title: Emerging perspectives in glaucoma: optimizing 24-hour control of intraocular pressure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore recent studies and clinical experience involving the importance of 24-hour control of intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Roundtable discussion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the discussion, the following concepts were identified: 1. Although the effect of IOP is continuous, IOP is infrequently measured in clinical practice. 2. Within an individual patient, measurements of IOP have considerable variability throughout 24 hours. 3. Recent studies have shown that healthy subjects and glaucoma patients may experience their highest IOP at night once they have lain down to sleep. 4. Low blood pressure levels related to an individual's circadian rhythm can occur simultaneous with high IOPs at night, reducing blood flow to the optic nerve head below critical levels and thus resulting in optic nerve damage. 5. Glaucoma medications that can maximally reduce IOP over 24 hours and minimally influence blood pressure should have theoretical and practical advantages for glaucoma management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new knowledge about peak night-time IOPs is changing how physicians manage their patients in terms of drug selection and targeted IOP levels aimed at halting progression of glaucomatous optic nerve damage and visual field loss. Physicians are also taking into consideration the troublesome relationship between lowered systemic blood pressure and elevated IOP during the nighttime period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. wax@vision.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Martin B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Wax
authors.forename: Carl B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Camras
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Fiscella
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Girkin
authors.forename: Kuldev
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Weinreb
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D018450:Disease Progression; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000098:blood supply; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D014794:Visual Fields
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents