title: Prophylactic ephedrine prevents hypotension during spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery but does not improve neonatal outcome: a quantitative systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness and safety of ephedrine compared with control when given prophylactically to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled trials obtained through MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry, contact with leading experts, and a reference list of published articles were analyzed. The following keywords were utilized: spinal anesthesia, hypotension, Cesarean section, pregnancy complications, pregnancy outcome, fetal outcome, neonatal outcome, umbilical blood cord gases, vasopressor and ephedrine. Clinical trials were considered if they compared prophylactic ephedrine, given by any dose or route, vs control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 14 clinical trials identified included data from a total of 641 patients. Ephedrine was more effective than control for preventing hypotension (relative risk [RR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63 to 0.86). Most importantly, there was no difference in the risk of fetal acidosis, defined as umbilical arterial pH < 7.2 (RR, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.55 to 3.35) or the incidence of low Apgar scores (< 7 or < 8) at one minute (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.29 to 2.06) and five minutes (RR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.24 to 2.19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic ephedrine is more effective than control for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective Cesarean delivery but a clinically relevant positive effect on neonatal outcome was not observed. Therefore, the routine use of prophylactic ephedrine to prevent any adverse effects of maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery is not supported by the current systematic review.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Nt, Hong Kong, China. annalee@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Warwick D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Ngan Kee
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gin
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001034:Apgar Score; D002585:Cesarean Section; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016239:MEDLINE; D015233:Models, Statistical; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004809:Ephedrine