title: Time course of nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and antioxidants in the endotoxemic heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the time course for myocardial production of nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and glutathione, to determine the activities of the myocardial antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase throughout endotoxemia and into recovery, and to correlate the levels of these variables to left ventricular contractility in endotoxemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were treated with lipopolysaccharide. Endotoxemic hearts were examined at baseline, 4, 16, 24, and 48 hrs after lipopolysaccharide. Saline time-control groups were treated identically.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pulmonary research laboratory of a university teaching hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lipopolysaccharide administration resulted in decreased contractility at 16 hrs as assessed by the isolated papillary muscle technique. Contractility recovered by 24 hrs. Myocardial glutathione content initially increased, but it was decreased from baseline by 16 hrs, as was glutathione peroxidase activity. Both superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities were increased early (4 hrs) and remained elevated throughout the course of the experiment. Myocardial nitric oxide content (assessed by the chemiluminescence technique) was increased by 4 hrs and was markedly elevated by 16 hrs. Nitric oxide levels remained elevated despite recovery of contractility at 24 hrs. Similarly, peroxynitrite (assessed by measurement of 3-nitrotyrosine by high-pressure liquid chromatography) was elevated at 16 hrs and remained elevated despite normalization of contractility at 24 and 48 hrs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Myocardial dysfunction in endotoxemia correlates mainly with decreased glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase activity rather than nitric oxide or peroxynitrite formation. These data indicate that lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial dysfunction is not solely caused by elevated myocardial nitric oxide levels but rather caused by the sum of complex interactions between various oxygen- and nitrogen-derived radicals.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA.
authors.forename: Mobeen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Rubin I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Kamel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marzouk
authors.forename: Shu Fang
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide