title: The synthesis and radiolabeling of 2-nitroimidazole derivatives of cyclam and their preclinical evaluation as positive markers of tumor hypoxia.
abstract: The cyclam ligand (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) was condensed with various azomycin-containing synthons to produce chemical compounds that could chelate radioactive metals. It was expected that these radiolabeled markers would become bound selectively to hypoxic cells on the bioreduction of their azomycin substituent.
  
  
  METHODS
  The markers were radiolabeled with (99m)Tc, (67)Cu, or (64)Cu. Their uptake and binding to tumor cells in vitro was characterized as a function of time and oxygen concentration. These data defined the hypoxia-specific factor, the ratio of the initial rate of marker binding to severely hypoxic relative to aerobic cells. In addition, the concentration of oxygen (in the equilibrium gas phase) that inhibited binding to 50% of the maximum rate was determined. The in vivo biodistribution and clearance kinetics of the favorable markers were investigated with severe combined immune deficiency mice bearing EMT-6 tumors whose radiobiologic hypoxic fraction (RHF) was approximately 40%. The specific activity (percentage injected dose per gram [%ID/g]) in normal and tumor tissue and the tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle ratios of the optimal markers were also measured for Dunning prostate carcinomas of anaplastic (RHF = 15%-20%) and well-differentiated (RHF < 1%) histology growing in Fischer X Copenhagen rats. Planar images were acquired with some markers from these tumor-bearing rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tumor uptake of these cyclam-based markers is approximately 10 times higher when they are labeled with copper isotopes than when labeled with (99m)Tc. FC-327 and FC-334, di-azomycin-substituted cyclams, exhibited hypoxia-specific factors > or = 7.0. The oxygen concentration that inhibited their binding to 50% of the maximal rate was approximately 0.5% O(2), similar to that of the radiobiologic oxygen effect. The %ID/g of (64)Cu-FC-334 retained in EMT-6 tumors in mice and in the anaplastic and well-differentiated prostate tumors in rats 6 h after administration was approximately 6.5, 0.4, and 0.1, respectively. Marker activity in tumor was always less than that in liver and kidney. The tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle ratios of (64)Cu-FC-327 and (64)Cu-FC-334 activity in R3327-AT tumor-bearing rats are higher than those observed for (64)Cu-di-acetyl-bis (N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) and approach those of beta-D-(125)I-iodinated azomycin galactopyranoside, the optimal hypoxia marker of the azomycin-nucleoside class.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that some azomycin-cyclams exhibit good hypoxia-marking potential to tumor cells in vitro and to animal tumors of known RHF. Both PET and SPECT could be used to image tumor hypoxia with markers labeled with (64)Cu and (67)Cu, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA.
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Seeholzer
authors.forename: Corinne C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Stobbe
authors.forename: J Donald
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009593:Nitroimidazoles; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013997:Time Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D009593:Nitroimidazoles; C024560:cyclam; C034036:dioxocyclam; C006667:azomycin