title: Structured writing and processing major stressful events: a controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic events may result in a variety of physical and psychological health problems. Self-confrontation with traumatic memories, by putting painful emotions and thoughts into (verbal) words, is associated with psychophysiological benefits. Self-confrontation may be invoked during sessions and enhanced by structural assignments, which the client carries out between the sessions. In this context, writing assignments could be a useful tool in reprocessing traumatic events. The effects of writing assignments have been demonstrated in several case studies and in a number of experimental studies. However, the experimental studies have several limitations, for example the effects of writing on the impact of trauma are not examined. Furthermore, the psychological mechanisms that mediate the effects of trauma on health are less clear. These two issues are the main issues of the current study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 26 participants were instructed to write about their negative events during five 45-min sessions over a period of 2 weeks. They were compared at pre-treatment, post-treatment and at 6-week follow-up to a waiting-list control group (n = 22).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The trauma-writing groups experienced fewer intrusions and showed less avoidance behavior from pre-treatment to follow-up, whereas the waiting-list control group did not change significantly. Similar results were found on depressive symptoms. No effects on mood measures were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.schoutrop@centrum45.nl
authors.forename: Mirjam J A
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schoutrop
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hanewald
authors.forename: Udi
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Davidovich
authors.forename: Henriëtte
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salomon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014956:Writing