title: Transforming growth factor-beta 1 increases bad phosphorylation and protects neurons against damage.
abstract: Despite the characterization of neuroprotection by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), the signaling pathway mediating its protective effect is unclear. Bad is a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family and is inactivated on phosphorylation via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). This study attempted to address whether MAPK signaling and Bad phosphorylation were influenced by TGF-beta1 and, furthermore, whether these two events were involved in the antiapoptotic effect of TGF-beta1. We found a gradual activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) and MAPK-activated protein kinase-1 (also called Rsk1) and a concomitant increase in Bad phosphorylation at Ser(112) in mouse brains after adenovirus-mediated TGF-beta1 transduction under nonischemic and ischemic conditions induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Consistent with these effects, the ischemia-induced increase in Bad protein level and caspase-3 activation were suppressed in TGF-beta1-transduced brain. Consequently, DNA fragmentation, ischemic lesions, and neurological deficiency were significantly reduced. In cultured rat hippocampal cells, TGF-beta1 inhibited the increase in Bad expression caused by staurosporine. TGF-beta1 concentration- and time-dependently activated Erk1/2 and Rsk1 accompanied by an increase in Bad phosphorylation. These effects were blocked by U0126, a mitogen-activated protein kinase/Erk kinase 1/2 inhibitor, suggesting an association between Bad phosphorylation and MAPK activation. Notably, U0126 and a Rsk1 inhibitor (Ro318220) abolished the neuroprotective activity of TGF-beta1 in staurosporine-induced apoptosis, indicating that activation of MAPK is necessary for the antiapoptotic effect of TGF-beta1 in cultured hippocampal cells. Together, we demonstrate that TGF-beta1 suppresses Bad expression under lesion conditions, increases Bad phosphorylation, and activates the MAPK/Erk pathway, which may contribute to its neuroprotective activity.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie and Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. zhu@mailer.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Guo-Yuan
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahlemeyer
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Xiao-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Che
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Culmsee
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klumpp
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krieglstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000378:metabolism; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein
chemical_list: C494820:Bad protein, mouse; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; C508962:Tgfb1 protein, rat; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa; C512964:Rps6ka1 protein, mouse; C512963:Rps6ka1 protein, rat; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases