title: Teratogenic effects of amitraz, 2,4-dimethylaniline, and paraquat on developing frog (Xenopus) embryos.
abstract: Developmental effects of amitraz (acaricide), its metabolite (2,4-dimethylaniline), and paraquat (herbicide) on embryos of a nontarget organism, Xenopus laevis, were investigated. Following the standard protocol of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the experiments were carried out using native Xenopus frogs. There was a drastic increase in mortality from 24 h to 96 h for paraquat, but 2,4-dimethylaniline showed no mortality at the highest concentration tested (100 mg/L). The 96-h LC(50) values were 0.67, 3.27, and >>100 mg/L for paraquat, amitraz, and 2,4-dimethylaniline, respectively. At concentrations higher than 0.2 mg/L of paraquat all the embryos were malformed, whereas growth reduction was apparent at all test concentrations (0.1-5 mg/L). The most common teratogenic effects were flexures of the notochord and stunting of growth. Edema was the most common effect of amitraz on the embryos, and 100% of the surviving embryos in 5 mg/L were edematous. The 96-h EC(50) (malformation) values were 1.21 (95% CI 0.48-3.03) and 0.18 (95% CI 0.16-0.20) mg/L for amitraz and paraquat, respectively. The ratio of 96-h LC(50) to 96-h EC(50) (malformation), i.e., the teratogenicity index (TI) were 2.7 and 3.72 for amitraz and paraquat, respectively, and for 2,4-dimethylaniline (TI > 5) all the embryos in 25 mg/L showed observable pigment loss and encephalomegaly. This shows that paraquat and the degradation product of amitraz, 2,4-dimethylaniline, should be classified as teratogens. Teratogenic risks of massive application of these pesticides on Kenyan farms should therefore be considered.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Studies, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya. odipo@africaonline.co.ke
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Osano
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Oladimeji
authors.forename: M H S
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kraak
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Admiraal
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000662:veterinary*; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D047108:Embryonic Development; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D010269:Paraquat / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014052:Toluidines / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014981:Xenopus / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D006540:Herbicides; D007306:Insecticides; D014052:Toluidines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C014983:amitraz; C009694:2,4-xylidine; D010269:Paraquat