title: Dose-dependent increase of saquinavir bioavailability by the pharmaceutic aid cremophor EL.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bioavailability of orally administered drugs depends on several factors including active excretion, e.g. by P-glycoprotein (PGP), and presystemic metabolism, e.g. by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A), in both gastrointestinal tract and liver. Many drugs including saquinavir are substrates of both PGP and CYP3A. It was the aim of this study to test whether the extremely low bioavailability of saquinavir can be increased dose-dependently in vivo by cremophor EL, an 'inactive' pharmaceutic aid known to inhibit PGP in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, four phase cross-over design single doses of oral saquinavir (Invirase, 600 mg, without food) were administered with increasing single doses of oral cremophor EL (up to 5000 mg) to eight healthy, male individuals. Saquinavir plasma concentrations were determined by LC/MS/MS up to 48 h after intake. Main outcome measures were area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC), peak concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (tmax) and terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cremophor EL dose-dependently increased Cmax, AUC(0,4 h), and AUC(0,infinity) of saquinavir. As compared with placebo, the increment observed after 5000 mg cremophor EL was 13-fold for both Cmax and AUC(0,4 h) and 5-fold for AUC(0,infinity). The terminal half-life and the time to reach Cmax (tmax) were unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cremophor EL increased the systemic availability of saquinavir without affecting its elimination suggesting that cremophor EL is not devoid of pharmacological action and acts as a modulator of the absorption process, probably by inhibiting intestinal PGP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine VI, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Bergheimer Strasse 58, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Meret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martin-Facklam
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burhenne
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fricker
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mikus
authors.forename: Ingeborg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Walter-Sack
authors.forename: Walter E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Haefeli
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005990:Glycerol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles / Q000494:pharmacology; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; C000515:cremophor EL; D019258:Saquinavir; D005990:Glycerol