Does normoxemic cardiopulmonary bypass prevent myocardial reoxygenation injury in cyanotic children?
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether the deleterious effect of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can be prevented by controlling PaO(2) in cyanotic children.


METHODS
Prospective, randomized, clinical study.


METHODS
Single university hospital.


METHODS
Pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery for repair of congenital heart disease (n = 24).


METHODS
Patients were randomly allocated into 3 groups. Patients in the acyanotic group (group I, n = 10) had CPB initiated at a fraction of inspired oxygen (F(I)O(2)) of 1.0 (PO(2), 300 to 350 mmHg). Cyanotic patients were subdivided as follows: Group II (n = 7) had CPB initiated at an F(I)O(2) of 1.0, and group III (n = 7) had CPB initiated at an F(I)O(2) of 0.21 (PO(2), 90 to 110 mmHg). A biopsy specimen of right atrial tissue was removed during venous cannulation, and another sample was removed after CPB before aortic cross-clamping. The tissue was incubated in 4 mmol/L of t-butylhydroperoxide, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was measured to determine the antioxidant reserve capacity. Blood samples for cytokine levels, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interleukin (IL)-6 response to CPB were collected after induction of anesthesia and at the end of CPB before protamine administration.


RESULTS
After initiation of CPB, MDA level rose markedly in the cyanotic groups compared with the acyanotic group (210 +/- 118% v 52 +/- 34%, p < 0.05), which indicated the depletion of antioxidants. After initiation of CPB, TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels of the cyanotic groups were higher than for the acyanotic group (168 +/- 77 v 85 +/- 57, p < 0.001; 249 +/- 131 v 52 +/- 40; p < 0.001). When a comparison between the cyanotic groups was performed, group II (initiating CPB at an F(I)O(2) of 1.0) had significantly increased MDA production compared with group III (initiating CPB at an F(I)O(2) of 0.21) (302 +/- 134% v 133 +/- 74%, p < 0.05). Group II had higher TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels than group III (204 +/- 81 v 131 +/- 52, p < 0.001; 308 +/- 147 v 191 +/- 81, p < 0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
Conventional clinical methods of initiating CPB at a hyperoxemic PO(2) may increase the possibility of myocardial reoxygenation injury in cyanotic children. This deleterious effect of reoxygenation can be modified by initiating CPB at a lower level of oxygen concentration. Subsequent long-term studies are needed to determine the best method of decreasing the oxygen concentration of the CPB circuit.
Bulutcu
Füsun S
FS
Departments of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, and Pediatric Cardiology, Kadir Has University, Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. fbulutcu@hotmail.com
Bayindir
Osman
O
Polat
Bülent
B
Yalcin
Yalim
Y
öZbek
Uğur
U
Cakali
Emine
E
D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003490:Cyanosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010107:Oxygenators, Membrane; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
D000975:Antioxidants; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D010100:Oxygen