title: Pattern of learning disabilities in children with extremely low birth weight and broadly average intelligence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence and pattern of specific areas of learning disability (LD) in neurologically normal children with extremely low birth weight (ELBW) (< or = 800 g) who have broadly average intelligence compared with full-term children with normal birth weight of comparable sociodemographic background, and to explore concurrent cognitive correlates of the specific LDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal follow-up; geographically defined region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regional follow-up program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, Gray Oral Reading Test-Revised, Test of Written Language-Revised, Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised, Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fourteen (87%) of 131 children with ELBW born between 1982 and 1987 were seen at ages 8 to 9 years. Of the 114 children, 74, who were neurologically normal, with a Verbal or Performance IQ greater than or equal to 85, formed the study group. A group of 30 full-term children with normal birth weight and similar sociodemographic status comprised a comparison group. The children were predominantly white and middle class.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly more children with ELBW (65%) met criteria for LD in 1 or more areas compared with 13% of the comparison children. In the ELBW group, the most frequently affected area was written output, then arithmetic, then reading. Visuospatial and visual-motor abilities in combination with verbal functioning primarily explained performance in arithmetic and reading among children with ELBW, unlike the control children, whose scores were associated only with verbal functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complex LDs in multiple academic domains are common sequelae among broadly middle class, predominantly white, neurologically normal children with ELBW compared with control peers. The developmental etiology of LDs in children with ELBW and control peers differs.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Community Health and Health Evaluation Research, British Columbia Research Institute for Children's and Women's Health, University of British Columbia, 4480 Oak St, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V4, Canada. rgrunau@cw.bc.ca
authors.forename: Ruth Eckstein
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Grunau
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Whitfield
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D002648:Child; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007360:Intelligence; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012016:Reference Values