title: Pardaxin stimulation of phospholipases A2 and their involvement in exocytosis in PC-12 cells.
abstract: Pardaxin (PX) is a voltage-dependent ionophore that stimulates catecholamine exocytosis from PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells both in the presence and absence of extracellular calcium. Using a battery of phospholipase A(2) inhibitors we show that PX stimulation of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes is coupled with induction of exocytosis. We investigated the relationship between PX-induced PLA(2) activity and neurotransmitter release by measuring the levels of arachidonic acid (AA), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and dopamine release. In the presence of extracellular calcium, the cytosolic PLA(2) inhibitor arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF(3)) inhibited by 100, 70, and 73%, respectively, the release of AA, PGE(2), and dopamine induced by PX. The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor 2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone (PD98059) reduced by 100 and 82%, respectively, the release of AA and PGE(2) induced by PX. In the absence of extracellular calcium, the calcium-independent PLA(2) (iPLA(2)) inhibitors methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate, AACOCF(3), and bromoenol lactone (BEL) inhibited by 80 to 90% PX stimulation of AA release, by 65 to 85% PX stimulation of PGE(2) release, and by 80 to 90% PX-induced dopamine release. Using vesicle fusion-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay we found similar levels of inhibition of PX-induced exocytosis by these inhibitors. Also, PX induced the formation of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor complexes, an effect that was augmented by N-methylmaleimide. This complex formation was completely inhibited by BEL. Botulinum toxins type C1 and F significantly inhibited the release of AA, PGE(2), and dopamine induced by PX. Our data suggest that PX stimulates exocytosis by activating cystolic PLA(2) and iPLA(2), leading to the generation of AA and eicosanoids, which, in turn, stimulate vesicle competence for fusion and neurotransmitter release.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bloch-Shilderman
authors.forename: Saleh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abu-Raya
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Trembovler
authors.forename: Hassia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boschwitz
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gruzman
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Linial
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lazarovici
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D005397:Fish Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054501:Group II Phospholipases A2; D054513:Group IV Phospholipases A2; D054522:Group VI Phospholipases A2; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016716:PC12 Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005397:Fish Venoms; D009498:Neurotoxins; C017603:pardaxin; D010741:Phospholipases A; D054501:Group II Phospholipases A2; D054513:Group IV Phospholipases A2; D054522:Group VI Phospholipases A2; C516391:Pla2g4a protein, rat