title: Postoperative mediastinitis in cardiac surgery - microbiology and pathogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During 1992-2000, postoperative mediastinitis developed after 126 (1.32%) of 9557 consecutive cardiac surgery procedures. The study was done to describe the variation in clinical characteristics and microbiological etiology in mediastinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 126 cases of postoperative mediastinitis were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median time from operation to the development of mediastinitis was 7 days. Sternal dehiscence was seen in 86 patients (68%). Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) were isolated in 46% of the cases with a verified microbiological etiology, Staphylococcus aureus in 26% and gram-negative bacteria in 18%. CNS were more frequently isolated in patients with sternal dehiscence (44/80, 55%) than in patients with stable sternum (10/38, 26%) (P=0.003). However, S. aureus was more frequent in patients with stable sternum (18/38, 47%) than in patients with sternal dehiscence (13/80, 16%) (P<0.001). High body mass index was associated with coagulase negative staphylococci (P<0.001) and with sternal dehiscence (P=0.008). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was also associated with sternal dehiscence (P<0.001) and with coagulase negative staphylococci (P=0.04). Patients who had been reoperated before onset of mediastinitis tended to have an increased risk for a gram-negative etiology (32 vs. 15% in patients not reoperated, P=0.06). The overall 90-day all cause mortality in patients with mediastinitis was 19%. High age, need for reoperation before mediastinitis, and a long primary operation time was associated with increased mortality (P=0.02, P=0.007 and P=0.001, respectively). No specific bacterial etiology was associated with increased mortality nor was the presence of bacteriemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three different types of postoperative mediastinitis can be distinguished: (1) mediastinitis associated with obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and sternal dehiscence, typically caused by coagulase negative staphylococci; (2) mediastinitis following peroperative contamination of the mediastinal space, often caused by S. aureus, and (3) mediastinitis mainly caused by spread from concomitant infections in other sites during the postoperative period, often caused by gram negative rods. The proposed classification of mediastinitis into three groups with different pathogenic mechanisms may be useful in understanding which prophylactic counter measures have the potentials to be effective in a given situation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. bengt.gardlund@ks.se
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gårdlund
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Bitkover
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vaage
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008480:Mediastinitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012086:Reoperation; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013529:Surgical Wound Dehiscence / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*