title: Different neurophysiologic patterns of myoclonus characterize Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and myoclonic astatic epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the neurophysiologic characteristics of epileptic myoclonus in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and myoclonic astatic epilepsy (MAE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients with symptomatic LGS (mean age, 15 years +/- 4) and three with cryptogenic MAE (mean age, 9 years +/- 3) were studied. Temporal relationships between electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic activity were studied by analyzing latencies of EEG activity related to the onset of single myoclonic jerks, by using burst-locked EEG averaging where necessary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LGS: neurophysiologic analysis indicated that jerks and the accompanying premyoclonic spikes showed latency differences between sides (mean +/- SD, 18 +/- 5 ms for both) with a constant leading side in each patient. The premyoclonic spike latency was 20 +/- 10 ms (mean +/- SD). Topographic voltage mapping of the premyoclonic spike peak showed a unilateral frontal distribution. MAE: muscles from both sides were activated synchronously, and the EEG correlate was a generalized spike-wave, in which the negative peak of the spike preceded the generalized jerks by 30 +/- 2 ms (mean +/- SD). Topographic voltage mapping of the premyoclonic spike peak showed a diffuse distribution of the electrical field, predominating over the anterior regions, but not lateralized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These neurophysiologic findings indicate that epileptic myoclonus in LGS originates from a stable generator in the frontal cortex, to spread to contralateral and ipsilateral cortical areas, whereas myoclonus in MAE appears to be a primary generalized epileptic phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pisa and IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonanni
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parmeggiani
authors.forename: Renzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guerrini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004831:Epilepsies, Myoclonic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D013577:Syndrome