title: The intake of carotenoids in an older Australian population: The Blue Mountains Eye Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the distribution of carotenoid intakes and important food sources of carotenoids in the diet of a representative population of older Australians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two post-code areas in the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 2012 (86%) of the 2334 participants aged 55+ years attending the 5-year follow-up of the cross-sectional Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES), who completed a detailed semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. The intakes for five carotenoids were studied: alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin combined, and lycopene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean intake per day for each carotenoid was: alpha-carotene, 2675 microg; beta carotene equivalents, 7301 microg; beta-cryptoxanthin, 299 microg; lutein and zeaxanthin, 914 microg; lycopene, 3741 microg; retinol, 653 microg; total vitamin A, 1872 microg retinol equivalents. beta-Carotene equivalents contribute a substantial proportion of total vitamin A intake (65%) in this population. Women had slightly higher intakes than men for alpha-carotene, beta-carotene equivalents, and lutein and zeaxanthin (P < 0.05). Carrots and pumpkin were the main contributors to alpha-carotene and beta-carotene equivalent intakes. Orange juice, oranges and papaw were the main contributors to beta-cryptoxanthin intake. Broccoli, green beans and oranges contributed substantially to lutein and zeaxanthin intake. The main contributors to lycopene intake were tomatoes and bolognaise sauce.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin A intake in this population is high relative to the Australian Recommended Dietary Intake. Carotenoid intakes, particularly beta-carotene, make a substantial contribution, particularly from fruit and vegetables. This study provides important information as a basis for examining associations between dietary carotenoid intake and eye disease in the BMES.
authors.affiliation: University of Sydney, Department of Public Health & Community Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Australia.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Manzi
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Flood
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005504:Food Analysis; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids