title: Treatment of partial lacerations in flexor tendons by trimming. A biomechanical in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of a partial laceration in zone 2 of a flexor tendon is controversial. The intact part of the tendon can usually sustain forces of normal unresisted motion, and repaired partially lacerated tendons can actually be weaker than unrepaired ones. However, complications such as triggering or entrapment have been reported in association with unrepaired tendons. The purpose of this study was to measure the biomechanical behavior following trimming of the tendon as an alternative to repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six flexor digitorum profundus tendons were harvested from sixteen unpaired fresh-frozen cadaveric human hands and were randomly assigned to be subjected to either 50% or 75% partial laceration, which was either lateral or volar, and were then assigned to no repair, repair with a running suture, or trimming. Mean and maximum gliding resistances were measured as the flexor digitorum profundus glided through the bone-A2 pulley complex and the flexor digitorum superficialis. Values were normalized to those measured in the intact tendon. The tendons were then distracted to failure, and maximum load and stiffness were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was triggering or entrapment of eight unrepaired tendons; two cases were severe, and six were minor. When no severe trigger was obvious, the unrepaired tendons had the lowest tendency for gliding resistance, followed by the tendons treated with trimming and then by those treated with the running suture. Overall, the tendons with a volar laceration had higher mean and maximum gliding resistance than those with a lateral laceration (p < 0.05), those with a 75% partial laceration had higher mean gliding resistance than those with a 50% laceration (p < 0.05), and the tendons that were repaired with running suture had higher mean gliding resistance than those treated with trimming (p < 0.05). Tendon strength was not significantly different among the three types of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the perspective of gliding resistance after partial tendon laceration, no repair appears necessary unless triggering is a problem. If triggering occurs, then trimming of a partially lacerated tendon may be a reliable alternative to repair, at least in terms of gliding resistance and strength.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Erhard
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Zobitz
authors.forename: Chunfeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Amadio
authors.forename: Kai-Nan
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: An
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D003646:Debridement / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D022125:Lacerations / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011336:Probability; D011897:Random Allocation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D013718:Tensile Strength