title: Pediatric urolithiasis in Kuwait.
abstract: In this retrospective study, 31 Kuwaiti children with renal stones were reviewed between January 1996 and September 2000. Male to Female ratio was 2.1:1 with a mean age at presentation of 38 months. Family history of renal stones was reported in 58%. Stones were localized to the kidneys in 74.1%, to ureters in 6% and to the bladder in 9.6%. Bilateral stones were found in 64.5%. Clinical manifestations included: hematuria in 70.9%, passage of stones in 64.5%, abdominal pain in 41.9%, urinary tract infections in 29%, sterile pyuria in 22.9% and urine retention in 16%. Causes of stone formation included hypercalciuria in 38.7%, hyperoxaluria in 19.3%, cystinuria in 12.9%, xanthinuria in 12.9%, urinary tract infection in 3.2%, obstruction in 9.6% and idiopathic in 3.2%. In conclusion, lithogenic metabolic causes were found to be the major predisposing factors to stone formation among Kuwaiti children whereas diet and environmental factors played a trivial role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat. Amal@hsc.kuniv.edu.kw
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Eisa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Hunayyan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007730:Kuwait / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*