title: Skin toxicity due to intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head-and-neck carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the cause of acute skin toxicity observed in the treatment of head-and-neck cancer with extended-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy (EF-IMRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  EF-IMRT was used to treat head-and-neck cancer, with the gross target volume receiving 70 Gy and the clinical target volume 60 Gy. A thermoplastic mask covering the head, neck, and shoulder was used for immobilization. Dosimetric studies were conducted to investigate the possible causes of the skin reactions, such as the bolus effect of the mask, the use of multiple tangential beams with IMRT plans, and the way in which the physicians contoured the lymph nodes. The dose-volume histograms of conventional opposed-lateral fields were compared with that of the multiple tangential EF-IMRT fields. IMRT plans with neck nodes contoured up to and including the skin surface were compared with plans that contoured the neck nodes 5 mm away from the skin surface. In addition, IMRT plans defining the skin as a sensitive structure were compared with plans that did not define the skin as a sensitive structure. All plans were created using an anthropomorphic Rando phantom, and the skin doses were measured with and without the mask. In each measurement, 6 thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were placed at the lateral and medial surfaces of the neck.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all four plans, the measured skin doses with the mask were consistently higher than those without the mask. The average dose increase was about 18% owing to the bolus effect of the mask. Multiple tangential fields used in IMRT plans contributed to an increase in skin dose by about 19% and 27%, with and without the mask, respectively. If the skin of the neck was contoured as a sensitive structure for dose optimization, the volume of skin that received >45 Gy was further reduced by about 20%. Five patients immobilized with head and shoulder masks were treated with EF-IMRT plans with the neck nodes carefully delineated away from the skin surface. The neck skin was identified as a sensitive structure for dose optimization. Grade 1 toxicity was observed in 3 patients, Grade 2 in 1 patient, and Grade 3 in 1 patient toward the end of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple factors contributed to the observed acute skin reaction for head-and-neck cancer patients treated with EF-IMRT. By taking into consideration the skin as a sensitive structure during inverse planning, it was possible to reduce the skin dose to a tolerable level without compromising tumor target coverage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center, University of California-San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Jeanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Quivey
authors.forename: Theodore L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Akazawa
authors.forename: Lynn J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Verhey
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D008297:Male; D008397:Masks; D011855:Radiodermatitis / Q000209:etiology*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects*