title: Serum lipid profiles in Japanese women and men during consumption of walnuts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the serum cholesterol, apolipoproteins and LDL oxidizability in young Japanese women and men during walnut consumption and to evaluate its active principle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental study with a randomized design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy women and 20 healthy men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were randomly assigned to consume each of two mixed natural diets for 4 weeks in a cross-over design. Reference and walnut diets were designed and the walnut diet had 12.5% of the energy derived from walnuts (44-58 g/day).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total cholesterol and serum apolipoprotein B concentrations, and the ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol was significantly lowered in women and men when fed on the walnut diet, than when on the reference diet (P<or=0.05). The LDL cholesterol concentration was significantly lowered in women on the walnut diet (0.22 mmol/l, P=0.0008), whereas this decrease was not significant in men (0.18 mmol/l, P=0.078). The most prominent change in the fatty acid composition of the cholesteryl esters from serum after the walnut diet was an elevation of alpha-linolenic acid in women (76%, P<0.001) and men (107%, P<0.001). This elevation was negatively correlated to the change in LDL cholesterol in women (r=0.496, P=0.019) and men (r=0.326, P=0.138). The LDL oxidizability in women was not influenced by the diets (P=0.19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  alpha-Linolenic acid in the walnut diet appears to be responsible for the lowering of LDL cholesterol in women.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Kyushu University (Fukuoka, Japan) and the California Walnut Commission (California, USA).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Imaizumi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirooka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kono
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D002788:Cholesterol Esters / Q000737:chemistry; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009754:Nuts; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012737:Sex Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D002788:Cholesterol Esters; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D019787:Linoleic Acid