title: Visualization of individual growth-related craniofacial changes based on cephalometric landmark data: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An approach based on Euclidean distances between cephalometric landmarks is presented (1) to visualize and localize the individual shape changes of the complex craniofacial skeleton during growth and (2) to depict the individual dynamic behavior of developmental size and shape changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Growth-related craniofacial changes were investigated exemplarily for two male orthodontically untreated subjects from the Belfast Growth Study on the basis of lateral cephalograms at 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 years. The interlandmark distances among seven skeletal cephalometric landmarks served as a database for the study. A modified Karhunen-Loève decomposition based on orthogonal modes and time-dependent scalar amplitudes was used to describe the growth process. The individual shape changes of the various craniofacial regions were visualized by allocation of colors to the respective distances, and overdrawn representations were reconstructed by means of multidimensional scaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This visualization technique allows anatomical regions to be characterized with respect to reduced or strengthened growth, compared with pure size changes. The clinically relevant mechanisms of craniofacial changes are visualized (e.g., shifts in the anteroposterior or vertical dimensions of the jaws in relation to cranial base and structural imbalances during development). In addition, overdrawing the effects of shape change on the skeletal structures gives a more readily comprehensible impression of the growth process. Taking account of the methodical limitations of this approach (e.g., the restrictions concerning the number of landmarks), the clinician may take advantage of this technique in orthodontic or surgical diagnostics to gain additional insight into the individual complex size and shape changes during development along with their dynamic behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. christopher_lux@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lux
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Starke
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rübel
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stellzig
authors.forename: Gerda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Komposch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D019992:Databases as Topic; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000502:physiology*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D014716:Vertical Dimension