title: Experimental measurements of the radiation hazards associated with manned space flights.
abstract: Tissue-equivalent ionization chambers of special design have been flown on U.S. satellites to determine dose-rate levels in space. A chamber shielded by 4.7 g/cm2 measured doses from energetic protons in the inner Van Allen belt and bremsstrahlung radiation produced by relativistic electrons from the artificial radiation belt formed in July 1962. In November 1962, the maximum dose-rate in space for this shield was 30 rad/hr. Behind 0.4 g/cm2 shielding, the dose-rate peak was 20000 rad/hr. These doses have been determined to be due to artificial electrons in most regions of space, masking the dose arising from energetic protons.
authors.affiliation: Biophysics Branch, Air Force Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D004583:Electrons; D009686:Nuclear Physics; D011522:Protons; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011853:Radiobiology; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D013026:Space Flight / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018531:Spacecraft / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D011522:Protons