title: Racial and socioeconomic differences in risk factors for cardiovascular disease among Southern rural women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  African American women living in the Southeast experience a higher mortality due to cardiovascular (CV) disease than their White counterparts. It is unclear if this vulnerability to CV disease is due to race, socioeconomic status, or health behaviors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the disparities in cardiovascular health between Southern rural, African American and White women to determine if a CV Risk-Index differed by race, education, or income levels and if differences persisted when controlling for body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 1,110 women (27% African American, 73% White) residing in rural North Carolina. Data were collected by mailed questionnaire and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  African American women had significantly lower education and lower income than Whites, higher BMI, and a much greater prevalence of hypertension, angina, and diabetes. In a three-way ANOVA including race, income, and education, education and race were significant predictors of the CV Risk Index, but when adjusted for BMI race was no longer significant (p =.3039); the only significant predictors were BMI and educational level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with the least education had the highest CV Risk-Index, regardless of race. These findings suggest the need to focus risk reduction interventions on all Southern rural women with limited education, not only African American women. This supports the current literature that suggests race should be viewed as a risk marker rather than a risk factor.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7460, USA. Appel@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.forename: Joanne S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Harrell
authors.forename: Shibing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015144:Southeastern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*