title: Rural health care providers in the United States.
abstract: One of the most recalcitrant problems of the rural health landscape is the uneven distribution and relative shortage of medical care providers. Despite considerable efforts by federal and state governments over the past three decades to address these problems, rural provider distribution and shortage issues have persisted. The purpose of this article is to identify the challenges for rural health research and policy regarding health provider supply in the first decade of the 21st century. While the emphasis in this article is on physicians, workforce concerns pertaining to nurses, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants are briefly described. Physician supply, geographic and specialty distribution, age, gender, quality of care, recruitment and retention, training, productivity and income, reimbursement and managed care, federal and state ameliorative programs, safety net, and telehealth are discussed. Also highlighted are issues concerning rural health care workforce research, methods, and data as well as a series of policy-relevant questions. Solutions to rural health personnel problems can only be successfully addressed through multifaceted approaches. No vision of the future of rural health can come to fruition if it does not promote stable, rewarding, and fulfilling professional and personal lives for rural health care providers.
authors.affiliation: Rural Health Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-4696, USA. ghart@fammed.washington.edu
authors.forename: L Gary
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salsberg
authors.forename: Debra M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Denise M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lishner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000488:Allied Health Personnel / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution; D003815:Dentists / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006291:Health Policy; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006280:Health Workforce / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution; D010560:Personnel Selection; D010820:Physicians / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution; D011365:Professional Practice Location / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States