title: Health care utilization among patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Higher hospitalization rates among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients impose a substantial burden on the U.S. health care system. Early identification of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and determination of factors associated with increased morbidity may lead to appropriate interventions to attenuate the complications of CKD and possibly reduce future resource utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective cohort study of CKD patients in an outpatient nephrology clinic was performed to identify risk factors for hospitalization. The study population consisted of adults with elevated serum creatinine (females > or =1.5 mg/dL, males > or =2.0 mg/dL). Hospitalizations, hospital days and outpatient nephrology visits were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 259 patients, 123 (47%) were hospitalized during a median follow-up of 11.4 months. The number of hospitalizations and hospital days per patient-year at risk were 0.96 and 6.6, respectively. Cardiovascular disease/hypertension accounted for the majority of hospitalizations. In a multivariate regression analysis, older age (RR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00, 1.03) and presence of cardiac disease (RR 1.91, 95% CI 1.19, 3.07) were associated with higher risk of hospitalization while higher serum albumin (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.35, 0.95) and higher hematocrit (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.87, 0.97) were associated with lower risk of hospitalization. Higher serum albumin (RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.21, 0.55), higher hematocrit (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.81, 0.93) and use of ACE-inhibitors (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.47, 0.84) were associated with lower risk of subsequent hospital days. Erythropoietin (RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.11, 1.82) use was associated with higher risk of outpatient nephrology visits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Certain potentially modifiable factors appear to be associated with increased resource utilization. It is hypothesized that attention to these factors may lead to improved outcomes in this patient population, which could result in reduced utilization.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Samina S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Waqar H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kazmi
authors.forename: Rekha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abichandani
authors.forename: Hocine
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tighiouart
authors.forename: Brian J G
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Annamaria T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Kausz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D012709:Serum Albumin