title: Calcium channel blocker use and mortality among patients with end-stage renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients on dialysis suffer from alarming rates of cardiovascular disease. While calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are prescribed widely to patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) for the treatment of hypertension, the long-term outcomes associated with the use of these medications are not known. We sought to determine the association between CCB use and mortality among a cohort of ESRD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were utilized from the United States Renal Data System Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Wave II, a randomly selected prospective cohort of 4065 ESRD patients who began dialysis in 1996. Clinical data, including medication information, were collected 60 days after the start of dialysis. Subsequent survival status and cause of death were ascertained. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the relative risk of death associated with CCB use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 3716 patients (91.4%) were available for analysis. Fifty-one percent of the study patients were prescribed a CCB. The use of a CCB was associated with a 21% lower risk of total mortality (RR 0.79, CI 0.69 to 0.90) and a 26% lower risk of cardiovascular specific mortality (RR 0.74, CI 0.60 to 0.91). For patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, CCB use was associated with a 23% (RR 0.77, CI 0.65 to 0.91) and 32% (RR 0.68, CI 0.53 to 0.87) lower risk of total and cardiovascular mortality, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After controlling for known risk factors and potential confounders, CCBs were found to be associated with a lower risk of mortality among ESRD patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98108, USA. epware@earthlink.net
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kestenbaum
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gillen
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sherrard
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seliger
authors.forename: Adrianne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stehman-Breen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers