title: Air trapping and arboreal locomotor adaptation in primates: a review of experiments on humans.
abstract: A review was made of experiments on humans in which air trapping by glottis closure during three-dimensional movements were examined in four subjects including former Olympic gymnasts. In brachiation and horizontal bar exercises, the behaviour of the larynx was monitored with a fiberoptic endoscope, and EMG-data were recorded from shoulder muscles. The results revealed that immobilization of the polyaxial connection between the shoulder girdle and the thorax by air trapping occurs in phases of extreme loading of the upper limbs. The closure of the airway by the larynx in humans serves three functions: first, the prevention of errors in deglutition; second, the production of vocal sounds; third, the retention of air inside the thoracic cavity. The latter function, air trapping, allows the immobilization of the rib cage for the muscular fixation of the shoulder blade on the trunk in movements that imply unusually high external forces acting on the upper limbs. This morphological-functional innovation probably has been made when early mammals invaded the three dimensional arboreal habitat, because it gave the tree-dwelling early primates the device to anchor themselves by the arms alone and to avoid falling out of trees. The specific functional characteristic of primates is the hermetic closure of the vocal and vestibular folds by rapidly contracting muscles in the folds. So the closure of the glottis, which in humans seems primarily an adaptation to the production of vocal tones, seems to go back to the adaptation of Tertiary arboreal primates to movements in a three-dimensional environment. Our conclusions are in agreement with the results of other contributions to this volume.
authors.affiliation: Hayama Institute of Primatology, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Sugio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayama
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Morihiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okada
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005931:Glottis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012782:Shoulder