title: Predictivity of thyroid autoantibodies for the development of thyroid disorders in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies and their significance for the development of thyroid disorders in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antibodies to thyroglobulin (anti-TG) and thyroperoxidase (anti-TPO) were measured in 216 patients (113 boys; median age 12.9 years (range 1-22 years)) with Type 1 diabetes (diabetes duration 2.5 years (0-14 years)) in a cross-sectional study. Sixteen patients with significantly elevated anti-TPO titres were followed longitudinally (6.0 years (4-13 years)) including the measurement of anti-TPO, anti-TG, T(3), T(4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and ultrasound assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two patients (10.0%) had significantly elevated titres of anti-TPO, 19 (8.7%) of anti-TG and 13 (5.9%) of both autoantibodies. Girls had more frequently elevated anti-TPO antibodies than boys (P < 0.05). Eight of 16 patients (50%) developed thyroid disorders defined by a TSH elevation (> or = 4.5 microU/ml) and/or sonographic thyroid abnormalities during a median time of 3.5 years (2-6 years) after first detection of anti-TPO positivity. They were characterized by higher levels of anti-TPO (P = 0.001) and a more frequent coexistence of anti-TG antibodies (P = 0.002) than those with no development of thyroid disorder even after an observation period of 5.5 years (5-10 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because 50% of children with diabetes and significant titres of anti-TPO develop thyroid problems within 3-4 years, examinations of thyroid antibodies should be performed yearly. In cases of significant antibody titres, thyroid function tests and ultrasound assessment are recommended in order to minimize the risk of undiagnosed hypothyroidism in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Clinics for General Paediatrics and Paediatric Radiology, Otto Heubner Centre, Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. olga.kordonouri@charite.de
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kordonouri
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deiss
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Danne
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dorow
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bassir
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grüters-Kieslich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018828:Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating / Q000097:blood*; D007223:Infant; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013954:Thyroglobulin / Q000276:immunology; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000276:immunology; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D018828:Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D013954:Thyroglobulin; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase