title: Effects of cryogenic cooling of shell eggs on egg quality.
abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cryogenic cooling on shell egg quality. Gaseous nitrogen (GN), liquid nitrogen (LN), and gaseous carbon dioxide (GC) were utilized to rapidly cool eggs in a commercial egg processing facility and were compared to traditional cooling (TC). A modified food freezer was attached to existing egg processing equipment in order to expose eggs to the selected cryogen. In Experiment 1, eggs were treated with GN, LN, and TC then stored and tested over 10 wk. Experiment 2 eggs were treated (GC and TC) and evaluated for 12 wk. Quality factors that were measured included Haugh units, vitelline membrane strength and deformation at rupture, and USDA shell egg grades for quality defects. Haugh unit values were greater for cryogenically treated eggs as compared to traditionally cooled eggs (Experiment 1: 73.27, GN; 72.03, LN; and 71.4, TC and Experiment 2: 74.42, GC and 70.18, TC). The percentage of loss eggs in the GN treatment was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than those of the LN and TC treatments. Vitelline membrane strength was greater for the cryogenically cooled eggs versus traditional processing. Vitelline membrane breaking strength decreased over storage time. Vitelline membrane deformation at rupture was significantly (P < 0.05) greater for the cryogenically cooled eggs compared to the traditional eggs in each experiment. Use of the technology could allow for egg quality to be maintained for a longer time, which could increase international markets and potentially lead to extended shelf lives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA. drjones@saa.ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Tharrington
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Keener
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002645:Chickens; D003080:Cold Temperature; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D004528:Egg Shell; D004531:Eggs / Q000592:standards*; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D009584:Nitrogen; D011786:Quality Control; D013997:Time Factors; D014817:Vitelline Membrane / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009584:Nitrogen