title: Risk factors for the HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome in a closed cohort of patients after 3 years of antiretroviral treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify prevalence and risk factors associated with the HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HIVLD) after 3 years of antiretroviral therapy, to investigate the diagnostic value of anthropometric measures and to assess the impact of HIVLD on quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, cross-sectional, multicentre, observational, cohort study was performed in 27 German teaching hospitals, nonacademic hospitals and private practices. A total of 221 HIV-positive patients commencing antiretroviral therapy between July and September 1996 were studied. The main outcome measure was lipodystrophy, defined as otherwise unexplained truncal fat accumulation and/or fat loss in face or extremities. The analysis consisted of multiple logistic regression models, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves for anthropometric measures and visual analogue scales for quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of HIVLD after 3 years was 34%. The following variables were independently associated with HIV-LS: stavudine use > 12 months [odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-3.9], CD4 count nadir < 200 cells/microL (OR 2.2, CI 1.1-4.6), hypertriglyceridaemia (OR 2.3, CI 1.3-4.2) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) intake > 12 months (OR 0.2, CI 0.04-0.87). No cut-off point was found for anthropometric indices with a sensitivity and specificity of > or = 0.8. The mean visual analogue ratings for impaired quality of life, on a scale of 0-10, were: 5.2 (self-esteem), 2.9 (social contacts), 4.2 (sexuality) and 3.5 (daily activities).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest a multifactorial aetiology for HIVLD. Stavudine use and a CD4 count below 200 cells/microL may be associated with an increased risk for the development of HIVLD. In contrast, NNRTI treatment may be associated with a reduced risk. Anthropometric indices were found to be insufficient as a diagnostic tool. Quality of life was severely affected by HIVLD.
authors.affiliation: Centre for HIV and Hepatogastroenterology, Grafenberger Allee, Duesseldorf, Germany. mausst@compuserve.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mauss
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corzillius
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwenk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jaeger
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Knechten
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goelz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goetzenich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008060:Lipodystrophy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011788:Quality of Life; D012372:ROC Curve; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D018119:Stavudine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D018119:Stavudine