title: Effects of the sample preparation temperature on the nanostructure of compression moulded ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene.
abstract: In this study, the effects of the sample sectioning temperature on the surface nanostructure and mechanical response of compression moulded ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) at a nanometer scale (nanomechanical properties) have been characterized. The primary focus of this work was to determine if the sample sectioning temperature significantly changed the nanostructure of UHMWPE, while the secondary focus was to characterize the effect on the mechanical response due to the changes in the sectioned surface nanostructure. The goals of this study were: (a) to investigate the potential possibility of creating surface artefacts by the sample preparation technique by sectioning at different temperatures relative to the published range of glass transition temperatures, Tg, for PE (-12, -80 and -25 degrees C); (b) to determine the possibility of molecular orientation induced by plastic deformation of the UHMWPE sample during the process of sample preparation; (c) to measure the relative difference in nanomechanical properties owing to evolution of different nanostructures as a function of sample sectioning temperature. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoindentation were used to demonstrate that the sectioning temperature caused a change in nanostructure of the compression moulded UHMWPE sectioned surface, explaining the change in mechanical response to indentation at a nanoscale. In this study, it was demonstrated that significant plastic deformation occurs when a shear stress is applied between the glass or diamond blade and the UHMWPE during sample preparation under ambient conditions at a temperature of 22 degrees C. These results also suggest that an optimum sample sectioning temperature should definitely be below the measured Tg of the polymer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, South Carolina 29634, USA.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Riester
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drews
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boland
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: LaBerge
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007720:Knee Prosthesis; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D011095:Polyethylenes / Q000032:analysis*; D011208:Powders; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011095:Polyethylenes; D011208:Powders; C111601:ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene