title: Self-administration of cocaine: scopolamine combinations by rhesus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several halogenated analogs of benztropine (BZT) have previously been characterized as potent dopamine (DA) uptake inhibitors with diminished reinforcing effects relative to cocaine. In addition to their effects on DA uptake, these compounds are potent muscarinic cholinergic antagonists.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present experiments were designed to examine the hypothesis that the anticholinergic action of the BZT analogs contributes to their relatively low levels of self-administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rhesus monkeys self-administered cocaine (0.03 mg/kg per injection, i.v.) under either a fixed-ratio 25 (FR 25; n=5) or progressive-ratio (PR; n=5) schedule until stable responding was established. Saline, cocaine (0.0003-0.1 mg/kg per injection), scopolamine (0.001-0.1 mg/kg per injection), or various combinations of cocaine and scopolamine were then made available for self-administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cocaine maintained dose-related self-administration under both schedules whereas scopolamine did not. In the majority of cases, combinations of cocaine and scopolamine maintained less self-administration than cocaine alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the hypothesis that anticholinergic actions contribute to the diminished self-administration of BZT analogs relative to cocaine. The mechanism may involve antagonism of the reinforcing effect of cocaine and/or punishment of the self-administration response by the addition of an anticholinergic component of action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ranaldi
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Woolverton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012646:Self Administration / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D012601:Scopolamine; D003042:Cocaine