title: Evidence for a pure time perception deficit in children with ADHD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deficits have been found previously in children with ADHD on tasks of time reproduction, time production and motor timing, implicating a deficit in temporal processing abilities, which has been interpreted as either secondary or primary to core executive dysfunctions. The aim of this study was to explore further the abilities of hyperactive children in skills of time estimation, using a range of time perception tasks in different temporal domains.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time estimation was tested in a verbal estimation task of 10 seconds. Time reproduction was also acquired for two time intervals of 5 and 12 seconds. A temporal discrimination task aimed to determine the idiosyncratic threshold of minimum time interval (in milliseconds) necessary to distinguish two intervals differing by approximately 300 milliseconds. Twenty-two children diagnosed with ADHD were compared to 22 healthy children, matched for age, handedness and working memory skills.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with ADHD were significantly impaired in their time discrimination threshold: on average, time intervals had to be 50 ms longer for the hyperactive children in order to be discriminated when compared with controls. Children with ADHD also responded earlier on a 12-second reproduction task, which however only approached significance after controlling for IQ and short-term memory. No group differences were found for the 5-second time reproduction or verbal time estimation tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that children with ADHD perform poorly on time reproduction tasks which load heavily on impulsiveness and attentional processes and they also suggest that these children may have a perceptual deficit of time discrimination, which may only be detectable in brief durations which differ by several hundred milliseconds. A temporal perception deficit in the range of milliseconds in ADHD may impact upon other functions such as perceptual language skills and motor timing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK. spjw-abs@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Jody Warner
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rubia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D013998:Time Perception