title: A new conceptual framework for ICU performance appraisal and improvement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the use of outcomes for the purposes of ICU evaluation and improvement. We reviewed the strengths and weaknesses of an outcomes-centered approach to intensive care unit (ICU) evaluation and present a more comprehensive conceptual framework for ICU evaluation and improvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was collected from 2 sources: (1) a structured review of the literature, with relevant articles identified using Medline, and (2) 85 semistructured interviews of health care professionals (eg, physicians) and health care administrators (eg, chief executive officer). The interviewees came from 4 institutions: a 900-bed East Coast teaching medical center, a 600-bed East Coast teaching medical center, a 590-bed East Coast teaching medical center, and a 435-bed West Coast private community hospital. A nonrandomized, purposeful sample was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A conceptual framework for ICU evaluation is presented that identifies and defines 3 different types of variables: performance (eg, appropriateness of care, effectiveness of care), outcome (eg, resource use, mortality), and process (eg, timeliness of treatment, work environment). The framework emphasizes performance variables and the relationships between performance, outcome, and process of care variables, as a logical focus for ICU evaluation and improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Performance variables offer distinct advantages over outcome variables for ICU evaluation. Their use, however, will require additional development of current evaluation tools and methods. They provide the ability to identify the value an ICU adds to patient care in a hospital or to an episode of illness, and to evaluate integrated systems for providing care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Armando J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rotondi
authors.forename: Carl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sirio
authors.forename: Derek C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Angus
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pinsky
mesh_terms: D016542:Chief Executive Officers, Hospital; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000592:standards*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010820:Physicians; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D014481:United States