title: Characterization of raloxifene glucuronidation in vitro: contribution of intestinal metabolism to presystemic clearance.
abstract: Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator used for the treatment of osteoporosis, undergoes extensive conjugation to the 6-beta- and 4'-beta-glucuronides in vivo. This paper investigated raloxifene glucuronidation by human liver and intestinal microsomes and identified the responsible UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGT1A1 and 1A8 were found to catalyze the formation of both the 6-beta- and 4'-beta-glucuronides, whereas UGT1A10 formed only the 4'-beta-glucuronide. Expressed UGT1A8 catalyzed 6-beta-glucuronidation with an apparent K(m) of 7.9 microM and a V(max) of 0.61 nmol/min/mg of protein and 4'-beta-glucuronidation with an apparent K(m) of 59 microM and a V(max) of 2.0 nmol/min/mg. Kinetic parameters for raloxifene glucuronidation by expressed UGT1A1 could not be determined due to limited substrate solubility. Based on rates of raloxifene glucuronidation and known extrahepatic expression, UGT1A8 and 1A10 appear to be primary contributors to raloxifene glucuronidation in human jejunum microsomes. For human liver microsomes, the variability of 6-beta- and 4'-beta-glucuronide formation was 3- and 4-fold, respectively. Correlation analyses revealed that UGT1A1 was responsible for 6-beta- but not 4'-beta-glucuronidation in liver. Treatment of expressed UGTs with alamethicin resulted in minor increases in enzyme activity, whereas in human intestinal microsomes, maximal increases of 8-fold for the 6-glucuronide and 9-fold for the 4'-glucuronide were observed. Intrinsic clearance values in intestinal microsomes were 17 microl/min/mg for the 6-glucuronide and 95 microl/min/mg for the 4'-isomer. The corresponding values for liver microsomes were significantly lower, indicating that intestinal glucuronidation may be a significant contributor to the presystemic clearance of raloxifene in vivo.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, Curriculum of Toxicology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D000408:Alamethicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001711:Biotransformation; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000378:metabolism*; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008861:Microsomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D020719:Glucuronides; D007527:Isoenzymes; D000408:Alamethicin; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase