title: Reactivity toward thiols and cytotoxicity of 3-methylene-2-oxindoles, cytotoxins from indole-3-acetic acids, on activation by peroxidases.
abstract: Oxidation of indole-3-acetic acid and its derivatives by peroxidases such as that from horseradish produces many products, including 3-methylene-2-oxindoles. These have long been associated with biological activity, but their reactivity has not been characterized. We have previously demonstrated the potential value of substituted indole acetic acids and horseradish peroxidase as the basis for targeted cancer therapy, since the compounds are of low cytotoxicity until oxidized, when high cytotoxicity is observed; the combination of prodrug and enzyme depletes intracellular thiols. In this study, 3-methylene-2-oxindole and derivatives substituted in the 4-, 5-, or 6-position with methyl, F, or Cl have been synthesized and their reactivity toward representative thiol nucleophiles (glutathione, cysteine, and a cysteinyl peptide) measured using stopped-flow kinetic spectrophotometry. Rate constants were in the range approximately 2 x 10(3) to 2 x 10(4) M(-)(1) s(-)(1) at pH 7.4, 25 degrees C, implying a lifetime of a few tens of milliseconds for these methylene oxindoles in the cellular environment and diffusion distances of a few micrometers. As expected, halogen substitution decreased the rate of production of the methylene oxindoles on treatment of horseradish peroxidase. The cytotoxicities of the compounds were measured using Chinese hamster V79 fibroblast-like cells in vitro. The halogen-substituted derivatives were much more cytotoxic than the 5-methyl analogue or the parent (unsubstituted) compound, consistent with the trends in rate constant for reaction with the thiols. The results show that the cytotoxic response in the prodrug (indole acetic acid) and enzyme (horseradish peroxidase) system reflects the reactivity of methylene oxindoles toward nucleophiles much more than the rate of generation of the oxindoles, and helps explain the possible advantages of 5-fluoroindole-3-acetic acid compared to IAA as a lead compound for investigation in targeted cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Gray Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 100, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middx HA6 2JR, UK.
authors.forename: Lisa K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Folkes
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rossiter
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wardman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000737:chemistry; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D007700:Kinetics; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D011355:Prodrugs; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003603:Cytotoxins; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D007211:Indoles; D010455:Peptides; D011355:Prodrugs; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase; D005978:Glutathione; D003545:Cysteine; D000432:Methanol