title: Comparative gene expression profiling of normal and degenerative discs: analysis of a rabbit annular laceration model.
abstract: METHODS
  A rabbit annular laceration model was used to investigate intervertebral disc gene expression in normal and lacerated discs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine and compare the pattern of expression of potentially important genes in normal and lacerated discs and to determine if the changes in gene expression were similar to human degenerative discs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Little is known regarding gene expression in normal or degenerating disc tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen rabbits were subjected to annular laceration of the L1-L2 and L2-L3 discs while two rabbits served as sham controls. Control and lacerated discs were harvested 1 week, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks following surgery and subjected to histologic examination and gene expression analysis using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The genes studied included collagen Type I (Col I), collagen Type II (Col II), decorin, fibronectin (FN), interleukin-1a (IL-1alpha), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), Fas, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Expression levels of each gene were normalized to that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH), a constitutively expressed gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histology confirmed progressive degeneration of the discs over the 6-week study period. Different patterns of gene expression were observed in control and lesioned discs. Annular laceration caused a marked upregulation (two- to eightfold) of the expression of Col I, Col II, FN, MMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-13, and Fas genes, whereas that of BMP-2, IL-1alpha, and TNF genes was unaffected. Expression of the decorin gene was downregulated approximately sixfold after annular laceration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Annular laceration in this animal model resulted in marked changes in gene expression. Upregulation of gene expression was observed for some molecules found at high concentration in human degenerated discs, suggesting similarities to human disc degeneration at the molecular level. This supports the need for further study of the genes found to be activated by annular laceration.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. dgreganderson@aol.com
authors.forename: D Greg
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Marc W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Izzo
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hilibrand
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Rocky S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tuan
authors.forename: Todd J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Albert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D003094:Collagen / Q000235:genetics; D017364:Collagenases / Q000235:genetics; D058575:Decorin; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D022125:Lacerations; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000235:genetics; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics; D023421:Models, Animal; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; C546878:DCN protein, human; D058575:Decorin; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005353:Fibronectins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D011509:Proteoglycans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019014:fas Receptor; D003094:Collagen; D017364:Collagenases; C507079:MMP13 protein, human; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1