title: Beneficial effects of hormonal replacement therapy on chromium status and glucose and lipid metabolism in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postmenopausal women exhibit an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with younger women. However, women receiving hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) seem to be protected. Since chromium (Cr) functions in glucose, lipid and corticosteroid metabolism and these variables, as well as Cr status, decline with age, Cr status may be a contributing factor in the effects of hormone replacement therapy. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) on serum and urinary Cr, plasma lipids, glucose, fructosamine and the related hormonal variables, estradiol, insulin, leptin, cortisol, and DHEA-sulfate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four healthy postmenopausal women 50-60 years old participated in the study. Eighteen were treated by combined oral hormonal replacement therapy (estradiol 2 mg per day during days 1-25 and 10 mg of dydrogesterone on days 10-25) for at least 2 years, and 26 were untreated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum Cr concentrations were significantly lower in untreated postmenopausal women than in women receiving HRT (0.070+/-0.008 vs. 0.100+/-0.008 ng/ml) whereas urinary Cr excretion was increased (0.14+/-0.02 vs. 0.07+/-0.01 ng of Cr/mg creatinine). The urinary losses of Cr were inversely correlated with plasma estradiol. Median value of urinary Cr was higher in postmenopausal women exhibiting endogenous estradiol levels below 250 pmol/l, whereas women with estradiol levels >250 pmol/l, exhibited lower Cr values. Plasma fructosamine, total and LDL cholesterol and TC/HDL ratio, which are all decreased by improved Cr nutrition, were also improved in the women receiving HRT. There were also nonsignificant decreasing trends in DHEA-sulfate (P<0.06) and cortisol (0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chromium status, based upon blood and urinary analyses, and glucose, insulin and lipid variables were improved in postmenopausal women receiving HRT. Additional studies are needed to determine if improved Cr status due to supplemental Cr can elicit effects consistent with those of hormone replacement therapy.
authors.affiliation: LBSO, Universite Joseph Fourier, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche, France.
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Roussel
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bureau
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Favier
authors.forename: Marylin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Polansky
authors.forename: Noella A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bryden
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D002857:Chromium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000517:prevention & control; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004394:Dydrogesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D019270:Fructosamine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D002857:Chromium; D019270:Fructosamine; D004958:Estradiol; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; D004394:Dydrogesterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone