Cyto-protective and immunomodulating properties of Amla (Emblica officinalis) on lymphocytes: an in-vitro study.
The fruits extracts of Emblica officinalis (Amla) has been reported to have strong anti-oxidant properties. There is a paucity of studies on the immunomodulatory properties of fruit extracts of Amla in immuno-compromised states, with the emphasis on lymphocytes. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties of Amla using chromium (VI) as an immunosuppressive agent. Chromium (Cr) treatment results in enhanced cytotoxicity, free radical production, lipid peroxidation and decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and diminished glutathione (GSH) levels. There was a significant inhibition of both lipopolysaccharide and concanavalin-A-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. Chromium also inhibited Con A stimulated interleukin-2 and gamma-interferon production significantly. Further, there was enhanced apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in the presence of Cr. Amla significantly inhibited Cr-induced free radical production and restored the anti-oxidant status back to control level. Amla also inhibited apoptosis and DNA fragmentation induced by Cr. Interestingly, Amla relieved the immunosuppressive effects of Cr on lymphocyte proliferation and even restored the IL-2 and gamma-IFN production considerably.
Sai Ram
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M
Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India. sairam64@rediffmail.com
Neetu
D
D
Yogesh
B
B
Anju
B
B
Dipti
P
P
Pauline
T
T
Sharma
S K
SK
Sarada
S K S
SK
Ilavazhagan
G
G
Kumar
Devendra
D
Selvamurthy
W
W
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002857:Chromium / Q000494:pharmacology; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D029842:Phyllanthus emblica / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000975:Antioxidants; D005609:Free Radicals; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007376:Interleukin-2; D008934:Mitogens; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002857:Chromium; D007371:Interferon-gamma