title: Determining the frequency of open windows in motor vehicles: a pilot study using a video camera in Houston, Texas during high temperature conditions.
abstract: Researchers have developed a variety of computer-based models to estimate population exposure to air pollution. These models typically estimate exposures by simulating the movement of specific population groups through defined microenvironments. Exposures in the motor vehicle microenvironment are significantly affected by air exchange rate, which in turn is affected by vehicle speed, window position, vent status, and air conditioning use. A pilot study was conducted in Houston, Texas, during September 2000 for a specific set of weather, vehicle speed, and road type conditions to determine whether useful information on the position of windows, sunroofs, and convertible tops could be obtained through the use of video cameras. Monitoring was conducted at three sites (two arterial roads and one interstate highway) on the perimeter of Harris County located in or near areas not subject to mandated Inspection and Maintenance programs. Each site permitted an elevated view of vehicles as they proceeded through a turn, thereby exposing all windows to the stationary video camera. Five videotaping sessions were conducted over a two-day period in which the Heat Index (HI)-a function of temperature and humidity-varied from 80 to 101 degrees F and vehicle speed varied from 30 to 74 mph. The resulting videotapes were processed to create a master database listing vehicle-specific data for site location, date, time, vehicle type (e.g., minivan), color, window configuration (e.g., four windows and sunroof), number of windows in each of three position categories (fully open, partially open, and closed), HI, and speed. Of the 758 vehicles included in the database, 140 (18.5 percent) were labeled as "open," indicating a window, sunroof, or convertible top was fully or partially open. The results of a series of stepwise linear regression analyses indicated that the probability of a vehicle in the master database being "open" was weakly affected by time of day, vehicle type, vehicle color, vehicle speed, and HI. In particular, open windows occurred more frequently when vehicle speed was less than 50 mph during periods when HI exceeded 99.9 degrees F and the vehicle was a minivan or passenger van. Overall, the pilot study demonstrated that data on factors affecting vehicle window position could be acquired through a relatively simple experimental protocol using a single video camera. Limitations of the study requiring further research include the inability to determine the status of the vehicle air conditioning system; lack of a wide range of weather, vehicle speed, and road type conditions; and the need to exclude some vehicles from statistical analyses due to ambiguous window positions.
authors.affiliation: TRJ Environmental, Inc., Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA. tjohn62124@aol.com
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Will
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ollison
mesh_terms: D000392:Air Movements; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012107:Research Design; D013696:Temperature; D013781:Texas; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D014691:Ventilation; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D001335:Vehicle Emissions