title: Epidural buprenorphine in management of pain in multiple rib fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain from multiple rib fractures may affect pulmonary function, morbidity, and length of stay in the intensive care units. This study describes some clinical characteristics of epidural buprenorphine, a lipophilic and partial opiate agonist with a higher micro receptor affinity than morphine, in combating the pain in multiple rib fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted prospectively over a 15-month period. A total of 27 patients admitted to the hospital with multiple rib fractures were studied. Buprenorphine at a concentration of 0.3 mg in 5-10 ml normal saline was administered epidurally, twice daily the first 24 h, thereafter once daily. Ventilatory function tests (including vital capacity, tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute volume) and assessment of pain intensity using a simple, categorical, verbal rating scale were obtained before and after institution of analgesia. Any nausea, vomiting, hypotension, urinary retention, respiratory depression or pruritus were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a significant improvement in ventilatory function tests during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd day after epidural analgesia when compared with the preanalgesia levels (P < 0.001). Changes in the verbal rating scale demonstrated that epidural buprenorphine was associated with marked improvement in pain at rest and pain during coughing and deep breathing. None of our patients developed hypotension (<10% of the baseline), urinary retention or respiratory depression. Nausea, vomiting, and mild pruritus were the only reported complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidurally introduced narcotic, like buprenorphine in saline, has been found to be effective in our study to achieve adequate analgesia in treatment of patients with multiple rib fractures. In addition, this methodology of pain relief eliminates the costly delivery system and early discharge, and allows walking epidurals and follow-up on outpatient basis.
authors.affiliation: Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11212, USA. rmsm7007@aol.com
authors.forename: Ramasamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Govindarajan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bakalova
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Abadir
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000187:drug effects; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012253:Rib Fractures / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002047:Buprenorphine