title: Prevalence of astigmatism in infant monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human infants exhibit a high prevalence of astigmatism. Although macaque monkeys are commonly used as animal models in experiments on early ocular growth and emmetropization, the prevalence of astigmatism in infant monkeys is unexplored. In this study we examine the prevalence and nature of astigmatism in infant monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Refractive and corneal astigmatism were measured in 132, 2-5-week-old rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) using cycloplegic retinoscopy and keratometry, respectively. Longitudinal measures of refractive development were obtained from 16 normal infants over the first 6 months of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infant monkeys exhibited a low prevalence of astigmatism. Approximately 90% of the 2-5-week-old infants had <1.00 D of either refractive or corneal astigmatism. When refractive astigmatism was observed, it was well correlated with the direction and magnitude of corneal astigmatism. When corneal astigmatism was >1.00 D (n=20), it was predominantly against-the-rule in nature (70.0%). The infant monkeys that were followed longitudinally rarely showed significant astigmatic errors at any time during the observation period. When these infant monkeys exhibited significant astigmatism, it was usually transient and not present on subsequent measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike human infants, infant monkeys exhibit relatively little astigmatism. The low prevalence of astigmatism during early development suggests that astigmatism does not provide an essential cue for vision-dependent eye growth in infant primates.
authors.affiliation: College of Optometry, University of Houston, 505 J Davis Armistead Building, Houston, TX 7704-2020, USA.
authors.forename: Chea-su
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kee
authors.forename: Li-Fang
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Amro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Habib
authors.forename: Earl L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001251:Astigmatism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D001699:Biometry; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence