title: Depressive, positive, negative and parkinsonian symptomsin schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depressive symptoms are common in schizophrenia but their relationship to the positive and negative symptoms of the disorder and to extrapyramidal side-effects remains unclear. Considerable overlap exists between these symptom clusters when rated with traditional clinical rating scales. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of depressive to positive, negative and parkinsonian symptoms using the recent adaptation of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved the cross-sectional measurement of symptoms in a sample of community-treated and hospitalized patients with schizophrenia. Structured assessment included thePANSS, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Extrapyramidal Side Effects Rating Scale (ESRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressive symptoms were common and correlated with positive and negative symptoms. These correlations were of a similar magnitude using either the original PANSS factor structure or the newer pentagonal model. The overlap between depressive and negative symptoms was limited to certain items in the rating scales and there was a clear separation between these symptom clusters and the other items. Parkinsonian symptoms also correlated with negative symptoms rated with either PANSS model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of the pentagonal PANSS model does not improve its capacity to distinguish between depressive and negative symptoms. Positive, negative, parkinsonian and depressive symptoms overlap using common rating scales but there appears to be some separation between these symptom domains when rated with individual scale items rather than total scale scores.
authors.affiliation: Dandenong Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Department of Psychosocial Medicine, Victoria 3175, Australia. paul.fitzgerald@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Tim J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Rolfe
authors.forename: Karren
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Filia
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Sacha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Filia
authors.forename: Alieh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Castella
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: Jayashri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology