title: Effects of structural rearrangements on the rheology of rennet-induced casein particle gels.
abstract: During ageing of casein or skim milk gels, structural changes take place that affect gel parameters, such as pore size and storage modulus. These changes can be explained in terms of rearrangements of the gel network at various length scales. In this paper, rheological experiments on rennet-induced casein gels and a general model on rearrangements are presented. The results of experiments (e.g. microscopy, permeametry) and computer simulations, the model, and recent literature on casein gels and other types of particle gels are compared to each other. Experiments presented include measurements of storage and loss moduli and maximum linear strain of the casein gels. Parameters varied were pH (5.3 and 6.65) and temperature (25 and 30 degrees C). In addition, the casein volume fraction (5-9 vol.%) was varied, which enables application of fractal scaling models. For rennet-induced casein gels, it is demonstrated that at the lower pH, all types of rearrangements proceed significantly faster. The rearrangements include: an increase in the size of compact building blocks; partial disappearance of fractal structure; and the formation of straightened strands, some of which eventually break. All of these rearrangements seem to be a consequence of particle fusion. There are indications of universality of the relation between particle fusion and gel syneresis for gels composed of viscoelastic particles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mellema
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Walstra
authors.forename: J H J
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van Opheusden
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Vliet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002364:Caseins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle; D012085:Chymosin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020285:Cryoelectron Microscopy; D004548:Elasticity; D017709:Fractals; D005782:Gels; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D010316:Particle Size; D012212:Rheology; D013696:Temperature; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D005782:Gels; C025350:rennet; D012085:Chymosin