title: Nocturnal enuresis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to highlight and comment upon important areas of enuresis research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current areas of pathophysiological focus are nocturnal urine production, in which alternative mechanisms other than deficient vasopressin secretion has been implicated in some patients. Bladder reservoir function has gained renewed interest, and has proved to be one of the best predictors of treatment response to desmopressin. Various aspects of central nervous system function, including arousability and pontine reflexes, are in focus, and molecular genetics has provided firm evidence of a link between enuresis and different chromosomal markers. The therapeutic focus is directed towards a differential approach based upon the underlying mechanism and towards combination therapies such as alarm devices and desmopressin as well as anticholinergic agents and desmopressin. Furthermore, new exciting treatment concepts such as laser acupuncture have shown promising results in initial studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite recent advances in our understanding of nocturnal enuresis, we are still far from understanding in detail this socially discomfiting and scientifically intriguing condition, and many controversies remain. However, the substantiation that enuresis is a heterogeneous condition that requires a differential approach has provided the basis for further progress.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby Section, Denmark. jcd@iekf.au.dk
authors.forename: Jens C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Djurhuus
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rittig
mesh_terms: D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000378:metabolism; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004775:Enuresis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics
chemical_list: D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin