title: Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy could accelerate recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pretest-posttest design with random assignment to either a treatment (HBO) or placebo control (sham) group.
  
  
  METHODS
  University of Alberta and Misericordia Hospital, Edmonton.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 healthy male students (24.2 +/- 3.2 years) who were unaccustomed to strenuous eccentric exercise of the calf muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  All subjects performed a strenuous eccentric exercise protocol designed to elicit muscle damage within the right gastrocnemius muscle. Subjects subsequently received either HBO (100% oxygen at 253 kPa [2.5 ATA] for 60 min; n = 6) or sham (atmospheric air at 132 kPa [1.3 ATA] for 60 min; n = 6) treatment conditions. The first treatment was administered 3-4 hours after damage, with a second and third at 24 and 48 hours after the first, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dependent variables included peak torque at 0.52 radians/s, peak isometric torque, and muscular endurance using isokinetic dynamometry; muscle cross-sectional area using magnetic resonance imaging; inorganic phosphate levels and T2 relaxation time using 31P and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy; pain sensation and unpleasantness using the Descriptor Differential Scale. These variables were assessed at baseline and until day 5 postdamage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was little evidence of a difference in recovery rate between the HBO and sham groups. Faster recovery was observed in the HBO group only for isometric peak torque and pain sensation and unpleasantness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HBO cannot be recommended as an effective method of treatment of this form of muscle injury.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H9.
authors.forename: Anthony L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Syrotuik
authors.forename: Gordon J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hanstock
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management; D016896:Treatment Outcome