title: Long term results of percutaneous treatment of caliceal diverticular calculi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed the long term outcome of percutaneous caliceal diverticular stone extraction. The objective was to define factors of treatment failure and recurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percutaneous caliceal diverticular stone extraction was performed in 24 women and 7 men (age range 21-69 years old). Diverticula were located throughout the kidney including the upper, middle and lower calices. In all cases stones were removed using a direct approach and diverticular neck was incised or dilated. Fulguration of the diverticular walls was performed in 6 cases. Trans-diverticular drainage was maintained from 3 to 5 days (mean 3.4 days) until a nephrostomogram demonstrated no extravasation. Patients were evaluated at 3 months and yearly thereafter. Success criteria were: no symptoms, no stone recurrence, no diverticulum left as assessed by IVP. Evaluation at 1 year minimum is presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average operative time and hospital stay were 103 min (range 90-130) and 3 days (range 4-9 days), respectively. No major complications and no mortality were observed. At 1 year stone free rate was 84% and diverticulum obliteration was obtained in 68% of patients. Overall 88% of patients were asymptomatic at average followup 24.6 months (range from 18 to 96 months). In all cases morphological or symptomatic failures were related to the quality of immediate result at surgery which relates to the location of the diverticulum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The percutaneous management of diverticular caliceal stones is a well standardized technique, however, surgical alternatives must be discussed any time the percutaneous approach seems difficult because high failure rates are expected in these cases.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Urologie et Chirurgie de la Transplantation, Hôpital Edouard HERRIOT, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Jean Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Landry
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colombel
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rouviere
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lezrek
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gelet
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dubernard
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D007670:Kidney Calices; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure