title: Experimental determination of the anisotropy function for the model 200 103Pd "light seed" and derivation of the anisotropy constant based upon the linear quadratic model.
abstract: Since the publication of the AAPM Task Group 43 report in 1995, Model 200 103Pd seed, which has been widely used in prostate seed implants and other brachytherapy procedures, has undergone some changes in its internal geometry resulting from the manufacturer's transition from lower specific activity reactor-produced 103Pd ("heavy seeds") to higher specific activity accelerator-produced radioactive material ("light seeds"). Based on previously reported theoretical calculations and measurements, the dose rate constants and the radial dose functions of the two types of seeds are nearly the same and have already been reported. In this work, the anisotropy function of the "light seed" was experimentally measured and an averaging method for the determination of the anisotropy constant from distance-dependent values of anisotropy factors is presented based upon the continuous low dose rate irradiation linear quadratic model for cell killing. The anisotropy function of Model 200 103Pd "light seeds" was measured in a Solid Water phantom using 1 X 1 x 1 mm micro LiF TLD chips at radial distances of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 cm and at angles from 0 to 90 degrees with respect to the longitudinal axis of the seeds. At a radial distance of 1 cm, the measured anisotropy function of the 103Pd "light seed" is considerably lower than that of the 103Pd "heavy seed" reported in the TG 43 report. Our measured values at all radial distances are in excellent agreement with the results of a Monte Carlo simulation reported by Weaver, except for points along and near the seed longitudinal axis. The anisotropy constant of the 103Pd "light seed" was calculated using the linear quadratic biological model for cell killing in 30 clinical implants. For the model 200 "light seed," it has a value of 0.865. However, our biological model calculations lead us to conclude that if the anisotropy factors of an interstitial brachytherapy seed vary significantly over radial distances anisotropy constant should not be used as an approximation for anisotropy characteristics of a brachytherapy seed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8040, USA. ning.yue@yale.edu
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Ravinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nath
mesh_terms: D016880:Anisotropy; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010165:Palladium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D010165:Palladium