title: Diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis in Malawi: an audit of hospital practice.
abstract: METHODS
  All 44 non-private hospitals in Malawi that register and treat children with tuberculosis (TB).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine 1) clinical features and diagnostic practices in children registered with TB, and 2) the use of the WHO score chart in diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of all children aged 14 years or below in hospital receiving anti-tuberculosis treatment, using reviews of treatment cards, case files and chest X-rays and performing a clinical assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 150 children, 98 with pulmonary TB (PTB) and 52 with extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB). The median duration of illness was 8 weeks. Most patients had fever, no response to anti-malarial treatment and antibiotics, and 40% had a family history of TB. Nearly 45% had weight for age <60%. Diagnosis was mainly based on clinical features and radiography, with less than 10% having tuberculin skin tests or HIV serology, and very few having other sophisticated investigations. A WHO diagnostic score chart was used in 13 (9%) patients by hospital staff. An independent assessment by the study team found that 61% of patients had a score of 7 or more; this was higher in EPTB than PTB patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnostic practices in children with TB in Malawi are poor, and improvements should be made.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Weismuller
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: N J M
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Claessens
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meijnen
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Salaniponi
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Harries
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents