title: Advanced coronary and carotid arteriopathy in young adults with childhood-onset chronic renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular mortality is excessive in young adults with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The factors contributing to ESRD-related vascular disease are incompletely understood. Young adults with childhood-onset chronic renal failure (CRF) are uniquely suited for risk factor assessment because of their long-term exposure at an age when vascular pathology in the general population is still minimal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used novel noninvasive technologies to screen for coronary and carotid artery disease in 39 patients with ESRD aged 19 to 39 years with childhood-onset CRF presently treated by dialysis or renal transplantation. Coronary artery calcification burden was assessed by CT scan with ECG gating and the intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid arteries by high-resolution ultrasound. Coronary artery calcifications were present in 92% of patients; calcium scores exceeded the 95th age- and sex-specific percentiles >10-fold on average. Carotid IMT was significantly increased compared with matched control subjects. Both coronary calcium scores and IMT were associated with cumulative dialysis and ESRD time and the cumulative serum calcium-phosphate product. Coronary calcium scores were strongly correlated with C-reactive protein and Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity, time-averaged mean serum parathyroid hormone, and plasma homocysteine. C-reactive protein and parathyroid hormone independently predicted coronary calcium accumulation. Smoking, obesity, and HbA1c were correlated with IMT in the control subjects but not in the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young adults with childhood-onset CRF have a high prevalence of arteriopathy associated with indicators of microinflammation, hyperparathyroidism, calcium-phosphate overload, and hyperhomocysteinemia but not traditional atherogenic risk factors. These risk factors persist even after successful renal transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wunsch
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turzer
authors.forename: Malte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bahner
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raggi
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Querfeld
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mehls
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography