title: Graphite-mediated reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene with elemental iron.
abstract: The mechanism and pathway through which 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) is reduced with elemental iron were investigated through batch experiments performed utilizing the same iron surface area, with high-purity iron powder and Master Builders scrap iron. In addition to different kinetics and adsorption patterns, the distribution of two intermediates, 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene (4A2NT) and 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2A4NT), contrasted sharply. This suggests that different mechanisms are involved in DNT reduction with pure iron and scrap iron. We hypothesized that exposed graphite in scrap iron transferred reductants from iron to adsorbed nitroaromatic molecules. This hypothesis was supported by an experiment conducted using two-compartment dialysis cells in which ONT and pure iron powder were separated by a graphite sheet. Results indicate that graphite-mediated, indirect reduction of DNT occurred primarily through reduction of the ortho nitro group to form 2A4NT, whereas DNT reduction at the iron (hydr/oxide) surface occurred via para nitro reduction to give 4A2NT. Based on pH and product analysis, atomic hydrogen probably accounted for most of the reducing equivalents that passed through the graphite, reacting with adsorbed DNT mainly through ortho nitro reduction. In contrast, electron was a minor fraction of the reducing equivalents, reducing DNT mainly through para nitro reduction. The implications of graphite as a reaction site and conductor of electron and atomic hydrogen are discussed with respect to treatment processes involving iron.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA.
authors.forename: Seok-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Pei C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D002273:Carcinogens / Q000737:chemistry*; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D004583:Electrons; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes; C016403:2,4-dinitrotoluene; D006108:Graphite; D007501:Iron