title: Evolution of carbohydrate fraction in carbonated fermented milks as affected by beta-galactosidase activity of starter strains.
abstract: The influence of carbonation on the evolution of lactose, galactose and glucose in fermented milks with added probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus and/or Bifidobacterium bifidum) was evaluated and related to beta-galactosidase activity of starter strains. During incubation and first days of refrigeration, lactose hydrolysis resulting in the liberation of galactose and glucose occurred in CT (Streptococcus thermophilus/Lb. casei), AT (Str. thermophilus/Lb. acidophilus) and ABT fermented milks (Str. thermophilus/Lb. acidophilus/Bifid. bifidum). Levels of galactose were higher than those of glucose and could be related to the preferential consumption of glucose by actively growing bacteria. Through the incubation, lactose and monosaccharide levels were not affected by milk carbonation. However, during refrigerated storage the presence of this gas was associated with slightly lower content of lactose and higher levels of galactose and glucose in AT and ABT products but not in CT fermented milks. Through the refrigeration galactose was moderately utilised by Lb. acidophilus in AT products whereas the presence of Bifid. bifidum seems to prevent the consumption of this sugar in ABT fermented milks. Glucose remained constant, with minor variations in CT products but a continuous increase of this sugar occurred in carbonated AT and ABT fermented milks during storage. Beta-galactosidase activity displayed by Str. thermophilus strains was similar at pH 6.5 (initial pH of non-carbonated samples) and pH 6.3 (initial pH of carbonated samples) whereas Lb. acidophilus LaA3 showed greater beta-galactosidase activity at pH 6.3 than at higher pH values. Thus, the enhanced metabolic activity of Lb. acidophilus caused by the low initial pH of carbonated milk also promoted higher cellular beta-galactosidase activity that could have released greater amounts of galactose and glucose from lactose in AT and ABT fermented milks through the refrigerated period. In CT fermented milks, similar beta-galactosidase activity levels of Str. thermophilus at pH 6.5 and 6.3 together with the absence of beta-galactosidase activity in Lb. casei could explain the lack of differences on glucose and galactose content between carbonated and non-carbonated samples.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guetmonde
authors.forename: Corzo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nieves
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vinderola
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reinheimer
authors.forename: Clara G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: de los Reyes-Gavilan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D002417:Cattle; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005690:Galactose / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D007785:Lactose / Q000378:metabolism; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D019936:Probiotics; D012034:Refrigeration; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; D005947:Glucose; D007785:Lactose; D005690:Galactose