title: Immunohistochemical expression of galectin-3 in benign and malignant thyroid lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The expression of galectin-3, a human lectin, has been shown to be highly associated with malignant behavior of thyroid lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the immunohistochemical expression pattern of galectin-3 in a variety of follicular-derived thyroid lesions (13 benign and 62 malignant), including Hürthle cell and follicular carcinoma, papillary carcinomas and variants, and anaplastic and poorly differentiated carcinomas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunoreactivity was strongest in papillary thyroid carcinomas, whereas staining was less intense in Hürthle cell and anaplastic carcinomas, and even weaker in the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Staining was absent or weak in the 3 follicular thyroid carcinomas and was negative in both insular carcinomas. In several tumors, staining was stronger at the advancing invasive edge of the lesion than in the central portion of the tumor. Galectin-3 was also expressed focally and weakly in reactive follicular epithelium and entrapped follicles in chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. A variety of thyroid lesions showed prominent endogenous, biotin-like activity, which could cause flaws in interpretation if a biotin-detection system were used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that galectin-3 immunostaining, when used in biotin-free detection systems, may be useful as an adjunct to distinguish benign from malignant thyroid lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. herrmannm@afip.osd.mil
authors.forename: Marille E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Virginia A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: LiVolsi
authors.forename: Theresa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Pasha
authors.forename: Shelley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wojcik
authors.forename: Zubair W
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Baloch
mesh_terms: D018249:Adenoma, Oxyphilic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000378:metabolism*; D001710:Biotin / Q000378:metabolism; D018265:Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000556:secondary; D004076:Digoxigenin / Q000378:metabolism; D037502:Galectin 3; D006042:Goiter / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D037502:Galectin 3; D001710:Biotin; D004076:Digoxigenin