title: Secondary injury in traumatic brain injury patients--a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Secondary insults of hypotension and hypoxia significantly impact on outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). More than 4 hours' delay in evacuation of intracranial haematomas has been demonstrated to have an additional impact on outcome. The objective of this study was to document the incidence of these preventable secondary insults in patients admitted with moderate or severe brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  All moderate and severe head injury patients admitted to Groote Schuur Hospital over a 3-month period were studied prospectively. Data were obtained from ambulance dockets, referral letters, patient charts and attending medical staff. Preventable secondary insults (hypotension, hypoxia) and time delay to assessment and surgery were documented. Outcome was assessed using the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) at discharge or outpatient follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-six patients were studied. Forty-nine patients experienced at least one recorded preventable event of hypoxia or hypotension. Seventeen had an intracranial haematoma requiring evacuation. The mean time interval between injury and surgery was 455 minutes. No haematoma was evacuated within 4 hours of injury. Patients referred via a primary or secondary care facility experienced a mean additional delay of 70 minutes. These results demonstrated a significant incidence of secondary injury and delay to assessment and surgery. We believe that education and a raised awareness of the impact of secondary insults may have a positive impact on TBI outcome in our referral area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town.
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Welsh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015994:Incidence; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D019585:Intracranial Hypotension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices