title: Toll-like receptor signal transduction and the tailoring of innate immunity: a role for Mal?
abstract: Recent evidence suggests that there may be specificities in the signal transduction pathways activated by different Toll-like receptors (TLRs), with different sets of genes being induced by TLR-4 when compared with TLR-2. These differences may be because of different signalling adapters, with MyD88 being used by several TLRs, and the adapter MyD88-adapter-like (Mal) being recruited specifically by TLR-4. The set of genes being induced may be tailored for the subsequent elimination of the pathogen being recognized, as a result of differences in signal transduction pathways activated by TLRs. These findings may ultimately explain how dendritic cells control specific T-cell responses.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Biochemistry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. laoneill@tcd.ie
authors.forename: Luke A J
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: O'Neill
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000502:physiology; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005544:Forecasting; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000502:physiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018448:Models, Immunological; D009185:Myelin Proteins; D062806:Myelin and Lymphocyte-Associated Proteolipid Proteins; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D011510:Proteolipids / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D053475:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinase 2; D053422:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000819:agonists / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; C494233:Irf3 protein, mouse; C569027:Mal protein, mouse; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D009185:Myelin Proteins; D062806:Myelin and Lymphocyte-Associated Proteolipid Proteins; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D011510:Proteolipids; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016899:Interferon-beta; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D053475:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinase 2; D053422:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C506255:Ripk2 protein, mouse