title: Abatement of gas-condensate hydrocarbons in a natural wetland.
abstract: Results of a five-year research study on natural attenuation processes in a wetland, located downgradient of a sour gas processing plant in central Alberta, Canada, show that natural attenuation may present a favourable remedial solution. Both free-phase and dissolved phase condensate have been discharging to the wetland since 1984. This condensate is primarily composed of C5 to C12 hydrocarbons, including BTEX compounds. The condensate enters the base of the wetland at 1 m below ground surface, resulting in contamination of the wetland peat and underlying clay till. The lateral extent of contamination in the wetland has remained stable, and apparent free product thickness and BTEX concentrations have decreased over time. Sorption, aerobic biodegradation, volatilization, and anaerobic biodegradation were identified as active attenuation processes at this site. Sorption and desorption processes were evaluated by laboratory testing of site soils using 14C-benzene. Linear sorption coefficients (Kd) for the surface and subsurface peat were similar (4.48-4.62 l/kg), while the Kd for the underlying silt was 0.096 l/kg. The significantly higher Kd values for the peat are attributed to the peat's higher organic content (40%), relative to the clayey silt (1%). No significant resistance to desorption was observed, however, indicating that benzene would remain mobile and bioavailable over time. Aerobic biodegradation and volatilization appear to be the main removal processes. They are enhanced by a seasonal drop in the water level from surface down to 1 m depth, resulting in an aerobic unsaturated zone. Respiration testing in the peat indicates a significant aerobic biodegradation rate of 27 mg/kg/day, equating to an estimated hydrocarbon removal rate of 5 kg/day across the 3600 m2 plume area. Surface vapour measurements indicate hydrocarbon volatilization is occurring at a rate of 3 x 10(-4) kg/m2/day, equating to a mass removal of 1 kg/day across the plume. Anaerobic biodegradation is occurring primarily in the clayey silt, based on geochemical indicator parameters, microbial analyses, and soil vapour sampling. Overall, natural attenuation appears to be a feasible remedial solution for this wetland, by providing continued removal and degradation of condensate components before they reach the downgradient surface water receptor.
authors.affiliation: Komex International Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Headley
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Doucette
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D000077215:Clay; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D005740:Gases; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism*; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D005740:Gases; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D000077215:Clay