title: Teaching patients to monitor their risk factors retards the progression of vascular complications in high-risk patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus--a randomized prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intensive management of risk parameters in diabetic patients may retard the progression of both micro- and macrovascular complications. Intensified care requires expert staff and is expensive. The aim of the present study was to examine whether sharing the therapeutic responsibility with the patients will improve the outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized prospective study of 165 patients with diabetes mellitus Type 2, hypertension (> 140/90 mmHg) and hyperlipidaemia (LDL-C > 120 mg/dl). Patients were randomly allocated to standard annual consultation (SC) or to a patient participation programme (PP). The medical care for both groups was administered by primary care physicians, who were unaware of the nature of the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 4 years the mean blood pressure was 148/88 (+/- 6.1/1.7) mmHg in the SC patients vs. 142/84 (+/- 5.8/1.8) mmHg in the PP group (P = 0.02). The mean LDL-C was 124 +/- 8 and 114 +/- 6 mg/dl (P = 0.01) and the mean HbA1c was 8.9 +/- 1.2% and 8.2 +/- 1.5% (P = 0.04) in the SC and PP groups, respectively. The average annual fall in estimated glomerular filtration rate was 3.5 ml/min per year in the SC group vs. 2.25 in the PP group (P < 0.05). Albumin/creatinine ratio > 300 mg/g developed in four SC patients vs. none of the PP patients. There was a total of 36 cardiovascular events in the SC group vs. 23 in the PP group (P = 0.04). All patients in the PP group received ACE inhibitors (or AII blockers) and statins vs. 52% and 43%, respectively, in the SC group. Glucose-lowering regimens were similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Well-informed and motivated patients were more insistent to reach and maintain target values of the main risk factors of diabetic complications. The differences between the PP and SC groups were of the same order of magnitude as those between intensive and standard care groups in other studies albeit with, comparatively, a very modest cost.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University and Meir Hospital, Kfar-Sava, Israel.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rachmani
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Slavachevski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Avin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ravid
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000517:prevention & control; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000517:prevention & control; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D018579:Patient Selection; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine