title: Antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections: how well do pediatric residents do?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibiotics are often used inappropriately for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in children, and the emergence of resistant bacteria is a growing public health concern.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess awareness and compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, Ga) and American Academy of Pediatrics (Elk Grove Village, Ill) principles for judicious antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections among residents from a sample of pediatric residency programs in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents at the participating programs were requested to complete a survey questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 524 pediatric residents surveyed, 74% (388 participants) completed the questionnaire. Familiarity with the principles increased with a year of training; 16%, 36%, and 50% of first-year (PL1), second-year (PL2), and third- or fourth-year (PL3/PL4) residents, respectively, had heard or read about the principles (chi(2)(trend); P<.001). In response to a direct question about the use of antibiotics for an otherwise well, afebrile 18-month-old child with purulent rhinorrhea, 29%, 25%, and 15% of PL1, PL2, and PL3/PL4 residents, respectively, would prescribe antibiotics within 10 days of onset of illness (chi(2)(trend); P =.008). A significant difference was found between PL1 vs PL3/PL4 participants (difference = 20%; 95% CI = 3%-26%). If the same infant had a temperature of 38.8 degrees C, then 63%, 45%, and 47% of PL1, PL2, and PL3/PL4 residents, respectively, would prescribe antibiotics (chi(2)(trend); P =.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Awareness among pediatric residents about the judicious use of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections is often lacking, and inappropriate use of antibiotics for this condition continues to be prevalent. This was especially noted among PL1 residents, with an improving trend noted with increasing years of training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Inova Fairfax Hospital for Children, Falls Church, VA, USA. nambiars@cder.fda.gov
authors.forename: Sumathi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nambiar
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sheridan
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006300:Health Services Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008873:Mid-Atlantic Region; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*