title: Biomechanical evaluation of proximal humeral fracture fixation supplemented with calcium phosphate cement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proximal humeral fractures are common injuries, and numerous surgical methods have been described for their treatment. The biomechanical characteristics of various internal fixation devices that are used to treat these fractures have not been extensively studied, nor has the potential beneficial effect of calcium phosphate cement supplementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a cadaveric three-part proximal humeral osteotomy model to perform a biomechanical evaluation of three types of internal fixation devices: a cloverleaf plate, an angled blade-plate, and Kirschner wires. The effect of supplementing the fixation with SRS (Skeletal Repair System) calcium phosphate cement was evaluated as well. Eighteen pairs of fresh-frozen humeri were obtained, and the bone-mineral density of each specimen was measured. In each pair, one specimen was secured with internal fixation alone and the contralateral specimen was secured with internal fixation combined with calcium phosphate cement. The specimens were tested cyclically in abduction and in external rotation for 250 cycles to evaluate interfragmentary motion. The specimens were then loaded to failure in external rotation to measure torsional load to failure and torsional stiffness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, there were no significant differences between the specimens treated with the blade and cloverleaf plates, whereas the specimens treated with Kirschner wires demonstrated more interfragmentary motion, less stiffness, and lower torque to failure. In general, supplementation with calcium phosphate cement led to significant improvements in the mechanical performance of all three forms of internal fixation as demonstrated by a significant decrease in interfragmentary motion, a significant increase in torque to failure, and a significant increase in torsional stiffness. The addition of calcium phosphate cement increased the stiffness of even the most osteoporotic specimens to levels that were higher than those of the most osteodense specimens that had been treated with internal fixation alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The initial biomechanical properties of internal fixation as measured with use of a proximal humeral osteotomy model and three methods of fixation were significantly improved by the addition of calcium phosphate cement.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Engineering Research, Departmentof Orthopaedics, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Darrell J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Goertzen
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Henry M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Broekhuyse
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Oxland
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001843:Bone Cements; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D001860:Bone Plates; D001864:Bone Wires; D002102:Cadaver; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002484:Cementation; D003720:Densitometry; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; C485828:alpha-tricalcium phosphate; C485830:tetracalcium phosphate; C485838:calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous; C020243:calcium phosphate; C485829:calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous