title: Rotavirus infections and development of diabetes-associated autoantibodies during the first 2 years of life.
abstract: Rotavirus, the most common cause of childhood gastroenteritis, has been implicated as one of the viral triggers of diabetes-associated autoimmunity. To study the possible association between rotavirus infections and the development of diabetes-associated autoantibodies, we measured the prevalence of rotavirus antibodies in serum samples collected at 3-6-month intervals up to the age of 2 years from 177 children selected from consecutive newborns because they carried HLA-DQB1 alleles associated with increased risk for type 1 diabetes. Twenty-nine of the children developed at least two of four diabetes-associated autoantibodies (ICA, IAA, GADA or IA-2A) during the first 2 years of life (the cases), whereas 148 children remained autoantibody-negative matched with the cases for date of birth, gender, living region and HLA-DQB1 alleles. The temporal association between the development of the first-appearing diabetes-associated autoantibody and rotavirus infections was studied by analysing whether the cases had a diagnostic increase in rotavirus antibody titre more often during the 6-month period that preceded seroconversion to autoantibody positivity than the controls. By the age of 12 months one of the 13 case children (7%), who had a serum sample drawn at that age and who had developed at least one type of diabetes-associated autoantibodies, had experienced a rotavirus infection, while 12 of the 61 (20%) autoantibody-negative control children had had a rotavirus infection. By 18 months, four of the 22 autoantibody-positive cases (18%) and 18 of the 89 controls (20%) had rotavirus antibodies, and by the age of 24 months the respective numbers were five of the 27 cases (19%) and 32 of the 113 (28%) controls. A rotavirus infection occurred during the 6 months preceding the sample which was positive for an autoantibody in four of the 25 periods (16%) for which both necessary samples were available, while the controls had a rotavirus infection during 55 of the 370-such periods (15%). Accordingly, our data suggest that rotavirus infections are unlikely triggers of beta-cell autoimmunity in young children with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: JDRF Center for Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes in Finland, Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland. miia.blomqvist@utu.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blomqvist
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Juhela
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erkkila
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kupila
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vaarala
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D002460:Cell Line; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000097:blood*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D001323:Autoantibodies; C096322:ICA512 autoantibody; D007527:Isoenzymes; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; C401141:glutamate decarboxylase 2