title: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods for four genetically modified maize varieties and maize DNA content in food.
abstract: Quantitative detection methods are needed for enforcement of the recently introduced labeling threshold for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food ingredients. This labeling threshold, which is set to 1% in the European Union and Switzerland, must be applied to all approved GMOs. Four different varieties of maize are approved in the European Union: the insect-resistant Bt176 maize (Maximizer), Btl 1 maize, Mon810 (YieldGard) maize, and the herbicide-tolerant T25 (Liberty Link) maize. Because the labeling must be considered individually for each ingredient, a quantitation system for the endogenous maize content is needed in addition to the GMO-specific detection systems. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction detection methods were developed for the 4 approved genetically modified maize varieties and for an endogenous maize (invertase) gene system.
authors.affiliation: Kantonales Laboratorium Basel-Stadt, Basel, Switzerland. peter.brodmann@kl.bs.ch
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Brodmann
authors.forename: Evelyn C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Ilg
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Berthoud
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herrmann
mesh_terms: D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000032:analysis*; D005504:Food Analysis; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant