title: Sudden late onset of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a patient who suddenly developed agranulocytosis after long-term clozapine therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 41-year-old white man suddenly developed agranulocytosis after 89 months of nearly continuous clozapine therapy. During this time, which included the addition of risperidone to the treatment regimen, his white blood cell (WBC) and granulocyte counts remained stable. One week after having stable hematologic counts, the patient suddenly developed agranulocytosis. WBC and granulocyte counts returned to baseline shortly after discontinuation of all medications and administration of sargramostim.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main factor limiting the use of clozapine as a first-line agent in mentally ill patients is the risk of agranulocytosis. Although the greatest risk of developing this adverse reaction is during the initial 6-month exposure, clozapine-induced agranulocytosis continues to pose a risk after years of exposure. Current product labeling requires weekly WBC and granulocyte monitoring for the first 6 months of treatment with clozapine, which may be decreased to biweekly monitoring after 6 months. Based on the sudden and late onset of agranulocytosis in our patient, clinicians may consider opting for weekly monitoring of hematologic function for patients on long-term clozapine therapy. The likelihood that clozapine was the cause of the agranulocytosis was rated possible according to the Naranjo probability scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians must remain vigilant to trends in WBC and granulocyte counts and may wish to consider weekly hematologic monitoring regardless of duration of clozapine therapy. Patient and treatment system compliance with the registries' protocol regarding WBC monitoring is instrumental in reducing morbidity and mortality rates associated with clozapine use.
authors.affiliation: Austin State Hospital, Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation, Austin, USA.
authors.forename: Nick C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Dorson
authors.forename: Tawny L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bettinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000380:Agranulocytosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011994:Recombinant Proteins
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C081222:sargramostim; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D003024:Clozapine