title: [Factors related to under-utilization of in-home services under the long-term insurance system].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to examine factors associated with under-utilization of in-home services covered by the long-term care insurance. Under-utilization was measured in terms of the discrepancy rate between benefits limits and service costs for individuals. Based on the behavioral model, possible predictors were chosen; the level of nursing care as the need factor, living arrangements and income as enabling factors, and family caregiving consciousness as a predisposing factor. Both direct and interaction effects of those factors were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  1,500 people were randomly selected from all people certified as needing long-term care in one ward, Tokyo to be interviewed. People categorized as "requires assistance" or "requires nursing care level 1" were interviewed directly. With people categorized as "level 2" to "level 5", their primary caregivers were interviewed. Information about in-home service utilization was collected from the insurer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  People who were categorized as requiring a lower level of nursing care, lived with others, had a low income, or had high family caregiving consciousness demonstrated significantly greater under-utilization rate as compared with others. An interaction between living arrangements and the level of nursing was observed in this regard. While people who lived alone exhibited low a level of under-utilization rate without regard of the level of nursing care, the rate changed by those who lived with other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the new system, informal support might have a significant impact on under-utilization of in-home services. The responsibility for paying 10% of total care costs might be related to under-utilization by people with low income, though reduction of individual co-payments has been introduced for individuals in difficult financial conditions.
authors.affiliation: Gerontology Program, Obirin University Graduate School.
authors.forename: Hidehiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugisawa
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukaya
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugihara
authors.forename: Hisanori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Yomei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakatani
authors.forename: Hye-Kyung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007353:Insurance, Long-Term Care / Q000592:standards*; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged