title: Introduction of a three-dimensional anthropometry of the viscerocranium. Part II: evaluating osseous and soft tissue changes following orthognathic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anthropometric measurements, described and assessed in Part I of this article were applied in dysgnathic patients. Diagnosis, surgical planning and follow-up were performed and soft tissue ratios quantified.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and seventy-five anthropometric measurements and 146 cephalograms of 100 patients were included. Forty-five patients were analysed before and after surgery. Ten randomly selected patients were re-measured directly by two investigators for reliability and validity assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Manoeuvres that expanded the facial skeleton such as maxillary or mandibular advancements or maxillary elongations generally had a greater soft tissue impact than setbacks or maxillary impactions. A 1.4% intra-observer and a 2.6% inter-observer error was apparent with anthropometry. Concordance of anthropometry with roentgenocephalometry (p<0.04) was found by paired t -test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anthropometry allowed reliable and objective, independent calculation of cranial bone relations and soft tissue projection. It is also sensitive to facial asymmetry. Easy application, versatility and an economic price for the assessment of facial proportions, soft tissue ratios, operation planning and follow-up were obvious.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Medical Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Constantin A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Landes
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zachar
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Diehl
authors.forename: Adorján F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Kovács
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000601:surgery; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D015588:Observer Variation; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D015203:Reproducibility of Results