title: Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the accuracy of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Criterion standard validation study comparing the score on the 6-item CRAFFT test with screening categories determined by a concurrently administered substance-use problem scale and a structured psychiatric diagnostic interview. Screening categories were "any problem" (ie, problem use, abuse, or dependence), "any disorder" (ie, abuse or dependence), and "dependence."
  
  
  METHODS
  A large, hospital-based adolescent clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients aged 14 to 18 years arriving for routine health care.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CRAFFT receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 538 participants, 68.4% were female, and 75.8% were from racial and ethnic minority groups. Diagnostic classifications for substance use during the past 12 months were no use (49.6%), occasional use (23.6%), problem use (10.6%), abuse (9.5%), and dependence (6.7%). Classifications were strongly correlated with the CRAFFT score (Spearman rho, 0.72; P<.001). A CRAFFT score of 2 or higher was optimal for identifying any problem (sensitivity, 0.76; specificity, 0.94; positive predictive value, 0.83; and negative predictive value, 0.91), any disorder (sensitivity, 0.80; specificity, 0.86; positive predictive value, 0.53; and negative predictive value, 0.96) and dependence (sensitivity, 0.92; specificity, 0.80; positive predictive value, 0.25; and negative predictive value 0.99). Approximately one fourth of participants had a CRAFFT score of 2 or higher. Validity was not significantly affected by age, sex, or race.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CRAFFT test is a valid means of screening adolescents for substance-related problems and disorders, which may be common in some general clinic populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse Research, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. john.knight@tch.harvard.edu
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Lon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sherritt
authors.forename: Lydia A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Shrier
authors.forename: Sion Kim
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires