title: A randomized controlled trial of preoperative oral supplementation with a specialized diet in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Perioperative nutrition with specialized enteral diets improves outcome when compared with standard formulas. A post-hoc analysis suggested preoperative administration as the most important period. Thus, we designed a study to understand prospectively whether preoperative supplementation could be as efficacious as the perioperative approach and superior to a conventional treatment (no artificial nutrition) in reducing postoperative infections and length of hospital stay.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 305 patients with preoperative weight loss <10% and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract were randomized to receive the following: (1) oral supplementation for 5 days before surgery with 1 L/day of a formula enriched with arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and RNA, with no nutritional support given after surgery (preoperative group, n = 102); (2) the same preoperative treatment plus postoperative jejunal infusion with the same enriched formula (perioperative group, n = 101); and (3) no artificial nutrition before and after surgery (conventional group; n = 102).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3 groups were comparable for all baseline and surgical characteristics. Intention-to-treat analysis showed a 13.7% incidence of postoperative infections in the preoperative group, 15.8% in the perioperative group, and 30.4% in the conventional group (P = 0.006 vs. preoperative; P = 0.02 vs. perioperative). Length of hospital stay was 11.6 +/- 4.7 days in the preoperative group, 12.2 +/- 4.1 days in the perioperative group, and 14.0 +/- 7.7 days in the conventional group (P = 0.008 vs. preoperative and P = 0.03 vs. perioperative).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative supplementation is as effective as perioperative administration in improving outcome. Both strategies seem superior to the conventional approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. luca.gianotti@unimib.it
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gianotti
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nespoli
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Radaelli
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beneduce
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Carlo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005526:Food, Formulated; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control