title: Neurotrophic factor receptors in epiretinal membranes after human diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Formation of epiretinal membranes (ERMs) in the posterior fundus results in progressive deterioration of vision. ERMs have been associated with numerous clinical conditions, including proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), but its pathogenic mechanisms are still unknown. This study was conducted to determine whether neurotrophic factor receptors (tyrosine kinase receptors trkA, trkB, and trkC; low-affinity neurotrophin [NT] receptor p75 [p75(NTR)]; glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor-alpha1 [GFR alpha 1] and GFR alpha 2; and Ret) are involved in the formation of ERMs after PDR.
  
  
  METHODS
  ERM samples were obtained by vitrectomy from 19 subjects with PDR aged 57 +/- 8 years with 17 +/- 8 years of diabetes and 15 subjects with idiopathic ERM. They were processed for RT-PCR analysis. In addition, 11 ERM samples from PDR patients aged 47 +/- 18 years with 13 +/- 4 years of diabetes were processed for immunohistochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expressions of trkA, trkB, trkC, p75(NTR), and Ret mRNAs were similar in both groups. In contrast, GFR alpha 2 expression levels were significantly higher (17 of 19 vs. 2 of 15 subjects in idiopathic ERM, P < 0.0001) in PDR subjects. Accordingly, immunohistochemical analysis revealed expression of GFR alpha 2 protein in all of the 11 ERMs derived from PDR patients, and that region was double-labeled with glial cell-specific markers. On the other hand, GFR alpha 1 expression was lower (8 of 19 vs. 12 of 15 subjects with idiopathic ERM, P = 0.0258) in PDR subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest a possibility that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor (GDNF) subtypes are differently involved in the formation of ERMs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan. harada.aud@mri.tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Chikako
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mitamura
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Akazawa
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohtsuka
authors.forename: Shigeaki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: Shinobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D017931:DNA Primers; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics; D051097:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D017475:Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; C494987:GFRA1 protein, human; C494990:GFRA2 protein, human; D051097:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017475:Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C416649:Ret protein, Drosophila