title: Comparative evaluation of hydrophobicity measures for virulence determination of Staphylococcus epidermidis from hospitalized patients & healthy individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hydrophobicity is one of the recognized markers for identifying pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. A number of tests are available for measuring the hydrophobic character but three tests viz., salt aggregation test (SAT), n-hexadecane adherence assay (HAA) and xylene adherence assay (XAA) are in common practice with different degrees of sensitivity. However, in the Indian context, no systematic study has been reported on the hydrophobicity of S. epidermidis. Hence, the present study was undertaken to compare the three methods for hydrophobicity measurement for identifying the pathogenic isolates of S. epidermidis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 597 samples obtained from milker's and butcher's (hand and nose), hospitalized pre-operative patients (hand, nose, ear), and post-operative patients (blood) examined, 212 isolates of S. epidermidis were recovered using established laboratory procedures. The isolates were screened by the three tests viz., SAT, HAA and XAA. The identified hydrophobic isolates were further tested by mouse inoculation method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 212 S. epidermidis isolates studied, 24 (11.32%), 23 (10.84%) and 4 (1.88%) were found to be hydrophobic as detected by HAA, XAA and SAT, respectively. No isolates from apparently healthy individuals were found to be hydrophobic by SAT while 13 (8.76%) and 10 (8.24%) strains from apparently healthy individuals were detected to be hydrophobic by HAA and XAA, respectively. Seven (33.38%) isolates each were hydrophobic by HAA and XAA and 4 (22.22%) by SAT among the isolates from hospitalized post-operative patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggested that there was no difference in the number of strains detected as hydrophobic by HAA and XAA, and any of the two tests may be used for screening the hydrophobic strains of S. epidermidis from healthy individuals and patients.
authors.affiliation: Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014774:Virulence