Protein kinase C and AKT/protein kinase B in CD4+ T-lymphocytes: new partners in TCR/CD28 signal integration.
T-cell biological responses appear to involve the complex interaction of T-cell surface receptors, intracellular signaling molecules and the cytoskeleton. Both the serine/threonine protein kinase families protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase B or RAC-PK (AKT/PKB) have been implicated in signal transmission leading to activation, differentiation as well as cellular survival of T-lymphocytes. The PKC gene family consists of nine diverse isotypes (PKC alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, xi, eta, theta; and iota), the AKT/PKB gene family includes three kinases (AKT1/PKB alpha, AKT2/PKB beta, AKT3/PKB gamma). Here, we attempt to summarize the regulation as well as downstream signaling pathways of PKC and AKT/PKB isotypes, that may act additive in TCR/CD28 induced proliferation and survival of peripheral CD4+ T-lymphocytes.
Bauer
Birgit
B
Institute for Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Schoepfstr. 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
Baier
Gottfried
G
D000818:Animals; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000276:immunology; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*
D018106:CD28 Antigens; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; C494921:AKT2 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011493:Protein Kinase C