title: Antiepileptic drug-induced bone loss in young male patients who have seizures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy is a known risk factor for bone loss and fractures. Vitamin D deficiency is frequently cited as a cause for bone loss in patients who have seizures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether men who have seizures, but who are otherwise healthy, suffer substantial bone loss in the hip while taking AEDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively examined femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in 81 consecutive men, aged between 25 and 54 years old (mean age, 45 years), who were attending an outpatient seizure clinic. Low BMD values were analyzed for known risk factors for bone loss. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were repeated in 54 patients, 12 to 29 months later (mean, 19 months), to assess the rate of change in BMD over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that age (P<.001) and time receiving AEDs (P<.003) were the 2 important risk factors associated with low femoral neck BMD. Neither vitamin D deficiency, hypogonadism, cigarette smoking, nor excess alcohol intake were associated with low BMD after correcting for age and time on AEDs. Longitudinal analysis of femoral neck BMD revealed that only those in the youngest age group (25-44 years) showed significant declines in femoral neck BMD (1.8% annualized loss; 95% confidence interval, -3.1 to -0.9; P<.003) while receiving AED therapy. There was no evidence that a specific type of AED was more causally related to bone loss in this group although most patients were taking phenytoin sodium or carbamazepine during the longitudinal assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term AED therapy in young male patients who have seizures causes significant bone loss at the hip in the absence of vitamin D deficiency. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scanning of the hip is useful in identifying patients who are particularly susceptible to rapid bone loss while taking AEDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (111A), University of Washington School of Medicine, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA. dandress@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Dennis L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Andress
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ozuna
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tirschwell
authors.forename: Lucinda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grande
authors.forename: Meshell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Arnold F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Spain
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010018:Osteomalacia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants