title: Activation of mouse Pi-class glutathione S-transferase gene by Nrf2(NF-E2-related factor 2) and androgen.
abstract: The Pi-class glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play pivotal roles in the detoxification of xenobiotics, carcinogenesis and drug resistance. The mechanisms of regulation of these genes during drug induction and carcinogenesis are yet to be elucidated. Recently, Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2; a bZip-type transcription factor) knockout mice were shown to display impaired induction of Pi-class GST genes by drugs. It is known that the mouse Pi-class GST gene GST-P1 is expressed predominantly in the male liver, and is regulated by androgen. To determine whether Nrf2 and the androgen receptor regulate GST-P1 directly, we analysed the molecular mechanism of activation of this gene by these factors. The promoter of the GST-P1 gene was activated markedly by Nrf2 in transient transfection analyses. Gel mobility shift assay and footprinting analyses revealed three Nrf2 binding sites: one at the proximal and two at distal elements, located at positions -59, -915 and -937 from the cap site. The fifth intron of the GST-P1 gene contains the androgen-responsive region. Multiple androgen receptor binding sites are clustered within a 500 bp region of this intron. The whole fragment contains a minimum of seven androgen receptor binding sites, which collectively display strong androgen-dependent enhancer activity. However, on division into small fragments containing two or three elements each, individual enhancer activities were dramatically decreased. This suggests that multiple elements work synergistically as a strong androgen-responsive enhancer. Our findings indicate that Nrf2 and the androgen receptor directly bind to and activate the mouse GST-P1 gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Mohamed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Serria
authors.forename: Ikuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kakizaki
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hatayama
authors.forename: Kimihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuchida
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muramatsu
authors.forename: Shinzo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakai
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004247:DNA; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology*; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495636:Nfe2l2 protein, mouse; C495637:Nfe2l2 protein, rat; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D015534:Trans-Activators; D004247:DNA; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C496557:Gstp1 protein, mouse