title: c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) 2/3 is specifically activated by stress, mediating c-Jun activation, in the presence of constitutive JNK1 activity in cerebellar neurons.
abstract: c-Jun is considered a major regulator of both neuronal death and regeneration. Stress in primary cultured CNS neurons induces phosphorylation of c-Jun serines 63 and 73 and increased c-Jun protein. However, total c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) activity does not increase, and no satisfactory explanation for this paradox has been available. Here we demonstrate that neuronal stress induces strong activation of JNK2/3 in the presence of constitutively and highly active JNK1. Correspondingly, neurons from JNK1(-/-) mice show lower constitutive activity and considerably higher responsiveness to stress. p38 activity can be completely inhibited without effect on c-Jun phosphorylation, whereas 10 micrometer SB203580 strongly inhibits neuronal JNK2/3, stress-induced c-Jun phosphorylation, induced c-Jun activity, and neuronal death in response to trophic withdrawal stress. Neither constitutive JNK1 activity nor total neuronal JNK activity were significantly affected by this concentration of drug. Thus, neuronal stress selectively activates JNK2/3 in the presence of mechanisms maintaining constitutive JNK1 activity, and this JNK2/3 activity selectively targets c-Jun, which is isolated from constitutive JNK1 activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy Abo Akademi University, Biocity, Turku, FIN 20521, Finland.
authors.forename: Eleanor T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: Giedre
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smiciene
authors.forename: Vesa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hongisto
authors.forename: Jiong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brecht
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herdegen
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Courtney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002451:Cell Compartmentation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000494:pharmacology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D048057:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 10; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000201:enzymology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006133:Growth Substances; D007093:Imidazoles; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011725:Pyridines; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D048057:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 10; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093642:SB 203580