title: Audience status moderates the effects of social support and self-efficacy on cardiovascular reactivity during public speaking.
abstract: Exaggerated blood pressure responses to stress are implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease, and an effort has been made to identify factors associated with such responses. One situational factor that impacts cardiovascular responses to stress is the presence of other people and their behavior. Here, we manipulated the status of the audience during a stressful public speaking task to explore its impact on reactivity and its possible role in moderating the effects of the speaker's confidence and the audience's response during the speech. Sixty-four normotensive female undergraduates, classified as having high or low self-efficacy for public speaking, gave a 5-min speech to an audience that responded positively or negatively. Half of the audiences were presented as public speaking experts and half as novices. Cardiovascular reactivity was greater for low-efficacy speakers and for those receiving positive feedback. Reactivity was also greater facing an expert audience. Furthermore, the effects of both self-efficacy and audience feedback were intensified before an expert audience. To understand social support effects, we must attend not only to characteristics of the recipient but also to those of the provider.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
authors.forename: Clayton J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hilmert
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Christenfeld
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kulik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012944:Social Support; D013060:Speech; D013067:Speech Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires