title: [A new history of basal ganglia and physiopathology of Parkinson's disease].
abstract: The author analyzes basic and clinical experimental works of the last forty years and reaches the following conclusions: The motor system is an indivisible entity in which the basal ganglia are a key part. An important link in the history of the basal ganglia is the description by Llamas and Reinoso-Suárez in 1965 of connections from the substantia nigra compacta to the globus pallidus medialis and lateralis, and striatum through extremely thin, diffusely distributed fibers. They also described connections from the ventral tegmental area to the basal forebrain and the cerebral cortex. These connections are still not accepted one decade later. Rather than as cortico-basal ganglia-cortical parallel loops, the basal ganglia are actually structured as a widely distributed neuronal network with a great biochemical and connective variety. Basal ganglia intrinsic circuits have an important influential role in this network. Very varied brain structures influence basal ganglia neuronal network, mainly the cerebral cortex and the thalamic nuclei, essentially those that receive output from the basal ganglia. This complex organization provides the foundations for and elucidates the difficulty of explaining the pathophysiology of the clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease as well as illustrating the need for future multidisciplinary research on this topic.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reinoso Suárez
mesh_terms: D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
vernacular_title: Una nueva historia de los ganglios basales y la fisiopatología de la enfermedad de Parkinson.