title: Disadvantaged black and coloured infants in two urban communities in the Western Cape, South Africa differ in micronutrient status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the nutritional and health status of urban infants in two disadvantaged communities in the Western Cape, South Africa with special reference to micronutrient status. The results of this study will serve to plan an intervention study in these communities in the same age group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two disadvantaged urban black and 'coloured' communities in the Western Cape, South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty infants aged 6-12 months from each community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, micronutrient status and psychomotor development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stunting and underweight were more prevalent in coloured infants (18% and 7%, respectively) than in black infants (8% and 2%, respectively). Anaemia (haemoglobin (Hb) < 11 g dl(-1) was prevalent in 64% of coloured and 83% of black infants. Iron-deficiency anaemia (Hb < 11 g dl(-1) and ferritin < 10 ng ml(-1) was found in 32% of coloured infants and in 46% of black infants. Zinc deficiency was prevalent in 35% and 33% of the coloured and black infants, respectively. Marginal vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol < 20 microg dl(-1) was observed in 23% of black infants compared with 2% of coloured infants. Of black infants, 43% and of coloured infants 6% were deficient in two or more micronutrients. Six per cent of coloured infants had C-reactive protein concentrations above 5 mg l(-1) compared with 38% of the black infants. The dietary intake of micronutrients was in general lower in black infants than in coloured infants. The overall psychomotor development, assessed by the Denver Developmental Screening Test, was different between the two groups. The coloured infants scored higher in three out of the four categories as well as in their overall score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that information on stunting and wasting only in urban disadvantaged infants is not sufficient to make recommendations about specific community intervention programmes. Information on the micronutrient status, independent of wasting and stunting, is necessary to design nutrition programmes for different communities. The study also showed a substantially higher prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies among black infants.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Intervention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa. aoelofse@mrc.ac.za
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oelofse
authors.forename: J M A
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Van Raaij
authors.forename: A J S
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Benadé
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dhansay
authors.forename: J J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Tolboom
authors.forename: J G A J
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hautvast
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000740:Anemia / Q000208:ethnology; D000886:Anthropometry; D044383:Black People; D002657:Child Development; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007228:Infant Nutrition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007229:Infant Welfare; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000172:deficiency; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients