title: Pituitary-adrenal and pituitary-thyroid hormone responses during exercise-cold exposure after 7 days of exhaustive exercise.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After several days of exhaustive exercise in mild-warm environments, cutaneous vasoconstrictor responses to cold exposure are less effective in conserving body heat than in the rested condition. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axes hormones could mediate this response since they may affect vasoconstriction. The effects of exertional fatigue on pituitary-adrenal hormones and thyroid hormone responses to exercise-cold stress are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that 7 consecutive days of exercise would decrease adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol, while elevating thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) and that these hormones would be related to a blunted vasoconstrictor response to cold.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine male volunteers walked, completely wetted, for up to 6 h in 5 degrees C air, when rested (day 0, control) and after 7 consecutive days (day 7) of exhaustive exercise (4 h each day of mixed aerobic and anaerobic activities in thermoneutral conditions). Blood was sampled on day 0 and day 7 at baseline (0700 hours), and before and immediately after cold exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 0700 hours, ACTH and cortisol were elevated (p < 0.05) after 7 d of exercise, compared with control conditions. Following exercise-cold exposure, cortisol, T3, and T4 increased (p < 0.05) similarly on both day 0 and day 7. ACTH and TSH did not increase as a result of exercise-cold exposure on either day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that 7 d of exercise elevates basal (0700 hours) pituitary-adrenal stress hormones (ACTH, cortisol). However, 7 d of exercise did not modify adrenal or thyroid hormone responses, relative to the day 0 cold exposure, suggesting that they are not responsible for the blunted vasoconstriction during exercise-cold exposure following 7 consecutive days of exercise.
authors.affiliation: US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, Natick, MA 01760-5007, USA. john.castellani@na.amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Castellani
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Dean A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stulz
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: DeGroot
authors.forename: Laurie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Staab
authors.forename: Michael N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Sawka
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D003080:Cold Temperature; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology*; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine; D006854:Hydrocortisone