title: Expression of hypoxia-inducible factors in human renal cancer: relationship to angiogenesis and to the von Hippel-Lindau gene mutation.
abstract: The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein acts as the substrate recognition component of a ubiquitin E3 ligase that targets hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-alpha subunits for proteolysis. Stabilization of HIF-alpha subunits has been described in VHL-defective cell lines, leading to HIF activation and up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible mRNAs. Mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein are found in most clear cell renal cell carcinomas (CC-RCCs) but not other renal tumors, raising a question about the importance of activation of the HIF pathway in CC-RCC development. To address this question, we have examined the expression of HIF-alpha subunits in 45 primary renal tumors and related this to tumor subtype, the presence of VHL mutations, and measures of angiogenesis. We show that HIF-alpha is up-regulated in the majority of CC-RCCs, and that the pattern of expression is biased toward the HIF-2alpha isoform. Expression of HIF-alpha proteins was associated significantly with up-regulation of VEGF mRNA and protein and increased microvessel density. Up-regulation of HIF-alpha in CC-RCC was found to involve increased mRNA as well as protein expression, suggesting that both VHL-dependent and VHL-independent mechanisms are involved. These results suggest that activation of the HIF pathway is functionally important in CC-RCC development and might provide a new therapeutic target.
authors.affiliation: Imperial Cancer Research Fund Molecular Oncology Laboratory and Angiogenesis Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Claire F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cuthbert-Heavens
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Russell D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Leek
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Gatter
authors.forename: Patrick H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cranston
authors.forename: Adrian L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D018262:Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000368:Aged; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008025:Ligases / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D015854:Up-Regulation; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein
chemical_list: C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein; D008025:Ligases; C497446:VHL protein, human