title: Bladder outlet obstruction in women: prevalence, recognition, and management.
abstract: Bladder outlet obstruction in women is an infrequently diagnosed urological condition. Its prevalence has been estimated to be between 2.7% and 29%. The large variation in prevalence is likely a result of the lack of standard diagnostic definition for the evaluation of female bladder outlet obstruction. A combination of history taking; physical examination; and diagnostic tests, including simple pressure void studies, radiographic imaging, endoscopic visualization, and multichannel videourodynamics provides a consistent way to accurately recognize and diagnose bladder outlet obstruction. Causes of obstruction are varied and numerous but generally fall within two broad categories: functional and anatomic. Treatment options are tailored to individual causes of obstruction and range from conservative pharmacologic and behavioral options to more-invasive surgical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, Suite 10U, New York, NY 10016, USA. victor.nitti@med.nyu.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nitti
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy