title: Issues and barriers to development of clinically useful tumor markers: a development pathway proposal.
abstract: There are few tumor markers that are clinically useful in predicting therapeutic responses or patient outcomes despite nearly 20 years of advances in molecular biology. We discuss a variety of issues and barriers that have affected movement of clinical tests from research into clinical practice. Studies of new markers frequently lack clear hypotheses and are generally underpowered to reach statistically valid conclusions. Relevant clinical endpoints may not be possible to evaluate, often leading to suboptimal study designs. Major stumbling blocks exist because studies are rarely comparable. This makes it difficult to determine why results vary from study to study. It also prevents pooling of small datasets for analysis. We propose a tumor marker development pathway that we think will be more efficient and effective. The pathway depends on developing statistically valid study designs, focusing on assay refinement and standardization early in the process, including assay details in publications, and providing data in a format that allows comparison with other studies. The process described should be applicable to development of new technologies that include analysis and interpretation of large, complex datasets. The proposed marker development pathway will require thoughtful refinement and expansion, but it should begin a productive dialog.
authors.affiliation: Program for the Assessment of Clinical Cancer Tests (PACCT), Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: M Elizabeth H
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Sheila E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Taube
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000639:trends*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor