title: Emergency contraception with mifepristone and levonorgestrel: mechanism of action.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of mifepristone and levonorgestrel on ovarian function and endometrial development in doses effective as emergency contraception.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve fertile women were treated with either 10 mg of mifepristone as a single dose (n = 6) or two doses of 0.75 mg of levonorgestrel, 12 hours apart (n = 6) before and after ovulation. An endometrial biopsy performed during the implantation period was analyzed for endometrial maturation and expression of markers of endometrial receptivity. The markers tested for were integrin alpha4 and beta3, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, progesterone receptors, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin lectin binding, and pinopodes. Urinary excretion of luteinizing hormone, estrone, and pregnanediol were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with mifepristone and levonorgestrel before ovulation inhibited the luteinizing hormone surge showing no significant differences between the means of luteinizing hormone measurements. When mifepristone was administered in the early luteal phase, downregulation of progesterone receptors was inhibited in five of six women. No significant alteration was found in any of the remaining markers of endometrial receptivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mode of action of emergency contraception with mifepristone or levonorgestrel is primarily due to inhibition of ovulation rather than inhibition of implantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women and Child Health, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. lena.marions@ks.se
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marions
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hultenby
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lindell
authors.forename: Xiaoxi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ståbi
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gemzell Danielsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003283:Contraceptives, Postcoital, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004630:Emergencies; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008598:Menstruation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015735:Mifepristone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; D003283:Contraceptives, Postcoital, Synthetic; D015735:Mifepristone; D016912:Levonorgestrel