title: Evaluation of genotoxicity of captan, maneb and zineb in the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster: role of nitrosation.
abstract: The wing spot test in Drosophila melanogaster is a suitable system for the analysis of genotoxic activity of compounds that need metabolic transformation to render them active. We have analysed the genotoxicity of three fungicides for which it was reported that the metabolic processes taking place in vivo may determine their activity. The compounds analysed are captan, maneb, zineb and ethylenethiourea (ETU) (a metabolic derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamates like maneb and zineb). We have also evaluated the ability of ETU to form genotoxic derivatives in vivo analysing this compound in combined treatments with sodium nitrite. Both standard and high bioactivation NORR strains have been used. Captan, usually considered a mutagen in vitro but a non-mutagen in vivo, gave negative results in the wing spot test with both crosses. Positive results were obtained for maneb in the standard cross and for ETU in both the standard and the high bioactivation cross. The genotoxicities of maneb and ETU were higher when treatments were made on media in which nitrosation is favoured. A low absorption of the fungicide and an inefficient availability of the compound in the target may explain negative results obtained with zineb in both crosses. The results obtained in this study with the wing spot test demonstrate once again the suitability of this in vivo assay, in which absorption, distribution and metabolism processes take place, for the evaluation of genotoxicity of compounds to which humans are exposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology and Genetics, Sciences Faculty, University of Basque Country, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Osaba
authors.forename: María Jesús
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.forename: Angeles
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Graf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D002215:Captan / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005031:Ethylenethiourea / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008344:Maneb / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D015538:Nitrosation; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015038:Zineb / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009153:Mutagens; D008344:Maneb; D005031:Ethylenethiourea; D002215:Captan; D015038:Zineb