title: MCM2-7 complexes bind chromatin in a distributed pattern surrounding the origin recognition complex in Xenopus egg extracts.
abstract: The MCM2-7 complex is believed to function as the eukaryotic replicative DNA helicase. It is recruited to chromatin by the origin recognition complex (ORC), Cdc6, and Cdt1, and it is activated at the G(1)/S transition by Cdc45 and the protein kinases Cdc7 and Cdk2. Paradoxically, the number of chromatin-bound MCM complexes greatly exceeds the number of bound ORC complexes. To understand how the high MCM2-7:ORC ratio comes about, we examined the binding of these proteins to immobilized linear DNA fragments in Xenopus egg extracts. The minimum length of DNA required to recruit ORC and MCM2-7 was approximately 80 bp, and the MCM2-7:ORC ratio on this fragment was approximately 1:1. With longer DNA fragments, the MCM2-7:ORC ratio increased dramatically, indicating that MCM complexes normally become distributed over a large region of DNA surrounding ORC. Only a small subset of the chromatin-bound MCM2-7 complexes recruited Cdc45 at the onset of DNA replication, and unlike Cdc45, MCM2-7 was not limiting for DNA replication. However, all the chromatin-bound MCM complexes may be functional, because they were phosphorylated in a Cdc7-dependent fashion, and because they could be induced to support Cdk2-dependent Cdc45 loading. The data suggest that in Xenopus egg extracts, origins of replication contain multiple, distributed, initiation-competent MCM2-7 complexes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Antonin V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Tutter
authors.forename: Christin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cvetic
authors.forename: Catherine H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Tatyana A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Prokhorova
authors.forename: Johannes C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Walter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D064148:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 4; D064151:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 6; D064168:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 7; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D051738:Origin Recognition Complex; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D013997:Time Factors; D014981:Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins
chemical_list: C102209:CDC45 protein, S cerevisiae; C066503:CDC6 protein, S cerevisiae; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002843:Chromatin; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D051738:Origin Recognition Complex; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C085711:mcm5 protein, S pombe; C491206:mcm6a protein, Xenopus; D003609:Dactinomycin; D004247:DNA; C489404:CDC7 protein, S cerevisiae; C489405:CDC7 protein, Xenopus; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495891:Cdk2 protein, Xenopus; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; C092802:MCM4 protein, S cerevisiae; C491207:MCM6 protein, S cerevisiae; C491088:MCM7 protein, S cerevisiae; C509836:Mcm7 protein, Xenopus; D064148:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 4; D064151:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 6; D064168:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 7