title: Claudins create charge-selective channels in the paracellular pathway between epithelial cells.
abstract: Epithelia separate tissue spaces by regulating the passage of ions, solutes, and water through both the transcellular and paracellular pathways. Paracellular permeability is defined by intercellular tight junctions, which vary widely among tissues with respect to solute flux, electrical resistance, and ionic charge selectivity. To test the hypothesis that members of the claudin family of tight junction proteins create charge selectivity, we assessed the effect of reversing the charge of selected extracellular amino acids in two claudins using site-directed mutagenesis. Claudins were expressed in cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney cell monolayers under an inducible promoter, and clones were compared with and without induction for transmonolayer electrical resistance and dilution potentials. Expression and localization of claudins were determined by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. We observed that substituting a negative for a positive charge at position 65 in the first extracellular domain of claudin-4 increased paracellular Na+ permeability. Conversely, substituting positive for negative charges at three positions in the first extracellular domain of claudin-15, singly and in combination, reversed paracellular charge selectivity from a preference for Na+ to Cl-. These results support a model where claudins create charge-selective channels in the paracellular space.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. oscar.colegio@yale.edu
authors.forename: Oscar R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Colegio
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Van Itallie
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: McCrea
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rahner
authors.forename: James Melvin
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism; D062506:Claudin-4; D057167:Claudins; D004285:Dogs; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000502:physiology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000502:physiology; D010539:Permeability; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C568157:CLDN4 protein, human; D002712:Chlorides; D062506:Claudin-4; D057167:Claudins; D007473:Ion Channels; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C459596:claudin 15; D012964:Sodium