title: Circadian rhythms in airline pilots submitted to long-haul transmeridian flights.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circadian rhythms shift out of phase after transmeridian flights. Desynchronization between body rhythms and the environment is linked to jet lag, which depends on age, flight direction, and number of time zones crossed.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate this problem in airline pilots, we performed a multivariate analysis of their circadian systems during Madrid-Mexico-Madrid flights (-7 time zones, n = 12) and Madrid-Tokyo-Madrid flights (+8 time zones, n = 21). Telemetry was used to record pilots' activity, skin temperature, and heart rate, obtaining 6 d of continuous data, including 2 d before the flight, the flights themselves, 2 d at the stopover, and 1 d after the return flight. Time series were analyzed by cosinor, and the resulting parameters of the rhythms were compared by ANOVA and Tukey contrasts in every category formed by the age groups (under and over 50 yr old) and flight direction groups. Subjective time estimation of short, intermediate, and long intervals was recorded. Other psychological variables were measured, including anxiety, tiredness, and performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activity/rest and heart rate rhythms appeared to be linked to a "weak oscillator." Temperature rhythms manifested a rigid response after the phase shifts of the light/dark cycle, closely related to the biological clock. Subjective time appreciation tended to be overestimated without exhibiting a clear circadian component, but attributable to fatigue and stress. Psychometric evaluation showed that desynchronization affected all the pilots. Some results showed an age-related variability with a more marked influence in younger pilots. No consistent effects regarding flight direction were found.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ariznavarreta
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Cardinali
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Villanúa
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Granados
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Golombek
authors.forename: J A F
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tresguerres
mesh_terms: D000204:Activity Cycles; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D005221:Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D020179:Jet Lag Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D011594:Psychometrics; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013686:Telemetry