title: How effective are interventions with caregivers? An updated meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of interventions for family caregivers of older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analysis was used to synthesize the effects of 78 caregiver intervention studies for six outcome variables and six types of interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combined interventions produced a significant improvement of 0.14 to 0.41 standard deviation units, on average, for caregiver burden, depression, subjective well-being, perceived caregiver satisfaction, ability/knowledge, and care receiver symptoms. Intervention effects were larger for increasing caregivers' ability/knowledge than for caregiver burden and depression. Psychoeducational and psychotherapeutic interventions showed the most consistent short-term effects on all outcome measures. Intervention effects for dementia caregivers were smaller than those for other groups. The number of sessions, the setting, care receiver age, caregiver age, gender, type of caregiver-care receiver relationship (spouse vs adult child), initial burden, and study characteristics moderated the observed effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caregiver interventions are effective, but some interventions have primarily domain-specific effects rather than global effects. The differences between intervention types and moderators suggest ways of optimizing interventions.
authors.affiliation: Geriatrics and Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642-8409, USA. silvia_sorenson@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sörensen
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinquart
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duberstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000451:nursing; D017028:Caregivers; D005851:Geriatric Nursing / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care