Orf virus immuno-modulation and the host immune response.
Orf virus encodes a range of immuno-modulatory genes that interfere with host anti-virus immune and inflammatory effector mechanisms. The function of these reflects the pathogenesis of orf. The orf virus interferon resistance protein (OVIFNR) and virus IL-10 (vIL-10) inhibit interferon production and activity. In addition the vIL-10 suppresses inflammatory cytokine production by activated macrophages and keratinocytes. The virus GM-CSF inhibitory factor (GIF) is a novel virus protein that binds to and inhibits the biological activity of GM-CSF and IL-2. Together, these immuno-modulators target key effector mechanisms of host anti-virus immunity to allow time for virus replication in epidermal cells.
Haig
David M
DM
Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK. haigd@mri.sari.ac.uk
Thomson
Jackie
J
McInnes
Colin
C
McCaughan
Catherine
C
Imlach
Wendy
W
Mercer
Andrew
A
Fleming
Stephen
S
D000818:Animals; D004474:Ecthyma, Contagious / Q000276:immunology*; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000502:physiology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000235:genetics; D011212:Poxviridae / Q000276:immunology*; D012756:Sheep; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000502:physiology
D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D007376:Interleukin-2; D008222:Lymphokines; C112834:OV20.0L protein, Orf virus; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014764:Viral Proteins; D016753:Interleukin-10; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor