title: Photoprotective potential of lycopene, beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C and carnosic acid in UVA-irradiated human skin fibroblasts.
abstract: The photoprotective potential of the dietary antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, lycopene, beta-carotene, and the rosemary polyphenol, carnosic acid, was tested in human dermal fibroblasts exposed to ultraviolet-A (UVA) light. The carotenoids were prepared in special nanoparticle formulations together with vitamin C and/or vitamin E. Nanoparticle formulations, in contrast to dimethylsulphoxide, stablized lycopene in the cell culture medium and allowed efficient cellular uptake. The presence of vitamin E in the formulation further increased the stability and cellular uptake of lycopene. UVA irradiation of the human skin fibroblasts led to a 10-15-fold rise in metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) mRNA. This rise was suppressed in the presence of low microM concentrations of vitamin E, vitamin C, or carnosic acid but not with beta-carotene or lycopene. Indeed, in the presence of 0.5-1.0 microM beta-carotene or lycopene, the UVA-induced MMP-1 mRNA was further increased by 1.5-2-fold. This increase was totally suppressed when vitamin E was included in the nanoparticle formulation. Heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) mRNA expression was strongly induced by UVA irradiation but none of the antioxidants inhibited this effect at the concentrations used in this study. Indeed, beta-carotene or lycopene (0.5-1.0 microM) led to a further 1.5-fold rise in the UVA-induced HO-1 mRNA levels. In conclusion, vitamin C, vitamin E, and carnosic acid showed photoprotective potential. Lycopene and beta-carotene did not protect on their own but in the presence of vitamin E, their stability in culture was improved and the rise in MMP-1 mRNA expression was suppressed, suggesting a requirement for antioxidant protection of the carotenoids against formation of oxidative derivatives that can influence the cellular and molecular responses.
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Lausanne, Switzerland. Elizabeth.Offord-cavin@rdls.nestle.com
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Offord
authors.forename: Jean-Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gautier
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Avanti
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scaletta
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Runge
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: Lee Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Applegate
mesh_terms: D045784:Abietanes; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000378:metabolism; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D006801:Humans; D000077276:Lycopene; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D045784:Abietanes; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D004224:Diterpenes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; C496541:HMOX1 protein, human; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1; C018381:salvin; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D000077276:Lycopene