title: Determinants of myocardial hypoperfusion analyzed for the interventricular septum using power Doppler harmonic imaging with contrast echocardiography in humans: a methodologic approach for clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate determinants of myocardial hypoperfusion using power Doppler harmonic imaging (PDHI) with myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) in clinical practice, a retrospective clinical study was performed comparing echocardiographic and angiographic data. Angiographic data of patients with a normal coronary angiogram (non-CAD) and symptomatic patients with low flow conditions caused by a stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) or occlusion, or TIMI-II-flow in the LAD were compared with the PDHI data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 32 patients, MCE was performed with a System Five Performance ultrasound system (GE Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Norway). Myocardial perfusion was semiquantitatively analyzed with the EchoPac 6.2b.134 software, bolus injection with Optison (0.35 mL with 5 mL saline flush), and continuous infusion with Levovist (400 mg/mL(-1); 3.5-5 mL/min(-1)) were performed (8 non-CAD patients, 8 CAD patients, respectively). After bolus injection, Doppler intensity (DI) kinetics showed a significant decrease of maximum DI wash-in rate (eg, apical septum [AS]: 4.9 +/- 3.3 vs 2.4 +/- 1.9 dB/s(-1)), of peak maximum DI (eg, AS: 25.3 +/- 6.3 vs 16.4 +/- 5.7 dB), and of DI determined 10 and 20 seconds after peak maximum DI (eg, AS: 22.1 +/- 4.9 vs 10.8 +/- 4.6 dB; AS: 20.4 +/- 5.3 vs 8.0 +/- 3.8 dB, respectively) using a trigger interval once every 3 cardiac cycles when normal perfused areas were compared with hypoperfused areas. During infusion coronary transit time (3.3 +/- 0.9 vs 7.0 +/- 3.6 seconds), maximum DI wash-in rate (eg, AS: 3.2 +/- 1.3 vs 1.3 +/- 0.8 dB/s(-1)) and DI-maximum plateau (eg, AS: 28.6 +/- 4.7 vs 18.3 +/- 6.4 dB) significantly decreased, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regional myocardial hypoperfusion at rest can be detected by using PDHI with MCE in clinical practice, according to a standardized methodologic protocol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology-Angiology, University of Leipzig, Germany. hagendorff@gmx.net
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hagendorff
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Göckritz
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wunderlich
authors.forename: Sigmund
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frigstad
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Becher
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins; D003287:Contrast Media; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D003287:Contrast Media; C099458:FS 069; D005466:Fluorocarbons