title: Infection control among professional tattooists in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated infection control knowledge, beliefs, and practices of professional tattooists.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study of professional tattooists (N = 61), a self-administered questionnaire measured knowledge and beliefs related to blood-borne pathogen transmission and control and self-reported infection control procedures. The study also involved direct observation of the infection control practices of 25 tattoo artists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All respondents believed that bloodborne pathogens could be transmitted via tattooing, and most denied that trouble or expense were barriers to infection control. Knowledge about infection transmission and control was high and was positively associated with learning about infection control from a health official. Subjects were observed implementing an average of 44 of 62 recommended procedures. The percentage of recommended procedures used was negatively associated with years of tattooing experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tattooists have an understanding of the risks associated with exposure to blood, but this knowledge is not fully operationalized in the workplace. Interventions should focus on needle disposal, handwashing, cross-contamination, and cleaning prior to sterilization. Tattooists with > or = 10 years of experience are most in need of intervention. National guidelines for tattooing infection control and strategies for collaboration between public health officials and tattooists are needed.
authors.affiliation: Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department, Tacoma, WA. , USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Pirie
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Halcón
mesh_terms: D017848:Blood-Borne Pathogens; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000592:standards*; D008910:Minnesota; D009339:Needles / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D011361:Professional Competence; D012306:Risk; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013242:Sterilization; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013653:Tattooing / Q000592:standards*; D018505:Waste Management