title: Acyclovir, ganciclovir, and zidovudine transfer into rat milk.
abstract: Treatment with antiviral agents that accumulate in breast milk may offer a novel approach to reduce the rates of vertical transmission of important viruses and the risk of clinical illness in suckling neonates. The present study evaluated the extent and mechanism of transfer of three antiviral nucleoside analogues into milk in a lactating rat model system. Acyclovir (0.26 mg/h), ganciclovir (0.13 mg/h), and zidovudine (0.5 mg/h) were each infused to steady-state concentrations in six rats 15 to 16 days postpartum. The observed ratios of the concentrations in milk to the concentrations in serum (observed milk-to-serum ratio), calculated from the ratio of the steady-state concentration in serum to the steady-state concentration in milk, determined the extent of drug transfer into milk. To identify the mechanism of transfer into milk, the observed milk-to-serum ratio was compared to a predicted milk-to-serum ratio estimated from an in vitro passive diffusion model of transfer of each drug into milk. High-pressure liquid chromatography methods determined milk and serum drug concentrations. Mean +/- standard deviation observed milk-to-serum ratios for acyclovir, ganciclovir, and zidovudine were 5.1 +/- 1.4, 1.6 +/- 0.33, and 1.0 +/- 0.29, respectively, compared with their corresponding predicted ratios of 1.1, 0.85, and 0.71. These results suggest that acyclovir accumulates in milk due to active transport mechanisms, while passive diffusion processes govern the transfer of both ganciclovir and zidovudine into milk. The presence of all three antiviral drugs in milk and the potential for active drug transfer into milk warrants further investigation of the accumulation of other antiviral drugs in milk and their therapeutic benefits in reducing the vertical transmission of viruses and clinical sequelae in the breast-feeding infant.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082, USA.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alcorn
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McNamara
mesh_terms: D000212:Acyclovir / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D015215:Zidovudine; D015774:Ganciclovir; D000212:Acyclovir