title: Determinants of vascular permeability in the kidney glomerulus.
abstract: The human kidneys filter 70 liters of blood plasma every day. The hallmark of almost all kidney diseases, whether acquired or genetic, is the leakage of plasma proteins into the urine because of alterations in the glomerular filtration unit of the kidney. In this regard, the human mutations in nephrin, podocin, alpha-actinin-4, COL4A3, and COL4A5 genes expressed in the glomeruli have been implicated to cause alterations in glomerular filtration apparatus. Nevertheless, the expression of these proteins in relation to each other in mouse models for glomerular vascular leak is unknown. Additionally, within the glomerulus, the central question of whether the primary filtration barrier is the basement membrane or the epithelial slit diaphragm remains ambiguous. Therefore, in this study, we examined the localization and expression of glomerular epithelial slit diaphragm and glomerular basement membrane proteins implicated in glomerular vascular leak using mice deficient in either the alpha3 chain of type IV collagen, the major constituent of glomerular basement membrane, or LMX1B transcription factor, which regulates the expression of key glomerular type IV collagen genes COL4A3 and COL4A4 or nephrin, a glomerular epithelial slit diaphragm-associated protein. This study demonstrates that decreased expression of slit diaphragm protein, nephrin, correlates with a loss of glomerular filter integrity. Additionally, we demonstrate that defects induced by proteins of glomerular basement membrane lead to an insidious plasma protein leak, whereas the defects induced by proteins in the glomerular epithelial slit diaphragms lead to a precipitous plasma protein leak.
authors.affiliation: Program in Matrix Biology, Divisions of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamano
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Grunkemeyer
authors.forename: Akulapalli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sudhakar
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeisberg
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cosgrove
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morello
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hikaru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Raghu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kalluri
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D024141:Collagen Type IV / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D007797:Laminin / Q000032:analysis; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011506:Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D011817:Rabbits; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D001798:Blood Proteins; C114545:CD2-associated protein; D024141:Collagen Type IV; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C112149:LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 beta; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D007797:Laminin; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C113267:nephrin