title: Perinatal and childhood risk factors for later criminality and violence in schizophrenia. Longitudinal, population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals with schizophrenia appear to be at increased risk for violent and criminal behaviour. Obstetric complications, neuromotor problems and intellectual deficits have variously been reported as increasing the risk for criminality in the general population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether such risk factors are associated with criminal behaviour in an epidemiological cohort of patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified from health care registers all individuals with schizophrenia born in Helsinki between 1951 and 1960, and used the national criminal register to identify those with a criminal record by 1995. Childhood information was obtained from archived birth and school records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poor educational attainment, poor grades for attention at school, higher birth weight and larger head circumference were significantly associated with the risk of criminal offending in adulthood in this sample of patients with schizophrenia. An association between labour/delivery complications and later violent offending among male patients was of borderline significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our hypotheses that birth complications and childhood neuromotor problems would increase the risk of criminal offending in schizophrenia were not upheld.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Denmark Hill, London. m.cannon@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Matti O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Huttunen
authors.forename: Antti J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tanskanen
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arseneault
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D002648:Child; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013177:Sports; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data