title: Congenital bowing of long bones: prenatal ultrasound findings and diagnostic dilemmas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bowing of the long bones can be easily detected on antenatal ultrasound screening, but it is a nonspecific sign that can be associated with a variety of conditions, each denoting a different prognosis. Among these conditions, three well-differentiated bone dysplasias share bowed long bones as a main clinical manifestation. Campomelic dysplasia and Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome are characterized by a poor prognosis. Conversely, the overall prognosis of children affected with kyphomelic dysplasia is good, the intelligence and motor development are normal and the radiological abnormalities tend to improve and regress with age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a case of prenatal detection of short and bowed femora at the 22nd week of gestation. Careful US examination as well as in utero X-ray of the skeleton allowed the exclusion of campomelic dysplasia. In the absence of an unambiguous diagnosis, the pregnancy was continued. At birth, the child presented with clinical and radiological features consistent with a diagnosis of kyphomelic dysplasia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case illustrates the difficulties in making an accurate diagnosis and consequently giving a prognosis when isolated femoral bowing is found on fetal ultrasound examination.
authors.affiliation: Centre de diagnostic prénatal, Département de Génétique médicale, Hôpital d'Enfants de la Timone, Assistance publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, F-13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farra
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piquet
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guillaume
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: D'Ercole
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Philip
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000328:Adult; D001848:Bone Diseases, Developmental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal