title: Association between bispectral analysis and level of conscious sedation of pediatric dental patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This preliminary investigation evaluated the associations among multiple factors designed to measure depth of sedation, such as changes in the patient's electroencephalogram (EEG) via a bispectral analysis (BIS), other physiological variables, observed behaviors and clinical assessment of sedation levels consistent with the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) sedation guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four healthy pediatric patients between three to six years of age were enrolled in this institutionally approved study. All children required dental restorations and were uncooperative. The children received a routine oral sedation regimen used in our clinic consisting of chloral hydrate, meperidine, and hydroxyzine that varied in dose for each child. Intraoperatively, nitrous oxide/oxygen was also administered. Physiological variables including oxygen saturation, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded in compliance with AAPD sedation guidelines. The behavior and levels of sedation consistent with AAPD guidelines were also recorded. The BIS monitor was used to obtain EEG information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Useful data were recorded from 21 patients. The mean age and weight of the children were 46.1 +/- 10 months and 16.1 +/- 5 kgs, respectively. The results show a significant association between observed patient behavior and the AAPD levels of sedation (chi2 = 105.1, df = 6, P< 0.0001), between levels of sedation and behavior as a function of 12 time-oriented periods during treatment, (chi2=41.90, df=22, P<0.005 and chi2=48.0, df=33, P=0.04, respectively) and between BIS readings as a function of both level of sedation and behavior (chi2=105.1, df=6, P<0.001 and chi2=28.5, df = 18, P< 0.05, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appears to be a significant association between observed patient behaviors during sedation and levels of sedation as measured by BIS and AAPD sedation guidelines. The study also showed that, under treatment conditions used in this study, BIS does not appear to be a more valid means of monitoring sedation depth than the current commonly accepted methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University and Columbus Children 's Hospital, USA.
authors.forename: Zdzislaw Christopher
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Religa
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Stephen I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Ganzberg
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Casamassimo
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002697:Chloral Hydrate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006339:Heart Rate; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006919:Hydroxyzine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009294:Narcotics; D006919:Hydroxyzine; D002697:Chloral Hydrate; D008614:Meperidine; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D010100:Oxygen