title: Carolina rinse solution minimizes kidney injury and improves graft function and survival after prolonged cold ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kidney damage caused by cold ischemia-reperfusion injury promotes adverse outcomes after renal transplantation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Carolina rinse solution (CRS) used at the end of cold ischemic storage decreases kidney injury and improves graft function and survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inbred male Lewis rats were used as donors and recipients. Left kidneys were removed from donor rats, infused with cold University of Wisconsin solution, and stored for 24, 30, or 48 hr at 0-1 degrees C. Just before implantation, kidneys were flushed with either Ringer's solution or CRS at 35-37 degrees C or were not treated. Kidneys were then transplanted into recipient rats with removal of both native kidneys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survival and renal function were analyzed over a 14-day postoperative period. Among rats receiving kidneys after 24-hr cold storage, creatinine clearance was 75% greater in rats transplanted with kidneys flushed with CRS compared with Ringer's solution or nontreatment. In animals receiving kidneys after 30-hr cold storage, recipient survival after CRS was significantly higher than with Ringer's solution or without flushing (80% vs. 25% and 17%, respectively). However, CRS failed to prevent renal graft failure after 48 hr of cold storage (14% survival with CRS vs. 0% with Ringer's solution). In separate ex vivo studies, nonviable cell nuclei were labeled by trypan blue after cold preservation and brief warm reperfusion. CRS decreased podocyte and peritubular endothelial cell killing associated with cold ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flushing renal explants with warm CRS before implantation diminishes cold ischemia-reperfusion injury and improves the function and survival of transplanted kidneys.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Currin
authors.forename: Xing-Xi
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Harold E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Mekeel
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schoonhoven
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lemasters
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D015925:Cryopreservation; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009929:Organ Size; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D012079:Renal Circulation; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology; D012996:Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C070887:Carolina rinse solution; D012996:Solutions