title: Variation in soft-tissue thicknesses on the human face and their relation to craniometric dimensions.
abstract: The average thickness of soft tissues on parts of the face is known, but its variation has not been related to cranial morphology. To investigate this relationship, measurements of facial soft-tissue depths and craniometric dimensions were taken on adult, white Australian cadavers (17 male and 23 female). Significant correlations between many soft-tissue depths and craniometric dimensions were found, suggesting a relationship between the amount of soft tissue present on the face and the size of the underlying bony skeleton. Soft-tissue depths were highly positively correlated with each other; craniometric dimensions were correlated but to a lesser extent. Males had thicker soft tissues and larger craniometric dimensions than females; considerable overlap of ranges was also noted. Multiple regression analysis was used to produce equations predicting the soft-tissue depth at specified areas of the face from craniometric dimensions. A subsample of nine cadavers was examined for the effects of tissue embalming. Embalming caused significant initial increases in facial soft-tissue depths. Cadavers embalmed for less than 6 months had soft-tissue depths significantly greater than for fully embalmed cadavers. The evidence that facial soft-tissue thicknesses vary with craniofacial dimensions has implications for forensic identification, facial aesthetic surgery, and approximation of the facial features of extinct individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. ellie.simpson@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: Ellie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henneberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000886:Anthropometry; D002102:Cadaver; D004615:Embalming; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D012737:Sex Factors; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*