title: Sex hormone suppression by intrathecal opioids: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sexual dysfunction and low testosterone levels have been observed previously in males with chronic noncancer pain treated with intrathecal opioids. To investigate the hypothesis that intrathecal opioids suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, a prospective nonrandomized investigation of the function of this axis was undertaken.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten males with chronic noncancer pain were evaluated for clinical and biochemical evidence of hypogonadism at baseline and during the first twelve weeks of intrathecal opioid therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrathecal opioid administration resulted in a significant (p <0.0001) reduction in serum testosterone, from 7.7 +/- 1.1 (mean +/- SEM) nmol/L at baseline to 2.0 +/- 0.7, 2.8 +/- 0.5, and 4.0 +/- 0.9 nmol/L at 1, 4, and 12 weeks, respectively. This was associated with a reduction in libido and potency. Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels remained within reference ranges, indicating central rather than peripheral suppression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of intrathecal opioids may result in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. As part of the consent for therapy process, patients should be informed about this effect and its management. With long-term intrathecal opioid administration, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis should be monitored. Where indicated, testosterone replacement should be undertaken to improve sexual function and prevent the potential metabolic effects of hypogonadism, in particular, osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: Western Australian Pain Management Centre, Department of Anesthesia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia, Australia. lindyr@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Lindy J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Phillip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Finch
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Pullan
authors.forename: Chotoo I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Bhagat
authors.forename: Leanne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000187:drug effects; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000187:drug effects; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007989:Libido / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013739:Testosterone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D009294:Narcotics; D013739:Testosterone