title: Radiation dose-reduction techniques in North American dental schools.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this investigation was to describe the extent to which dental schools use materials, equipment, and quality-assurance protocols that reduce radiation exposure to patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires soliciting information regarding intraoral and extraoral radiographic practices and quality-assurance procedures were sent to the directors of oral and maxillofacial radiology (OMR) at the 65 schools of dentistry in the United States and Canada.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 100%. E-speed film is used at 86% of institutions. Direct digital radiography is used at 58% of institutions for intraoral imaging and 11% for extraoral radiography. Other dose-reducing techniques include long source-film distances (88%), rectangular beam limitation (47%), leaded aprons (95% for extraoral films; 85% with thyroid collars for intraoral films), and rare earth intensifying screens (100%). The most commonly used tube potential is 70 kVp (88%). The director of OMR is solely responsible for radiographic policies at approximately 75% of institutions. Regular tests for film fog, speed, and contrast are done at roughly 75% of schools, while over 90% test darkroom lighting and x-ray equipment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some dose-reducing strategies are commonly used in dental schools, while others have not gained wide acceptance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Detroit Mercy, School of Dentistry, Michigan 48219, USA. geistjr@udmercy.edu
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Geist
authors.forename: Jerald O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Katz
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003764:Dental Materials; D006801:Humans; D011050:Policy Making; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011861:Radiography, Dental / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital; D011871:Radiology / Q000193:education*; D012575:Schools, Dental / Q000458:organization & administration; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014962:X-Ray Film; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials