title: Chemical tests as alternatives to animal tests in research on late symptoms in diabetes.
abstract: Glycation reactions, such as those seen in late diabetes, can be mimicked in purely chemical systems. The glycation is time-dependent, and in in vitro systems it can continue for days. Ascorbate seems to enhance the reactions. The reactions are associated with free-radical formation through transformation of an Amadori product to (deoxy-)glycoson, catalysed by heavy metals. Ascorbate enhances the reaction by a factor of 5-10 compared with in vitro systems without ascorbate. In vitro systems containing bovine serum albumin retard the formation of free-radicals, because of the formation of advanced glycation products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, 400 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Jørgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clausen
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism*; D006031:Glycosylation; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D005947:Glucose; D001205:Ascorbic Acid