title: Can changes in sex hormone binding globulin predict the risk of venous thromboembolism with combined oral contraceptive pills?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have indicated that the risk of thromboembolic disease (VTE) in users of combined oral contraceptive pills (COCs) varies not only with estrogen dose, but also with the progestogen in pills with the same estrogen dose. The aim of this article is to discuss sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) as a marker of estrogenicity and as a surrogate indicator for the potential risk of VTE in users of COC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the literature, we investigated the relationship between the risk of VTE with various COCs and their effects on SHBG. We also collected data on the effects on SHBG by some combined preparations, where there are no VTE data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There appears to be a relationship between the risk of VTE and the effect on SHBG. Monophasic preparations containing levonorgestrel, having the lowest risk of VTE, cause an average SHBG increase of around 50%. COCs containing desogestrel or gestodene cause an average SHBG increase of 200-300%. A preparation with cyproterone acetate, carrying a higher risk of VTE than desogestrel and gestodene, cause a 300-400% SHBG increase. With the recently developed combined preparations, there is a 150% SHBG increase with norgestimate and a 250-300% increase with drosperinone and dienogest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that the change in SHBG with a COC could be interpreted as a measure of total estrogenicity and used as a predictor of the risk of VTE. Preparations containing drosperinone, dienogest, cyproterone acetate and norgestimate are equally or more estrogenic than the more thoroughly studied COCs, containing desogestrel or gestodene and should not be considered a safer substitute.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. viveca.odlind@uppsala.mail.telia.com
authors.forename: Viveca
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Odlind
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Milsom
authors.forename: Ingemar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Victor
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017373:Cyproterone Acetate; D017135:Desogestrel; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D009644:Norgestrel / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D009652:Norpregnenes; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D009652:Norpregnenes; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; C033273:Gestodene; D009644:Norgestrel; D017373:Cyproterone Acetate; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D017135:Desogestrel; C017576:norgestimate