title: The colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is widely accepted that the adenoma-carcinoma sequence represents the process by which most, if not all, colorectal cancers arise. The evidence supporting this hypothesis has increased rapidly in recent years and the purpose of this article is to review this evidence critically and highlight its clinical significance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline searches were used to identify recent key articles relating to the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Further pertinent articles were obtained by manual scanning of the reference lists of identified papers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The evidence supporting the adenoma-carcinoma sequence can be classified as epidemiological, clinicopathological and genetic. The most recent and largest body of data relates to molecular genetic events and their cellular effects; however, many other approaches, such as cytogenetics, molecular cytogenetics and cytometry, have also yielded valuable information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent work continues to support the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, but there is a paucity of data on the interrelationship between different genetic mutations and on the relationship between molecular and other types of genetic abnormalities. The clinical utility of the observations described has yet to be fully realized and global genetic analysis of colorectal tumours may prove to be central in rational adenoma management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK. a.leslie@dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: R J C
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Steele
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / Q000235:genetics; D020137:Base Pair Mismatch; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015870:Gene Expression; D016158:Genes, p53 / Q000235:genetics; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein