title: A pilot study. Depth perception and near stereoacuity: is it related to academic performance in young children?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A study of the relationship between an overall measure of visual function at near, specifically stereoacuity, and academic performance in kindergarten through second grade was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred seventeen children (mean age = 7.33 +/-0.97 years) from a middle class, suburban, elementary school participated in this masked investigation. The Randot 2 stereotest was used to measure stereoacuity at 40 cm. The relationship between stereoacuity and teachers' personal ratings of academic ability was analyzed because teachers' grades are a primary means of assessing school performance. The children's regular classroom teachers rated the children with respect to reading, mathematics, and writing ability. Children in the second grade (n = 47) were also rated on spelling ability. Only experienced teachers were included in the investigation and the validity of the teachers' rating was substantiated by significant correlations with standardized test scores. Teachers were masked to performance on the stereotest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance on the Randot was found to be "statistically significantly" (p=<0.05) and "medically-clinically significantly" related to standardized reading test scores (p=0.033) and teachers' personal ratings of reading (p<0.001), mathematics (p<0.001), writing (p<0.001) and spelling (p=0.048) ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Good visual function at near, particularly good stereoacuity, is significantly correlated to academic performance.
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH 43218-2342, USA. kulp.6@osu.edu
authors.forename: Marjean Taylor
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kulp
authors.forename: Paulette P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011897:Random Allocation; D014787:Vision Tests; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*