title: The effects of zinc supplementation on serum zinc and cholesterol concentrations in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of zinc sulfate supplementation on the concentrations of serum zinc and serum cholesterol in hemodialysis (HD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient dialysis center in a large metropolitan city.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, before-after trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight maintenance HD patients were selected. Twenty (15 women and 5 men) completed the study. Subjects were identified for inclusion in the study by the following criteria: HD treatment for a minimum of 6 months, no signs of gastrointestinal disorders, and no record of hospitalizations for reasons other than vascular access complications within the last 3 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were given a daily supplement of 7.7 micromol zinc sulfate (50 mg elemental zinc) or a cornstarch placebo capsule for 90 days. Patients completed 2-day food records, at day 0 and day 90 of the study, which included 1 dialysis day and 1 nondialysis day.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting, predialysis serum samples were collected on days 0, 40, and 90 to determine serum zinc and total cholesterol (TCHOL) concentrations. Dietary parameters, including zinc, protein, and energy intake, were also analyzed on days 0 and 90.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial concentrations of serum zinc indicated subjects were below the normal range for serum zinc standards (12 micromol/L [80 microg/dL]). After supplementation, subjects in the zinc-supplemented group showed significant increases in serum zinc concentrations from 0.79 microg/mL at day 0 to 0.96 microg/mL at day 90. Serum TCHOL concentrations were initially low among subjects in the control (2.914 +/- 0.158 mmol/L [112.7 +/- 6.1 mg/dL]) and zinc-supplemented (3.155 +/- 0.354 mmol/L [122.0 +/- 13.7 mg/dL]) groups. Serum TCHOL concentrations in the control group increased slightly throughout the study period but did not reach statistical significance. A progressive increase in serum TCHOL concentration was observed in the zinc-supplemented group from the beginning (3.155 +/- 0.354 mmol/L [122.0 +/- 13.7 mg/dL]) to the end (4.445 +/- 0.478 mmol/L [171.9 +/- 18.5 mg/dL]) of the study (r =.63, P <.05). Mean serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations for the zinc-supplemented group were 0.959 mmol/L +/- 0.11 (37.1 mg/dL +/- 4.3), 0.825 mmol/L +/- 0.08 (31.9 mg/dL +/- 3.2), and 0.908 mmol/L +/- 0.10 (35.1 mg/dL +/- 3.9) from the beginning to the end of the experimental period. The mean serum HDL cholesterol concentrations for the control group were 0.760 mmol/L +/- 0.075 (29.4 mg/dL +/- 2.9), 0.760 +/- 0.08 (29.4 mg/dL +/- 3.0), and 0.799 mmol/L +/- 0.13 (30.9 mg/dL +/- 4.9) from the beginning to the end of the experimental period. A progressive increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration was observed for the zinc-supplemented group throughout the study. Mean LDL cholesterol concentrations for the zinc-supplemented group were 2.19 mmol/L +/- 0.39 (85 mg/dL +/- 15.0), 3.30 mmol/L +/- 0.36 (127.8 mg/dL +/- 14.1), and 3.53 mmol/L +/- 0.53 (136.7 mg/dL +/- 20.6) from the beginning to the end of the study period. When serum zinc concentration was correlated with serum LDL cholesterol concentration, a significant correlation was found (r =.62, P <.03) for the zinc-supplemented group and no significant difference was found for the control group. No significant differences in LDL cholesterol concentrations were found within the control group from the beginning to the end of the study. Dietary intake of zinc, cholesterol, total fat, and saturated fat remained constant and did not statistically influence serum values. Reported energy intake increased significantly in the zinc-supplemented group from 5,799 kJ/24 h (1,385 kcal/d) at day 0 to 7,042 kJ/24 h (1,682 kcal/d) at day 90.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zinc supplementation is an effective means of improving serum levels of zinc and cholesterol in the HD patient.
authors.affiliation: Food and Nutrition Services, Charlton Methodist Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Celia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Chevalier
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liepa
authors.forename: Marla D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suneson
authors.forename: Anne D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Vanbeber
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cochran
mesh_terms: D001252:Astringents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D015930:Diet Records; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D019287:Zinc Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D001252:Astringents; D019287:Zinc Sulfate; D002784:Cholesterol; D015032:Zinc