title: Antiretroviral prophylaxis of perinatal HIV-1 transmission and the potential impact of antiretroviral resistance.
abstract: Since 1994, trials of zidovudine, zidovudine and lamivudine, and nevirapine have demonstrated that these antiretroviral drugs can substantially reduce the risk of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. With reductions in drug price, identification of simple, effective antiretroviral regimens to prevent perinatal HIV-1 transmission, and an increasing international commitment to support health care infrastructure, antiretrovirals for both perinatal HIV-1 prevention and HIV-1 treatment will likely become more widely available to HIV-1-infected persons in resource-limited countries. In the United States, widespread antiretroviral usage has been associated with increased antiretroviral drug resistance. This raises concern that drug resistance may reduce the effectiveness of perinatal antiretroviral prophylaxis as well as therapeutic intervention strategies. The purpose of this article is to review what is known about resistance and risk of perinatal HIV transmission, assess the interaction between antiretroviral resistance and the prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission, and discuss implications for current global prevention and treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS, NCHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. mgn1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Mary Glenn
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Lynne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mofenson
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors