title: The expression of gamma-glutamyltransferase in rat colon carcinoma cells is distinctly regulated during differentiation and oxidative stress.
abstract: Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a plasma membrane bound enzyme that initiates the degradation of glutathione. The presence of several promoters in the rat GGT gene indicates strict control and regulation of its expression. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the GGT gene was regulated differently after butyrate-induced differentiation and oxidative stress exposure of rat colon carcinoma cells and whether the regulation was related to the glutathione level. The activity of GGT was upregulated in a time-and-dose dependent manner after both butyrate and menadione incubations. The presence of antioxidants blocked the menadione but not the butyrate mediated induction of the enzyme. The level of intracellular glutathione was reduced after menadione, but not after butyrate incubations. Depletion of glutathione alone did not alter GGT activity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were not produced after incubations with butyrate, while menadione incubations produced ROS. The multiple GGT mRNA transcripts (mRNA I-V) that originate from the five distinct promoters were all present in the cell line. Incubations with butyrate enhanced mRNA II and IV transcripts whereas a reduction in mRNA IV-1 was noted during menadione incubations. The level of total GGT mRNA (I-V) was not altered when related to the amount of total beta-actin mRNA. We conclude that GGT activity can be upregulated by at least two distinct mechanisms during differentiation and oxidative stress. Apparently, the regulation of the enzyme is not directly linked to the intracellular level of glutathione.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Norway. Idun-Merete.Mikkelsen@fagmed.uit.no
authors.forename: Idun Merete
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen
authors.forename: Bente
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Yannick
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Laperche
authors.forename: Nils-Erik
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Huseby
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D024483:Vitamin K 3 / Q000494:pharmacology; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D024483:Vitamin K 3; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D005978:Glutathione