title: Management of early-stage cervical carcinoma by modified (Type II) radical hysterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  . Surgical management of cervical carcinoma by radical hysterectomy has been proven a highly effective method in treating early-stage disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of modified (Type II) radical hysterectomy for the treatment of early-stage (I-IIA) cervical carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of data on 435 patients with cervical carcinoma who were managed by modified radical hysterectomy was performed. In 145 cases a multimodal approach was used due to the presence of one or more risk factors such as lymph node metastasis, CLS involvement, bulky tumor, and exocervical extension of disease. Preoperative irradiation was offered to 62 patients, whereas adjuvant irradiation was offered to 101 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 42.5 years. The majority of the patients had squamous cell cancer (81.6%). The patients were clinically staged as IA (3.2%), IB (86.7%), and IIA (10.1%). Positive pelvic lymph nodes were noted in 65 patients (14.9%). Operative morbidity was minimal, whereas adjuvant radiation treatment had no impact on the disease but caused genitourinary morbidity in terms of ureteral stricture and postoperative bladder dysfunction (P < 0.001). The overall 5-year survival was 88.7%. The most significant predictors related to 5-year survival were nodal metastasis (P < 0.001), adenomatous histology (P < 0.001), lesion size (P < 0.001), and CLS involvement (P = 0.004). Adjuvant radiation resulted in better local pelvic control of the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study support the concept that less radical procedures could be effectively applied to early-stage cervical carcinoma 4 cm or smaller with optimal surgical margins.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Stylianos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michalas
authors.forename: Alexandros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodolakis
authors.forename: Zannis
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Voulgaris
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vlachos
authors.forename: Nicholaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giannakoulis
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Diakomanolis
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018196:Carcinoma, Adenosquamous / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011300:Preoperative Care; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*