title: Cardiorenal effects of adenosine subtype 1 (A1) receptor inhibition in an experimental model of heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elaboration of a number of bioactive substances, including adenosine, occurs in heart failure (HF). Adenosine, through the adenosine subtype 1 (A1) receptor, can reduce renal perfusion pressure and glomerular filtration rate and increase tubular sodium reabsorption, which can affect natriuresis and aquaresis. Accordingly, the present study examined the acute effects of selective A1 receptor blockade on hemodynamics and renal function in a model of HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  HF was induced in adult pigs (n = 19) by chronic pacing (240 beats/min for 3 weeks). The pigs were then instrumented for hemodynamic and renal function measurements. After baseline measurements were taken, pigs received either A1 block [ 1 mg/kg BG9719 (1,3-dipropyl-8-[2(5,6-epoxynorbornyl)]xanthine; n = 9)] or infusion of vehicle (n = 10), and measurements were repeated at intervals for up to 2 hours. Normal controls (n = 7) were included for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac output remained unchanged between the A1 block and vehicle groups throughout the study. Pulmonary vascular resistance fell 38% from baseline at 10 minutes post-A1 block in the HF group (p < 0.05) with no change in the vehicle group. At 10 minutes post-A1 block, urine flow increased sixfold and sodium excretion increased over 10-fold (for both, p < 0.05) with no change in the vehicle group. At 10 minutes post-A1 block, creatinine clearance increased with no change in the vehicle group. At 10 minutes post-A1 block, plasma renin activity had increased over threefold (p <0.05), and it returned to baseline levels by 30 minutes post-A1 block.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The unique findings from this study were threefold. First, increased A1 receptor activation contributes to renal mediated fluid retention in HF. Second, selective A1 blockade can induce diuresis without hemodynamic compromise and with possible benefit to pulmonary resistance in a model of HF. A1 blockade transiently increased plasma renin activity with no change in hemodynamics. These unique results suggest that selective A1 blockade can be a useful adjunctive diuretic in the setting of HF.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Jennifer W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hendrick
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sample
authors.forename: Rupak
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: Gladys P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.forename: Glenn J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: Fred A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Francis G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Spinale
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D013552:Swine; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C097280:1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-(5,6-epoxy)norbornyl)xanthine; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D014970:Xanthines