title: Temperament, tympanum, and temperature: four provisional studies of the biobehavioral correlates of tympanic membrane temperature asymmetries.
abstract: Previous research in both humans and nonhuman primates suggests that subtle asymmetries in tympanic membrane (TM) temperatures may be related to aspects of cognition and socioaffective behavior. Such associations could plausibly reflect lateralities in cerebral blood flow that support side-to-side differences in regional cortical activation. Asymmetries in activation of the left and right frontal cortex, for example, are correlates of temperamental differences in child behavior and markers of risk status for affective and anxiety disorders. Tympanic membrane temperatures might thus reflect the neural asymmetries that subserve individual differences in temperament and behavior. This report merged findings from four geographically and demographically distinctive studies, which utilized identical thermometry methods to examine associations between TM temperature asymmetries and biobehavioral attributes of 4- to 8-year-old children (N = 468). The four studies produced shared patterns of associations that linked TM temperature lateralities to individual differences in behavior and socioaffective difficulties. Warmer left TMs were associated with "surgent," affectively positive behaviors, whereas warmer right TMs were related to problematic, affectively negative behaviors. Taken together, these findings suggest that asymmetries in TM temperatures could be associated with behavior problems that signal risk for developmental psychopathology.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Development and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1190, USA. boyce@socrates.berkeley.edu
authors.forename: W Thomas
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Boyce
authors.forename: Marilyn J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Essex
authors.forename: Abbey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alkon
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Smider
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pickrell
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kagan
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000502:physiology*