title: The spatial dynamics of violence and alcohol outlets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines whether the association between violence and population density is moderated by the presence of alcohol outlets, both within a target geographical area and in adjacent geographical areas. The effect of sociodemographic variables on violence is also examined controlling for spatial confounding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Zip code areas (N = 766) in California from four distinct areas (three urban and one rural) were examined for rates of violence, taking into consideration population characteristics of persons living in those areas and the potential interaction effects of alcohol outlets on violence rates. Population characteristics were assessed using Census data: outlet densities were obtained from the California Department of Alcohol Beverage Control; and violence rates were abstracted from hospital discharge data. A spatial population model of the production of violence was used to examine the relationships of population characteristics of target and surrounding areas to violence rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The density of bars was found to be strongly associated with greater rates of assault, while density of restaurants was associated with less violence. Both appeared to have greatest effect in densely populated areas. Local and nearby population characteristics were also found to be related to greater rates of violence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While limited to cross-sectional data, the current study suggests that alcohol outlets, in the presence of socioeconomic measures, moderate the occurrence of violence in urban areas.
authors.affiliation: Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California 94704, USA. rlipton@prev.org
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lipton
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gruenewald
mesh_terms: D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003710:Demography; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014754:Violence / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data