title: Acute delirium induced by metoprolol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a case of delirium associated with use of metoprolol and to analyse 24 such cases including 22 cases reported to Australian Adverse Drug Reaction Advisory Committee and one case previously published (S. Ahmad, Am Fam Physician, 1991;44:1142, 1144).
  
  
  METHODS
  An 89 year old caucasian man with an acute coronary syndrome who had no psychiatric history and no infections, brain injury, stroke, metabolic nor neoplastic disease developed delirium after two small doses of metoprolol (25 mg). The delirium disappeared within 20 hours after metoprolol was ceased, despite continuing all other medications. THE COMBINED SERIES: Of 24 patients (12 women, mean age 71.8 years), 83% were older than 60 years. The duration of therapy before onset of delirium in 14 (58%) subjects was within one week; 23 of 24 patients were receiving therapeutic amounts of the drug (25-200 mg/day). Clinical features included confusion/disorientation in all subjects, agitation in 13, aggression in 6, visual hallucinations in 7, auditory hallucinations in 1, paranoid delusions in 3, vivid dreams in 2 and language disturbances in 3 persons. Bradycardia was reported in 4 cases, hypotension in 2, fatigue/tiredness in 3, Raynaud's phenomenon in 1 and skin rash in 1 patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanism of metoprolol-induced delirium is unclear. It could be due to impairment of hepatic metabolism (especially in the ageing liver) and complex neurotransmitter-related effects on brain beta-adrenoceptors and serotonin (5-HT) receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians should be aware that metoprolol, a widely used beta-blocker, may rarely cause delirium, especially in the elderly population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Canberra Hospital, The Canberra Clinical School of the University of Sydney, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jeffery
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003693:Delirium / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D008790:Metoprolol