title: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), aromatase and breast cancer: a possible role for COX-2 inhibitors in breast cancer chemoprevention.
abstract: Interest in chemoprevention in oncology using suppressants of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis has been stimulated by epidemiological observations that the use of aspirin and other non-steroidal inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with reduced incidence of some cancers, including cancer of the breast. The main target of NSAID activity is the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. Two isoforms of COX have been identified: COX-1, the constitutive isoform; and COX-2. the inducible form of the enzyme. COX-2 can undergo rapid induction in response to many factors such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, growth factors, cytokines and phorbol esters. COX-2 is overexpressed in some malignancies including carcinoma of the breast. It has been suggested that such enhanced expression may lead to increased angiogenesis such that the inhibition of COX-2 might have a general anticancer effect via decreased blood vessel formation. In addition, an association between COX-2, its main product PGE2 and aromatase activity in human breast cancer suggests that such inhibitors might have an additional, specific prophylactic mechanism for this tumour. New COX-2 inhibitors are already licensed for use in the treatment of arthritis and are well tolerated. Their potential role in chemoprevention of mammary carcinogenesis in rats has already been investigated. What remains to be seen is if these findings can be extrapolated to human studies.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK. dgiles@icr.ac.uk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sacks
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dowsett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001141:Aromatase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018890:Chemoprevention / Q000379:methods*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D001141:Aromatase; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases