title: Lack of effectiveness of short-term intravenous micronutrient nutrition in restoring plasma antioxidant status after surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many patients recovering from surgery may be in a state of negative antioxidant balance. For those whose postoperative nutritional requirements are provided intravenously, this may not be adequate for antioxidant repletion. This study was undertaken to assess the total antioxidant status of these patients peri-operatively and prior to beginning intravenous nutrition (IVN), and to determine the adequacy of IVN, including daily micronutrients, in maintaining or restoring antioxidant status in the post-operative period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma total antioxidant status (TAS) was measured in 30 patients who were fed by standard IVN following surgery. Additionally, the 'antioxidant gap' (AOG, a measure of the contribution of antioxidants other than albumin and urate) was calculated. Blood samples were taken on beginning IVN and daily for the duration of IVN, which lasted for up to 26 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior to IVN, 20 of the 30 patients had a plasma TAS below the reference range and 15 of these 20 remained deficient even after IVN of up to 19 days. A further 3 patients became deficient whilst on IVN. When the group of patients who were deficient was compared with the group who were not, it was found that this difference was predominantly due to a difference in the AOG, (518 (115) v 709 (68) micromol/L (mean (SD)), P<0.0001). The groups did not differ in terms of age, C-reactive protein level, duration of IVN or daily thiol intake/Kg body weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The difference in the gap antioxidants was thought to be due to their utilization in opposing the extra oxidative burden of surgery. Consideration of the antioxidant provision of standard IVN, principally the thiol-containing amino acids, ascorbate, alpha -tocopherol and trace elements suggests that this is insufficient to counter the sum of the pre-existing oxidative stress and the additional oxidative burden imposed by the surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Royal Liverpool University Hospitals, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baines
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shenkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D011182:Postoperative Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018977:Micronutrients