title: Thermodynamic linkage between the S1 site, the Na+ site, and the Ca2+ site in the protease domain of human activated protein C (APC). Sodium ion in the APC crystal structure is coordinated to four carbonyl groups from two separate loops.
abstract: The serine protease domain of activated protein C (APC) contains a Na+ and a Ca2+ site. However, the number and identity of the APC residues that coordinate to Na+ is not precisely known. Further, the functional link between the Na+ and the Ca2+ site is insufficiently defined, and their linkage to the substrate S1 site has not been studied. Here, we systematically investigate the functional significance of these two cation sites and their thermodynamic links to the S1 site. Kinetic data reveal that Na+ binds to the substrate-occupied APC with K(d) values of approximately 24 mm in the absence and approximately 6 mm in the presence of Ca2+. Sodium-occupied APC has approximately 100-fold increased catalytic efficiency ( approximately 4-fold decrease in K(m) and approximately 25-fold increase in k(cat)) in hydrolyzing S-2288 (H-d-Ile-Pro-Arg-p-nitroanilide) and Ca2+ further increases this k(cat) slightly ( approximately 1.2-fold). Ca2+ binds to the protease domain of APC with K(d) values of approximately 438 microm in the absence and approximately 105 microm in the presence of Na+. Ca2+ binding to the protease domain of APC does not affect K(m) but increases the k(cat) approximately 10-fold, and Na+ further increases this k(cat) approximately 3-fold and decreases the K(m) value approximately 3.7-fold. In agreement with the K(m) data, sodium-occupied APC has approximately 4-fold increased affinity in binding to p-aminobenzamidine (S1 probe). Crystallographically, the Ca2+ site in APC is similar to that in trypsin, and the Na+ site is similar to that in factor Xa but not thrombin. Collectively, the Na+ site is thermodynamically linked to the S1 site as well as to the protease domain Ca2+ site, whereas the Ca2+ site is only linked to the Na+ site. The significance of these findings is that under physiologic conditions, most of the APC will exist in Na2+-APC-Ca2+ form, which has 110-fold increased proteolytic activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Sciences, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Kaillathe
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Padmanabhan
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mather
authors.forename: S Paul
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Bajaj
mesh_terms: D010129:4-Aminobenzoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007477:Ions; D007700:Kinetics; D007930:Leucine / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011485:Protein Binding; D011486:Protein C / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism; D015719:Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases / Q000737:chemistry*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000737:chemistry; D014633:Valine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D011486:Protein C; D012694:Serine; D006859:Hydrogen; D014364:Tryptophan; D012964:Sodium; D015719:Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases; D013917:Thrombin; D015951:Factor Xa; D007930:Leucine; D014633:Valine; D002118:Calcium; D010129:4-Aminobenzoic Acid