title: Radiation response of hypoxic and generally heterogeneous tissues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biologically based treatment optimisation can be based on the local mean values of the number of clonogenic cells and the cellular radiation response taken over macroscopic tissue voxels. Steep oxygen gradients in tumours may often lead to microscopic distributions of radiation resistance at the cellular level, far beyond the geometrical resolution of current diagnostic and radiotherapeutic methods. The present work focuses on quantifying the radiobiological effect of such microscopic distributions through tissue-oxygenation modelling and on calculating the corresponding radiation response on both micro- and macroscopic scales.
  
  
  METHODS
  A simple model of tissue vasculature was developed with microvascular density and heterogeneity as its main parameters. New analytical expressions are presented for calculating the effective radiation response of tissues with generally heterogeneous radiation resistance and clonogen density.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The oxygen distributions derived for different parameter sets agree very well with clinically measured oxygen distributions for both tumours and normal tissues. In addition to the vascular density, vascular heterogeneity is an important factor while estimating the hypoxic fraction in tissue. It is shown that both the local and global dose-response relation for tissues with heterogeneous radiation resistance can be accurately calculated from the effective initial clonogen number N(0,eff) and the effective radiation resistance D(0,eff). New equations are derived for calculating these quantities, for instance, from measured oxygen distributions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the new methods presented here, existing techniques to measure the micro- and macroscopic oxygen distribution either using standard tumour-type or patient-specific oxygenation data can be used for biologically based treatment plan optimisation.
authors.affiliation: Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, PO Box 260, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. Johan.Nilsson@radfys.ks.se
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brahme
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen