A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition.
Stereotype research emphasizes systematic processes over seemingly arbitrary contents, but content also may prove systematic. On the basis of stereotypes' intergroup functions, the stereotype content model hypothesizes that (a) 2 primary dimensions are competence and warmth, (b) frequent mixed clusters combine high warmth with low competence (paternalistic) or high competence with low warmth (envious), and (c) distinct emotions (pity, envy, admiration, contempt) differentiate the 4 competence-warmth combinations. Stereotypically, (d) status predicts high competence, and competition predicts low warmth. Nine varied samples rated gender, ethnicity, race, class, age, and disability out-groups. Contrary to antipathy models, 2 dimensions mattered, and many stereotypes were mixed, either pitying (low competence, high warmth subordinates) or envying (high competence, low warmth competitors). Stereotypically, status predicted competence, and competition predicted low warmth.
Fiske
Susan T
ST
Department of Psychology, Princeton University, New Jersey 08544-1010, USA. sfiske@princeton.edu
Cuddy
Amy J C
AJ
Glick
Peter
P
Xu
Jun
J
D000328:Adult; D003163:Competitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D007578:Jealousy; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D026706:Paternalism; D012923:Social Class; D012938:Social Perception; D013240:Stereotyping; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires