title: Aminophylline exacerbates status epilepticus-induced neuronal damages in immature rats: a morphological, motor and behavioral study.
abstract: Adenosine is an endogenous modulator that has an inhibitory effect on neuronal activity. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of aminophylline, an adenosine receptor antagonist, on the long-term effects of status epilepticus (SE) in the developing brain. Four groups of rats at the postnatal age of 12 days were intraperitoneally administered with saline, aminophylline (50 mg/kg), lithium-pilocarpine (Li-PC) (3 mEq/kg-60 mg/kg), and Li-PC plus aminophylline, respectively. The four groups were tested for spatial memory using the Morris water maze task at P80 and motor performance by the Rotarod test at P100. The brains were then analyzed with cresyl violet stain for histological lesions and evaluated for mossy fiber sprouting with the Timm stain. At the acute stage, all rats subjected to Li-PC developed SE and no seizures were elicited in the saline-treated or aminophylline-treated rats. The seizure duration was longer in the Li-PC plus aminophylline group (346.9+/-32.7 min) as compared with that in the Li-PC group (265.2+/-9.8 min). The difference of mortality was not significant. Rats without seizures exhibited no motor imbalance, spatial deficits, or morphological changes. The rats with Li-PC-induced SE demonstrated spatial memory deficits without motor incoordination or morphological changes. However, the rats subjected to Li-PC plus aminophylline exhibited motor impairment and morphological changes, including neuronal cell loss in CA1 area and increased mossy fiber sprouting in CA3 area. In addition, the rats of Li-PC plus aminophylline had greater spatial memory deficits than that seen in rats with Li-PC. We concluded that an adenosine receptor antagonist, such as aminophylline, had synergistic effects on the SE-induced long-term deficit of cognition and motor performance in the developing brain. The present study may provide experimental evidence and lead to novel therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123, Ta-Pei RD, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Pi-Lien
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Ming-Chi
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: San Nan
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Chih-Lu
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chia-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Liou
authors.forename: Chia-Lu
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Tzu-Jou
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Li-Tung
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000628:Aminophylline / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000628:Aminophylline