title: Sex differences in access to coronary revascularization after cardiac catheterization: importance of detailed clinical data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although some studies suggest that access to cardiac procedures may differ by sex, others have found no evidence of gender bias in cardiac care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study rates of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in men and women after cardiac catheterization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study with prospective data collection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alberta, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Persons undergoing cardiac catheterization between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 1998 (n = 21 816).
  
  
  METHODS
  The occurrence of revascularization procedures (PCI or CABG) in the year after cardiac catheterization was measured. Unadjusted revascularization rates, partially adjusted rates (adjusted for clinical variables available in most databases, including administrative databases), and fully adjusted rates (additionally adjusted for extent of coronary artery disease and ejection fraction) were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The unadjusted relative risk was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.71) for the end point of any revascularization in women relative to men. The relative risk increased to 0.69 (CI, 0.66 to 0.72) with partial adjustment and to 0.98 (CI, 0.94 to 1.03) with full adjustment, indicating equivalent access to revascularization for men and women. For PCI, the corresponding relative risks were 0.77 (CI, 0.73 to 0.82), 0.84 (CI, 0.80 to 0.89), and 1.02 (CI, 0.96 to 1.08). For CABG surgery, the relative risks were 0.54 (CI, 0.51 to 0.58), 0.51 (CI, 0.48 to 0.55), and 0.93 (CI, 0.87 to 1.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Alberta, Canada, clinical variables fully explain sex differences in rates of revascularization after cardiac catheterization, and misleading conclusions would arise without full adjustment for clinical differences between men and women. Extreme caution is needed in interpreting reports on access to care that use sparsely detailed clinical data sources.
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada. wghali@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ghali
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Faris
authors.forename: P Diane
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Galbraith
authors.forename: Colleen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: L Duncan
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dzavik
authors.forename: L Brent
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Merril L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Knudtson
mesh_terms: D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors