title: Theophylline inhibits NF-kappaB activation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Theophylline not only dilates the bronchi, but also modulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibits inflammation. Theophylline exerts an antiinflammatory effect on allergic inflammation through inhibition of NF-kappaB activation in mast cells. However, the action of theophylline on monocytes/macrophages and T cells is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined whether or not theophylline inhibits tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB, a factor that is essential for the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, in human monocytic U-937 cells, a T cell line (Jurkat) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The inhibitory effect of theophylline on TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation was evaluated by Western blotting, flow cytometry and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assaying. Expression of the IkappaBalpha protein was evaluated by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Western blotting demonstrated that theophylline inhibits NF-kappaB activation in U-937 and Jurkat cells and PBMC. Flow cytometry demonstrated that theophylline inhibits NF-kappaB activation in U-937 and Jurkat cells in a dose-related manner. CAT assaying indicated that NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression is inhibited in U-937 cells pretreated with theophylline. Western blotting of cytoplasmic extracts of U-937 cells revealed that this inhibition was linked to theophylline-induced preservation of expression of the IkappaBalpha protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with the idea that theophylline suppresses the production of proinflammatory cytokines via inhibition of NF-kappaB activation through preservation of the IkappaBalpha protein in monocytes/macrophages and T cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Umeda
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichiyama
authors.forename: Shunji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Tomoyo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furukawa
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000032:analysis; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013806:Theophylline / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013806:Theophylline; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase