title: Predicting urinary stone composition using X-ray coherent scatter: a novel technique with potential clinical applications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coherent scatter properties depend on the molecular structure of the scattering medium and measured scatter patterns are often characteristic of a chemical species. We explored the usefulness of coherent scatter analysis as a basis for identifying urinary calculus composition.
  
  
  METHODS
  A laboratory system for collecting coherent scatter signals from biological specimens was developed. This technique uses a diagnostic x-ray tube and image intensifier, and measures coherent scatter from intact renal stones. The coherent scatter signatures of 6 common stone components (calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium phosphate, calcium phosphate dihydrate, cystine, magnesium ammonium phosphate and uric acid) were acquired from pure chemical samples and stones identified by infrared spectroscopy as having a uniform composition. In addition, a sample of calculus identified as containing only calcium oxalate dihydrate was examined. The same fragmented stone samples analyzed by infrared spectroscopy were scanned using coherent scatter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In each case the scatter patterns from powdered chemicals and fragmented stones showed circular symmetry and consisted of a series of broad rings of various intensities. Each pure chemical sample produced a distinct coherent scatter pattern. The signatures of the stone specimens closely agreed with those of the chemical samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These initial results indicate that coherent scatter analysis using diagnostic x-rays has potential as a tool for urinary calculous composition identification. Further developments in this technique may have the potential for determining the composition of a calculus in vivo before therapy, thus, aiding in therapy planning.
authors.affiliation: Imaging Research Laboratories, John P. Robarts Research Institute, and Department of Medical Biophysics and Division of Urology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Deidre L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Batchelar
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wollin
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Darren T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Beiko
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Denstedt
mesh_terms: D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000628:therapy; D008096:Lithotripsy; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction