title: Liberal use of delayed sternal closure for postcardiotomy hemodynamic instability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the current incidence, survival, and predictors of mortality for open chest management at our center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our database was analyzed to identify adult postcardiotomy patients who left the operating room without primary sternal closure. Medical records were reviewed to determine mortality, postoperative complications, and pertinent hemodynamic data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From November 1997 to June 2000, 5,177 adults underwent cardiac procedures at our center. The incidence of open chest management was 1.7% (87 of 5,177), including 0.7% (16 of 2,254) for isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, 1.6% (15 of 912) for isolated valve, and 5.6% (47 of 839) for combined valve/coronary bypass. Hospital survival was 76% (66 of 87). Major complications included deep sternal infection (n = 4), stroke (n = 8), and dialysis (n = 13). Predictors of mortality by univariate analysis included ventricular assist device insertion (p = 0.003), new onset hemodialysis (p < 0.0005), reoperation for bleeding (p = 0.002), sternal infection (p = 0.042), mean length of delay before sternal closure (survivors = 3.2 days, nonsurvivors = 6.2 days; p = 0.031), higher mean dose of epinephrine at the time of chest closure (2.5 microg versus 0.9 microg, p = 0.011), and longer duration of high dose inotropic therapy (110 hours versus 43 hours, p = 0.002). Multivariate analysis showed ventricular assistance and reoperation for bleeding as independent predictors of in-hospital death with odds ratios of 3.8 and 3.4, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liberal use of open chest management is useful in patients with postcardiotomy shock, and can be carried out with a relatively low incidence of sternal complications. Patients who require ventricular assistance or exploration for ongoing mediastinal bleeding continue to have a high mortality rate.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Curtis A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Farzan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Filsoufi
authors.forename: Lishan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aklog
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Farivar
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality*; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D011379:Prognosis; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate; D013536:Suture Techniques