title: Progression to neuropsychological impairment in human immunodeficiency virus infection predicted by elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of human immunodeficiency virus RNA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  If cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA levels are elevated before the development of neuropsychological (NP) impairment, such an observation would support prospective monitoring of CSF HIV RNA levels as well as therapeutic interventions designed to lower CSF HIV levels.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether increased CSF HIV RNA levels at an earlier time predict subsequent progression to NP impairment in HIV-infected subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 139 subjects in a prospective cohort study. Comprehensive NP, neuromedical, and laboratory evaluations were performed at initial and follow-up visits at least 6 months apart. Human immunodeficiency virus RNA levels in plasma and CSF were measured with a commercially available, polymerase chain reaction-based assay. To assess the robustness of our findings, we analyzed changes in NP performance over time in 2 ways. First, we used masked clinical ratings of global NP performance to identify individuals who were initially NP normal, and then determined, in a similarly blinded fashion, which of these subjects subsequently became NP impaired. Second, in a separate analysis, we assessed change in subjects' raw scores on each of a series of NP test measures between baseline and follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among subjects who were not impaired at the initial visit, higher levels of HIV RNA in CSF significantly predicted progression to global NP impairment at the follow-up evaluation. Cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA levels outperformed other clinical and laboratory measures in predicting progression to NP impairment. Higher CSF HIV RNA levels were associated with worsening performance on tests of attention, learning, and motor function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because elevated CSF HIV RNA levels (>or=200 copies/mL) predict subsequent progression to NP impairment, monitoring of CSF viral load and therapy to reduce CSF HIV RNA levels may be clinically warranted, even if impairment is not identified at the time of lumbar puncture.
authors.affiliation: HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, 150 W Washington St, 2nd Floor, San Diego, CA 92103, USA. roellis@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Meredith E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Childers
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Letendre
authors.forename: J Allen
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCutchan
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wolfson
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hsia
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000378:metabolism*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000821:virology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral