title: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: prognostic utility of quantitative diffusion-weighted MR images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The recently described posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) classically consists of reversible vasogenic edema in the posterior circulation territories, although conversion to irreversible cytotoxic edema has been described. We hypothesized that the extent of edema has prognostic implications and that diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) can help predict the progression to infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two patients with PRES and 18 control subjects were examined with isotropic DWI. Nineteen regions of interest (ROIs) were systematically placed, and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were computed and correlated with T2 and DWI signal intensity in each ROI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T2 signal abnormalities were always present in territories of the posterior circulation. Anterior circulation structures were involved in 91% of patients. ADC values in areas of abnormal T2 signal were high. More extensive T2 signal abnormalities were seen in patients with a poor outcome than in patients who recovered. In six patients (27%), areas of high DWI signal intensity were seen with ADC values that were paradoxically normal, which we called pseudonormalized. Abnormal T2 signal intensity and high ADC values surrounded these areas. Follow-up images in two patients showed progression to infarction in pseudonormalized regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vasogenic edema in PRES involves predominantly the posterior circulation territories, but anterior circulation structures are also frequently involved. The extent of combined T2 and DWI signal abnormalities correlate with patient outcome. High DWI signal intensity and pseudonormalized ADC values are associated with cerebral infarction and may represent the earliest sign of nonreversibility as severe vasogenic edema progresses to cytotoxic edema.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Diego J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Covarrubias
authors.forename: Patrick H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Luetmer
authors.forename: Norbert G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Campeau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004058:Diffusion; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome