title: [Experimental study on establishment of artificial bladder reflex arc after spinal cord injury].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish an artificial bladder reflex arc in canines to reinnervate the neuropathic bladder and restore bladder function after spinal cord injury. It involves a somatic reflex arc with a modified efferent branch which passes the somatic motor impulses to the bladder and initiates autonomic bladder detrusor contraction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intradural microanastomosis of the right L5 ventral root to S2 ventral root was performed to maintain the right L5 dorsal root intact. After axonal regeneration, the new patellar ligament-spinal cord center-bladder artificial bladder reflex pathway was established, and micturition was induced by knocking the patellar ligament. The early and final function of the reflex arc was observed by electrophysiological examinations, bladder pressure tests and detrusor electromyograms(EMG) at 6 months and 18 months postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single stimuli (115 mV, 1.0 ms) of the right L5 dorsal root resulted in evoked potentials recorded from the right S2 ventral root distal to the anastomosis site before and after the spinal cord was transected horizontally at the T10 segment level in all 6 canines. Bladder contraction was very quickly initiated by trains of stimuli(1,000 mV, 10 Hz, 2 s) of the right L5 dorsal root and bladder pressures increased rapidly to 65% of normal, and bladder contraction induced by knocking the right patellar ligament was increased to 51% of normal through the new reflex arc in 4 canines after 6 months of operation. Bladder pressures were increased by the same stimuli to average 84% of normal and to 62% of normal by knocking the patellar ligament in 2 canines after 18 months of operation. Stimuli(3.8 mA, 1.0 Hz) of the right L5 dorsal root and femoral nerve resulted in EMG similar to normal EMG could be recorded from the detrusor in 2 canines after 18 months postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The somatic motor axons can be regenerated into the parasympathetic endoneurial tubes of autonomic nerve. Using the survived somatic reflex under the horizon of spinal cord injury to reconstruct the bladder autonomic reflex arc by intradural microanastomosis of ventral root is practical in the canine model and may have a potential of clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China 200003.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: M X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000601:surgery*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery