title: High bone density due to a mutation in LDL-receptor-related protein 5.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteoporosis is a major public health problem of largely unknown cause. Loss-of-function mutations in the gene for low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), which acts in the Wnt signaling pathway, have been shown to cause osteoporosis-pseudoglioma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed genetic and biochemical analyses of a kindred with an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by high bone density, a wide and deep mandible, and torus palatinus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genetic analysis revealed linkage of the syndrome to chromosome 11q12-13 (odds of linkage, >1 million to 1), an interval that contains LRP5. Affected members of the kindred had a mutation in this gene, with valine substituted for glycine at codon 171 (LRP5V171). This mutation segregated with the trait in the family and was absent in control subjects. The normal glycine lies in a so-called propeller motif that is highly conserved from fruit flies to humans. Markers of bone resorption were normal in the affected subjects, whereas markers of bone formation such as osteocalcin were markedly elevated. Levels of fibronectin, a known target of signaling by Wnt, a developmental protein, were also elevated. In vitro studies showed that the normal inhibition of Wnt signaling by another protein, Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1), was defective in the presence of LRP5V171 and that this resulted in increased signaling due to unopposed Wnt activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LRP5V171 mutation causes high bone density, with a thickened mandible and torus palatinus, by impairing the action of a normal antagonist of the Wnt pathway and thus increasing Wnt signaling. These findings demonstrate the role of altered LRP5 function in high bone mass and point to Dkk as a potential target for the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Boyden
authors.forename: Junhao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Belsky
authors.forename: Lyle
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mitzner
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farhi
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mitnick
authors.forename: Dianqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Insogna
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Lifton
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015519:Bone Density / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11; D005260:Female; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D026502:LDL-Receptor Related Proteins; D060492:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D010159:Palate / Q000473:pathology; D010375:Pedigree; D017354:Point Mutation; D011506:Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011859:Radiography; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013577:Syndrome; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C501126:DKK1 protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D026502:LDL-Receptor Related Proteins; C555482:LRP5 protein, human; D060492:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C501128:dkk1b protein, zebrafish