title: Value and consequences of routine intraoperative cholangiography during cholecystectomy.
abstract: Since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), an increase in accidental common bile duct (CBD) injuries of up to 1.2-1.6% has been reported. In the present prospective study of 1,710 patients undergoing cholecystectomy (1,241 LC procedures and 469 open cholecystectomies [OC]), we tested the predicative value of routine intraoperative cholangiography (IOC). The IOC was feasible in 92.4% of the cases in the LC group and in 83% of cases in the OC group and presented a complete depiction of the extrahepatic bile system in 98.3%. Anatomic variations of the bile duct system, which influenced the operative management, were found in 13.2% of cases (13.4% LC versus 12.8% OC). In 2.5% of the patients, preoperatively undetected CBD stones were also found. Method-specific complications did not occur in any of the patients. Additionally, in a controlled subgroup analysis of 163 patients, we evaluated preoperative intravenous cholangiography (IVC) and IOC. Intravenous cholangiography showed only 72.4% of the operation-relevant anatomic variations (vs. 100% by IOC); in 6.1% of the cases, there were reactions to the dye (vs. none in IOC), and in only 28.6% of the patients, CBD stones were detected (vs. 71.4% IOC). There were four bile duct injuries (0.29%) during LC and two (0.4%) during OC. All injuries were detected intraoperatively and fixed in the same setting without postoperative complications. In conclusion, we recommend the use of routine IOC during cholecystectomy. By this technique, anatomic variations of the bile duct system will be visualized and therefore accidental injuries will be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Greifswald, Germany. kaja.ludwig@kliniksued-rostock.de
authors.forename: Kaja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Joern
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lorenz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000379:methods*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013997:Time Factors