title: Battle injuries of the rectum: options for the field surgeon.
abstract: Historically, battle wounds of the rectum have had high mortality and morbidity. This has improved greatly over several decades as a result of battle experience. This article highlights the value of civilian gunshot experience and its possible use in the military setting. The standard principles of rectal examination, followed by proctosigmoidoscopy after initial resuscitation, remain unchanged. Thereafter, the surgical decisions are made at laparotomy. Rectal injuries commonly have other injuries in association which must also be dealt with. In the stable patient rectal repair may be possible. Where repair is hazardous due to extensive injury (rectum or adjacent structures), the well-proven protective colostomy is used. A loop colostomy with or without distal closure is effective and is used to protect most injuries; possible exceptions being injuries dealt with early, in which there is minimal contamination and repair is easy. Presacral drainage can generally be reserved for severely destructive wounds or those in which repair has not been done. Rectal washout remains an option in patients with inspissated faeces. The basic military surgical principles remain valid, their extent and degree of implementation depending on the anatomical location of injury, degree of damage and any delay in presentation to surgery.
authors.affiliation: Gauteng Provincial Government Emergency Medical Services, Johannesburg Hospital Trauma Unit, Dept. Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, PO Box 8311, Halfway House, 1685, South Africa.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacFarlane
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Vaizey
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Benn
mesh_terms: D003125:Colostomy; D004322:Drainage; D006801:Humans; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D008889:Military Personnel; D012007:Rectum / Q000293:injuries*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*