title: Effect of milk thistle on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the pharmacokinetics of indinavir in the presence and absence of milk thistle and to determine the offset of any effect of milk thistle on indinavir disposition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective open-label drug interaction study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy volunteers. Intervention. Blood samples were collected over 8 hours after the volunteers took four doses of indinavir 800 mg every 8 hours on an empty stomach for baseline pharmacokinetics. This dosing and sampling were repeated after the subjects took milk thistle 175 mg (confirmed to contain silymarin 153 mg, the active ingredient) 3 times/day for 3 weeks. After an 11-day washout, indinavir dosing and blood sampling were repeated to evaluate the offset of any potential interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indinavir concentrations were measured by using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were determined: highest concentration (Cmax), hour-0 concentration, hour-8 concentration (C8), time to reach Cmax, and area under the plasma concentration-time curve over the 8-hour dosing interval (AUC8). Milk thistle did not alter significantly the overall exposure of indinavir, as evidenced by a 9% reduction in the indinavir AUC8 after 3 weeks of dosing with milk thistle, although the least squares mean trough level (C8) was significantly decreased by 25%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Milk thistle in commonly administered dosages should not interfere with indinavir therapy in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1880, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Piscitelli
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Formentini
authors.forename: Aaron H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Burstein
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alfaro
authors.forename: Shyla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jagannatha
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Falloon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020944:Silybum marianum / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012838:Silymarin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D012838:Silymarin; D019469:Indinavir