title: Medical evaluation of overweight children and adolescents: reports from pediatricians, pediatric nurse practitioners, and registered dietitians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of this study was to determine how pediatric health care providers identify overweight in children and adolescents and how they evaluate obesity-related medical complications. This information can guide development of programs to help providers improve their evaluation practices. A secondary objective was to examine the association of certain provider characteristics with recommended evaluation practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of pediatricians, pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs), and registered dietitians received a questionnaire about their evaluation of overweight children and adolescents. Results were compared with published recommendations. Associations between respondent characteristics and adherence to published recommendations were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total 940 providers responded (response rate: 19%-33%). Among all 3 groups a majority frequently used clinical impression, weight-for-age percentile, weight-for-height percent, and weight-for-height percentile to assess degree of overweight. Nearly all pediatricians and PNPs routinely evaluated blood pressure, but a minority routinely looked for orthopedic problems, insulin resistance, and sleep disorders. Less than 10% followed all recommendations for history and physical examination. Two thirds of pediatricians and PNPs routinely tested for lipid abnormalities. Most providers asked about family history of overweight, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, but only one third asked about gallbladder disease. In general, the provider's specialty, years in practice, gender, and body mass index were not associated with adherence to recommended practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical evaluation of overweight children and adolescents fell short of recommended practices. These results point to the need for educational efforts to increase awareness of medical risks and for tools to facilitate more complete evaluation during office visits.
authors.affiliation: St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63104, USA. barlowse@slu.edu .
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Klish
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Trowbridge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004046:Dietetics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking / Q000379:methods; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010371:Pediatric Nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States