title: Determination of macronutrients, by chemical analysis, of home-prepared milk feeding bottles and their contribution to the energy and protein requirements of infants from high and low socioeconomic classes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the macronutrients composition of home-prepared milk feeding bottles, by chemical analysis, and assess their contribution to the energy and protein requirements of children under two years of age from high (HSE) and low (LSE) socioeconomic classes.
  
  
  METHODS
  72 samples were analyzed for energy density and protein, fat and carbohydrate content: 41 from the LSE group and 31 from the HSE group. The assessment of the percentages of the energy and protein requirements met by the consumption of the milk bottles was calculated as follows: the energy and protein per 100 mL obtained through chemical analysis were multiplied by the volume consumed at each feeding, then by the number of feedings per day, the results divided by the energy and protein requirements and multiplied by 100. Energy and protein requirements were those recommended by the FAO/WHO/UNU Committee and the Food and Nutrition Board. The children's weight-for-age index was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unmodified cow's milk was largely consumed by both groups. The addition of sugar and other ingredients to the milk was significantly higher in the LSE group. Moisture, protein and fat content were lower in the LSE group, whereas carbohydrate and energy content were higher. The percentages of energy and protein requirements provided by feeding bottles were higher in the LSE group. Children in the LSE group had lower z-scores for weight-for-age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in the preparation practices led to differences in the chemical results. The feeding bottles in the LSE group were high in energy, due to the addition of sugar and cereals to the milk in the bottle. The milk feeding bottles were an important weaning food providing more than 50% and 100% of the children's energy and protein requirements, respectively. The children's weight-for-age index was within the normal limits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil. tania.pnut@epm.br
authors.forename: Tania Beninga
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Morais
authors.forename: Dirce Maria
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sigulem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D002523:Edible Grain; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis*; D008892:Milk; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D012923:Social Class; D014505:Urban Population; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D014867:Water