title: Spontaneous secretion of interleukin-4, interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma by first trimester decidual mononuclear cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokine dominated microenvironment has been predicted to be crucial for successful pregnancy. However, little information is available about local cytokine secretion in the human decidua. We determined the spontaneous secretion of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-10 by decidual mononuclear cells at the single cell level and compared it with their secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in the first trimester of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cytokine secretion from decidual and blood cells was detected by a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot-forming cell (ELISPOT)-assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cells secreting IL-4 (median 153, range 8-530), IL-10 (median 188, range 32-1600) and IFN-gamma (median 123, range 15-1140) were detected in all decidual and blood samples. The cytokine secretion showed a co-linear pattern in both the blood and decidua, i.e. when one cytokine was secreted at high levels, the others followed the trend. No correlation was found between the number of cytokine secreting cells in blood and decidua for any of the cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interleukin-4 and IL-10 are locally secreted in the decidua early during normal pregnancy, probably counteracting the fetal rejecting effects of co-expressed IFN-gamma. The cytokine secretion by blood cells does not generally reflect the local secretion pattern during first trimester pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, Department of Health and Environment, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden. christina.ekerfelt@kfc.liu.se
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ekerfelt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lidström
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Matthiesen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ernerudh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003656:Decidua / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First
chemical_list: D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma