title: Comparative effects of tibolone and conjugated equine estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate on the reproductive tract of female cynomolgus monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the effects of 2 years' treatment with tibolone on the reproductive tract of female monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in comparison with conventional hormone replacement therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ovariectomized adult female monkeys were randomized for 2 years of treatment into five groups: controls (n = 31); tibolone at 0.05 mg/kg (LoTIB group; n = 30); tibolone at 0.2 mg/kg (HiTIB group; n = 31); conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) at 0.042 mg/kg (CEE group; n = 28); or CEE + medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) at 0.167 mg/kg (CEE + MPA group; n = 29). Endpoints included vaginal cytology; uterine weight; histopathologic evaluation of the uterus, vagina, and cervix; histomorphometry of the endometrium; and immunohistochemical detection of the proliferation marker Ki67 and progesterone receptor in endometrial tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endometrial atrophy was found in 29 of 30 and 23 of 31 animals in the LoTIB and HiTIB groups, respectively, compared with 0 of 28 and 11 of 29 in the CEE and CEE + MPA groups, respectively. All ovariectomized control animals had atrophic endometria. No complex or atypical hyperplasia was seen. Simple endometrial hyperplasia of a significant degree was seen in 3 of 31 HiTIB-treated animals, 1 of 30 LoTIB-treated animals, 26 of 28 CEE-treated animals, and 16 of 29 CEE + MPA-treated animals, and in none of the control animals. Marked simple endometrial hyperplasia and Ki-67 expression was induced by CEE and partially antagonized by MPA. LoTIB and HiTIB slightly increased endometrial thickness, whereas CEE and CEE + MPA induced a marked increase of 350% and 200%, respectively. Neither LoTIB nor HiTIB increased endometrial proliferation (Ki67 labeling) or induced vaginal keratinization. Endometrial bleeding was not seen in tibolone-treated animals but was present in 10 of 29 animals given CEE + MPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of tibolone on the uterus and lower reproductive tract was minimal. The lack of a proliferative response of the endometrium to tibolone, coupled with the lower incidence of endometrial bleeding, suggests that tibolone may have advantages over CEE and CEE + MPA regarding endometrial safety and efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Medicine Clinical Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1040, USA. jmcline@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: J Mark
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cline
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Register
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Clarkson
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D000882:Haplorhini; D006736:Horses; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009652:Norpregnenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010052:Ovariectomy; D011336:Probability; D011897:Random Allocation; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D009652:Norpregnenes; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate; C027385:tibolone