title: Impact of chronic renal failure and peritoneal dialysis fluids on advanced glycation end product and iNOS levels in penile tissue: an experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of chronic renal failure (CRF) on advanced glycation end product and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in penile tissue, we examined the advanced glycation end product 5-hydroxy methyl furfural (5-HMF) content and iNOS expression in rats in which uremia had been produced by greater than 85% nephrectomy. In addition, the contribution of peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids to the elevation of penile tissue 5-HMF levels and iNOS staining scores has been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Wistar rats, aged between 10 and 12 weeks and weighing 200 to 330 g, were divided into five groups that each included 6 animals. The first group served as a control group. In the second group, CRF was induced and a peritoneal catheter was implanted, but PD was not performed. In group 3, CRF was induced and PD was performed using dialysis fluids containing 1.36% glucose and icodextrin. In group 4, CRF was also induced and PD was performed using 3.86% glucose and icodextrin. Finally, in group 5, without CRF, an indwelling catheter was implanted, and the PD procedure was performed using dialysis fluids containing 3.86% glucose and icodextrin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The elevation in 5-HMF levels and iNOS staining scores in penile tissue from groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 was significant compared with group 1 (P <0.05). The elevation in 5-HMF levels and iNOS staining scores was also significant between groups 2 and 3, 2 and 4, 3 and 4, 3 and 5, and 4 and 5 (P <0.05). Moreover, the correlation between the 5-HMF levels and iNOS staining scores was statistically significant (r = 0.525, P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present experimental study, we found that 5-HMF levels and iNOS staining scores were significantly elevated in rat penile tissue in which uremia had been produced compared with the groups without CRF. Additionally, PD fluids containing glucose had an effect on the elevation of penile tissue 5-HMF levels and iNOS staining scores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Usta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tuncer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baykal
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ciftçioğlu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Erdoğru
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Köksal
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Ersoy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baykara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005662:Furaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010413:Penis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014511:Uremia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C008046:5-hydroxymethylfurfural; D003404:Creatinine; D005662:Furaldehyde; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat