title: The effects of tamoxifen on proliferation and steroid receptor expression in postmenopausal endometrium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of tamoxifen on the proliferation index and oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression in postmenopausal endometrium.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 125 endometrial specimens of postmenopausal women, comprising benign endometria from tamoxifen users (n = 35) and non-users (n = 24), and endometrial cancer from tamoxifen users (n = 15) and non-users (n = 51), were immunohistochemically examined using MIB-1, anti-ER, and anti-PR antibodies in endometrial epithelium and stroma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In benign endometrium the mean MIB-1 index in the epithelium was higher in tamoxifen users than in non-users (mean, 13% (SD, 13%) v mean, 2% (SD, 2%); p < 0.05), whereas in endometrial cancer the MIB-1 index was higher, but similar in tamoxifen users and non-users (mean, 32% (SD, 24%) and mean, 35% (SD, 18%)). The expression of ER was comparably high in benign epithelium from tamoxifen users and non-users (97% and 92%, respectively), but in endometrial cancer it was lower in tamoxifen users (60% and 88%; p < 0.05). The expression of PR in stromal cells was higher in tamoxifen users, both in benign (84% v 54%) and in malignant endometrium (33% v 10%; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proliferation index (as measured by MIB-1) in benign endometrial epithelium is higher in tamoxifen users than in non-users, and this might play a role in the reported higher incidence of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal tamoxifen users. The increased expression of PR in stroma from tamoxifen users with both benign and malignant endometrium demonstrates an additional oestrogenic effect of tamoxifen on the endometrial stroma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, The Netherlands. m.j.e.mourits@og.azg.nl
authors.forename: M J E
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mourits
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ten Hoor
authors.forename: A G J
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: van der Zee
authors.forename: P H B
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Willemse
authors.forename: E G E
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hollema
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D013629:Tamoxifen