title: Norwalk virus binds to histo-blood group antigens present on gastroduodenal epithelial cells of secretor individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Norwalk Virus (NV) is a member of the Caliciviridae family, which causes acute epidemic gastroenteritis in humans of all ages and its cellular receptors have not yet been characterized. Another calicivirus, Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, attaches to H type 2 histo-blood group oligosaccharide present on rabbit epithelial cells. Our aim was to test if, by analogy, recombinant NV-like particles (rNV VLPs) use carbohydrates present on human gastroduodenal epithelial cells as ligands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Attachment of rNV VLPs was tested on tissue sections of the gastroduodenal junction and on saliva from individuals of known ABO, Lewis, and secretor phenotypes. It was also tested on human Caco-2 cells and on animal cell lines transfected with glycosyltransferases complementary DNA (cDNA). Competition experiments were performed with synthetic oligosaccharides and anticarbohydrate antibodies. Internalization was monitored by confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attachment of rNV VLPs to surface epithelial cells of the gastroduodenal junction as well as to saliva was detected, yet only from secretor donors. It was abolished by alpha1,2fucosidase treatment, and by competition with the H types 1 and 3 trisaccharides or with anti-H type 1 and anti-H types (3/4) antibodies. Transfection of CHO and TS/A cells with an alpha1,2fucosyltransferase cDNA allowed attachment of VLPs. These transfectants as well as differentiated Caco-2 cells expressing H type 1 structures internalized the bound particles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  rNV VLPs use H type 1 and/or H types (3/4) as ligands on gastroduodenal epithelial cells of secretor individuals.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U419, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Severine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marionneau
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruvoën
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Le Moullac-Vaidye
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cailleau-Thomas
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Palacois
authors.forename: Pengwei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Le Pendu
mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System; D000818:Animals; D001789:Blood Group Antigens / Q000502:physiology*; D016466:CHO Cells; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000502:physiology; D006224:Cricetinae; D004386:Duodenum / Q000276:immunology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007519:Isoantigens / Q000502:physiology*; D007983:Lewis Blood Group Antigens / Q000502:physiology; D008024:Ligands; D009663:Norwalk virus / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D051381:Rats; D012463:Saliva / Q000502:physiology; D013270:Stomach / Q000276:immunology*; D014771:Virion / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System; D001789:Blood Group Antigens; D002241:Carbohydrates; D007519:Isoantigens; D007983:Lewis Blood Group Antigens; D008024:Ligands