title: Parasitic and bacterial contamination in collards using effluent from treated domestic wastewater in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
abstract: Thailand often has inadequate water supply for agriculture during the dry season. The reuse of treated wastewater treatment plants could solve this problem. Treatment of domestic wastewater of Chiang Mai municipality by the aerated lagoon system (AL) releases more than 25,000 m3 of treated water everyday. The reuse of wastewater in agriculture is an efficient use of water, especially in tropical countries or in drought zones. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the possibility of using treated wastewater in growing edible vegetables, ie collards (kale), without pathogenic parasite and bacterial contamination. Collards (Brassica oleracea var acephala) were grown using either the treated wastewater from the aerated lagoon system (AL) or ground water (GW). Three cropping times were scheduled in February, May and July, 2000. Samples of water from AL system and GW were taken two times per month (the consecutive weeks) from February to July and examined for bacteria and parasites. Irrigation water (IW) that was normally used in agriculture was also collected, at the same time of the AL and GW collection, for bacteria and parasite investigation. A soil sample was taken before and after each crop for parasite examination. Collards were also collected at the end of the crop for parasite investigation. The results showed that GW seems to be a clean water since no pathogenic bacteria were found although small amount of Escherichia coli was noted in May. For AL and IW, similar number and types of bacteria were found. They were Aeromonas sobria, A. hydrophila, E. coli, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-pathogenic type of Vibrio cholerae. The small number of Salmonella enteritidis gr E was found in AL in April. After investigating 12 samples in 6 months of each kind of water, ie GW, Al, and IW, no parasite was found. Only unidentified free living nematodes were found in IW but those parasites are non pathogenic. A small number of unidentified free living nematodes (UFLN), a natural parasite, were found in soil after cropping. After each cropping time, similar number of hookworm was found in the plots which used either GW or AL. Collards grown by using either GW or AL showed no harmful parasite contamination. We conclude that the effluent from wastewater treatment, using aerated lagoon system, of Chiang Mai municipality could be safely used for growing collards.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Keawvichit
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wongworapat
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Putsyainant
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silprasert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karnchanawong
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005516:Food Microbiology; D016266:Food Parasitology; D006801:Humans; D010271:Parasites / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011634:Public Health; D012449:Safety; D012621:Seasons; D012987:Soil / Q000469:parasitology; D013785:Thailand; D014675:Vegetables / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D014867:Water