title: Serratia marcescens bacteremia traced to an infused narcotic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  From June 30, 1998, through March 21, 1999, several patients in the surgical intensive care unit of a hospital acquired Serratia marcescens bacteremia. We investigated this outbreak.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case was defined as the occurrence of S. marcescens bacteremia in any patient in the surgical intensive care unit during the period of the epidemic. To identify risk factors, we compared patients with S. marcescens bacteremia with randomly selected controls. Isolates from patients and from medications were evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The hair of one employee was tested for fentanyl.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six patients with S. marcescens bacteremia were identified; eight (31 percent) had polymicrobial bacteremia, and seven of these had Enterobacter cloacae and S. marcescens in the same culture. According to univariate analysis, patients with S. marcescens bacteremia stayed in the surgical intensive care unit longer than controls (13.5 vs. 4.0 days, P<0.001), were more likely to have received fentanyl in the surgical intensive care unit (odds ratio, 31; P<0.001), and were more likely to have been exposed to two particular respiratory therapists (odds ratios, 13.1 and 5.1; P<0.001 for both comparisons). In a multivariate analysis, receipt of fentanyl and exposure to the two respiratory therapists (adjusted odds ratio for one therapist, 6.7; P=0.002; adjusted odds ratio for the other therapist, 9.5; P=0.02) remained significant. One respiratory therapist had been reported for tampering with fentanyl; his hair sample tested positive for fentanyl. Cultures of fentanyl infusions from two case patients yielded S. marcescens and E. cloacae. The isolates from the case patients and from the fentanyl infusions had similar patterns on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. After removal of the implicated respiratory therapist, no further cases occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An outbreak of S. marcescens and E. cloacae bacteremia in a surgical intensive care unit was traced to extrinsic contamination of the parenteral narcotic fentanyl by a health care worker. Our findings underscore the risk of complications in patients that is associated with illicit narcotic use by health care workers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA. bostrow@hsc.vcu.edu
authors.forename: Belinda E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Ostrowsky
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whitener
authors.forename: Helen K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Bredenberg
authors.forename: Loretta A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hutwagner
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Arduino
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jarvis
mesh_terms: D000488:Allied Health Personnel; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016972:Enterobacter cloacae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D017757:Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral / Q000295:instrumentation; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders; D012138:Respiratory Therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D016868:Serratia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D012706:Serratia marcescens / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D005283:Fentanyl