title: Measurement of total energy expenditure by the doubly labelled water method in professional soccer players.
abstract: To determine the daily energy requirements of professional soccer players during a competitive season, we measured total energy expenditure in seven players (age 22.1+/-1.9 years, height 1.75+/-0.05 m, mass 69.8+/-4.7 kg; mean +/- s) using the doubly labelled water method. Energy intake was simultaneously estimated from 7 day self-report dietary records. Mean total energy expenditure and energy intake were 14.8+/-1.7 MJ x day(-1) (3532+/-408 kcal x day(-1)) and 13.0+/-2.4 MJ x day(-1) (3113+/-581 kcal x day(-1)), respectively. Although there was a significant difference between total energy expenditure and energy intake (P < 0.01), there was a strong relationship between the two (r= 0.893, P< 0.01). Basal metabolic rate and recommended energy allowance calculated from the Recommended Dietary Allowances for the Japanese were 7.0+/-0.3 MJ x day(-1) (1683+/-81 kcal x day(-1)) and 15.6+/-0.8 MJ x day(-1) (3739+/-180 kcal x day(-1)), respectively. A physical activity level (total energy expenditure/ basal metabolic rate) of 2.11+/-0.30 indicated that, during the competitive season, professional soccer players undertake much routine physical activity, similar to that of competitive athletes during moderate training. Energy intake estimated using dietary records was under-reported, suggesting that its calculation from these data does not predict energy expenditure in soccer players.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry of Exercise and Nutrition, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ebine
authors.forename: Hoby Hasina
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Rafamantanantsoa
authors.forename: Youichirou
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nayuki
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.forename: Kouzou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tashima
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: Peter J H
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001481:Basal Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D017666:Deuterium Oxide; D015930:Diet Records; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005508:Food Deprivation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D017666:Deuterium Oxide