title: Estimation of intradermal disposition kinetics of drugs: II. Factors determining penetration of drugs from viable skin to muscular layer.
abstract: To develop a more efficient transdermal delivery system, it is very important to regulate the intradermal disposition of drugs after topical application. We tried to elucidate the factors determining the intradermal disposition kinetics, especially drug penetration from the viable skin to the muscular layer, mainly based on the six-compartment model, including the contralateral skin and muscle for ten model drugs with different physicochemical characteristics. In vivo transdermal absorption study was performed for six model drugs using the stripped-skin rats. The fitting analyses by the six-compartment model gave the theoretical curves describing the observed data very well and the reasonable pharmacokinetic parameters, showing the pharmacokinetic model should be useful for the estimation of the intradermal disposition kinetics of drugs applied topically again. The simulation study using the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained above could show the relative contribution of the direct penetration and the distribution from the systemic circulation to the muscular distribution of drugs. The largest contribution of direct penetration was observed for antipyrine (90.8%) and the smallest was for felbinac (43.3%). Among the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained above, the clearance from the viable skin to the muscle (CL(vs-m)) was found to be significantly correlated with the unbound fraction of drugs in the viable skin (fu(vs)). Although the clearance from the viable skin to the plasma (CL(vs-p)) also tended to increase as fu(vs) increased, the ratio of CL(vs-m) to CL(vs-p) was significantly correlated with fu(vs), meaning that the larger amount of unbound drug in the viable skin significantly contributes to the direct penetration into the muscle more than to the systemic absorption. On the other hand, k(direct) values obtained in in vitro penetration study-the penetration rate constant of drugs from the viable skin to the muscular layer-were found to be correlated with CL(vs-m) values for seven model drugs. Therefore, adding the in vitro experiments for the other three model drugs, the multiple linear regression analysis of k(direct) was performed for ten model drugs in terms of fu(vs), logarithm of the partition coefficient (Log P) and molecular weight. The results clearly showed the largest and significant contribution of fu(vs) to the direct penetration of drugs from the viable skin to the muscular layer, indicating that a drug with the higher value of fu(vs) in the viable skin can penetrate more into the muscular layer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.forename: Masahide
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asai
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suyama
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogawara
authors.forename: Toshikiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000983:Antipyrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D008970:Molecular Weight; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000983:Antipyrine