title: Cow's milk allergy in infancy.
abstract: Cow's milk allergy affects approximately 2% of infants under 2 years of age. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding its pathophysiology and immunological mechanisms. Apart from IgE-mediated atopic manifestations, T cell-mediated reactions have been demonstrated in infants with cow's milk allergy. The clinical spectrum ranges from immediate-type reactions, presenting with urticaria and angioedema to intermediate and late-onset reactions, including atopic dermatitis, infantile colic, gastro-oesophageal reflux, oesophagitis, infantile proctocolitis, food-associated enterocolitis and constipation. The exact mechanisms of these disorders are still poorly understood. Double-blind, placebo controlled food challenge, the definitive diagnostic test for cow's milk allergy, is increasingly being replaced by the measurement of food-specific antibodies, in combination with skin-prick or atopy patch testing. The treatment of cow's milk allergy relies on allergen avoidance and hypoallergenic formulae, or maternal elimination diets in breast-fed infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Allergy, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. heiner@cryptic.rch.unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Ralf G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: Said
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elsayed
authors.forename: Clifford S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hosking
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007229:Infant Welfare; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016269:Milk Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D008894:Milk Proteins