title: A logical starting point for developing priorities for lizard and snake ecotoxicology: a review of available data.
abstract: Reptiles, specifically lizards and snakes, usually are excluded from environmental contamination studies and ecological risk assessments. This brief summary of available lizard and snake environmental contaminant data is presented to assist in the development of priorities for lizard and snake ecotoxicology. Most contaminant studies were not conducted recently, list animals found dead or dying after pesticide application, report residue concentrations after pesticide exposure, compare contaminant concentrations in animals from different areas, compare residue concentrations found in different tissues and organs, or compare changes in concentrations over time. The biological significance of the contaminant concentrations is rarely studied. A few recent studies, especially those conducted on modern pesticides, link the contaminant effects with exposure concentrations. Nondestructive sampling techniques for determining organic and inorganic contaminant concentrations in lizards and snakes recently have been developed. Studies that relate exposure, concentration, and effects of all types of environmental contaminants on lizards and snakes are needed. Because most lizards eat insects, studies on the exposure, effects, and accumulation of insecticides in lizards, and their predators, should be a top priority. Because all snakes are upper-trophic-level carnivores, studies on the accumulation and effects of contaminants that are known to bioaccumulate or biomagnify up the food chain should be the top priority.
authors.affiliation: The Cadmus Group, Inc, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA. kcampbell@cadmusgroup.com
authors.forename: Kym Rouse
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Todd S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020387:Food Chain; D008116:Lizards; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012911:Snakes; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides