title: Tracheobronchography and angiocardiography of paediatric cardiac patients with airway disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report our experience in combining tracheobronchography and angiocardiography in the assessment of a selected cohort of paediatric cardiac patients with problematic airway disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical records of 11 patients who underwent 17 studies at a median age of 5.5 months (range 3 months to 10.8 years) were reviewed. Tracheobronchography and angiocardiography were performed under general anaesthesia using a non-ionic contrast agent. The findings were compared with those of flexible bronchoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients had cardiac lesions associated with vascular anomalies potentially compressing the airway, while four had no identifiable aberrant or enlarged vessels. All examinations but one were performed without complications. Tracheobronchography demonstrated extrinsic vascular compression with secondary airway malacia in three (27%), intrinsic tracheobronchial stenosis in five (45%), and airway malacia in three patients (27%). Precise measurement of the airway calibre and real-time fluoroscopic monitoring facilitated transcatheter tracheobronchial interventions (six balloon dilations, three stent implantations) in four patients. In conjunction with angiocardiography, cine-tracheobronchography provided detailed information on the spatial relationship between vascular and airway structures in all patients; allowed dynamic assessment of airway malacia; and facilitated preoperative planning in six patients. In contrast, bronchoscopy failed to differentiate malacia from extrinsic compression in four patients (36%), while MRI, performed in six patients, was unsatisfactory in one due to a motion artefact and failed to diagnose airway malacia and extrinsic compression in three patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tracheobronchography is relatively safe in paediatric cardiac patients. Combined tracheobronchography and angiocardiography, a less operator-dependent imaging modality compared to bronchoscopy and MRI, delineated the airway and vascular anatomy in detail; facilitated preoperative planning; and permitted transcatheter tracheo-bronchial interventions. The dynamic capability of tracheobronchography supplements that of flexible bronchoscopy and MRI in the diagnosis of airway malacia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, University of Hong Kong, Grantham Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. xfcheung@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.forename: A K T
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.forename: H K Y
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Hui
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D001982:Bronchial Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001995:Bronchography / Q000379:methods*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity