Identification of tobacco-derived compounds in human pancreatic juice.
Cancer of the pancreas is the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality in the USA with an estimated 28 900 deaths in 2001. Several factors have been implicated in the etiology of this disease. However, at present, only cigarette smoking has been positively associated with pancreatic cancer. It is our working hypothesis that tobacco-derived compounds can be delivered to the pancreas where, upon metabolic activation, they can initiate carcinogenesis. Our current investigation was conducted to determine whether cotinine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) are present in human pancreatic juice. Smoking status was assessed by the determination of levels of urinary cotinine and was further supported by quantifying nicotine in hair. The TSNA were extracted from the pancreatic juice of 18 smokers and 9 nonsmokers by supercritical carbon dioxide that contained 10% methanol. The extracts were analyzed for TSNA, namely, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection using a selected ion monitoring technique (GC-SIM-MS). Twenty-three extracts of human pancreatic juice were also analyzed for the presence of the NNK metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) by GC-SIM-MS and by gas chromatography interfaced wit a thermal energy analyzer (GC-TEA; TEA, a nitrosamine-specific detector). Cotinine was detected in all analyzed samples of pancreatic juice from smokers (129 +/- 150 ng/mL juice; mean +/- standard deviation) and was present in only two of the nine samples of pancreatic juice from nonsmokers. Its levels in these two samples were 7 and 9 ng/mL juice. NNK was detected in 15 of 18 samples (83%) from smokers at levels from 1.37 to 604 ng/mL pancreatic juice. In nine samples of pancreatic juice from nonsmokers, NNK ranged from not detected (in three samples) to 96.8 ng/mL juice. In pancreatic juice from smokers the mean level of NNK (88.7 +/- 161 ng/mL juice) was significantly higher (p < 0.04) than in that from nonsmokers (12.4 +/- 31.7 ng/mL juice). In addition to NNK, NNN was found in two samples of pancreatic juice of smokers at levels of 68.1 and 242 ng/mL juice; NNN was not detected in any other sample. NNAL was present in 8 of 14 pancreatic juice samples (57%) from smokers and in three of nine samples (33%) from nonsmokers. This research presents preliminary data that supports the hypothesis that pancreatic tissue is exposed to TSNA and that they may be important contributors to pancreatic carcinogenesis in humans.
Prokopczyk
Bogdan
B
American Health Foundation, Division of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA. bprokopc@ahf.org
Hoffmann
Dietrich
D
Bologna
Matthew
M
Cunningham
A John
AJ
Trushin
Neil
N
Akerkar
Shobha
S
Boyiri
Telih
T
Amin
Shantu
S
Desai
Dhimant
D
Colosimo
Stephen
S
Pittman
Brian
B
Leder
Gerhard
G
Ramadani
Marco
M
Henne-Bruns
Doris
D
Beger
Hans G
HG
El-Bayoumy
Karam
K
D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D010189:Pancreatic Juice / Q000737:chemistry*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*
D002273:Carcinogens; D009602:Nitrosamines; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine