title: Contamination of water supplies with Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia and diarrheal illness in selected Russian cities.
abstract: Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia are important agents of waterborne diarrheal illness worldwide. While giardiasis is routinely diagnosed in Russia with a chemical staining technique, data on the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis are scarce. Monitoring of the respective parasites in water supplies in Russia is very limited. A health survey conducted in the city of Cherepovets and three other cities in the European part of Russia using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) demonstrated that 6.9% of diarrheal patients tested had C. parvum antigens in their fecal samples; 9.4% had G. lamblia antigens. A survey of occurrence of these parasites in water supplies in Cherepovets and seven other cities demonstrated that source and finished water samples from several of these cities were contaminated with either C. parvum oocysts or G. lamblia cysts. The surveys were not designed to assess associations between presence or concentrations of C. parvum and G. lamblia in water and related gastrointestinal diseases in exposed populations. Rather, the goals were to demonstrate the presence of disinfection-resistant protozoan parasites in untreated and treated waters, and the importance of these pathogens as causative agents of diarrheal illnesses in a number of Russian cities.
authors.affiliation: Tufts School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, 136 Harrison Avenue, M&V 1, Room 119, Boston, MA 02111, USA. andrey.egorov@tufts.edu
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Egorov
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paulauskis
authors.forename: Lubov
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Petrova
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tereschenko
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Drizhd
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000032:analysis; D002947:Cities; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000209:etiology*; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health; D014505:Urban Population; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan