title: Internal pressure measurements during burst fracture formation in human lumbar vertebrae.
abstract: METHODS
  In a laboratory study, 21 human lumbar spine segments were used to determine whether intraosseous pressure increases occur during axial-compressive loading conditions under two displacement rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether an intraosseous pressure rise is associated with burst fracture formation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Burst fractures are high-speed injuries usually associated with neurologic deficit. An internal pressure rise has been implicated as a critical factor in burst fracture formation. The authors hypothesize that the internal pressure increases with increasing input velocity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The internal pressure changes were measured in spine segments using two displacement rates: 10 mm/s (slow speed) and 2500 mm/s (high speed). Failure load and energy absorption were determined for both groups. The resultant fracture types were determined from postinjury radiographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial peak internal pressure decreased from slow- to high-speed tests (P < 0.01). Overall peak pressure, failure load, and energy absorbed at failure were not significantly different. Slow-speed tests resulted in compression fractures, whereas high-speed tests resulted in burst and compression fractures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current research did not support the current theory of burst fracture formation. There was a decrease in measured internal pressure from the slow- to high-speed groups, and burst fractures still were produced. The theory could be potentially modified to suggest that the nucleus entering the vertebral body acts as a wedge, splitting the vertebral body apart and enabling the bony fragments to be pushed into the canal space.
authors.affiliation: Pennsylvania State University, Center for Locomotion Studies, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. rso10@psu.edu
authors.forename: Ruth S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ochia
authors.forename: Randal P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Ching
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D019245:Compressive Strength; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011312:Pressure; D011859:Radiography; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors