title: Root and canal morphology of Thai maxillary molars.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the root and canal morphology of 268 maxillary permanent molars collected from an indigenous Thai population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cleaned teeth were accessed, the pulp dissolved by sodium hypochlorite under ultrasonication, and the pulp system injected with Indian ink. The teeth were rendered clear by demineralization and immersion in methyl salicylate. The following observations were made: (i) number of roots and their morphology; (ii) number of root canals per root; (iii) root-canal configuration in each root using Vertucci's classification with additional modifications; and (iv) presence and location of lateral canals and intercanal communications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the maxillary first and second molars had three separate roots. Only, half (51%) of the maxillary third molars had three separate roots; the other half had fused or conical roots. The majority of the distobuccal (98.1-100%) and palatal (100%) roots had type I canals. Over half of the mesiobuccal roots of first (65%) and second (55%) molars had two canals. The most common (44.2%) canal configuration in mesiobuccal roots of first molars was type IV (two canals, two foramina). A variety of canal types were found in the mesiobuccal roots of second molars. Maxillary third molars showed the greatest diversity of canal morphology. There was an increase in the prevalence of lateral canals towards the apical part of the roots and intercanal communications were present in 16% of each of first, second and third Thai maxillary molars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mesiobuccal roots of Thai maxillary molars possessed a variety of canal system types. Over 50% of the first molars had a second mesiobuccal canal. The palatal and distobuccal canals mainly had type I canals. Only, a small proportion (7.3-13.3%) of the roots exhibited lateral canals which were the most common in the apical third
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alavi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Opasanon
authors.forename: Y-L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gulabivala
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003648:Decalcification Technique; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000431:Ethanol; D005006:Ethnicity; D005404:Fixatives; D006801:Humans; D008437:Maxilla; D008963:Molar / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012459:Salicylates; D012997:Solvents; D013785:Thailand; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D005404:Fixatives; D012459:Salicylates; D012997:Solvents; C028433:chinese ink; D000431:Ethanol; D002244:Carbon; C033069:methyl salicylate