title: Fast identification of Echinacea purpurea dried roots using near-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: Near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy was used to develop a fast identification method for Echinacea purpurea dried milled roots. Method development was carried out using a PLS (partial least-squares) algorithm and pretreatment options. The aim of this qualitative analysis was to confirm the identity of E. purpurea and to detect the presence of fraud, i.e., samples adulterated or substituted by Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, or Parthenium integrifolium. Specificity was demonstrated by testing a validation set against the method. A total of 10% of the E. purpurea batches (true samples) and 0% of the false samples from that validation set were misidentified by the method. The misidentification was due to the difference in particle size distribution of one E. purpurea batch compared to that of the other samples. Adulterated E. purpurea samples can be detected at a minimum of 10% of adulteration. This study demonstrates that NIR spectroscopy is a good tool for the fast identification of E. purpurea roots if the samples are milled using the same procedure as for the calibration samples. The method is robust with respect to the origin of the samples and can be used routinely by the pharmaceutical industry or herbal suppliers to avoid mislabeling errors or adulteration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, and Pharma Oy, Finland.
authors.forename: Magali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laasonen
authors.forename: Tuulikki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harmia-Pulkkinen
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Simard
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Michiels
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Räsänen
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vuorela
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D020900:Echinacea / Q000737:chemistry*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared