title: Optokinetic nystagmus elicited by filling-in in adults with central scotoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Filling-in is the perceptual completion of physiological, pathologic, or artificial scotomas. Three patients are described, in whom optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was present during filling-in.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients with age-related macular degeneration with large central scotomas were included in the study. OKN was elicited with black and white stripes moving nasally to temporally or temporally to nasally at four velocities. OKN gain was measured using infrared oculography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While looking at the OKN stimuli, the patients either did not see the stimulus (without perceiving a positive scotoma) or filled in the scotoma and perceived the stripes. Simultaneously with filling in the scotoma, OKN eye movements were elicited in all three patients. The filling-in phenomenon was present for all stimulus directions and velocities, appeared within seconds, and was followed immediately by eye movements corresponding to OKN. OKN gains during filling-in were similar to those of age-matched control subjects without scotomas. No asymmetry was noted between temporal to nasal or nasal to temporal stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Motion-sensitive areas of the visual cortex may be activated and trigger the generation of OKN, supporting an active process. Alternatively, OKN is suppressed when subjects are not filling-in, while the subjects are fixating the central scotoma or edges of the scotoma. That the subjects did not perceive positive scotomas suggests that an active process is more likely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Abtwil, Switzerland. valmaggia@freesurf.ch
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valmaggia
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gottlob
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004585:Electrooculography; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017120:Nystagmus, Optokinetic / Q000502:physiology*; D012607:Scotoma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*