title: Protective effect of ketoprofen lysine salt on interleukin-1beta and bradykinin induced inflammatory changes in hamster cheek pouch microcirculation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of topically applied ketoprofen lysine salt (KLS), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, against the inflammatory changes induced by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and bradykinin (BK) in hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. In addition, we characterised the pharmacological regulation of IL-1beta activity in this model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Syrian hamsters were used. Microcirculation was visualised by fluorescent microscopy. Leukocyte adhesion, permeability, perfused capillary length (PCL) and capillary red blood cell (RBC) velocity were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  KLS (25 microg/ml/min to 1.6 mg/ml/min) was topically applied for 3 min before topically administered IL-1beta (1microg/ml) and BK (10(-4) M). Monoclonal anti-mouse IL-1beta receptor antagonist (200 ng/ml), BK-B2 receptor antagonist (10(-6) M), PAF inhibitor (10(-5) M) and cycloheximide (10 microg/ml) were added topically 15, 10, 15 and 60 min, respectively, before IL-1beta (1 microg/ml).
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-1beta caused a significant increase in microvascular permeability, a decrease in capillary RBC velocity followed by increased leukocyte adhesion in postcapillary venules. BK caused a marked increase in leukocyte adhesion and no decrease in PCL and RBC velocity. Treatment with KLS significantly inhibited both the leukocyte adhesion and microvascular leakage induced by the two mediators. The inflammatory effects induced by IL-1beta were reduced by blockade of IL-1beta receptors and by a BK-B2 receptor antagonist but were not affected by a PAF antagonist and protein synthesis inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that KLS is effective in preventing early inflammatory changes induced by both IL-1beta and BK in the capillary network. Prostaglandin release and BK are essential components for IL-beta mediated responses, whereas neither PAF nor new protein synthesis appear to be linked to the early inflammatory changes induced by IL-1beta.
authors.affiliation: Dompé s.p.a., Medical Department, Milano, Italy. daffonchio.luisa@dompe.it
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Daffonchio
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Novellini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bertuglia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D065168:Bradykinin Receptor Antagonists; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D006224:Cricetinae; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology*; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D043782:Receptor, Bradykinin B2; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D065168:Bradykinin Receptor Antagonists; D007375:Interleukin-1; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D043782:Receptor, Bradykinin B2; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; C039351:platelet activating factor receptor; C029946:ketoprofen lysine; D007660:Ketoprofen; D008239:Lysine; D001920:Bradykinin