title: Effect of salt and water balance on recovery of gastrointestinal function after elective colonic resection: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low concentrations of albumin in serum and long gastric emptying times have been returned to normal in dogs by salt and water restriction, or a high protein intake. We aimed to determine the effect of salt and water balance on recovery of gastrointestinal function after elective colonic resection in human beings.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly allocated ten patients to receive postoperative intravenous fluids in accordance present hospital practice (> or = 3 L water and 154 mmol sodium per day) and ten to receive a restricted intake (< or = 2 L water and 77 mmol sodium per day). All patients had no disease other than colonic cancer. The primary endpoint was solid and liquid-phase gastric emptying time, measured by dual isotope radionuclide scintigraphy on the fourth postoperative day. Secondary endpoints included time to first bowel movement and length of postoperative hospital stay. Analysis was by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median solid and liquid phase gastric emptying times (T(50)) on the fourth postoperative day were significantly longer in the standard group than in the restricted group (175 vs 72.5 min, difference 56 [95% CI 12-132], p=0.028; and 110 vs 73.5 min, 52 [9-95], p=0.017, respectively). Median passage of flatus was 1 day later (4 vs 3 days, 2 [1-2], p=0.001); median passage of stool 2.5 days later (6.5 vs 4 days, 3 [2-4], p=0.001); and median postoperative hospital stay 3 days longer (9 vs 6 days, 3 [1-8], p=0.001) in the standard group than in the restricted group. One patient in the restricted group developed hypokalaemia, whereas seven patients in the standard group had side-effects or complications (p=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positive salt and water balance sufficient to cause a 3 kg weight gain after surgery delays return of gastrointestinal function and prolongs hospital stay in patients undergoing elective colonic resection.
authors.affiliation: Section of Surgery, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK. dileep.lobo@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Dileep N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.forename: Kate A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bostock
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: Alan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Rowlands
authors.forename: Simon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Allison
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001835:Body Weight; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects*; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D014867:Water / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D012709:Serum Albumin; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D014867:Water; D014508:Urea