title: Evidences for vagus nerve in maintenance of immune balance and transmission of immune information from gut to brain in STM-infected rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether Salmonella Typhimurium (STM)in gastrointestinal tract can induce the functional activation of brain, whether the vagus nerve involves in signaling immune information from gastrointestinal tract to brain and how it influences the immune function under natural infection condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal model of gastrointestinal tract infection in the rat was established by an intubation of Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) into stomach to mimic the condition of natural bacteria infection. Subdiagphragmatic vagotomy was performed in some of the animals 28 days before infection. The changes of Fos expression visualized with immunohistochemistry technique in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and superaoptic nucleus (SON) were counted. Meanwhile, the percentage and the Mean Intensities of Fluorescent (MIFs) of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood were measured by using flow cytometry (FCM), and the pathological changes in ileum and mesenteric lymph node were observed in HE stained sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In bacteria-stimulated groups, inflammatory pathological changes were seen in ileum and mesenteric lymph node. The percentages of CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood were decreased from 42%+/-4.5% to 34%+/-4.9% (P<0.05) and MIFs of CD8+ T cells were also decreased from 2.9+/-0.39 to 2.1+/-0.36 (P<0.05) with STM stimulation. All of them proved that our STM-infection model was reliable. Fos immunoreactive (Fos-ir) cells in PVN and SON increased significantly with STM stimulation, from 189+/-41 to 467+/-62 (P<0.05) and from 64+/-21 to 282+/-47 (P<0.05) individually, which suggested that STM in gastrointestinal tract induced the functional activation of brain. Subdiagphragmatic vagotomy attenuated Fos expression in PVN and SON induced by STM, from 467+/-62 to 226+/-45 (P<0.05) and from 282+/-47 to 71+/-19 (P<0.05) individually, and restored the decreased percentages of CD4+ T cells induced by STM from 34%+/-4.9% to original level 44%+/-6.0% (P<0.05). In addition, subdiagphragmatic vagotomy itself also decreased the percentages of CD8+ T cells (from 28%+/-3.0% to 21%+/-5.9%, P<0.05) and MIFs of CD4+ (from 6.6+/-0.6 to 4.9+/-1.0, P<0.05) and CD8+ T cells (from 2.9+/-0.39 to 1.4+/-0.34, P<0.05). Both of them manifested the important role of vagus nerve in transmitting immune information from gut to brain and maintaining the immune balance of the organism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vagus nerve does involve in transmitting abdominal immune information into the brain in STM infection condition and play an important role in maintenance of the immune balance of the organism.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bai-Ren
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xi-Jing
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yu-Qiang
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Gong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ju
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology