title: One-trial tolerance to midazolam is due to enhancement of fear and reduction of anxiolytic-sensitive behaviors in the elevated plus-maze retest in the rat.
abstract: The anxiolytic-like effects of benzodiazepines (BZDs) in rats is reduced after a single exposure to the elevated plus-maze test (EPM). Several hypotheses have been formulated but no conclusive explanation exists for this phenomenon called "one-trial tolerance." In this study, we examined this phenomenon further by carrying out an ethopharmacological analysis of the behavior of rats submitted to the EPM in two trials. Rats injected with saline before both trials (control), treated with 1.0 mg/kg of midazolam before both trials (MM), or only before Trial 2 (SM), were exposed to the EPM. The SM group did not differ from the controls in the Trial 1 and Trial 2 conditions. The MM group showed a clear anxioselective profile in Trial 1 and no anxiolytic-like effects in Trial 2. Whereas midazolam injected before the first trial caused no significant change in immobility, there was a pronounced increase in immobility during Trial 2 for all three conditions. These data suggest that the anxiolytic-like action of midazolam in the first trial gives way to the fear-related insensitive behaviors (phobic/avoidance responses) responsible for the one-trial tolerance to BZDs in Trial 2. Furthermore, an additional experiment showed that midazolam does not seem to affect the acquisition of the learned avoidance response since it is present upon retesting even after midazolam administration in Trial 1 (MS group). Rather, the present data suggest an emotional shift from Trial 1 to Trial 2, which leads to change in the responsiveness of the animals to BZDs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, FES-Iztacala, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Cruz-Morales
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brandão
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects*; D006120:Grooming / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D011187:Posture; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D008874:Midazolam