title: Effects of anion and cation inhibitors and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors upon the activity of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) nucleo-polyhedrovirus.
abstract: Twenty chemicals that were reported to act as anion transport inhibitors, cation transport inhibitors, and inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase activity were tested at a 1% concentration (wt:wt) for their effects upon the biological activity of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV). Among the five anion transport inhibitors tested, flufenamic acid acted as a viral enhancer. None of the seven inhibitors of K+ enhanced viral activity and three (4-aminopyridine, diacetyl, and procaine) significantly reduced the activity of LdMNPV. All four Na+ transport inhibitors (abietic acid, amiloride, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, triamterene) acted as viral enhancers. Triamterene was the most active enhancer, as the LC50 was reduced by approximately 1,750-fold. Five carbonic anhydrase inhibitors were tested and four (acetazolamide, hydrochlorothiazide, methazolamide, sulfanilamide) enhanced the activity of LdMNPV. Acetazolamide (a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor), amiloride (a Na+ transport inhibitor), and flufenamic acid (an anion transport inhibitor) were tested singly and in different combinations. Every combination tested (acetazolamide/amiloride, acetazolamide/flufenamic acid, amiloride/flufenamic acid, acetazolamide/amiloride/flufenamic acid) significantly decreased the LC50 from 7.79 PIB/mm2 to a value as low as 0.008 PIB/mm2 (amiloride/flufenamic acid).
authors.affiliation: Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, MD 20705, USA. shapirom@ba.ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000086:Acetazolamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D000584:Amiloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002412:Cations; D005439:Flufenamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D016623:Ion Pumps / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009036:Moths / Q000821:virology*; D017924:Nucleopolyhedroviruses / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D002412:Cations; D016623:Ion Pumps; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D005439:Flufenamic Acid; D000584:Amiloride; D000086:Acetazolamide