title: Patient-family-nurse interactions in the trauma-resuscitation room.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controversy about the presence of patients' family members in the emergency department has centered on the trauma-resuscitation room. Little is known about interactions of patients' family members with the patients and with nurses or about the ramifications of the presence of patients' family members at the bedside.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe behavioral responses offamily members of patients and the interactions of thefamily members with nurses and the patient in the trauma room.
  
  
  METHODS
  A secondary analysis was done of 193 videotapes of trauma room care. Of these, 88 tapes showed the presence of patients' family members, for a total of 42 hours. Qualitative ethology and a model of suffering as a scaffold were used to analyze verbal and nonverbal interactions between nurses, patients' family members, and patients. Behaviors and verbal interactions of patients and their families were coded as to persons who were enduring and persons who were emotionally suffering. Categories were described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whether a patient's family members entered the trauma room depended on the patients condition, the patient's behavioral state, and the nature of the treatments. Categories of interactions were families learning to endure, patients failing to endure, family emotionally suffering and patient enduring, patient and family enduring, and resolution of enduring. The interaction style of the nurses involved was particular to each of these states. Two instances of inappropriate interactions occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses can use the Model of Suffering as a framework to assess behavioral and emotional states and to select appropriate strategies to comfort patients' family members.
authors.affiliation: International Institute for Qualitative Methodology, Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Janice M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pooler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001519:Behavior; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016529:Emergency Nursing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D014193:Trauma Centers; D014743:Videotape Recording