title: The case of the monarch butterfly: a verdict is returned.
abstract: A publication reporting the harmful effects on the monarch butterfly of maize genetically modified to express insecticidal delta-endotoxins from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) caused much public interest. A series of ecologically based studies were subsequently carried out to evaluate rigorously the impact of pollen from such crops and to quantify the risks. The results demonstrated that the commercial large-scale cultivation of current Bt-maize hybrids did not pose a significant risk to the monarch population. Further studies also demonstrated that Bt-expressing crops posed little risk to other nontarget insects, including beneficial insects such as pollinators and natural enemies.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK NE1 7RU. a.m.r.gatehouse@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Angharad M R
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gatehouse
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ferry
authors.forename: Romaan J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Raemaekers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D002080:Butterflies / Q000187:drug effects; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D012449:Safety; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis