title: Detailed anatomy of the intracranial segment of the hypoglossal nerve: neurovascular relationships and landmarks on magnetic resonance imaging sequences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The thin hypoglossal nerve can be very difficult to distinguish on magnetic resonance (MR) images. The authors used a combination of sequences to increase the reliability of MR imaging in its demonstration of the 12th cranial nerve as well as to assess the course of the nerve, display its relationships to adjacent vessels, and provide landmarks for evaluating the nerve in daily practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 34 volunteers (68 nerves) in whom a three-dimensional (3D) Fourier-transformation constructive interference in steady-state (CISS) sequence and a 3D T1-weighted contrast-enhanced magnetization-prepared rapid-acquisition gradient-echo (MPRAGE) sequence were applied. Two trained neuroradiologists collaboratively identified the hypoglossal trigone, preolivary sulcus, 12th cranial nerve, posterior inferior cerebellar artery, vertebral artery, 12th nerve root sleeve, and the hypoglossal canal on each side. The 3D CISS sequence successfully demonstrated the hypoglossal trigone (100% of images), 12th nerve root bundles (100% of images), and 12th nerve sleeves (88.2% of images). The canalicular segment was exhibited with the aid of plain 3D CISS sequences in 74% of images and by using contrast-enhanced 3D CISS sequences and contrast-enhanced MPRAGE sequences in 100% of images. The landmarks that proved useful to identify the cisternal segment of the 12th cranial nerve included the hypoglossal trigone, preolivary sulcus, and 12th nerve root sleeve. Neurovascular contact was identified in 61% of root bundles. The roots were distorted in 44% of these contacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The contrast-enhanced 3D CISS sequence consistently displayed the cisternal segment as well as the canalicular segments of the hypoglossal nerve and is, therefore, the best sequence to visualize the complete cranial course of this nerve. Landmarks such as the 12th nerve sleeves can assist in the identification of this nerve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Indra
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yousry
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moriggl
authors.forename: Urs D
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiesman
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fesl
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brückmann
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Naidich
authors.forename: Tarek A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Yousry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results