title: Association of calpain-10 gene with microvascular function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Genotype could influence vascular function. In some populations, Calpain 10 gene polymorphisms increase susceptibility to diabetes or insulin resistance. Alterations in microvascular function could contribute to insulin resistance. This study investigated whether polymorphisms in the Calpain-10 gene influence microvascular function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skin maximum microvascular hyperaemia to local heating on the dorsum of the foot (30 min at 43 degrees C) was measured by Laser Doppler Fluximetry in 37 healthy volunteers. All were normoglycaemic according to World Health Organisation criteria, normotensive and not on any medication. Four polymorphisms in the calpain-10 gene were typed: SNP-44, SNP-43, SNP-19, SNP-63. The SNP common to all the described high risk haplotypes is the G-allele at SNP-43. This intron 3 polymorphism appears to influence gene expression. Microvascular function was examined in relation to polymorphisms at this site alone as well as the effects of the known extended high risk haplotypes using the SNP's above.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum microvascular hyperaemia was increased in the 21 subjects with G/G genotypes at SNP-43 compared to the combined group of subjects ( G/ A genotype at SNP-43 ( n=12) + A/ A genotype at SNP-43 ( n=4)), and the minimum microvascular resistance was reduced 49.4 (39.6-94.2) vs 67.5 (39.1-107.3) mmHg/V, p=0.007). Haplotype analysis of the hyperaemic response revealed no significant differences between haplotypes. The two groups did not differ in terms of anthropometric measures, blood pressure, insulin resistance or glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The polymorphism that confers susceptibility to Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in some populations is associated in United Kingdom Caucasians with enhanced microvascular function in the presence of normoglycaemia.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5AX, UK. A.C.Shore@exeter.ac.uk
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Shore
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Frayling
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Horikawa
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hattersley
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tooke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002154:Calpain / Q000235:genetics*; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D007438:Introns; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012016:Reference Values; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002154:Calpain; C415197:calpain 10