title: Effect of raw wheat germ addition on the physical texture and objective color of a designer food (pan bread).
abstract: Pan bread formulations based on raw wheat germ, vital wheat gluten, and enzyme-active soybean flour were optimized with the objective of developing a phytochemical-enriched designer food product with superior nutritional and sensory qualities. The objective texture values (measured as compression force, g) indicated that the test bread with 10% wheat germ addition was comparable (299.9 g) to the control (210.1 g), but the compression force was significantly higher (415.4 g) at 20% wheat germ level. With 0.5% sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL), 30 ppm potassium bromate and 50 ppm ascorbic acid, the test breads with 10 and 20% wheat germ had compression force values of 313.8 g and 367.7 g, respectively. Comparing the CIE L*a* values, the test bread samples having up to 20% wheat germ were slightly darker in crumb color than the white flour control bread, but were significantly lighter than the whole wheat flour bread. However, the addition of wheat germ increased the yellow color of bread crumb as indicated by the higher b* values of 11.4, 16.4 and 21.4, for control, 10% and 20% wheat germ breads, respectively. The physical texture and objective color measurements can be used in evaluating the quality of a phytochemical-enriched designer food (pan bread). It can be concluded that wheat germ-enriched bread can be prepared by using white flour, 20% raw wheat germ, 0.5% SSL, 30 ppm potassium bromate and 50 ppm ascorbic acid to provide consumers with a functional food.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Department, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109-Safat, Kuwait.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: al-Hooti
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: al-Saqer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: al-Othman
mesh_terms: D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D003116:Color; D005433:Flour / Q000032:analysis; D005524:Food Technology; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis*; D013649:Taste; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry*