title: Prevalence of and risk factors for Salmonella in water offered to weaned dairy calves in California, USA.
abstract: Water from troughs used by weaned dairy calves was sampled on California, USA dairies to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors for Salmonella contamination. Salmonella were found on 4 of 48 dairies (4/82 water samples) in fall 1998 and on 8 of the same 37 dairies (8/83 water samples) in summer, 1999. Serotypes isolated from the water were Salmonella meleagridis and Salmonella typhimurium. Primary risk factors associated with the increased prevalence of Salmonella in water offered to weaned dairy calves were a continuous water tank-filling method compared to a valve (an "on-demand" procedure) and a water pH>8.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Medicine Extension, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274, USA. jkirk@vmtrc.ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Atwill
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arana
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Collar
authors.forename: Dayna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ghirardelli
authors.forename: Gerry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Higginbotham
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Markagaard
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mullinax
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wubishet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012475:Salmonella / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D014871:Water Microbiology / Q000592:standards