title: Preoperative evaluation of chronic alcoholics assessed for surgery of the upper digestive tract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcoholics are at risk of developing major complications in the postoperative period. Adequate prophylactic treatment, as well as preoperative abstinence, can significantly decrease the rate of complications. However, the preoperative diagnosis of alcoholism is difficult to establish. The purpose of this study was to assess whether three preoperative visits, an alcohol-related questionnaire (CAGE), and the laboratory markers carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) would increase the rate of detection of chronic alcoholics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included the Departments of ENT, Facial and Maxillofacial Surgery, and General Surgery of a university hospital; 705 male patients were assessed for tumor surgery of the upper digestive tract and were allocated to 5 different groups. All patients were seen three times, and five different strategies were used to detect chronic alcoholics. The gold standard was the diagnosis of alcohol misuse made by an experienced (blinded) investigator according to the DSM-III-R. The main outcome measurements were the detection rates of the different test strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By clinical routine alone, only 16% were detected during the first visit and 34% after three visits. If the CAGE questionnaire was added, sensitivity increased to 64%. The further addition of GGT or CDT led to 80 and 85% detections, respectively. A combination of all tests had a sensitivity of 91%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To detect more alcoholic patients at risk for major complications, patients should be seen more often, and additional diagnostic tools such as the CAGE, CDT, and GGT should be used before surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Charite, Campus Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heymann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Soost
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mazurek
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Helling
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lenzenhuber
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kox
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Spies
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004067:Digestive System Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires