title: Pediatricians working part-time: past, present, and future.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pediatrics has consistently attracted a large number of women. Although the majority of practicing pediatricians are male, female pediatricians will soon constitute the majority. The challenge to balance personal and professional life is of particular concern to women, and part-time positions may provide a potential solution.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine how many pediatricians currently work part-time, to examine trends in part-time employment from 1993 to present, to determine pediatric residents' interest in part-time employment, and to identify perceived barriers to part-time work.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two data sources were used for these analyses. The first was an American Academy of Pediatrics Periodic Survey from 1993 and 2000 asking a combined national sample of 3218 American Academy of Pediatrics members about their employment status. Multiple mailings were conducted for each survey producing an overall response rate of 62%. The second data source was a survey asking a national random sample of 500 pediatric residents completing training in 2000 about their job search experiences and attitudes toward part-time employment. Four mailings of this survey were completed, and responses were obtained from 71% of residents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of pediatricians working part-time increased from 11% in 1993 to 15% in 2000. This increase did not exceed what would be expected based on the rise in the percentage of pediatricians who are female from 36% in 1993 to 45% in 2000. On average, pediatricians working part-time provided 36% fewer direct patient care hours than full-time pediatricians (42 hours vs 27 hours). No statistically significant difference in direct patient care hours was apparent between male and female pediatricians working full-time. Female residents were more likely than male residents to consider part-time or reduced-hours positions (42% vs 14%) and to accept part-time or reduced-hours positions (14% vs 3%). Also, considerably more female residents (58%) than male residents (15%) indicated that they would be interested in arranging a part-time position within the next 5 years. The most commonly perceived barriers to working part-time by both male and female residents included loss of income (70%), reduction in job benefits such as health insurance (47%), and loan repayment (46%). When those who reported some interest in part-time employment were asked how they would spend their extra time, most reported that they would address family needs related to children (females: 92%; males: 63%). Finally, residents interested in working part-time were more likely to be without a position when surveyed than residents not interested in part-time work (15% vs 2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relative percentages of female pediatricians and pediatricians working part-time will likely continue to grow. As a result, the total direct patient care hours available for children may be reduced. Pediatric practices will benefit by better accommodating the needs of pediatricians to balance work and family goals, and future workforce projections and training decisions must begin taking part-time employment rates into account.
authors.affiliation: American Academy of Pediatrics, Division of Health Policy Research, Elk Grove Village, Illinois 60007, USA. wcull@aap.org
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Cull
authors.forename: Holly J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Mulvey
authors.forename: Karen G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Debra R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sowell
authors.forename: Carol D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.forename: Carmelita V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Britton
mesh_terms: D001071:Appointments and Schedules; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003625:Data Collection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004651:Employment / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D009817:Office Management / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000639:trends; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D011364:Professional Practice / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States