title: The femoral distal epiphysis of ovariectomized rats as a site for studies on osteoporosis: structural and mechanical evaluations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate in detail the mechanical and structural characteristics of cancellous bone from the femoral distal epiphysis of normal and ovariectomized rats, and to provide reference values in order to improve experimental research on osteoporosis by characterising an alternative and complementary anatomic site.
  
  
  METHODS
  40 female Sprague-Dawley rats (10 months old) were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 each: baseline, ovariectomized (Ovx), sham-operated (Sham-Ovx) and sham-aged (Sham-Aged). Baseline animals were sacrificed at the beginning of the study. Ovx and Sham-Ovx animals were sacrificed 16 weeks after surgery, whereas Shamaged rats were killed when aged 14 months. Femurs were excised and densitometric, ultrasonographic, mechanical and histomorphometric analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When comparing the Ovx group with the others, ultrasonographic and densitometric measurements showed significant decreases (p < 0.0005) amounting to 3-5% in the amplitude dependent speed of sound (AD-SOS) and 13-20% in the BMD, respectively. Significant decreases were also seen in the femoral condyle Max. Load (28-31%; p < 0.0005) and Elastic Modulus (19-25%; p < 0.005) in the Ovx group in comparison with the Sham-Ovx and Sham-Aged groups. Histomorphometric analysis showed a significant cancellous bone loss (p < 0.0005). Densitometric (p < 0.01), histomorphometric (p < 0.01) and mechanical (p < 0.05) parameters were correlated with AD-SOS. Among the histomorphometric parameters, stepwise regression analysis showed that the trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) and Max. Load correctly predicted AD-SOS (p < 0.0005) and BMD (p < 0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data from this study characterize osteopenia occurring in the rat distalfemur 16 weeks after ovariectomy and provide methodology and reference values forfurther investigations on osteoporosis and bone-implant osteointegration in osteopenic bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy. gianluca.giavaresi@ior.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giavaresi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gnudi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Terlizzi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carpi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giardino
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004838:Epiphyses; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D014463:Ultrasonography