Occupational versus environmental and lifestyle exposures of children and adolescents in the European Union.
There is recent international concern about specific exposures of children and adolescents to toxicants. In general, the situation within the European Union appears as follows. (i) OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE: Due to regulatory measures, there are almost no toxicologically significant occupational exposure situations of children to chemical toxicants. This contrasts to the situation in developing countries. There is also strict regulation of occupational exposure of adolescents (aged under 18). In consequence, the number of potentially exposed adolescents has been minimised. (ii) ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE: Specific concern is directed towards exposures of infants, especially to neurotoxic heavy metals and carcinogens, and there is much regional differentiation of environmental exposures. (iii) FOOD: Recent research results are indicative of the general progress made in the field of food safety. (iv) INCIDENTAL ACUTE EXPOSURE: Besides drugs, household chemicals are a source of incidental acute intoxications in children. In Germany, there has been a particular focus on ingestion of lamp petroleum oils since 1989. (v)
Paramount problems are associated with increasing consumption of tobacco (mean age of starting smoking in Germany: 13.6 years), alcohol (percentage of addicts at ages 12-24 in Germany 6%) and cannabis among adolescents, calling for new ways of risk communication. In general, it will be necessary to consider children of different ages as separate risk groups.
Bolt
Hermann M
HM
Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie an der Universität Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, Germany. bolt@ifado.de
D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005062:European Union; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000032:analysis*
D013287:Illicit Drugs; D015262:Xenobiotics