title: Comparison of the mechanical properties of the crystalline and amorphous forms of a drug substance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better understand the influence of long-range molecular order on the processing characteristics of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
  
  
  METHODS
  Crystalline and amorphous samples of a model drug substance were isolated and their "true" density, crystallinity, melting point, glass transition temperature, particle size distribution, and powder flow characteristics determined. Compacts of a standard porosity were manufactured from each form and their dynamic indentation hardness, quasi-static indentation hardness, tensile strength and "compromised tensile strength" determined. X-ray powder diffraction was used to confirm that no changes were induced by compact formation or testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The crystalline and amorphous forms of the drug substance had relatively high melting and glass transition temperatures (approximately 271 and 142 degrees C, respectively) and were physically and chemically stable under the conditions of the testing laboratory. Consistent with this there was no evidence of crystallinity in the amorphous samples or vice versa before, during or after testing. The two API lots were effectively equivalent in their particulate properties (e.g. particle size distribution), although differences in their particle morphologies were observed which influenced powder flow behavior. The compacts of the bulk drug samples exhibited moderate ductility, elasticity, and strength, and high brittleness, in keeping with many other drug substance samples. A significantly greater compression stress was required to form the compacts of the crystalline material, and these sample materials were more ductile, less brittle and less elastic than those made from the amorphous API. There were no major differences in the tensile strength or the viscoelasticity of the compacts made from the crystalline and amorphous samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanical properties of compacted amorphous and crystalline samples of a drug substance have been measured and the contributions due to the molecular ordering of the crystalline form proposed. Small but significant differences in the mechanical properties were noted which could potentially affect the processing performance of API.
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Inc., MS 8156-006, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA. bruno_c_hancock@groton.pfizer.com
authors.forename: Bruno C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: Glenn T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Dauda D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Ladipo
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Langdon
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mullarney
mesh_terms: D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D003460:Crystallization; D004339:Drug Compounding; D006244:Hardness; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D011208:Powders; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011208:Powders