title: Comparisons of sampling procedures and time of sampling for the detection of Salmonella in Danish infected chicken flocks raised in floor systems.
abstract: Bacteriological follow-up samples were taken from 41 chicken (Gallus gallus) flocks in floor systems, where Salmonella enterica (Salmonella) had been detected either directly in bacteriological samples or indirectly by serological samples. Three types of follow-up samples were compared to each other within each flock: 1) 5 pairs of socks, analysed as 5 samples, 2) 2 pairs of socks, analysed as one sample, and 3) 60 faecal samples, analysed as one pooled sample. Agreement between sampling methods was evaluated by the following statistical tests: 'Kappa', 'The adjusted rand', McNemar's test for marginal symmetry, Proportion of agreement P0, P+, P-, and Odds Ratio. The highest agreement was found between the 2 types of sock sampling, while the lowest agreement was found by comparing 60 faecal samples with 5 pairs of socks. Two pairs of socks analysed as one pool appeared to be just as effective in detecting S. enterica as the 60 faecal samples. In broiler flocks, 5 pairs of socks were used both in the routine samples taken at about 3 weeks of age for the establishment of infection of the flock, and as one of the follow-up samples taken shortly before slaughter age, which means that the only notable differences between the 2 sampling rounds were the age of the broilers and of their litter. S. enterica was detected more frequently in samples from broilers about 3 weeks old, than in similar samples taken from broilers a few days prior to slaughter at ca. 33-40 days of age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur-bearing Animals, Aarhus, Denmark. kog@vetinst.dk
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Gradel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D006799:Housing, Animal; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D013997:Time Factors