title: Effects of maternal exposure to cadmium on pregnancy outcome and breast milk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of cadmium (Cd) on birth weight have been discussed in the scientific literature. However, investigations on the effects of maternal body burden of Cd on the next generation during pregnancy and lactation have been limited. The relation between maternal exposure to Cd and pregnancy outcome or Cd in breast milk in Japanese mothers was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cd concentrations in urine and colostrum milk samples of 57 mothers were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometery. The relations between maternal urinary Cd and infant growth, gestational age at birth, and Cd in breast milk were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of perterm deliveries of mothers with higher urinary Cd (> or =2 nmol/mmol creatinine (Cr)) was higher than that of mothers with lower urinary Cd (<2 nmol/mmol Cr). The gestational age was significantly correlated with urinary Cd even after adjustment for maternal age. The height and weight of newborn infants of mothers with higher urinary Cd were significantly lower than those of the newborn infants of mothers with lower urinary Cd, but these decreases were ascribed to early delivery induced by Cd. The Cd in breast milk of mothers with higher urinary Cd was significantly higher than that of mothers with lower urinary Cd. A significant positive correlation was found between maternal urinary Cd and Cd in breast milk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal exposure to Cd seems to increase early delivery, which leads to a lower birth weight. Also, the Cd is transferred in part to the next generation through breast milk after birth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan. ni-koei@kanazawa-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishijo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanebe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Teranishi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tawara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001822:Body Burden; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000139:chemically induced; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan; D008423:Maternal Age; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium