title: A path model of chronic stress, the metabolic syndrome, and coronary heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested a theoretical stress model cross-sectionally and prospectively that examined whether relationships of chronic stress, psychophysiology, and coronary heart disease (CHD) varied in older adult men (N = 47), older adult women not using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (N = 64), and older adult women using HRT (N = 41).
  
  
  METHODS
  Structural equations examined relationships of CHD with 1) chronic stress (caring for a spouse with Alzheimer's disease and patient functioning), 2) vulnerability (anger and hostility), 3) social resources (supports), 4) psychological distress (burden, sleep problems, and low uplifts), 5) poor health habits (high-caloric, high-fat diet and limited exercise), and 6) the metabolic syndrome (MS) (blood pressure, obesity, insulin, glucose, and lipids).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caregiver men had a greater prevalence of CHD (13/24) than did noncaregiver men (6/23) (p <.05) 27 to 30 months after study entry. This was influenced by pathways from caregiving to distress, distress to the MS, and the MS to CHD. In men, poor health habits predicted the MS 15 to 18 months later, and the MS predicted new CHD cases over 27 to 30 months. In women, no "caregiving-CHD" relationship occurred; however, 15 to 18 months after study entry women not using HRT showed "distress-MS" and "MS-CHD" relationships. In women using HRT, associations did not occur among distress, the MS, and CHD, but poor health habits and the MS were related.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In older men, pathways occurred from chronic stress to distress to the metabolic syndrome, which in turn predicted CHD. Older women not using HRT showed fewer pathways than men; however, over time, distress, the MS, and CHD were related. No psychophysiological pathways occurred in older women using HRT.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6560, USA. pvital@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Vitaliano
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Scanlan
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Margaret V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.forename: Irl B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: Ilene C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Siegler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000502:physiology*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*