title: Do colonic short-chain fatty acids contribute to the long-term adaptation of blood lipids in subjects with type 2 diabetes consuming a high-fiber diet?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We recently obtained evidence of long-term adaptation of blood lipids to changes in intakes of carbohydrate and fiber in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We determined the effect of increased carbohydrate and fiber intakes on serum short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the relation between changes in serum acetate and changes in blood lipids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with type 2 diabetes (n = 62) were randomly assigned to receive approximately 10% of energy from low-fiber breakfast cereal (LF diet), high-fiber breakfast cereal (HF diet), or monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA diet) for 6 mo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carbohydrate intakes were higher in the LF and HF groups than in the MUFA group (54% compared with 43%), and more fiber was consumed by the HF group (approximately 50 g/d) than by the LF or MUFA group (approximately 23 g/d). Fasting serum SCFAs did not change significantly over the first 3 mo. Between 3 and 6 mo, serum acetate tended (NS) to decrease in the LF group (from 69 +/- 4 to 59 +/- 5 micromol/L) and increase in the HF group (from 100 +/- 18 to 107 +/- 17 micromol/L), with no significant change in the MUFA group. Serum butyrate did not change significantly in the LF or MUFA group but increased in the HF group (from 2.5 +/- 0.5 to 3.1 +/- 0.6 micromol/L; P < 0.001). Changes in serum acetate from 0 to 3 mo were not related to changes in lipids. However, changes in serum acetate from 3 to 6 mo were positively related to changes in the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol (P = 0.041) and in fasting (P = 0.013) and postprandial (P = 0.016) triacylglycerols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In subjects with type 2 diabetes, changes in serum SCFAs in response to changes in carbohydrate and fiber intakes took many months to occur, and the changes in serum acetate were significantly related to the long-term adaptive changes in blood lipids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. thomas.wolever@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Thomas M S
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wolever
authors.forename: Katrin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Schrade
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: Elizabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Tsihlias
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: McBurney
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D002087:Butyrates; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D002087:Butyrates; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D008055:Lipids