title: Herring gulls and great black-backed gulls as indicators of contaminants in bald eagles in Lake Ontario, Canada.
abstract: In 2000, a pair of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nested successfully along the shorelines of Lake Ontario in North America for the first time since 1957. However, it is a continuing question whether bald eagles will be able to reproduce successfully as they return to nest on Lake Ontario. Great black-backed gulls (Larus marinus) and herring gulls (L. argentatus) were selected as surrogate species to predict contaminant levels in eggs of bald eagles nesting on Lake Ontario. Because of the suspected overlap in the diets of great black-backed gulls and bald eagles (i.e., fish, gull chicks, and waterfowl), the two species probably occupy a similar trophic level in the Lake Ontario food web and, thus, may have similar contaminant levels. Fresh great black-backed gull and herring gull eggs were collected from three study sites in eastern Lake Ontario in 1993 and 1994 and analyzed for contaminants. Average contaminant levels of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p'-DDE), total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dieldrin in great black-backed gull eggs were 12.85, 26.27, and 0.27 microg/g, respectively. The mean ratio of contaminant levels in great black-backed gull eggs to contaminant levels in herring gull eggs for these three contaminants was 2.09 (range of means, 1.73-2.38). Predicted levels of contaminants in bald eagle eggs in Lake Ontario would be expected to be similar to the mean levels reported for great black-backed gull eggs. As a comparison, contaminant levels in bald eagle eggs collected from other Great Lakes nesting sites were compared to mean levels reported for herring gull eggs collected from nearby sites in 1986 to 1995. The mean ratio of contaminant levels in bald eagle eggs to contaminant levels in herring gull eggs from these sites for DDE, total PCBs, and dieldrin was 2.40 (range of means, 1.73-3.28). These ratios are very similar to those reported using great black-backed gull eggs, illustrating the apparent similarity in trophic status shared by the two top predator species at these Great Lakes sites. Predicted levels of contaminants in bald eagle eggs at Lake Ontario are similar to levels reported for bald eagles breeding at other Great Lakes sites, suggesting that bald eagles may be able to breed on the shores of Lake Ontario. However, it is unclear at this time what level of breeding success should be expected, given that productivity at other similarly contaminated Great Lakes sites may be below that required to sustain a successful breeding population. The absence of an inland bald eagle population from which bald eagles may begin to colonize the shorelines of Lake Ontario may be delaying initiation of nesting site selection; other factors such as habitat and prey availability would likely not limit reproductive success.
authors.affiliation: Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service (Ontario Region), Downsview. chip.weseloh@ec.gc.ca
authors.forename: D Vaughn
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Weseloh
authors.forename: Kimberly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ewins
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubiak
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Shieldcastle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D002170:Canada; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D020307:Eagles; D004531:Eggs; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D020387:Food Chain; D005544:Forecasting; D006114:Great Lakes Region; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012098:Reproduction
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls