title: Laparoscopy-assisted live donor nephrectomy: a modified cost-effective approach for developing countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because of the prohibitive cost of laparoscopic disposable instruments such as the PneumoSleeve, Endocatch, and vascular staples, laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy has not gained wide acceptance in many developing countries. To circumvent this problem, we have developed a cost-saving approach, which is described herein and compared with the open method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine patients underwent laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy at our institute, of which two were performed by the hand-assisted technique, five by the technique described by Fabrizio et al and forty-two by our modified cost-saving laparoscopy-assisted technique (LD). The latter patients were compared with 50 patients who had a standard open donor nephrectomy (OD) through a rib-resecting (12th rib) flank incision. Our technique is similar to the procedure described by Fabrizio et al except for a 6- to 8-cm incision placed in the subcostal region to retrieve the kidney after the renal vessels are cut and ligated as in the open procedure. The costs of the various techniques at our institute were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LD and OD groups were similar in terms of age, weight, side of nephrectomy, and number of renal vessels. The operative time was longer in the LD group than in the OD group (180.7 +/- 18 minutes v 101.5 +/- 10.4 minutes), whereas the mean intraoperative blood loss was less (85.5 +/- 21.35 v 220 +/- 22.5 mL; P < 0.001). Warm ischemia time and recipient outcomes were comparable in the two groups. Patients in the LD group had lower postoperative narcotic (tramadol hydrochloride) requirement (155.3 +/- 53.3 mg v 251.8 +/- 63.1 mg; P < 0.001) and earlier discharge from the hospital (3.14 v 5.7 days; P < 0.001). The mean expense incurred was US$175 v US$160 in the LD and OD groups, respectively. The cost of the hand-assisted and standard laparoscopic techniques was significantly higher than that of our modified technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our modified technique of laparoscopy-assisted live-donor nephrectomy avoids the use of costly disposables yet offers the advantages of lesser morbidity and small incision of LD. It is cost effective and is an alternative to open nephrectomy in the developing world.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. anant@sgpgi.ac.in
authors.forename: Anant
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gogoi
authors.forename: Nand Kishore
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Arvind
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017046:Cost Savings; D003906:Developing Countries; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D019520:Living Donors; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*