title: Presumed trematode-induced granulomatous anterior uveitis: a newly recognized cause of intraocular inflammation in children from south India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the epidemiologic, clinical, and histopathologic features of a presumed trematode granulomatous anterior uveitis, primarily in children from south India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, noncomparative, case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with clinical evidence of granulomatous anterior uveitis were selected for the study. Those who presented with distinct anterior chamber nodules were evaluated. Demographic details, such as clinical findings and course of illness, were noted. Patients underwent either medical treatment or surgical aspiration of the lesion based on the size of the lesion. Aspirated materials were subjected to histopathologic analysis and cultures for bacteria and fungi. Response to treatment and final visual status were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirteen patients with anterior chamber nodules were seen between 1998 and 2000. Ninety-three (82.4%) were males and 20 (17.7%) were females. The median age was 11.0 years. All patients were from south India and all gave a history of bathing or swimming in the local pond or river. All had normal systemic work ups. Of the 113 patients, 110 had anterior chamber nodules and three had both anterior chamber and subconjunctival nodules. Aspirates of the anterior chamber lesions revealed lymphocytes, intact and necrotic neutrophils, and eosinophils admixed with histiocytes. One subconjunctival nodule showed necrotizing granuloma, displaying the tegument of a trematode. Those patients who were followed had good visual recovery after medical or surgical intervention or both.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows a newly recognized granulomatous anterior uveitis caused by a presumed water-borne trematode infection. This infection appears to be a common cause of pediatric granulomatous anterior uveitis in south India.
authors.affiliation: Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India.
authors.forename: Sivakumar R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Rathinam
authors.forename: Kim R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Usha
authors.forename: Narsing A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000867:Anterior Chamber / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003229:Conjunctival Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000628:therapy; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000473:pathology; D015822:Eye Infections, Parasitic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006099:Granuloma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014200:Trematoda / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014201:Trematode Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000628:therapy; D014606:Uveitis, Anterior / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000628:therapy