title: Temperature limit values for gripping cold surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  At the request of the European Commission and in the framework of the European Machinery Directive, research was conducted jointly in five different laboratories to develop specifications for surface temperature limit values for the gripping and handling of cold items.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and fourteen experiments were run where male and female subjects were invited to grip for up to 20 min cold bars of different contact coefficients, i.e. polished wood, nylon, stone, steel and aluminium. The air temperature and the bars' initial surface temperatures ranged between 0 and -30 degrees C for the various experiments. While gripping the bars, either only the hand or the whole body was exposed to cold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data were used to develop a prediction formula and a graph of the surface temperature limit values in order for the skin contact temperature not to reach <15 degrees C. This duration is shown to offer a significant degree of safety with respect to the minimal surface temperature spontaneously tolerated by the subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experiments and modelling must be pursued to extend these data to other conditions of exposure.
authors.affiliation: Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. malchaire@hytr.ucl.ac.be
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malchaire
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Den Hartog
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Havenith
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Holmer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piette
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rintamäki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rissanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000592:standards*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature