title: p38 MAPK phosphorylation and NF-kappa B activation in human crescentic glomerulonephritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) followed by the activation of NF-kappa B participates in the intracellular signal transduction and production of cytokines and chemokines. The pathophysiological roles of p38 MAPK and NF-kappa B in human glomerulonephritis, however, remain to be investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the phosphorylated p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK) and activated NF-kappa B immunohistochemically in the kidneys of 34 patients with crescentic glomerulonephritis and 26 control patients with thin basement membrane disease and minimal change nephrotic syndrome. We also explored the co-localization of p-p38 MAPK with CCR5, the signal of which leads to p38 MAPK activation. Furthermore, urinary levels of MIP-1 alpha, the cognate ligand for CCR5, were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  p-p38 MAPK-positive cells and activated NF-kappa B-positive cells were mainly detected in crescentic lesions, tubular epithelial cells, and interstitial mononuclear infiltrates. The number of p-p38 MAPK-positive cells in patients with crescentic glomerulonephritis was higher than that in control patients. The number of p-p38 MAPK-positive cells in glomeruli was well correlated with the percentage of cellular crescents, the number of CD68-positive cells, and urinary MIP-1 alpha levels. In addition, the number of activated NF-kappa B-positive cells was well correlated with the number of p-p38 MAPK-positive cells in glomeruli. Dual staining revealed that most of CCR5-positive cells were positive for p-p38 MAPK. Finally, p-p38 MAPK-positive cells and activated NF-kappa B-positive cells decreased during glucocorticoid therapy-induced convalescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK associated with the activation of NF-kappa B may be involved in the upregulation of intrarenal MIP-1 alpha and the utilization of CCR5 signalling, which may result in human crescentic glomerulonephritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, and Division of Blood Purification, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Japan.
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Kengo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furuichi
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshimoto
authors.forename: Kiyoki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitagawa
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kokubo
authors.forename: Motoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Naofumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mukaida
authors.forename: Kouji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsushima
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015398:Signal Transduction; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases