title: Gastrointestinal complications after pediatric cardiac transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of major gastrointestinal complications after pediatric heart transplantation has not been well characterized. Studies in adults suggest significant morbidity and mortality from post-transplant gastrointestinal complications. In this study, we investigated major gastrointestinal complications in the pediatric heart transplant population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent heart transplantation at Children's Hospital, Boston, including all pertinent clinical, radiologic, endoscopic, and pathologic findings. Between May 1986 and December 2000, 104 patients underwent 105 orthotopic heart transplantations. Gastrointestinal complications were defined as major if they significantly prolonged hospital course, required hospital admission, or required surgical intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age at transplant was 8.7 years (range, 2 weeks to 23 years). Median duration of follow-up was 3.3 years (range, 2 days to 14.9 years). All patients initially received standard triple immunosuppression with cyclosporine, prednisone, and azathioprine. During this period, 30 major complication episodes occurred in 19 patients (18%) and included pancreatitis (7), cholecystitis (6), recurrent abdominal infection (5), malignancy (4), intestinal pneumatosis (4), colonic perforation (2), appendicitis (1), Crohn's disease (1), and partial small bowel obstruction (1). Ten (53%) of the 19 patients with major gastrointestinal complications required surgical intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serious gastrointestinal complications can occur after pediatric cardiac transplantation, with an incidence similar to that seen in adults. Gastrointestinal symptoms should be aggressively evaluated in the pediatric heart transplant patient because of the high incidence of complications that may require surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rakhit
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nurko
authors.forename: Kimberlee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gauvreau
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Blume
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors