title: Virtual radiographs computed from TACT volume data as a gold standard for image registration prior to subtraction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a three-dimensional (3D) model for quantitative analysis of image subtraction methods simulating clinical conditions and relevant to dental radiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A high-resolution volume representation of a formalin-preserved segment of a human maxilla was synthesized from a set of 51 digital radiographs equidistantly covering the entire sampling aperture by means of Tuned-Aperture Computed Tomography (TACT). Two-dimensional (2D) projection renderings of a 3D model were generated yielding arbitrary but well-known 2D projections with, and without, structured noise producing 'virtual radiographs'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virtual radiographs were found to be similar to actual clinical images with respect to appearance, structure, and texture. Because the TACT reconstruction process allows all possible positions and orientations of source, specimen, and image plane to be simulated with negligible under sampling over a reasonable range of solid angles (sampling aperture), the resulting 3D model provided a rigorous method for establishing a truly objective gold standard (ground truth) for testing different registration techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TACT image registration can be assessed quantitatively by comparing actually observed vs theoretically professed parameters that presumably constrain the underlying projection geometries. Other attributes that vary from one method to the next, such as the use of nonlinear or region-specific techniques to facilitate registration, likewise, now can be rigorously measured by context-based methods such as quantitative determination of image similarity. Hence, a 3D model that renders idealized virtual radiographs from any desired projection geometry makes possible truly objective comparison of various digital subtraction techniques.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Informatics, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany. lehmann@computer.org
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Hemler
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Webber
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008437:Maxilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital / Q000379:methods*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface