title: Prediction of stage of pregnancy in prolific sheep using ultrasound measurement of fetal bones.
abstract: The use of ultrasound to estimate stage of pregnancy was assessed in 32 ewes of a prolific genotype carrying 7 singleton fetuses and 9 twin, 10 triplet and 6 quadruplet litters that were scanned on six occasions from 60 to 120 days of gestation. At least one ultrasound measurement per ewe of fetal metacarpal bone length (MCL), biparietal diameter (BPD), or of both bones was made on over 90% of attempts (n = 152). Measurement of MCL was made on 78% of attempts (n = 371), of BPD on 73% of attempts, and of both bones on 62% of attempts. The equation developed from BPD (mean absolute error (MAE) = 3.2 days) was similar to that developed from measurement of MCL (MAE = 3.3 days) in its capacity to predict stage of pregnancy. Accuracy of prediction was improved using equations that included mean values within litters for BPD (MAE = 2.5 days) and MCL (MAE = 2.6 days). Further improvement in predictive capacity was achieved using multiple regression equations developed from measurement of both bones (individual fetuses: MAE = 2.6 days; equations including mean values within litters: MAE = 2.2 days). The results demonstrate that ultrasound can be used to estimate stage of pregnancy in prolific ewes, and that the use of mean values for bone measurements from different fetuses within litters and/or measurement of bones with different growth allometry can increase the reliability of estimates. The utility of the procedure depends on the number of fetuses measured per ewe, the number of bones measured per fetus and, hence, the time required to measure bones and the degree of accuracy required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. paul.greenwood@agric.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.forename: Ramona M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Slepetis
authors.forename: Malcolm J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McPhee
authors.forename: Alan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology*; D005260:Female; D020567:Fetal Weight; D005865:Gestational Age; D008663:Metacarpus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D010294:Parietal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D012756:Sheep / Q000196:embryology*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*