title: Effect of potassium citrate therapy on stone recurrence and residual fragments after shockwave lithotripsy in lower caliceal calcium oxalate urolithiasis: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of potassium citrate treatment in preventing stone recurrences and residual fragments after shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) for lower pole calcium oxalate urolithiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ten patients who underwent SWL because of lower caliceal stones and who were stone free or who had residual stone 4 weeks later were enrolled in the study. The average patient age was 41.7 years. All patients had documented simple calcium oxalate lithiasis without urinary tract infection and with normal renal morphology and function. Four weeks after SWL, patients who were stone free (N = 56) and patients who had residual stones (N = 34) were independently randomized into two subgroups that were matched for sex, age, and urinary values of citrate, calcium, and uric acid. One group was given oral potassium citrate 60 mEq per day, and the other group served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients who were stone free after SWL and receiving medical treatment, the stone recurrence rate at 12 months was 0 whereas untreated patients showed a 28.5% stone recurrence rate (P < 0.05). Similarly, in the residual fragment group, the medically treated patients had a significantly greater remission rate than the untreated patients (44.5 v 12.5%; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potassium citrate therapy significantly alleviated calcium oxalate stone activity after SWL for lower pole stones in patients who were stone free. An important observation was the beneficial effect of medical treatment on stone activity after SWL among patients with residual calculi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ankara, Turkey. tsoygur@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Tarkan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soygür
authors.forename: Ayşegül
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akbay
authors.forename: Sadettin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Küpeli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000652:urine; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019357:Potassium Citrate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012074:Remission Induction; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000652:urine; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D014527:Uric Acid; D019343:Citric Acid; D019357:Potassium Citrate; D002118:Calcium