title: Drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Archangels, Russia.
abstract: METHODS
  The Archangels oblast, Russia, 1998-2000.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs in the Archangels oblast, and to reveal risk factors for the development of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The drug susceptibility of strains isolated from 119 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was studied using the BACTEC method. Medical records of the patients were reviewed, retrospectively, to identify factors associated with drug resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-seven strains (56.3%) were resistant to at least one anti-tuberculosis drug. The highest rates of resistance were observed for streptomycin and isoniazid: respectively 40.4% and 66.7% of strains isolated from newly and previously treated patients were resistant to streptomycin, and respectively 37.1% and 73.3% of strains isolated from newly and previously treated patients were resistant to isoniazid. Thirty of the 119 strains (25.2%) were multidrug-resistant. Multidrug resistance was four times higher among previously treated patients than among new patients. A history of previous or interrupted treatment for tuberculosis and being female were significantly associated with drug resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drug-resistant tuberculosis is an important problem in the Archangels oblast, Russia. The spread of drug resistance is attributed to several risk factors. Being female and evidence of previous treatment for tuberculosis are risk factors for the development of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the Archangels oblast. Patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis also showed a higher risk of interrupting their treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway. o.s.toungoussova@samfunnsmed.uio.no
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toungoussova
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Caugant
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sandven
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Mariandyshev
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bjune
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004977:Ethambutol / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012426:Russia; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D004977:Ethambutol; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin; D013307:Streptomycin