title: Multimodal strategies to improve surgical outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of modifying perioperative care in noncardiac surgical patients on morbidity, mortality, and other outcome measures.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  New approaches in pain control, introduction of techniques that reduce the perioperative stress response, and the more frequent use of minimal invasive surgical access have been introduced over the past decade. The impact of these interventions, either alone or in combination, on perioperative outcome was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched Medline for the period of 1980 to the present using the key terms fast track surgery, accelerated care programs, postoperative complications and preoperative patient preparation; and we examined and discussed the articles that were identified to include in this review. This information was supplemented with our own research on the mediators of the stress response in surgical patients, the use of epidural anesthesia in elective operations, and pilot studies of fast track surgical procedures using the multimodality approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The introduction of newer approaches to perioperative care has reduced both morbidity and mortality in surgical patients. In the future, most elective operations will become day surgical procedures or require only 1 to 2 days of postoperative hospitalization. Reorganization of the perioperative team (anesthesiologists, surgeons, nurses, and physical therapists) will be essential to achieve successful fast track surgical programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding perioperative pathophysiology and implementation of care regimes to reduce the stress of an operation, will continue to accelerate rehabilitation associated with decreased hospitalization and increased satisfaction and safety after discharge. Developments and improvements of multimodal interventions within the context of "fast track" surgery programs represents the major challenge for the medical professionals working to achieve a "pain and risk free" perioperative course.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kehlet
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Wilmore
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010351:Patient Discharge; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014850:Waiting Lists