title: Focus on primary care. Thyroid function and dysfunction in women.
abstract: All forms of thyroid disease are more common in women. The reason for this gender predilection has not been entirely elucidated but may relate to the closely intertwined relationship between thyroid function and the female reproductive axis. Thyroid dysfunction influences both menstrual function and fertility, likely through changes in sex hormone levels, gonadotropin release, and possibly ovarian function. Similarly, alterations in reproductive physiology can modulate thyroid function. In such settings as pregnancy, when sex hormone levels fluctuate markedly, variations in thyroid function occur frequently. For the clinician, understanding when such alterations require intervention is critical.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After completion of this article, the reader will be able to describe the abnormalities of the female reproductive axis associated with both hypo- and hyperthyroidism, to summarize how female sex hormones affect thyroid function, and to explain the effects of pregnancy on thyroid conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Marcy A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Adlersberg
authors.forename: Gerard N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Burrow
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012098:Reproduction; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D013963:Thyroid Hormones