title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D polymorphism and hypertension: the Ohasama study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism in intron 16 of the ACE gene was analyzed in a general Japanese population in relation to self-blood pressure (BP) measurement at home (home BP) and ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) to determine the association between genetic variants of this polymorphism and hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We genotyped the ACE I/D polymorphism in 1245 subjects with home BP and 803 subjects with ABPM in Ohasama, a rural community in Japan. All the subjects were 40 years of age and over, and gave written informed consent for the present genetic analysis. Hypertensive subjects were defined as those receiving antihypertensive drugs and those who had a home BP higher than 135 mmHg in systole and/or higher than 85 mmHg in diastole. The frequencies of the II, ID, and DD genotypes in these Japanese subjects were 0.45, 0.45, and 0.10, indicating a lower frequency of the D allele (0.33) than in Caucasians. There was no significant difference of BP level, prevalence of hypertension or nocturnal decline in BP among the genotypes. There were no differences in the prevalence of previous cardiovascular disease, age, body mass index, male gender, smoking, or biochemical and hormonal parameters among the three genotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results indicate the absence of direct effects of the ACE D-allele on BP level, prevalence of hypertension, prevalence of cardiovascular disease, and circadian BP variation. We conclude there is little association between ACE I/D polymorphism and hypertension in the general Japanese population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsunobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kikuya
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Metoki
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michimata
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: Itsuro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kazama
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Junichiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hozawa
authors.forename: Takayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katsuya
authors.forename: Jitsuo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogihara
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D012648:Self Care
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A