title: Autoimmunity by pesticides: a critical review of the state of the science.
abstract: The goals of this paper will be to present a critical review of the state of the science of pesticides and autoimmunity, and to discuss research that addresses the potential links between environmental chemicals and autoimmune disease. To date, the science of immunotoxicology has primarily focused on immunosuppression and hypersensitivity/allergy, and test methods are available to address these outcomes. So much progress has been made to address immunosuppression and contact sensitization that there are regulatory guidelines in the U.S. included in the registration of pesticides. In contrast, there are no validated approaches to assess autoimmunity. The overall objective of this paper will be to use pesticides as an important class of environmental chemicals to critically evaluate the state of the science for addressing chemical-induced autoimmunity. Specific examples of studies with pesticides will be discussed in the context of the following types of approaches: animal studies using standard immunotoxicological parameters; animal studies using specialized models of autoimmunity; human studies after environmental or occupational exposure; and human studies after accidental poisoning.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674, USA. mholsapple@dow.com
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Holsapple
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D010575:Pesticides