title: Activity and functional significance of the renal kallikrein-kinin-system in polycystic kidney disease of the rat.
abstract: Activity and functional significance of the renal kallikrein-kinin-system in polycystic kidney disease of the rat.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The kallikrein-kinin-system is a complex multienzymatic system that has been implicated in the control of systemic blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, and proteinuria. The present study investigated its functional role in rat polycystic kidney disease (PKD), which is characterized by progressive renal failure and proteinuria in the absence of systemic hypertension and stimulated renin-angiotensin-system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kallikrein and bradykinin levels were measured in plasma and urine of rats with polycystic kidneys and compared to non-affected controls (SD) and rats with reduced renal mass. The functional relevance of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) was assessed by the effects of a short-term treatment with either a selective bradykinin (BK) B1-receptor antagonist (des-Arg9-[Leu8]-BK), a B2-receptor antagonist (HOE 140), an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ramipril), or an angiotensin II-receptor blocker (HR 720) on systemic and renal parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urine levels of kallikrein were increased threefold in 9-month-old PKD, and BK excretion was increased tenfold in 3-month and 30-fold in 9-month-old PKD compared to age-matched SD rats. Blood pressure in 9-month-old PKD rats was decreased to the same degree by ramipril and HR 720. In contrast, only ramipril and HOE 140 significantly reduced proteinuria and albuminuria, independent from creatinine clearance. This effect was accompanied by an increased excretion of bradykinin. The B1 receptor antagonist had no influence on functional renal parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates an age-dependent activation of the renal KKS in rats with polycystic kidney disease. The bradykinin B2-receptor is involved in the pathogenesis of proteinuria, independent from systemic blood pressure or creatinine clearance. The antiproteinuric effect of ramipril in this model is angiotensin II-independent and related to its influence on the renal KKS.
authors.affiliation: V. Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Hospital Mannheim, Germany. BraunC@verw.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kleemann
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hilgenfeldt
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Riester
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rohmeiss
authors.forename: Fokko J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van der Woude
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D065168:Bradykinin Receptor Antagonists; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007705:Kinins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D007690:Polycystic Kidney Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016891:Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant / Q000378:metabolism; D017257:Ramipril / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D065168:Bradykinin Receptor Antagonists; D007093:Imidazoles; D007705:Kinins; C094626:fonsartan; C024626:bradykinin, des-Arg(9)-; C065679:icatibant; D007610:Kallikreins; D017257:Ramipril; D001920:Bradykinin