title: Autoinhibition and isoform-specific dominant negative inhibition of the type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase.
abstract: In the absence of cyclic nucleotides, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGKs) suppress phosphotransfer activity at the catalytic cleft by competitive inhibition of substrate binding with a pseudosubstrate sequence within the holoenzyme. The magnitude of inhibition can be diminished by autophosphorylation near this pseudosubstrate sequence. Activation of type I cGK (cGKI) and type II cGK (cGKII) are differentially regulated by their cyclic nucleotide-binding sites. To address the possibility that the distinct activation mechanisms of cGKII and cGKI result from differences in the autophosphorylation of the inhibitory domain, we investigated the effects of autophosphorylation on the kinetics of activation. Unlike the type I cGKs (cGKIalpha and Ibeta), cGKII autophosphorylation did not alter the basal activity, nor the sensitivity of the enzyme to cyclic nucleotide activation. To determine residues responsible for autoinhibition of cGKII, Ala was substituted for basic residues (Lys(122), Arg(118), and Arg(119)) or a hydrophobic residue (Val(125)) within the putative pseudosubstrate domain of cGKII. The integrity of these residues was essential for full cGKII autoinhibition. Furthermore, a cGKII truncation mutant containing this autoinhibitory region demonstrated a nanomolar IC(50) toward a constitutively active form of cGKII. Finally, we present evidence that the dominant negative properties of this truncation mutant are specific to cGKII when compared with cAMP-dependent protein kinase Calpha and cGKIbeta. These findings extend the known differences in the activation mechanisms among cGK isoforms and allow the design of an isoform-specific cGKII inhibitor.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA.
authors.forename: Merritt K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Rehan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Begley
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Uhler
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002460:Cell Line; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000494:pharmacology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000494:pharmacology; D062965:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I; D062967:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D062965:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I; D062967:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; C569718:PRKG1 protein, human; C569729:PRKG2 protein, human; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D000409:Alanine