title: The tyranny of judicial formalism: oral directives and clear and convincing evidence standard.
authors.affiliation: Bioethics Program, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, USA.
authors.forename: Ben A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016223:Advance Directives / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D000368:Aged; D003142:Communication; D005066:Euthanasia, Passive / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008297:Male; D018447:Medical Futility; D016743:Mental Competency / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D008875:Middle Aged; D018458:Persistent Vegetative State; D014481:United States