title: Excision of transposable elements from the chalcone isomerase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase genes may contribute to the variegation of the yellow-flowered carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus).
abstract: In the "Rhapsody" cultivar of the carnation, which bears white flowers variegated with red flecks and sectors, a transposable element, dTdic1, belonging to the Ac/Ds superfamily, was found within the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene. The red flecks and sectors of "Rhapsody" may be attributable to a reversion to DFR activity after the excision of dTdic1. The yellow color of the carnation petals is attributed to the synthesis and accumulation of chalcone 2'-glucoside. In several of the carnation cultivars that bear yellow flowers variegated with white flecks and sectors, both the chalcone isomerase (CHI) and DFR genes are disrupted by dTdic1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588 Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Higeta
authors.forename: Akane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozeki
mesh_terms: D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002599:Chalcone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D047188:Chalcones; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D029749:Dianthus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019753:Intramolecular Lyases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D018514:Plant Structures / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D047188:Chalcones; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005419:Flavonoids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C028770:chalcone epoxide; D002599:Chalcone; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C056570:dihydroflavanol 4-reductase; D019753:Intramolecular Lyases; C019865:chalcone isomerase