title: Instability on hospital discharge and the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Investigating claims that patients are being sent home from the hospital "quicker and sicker" requires a way of objectively measuring appropriateness of hospital discharge.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define and validate a simple, usable measure of clinical stability on discharge for patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on daily vital signs and clinical status was collected in a prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study. Unstable factors in the 24 hours prior to discharge were temperature greater than 37.8 degrees C, heart rate greater than 100/min, respiratory rate greater than 24/min, systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mm Hg, oxygen saturation lower than 90%, inability to maintain oral intake, and abnormal mental status. Outcomes were deaths, readmissions, and failure to return to usual activities within 30 days of discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 680 patients, 19.1% left the hospital with 1 or more instabilities. Overall, 10.5% of patients with no instabilities on discharge died or were readmitted compared with 13.7% of those with 1 instability and 46.2% of those with 2 or more instabilities (P<.003). Instability on discharge (> or =1 unstable factor) was associated with higher risk-adjusted rates of death or readmission (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-2.8) and failure to return to usual activities (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0-2.4). Patients with 2 or more instabilities had a 5-fold greater risk-adjusted odds of death or readmission (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.6-18.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Instability on discharge is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Pneumonia guidelines and pathways should include objective criteria for judging stability on discharge to ensure that efforts to shorten length of stay do not jeopardize patient safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy, Box 1077, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA. ethan.halm@mountsinai.org
authors.forename: Ethan A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Halm
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: Wishwa N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Marrie
authors.forename: Albert L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Siu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010351:Patient Discharge; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies