title: Where have all the young girls gone or where do all the men come from? Change and lack of change in demographic characteristics of the norwegian heroin user population.
abstract: A rough estimate indicates that women amount to one third of the heroin user population in Norway. However, among the youngest users females account and have accounted for a larger proportion. Given this greater representation of females in the younger age groups one would expect that the gender difference in the general population of users would be reduced over time due to a cohort effect. However, the ratio of male to female users has remained stable. The prevailing explanation for this stability is based on the claim that women are more likely to overcome their abuse. This paper addresses both the basis for the assumption of a missing cohort effect and examines an alternative explanation linked to the way into abuse rather than the way out. The study primarily draws upon two distinct data sources. The first body of material consists of interviews carried out in the period 1993-1997 with people attending the only needle exchange service in Oslo. The second data source consists of police records, which provide the number of persons arrested each year in the period 1984-1997 for using, possessing or selling heroin distributed by age and gender. We find that the age of injection debut has increased and that this is especially true for male users. Applying a simple quantitative model, the effect a change in recruitment may have on the male-to-female ratio is analysed. The results indicate that a higher debut age may have contributed to stabilizing the gender gap. The finding suggests that more research is needed on the conditions of recruitment in order to better predict the future population demographics and to avoid hasty and incorrect conclusions.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research, Oslo, Norway. eo@sirus.no
authors.forename: Elnar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ødegård
authors.forename: Anne Line
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bretteville-Jensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*