title: Auto-ignition hazard of mixtures of ammonia, hydrogen, methane and air in a urea plant.
abstract: The auto-ignition of NH(3)/CH(4)/H(2)/air mixtures constitutes a hazard that is of much concern in urea plants. In this study, the auto-ignition behaviour of NH(3)/CH(4)/H(2)/air mixtures is investigated experimentally for pressures up to 7500 kPa. The experiments were carried out in a closed spherical vessel with a volume of 8 dm(3). The concentration and the pressure dependence of the auto-ignition temperature (AIT) were determined for four types of mixtures: NH(3)/air, NH(3)/CH(4)/air, NH(3)/H(2)/air and NH(3)/CH(4)/H(2)/air. The most ignitable NH(3)/air mixtures were situated between stoichiometry and the upper flammability limit. Small amounts of methane and hydrogen decrease the AIT of NH(3)/air mixtures to a large extent. The pressure dependence of the AIT could be correlated by a Semenov relationship. For the multi-fuel mixtures, a distinct deviation from the Semenov correlation was observed at the lowest temperatures. With respect to the explosion hazard in urea plants, the experimental results were used to assess realistic AIT values in the pool reactor and the ammonia scrubber, operating at a pressure of 15,000 kPa.
authors.affiliation: K.U. Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 300A, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. luc.vandebroek@mech.kuleuven.ac.be
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vandebroek
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Verplaetsen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berghmans
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van den Aarssen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vliegen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van 't Oost
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000737:chemistry*; D002617:Chemical Industry; D005107:Explosions; D005544:Forecasting; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000737:chemistry*; D008697:Methane / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D011312:Pressure; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012449:Safety; D014508:Urea
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia; D006859:Hydrogen; D014508:Urea; D008697:Methane