title: Hepatitis B virus genotypes: a South Pacific perspective.
abstract: 87-91% but still, 0.6% of those that did respond to vaccination became infected. The infection rate of the vaccinated populations in the Pacific Islands ranged between 0.7 and 3.8%, which is comparable to Taiwan. A vigorous polyclonal response This communication discusses the current status of research in the hepatitis B virus in relation to the South Pacific. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small DNA virus--3200 nucleotides. It has a circular genome and replicates through an RNA intermediate giving this DNA virus many characteristics similar to RNA viruses. Viral genomes can be single-stranded (+ or - sense) or double-stranded. If not vaccinated, infants born to HBeAg positive mothers (i.e. with high viral titer) have a 90% chance of being infected and becoming HBV carriers themselves. Mutants that affect the major antigenic determinant in HBV surface antigens are probably responsible for HBV infection despite immunization and mutants in the polymerase protein may render HBV resistant to therapy with nucleoside analogs. Within HBV seven genotypes A-G have been reported that is, HBV genotype A (HBVA), HBV genotype B (HBVB) etc. HBV is endemic worldwide with an estimated that 5% of the worlds population being carriers. Before the introduction of vaccination programs carrier rates varied between 5-30% in communities of these ethnic groups, and in some cases 80-90% of a community tested positive for HBV markers (i.e. were infected or had been infected). In Taiwan, of vaccinated babies born to HBV positive mothers, the proportion of those that responded to vaccination varied between will usually result in an acute infection and viral clearance. An associated problem with HBV, in the South Pacific, is the hepatitis delta virus (HDV). HDV is a satellite viroid-like RNA virus that requires HBV for replication. It can either co-infect with, or super-infect upon HBV infection resulting in acute infection and/or chronic infection respectively.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North. G.L.Harrison@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murray-McIntosh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Penny
mesh_terms: D002353:Carrier State; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D003698:Hepatitis Delta Virus / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D010139:Pacific Islands / Q000453:epidemiology; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines