title: Elevated expression of interleukin-9 mRNA in the bronchial mucosa of atopic asthmatics and allergen-induced cutaneous late-phase reaction: relationships to eosinophils, mast cells and T lymphocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interleukin-9 is a T cell-derived Th2-type cytokine that has been linked to airway hyper-responsiveness, mucus hypersecretion and mast cell infiltration in animal models. We recently demonstrated the potential for IL-9 to act in human eosinophil development and survival.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were: (i) to compare IL-9 mRNA expression in bronchial biopsies between atopic asthmatics and normal controls, (ii) to investigate kinetic expression of IL-9 mRNA in skin biopsies after allergen challenge; and (iii) to relate IL-9 expression to infiltration of eosinophils, mast cell and T lymphocytes in local tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bronchial biopsies were obtained from atopic asthmatics (n = 12) and normal non-asthmatics (n = 12) at baseline. Skin biopsies were obtained from atopic subjects (n = 11) at 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after allergen challenge. Diluent challenge sites at 24 h were used as controls. IL-9 mRNA was identified using the technique of in situ hybridization. The numbers of eosinophils, mast cells and T cells were evaluated by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The numbers of IL-9 mRNA(+) cells present in the bronchial mucosa were significantly greater in atopic asthmatics than those in normal controls (P = 0.003). The numbers of eosinophils, but not mast cells, were also significantly higher in asthmatics (P < 0.005). The numbers of IL-9 mRNA(+) cells present in the airway of asthmatics significantly correlated with the numbers of eosinophils (r = 0.623, P = 0.03), but not mast cells or T cells. Compared with diluent challenge, the numbers of IL-9 mRNA(+) cells were significantly elevated at all allergen-challenged sites in the skin, with maximal signals at 48 h (P < 0.005). At 72 h, the numbers of IL-9 mRNA(+) cells significantly correlated with the numbers of eosinophils (r = 0.707, P = 0.015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated expression of IL-9 in allergic inflammation may contribute to local eosinophil infiltration and survival in asthma and other allergic atopic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000235:genetics*; D001706:Biopsy; D001980:Bronchi / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000235:genetics*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D016906:Interleukin-9 / Q000235:genetics*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D016906:Interleukin-9; D012333:RNA, Messenger