title: [Local thrombolysis for the treatment of patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis of the leg].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Standard anticoagulatn therapy for lower extremity DVT does not distinguish between proximal and distal veins. Catheter directed thrombolytic therapy is a new emerging aggressive option for suitable patients with proximal DVT.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Review of the literature and presentation of two patients in whom the procedure was successfully performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two patients with lower extremity DVT involving the iliac and femoral veins were treated with catheter directed urokinase infusion in addition to conventional anticoagulant therapy. In both cases underlying venous stenoses were identified and treated by balloon angioplasty and insertion of metallic stents. Thrombolytic therapy was continued for 36-60 hours at a rate of 100,000 units per hour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant clinical and radiological improvement was obtained in both patients with restoration of centripetal venous flow in the deep venous system. No significant complication occurred. A persistent clinical benefit was seen at follow-up of 8 and 24 months respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Catheter directed thrombolytic therapy should be considered as adjuvant therapy for patients with acute proximal lower extremity DVT, in whom there are no contraindications. Underlying venous stenoses should be dilated and stented if necessary. Early restoration of venous flow results in rapid clinical improvement and may prevent the future development of post thrombotic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology, Internal Medicine and Vascular Surgery, Hadassah University Hospital, Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Sivan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: Rifaat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Safadi
authors.forename: Haim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aner
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verstandig
authors.forename: Talia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasson
authors.forename: Allan I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Bloom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005268:Femoral Vein; D006801:Humans; D007084:Iliac Vein; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015607:Stents; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants