title: Evaluation of malignancy and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a review.
abstract: This paper reviews data on the prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). These tumors are specific KIT-expressing and KIT-signaling-driven mesenchymal tumors, many of which have KIT-activating mutations. GISTs occur in the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract and may also arise from the omentum, mesenteries, and retroperitoneum. They range from small benign tumors to sarcomas at all sites of occurrence. A KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitor, STI-571 (imatinib [Gleevec]; Novartis, Basel, Switzerland), has recently shown promise in the treatment of metastatic GISTs. Understanding the natural history of GIST before introduction of STI-571 will help assess the impact and position of this new treatment. The frequency of benign versus malignant GISTs varies between sites. Benign GISTs outnumber malignant GISTs in the stomach, whereas malignant GISTs are more common in the intestines. Tumors that have metastasized at presentation have a very poor prognosis. Traditionally, the 3 key prognostic factors have been mitotic rate, tumor size, and site. Tumors that are small (< or =2 cm) and show mitotic activity not exceeding 5 mitoses per 50 high-power fields (HPFs) have an excellent prognosis, probably independent of site, although this has not been shown specifically for all sites. In the stomach, most epithelioid GISTs are benign, provided that mitotic counts do not exceed 5/50 HPFs. However, a small proportion of tumors apparently lacking mitotic activity do metastasize. Tumors with a mitotic rate >5/50 HPFs usually have a malignant behavior. The Ki67 index may help identify tumors with malignant potential, but large site-specific series are not yet available. Genetic markers, including DNA-copy number changes, telomerase activity, and KIT mutation status, may be useful in more accurately identifying tumors with malignant potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.forename: Wa'el
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: El-Rifai
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: H  L Sobin
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lasota
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001549:Benzamides; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011379:Prognosis; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit / Q000235:genetics; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary*; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001549:Benzamides; D005819:Genetic Markers; D010879:Piperazines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit