title: Effects of norepinephrine and serotonin transporter inhibitors on hyperactivity induced by neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning in rats.
abstract: Consistent with their clinical effects in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the stimulants methylphenidate and amphetamine reduce motor hyperactivity in juvenile male rats with neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the forebrain dopamine (DA) system. Since stimulants act on several aminergic neurotransmission systems, we investigated underlying mechanisms involved by comparing behavioral actions of d-methylphenidate, selective inhibitors of the neuronal transport of DA [GBR-12909 (1-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-[3-phenylpropyl]piperazine dihydrochloride), amfonelic acid], serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), citalopram, fluvoxamine], and norepinephrine (NE; desipramine, nisoxetine) in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Selective dopamine lesions were made using 6-OHDA (100 microg, intracisternal) on postnatal day (PD) 5 after desipramine pretreatment (25 mg/kg, s.c.) to protect noradrenergic neurons. Rats were given test agents or vehicle, intraperitoneally, before recording motor activity for 90 min at PD 25 in a novel environment. d-Methylphenidate stimulated motor activity in sham controls and antagonized hyperactivity in lesioned rats. Selective DA transport inhibitors GBR-12909 and amfonelic acid greatly stimulated motor activity in sham control subjects, too, but did not antagonize hyperactivity in lesioned rats. In contrast, all selective 5-HT and NE transporter antagonists tested greatly reduced motor hyperactivity in 6-OHDA lesioned rats but did not alter motor activity in sham controls. The findings indicate that behavioral effects of stimulants in young rats with neonatal 6-OHDA lesions may be mediated by release of NE or 5-HT and support interest in using drugs that increase activity of norepinephrine or serotonin to treat ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Eugen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Davids
authors.forename: Kehong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Nora S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Kula
authors.forename: Frank I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Tarazi
authors.forename: Ross J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Baldessarini
mesh_terms: D018663:Adrenergic Agents; D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D006948:Hyperkinesis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009411:Nerve Endings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D050484:Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D016627:Oxidopamine; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D027981:Symporters / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018663:Adrenergic Agents; D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009638:Norepinephrine; D050484:Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D016627:Oxidopamine; D012701:Serotonin; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D027981:Symporters; C493226:Slc6a2 protein, rat; C493232:Slc6a4 protein, rat