title: Diluted tincture of opium (DTO) and phenobarbital versus DTO alone for neonatal opiate withdrawal in term infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that treatment of neonatal opiate withdrawal (NOW) in the term infant with diluted tincture of opium (DTO) and phenobarbital was superior to treatment with DTO alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a partially randomized, controlled trial in which 20 term infants exposed to methadone and/or heroin in utero were studied. The severity of NOW was assessed by using the Finnegan scoring system. Infants were assigned to either DTO and placebo (n = 10) or DTO and phenobarbital (n = 10) when medication was required. The primary outcome variable was the duration of hospitalization. Severity of withdrawal and hospital cost were secondary outcome variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in the gestational age, growth variables, maternal methadone dose, or age at enrollment between the 2 groups. The duration of hospitalization was reduced by 48% (79-38 days) (P <.001) and hospital cost per patient reduced by $35,856 (P <.001) for the DTO and phenobarbital group. Furthermore, these infants spent less time with severe withdrawal (P <.04), more time with mild withdrawal (P <.03), and required a lower maximum daily DTO dose (P <.009) when compared with the DTO-only group. The average duration of outpatient phenobarbital use was 3.5 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined use of DTO and phenobarbital resulted in a shorter duration of hospitalization, less severe withdrawal, and reduced hospital cost. This combination may be a preferred regimen for the treatment of NOW.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Brown Medical School, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02905-2401, USA.
authors.forename: Mara G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Coyle
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lagasse
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lester
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D003932:Heroin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D008691:Methadone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009357:Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D009892:Opium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D003932:Heroin; D009892:Opium; D008691:Methadone; D010634:Phenobarbital