title: Maternal smoking during pregnancy and severe antisocial behavior in offspring: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent research suggests that in utero exposure to maternal smoking is a risk factor for conduct disorder and delinquency. We review evidence of causality, a controversial but important public health question.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed studies of maternal prenatal smoking and offspring antisocial behavior within a causal framework.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The association is (1) independent of confounders, (2) present across diverse contexts, and (3) consistent with basic science. Methodological limitations of existing studies preclude causal conclusions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Existing evidence provides consistent support for, but not proof of, an etiologic role for prenatal smoking in the onset of antisocial behavior. The possibility of identifying a preventable prenatal risk factor for a serious mental disorder makes further research on this topic important for public health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. laurie@yoda.bsd.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: Lauren S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wakschlag
authors.forename: Kate E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Pickett
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Neal L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Benowitz
authors.forename: Bennett L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Leventhal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology