title: Surface analysis of anodic oxide films containing phosphorus on titanium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of phosphoric acid solution on the anodic oxide film of titanium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Commercially pure grade 2 titanium specimens were prepared and anodized in phosphoric acid solution at a constant current density (70 A/m2). Specimens were evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis, electron probe microanalysis, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, profilometry, and atomic force microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anodic oxide film was observed to consist of a porous or non-uniform layer and a dense or uniform layer. X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive spectroscopic analyses indicated that the film consisted of a mixture of anatase and amorphous oxide, with the incorporation of phosphorus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degree of oxide crystallinity was observed to increase with an increase in voltage but decreased as the electrolyte concentration was increased. In addition, the concentration of phosphorus also increased as the electrolyte concentration and voltage increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrolyte concentration and voltage play an important role in governing the anodic oxide thickness, composition, and degree of oxide crystallinity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterials Research and Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: Xiaolong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Kyohan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joo L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Yongsoo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jeong
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D003460:Crystallization; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000737:chemistry; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006801:Humans; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D017553:Phosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004573:Electrolytes; D010087:Oxides; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D017553:Phosphorus Compounds; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium