title: Iontophoretically applied lidocaine and the prevention of pain associated with the injection of intravenous propofol: a comparison with intravenous lidocaine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pain following the injection of propofol is a common problem. It is often treated by the coadministration of intravenous lidocaine. Iontophoresis, which facilitates the delivery of charged molecules such as lidocaine to body tissues, may be a practical alternative to lessen the pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The iontophoretic application of lidocaine was compared with intravenous lidocaine to assess the relative efficacy of reducing pain during propofol administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence rate of moderate or severe pain was significantly greater in the iontophoresis group (26.7 compared with 6.9% in the intravenous lidocaine group) (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The iontophoretic administration of lidocaine 60 mg does not compare favourably with lidocaine 40 mg mixed with propofol for the reduction of pain on administration of propofol.
authors.affiliation: University of Leicester, Department of Anaesthesia, UK. ps46@le.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asif
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Victoria
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rowbotham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015742:Propofol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D015742:Propofol