title: Control issues in toilet training.
abstract: There are many control issues surrounding toilet training that involve the child, the family, and the environment. Loss of control by the child during this period can result in significant physical and psychologic consequences as well as a failure to complete the developmental task of autonomy. A review of both professional and lay literature showed various approaches to toilet training with little reference to the control issues involved. Toilet training is a dynamic process that does not always go smoothly. Constipation often develops during toilet training and may be related to control issues. Neuman's Systems Model is used to identify the types of control issues often involved in toilet training. Anticipatory guidance specifically developed to address issues of control may help alleviate problems in the toilet training process. Changes for current practice are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kinservik
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Friedhoff
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003248:Constipation / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007207:Individuation; D007223:Infant; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D024802:Nurse's Role; D014039:Toilet Training