title: Methods for evaluating the effects of new hormone replacement therapy compounds on coronary artery disease.
abstract: The clinical effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on cardiovascular disease, and whether this effect is altered by the formulation of estrogen or progestin studied, is an area of controversy. Use of clinical end points for these studies requires large numbers of subjects observed for several years and is time consuming and costly. The selection of clinically relevant surrogate endpoints, however, is complex, because many of the currently available modalities are not sensitive enough to identify subclinical coronary disease or disease progression. Moreover, many of the existing choices are invasive and may not be appropriate for repeated assessment of disease. This article reviews some of the available diagnostic tools, including measures of arterial structure and function, intravascular ultrasound, and electron-beam computed tomography, and assesses their ability to evaluate the presence and severity of atherosclerosis and the impact of HRT on coronary artery disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA. pouyang@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ouyang
mesh_terms: D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000502:physiology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008745:Methylation; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000187:drug effects; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000592:standards; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen