title: Failure patterns of combined modality treatment in lung cancer: the impact of staging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may be treated with induction chemotherapy (IC) followed by surgery with curative intent. The impact of staging inaccuracies on the failure rate of this intensive combined modality treatment approach, i.e. non-curative chemotherapy and thoracotomy, requires further investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of a cohort of 38 consecutive NSCLC IIIA-N2 patients treated with IC followed by surgery were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical course strongly suggested that the standard diagnostic algorithm failed to demonstrate stage IV disease in 34% of the cases. Surgery instigated by CT-based response criteria at restaging after chemotherapy proved to be irradical in 70% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data confirm the limitations of the current work-up of patients with apparently locally advanced NSCLC. This applies to the selection of patients to be assigned to combined modality treatment as well as to the post-chemotherapy assessment of resectability. Improved (re)staging of these patients will enhance the efficiency of intervention trials and prevent patients from being exposed to intensive and toxic therapy from which they derive no benefit.
authors.affiliation: Free University Medical Centre, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rijna
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Van Mourik
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Postmus
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lammertsma
authors.forename: O S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009426:Netherlands; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017211:Treatment Failure