title: A rat model of otitis media with effusion caused by eustachian tube obstruction with and without Streptococcus pneumoniae infection: methods and disease course.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical and histopathologic progression of a rat model of otitis media with effusion caused by eustachian tube obstruction (ETO) with and without Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 164 rats, the left, bony eustachian tube was approached via a ventral incision and obstructed with dental material. Then 108 rats were infected via an intrabullar injection with S pneumoniae. At 48 hours, the infected rats were treated for 5 days with ampicillin. All ears were evaluated by weekly otomicroscopy. On each of days 1, 2, 7, 21, 35, 56, and 112, four rats were killed for histologic study. All effusions were cultured for bacteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen rats died of surgical complications; effusion resolved by 2 weeks in 9 rats. During the first few days, infected ears with ETO had bulging tympanic membranes, followed by tympanic membrane retraction, purulent effusion, and otorrhea (50%) over the next few weeks, whereas uninfected ears with ETO developed retraction and serous effusion during the same time frame. At later times, all ears with ETO presented with retraction and serous or serous-mucoid effusion. S pneumoniae was recovered only from the infected ears with ETO (days 1 and 2), with some colonization by nonpathogenic microorganisms observed equally in both groups of ears. Histology showed a typical acute inflammatory reaction in the challenged ears with ETO through day 14 and then a chronic inflammation for all ears with ETO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental methods provoked reproducible pathologic signs similar to those for otitis media with effusion. Given the availability of rat-specific reagents, this model is well suited for studies of cytokine elaboration during disease pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Otavio B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Piltcher
authors.forename: J Douglas
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Swarts
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Magnuson
authors.forename: Cuneyt M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Alper
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hebda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005064:Eustachian Tube / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification*