title: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitors prevent high glucose-induced proliferation of mesangial cells via modulation of Rho GTPase/ p21 signaling pathway: Implications for diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, also known as statins, are lipid-lowering agents widely used in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Recent experimental and clinical data, however, indicate that the overall benefits of statin therapy may exceed its cholesterol-lowering properties. We postulate that statins may ameliorate the detrimental effects of high glucose (HG)-induced proliferation of mesangial cells (MCs), a feature of early stages of diabetic nephropathy, by preventing Rho isoprenylation. Rat MCs cultured in HG milieu were treated with and without simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Simvastatin inhibited HG-induced MC proliferation as measured by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation. This inhibitory effect was reversed with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, an isoprenoid intermediate of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. At the cell-cycle level, the HG-induced proliferation of MCs was associated with a decrease in cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 protein expression accompanied by an increase in CDK4 and CDK2 kinase activities. Simvastatin reversed the down-regulation of p21 protein expression and decreased CDK4 and CDK2 kinase activities. Exposure of MCs to HG was associated with an increase in membrane-associated Ras and Rho GTPase protein expression. Cotreatment of MCs with simvastatin reversed HG-induced Ras and Rho membrane translocation. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that the overexpression of the dominant-negative RhoA led to a significant increase in p21 expression. Our data suggest that simvastatin represses the HG-induced Rho GTPase/p21 signaling in glomerular MCs. Thus, this study provides a molecular basis for the use of statins, independently of their cholesterol-lowering effect, in early stages of diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Farhad R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Danesh
authors.forename: Mehran M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.forename: Nail
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amro
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Philips
authors.forename: Lixia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Sun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Atul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahai
authors.forename: Yashpal S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kanwar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016213:Cyclins / Q000502:physiology*; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005920:Glomerular Mesangium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D017368:Protein Prenylation; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014162:Transfection; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C493958:Cdkn1a protein, rat; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D019821:Simvastatin; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins; D005947:Glucose