title: Does chronic periodontitis cause coronary heart disease? A review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic periodontitis, or CP, has been associated with coronary heart disease, or CHD. This article reviews the available prospective CP-CHD evidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  In nine cohort studies, CP was associated with a 15 percent greater risk of developing CHD. Conclusions from individual studies depended on study characteristics. Summary risk estimates for studies controlling for smoking intensity (five of nine studies) or health awareness (two of nine studies) or studies with more than 600 CHD events (three of nine studies) suggest that CP is either not at all or weakly associated with CHD. Summary risk estimates for the studies that did not control for these factors or that examined an insufficient number of CHD events reported a weak increase in CHD risk associated with CP (20 percent greater). These data suggest that the CP-CHD associations observed in smaller studies are due to insufficient control for lifestyle differences. In addition, one cohort study reported that edentulous people had a CHD risk similar to that of people with CP. Therefore, the plausibility of dental infection elimination affecting CHD risk appears limited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current evidence supporting a causal CP-CHD link is weak. Rigorous methodological and analytical control of lifestyle factors such as smoking will be required to elucidate whether the CP-CHD disease association is either small or nonexistent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking destroys both oral and systemic health. Because of this strong common causal factor, oral and systemic health are linked. Dentistry should continue to play an important role in implementing smoking prevention and cessation programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Public Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Department of Epidemiology, Box 357475, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA. hujoel@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Hujoel
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications*; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D018401:Sample Size; D012907:Smoking