mg significantly reduces morphine requirements and associated side effects after major orthopedic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Ratan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Habib E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: El-Moalem
authors.forename: Tong J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D025981:Hip Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D009020:Morphine