title: The effect of sex, age and race on estimating percentage body fat from body mass index: The Heritage Family Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of sex, age and race on the relation between body mass index (BMI) and measured percent body fat (%fat).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional validation study of sedentary individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Heritage Family Study cohort of 665 black and white men and women who ranged in age from 17 to 65 y.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body density determined from hydrostatic weighing. Percentage body fat determined with gender and race-specific, two-compartment models. BMI determined from height and weight, and sex and race in dummy coded form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polynomial regression showed that the relationship between %fat and BMI was quadratic for both men and women. A natural log transformation of BMI adjusted for the non-linearity. Test for homogeneity of log transformed BMI and gender showed that the male-female slopes were within random variance, but the intercepts differed. For the same BMI, the %fat of females was 10.4% higher than that of males. General linear models analysis of the women's data showed that age, race and race-by-BMI interaction were independently related to %fat. The same analysis applied to the men's data showed that %fat was not just a function of BMI, but also age and age-by-BMI interaction. Multiple regression analyses provided models that defined the bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data and results published in the literature show that BMI and %fat relationship are not independent of age and gender. These data showed a race effect for women, but not men. The failure to adjust for these sources of bias resulted in substantial differences in the proportion of subjects defined as obese by measured %fat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. Ajackson@mail.uh.edu
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Stanforth
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rankinen
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wilmore
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D044383:Black People; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008875:Middle Aged; D044469:Racial Groups; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D044465:White People