title: Amethocaine-lidocaine cream, a new topical formulation for preventing venopuncture-induced pain in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 3 anesthetic creams in relieving venous puncture-related pain in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a double-blind, randomized, prospective study in 300 patients, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II, aged 3 months to 10 years, scheduled for minor elective surgical procedures. These children were distributed into 3 groups, with 100 patients each, according to each type of cream applied to the back of the children's hands before performing the venous puncture: Group I was given EMLA (eutectic 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine mixture), group II received 4% amethocaine (4% AMET), and group III was treated with AMLI (2.5% amethocaine and 2.5% lidocaine), a new anesthetic cream developed at our hospital. Each group was further classified into 5 subgroups, with 20 patients each, according to the time length of the application of the individual cream (group A, < or = 30 minutes; B, 30 minutes to 60 minutes; C, 60 minutes to 90 minutes; D, 90 minutes to 120 minutes; E, > or = 120 minutes). We evaluated pain, movement, and verbalization to puncture, as well as the appearance of adverse effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group I (EMLA), subgroup A (< or = 30 minutes), experienced significantly more pain, movement, and verbalization than groups II and III. Patients in group II (4% AMET) exhibited a higher frequency of untoward effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All 3 creams proved to be effective in relieving venous puncture pain in children. EMLA presented a longer latency period, 4% amethocaine showed the highest percentage of untoward effects, and AMLI exhibited a shorter latency period than EMLA, while having fewer adverse effects than 4% AMET and EMLA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: María Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cárceles
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: García-Muñoz
authors.forename: María Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Nájera
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Castaño
authors.forename: Nieves
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vila
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D008297:Male; D009824:Ointments; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010167:Pallor / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013748:Tetracaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005782:Gels; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D009824:Ointments; D011318:Prilocaine; D013748:Tetracaine; D008012:Lidocaine