title: Hepatocellular carcinoma in children: results of the first prospective study of the International Society of Pediatric Oncology group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve survival and reduce operative morbidity and mortality in children with primary epithelial liver tumors by using preoperative chemotherapy, as well as to collect information on the epidemiology, natural history, and prognostic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty children with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were registered onto the Group for Epithelial Liver Tumors International Society of Pediatric Oncology's first study from January 1990 to February 1994. The outcome could be analyzed in 39 of those patients. Disease was often advanced at the time of diagnosis; metastases were identified in 31% of the children and extrahepatic tumor extension, vascular invasion, or both in 39%. Multifocal tumors were common (56%). Thirty-three percent of tumors were associated with hepatic cirrhosis. All but two patients received preoperative chemotherapy (cisplatin and doxorubicin).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Partial response was observed in 18 (49%) of 37 patients; there was no response or progression in the remainder. Complete tumor resection was achieved in 14 patients (36%). Twenty patients (51%) never became operable. Overall survival at 5 years was 28%, and event-free survival was 17%. Most deaths resulted from tumor progression (26 of 28). Presence of metastases and pretreatment extent of disease system grouping at diagnosis had an adverse influence on overall survival in multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survival for pediatric HCC patients is significantly inferior to that for children with hepatoblastoma. Complete tumor excision remains the only realistic chance of cure, although it is often prevented by advanced disease. The presence of metastases is the most potent predictor of poor prognosis. A prospective worldwide cooperation in the field of pediatric HCC should be encouraged to look for novel therapeutic concepts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Czauderna
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mackinlay
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perilongo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shafford
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aronson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pritchard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chapchap
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keeling
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plaschkes
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Otte
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D018197:Hepatoblastoma / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004317:Doxorubicin; D002945:Cisplatin