title: Systematic review of cost effectiveness studies of telemedicine interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review cost benefit studies of telemedicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of English language, peer reviewed journal articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches of Medline, Embase, ISI citation indexes, and database of Telemedicine Information Exchange. STUDIES SELECTED: 55 of 612 identified articles that presented actual cost benefit data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scientific quality of reports assessed by use of an established instrument for adjudicating on the quality of economic analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  557 articles without cost data categorised by topic. 55 articles with data initially categorised by cost variables employed in the study and conclusions. Only 24/55 (44%) studies met quality criteria justifying inclusion in a quality review. 20/24 (83%) restricted to simple cost comparisons. No study used cost utility analysis, the conventional means of establishing the "value for money" that a therapeutic intervention represents. Only 7/24 (29%) studies attempted to explore the level of utilisation that would be needed for telemedicine services to compare favourably with traditionally organised health care. None addressed this question in sufficient detail to adequately answer it. 15/24 (62.5%) of articles reviewed here provided no details of sensitivity analysis, a method all economic analyses should incorporate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no good evidence that telemedicine is a cost effective means of delivering health care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Telecommunications, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1212, USA. pwhitten@msu.edu
authors.forename: Pamela S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Whitten
authors.forename: Frances S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Mair
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haycox
authors.forename: Carl R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hellmich
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D012106:Research / Q000592:standards; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000191:economics*