Mutational analysis of human profilin I reveals a second PI(4,5)-P2 binding site neighbouring the poly(L-proline) binding site.
BACKGROUND
Profilin is a small cytoskeletal protein which interacts with actin, proline-rich proteins and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)-P2). Crystallography, NMR and mutagenesis of vertebrate profilins have revealed the amino acid residues that are responsible for the interactions with actin and poly(L-proline) peptides. Although Arg88 of human profilin I was shown to be involved in PI(4,5)-P2-binding, it was suggested that carboxy terminal basic residues may be involved as well.


RESULTS
Using site directed mutagenesis we have refined the PI(4,5)-P2 binding site of human profilin I. For each mutant we assessed the stability and studied the interactions with actin, a proline-rich peptide and PI(4,5)-P2 micelles. We identified at least two PI(4,5)-P2-binding regions in human profilin I. As expected, one region comprises Arg88 and overlaps with the actin binding site. The second region involves Arg136 in the carboxy terminal helix and neighbours the poly(L-proline) binding site. In addition, we show that adding a small protein tag to the carboxy terminus of profilin strongly reduces binding to poly(L-proline), suggesting local conformational changes of the carboxy terminal alpha-helix may have dramatic effects on ligand binding.


CONCLUSIONS
The involvement of the two terminal alpha-helices of profilin in ligand binding imposes important structural constraints upon the functions of this region. Our data suggest a model in which the competitive interactions between PI(4,5)-P2 and actin and PI(4,5)-P2 and poly(L-proline) regulate profilin functions.
Lambrechts
Anja
A
Department of Medical Protein Research (VIB09), Flanders Interuniversity Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. anja.lambrechts@rug.ac.be
Jonckheere
Veronique
V
Dewitte
Daisy
D
Vandekerckhove
Joel
J
Ampe
Christophe
C
D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D001665:Binding Sites; D003285:Contractile Proteins; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D019269:Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D051304:Profilins; D017510:Protein Folding; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000502:physiology
D000199:Actins; D003285:Contractile Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; C495738:PFN1 protein, human; D010455:Peptides; D019269:Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate; D051304:Profilins; C011083:polyproline; D014364:Tryptophan