title: Activation of Stat-3 as one of the early events in tobacco chewing-mediated oral carcinogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Jak/Stat signaling pathway transmits signals from many cytokines and growth factor receptors to target genes in the nucleus. Constitutive activation of Stat-3 recently has been observed in many tumor cells, and dysregulation of the Stat signaling pathway has been proposed to be implicated in malignant transformation. In the current study for the first time to the authors's knowledge, the expression of STAT-3 was analyzed in various stages and sites of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue samples from 90 patients of tobacco chewing-mediated HNSCC representing various stages, sites, and differentiation states were selected for studying STAT-3 protein and RNA expression. In vivo localization of STAT-3 was studied by immunohistochemistry of paraffin embedded sections. The presence of STAT-3 and its phophorylated and activated form pSTAT-3 was checked by Western blotting. mRNA expression was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Apoptosis analysis was conducted by in situ ENA nick end labeling assay and hematoxylin and eosin staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 58.9% of HNSCC tumors showed very high Stat-3 protein accumulation, and 23.3% showed intermediate accumulation whereas 17.8% of HNSCC tumors were negative for Stat-3. No Stat-3 was detected in normal samples, and only one of eight premalignant lesions showed intermediate Stat-3 accumulation. On immunoblotting, very high protein accumulation was detected in T1 and T2 classification, moderate in T3 and T4 (P = 0.033, chi-square test), whereas no Stat-3 was detected in normal samples. Similar trend also was found in Stat-3 mRNA expression by RT-PCR analysis which was high in T1 and T2 (early stages), moderate in T3 and T4 (late stages), and no expression in normal samples. The mean apoptotic indices were 1.75, 1.88, and 1.66 for normal, premalignant lesions, and HNSCC cases, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stat-3 activation is an early event in head and neck carcinogenesis though its role in blocking the apoptosis in vivo in solid tumors was not observed.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology and Medical Biotechnology Division, Institute of Life Sciences, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India.
authors.forename: Jatin K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nagpal
authors.forename: Rajakishore
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Bibhu R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Das
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators