title: Exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields induces hsp70 at a high SAR of more than 20 W/kg but not at 5W/kg in human glioma MO54 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine potential hazards from exposure to a high-frequency electromagnetic field (HFEMF) at 2.45 GHz by studies of the expression of heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) in MO54 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  MO54 cells were exposed to a HFEMF at average specific absorption rates (SAR) of 5, 20, 50 and 100 W/kg, using input powers of 0.8, 3.2, 7.8 and 13 W, at a temperature of up to 39 degrees C. An annular culture dish provided three levels of exposure for a given input power, designated inner, middle and outer rings. Two control groups were used: the first was subjected to sham exposure and the second was a temperature control, used to determine the effect of high temperature using incubation in a conventional incubator at 39 degrees C. Cell survival was determined in intervals up to 24 h. Protein was extracted from MO54 cells in both groups after 2, 4, 8 and 16 h exposure times. Changes in the hsp70 protein levels were analysed by Western blots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Little or no cell death was observed in the sham-exposed cells, nor for incubation at 39 degrees C for up to 16 h. Cell survival decreased to about 30% after exposure to HFEMF for 24 h at an average SAR of 100 W/kg. A slight increase in hsp70 was observed in cells in both the inner and outer rings of the plate after exposure at SAR levels of 25 and 78 W/kg, respectively, for 2 h. With increasing exposure time, hsp70 expression increased except for an SAR of 5 W/kg. In the raised temperature control at 39 degrees C, hsp70 expression also increased as the incubation time increased. However, the expression level of hsp70 for the HFEMF exposure was greater than that for the raised temperature control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HFEMF can produce an increased level of hsp70 expression in MO54 cells at SAR levels above 20 W/kg, even when the effect of raised temperature is taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakahara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wake
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miyakoshi
mesh_terms: D001698:Biomedical Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins