title: Non-invasive vascular detection of early signs of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic children: why and how.
abstract: Atherosclerosis is a lifelong disease process that begins in childhood and may lead to cardiovascular disease in middle age or later. Non-invasive methods for vascular diagnosis help identify hypercholesterolemic children to treat with dietary or pharmacological intervention on the basis of anatomical or functional markers of arterial pathology. It would be unethical to assess these markers using angiographic or other invasive procedures (such as intravascular ultrasound), but the measurement of intermediate vascular end-points using non-invasive techniques is feasible. We here review the methods and procedures of non-invasive vascular examination that have been demonstrated to be feasible and informative with regard to arterial pathology in hypercholesterolemic children. These include measuring carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) by means of B-mode imaging, Doppler evaluation of the transvalvular aortic pressure gradient, measuring coronary calcium by means of computed tomography, studying the elastic properties of arteries, detecting impaired vasodilation, and measuring arterial remodelling. Suggested operative guidelines could be to measure carotid IMT in all hypercholesterolemic children aged > 10 years. The measurement should be repeated each year if the IMT is in the upper tertile of distribution for that age. A progression in IMT or the development of new lesions during the study could be an indication for more aggressive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rubba
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iannuzzi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Faccenda
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Leo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pauciullo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography