title: Magnification characteristic of a +90-diopter double-aspheric fundus examination lens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the magnification characteristic of the +90-D double-aspheric fundus examination lens for biomicroscopic measurement of the optic disc.
  
  
  METHODS
  A calibrated Gullstrand-type model eye adjusted for axial ametropia between -12.5 and +12.6 D was used to measure the change in magnification of the system with refractive error and variation in fundus lens position. A correction factor p (in degrees per millimeter) at different axial ametropias was also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total change in magnification of the system from myopia to hyperopia was -15.1% to +13.7%. When the fundus lens position was altered with respect to the model eye by +/-2 mm under myopic conditions, the change in magnification of the system was -4.8% to +8.1%. In the hyperopic condition the change was -4.8% to +6.0%. The fundus lens exhibited a linear relationship between p and the degree of ametropia of the model eye and a constant relationship between p and ametropia of -5 to +5 D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Axial ametropia has a significant effect on biomicroscopic measurement of the optic disc with the +90-D lens. Therefore, a correction factor (p) was calculated that can be used in calculations for determining true optic disc size. These findings may be important for improving clinical disc biometry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University of Vienna Medical School, Vienna, Austria. siamak.ansari-shahrezaei@akh-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ansari-Shahrezaei
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stur
mesh_terms: D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D007909:Lenses; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D055095:Optics and Photonics