title: A multicenter interracial study of facial appearance. Part 2: A comparison of intraoral parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article compares interracial or gender differences of six intraoral dental parameters among six racial groups (African American, Caucasian, Chinese, Hispanic, Japanese, and Korean).
  
  
  METHODS
  The same 253 patients participating in part 1 were included in this portion of the study to evaluate six intraoral parameters. The data were collected and analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey-Kramer test for honestly significant difference when statistically significant differences were found (P < .05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women displayed significantly more gingival tissue in four of the six races, and African Americans displayed significantly more gingival tissue than any other race. Women had significantly more missing teeth than men in three of the six races studied. Japanese subjects had significantly fewer missing teeth and smaller maxillary central incisors than all other groups except Caucasians. Women had significantly narrower maxillary central incisors in three of the races. There was a significantly higher prevalence of Angle Class III relationships in Chinese subjects. The Japanese had significantly more Class II molar relationships than other races.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Racial and gender differences were found in gingival tissue display, the number of missing teeth, maxillary right central incisor crown width, and Angle molar classification, but not in the amount of vertical or horizontal overlap of the anterior teeth.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA.
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Goodacre
authors.forename: Poey Ling
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hanke
authors.forename: Mitsunobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Kwang-hun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: W Patrick
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Naylor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044466:Asian People; D044383:Black People; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005006:Ethnicity; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000145:classification; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000145:classification; D008437:Maxilla; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D044469:Racial Groups; D012737:Sex Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000145:classification; D014716:Vertical Dimension; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American