title: Hypoxia/reoxygenation induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in melanoma cells: involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB, stimulatory protein-1 transcription factors and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.
abstract: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression is found in malignant melanoma and melanoma metastases. Since areas of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) are a common feature of malignant tumours and metastases, we addressed the question whether melanoma cells produce MCP-1 upon exposure to H/R. In the present study, we show that melanoma cells up-regulate MCP-1 mRNA and protein under H/R. By means of reporter gene analysis, we further demonstrate that H/R induces transcriptional activation of the MCP-1 promoter carrying a stimulatory protein-1 (SP1) and two nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding motifs. Accordingly, H/R-stimulated melanoma cells showed enhanced binding activity of both transcription factors NF-kappaB and SP1 in electrophoretic mobility-shift assay. A common upstream activator of NF-kappaB, inhibitory kappaBalpha kinase, was not significantly activated under H/R conditions. Further analysis of upstream signalling events revealed that members of the mitogen-activated protein kinases family, namely extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase/ stress-activated protein kinase and p38 stress kinase, may be involved in MCP-1 transcriptional regulation under H/R. In summary, we conclude that H/R induces MCP-1 production in melanoma cells via the co-operative action of both transcription factors NF-kappaB and SP1, and involves mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways. Functionally, H/R-induced MCP-1 production may contribute to tumour progression by committing selective pressure on tumour cells via chemoattraction and activation of tumour-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Rostock, Augustenstr. 80-84, 18055 Rostock, Germany. manfred.kunz@med.uni-rostock.de
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kunz
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bloss
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gillitzer
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goebeler
authors.forename: Ulf R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ludwig
mesh_terms: D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009930:Organic Chemicals; C466090:PD 98058; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D008156:Luciferases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C496559:CHUK protein, human; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; C496560:IKBKB protein, human; C496565:IKBKE protein, human; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D010100:Oxygen