title: A biomechanical comparison of tibial inlay and tibial tunnel posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques: graft pretension and knee laxity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques use a tibial bone tunnel, which results in an acute bend in the graft as it passes over the posterior portion of the tibial plateau.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The tibial inlay technique will result in lower graft pretensions, less laxity, and less stretch-out after cyclic loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Graft pretensions necessary to restore normal laxity at 90 degrees of knee flexion (laxity match pretension) and anteroposterior laxities at five knee flexion angles were recorded in 12 fresh-frozen knee specimens with bone-patellar tendon-bone posterior cruciate ligament graft reconstructions using both techniques and two femoral tunnel positions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the graft was placed in a central femoral tunnel, the tibial tunnel reconstruction required an average 15.6 N greater laxity match pretension than the tibial inlay reconstruction. There were no significant differences in mean knee laxities between the tibial tunnel and tibial inlay techniques at any knee flexion angle; both reconstruction techniques restored mean knee laxity to within 1.6 mm of intact knee values over the entire flexion range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no important advantage of one technique over the other with respect to the biomechanical parameters measured.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Research Section, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Center for Health Sciences, Box 956902, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6902, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McAllister
authors.forename: Keith L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Markolf
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Oakes
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McWilliams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D017847:Patellar Ligament / Q000637:transplantation; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013977:Tibia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous