title: Tissue Doppler imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: impact of intraventricular obstruction on longitudinal left ventricular function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, tissue Doppler imaging of the mitral annulus shows severe systolic and diastolic dysfunction, with marked heterogeneity and asynchrony. In obstructive forms, the complexity of pathophysiological interactions makes conventional echocardiographic functional assessment extremely difficult and complex.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study longitudinal left ventricular function with tissue Doppler imaging in the obstructive forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and 23 patients with the non-obstructive form of the disease, matched by age, were studied with pulsed tissue Doppler imaging of the 4 sides of the mitral annulus (septal, lateral, inferior, anterior) in 4 and 2 chamber views. In each wave (systolic-s, rapid filling-e, atrial contraction-a) we analyzed velocities, time intervals and velocity-time integrals, as well as heterogeneity and asynchrony indexes. Data were compared between the different sides in each group, between groups and with conventional Doppler data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast to the non-obstructive forms, patients with intraventricular obstruction showed: Systolic function: similar velocities and integrals, the relations between the different sides of the annulus usually being preserved; longer isovolumic contraction time, time to peak s and PEP/LVET. Diastolic function: similar rapid filling and e/a velocities and integrals, lower atrial contraction velocity and integral, similar number of sides with e/a higher than or equal to 1 on the lateral and inferior side of the annulus; similar diastolic time intervals, except diastolic time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that the presence of dynamic intraventricular obstruction and the loading conditions of obstructive forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy do not significantly influence most annular tissue Doppler imaging parameters, showing the relative load independence of the technique. So, in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients: 1--Longitudinal systolic function (velocities) is similar to the non-obstructive forms--longitudinal systolic dysfunction. 2--Longitudinal diastolic function (velocities and time intervals) is similar to the non-obstructive forms--longitudinal diastolic dysfunction. 3--Left atrial dysfunction is more severe than in non-obstructive forms. 4--The inferior and lateral sides of the annulus should be those selected in order to identify pseudonormalization of the transmitral flow.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Cardiologia do Hospital Pulido Valente, Lisboa. corclinica@clix.pt
authors.forename: Nuno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cardim
authors.forename: Diogo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morais
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cândido
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Amadeu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gouveia
authors.forename: Roberto Palma
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: João Martins
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Correia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*