title: 15-Deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibits IL-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in mesangial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandins, is induced in mesangial cells in response to proinflammatory cytokines. Recently, 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), one of the natural ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), has been reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, we examined the effect of 15d-PGJ2 on COX-2 expression in cultured rat mesangial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mesangial cells were incubated with 15d-PGJ2 for 30 minutes and then exposed to interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). The expression of COX-2 mRNA and proteins was determined by Northern blot and immunoblot analyses, respectively. Accumulation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Activities of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were evaluated by an immunoblot analysis. DNA binding activities of activator protein-1 (AP-1) or nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) were examined by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The activities of PPAR responsive elements (PPRE) and COX-2 promoter were measured by a luciferase reporter assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  15D-PGJ2 significantly suppressed IL-1beta-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production, but thiazolidinediones, synthetic PPARgamma ligands, did not affect COX-2 expression. Moreover, the cells transfected with a PPRE luciferase reporter did not respond to 15d-PGJ2. IL-1beta rapidly activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), which were involved in the up-regulation of COX-2 induction, but 15d-PGJ2 inhibited the activation of these kinases. 15d-PGJ2 inhibited the IL-1beta-induced increase in binding activities of nuclear proteins to consensus AP-1 site and AP-1-like site of COX-2 promoter but not of NF-kappaB. IL-1beta was unable to activate the COX-2 promoter when the AP-1-like site was mutated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that 15d-PGJ2 inhibits IL-1beta-induced COX-2 expression, independent of PPARgamma activation, by suppression of ERK and JNK pathways and AP-1 activation in mesangial cells. Thus, 15d-PGJ2 may play an important role in the negative feedback mechanism of COX-2 expression in renal inflammation and may be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sawano
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haneda
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoki
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koya
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikkawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005920:Glomerular Mesangium / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000502:physiology; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C097240:15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007527:Isoenzymes; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D015232:Dinoprostone; D015230:Prostaglandin D2