title: High-dose, high-precision treatment options for boosting cancer of the nasopharynx.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study is to define the role and type of high-dose, high-precision radiation therapy for boosting early staged T1,2a, but in particular locally advanced, T2b-4, nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-one patients with primary stage I-IVB NPC, were treated between 1991 and 2000 with 60-70Gy external beam radiation therapy (ERT) followed by 11-18Gy endocavitary brachytherapy (ECBT) boost. In 1996, for stage III-IVB disease, cisplatinum (CDDP)-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CHT) was introduced per protocol. Patients were analyzed for local control and overall survival. For a subset of 18 patients, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan at 46Gy was obtained. After matching with pre-treatment computed tomogram, patients (response) were graded into four categories; i.e. LD (T1,2a, with limited disease, i.e. disease confined to nasopharynx), LRD (T2b, with limited residual disease), ERD (T2b, with extensive residual disease), or patients initially diagnosed with T3,4 tumors. Dose distributions for ECBT (Plato-BPS v. 13.3, Nucletron) were compared to parallel-opposed three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (Cadplan, Varian Dosetek v. 3.1), intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) (Helios, Varian) and stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) (X-plan, Radionics v. 2.02).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For stage T1,2N0,1 tumors, at 2 years local control of 96% and overall survival of 80% were observed. For the poorest subset of patients, well/moderate/poorly differentiated T3,4 tumors, local control and overall survival at 2 years with CHT were 67 and 67%, respectively, vs. local control of 20% and overall survival of 12% without CHT. For LD and LRD, conformal target coverage and optimal sparing can be obtained with brachytherapy. For T2b-ERD and T3,4 tumors, these planning goals are better achieved with SRT and/or IMRT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dosimetric findings, ease of application of the brachytherapy procedure, and the clinical results in early staged NPC, necessitates ERT combined with brachytherapy boost to be the therapy of preference for LD and LRD. For locally advanced T3,4 tumors, our current protocol indicates neoadjuvant chemotherapy in conjunction with high cumulative doses of radiotherapy (81Gy); IMRT and/or SRT to be the preferred technique for boosting the primary tumor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation-Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Kliniek, Groene Hilledijk 301, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Levendag
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Lagerwaard
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Pan
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Noever
authors.forename: Arent
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Nimwegen
authors.forename: Oda
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wijers
authors.forename: Peter J C M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Nowak
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate