title: Urologic complications of placenta percreta invading the urinary bladder: a case report and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Placenta percreta invading the urinary bladder may cause hemorrhagic shock, hematuria and urologic complications at parturition. This retrospective survey of 54 patients reviews maternal characteristics, presentations, urologic complications, and management.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first reported case of placenta percreta with urinary bladder invasion in Hawaii is presented. Medline search and literature review identified an additional 53 patients. A meta-analysis of all 54 cases was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hematuria was present initially in 31% (17/54) patients. Of these, 9 of 17 required transfusion support. A preoperative diagnosis was established by ultrasound or MRI in 33% of patients. Cystoscopy was performed in 12 patients and did not make a preoperative diagnosis in any patient. 39 urologic complications included bladder laceration 26%, urinary fistula 13%, gross hematuria 9%, ureteral transection 6%, and small capacity bladder 4%. Partial cystectomy was performed in 44% (24/54). Three maternal deaths and 14 fetal deaths occurred. Only 1 patient subsequently had a delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Readily identifiable risk factors by history are important to suggest placenta percreta in pregnant patients with gross hematuria. Ultrasound and/or MRI can establish a preoperative diagnosis. Cystoscopy did not identify any patient preoperatively. Partial cystectomy is commonly required for extensive or deep bladder invasion.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Department of Urology, 3288 Moanalua Road, Honolulu, HI 96819, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Washecka
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Behling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010921:Placenta Accreta / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery