title: The influence of smoking and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on periodontal disease.
abstract: The periodontal health of smokers and non-smokers with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and non-smokers with periodontitis who were not suffering from a systemic disease was assessed. The investigation was carried out on 60 adult subjects. Levels of blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and immunoglobulins G, A and M were determined, together with the plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depths and clinical attachment level. Periodontitis was more severe in smokers and non-smokers with NIDDM than non-smokers without NIDDM, and the periodontal condition (clinical attachment level, probing pocket depth and gingival bleeding) was better in non-smokers with NIDDM than smokers with NIDDM. The results suggest that diabetes and smoking are high-risk factors for periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Atatürk University, Faculty of Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey. receporbak@yahoo.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Orbak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tezel
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Canakçi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Demir
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003773:Dental Plaque; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005888:Gingival Pocket; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M