title: A new procedure to produce lignocellulosic anion exchangers from agricultural waste materials.
abstract: Two lignocellulosic agricultural waste materials (LCM), sugarcane bagasse (BG) and rice hull (RH), were converted into weak-base anion exchanger and evaluated for their exchanger capacity for nitrate. Pure cellulose (PC) and pure alkaline lignin (PL) were also used as reference materials to elucidate possible reactivity in LCM. Epoxy and amino groups were introduced into BG, RH, PC and PL substrates after the reaction with epichlorohydrin and dimethylamine in the presence of pyridine and an organic solvent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Amino group incorporation into cellulose decreased with the presence of water in the reaction mixture and increased with the reaction time and presence of a catalyst (pyridine). The highest maximum nitrate exchange capacity (Qmax) and yields of the prepared exchangers was obtained from PL (1.8 mmol g(-1) and 412.5%), followed by BG (1.41 mmol g(-1) and 300%), PC (1.34 mmol g(-1) and 166%) and RH (1.32 mmol g(-1) and 180%). The proposed synthetic procedure was effective in modifying PL, PC and LCM chemically resulting in a higher yield and nitrate removal capacity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan. ugo@environ.hiroshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: U S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Orlando
authors.forename: A U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Baes
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nishijima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okada
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000838:Anions / Q000737:chemistry*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D004123:Dimethylamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D004126:Dimethylformamide / Q000737:chemistry; D004811:Epichlorohydrin / Q000737:chemistry*; D008031:Lignin / Q000737:chemistry; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011786:Quality Control; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D004123:Dimethylamines; D009566:Nitrates; D011725:Pyridines; D014867:Water; D004811:Epichlorohydrin; C036909:lignocellulose; D004126:Dimethylformamide; D002482:Cellulose; D008031:Lignin; C027433:bagasse; C034516:dimethylamine; C023666:pyridine