title: An outbreak of enzootic bovine leukosis in upper Egypt: clinical, laboratory and molecular-epidemiological studies.
abstract: In 1989, 220 Holstein Friesian cattle (212 heifers and eight bulls) were imported from Minnesota, USA, to form a closed dairy herd in Arab El-Aoumar, Assiut, Upper Egypt. In November 1996, some abnormal signs such as loss of weight, decreased milk yield, external lymphadenopathy and decreased appetite were observed on this farm. Serological screening by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed a seroprevalence of antibodies directed against bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) of 37.7% in cattle under 2 years old and of 72.8% in animals more than 2 years old. Diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of BLV proviral DNA using polymerase chain reaction with primers amplifying a fragment of the env gene. Out of 21 tested leucocyte fractions from individual animals, 15 were positive showing a BLV-specific amplicon of 444 base pairs. Analysis of the amplicons for restriction fragment length polymorphisms and DNA sequencing results allowed the isolates to be typed. Since this was the first recorded case of enzootic bovine leukosis in Upper Egypt, strict quarantine measures were adopted and all serologically positive animals in the herd were culled.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Medicine and Infections and Fish Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Sadat City, Egypt.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaghawa
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beier
authors.forename: I H A
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Abd El-Rahim
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: El-ballal
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Conraths
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Marquardt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001483:Base Sequence; D002417:Cattle; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D016583:Enzootic Bovine Leukosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D001909:Leukemia Virus, Bovine / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011790:Quarantine / Q000662:veterinary; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral