title: Difficult cases in heart failure: Bridge to beta blockade in severe heart failure: the use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
abstract: The authors describe the use of milrinone as a bridge to beta blockade in a patient with severe heart failure. This case is clinically important because in patients with severe heart failure phosphodiesterase inhibitors, unlike beta agonists, will retain their positive inotropic and vasodilator effects in the presence of beta blockade and, in addition, these agents will attenuate the negative inotropic side effects of beta blockers. Conversely, a beta blocker associated with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor will protect against myocyte loss and arrhythmias, may prevent sudden death, and will improve long-term symptoms and exercise tolerance. This combination is being investigated in a large, multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial of intravenous milrinone vs. placebo as a therapeutic tool to allow the initiation of carvedilol orally in patients hospitalized with class III/IV heart failure. (c)2000 by CHF, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Smart