title: Temporal relationship of choroidal blood flow and thickness changes during recovery from form deprivation myopia in chicks.
abstract: When form deprived, young chicks rapidly develop axial myopia, from which they recover if the treatment is ceased at a sufficiently early age. The increased axial growth of the eye is accompanied by choroidal thinning and decreased choroidal blood flow (ChBF). In contrast, during the early part of the recovery process, the choroid thickens, shifting the retina towards the new plane of focus. Little information is available about ChBF during recovery from myopia. Because of the possibility that choroidal thickening during recovery from myopia might be driven by an increase in ChBF, the temporal relationship of ChBF and choroidal thickness changes was examined during such recovery. White Leghorn chicks were form deprived from 3 days of age for 2-3 weeks using detachable plastic diffusers. Axial ocular dimensions, including choroidal thickness, were then measured by high frequency A-scan ultrasonography at various times after the diffusers were removed up to 240 hr. ChBF was measured transclerally immediately following the A-scan ultrasonography, using laser Doppler flowmetry. In the chicks measured immediately after diffuser removal, the vitreous chamber was 29.9% longer, the choroid was 6.4% thinner and ChBF was 13.7% less in the treated than in the non-treated control eyes. These changes are characteristic of myopic chick eyes and are reversible in young eyes. Thus, in chicks examined 7 hr after diffuser removal, the ChBF in recovering eyes was now greater than that in control eyes. This ChBF increase peaked about 19 hr after the diffusers were removed. The mean increase in ChBF in treated eyes for the 7-30 hr monitoring period was 187%, relative to control eyes. ChBF in the treated eyes gradually returned to the control level after this time. By contrast to the early, transient increase in ChBF, significant choroidal thickening was not observed in treated eyes until 30 hr after diffuser removal, and continued to increase relative to control eyes over the remainder of the monitoring period, reaching a final mean value of 182%. This study demonstrates, in chick eyes recovering from form deprivation myopia, large increases in ChBF that preceded increases in choroidal thickness and were also more transient than the latter. These results raise the possibility that the increase in ChBF may trigger or even drive the subsequent onset of choroidal expansion, perhaps by facilitating the filling of the choroidal lymphatic lacunae that are well developed in the avian eye.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Christian Brothers University, Memphis, TN, USA. malind@nb.utmem.edu
authors.forename: Malinda E C
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Christine F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wildsoet
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reiner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D009216:Myopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography