title: A single mutation in the E2 glycoprotein important for neurovirulence influences binding of sindbis virus to neuroblastoma cells.
abstract: The amino acid at position 55 of the E2 glycoprotein (E2(55)) of Sindbis virus (SV) is a critical determinant of SV neurovirulence in mice. Recombinant virus strain TE (E2(55) = histidine) differs only at this position from virus strain 633 (E2(55)= glutamine), yet TE is considerably more neurovirulent than 633. TE replicates better than 633 in a neuroblastoma cell line (N18), but similarly in BHK cells. Immunofluorescence staining showed that most N18 cells were infected by TE at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 50 to 500 and by 633 only at an MOI of 5,000, while both viruses infected essentially 100% of BHK cells at an MOI of 5. When exposed to pH 5, TE and 633 viruses fused to similar extents with liposomes derived from BHK or N18 cell lipids, but fusion with N18-derived liposomes was less extensive (15 to 20%) than fusion with BHK-derived liposomes ( approximately 50%). Binding of TE and 633 to N18, but not BHK, cells was dependent on the medium used for virus binding. Differences between TE and 633 binding to N18 cells were evident in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM), but not in RPMI. In DMEM, the binding efficiency of 633 decreased significantly as the pH was raised from 6.5 to 8.0, while that of TE did not change. The same pattern was observed with RPMI when the ionic strength of RPMI was increased to that of DMEM. TE bound better to heparin-Sepharose than 633, but this difference was not pH dependent. Growth of N18 and BHK cells in sodium chlorate to eliminate all sulfation decreased virus-cell binding, suggesting the involvement of sulfated molecules on the cell surface. Taken together, the presence of glutamine at E2(55) impairs SV binding to neural cells under conditions characteristic of interstitial fluid. We conclude that mutation to histidine participates in or stabilizes the interaction between the virus and the surface of neural cells, contributing to greater neurovirulence.
authors.affiliation: W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Peiyu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Jolanda M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilschut
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Griffin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002021:Buffers; D002460:Cell Line; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008081:Liposomes; D008561:Membrane Fusion; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D009474:Neurons / Q000821:virology*; D012845:Sindbis Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D003470:Culture Media; D008081:Liposomes; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; C064950:glycoprotein E2, Sindbis virus