title: Plasma homocysteine levels, cerebrovascular risk factors, and cerebral white matter changes (leukoaraiosis) in patients with Alzheimer disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenesis of leukoaraiosis on computed tomographic (CT) scanning is unknown, but cerebrovascular risk factors for leukoaraiosis show overlap with those for Alzheimer disease (AD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the contribution of cerebrovascular risk factors, in particular plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), to leukoaraiosis in patients with AD and controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Referral population to a hospital clinic and community volunteers from the Oxfordshire region in England seen between July 1, 1988, and July 1, 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-seven AD cases (104 confirmed post mortem) and 277 controls matched for age (mean +/- SD, 73 +/- 8 years) and sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cerebrovascular risk factors and leukoaraiosis on CT scans of cases and controls; the odds ratio (OR) of having moderate to severe leukoaraiosis with higher levels of plasma tHcy and cerebrovascular risk factors such as age, sex, systolic blood pressure, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and apolipoprotein E epsilon4 genotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leukoaraiosis was more prevalent in AD cases. For a 5-micromol/L increase in tHcy levels, the OR for leukoaraiosis was 1.40 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.91) independent of other risk factors. The distribution pattern of leukoaraiosis was more marked in the deep white matter than in the periventricular area in individuals with elevated tHcy levels, particularly in patients with AD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher tHcy levels are an independent risk factor for moderate to severe leukoaraiosis in individuals with AD and of leukoaraiosis of the deep white matter in particular. The nature of the relationship between tHcy levels and leukoaraiosis in AD requires further longitudinal and intervention studies.
authors.affiliation: Oxford Project To Investigate Memory and Ageing, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford and Radcliffe Infirmary Trust, Oxford OX2 6HE, England. eva.hogervorst@pharm.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hogervorst
authors.forename: Helen Mendes
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molyneux
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Budge
authors.forename: A David
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine