title: Women in the Persian Gulf: lack of gender differences in long-term health effects of service in United Kingdom Armed Forces in the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
abstract: A cross-sectional postal survey was conducted to evaluate the health of a random sample of United Kingdom Armed Forces personnel who were deployed to the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf conflict compared with nondeployed controls and controls deployed to Bosnia. The health of service women was examined and compared with that of United Kingdom service men. The main outcome measures were physical symptoms and ailments, functional capacity on the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey, the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention multisymptom criteria for Gulf War illness, and post-traumatic stress reactions. There were 645 (65.3%) valid responses. The women from the Gulf cohort reported each symptom and the majority of health outcomes more frequently than either control group. No gender differences were found for 32 of the 50 symptoms assessed. Of the remaining 18 symptoms, women reported significantly more than men for only 6 of them, and there were no gender differences in 5 of the 6 principal health outcome measures. Women deployed to the Persian Gulf had similar rates of ill health as their male counterparts. Nothing was found to suggest that, other than for gender-specific health effects, any special considerations need to be made on health grounds for service women in any future deployments.
authors.affiliation: Gulf War Research Unit, Guy's King's and St. Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Unwin
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hotopf
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: Khalida
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wessely
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017522:Bosnia and Herzegovina; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008877:Middle East; D012737:Sex Factors; D006113:United Kingdom; D014728:Veterans; D014857:Warfare