title: Frequency of mouthing behavior in young children.
abstract: Young children may be more likely than adults to be exposed to pesticides following a residential application as a result of hand- and object-to-mouth contacts in contaminated areas. However, relatively few studies have specifically evaluated mouthing behavior in children less than 5 years of age. Previously unpublished data collected by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC) were analyzed to assess the mouthing behavior of 72 children (37 males/35 females). Total mouthing behavior data included the daily frequency of both mouth and tongue contacts with hands, other body parts, surfaces, natural objects, and toys. Eating events were excluded. Children ranged in age from 11 to 60 months. Observations for more than 1 day were available for 78% of the children. The total data set was disaggregated by gender into five age groups (10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60 months). Statistical analyses of the data were then undertaken to determine if significant differences existed among the age/gender subgroups in the sample. A mixed effects linear model was used to test the associations among age, gender, and mouthing frequencies. Subjects were treated as random and independent, and intrasubject variability was accounted for with an autocorrelation function. Results indicated that there was no association between mouthing frequency and gender. However, a clear relationship was observed between mouthing frequency and age. Using a tree analysis, two distinct groups could be identified: children < or = 24 and children >24 months of age. Children < or = 24 months exhibited the highest frequency of mouthing behavior with 81+/-7 events/h (mean+/-SE) (n=28 subjects, 69 observations). Children >24 months exhibited the lowest frequency of mouthing behavior with 42+/-4 events/h (n=44 subjects, 117 observations). These results suggest that children are less likely to place objects into their mouths as they age. These changes in mouthing behavior as a child ages should be accounted for when assessing aggregate exposure to pesticides in the residential environment.
authors.affiliation: National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, MD-E20504, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. tulve.nicolle@epa.gov
authors.forename: Nicolle S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Tulve
authors.forename: Jack C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Suggs
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McCurdy
authors.forename: Elaine A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Cohen Hubal
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moya
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D009055:Mouth; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues