title: Maternal smoking and birth defects: validity of birth certificate data for effect estimation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to assess the validity of birth certificate data for estimating the association between maternal smoking and birth defects. The US standard birth certificate includes check boxes for maternal smoking and for 21 congenital anomalies. The sensitivity and specificity of birth certificate data have been studied, but previous studies have not addressed the validity of these data for estimating the association between birth defects and maternal smoking or other risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  US public-use natality data (1997-1998) were used to calculate the prevalence ratio (adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, and education) for the association between maternal smoking and 13 defects/defect categories. All analyses were restricted to 45 states, New York City, and the District of Columbia because they collect both maternal smoking and birth defect data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal smoking was associated with an increased prevalence of hydrocephaly (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08, 1.43), microcephaly (PR 1.47; 95% CI 1.15, 1.88), omphalocele/gastroschisis (PR 1.37; 95% CI 1.22, 1.53), cleft lip/palate (PR 1.35; 95% CI 1.25, 1.45), clubfoot (PR 1.62; 95% CI 1.49, 1.75), and polydactyly/syndactyly/adactyly (PR 1.33; 95% CI 1.23, 1.43 ). Previous studies have indicated an association between maternal smoking and gastroschisis, oral clefts, and clubfoot with effect estimates of similar magnitude to this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that birth certificate data may be useful for exploratory or corroborative studies estimating the association between birth defects and some risk factors recorded on birth certificates.
authors.affiliation: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop F-45, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Honein
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Paulozzi
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Watkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001719:Birth Certificates; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology