title: Enterovirus RNA is found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a majority of type 1 diabetic children at onset.
abstract: We have studied the occurrence of enterovirus (EV)-RNA at the onset of childhood type 1 diabetes in all 24 new cases of childhood type 1 diabetes during 1 year in Uppsala county, Sweden. We also studied 24 matched control subjects and 20 siblings of the patients. RNA was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and EV-RNA detected by RT-PCR. Primers (groups A and B) corresponding to conserved regions in the 5' noncoding region (NCR) of EV were used in the PCRs, and the amplicons were sequenced. By the use of group A primers, EV-RNA was found in 12 (50%) of the 24 type 1 diabetic children, 5 (26%) of 19 siblings, and none of the control subjects. Both patients and siblings showed a higher frequency of EV-RNA compared with the control subjects. The group B primers detected EV-RNA in all three groups but did not show statistically significant differences between the groups. The EV-RNA positivity with the group B primers was 11 (46%) of 24 in the type 1 diabetic children, 11 (58%) of 19 in the siblings, and 7 (29%) of 24 in the control subjects. The significant difference between groups seen with the group A primers but not with the group B primers might indicate the existence of diabetogenic EV strains. The phylogenetic analysis of the PCR products revealed clustering of the sequences from patients and siblings into five major branches when the group A PCR primers were used. With the group B primers, the sequences from patients, siblings, and control subjects formed three major branches in the phylogenetic tree, where 6 of the 7 control subjects clustered together in a sub-branch of CBV-4/VD2921. Seven of the type 1 diabetic children clustered together in another sub-branch of CBV-4/VD2921. Five of the type 1 diabetic children formed a branch together with the CBV-4/E2 strain, four clustered together with CBV-5, and one formed a branch with echovirus serotype. The presence of EV-RNA in the blood cells of most newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic children supports the hypothesis that a viral infection acts as an exogenous factor. In addition, sequencing of the PCR amplicons from the type 1 diabetic children, their siblings, and matched control subjects might reveal differences related to diabetogenic properties of such a virus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Akademiska Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Anna-Karin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuvemo
authors.forename: Gun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frisk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000483:Alleles; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000276:immunology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D009679:Nuclear Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017421:Sequence Analysis
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D001323:Autoantibodies; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012367:RNA, Viral; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; C401141:glutamate decarboxylase 2