title: Analysis of altered gene expression during sustained atrial fibrillation in the goat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterised by electrical, gap junctional and structural remodelling. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of these phenomena are largely unknown. To get more insight into atrial remodelling at the molecular level we have analysed changes in gene expression during sustained AF in the goat.
  
  
  METHODS
  The differential display technique (DD) was used to identify genes differentially expressed during sustained AF (13.9 +/- 5.2 weeks) as compared to sinus rhythm (SR). Dot-blot analysis was performed to confirm the altered gene expression and to establish the changes in expression after 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks of AF. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to validate the DD approach and to further characterise the changed expression of the beta-myosin heavy chain gene at the protein level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the approximately 125 fragments that showed changed expression levels during AF, 34 were cloned and sequenced. Twenty-one of these represented known genes involved in cardiomyocyte structure, metabolism, expression regulation, or differentiation status. The changed expression of 70% of the isolated clones could be confirmed by dot-blot analysis. In addition, time course analysis revealed different profiles of expression as well as transient re-expression of genes, e.g. the gene for hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha during the first week of AF. During sustained AF the frequency of cardiomyocytes expressing beta myosin heavy chain (beta MHC) increased from 21.8 +/- 2.1 to 47.9 +/- 2.5% (S.E.M.). The overall expression of MHC (alpha+beta) appeared to be down-regulated during AF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AF is accompanied by changes in expression of proteins involved in cellular structure, metabolism, gene expression regulation and (de-)differentiation. Most alterations in expression confirm or support the hypothesis of cardiomyocyte de-differentiation. Furthermore, the results suggest a role for ischemic stress in the early response of cardiomyocytes to AF, possibly via activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Victor.Thijssen@Molcelb.Unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Victor L J L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Thijssen
authors.forename: Huub M W
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: van der Velden
authors.forename: Erwin P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: van Ankeren
authors.forename: Jannie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ausma
authors.forename: Maurits A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Allessie
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borgers
authors.forename: Guillaume J J M
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van Eys
authors.forename: Habo J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jongsma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002908:Chronic Disease; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005805:Genes, MHC Class I; D005802:Genes, MHC Class II; D006041:Goats; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D023421:Models, Animal; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains