title: Incorporating genetic susceptibility feedback into a smoking cessation program for African-American smokers with low income.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Markers of genetic susceptibility to tobacco-related cancers could personalize harms of smoking and motivate cessation. Our objective was to assess whether a multicomponent intervention that included feedback about genetic susceptibility to lung cancer increased risk perceptions and rates of smoking cessation compared with a standard cessation intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our design was a two-arm trial with eligible smokers randomized in a 1:2 ratio to Enhanced Usual Care or Biomarker Feedback (BF). Surveys were conducted at baseline, 6, and 12 months later. The setting was an inner city community health clinic. African-American patients who were current smokers (n = 557) were identified by chart abstraction and provider referral. All smokers received a self-help manual and, if appropriate, nicotine patches. Smokers in the BF arm also were offered a blood test for genotyping the GST(3) gene (GSTM1), sent a test result booklet, and called up to four times by a health educator. Prevalent abstinence was assessed by self-report of having smoked no cigarettes in the prior 7 days at the 6- and 12-month follow-ups and sustained abstinence, i.e., not smoking at either follow-up or in-between.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking cessation was greater for the BF arm than the Enhanced Usual Care arm (19% versus 10%, respectively; P < 0.006) at 6 months but not at 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smokers agreed to genetic feedback as part of a multicomponent cessation program. Although the program increased short-term cessation rates compared with standard intervention, genetic feedback of susceptibility may not benefit smokers with high baseline risk perceptions.
authors.affiliation: Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duke Department of Community and Family Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27710-2949, USA.
authors.forename: Colleen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: Gerold
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bepler
authors.forename: Isaac M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Lipkus
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lyna
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Samsa
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albright
authors.forename: Santanu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: Barbara K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Rimer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome