title: A prospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of cigarette smoking with the risk of death from pancreatic cancer in a prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 110,792 inhabitants, aged 40-79 years (46,465 men and 64,327 women), were enrolled from 1988 to 1990 and followed up for mortality to the end of 1997. At baseline a self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on cigarette smoking and other lifestyle factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up period (mean +/- SD: 8.1 +/- 1.8 years), 225 deaths due to pancreatic cancer were identified. After adjustment for age, body mass index, history of diabetes mellitus, and gallbladder diseases, the relative risks (RRs) for current smokers were 1.6 (95% CI 0.95-2.6) in males, and 1.7 (95% CI: 0.84-3.3) in females. Men who smoked more than 40 cigarettes per day had a substantially higher risk of pancreatic cancer, with a RR of 3.3 (95% CI: 1.4-8.1). A significantly decreasing trend in risk with increasing years after smoking cessation was observed (trend p = 0.04) among male ex-smokers. The RRs were 0.85 (95% CI 0.36-2.0) and 0.85 (0.36-2.0) for those who had quit smoking for 10-19 and > or =20 years, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our cohort study confirmed that cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of death from pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: Yingsong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamakoshi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Motohashi
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurosawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis