title: Epidemiological and nutritional transition in Mexico: rapid increase of non-communicable chronic diseases and obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this paper is to characterise the epidemiological and nutritional transition and their determinants in Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age-adjusted standardised mortality rates (SMRs) due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), diabetes mellitus and hypertension were calculated for 1980-1998. Changes in the prevalences of overweight and obesity in women and children and of dietary intake from 1988 to 1999 were also used in the analysis. Quantities of food groups purchased by adult equivalent (AE) and food expenditures away from home between 1984 and 1989 were used to assess trends. All information was analysed at the national and regional levels, and by urban and rural areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SMR for diabetes, AMI and hypertension increased dramatically parallel to obesity at the national and regional levels. Fat intake in women and the purchase of refined carbohydrates, including soda, also increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that obesity is playing a role in the increased SMRs of diabetes, AMI and hypertension in Mexico. Total energy dietary intake and food purchase data could not explain the rise in the prevalence of obesity. The increases in fat intake and the purchase of refined carbohydrates may be risk factors for increased mortality. Information on physical activity was not available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SMRs due to diabetes, hypertension and AMI have increased dramatically in parallel with the prevalence of obesity; therefore actions should be taken for the prevention of obesity. Reliable information about food consumption and physical activity is required to assess their specific roles in the aetiology of obesity.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Simón
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barquera
authors.forename: Fabricio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Campirano
authors.forename: Ismael
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safdie
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tovar
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000191:economics; D005523:Food Supply; D019456:Health Transition; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D007223:Infant; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015995:Prevalence; D012922:Social Change