title: Retrocaval ureter and associated abnormalities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of retrocaval ureter with other congenital abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two new cases of retrocaval ureter are discussed and a detailed electronic search of the literature was mainly focused on the concomitant abnormalities. The first of our patients had also a glandular hypospadias and a supernumerary lumbar vertebra, while the second one had syndactylia (fixed toes) in both feet. Results. The review of the literature revealed that 21% of the cases of retrocaval ureter present with concomitant abnormalities mainly from the cardiovascular system and the genitourinary tract.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnosis of retrocaval ureter should increase the awareness of the responsible physician on the possibility of concomitant malformations where treatment could prevent future symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital of Patras, Greece. perimenis@internet.gr
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perimenis
authors.forename: Kostis
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gyftopoulos
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Athanasopoulos
authors.forename: Vasilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pastromas
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barbalias
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013576:Syndactyly / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013519:Urogenital Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D014567:Urography / Q000379:methods