title: A pilot study of the manual force levels required to produce manipulation induced hypoalgesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A pilot investigation of the influence of different force levels on a treatment technique's hypoalgesic effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised single blind repeated measures.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Optimisation of such biomechanical treatment variables as the point of force application, direction of force application and the level of applied manual force is classically regarded as the basis of best practice manipulative therapy. Manipulative therapy is frequently used to alleviate pain, a treatment effect that is often studied directly in the neurophysiological paradigm and seldom in biomechanical research. The relationship between the level of force applied by a technique (e.g. biomechanics) and its hypoalgesic effect was the focus of this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiment involved the application of a lateral glide mobilisation with movement treatment technique to the symptomatic elbow of six subjects with lateral epicondylalgia. Four different levels of force, which were measured with a flexible pressure-sensing mat, were randomly applied while the subject performed a pain free grip strength test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Standardised manual force data varied from 0.76 to 4.54 N/cm, lower-upper limits 95 CI, respectively. Pain free grip strength expressed as a percentage change from pre-treatment values was significantly greater with manual forces beyond 1.9 N/cm (P=0.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study, albeit a pilot, provides preliminary evidence that in terms of the hypoalgesic effect of a mobilisation with movement treatment technique, there may be an optimal level of applied manual force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that the level of applied manual force appear to be critical for pain relief.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Musculoskeletal Pain and Injury Research Unit, University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Sionnadh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naish
authors.forename: Lloyd
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Urry
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vicenzino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011312:Pressure; D011336:Probability; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D013716:Tennis Elbow / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome