title: Platelet-activating factor induces the gene expression of TIMP-1, -2, and PAI-1: imbalance between the gene expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 and -2.
abstract: Previous studies in the laboratory have shown that platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent inflammatory mediator that accumulates rapidly in the cornea after an injury, stimulates the expression of urokinase (uPA) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and -9 (MMP-9). Tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) are produced in conjunction with these enzymes and are important regulators of their activity. Here, the authors investigated how PAF affects the expression of PAI-1, TIMP-1 and -2 relative to that of uPA, MMP-1, and -9 in rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Rabbit corneas were incubated in MEM medium containing 100 nM cPAF. To block the effects of PAF in some studies, corneas were preincubated for 1 hr in the presence of the PAF antagonist BN50730 (10 microM). At several time intervals, mRNA was extracted from epithelial cells and the levels of gene expression for the enzymes and their inhibitors were determined by real-time PCR. All quantitations were normalized to the 18s rRNA values (endogenous control) and changes in gene expression were reported as fold increase relative to untreated controls. PAF produced a 20-fold increase in the gene expression of PAI-1 at 8 hr, while similar fold increases in uPA mRNA expression occurred at 2 hr. PAF treatment also stimulated the expression of TIMP-1 and -2 genes, with a six-fold increase in TIMP-1 expression occurring at 36 hr and a four-fold increase in TIMP-2 expression at 24 hr. Maximal induction of MMP-1 and -9 mRNA, on the other hand, occurred at 4 and 8 hr, respectively. Induction of MMP-1 gene expression was similar to that of its inhibitors TIMP-1 and -2, while MMP-9 mRNA induction exceeded that of these inhibitors by 100-fold. The PAF-induced expression of PAI-1, TIMP-1 and -2 mRNAs was abolished by pre-treatment with BN50730. These data indicate that PAF activates the gene expression of TIMP-1, -2, and PAI-1 in corneal epithelium by a receptor-mediated mechanism. Furthermore, PAF induced overexpression of MMP-9 mRNA relative to that of TIMP-1 and -2, suggesting an imbalance between the expression of this proteolytic enzyme and its inhibitors, which may contribute to changes in the wound-healing process and ultimately lead to corneal ulcer development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ottino
authors.forename: Faramarz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Taheri
authors.forename: Haydee E P
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Bazan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011817:Rabbits; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000235:genetics; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000235:genetics; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9