title: PPARgamma ligands suppress proliferation of human urothelial basal cells in vitro.
abstract: Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma in the human urinary tract through embryonic development suggests its possible roles in the development, proliferation, and differentiation of uroepithelium. Little is known, however, about physiological roles of PPARgamma in the urinary tract. We investigated effects of PPARgamma ligands on the proliferation of normal human urothelial cells and stromal cells cultivated from surgical specimens. Active proliferation in vitro as well as high molecular weight cytokeratin expression indicated that cultured urothelial cells possess basal cell phenotype. PPARgamma protein, expressed predominantly in the epithelial layer of the normal human urinary tract in vivo, was abundantly expressed in urothelial cells but barely detectable in stromal cells in vitro. Natural ligand for PPARgamma, 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14) prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), as well as synthetic ones, troglitazone and pioglitazone, suppressed proliferation of the urothelial cells dose-dependently. These effects were PPARgamma specific because clofibrate or PGF(2alpha) did not affect proliferation of urothelial cells. Neither 9-cis retinoic acid or all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) at 1 microM showed any synergism on the antiproliferative effects of PPARgamma ligands. Urothelial cells treated with PPARgamma ligands showed drastic morphologic changes and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase accompanied with increased mRNA level of a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1). Since 15d-PGJ(2) is present in vivo during the resolution phase of inflammation, these results indicated that PPARgamma might be involved in the terminal phase of urothelial re-epithelialization processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. s-kawakami@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Gaku
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Yasuhisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Guangbin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kageyama
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kihara
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014513:Ureter / Q000166:cytology; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000166:cytology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors