title: Is abnormal focal steepening of the cornea related to persistent monocular diplopia?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some case reports have shown that abnormal focal steepening of the cornea appears to cause monocular diplopia by prismatic effect. The purpose of this study was to ascertain prospectively if the pattern of corneal distortion was related specifically to persistent monocular diplopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected 16 visually normal eyes (controls) and two groups of volunteers in which abnormal focal steepening of the cornea was expected to be found: 40 eyes of 20 volunteers who wore rigid gas-permeable contact lenses (RGP) for myopia and 10 eyes of seven patients with keratoconus. New charts that consisted of white dials on a black background were prepared for detection and measurement of secondary images. Any secondary image that could not be eliminated by any trial lens correction was defined as a persistent secondary image, using the charts. Corneal topography from all subjects was classified: round or oval, symmetric or asymmetric bowtie, abnormal focal steepening accompanied by contact lens-induced corneal warpage or keratoconus, or amorphous. We analyzed the relationship between the persistent secondary image and the corneal topographical patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A persistent secondary image was detected from seven eyes of RGP wearers and all keratoconus eyes. All corneal topographies of the seven RGP eyes with a persistent secondary image showed abnormal focal steepening related to contact lens-induced corneal warpage. The direction of the persistent secondary image was approximately consistent with the location of the focal steepening as seen on the corneal topography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal focal steepening of the cornea that appeared to produce a prismatic difference between two parts of the cornea was specifically related to persistent monocular diplopia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan. ktakei@md.tsukuba.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takei
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003261:Contact Lenses; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology*; D019781:Corneal Topography; D004172:Diplopia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007640:Keratoconus / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology