title: The cellular and molecular basis of hyperthermia.
abstract: In oncology, the term 'hyperthermia' refers to the treatment of malignant diseases by administering heat in various ways. Hyperthermia is usually applied as an adjunct to an already established treatment modality (especially radiotherapy and chemotherapy), where tumor temperatures in the range of 40-43 degrees C are aspired. In several clinical phase-III trials, an improvement of both local control and survival rates have been demonstrated by adding local/regional hyperthermia to radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced or recurrent superficial and pelvic tumors. In addition, interstitial hyperthermia, hyperthermic chemoperfusion, and whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) are under clinical investigation, and some positive comparative trials have already been completed. In parallel to clinical research, several aspects of heat action have been examined in numerous pre-clinical studies since the 1970s. However, an unequivocal identification of the mechanisms leading to favorable clinical results of hyperthermia have not yet been identified for various reasons. This manuscript deals with discussions concerning the direct cytotoxic effect of heat, heat-induced alterations of the tumor microenvironment, synergism of heat in conjunction with radiation and drugs, as well as, the presumed cellular effects of hyperthermia including the expression of heat-shock proteins (HSP), induction and regulation of apoptosis, signal transduction, and modulation of drug resistance by hyperthermia.
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charite Medical School, Humboldt-University, Campus Virchow Clinic, D-13344 Berlin, Germany. bert.hildebrandt@charite.de
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wust
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ahlers
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dieing
authors.forename: Geetha
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sreenivasa
authors.forename: Thoralf
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kerner
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.forename: Hanno
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Riess
mesh_terms: D016923:Cell Death; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow