title: Lymphoscintigraphy in patients with primary rectal cancer: the role of total mesorectal excision for primary rectal cancer--a lymphoscintigraphic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Total mesorectal excision based operations is the gold standard of care in patients with middle and lower rectal cancer, but the extent of resection varies widely. In our view, extended lymphadenectomy is unnecessary with precise total mesorectal excision, i.e., anatomically correct and sharp surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with primary rectal cancer underwent rectal lymphoscintigraphy 1 day prior continence-preserving anterior resection with total mesorectal excision. The specimens were examined for integrity by postoperative angiography of the superior rectal artery in anteroposterior and lateral views.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients had only mesorectal lymph nodes, and four had additional extramesorectal iliac lymph nodes. The labeled lymph nodes were identified and removed perioperatively using a gamma probe. Activity was measured again in the preparations outside the situs. Histological examination showed tumor-free lymph nodes only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymph vessels can be divided anatomically into visceral and somatic, and detection of extramesorectal lymph nodes does not call for lateral lymphadenectomy. Primary rectal cancer confined to the organ metastasizes within the mesorectum and does not invade extraregional lymph nodes. The mesorectum is the major visceral route for caudocranial metastatic spread.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany. post@sterk-medic.de
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sterk
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jochims
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stelzner
authors.forename: Hans Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Bruch
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Markert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008646:Mesocolon / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity