title: Papanicolaou staining of exfoliated vaginal epithelial cells facilitates the prediction of ovulation in the giant panda.
abstract: The giant panda is seasonally monoestrus, experiencing a single estrous with spontaneous ovulation in the spring. Therefore, accurate monitoring of the estrous cycle to pinpoint the time of ovulation is critical for the success of timed mating or artificial insemination. Analysis of exfoliated vaginal epithelial cells is a simple technique that rapidly yields information about the estrous status of a panda. Vaginal swabs were obtained during five estrous cycles of two nulliparous females. Cells were stained with the trichrome Papanicolaou and classified as basophils, intermediates or superficials. The color of stained cells, basophilic, acidophilic or keratinized, was recorded as a characteristic independent of the three standard cell types. The day urinary conjugates of estrogen fell from peak levels was considered the day of ovulation. A chromic shift occurred 8-9 days before ovulation when the majority of exfoliated vaginal cells changed from basophilic (blue) to acidophilic (pink) without accompanying nuclear or cytoplasmic changes. A second chromic shift was consistently observed 2 days prior to ovulation when keratinized (orange) cells replaced acidophils as the majority of vaginal cells. Monochrome staining of vaginal cells is sufficient to quantify superficial cells, which is a useful adjunct to behavioral and endocrinological data in determining estrous in the giant panda. However, the timing and duration of superficial cell elevations are substantially different between and within individual females, which limits the accuracy of timing ovulation for artificial insemination. The predictive value of vaginal cytology was greatly enhanced with the trichrome stain and evaluation of cell color.
authors.affiliation: Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Reproductive Physiology Division, Zoological Society of San Diego, CA 92112-0551, USA. bdurrant@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Durrant
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Czekala
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amodeo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Campos-Morales
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gual-Sill
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramos-Garza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003116:Color; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D004970:Estrone / Q000652:urine; D030762:Estrous Cycle; D005260:Female; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary; D010061:Ovulation Detection; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D012621:Seasons; D001503:Ursidae / Q000502:physiology*; D014621:Vagina / Q000166:cytology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D004970:Estrone