title: Helicobacter pylori does not mediate the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both N-nitroso compounds and colonization with Helicobacter pylori represent known risk-factors for the development of gastric cancer. Endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds is thought to occur predominantly in acidic environments such as the stomach. At neutral pH, bacteria can catalyze the formation of N-nitroso compounds. Based on experiments with a noncarcinogenic N-nitroso compound as end product, and using only a single H. pylori strain, it was recently reported that H. pylori only displays a low nitrosation capacity. As H. pylori is a highly diverse bacterial species, it is reasonable to question the generality of this finding. In this study, several genetically distinct H. pylori strains are tested for their capacity to form carcinogenic N-nitrosamines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bacteria were grown in the presence of 0-1000 microM morpholine and nitrite (in a 1 : 1 molar ratio), at pH 7, 5 and 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of Neisseria cinerea (positive control) with 500 microM morpholine and 500 microM nitrite, resulted in a significant increase in formation of N-nitrosomorpholine, but there was no significant induction of N-nitrosomorpholine formation by any of the H. pylori strains, at any of the three pH conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  H. pylori does not induce formation of the carcinogenic N-nitrosomorpholine in vitro. The previously reported weak nitrosation capacity of H. pylori is not sufficient to nitrosate the more difficulty nitrosatable morpholine. This probably also holds true for other secondary amines. These results imply that the increased incidence of gastric cancer formation that is associated with gastric colonization by H. pylori is unlikely to result from the direct induced formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines by H. pylori. However, this has to be further confirmed in in vivo studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: I T M
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Vermeer
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gerrits
authors.forename: E J C
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Moonen
authors.forename: L G J B
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Dallinga
authors.forename: J C S
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kleinjans
authors.forename: J M S
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: van Maanen
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kusters
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004123:Dimethylamines / Q000378:metabolism; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009025:Morpholines / Q000378:metabolism; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004123:Dimethylamines; D009025:Morpholines; D009602:Nitrosamines; C080866:cagA protein, Helicobacter pylori; C002741:N-nitrosomorpholine; C037574:morpholine; C034516:dimethylamine