title: Religious and spiritual variables in three major oncology nursing journals: 1990-1999.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review qualitative and quantitative research studies measuring religious and spiritual variables published in American oncology nursing journals from 1990-1999 and the types of measures used.
  
  
  METHODS
  All research studies published from 1990-1999 in Oncology Nursing Forum, Cancer Nursing, and the Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher percentage of qualitative (27%) than quantitative (14%) oncology nursing studies reported findings on religious and spiritual variables. Religion or spirituality was the major focus of 14% of qualitative studies, and these concepts emerged in qualitative studies even when they were not a study's research focus. Religion or spirituality was the primary independent or dependent variable in 10% of quantitative studies and was a prominent measure in quantitative studies on patients' needs, coping, and quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nursing researchers in oncology are more likely to study issues relating to religion and spirituality than researchers in other fields of nursing, and substantially more research on these topics has been reported in oncology nursing than in the research literature on psychology or various fields of medicine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implications include the value of (a) combining qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study, (b) incorporating demographic measures, such as religious denomination, as independent variables in analyses, (c) using separate and multiple measures of religion and spirituality in research, and (d) differentiating between religious and spiritual needs in research and practice.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA. flannel@hawaii.edu
authors.forename: Laura T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Flannelly
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Flannelly
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Weaver
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006801:Humans; D009859:Oncology Nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012067:Religion; D013140:Spiritualism