title: A novel Xenopus Smad-interacting forkhead transcription factor (XFast-3) cooperates with XFast-1 in regulating gastrulation movements.
abstract: In early Xenopus embryos, the prototypical XFast-1/Smad2/Smad4 complex ARF1 is induced at the Mix.2 ARE by activin overexpression. We have characterised ARF2, a related, but much more abundant, complex formed during gastrulation in response to endogenous TGFbeta family members and we have identified a novel Fast family member, XFast-3, as its transcription factor component. Endogenous ARF2 efficiently competes out ARF1 at early gastrulation, due to the ability of XFast-3 to interact with activated Smads with much higher affinity than XFast-1. We demonstrate that ARF1 and ARF2 are activated by distinct TGFbeta family members. Using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides to deplete levels of the constituent transcription factors XFast-1 and XFast-3 specifically, we demonstrate an important role for ARF1 and ARF2 in early Xenopus embryos in controlling the convergent extension movements of gastrulation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: Gareth J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Inman
authors.forename: Caroline S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D020823:ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors / Q000235:genetics; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D005775:Gastrula; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000235:genetics; D020218:Response Elements; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D051785:Smad Proteins; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014981:Xenopus / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C102067:FOXH1 protein, Xenopus; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C491117:Foxh1 protein, mouse; C118849:GDF3 protein, Xenopus; D006133:Growth Substances; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D051785:Smad Proteins; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497785:Smad2 protein, Xenopus; C497783:Smad2 protein, mouse; D051901:Smad4 Protein; C490810:Smad4 protein, mouse; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C103966:VegT protein, Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C460098:foxh1.2 protein, Xenopus; C490808:smad4.1 protein, Xenopus; C117263:smad4.2 protein, Xenopus; C116686:ARF2 protein, S cerevisiae; C486436:Arf2 protein, mouse; D020823:ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1; D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors