title: Current surgical options in the control of cancer pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pain syndromes resulting from recurrent or metastatic cancer require careful evaluation to determine the cause of the pain and the appropriate and judicious use of antitumor treatment. The choice of therapy must integrate the type of pain, its function, the overall disease burden of the patient, and psychological aspects of the cancer. As a general rule, opioid analgesics are the mainstay of treatment in patients with cancer-related pain. When pharmacologic pain control is insufficient or is associated with intolerable side effects, the surgical management of pain can be considered.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In this article, we review the options, indications, and side effects of the interventional and surgical methods available for the treatment of cancer-related pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Planning surgical treatment for cancer-related pain after a patient's lack of response to therapy with opioid analgesics requires an understanding of sensory innervation as well as a realistic expectation of survival, anesthetic risk, or possibility of incomplete pain relief. As such, surgical interventions must be tailored to the individual patient. Clinicians should keep in mind the surgical alternatives for the effective control of pain when it becomes apparent that medical therapy is ineffective.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Division of General Oncologic Surgery, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
authors.forename: Carey A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cullinane
authors.forename: David Z J
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Adam N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Mamelak
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*