title: The relation of cool flames and auto-ignition phenomena to process safety at elevated pressure and temperature.
abstract: The cool-flame phenomenon can occur in fuel-oxygen (air) mixtures within the flammable range and outside the flammable range, at fuel-rich compositions, at temperatures below the auto-ignition temperature (AIT). It is caused by chemical reactions occurring spontaneously at relatively low temperatures and is favoured by elevated pressure. The hazards that cool flames generate are described. These vary from spoiling a product specification through contamination and explosive decomposition of condensed peroxides to the appearance of unexpected normal (hot) flame (two-stage ignition).
authors.affiliation: Explosion Group, DelfChemTech, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands. a.pekalski@tnw.tudelft.nl
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pekalski
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Zevenbergen
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Pasman
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lemkowitz
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Dahoe
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Scarlett
mesh_terms: D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D005107:Explosions; D005390:Fires; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen; D011312:Pressure; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen