title: Diabetes in the parents of children with Type I diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have reported an excess of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in parents of children with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. We set out to characterise the clinical and immunogenetic features of diabetes in parents of affected children, and to test the hypothesis that there is no excess of Type II diabetes within this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical details were collected from 3164 parents of 1641 children with Type I diabetes participating in the Bart's-Oxford study of childhood diabetes. Islet cell antibodies, antibodies to GAD and IA-2, and HLA class II genotype were determined in a subset of this group. Individuals were assigned a classification of Type I diabetes on the basis of clinical features and measurement of islet autoantibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 184 parents with diabetes, 138 (75 %) were on insulin. At least one islet autoantibody was detected in 90 (59 %) of 152 parents tested, and of 116 who were HLA-typed, 23 (20 %) had the highest risk genotype HLA-DRB1(*)03-DQA1*0501-DQB1(*)0201 / DRB1*04-DQA1(*)0301-DQB1*0302. Of 46 non-insulin-treated parents, 12 had islet autoantibodies. Of all parents, 141 (4.5 %) were therefore classified as having Type I diabetes, and 31 (0.98 %) as Type II diabetes; 12 could not be classified because of missing data or samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autoimmune diabetes can present late and without immediate need for insulin treatment in parents of children with the disease. Previous studies have categorised this as Type II diabetes. Our study suggests that there is no excess of non-autoimmune diabetes in the families of children with Type I diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Metabolism, Division of Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Douek
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bingley
authors.forename: E A M
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gale
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008285:Major Histocompatibility Complex; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009679:Nuclear Family; D010290:Parents
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies