title: Inhibition of mycophenolic acid glucuronidation by niflumic acid in human liver microsomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The first aim of this investigation was to study the variability of mycophenolic acid (MPA) glucuronidation rate in human liver. The second aim was to study the inhibition type of niflumic acid (NA) for MPA glucuronidation in human liver. The third aim was to study the variability of the IC(50) value of NA for MPA glucuronidation in human liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rate of MPA glucuronidation was measured by employing an assay based on uridine 5'-diphosphate-[U-(14)C]-glucuronic acid (UDPGA), and MPA glucuronide was isolated by means of thin-layer chromatography. The necessary concentration for UDPGA and MPA was 1 mM. The rate of MPA glucuronidation was measured in 50 human liver samples. The inhibition type of NA for MPA glucuronidation was studied in 5 human liver samples. The NA IC(50) value was measured in 27 human liver samples using six concentrations of NA ranging from 1.05 microM to 34 microM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MPA glucuronidation rate was positively skewed, was not gender regulated and did not correlate with the liver donor's age. The rate of MPA glucuronidation varied 4.8-fold within the 5th and 95th percentiles, with a mean+/-SD and a median of 2.8+/-1.0 nmol/min/mg and 2.5 nmol/min/mg, respectively. The inhibition type of NA for MPA glucuronidation was mixed non-competitive. The Ki value of NA (mean+/-SD) was 15+/-10 microM and, in non-inhibited samples, the K(m) value for MPA was 0.41+/-0.06 mM. The distribution of NA IC(50) value varied 3.3-fold within the 5th and 95th percentiles with a mean+/-SD and a median of 5.6+/-2.1 microM and 5.2 microM, respectively. The distribution of NA IC(50) value did not deviate significantly from normality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The range of hepatic rate of MPA glucuronidation is narrow relative to those of ethinyloestradiol, testosterone and zidovudine glucuronidation obtained from literature. The Ki value of NA is one order of magnitude lower than the K(m) for MPA in non-inhibited samples. This indicates that the inhibitor affinity for glucuronosyl transferase is greater than that of the substrate. The range of variation of NA IC(50) values is narrow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vietri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pietrabissa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mosca
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Pacifici
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D009544:Niflumic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009544:Niflumic Acid; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid