title: Prediction of muscle invasion of bladder cancer by cystoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urologists make a decision on whether to indicate staging procedures for primary lesions of bladder cancer by findings of cystoscopy. However, cystoscopic findings for prediction of muscle-invasive bladder cancer have not been fully evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred seventy consecutive events of 165 patients with bladder cancer were included in this study. Multivariate analysis by a logistic regression model was applied to analyze cystoscopic findings for prediction of muscle invasion of bladder cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic regression analysis revealed that the size, stalk and configuration of the cancer were independent and significant factors that predict muscle invasion of bladder cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cystoscopic findings of bladder cancer may predict muscle invasion. When invasion is suggested by cystoscopy, imaging studies may be necessary before TUR of the cancer as well as deep resection of it.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Muroran City General Hospital, Muroran, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Noriomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyao
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tachiki
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D019042:Muscle Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy