title: Risk factors for incident nuclear opacities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate risk factors for the 4-year incidence of nuclear opacities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cohort study (85% participation at 4-year follow-up).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two thousand six hundred nine black participants of the Barbados Eye Studies, without any nuclear opacities at baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed a standardized protocol at baseline and follow-up, including ophthalmic and other measurements, an interview, slit-lamp lens grading, fundus photography, and an ophthalmologic examination. Factors associated with the incidence of nuclear opacities (Lens Opacities Classification System II N > or = 2) were evaluated by logistic regression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 4-year incidence of nuclear opacities was 9.2% (241 of 2609) and increased greatly with age. Women were at significantly greater risk (RR = 1.8), as were persons with darker iris color (RR = 4.9), myopia (RR = 2.8), history of diabetes (RR = 1.6), leaner body mass (RR = 0.95 for each unit increase in body mass index [kg/m(2)]), and intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering treatment (RR = 2.7), mainly with topical beta-blockers. Treated participants had a threefold RR of nuclear opacities (RR = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.6, 6.5) compared with those untreated and with IOP < or =21 mmHg. Among participants with IOP >21 mmHg, those receiving treatment (n = 33) had a fivefold RR (RR = 5.0; 95% CI, 1.7, 15.1) versus those who were untreated. The RR was similar for treated persons with and without open-angle glaucoma (RR = 3.1; 95% CI, 1.3, 7.4 and RR = 2.8; 95% CI, 0.9, 8.6 respectively) but was lower in persons with newly detected (and thus untreated) glaucoma at baseline (RR = 1.2; 95% CI, 0.6, 2.6) compared with those without open-angle glaucoma or treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 4-year risk of nuclear opacities increased with age, female gender, darker iris color, myopia, diabetes, and leaner body mass, indicating similarities with other populations. The use of topical IOP-lowering medications tripled the RR of nuclear opacities in this study, an association that requires verification from clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, HSC L-3 RM 086, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8036, USA.
authors.forename: M Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Leske
authors.forename: Suh-Yuh
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nemesure
authors.forename: Anselm
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hennis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology; D001460:Barbados / Q000453:epidemiology; D044383:Black People; D002386:Cataract / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007907:Lens Nucleus, Crystalline / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors