title: Bacteriological cultures of removed intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease.
abstract: Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are highly effective, long-term methods of contraception. Although evidence of a direct association between IUD use and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is scarce, concerns about PID related to IUDs use has limited their use throughout the world. We designed this study to examine the effect of IUDs on PID. For the study, we recruited 200 participants from among women who requested an IUD as a means of contraception. The IUDs were removed 36 months later or in case of PID. No PID cases were recorded during the follow-up period. Prior to IUD insertion, 121 women (60.5%) had symptoms and/or signs of lower genital tract infection, whereas during the follow-up period 179 women (89.5%) had symptoms and/or signs of lower genital tract infection. The Papanicolaou smears were negative for Actinomyces throughout the study period. Also, cultures for sexualy transmitted disease microorganisms were negative throughout the study period. Following IUD removal, 189 IUD cultures (94.5%) were positive. The bacterial flora of the removed IUDs consisted of common aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms that do not account for PID. The most common microorganisms identified were Staphylococcus coagulase negative, Eschericia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis. IUDs are a very effective and safe method of contraception if potential recipients are selected carefully. Culture of the removed IUDs and therapeutic management of women with positive cultures are not recommended when women are asymptomatic for PID.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ioannina University Hospital, Panepistimiou Avenue, 45500, Ioannina, Greece. kalantas@exchange.nih,gov
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsanadis
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Kalantaridou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaponis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Paraskevaidis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zikopoulos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gesouli
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dalkalitsis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Korkontzelos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mouzakioti
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lolis
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007434:Intrauterine Devices / Q000382:microbiology*; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014626:Vaginal Smears