title: Transureteral lithotripsy in pediatric practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study reviews ureteroscopy intervention for the treatment of ureteral stones in pediatric patients in the last 6 years at three institutions in Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six ureteroscopies were performed in 66 prepubertal patients (mean age 9 years; range 2-15 years) with a male/female ratio of 31/35. Ultrasonography, plain film, or intravenous urography was performed in all cases. The mean stone size was 8 mm (range 5-15 mm). All the interventions were performed under general anesthesia with semirigid ureteroscopes of 8F to 11.5F. The stone was located in the left ureter in 32 patients and in the right in 34 patients. Stones were located in the distal ureter in 59 patients, in the midureter in 5, and in the proximal ureter in 2. Before ureteroscopy, ureteral dilatation with a balloon was done to 12F if necessary. If the calculus could not be removed with the basket (stone.8 mm), lithotripsy using ultrasonic, electrohydraulic (EHL), or pneumatic equipment was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ureteroscopy with an 11.5F, 9F, 8.5F, or 8F ureteroscope were performed in 26, 14, 5, and 21 patients, respectively, and ureteral dilatation was necessary in 23, 0, 0, and 2 cases, respectively. We were unable to introduce the ureteroscope into the ureter in three patients (two boys with an 11.5F ureteroscope and one girl with an 8.5F ureteroscope) with distal ureteral stones. The stones moved to the kidney in four patients. Stone management was with basketing alone in 14, EHL in 3, ultrasonic lithotripsy in 8, and ballistic lithotripsy in 34 patients. The stone-free rate was 88% (58 patients) at 48 hours postprocedure. The complication rate was 23% and included renal colic (1), gross hematuria (11), and pyelonephritis (3). No patient had obvious perforation or stricture of the ureter at 3-month follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our series demonstrates the high success rate that can be achieved with ureteroscopic removal of ureteral calculi in children. Ureteroscopic treatment, especially with a small-caliber ureteroscope, should be considered the first choice for treatment of calculi in the distal ureter in children.
authors.affiliation: Urology, Nephrology Research Center, Tehran, Iran. abbasbasiri@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bassiri
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmadnia
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Darabi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yonessi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D018666:Ureteroscopy