title: Longitudinal study of motor recovery after stroke: recruitment and focusing of brain activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to characterize cortical reorganization after stroke and its relation with the site of the stroke-induced lesion and degree of motor recovery using functional MRI (fMRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen stroke patients with an affected upper limb were studied longitudinally. Three fMRI sessions were performed over a period of 1 to 6 months after stroke. Upper limb recovery, Wallerian degeneration of the pyramidal tract, and responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two main patterns of cortical reorganization were found. Pattern 1 was focusing, in which, after initial recruitment of additional ipsilateral and contralateral areas, activation gradually developed toward a pattern of activation restricted to the contralateral sensorimotor cortex in 9 patients. Five patients were found to have pattern 2, persistent recruitment, in which there was an initial and sustained recruitment of ipsilateral activity. Occurrence of recruitment or focusing seemed to depend mainly on whether the primary motor cortex (M1) was lesioned; persistent recruitment was observed in 3 of 4 patients with M1 injury, and focusing was seen in 8 of 10 patients with spared M1. These patterns had no relation to the degree of recovery; in particular, focusing did not imply recovery. However, there was a clear relation between the degree of recovery and the degree of Wallerian degeneration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that ipsilateral recruitment after stroke corresponds to a compensatory corticocortical process related to the lesion of the contralateral M1 and that the process of compensatory recruitment will persist if M1 is lesioned; otherwise, it will be transient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Feydy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carlier
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roby-Brami
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bussel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cazalis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pierot
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Burnod
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Maier
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm; D001288:Attention; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000503:physiopathology; D020127:Recovery of Function; D011999:Recruitment, Neurophysiological; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D014855:Wallerian Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology