title: The effect of temperature on hydrogen bonding in crystalline and amorphous phases in dihydropyrine calcium channel blockers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of temperature on hydrogen bonding in a series of structurally related amorphous and crystalline compounds to gain a better molecular-level understanding of structural differences in the various phases.
  
  
  METHODS
  FT-infrared spectra of seven 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers were obtained at temperatures between 0 and 200 degrees C using a temperature-controlled attenuated total reflection accessory. Thermal behavior was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hydrogen bonding was investigated by monitoring the position of the NH stretching vibration, where an increase in peak wavenumber was taken to indicate a weakening of hydrogen bonding. Heating resulted in a reduction in hydrogen bonding strength, which was greatest for liquids and less for glassy and crystalline phases. For the amorphous samples, a plot of NH peak position vs. temperature displayed a discontinuity in the region of the glass transition (determined using differential scanning calorimetry) indicating that hydrogen bonding weakened abruptly as the material passed through the glass transition. This effect was more pronounced for some samples than for others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The variation in the decrease in hydrogen-bonding interactions with increasing temperature for the different phases is consistent with greater configurational freedom as one moves from crystal to glass to liquid.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-2092, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaolin Charlie
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pikal
authors.forename: Lynne S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000737:chemistry*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004095:Dihydropyridines / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004095:Dihydropyridines; C038806:1,4-dihydropyridine