title: Intrathecal methotrexate affects cognitive function in children with medulloblastoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive impairment occurs after malignant brain tumor treatment in children, following brain radiotherapy and systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  1) To compare two groups of children who underwent surgery for cerebellar medulloblastoma with their cousins and siblings, assessing intelligence, executive function, attention, visual perception, and short-term memory. Both groups were treated with the same combined radiotherapy-chemotherapy, but differed in that only one group received intrathecal methotrexate (MTX+). 2) To relate these measures to MRI findings (leukomalacia).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two groups performed worse than their control subjects in all tests. The MTX+ group younger than 10 years performed significantly worse in all tests, particularly executive ones. The group older than 10 years performed significantly worse only in short-term memory. Younger patients without MTX performed significantly worse than controls only in some neuropsychological measures; there were no differences between older patients and control subjects. Only in the MTX+ group was there a direct correlation between extent of leukomalacia and performance in some tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The administration of intrathecal methotrexate to children with medulloblastoma worsens the cognitive deficits induced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The use of intrathecal methotrexate in the treatment of medulloblastoma and other malignancies should be reassessed.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Neurology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy. driva@istituto-besta.it
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giorgi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nichelli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bulgheroni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Massimino
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cefalo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gandola
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giannotta
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bagnasco
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Saletti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pantaleoni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002528:Cerebellar Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D008727:Methotrexate