title: Skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction: a prospective cohort study for the treatment of advanced stages of breast carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent published series demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) with immediate reconstruction for the treatment of early-stage breast carcinoma. Although several reports have retrospectively evaluated outcomes after breast reconstruction for locally advanced disease (stages IIB and III), no study has specifically considered immediate breast reconstruction after SSM for locally advanced disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1996 to 1998, 67 consecutive patients with breast carcinoma underwent SSM with immediate reconstruction and were prospectively observed. From this group of patients, those with locally advanced disease (stage IIB, n = 12; stage III, n = 13) were analyzed separately. Tumor characteristics, adjuvant therapy, type of reconstruction, operative time, complications, hospital stay, and incidence of local recurrence and distant metastasis were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breast reconstruction consisted of a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (n = 22) or a latissimus flap plus an implant (n = 4). The median operative time was 5.5 hours; the average hospital stay was 5.2 days. Complications required reoperation in three patients (12%): partial skin flap necrosis in two and partial abdominal skin necrosis in one. Surgery on the opposite breast for symmetry was required in one patient (4%). Postoperative adjuvant therapy was not significantly delayed (median interval, 32 days). With a median length of follow-up of 49.2 months (range, 33-64 months), local recurrence was present in only one patient (4%), with successful local salvage treatment, and distant metastasis was present in four patients (16%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SSM with immediate reconstruction seems safe and effective and has a low morbidity for patients with advanced stages of breast carcinoma. Local recurrence rates and the incidence of distant metastasis are not increased compared with those of patients who have had modified radical mastectomies without reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, 350 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0932, USA. fosterr@surgery.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Esserman
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: Eun-sil S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Hoang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Do
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome