title: Toxicity of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A to the freshwater Cnidarian Hydra vulgaris.
abstract: Estrogens and estrogen mimics that enter the environment are known to present a serious threat to the development and reproduction of vertebrates by disrupting their normal endocrine function. There is also concern that such chemicals may be damaging to invertebrates. In this study, Hydra vulgaris, a member of the Cnidaria, an evolutionarily primitive group of invertebrates present before the divergence of the protostomes and deuterostomes, was exposed to the synthetic estrogen 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and bisphenol A (BPA), both of which are known to be estrogenic in fish. Effects on polyp survival, structure, and regeneration (and sexual reproduction for EE2) were examined and mortality was recorded at high concentrations, with 96-h LC(50)s of 3.8 mg/L and 6.9 mg/L for EE2 and BPA, respectively. The structure and physiology of polyps was adversely affected at concentrations greater than 58 microg/L EE2 and 42 microg/L BPA. There was a concentration-related inhibition of regeneration above 150 microg/L EE2 and 460 microg/L BPA. Sexual reproduction was only impaired at 500 microg/L EE2. These results clearly suggest that the signaling processes necessary for the control and regulation of cell movement and differentiation during normal development, regeneration, and sexual reproduction in H. vulgaris are not disrupted by estrogenic pollutants at low environmentally relevant concentrations.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 915, Cardiff CF10 3TL, UK. pascoe@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pascoe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Karntanut
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Watts
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D003063:Cnidaria; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D045166:Estradiol Congeners / Q000633:toxicity*; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D045166:Estradiol Congeners; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds