title: Inhibition of myogenin expression by activated Raf is not responsible for the block to avian myogenesis.
abstract: Activated Raf is a potent inhibitor of skeletal muscle gene transcription and myocyte formation through stimulation of downstream MAPK. However, the molecular targets of elevated MAPK with regard to myogenic repression remain elusive. We examined the effects of activated Raf on myogenin gene expression in avian myoblasts. Overexpression of activated Raf in embryonic chick myoblasts prevented myogenin gene transcription and myocyte differentiation. Treatment with PD98059, an inhibitor of MAPK kinase (MEK), restored myogenin expression but did not reinstate the myogenic program. Using a panel of myogenin promoter deletion mutants, we were unable to identify a region within the proximal 829-bp promoter that confers responsiveness to MEK. Interestingly, our experiments identified MEF2A as a target of Raf-mediated inhibition in mouse myoblasts but not in avian myogenic cells. Embryonic myoblasts overexpressing activated Raf were unable to drive transcription from a minimal myogenin promoter reporter, containing a single E-box and MEF2 site, to levels comparable with controls. Unlike mouse myoblasts, forced expression of MEF2A did not synergistically enhance transcription from the myogenin promoter in chick myoblasts, indicating that additional molecular determinants of the block to myogenesis exist. Results of these experiments further exemplify specie differences in the mode of Raf-mediated inhibition of muscle differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Poultry Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Sally E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dorman
authors.forename: Stacey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bolanowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D009132:Muscles / Q000166:cytology*; D018008:Myogenin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; C503799:MYOG protein, human; D018008:Myogenin; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one