title: Surgery and adjunctive chemotherapy for invasive bladder cancer.
abstract: Invasive bladder cancer has a predilection for early, occult metastasis. Despite effective local control from radiotherapy or cystectomy, approximately 50% of the patients with clinically localized, invasive bladder cancer ultimately die of their disease. Over the past 25 years, systemic chemotherapy has been combined with definitive local treatment in an attempt to improve cure rates. Non-randomized phase I-II trials have shown promising results, with significant tumor down-staging. However, many randomized trials have failed to show a statistically significant survival benefit from adjunctive systemic chemotherapy. Recently, two intergroup randomized trials have shown a survival benefit from neoadjuvant combination chemotherapy, although the differences between the arms have not been dramatic. Adjuvant chemotherapy trials to date have failed to show statistically improved survival, although most published studies have been methodologically flawed. This review analyzes the results of published data and constructs a practical paradigm for patient management.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Room 3446, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. raghavan_d@ccnt.hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raghavan
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Donald G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53