title: Usefulness of basal and pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Correlation with clinical, immunological and histological features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine salivary function in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) by assessing unstimulated and stimulated flows using 5 mg of pilocarpine in a 5% solution, in order to define their clinical usefulness in the evaluation of xerostomia in patients with primary SS as well as to identify those factors related to the increase in salivary flow after pilocarpine stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the clinical and immunological characteristics of 60 consecutive patients with primary SS. All patients fulfilled four or more of the preliminary diagnostic European criteria for SS. We measured unstimulated (basal) salivary flow (BSF) in all patients. In patients with BSF </=1.5 ml, stimulated salivary flows (SSF) were also measured after stimulation with an ophthalmic 5% pilocarpine solution (0.1 ml=5 mg, administered sublingually). SSF was also measured after oral administration of 50 mg anetholetrithione (ANTT) in the same patients. These stimulated salivary flows were measured 1, 2 and 3 h after the stimulus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 60 patients, 55 were women and five men, with a mean age at the SS onset of 61 yr (range 18-82 yr). The mean BSF for SS patients was 1.40+/-0.17 ml. Fifty (83%) patients showed a BSF less than 1.5 ml. The stimulated salivary flow after 1 h was 3.23 ml in the pilocarpine group and 0.57 in the ANTT group (P<0.001); after 2 h it was 1.32 ml in the pilocarpine group and 0.52 in the ANTT group (P=0.02) and after 3 h it was 0.80 ml in the pilocarpine group and 0.41 in the ANTT group (P=0.046). No clinical or immunological differences were found between SS patients with BSF more or less than 1.5 ml, although patients with a BSF less than 1.5 ml showed a parotid scintigraphy class III or IV more frequently (42 vs 0%, P=0.01). SS patients with a pilocarpine SSF less than 1.5 ml had a longer duration of SS (73.3 vs 31.3 months, P=0.03) and a higher prevalence of positive anti-Ro/SS-A (70 vs 36%, P=0.038), anti-La/SS-B (65 vs 32%, P=0.038), parotid scintigraphy class III-IV (79 vs 9%, P<0.001) and positive salivary gland biopsy (90 vs 43%, P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study of xerostomia using basal and pilocarpine SSF is simple to perform, acceptable to patients and needs no special equipment. We describe a significant increase in SSF using a solution of 5% pilocarpine in comparison with salivary flow obtained after stimulation with ANTT. Twenty-two of the 46 patients with low BSF had stimulated flows over 1.5 ml. These 'responder' patients showed a shorter duration of sicca symptoms, a lower frequency of positive immunological markers and milder grades of scintigraphic patterns and lymphocytic infiltrates in salivary gland biopsies. This subset of patients probably maintain a residual capacity of their salivary glands, as opposed to the 'non-responder' patients, who had a longer duration of sicca syndrome evolution with more severe involvement of the salivary glands.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, Hospital of Vila-Joiosa, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramos-Casals
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ena
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: García-Carrasco
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verdu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cervera
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Font
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Caballero
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ingelmo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pascual
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000781:Anethole Trithione; D018678:Cholinergic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000009:adverse effects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D013670:Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D018678:Cholinergic Agents; D010862:Pilocarpine; D013670:Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m; D000781:Anethole Trithione