title: Up-regulated transcriptional repressors SnoN and Ski bind Smad proteins to antagonize transforming growth factor-beta signals during liver regeneration.
abstract: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) functions as an antiproliferative factor for hepatocytes. However, for unexplained reasons, hepatocytes become resistant to TGF-beta signals and can proliferate despite the presence of TGF-beta during liver regeneration. TGF-beta is up-regulated during liver regeneration, although it is not known whether it is active or latent. TGF-beta activity may be examined by assessing Smad activation, a downstream signaling pathway. Smad pathway activation during liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy or CC4 injury was examined by assessing the levels of phospho-Smad2 and Smad2-Smad4 complexes. We found that Smad proteins were slightly activated in quiescent liver, but that their activation was further enhanced in regenerating liver. Interestingly, TGF-beta/Smad pathway inhibitors (SnoN and Ski) were up-regulated during regeneration, and notably, SnoN was induced mainly in hepatocytes. SnoN and Ski are transcriptional repressors that may render some cells resistant to TGF-beta via binding Smad proteins. Complexes between SnoN, Ski, and the activated Smad proteins were detected from 2 to 120 h during the major proliferative phase in regenerating liver. Inhibitory complexes decreased after liver mass restitution (5-15 days), suggesting that persistently activated Smad proteins might participate in returning the liver to a quiescent state. Our data show that active TGF-beta/Smad signals are present during regeneration and suggest that SnoN/Ski induction might explain hepatocyte resistance to TGF-beta during the proliferative phase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macias-Silva
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Julia I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Leu
authors.forename: Mary Ann S
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Crissey
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taub
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002455:Cell Division; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011485:Protein Binding; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012038:Regeneration; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D013997:Time Factors; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C512653:Ski protein, mouse; C486157:Skil protein, mouse; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497783:Smad2 protein, mouse; D051901:Smad4 Protein; C490810:Smad4 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta