title: A dose-ranging study of midazolam for postoperative sedation of patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the dose range, efficacy, and safety of midazolam for induction of sedation of mechanically ventilated postoperative patients in the intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen intensive care units in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 98 patients undergoing general surgery who were ASA physical status I-III. The following inclusion criteria were applied to the patients after surgery: under mechanical ventilation, sedation level 2 or 3 on the Ramsay Sedation Scale, and any pain level but 4 on the Pybus and Torda Pain Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 98 patients initially enrolled in the study, 95 patients received one of the study medications: placebo (n = 24), 0.015 mg/kg midazolam (n = 21), 0.03 mg/kg midazolam (n = 26), or 0.06 mg/kg midazolam (n = 24). Level of sedation was assessed by using the Ramsay Sedation Scale before and 10 mins after medication. The proportions of patients with sedation level 4 or deeper after medication were 4.3%, 14.3%, 52.0%, and 90.9% in the placebo and the midazolam 0.015 mg/kg, 0.03 mg/kg, and 0.06 mg/kg groups, respectively. Safety was assessed by routine monitoring of body functions and monitoring for adverse events. Although midazolam dose-dependently reduced mean systolic arterial pressure, the changes in this variable were small; only one or two patients in each treatment group had decreases in systolic arterial pressure of >20%. No clear dose dependency was found for changes in other body functions measured in the intensive care unit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proportion of patients who achieved a satisfactory level of sedation increased with an increasing dose of midazolam. Intravenous bolus injection of midazolam also dose-dependently reduced mean systolic arterial pressure. This study indicated that, balancing sedative efficacy and safety, from 0.03 to 0.06 mg/kg of midazolam provides relatively safe sedation in postoperative patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology , The University of Tokyo, Faculty of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanaoka
authors.forename: Akiyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Namiki
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dohi
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: Osafumi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yuge
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kayanuma
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hidaka
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kusunoki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care; D012121:Respiration, Artificial
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam