title: Importin alpha binds to an unusual bipartite nuclear localization signal in the heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein type I.
abstract: The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) type I, a modulator of alternative splicing, localizes in the nucleoplasm of mammalian cells and in a discrete perinucleolar structure. HnRNP I contains a novel type of bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) at the N-terminus of the protein that we have previously named nuclear determinant localization type I (NLD-I). Recently, a neural counterpart of hnRNP I has been identified that contains a putative NLS with two strings of basic amino acids separated by a spacer of 30 residues. In the present study we show that the neural hnRNP I NLS is necessary and sufficient for nuclear localization and represents a variant of the novel bipartite NLS present in the NLD-I domain. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the NLD-I is transported into the nucleus by cytoplasmic factor(s) with active transport modality. Binding assays using recombinant importin alpha show an interaction with NLD-I similar to that of SV40 large T antigen NLS. Deletion analysis indicates that both stretches of basic residues are necessary for binding to importin alpha. The above experimental results lead to the conclusion that importin alpha acts as cytoplasmic receptor for proteins characterized by a bipartite NLS signal that extends up to 37 residues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Italy. mromanelli@univr.it
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Romanelli
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morandi
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals / Q000378:metabolism*; D038941:Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D028901:alpha Karyopherins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; D028901:alpha Karyopherins; D038941:Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein