title: Animal models and possible human application of immunological restoration in the elderly.
abstract: Autopsy reports by pathologists in geriatric hospitals reveal that the leading direct cause of death in the elderly over 65 years of age are infectious diseases such as pneumonia and urinary tract infection, neither cancer nor vascular diseases in the brain and heart. This indicates that severe impairment of immune functions is developing in the elderly people. The impairment of immune functions does not occur abruptly in the elderly people. The immune function starts to decline as early as at the 2nd decades, showing approximately 50 and 90% decline at the 5th and 8th decades, respectively. Thus, immunological restoration is acutely needed for the improvement of their general health condition of the elderly. This report communicates several methods of immunological restoration using animal models and suggests possibilities of human application. Methods presented are: (1) a low dose of cyclophosphamide; (2) vitamin E; (3) Japanese herbal medicines; (4) caloric restriction and exercise; (5) vaccine; (6) oral administration of antigens; (7) grafting of cells and tissues, including a future program. Discussion will be made on the possibilities of these methods for human application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Immunology, Aging and Developmental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, 1-4-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan. hirokawa.pth2@met.tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirokawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Utsuyama
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology; D002149:Energy Intake; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014611:Vaccination; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C402943:bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang; C063587:juzentaihoto; D014810:Vitamin E; D003520:Cyclophosphamide