title: Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative metabolism in bovine macrophages exposed to a novel interdigital phlegmon (foot rot) lesion isolate, Porphyromonas levii.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the host response toward Porphyromonas levii, by evaluating chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst of bovine macrophages in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured bovine macrophages obtained from monocytes harvested from blood samples of 15 Holstein steers. Porphyromonas levii was isolated from the foot rot lesion of an acutely affected feedlot steer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monocytes were cultured for macrophage differentiation over 7 days. Porphyromonas levii was cultured in strict anaerobic conditions for experimentation. Chemotaxis was evaluated by quantifying macrophage migration toward P. levii in Boyden chambers. Phagocytosis was assessed by quantification of macrophages engulfing P. levii following incubation with or without anti-P. levii serum or purified IgG. Oxidative burst was measured by use of the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chemotaxis toward P. levii was not significantly different from control values at any of the tested bacterial concentrations. Phagocytosis of P. levii was approximately 10% at a 10:1 bacterium to macrophage ratio and did not change significantly over time. When higher proportions of P. levii were tested for phagocytosis, the 1,000:1 bacterium to macrophage ratio had a significant increase, compared with the 10:1 test group. Opsonization of P. levii with high-titeranti-P. levii serum or anti-P. levii IgG produced a significant increase in macrophage phagocytosis. Oxidative production significantly increased compared with control in the 1,000:1 test group only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Porphyromonas levii may evade host detection by decreased chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst by macrophages. Acquired immunity may be beneficial for clearance of P. levii in foot rot lesions in cattle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Michaela R V
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Morck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000276:immunology; D005535:Foot Rot / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000662:veterinary; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000737:chemistry; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium / Q000737:chemistry; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000276:immunology*; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine