Human estrogen receptor-alpha: regulation by synthesis, modification and degradation.
This review aims to evaluate the impact that human estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) synthesis, modification and degradation has on estrogen-dependant physiological and pathological processes within the body. Estrogen signaling is transduced through estrogen receptors, which act as ligand-inducible transcription factors. The significance of different isoforms of ER-alpha that lack structural features of full-length ER-alpha are discussed. The influence of differential promoter usage on the amount and isoform of ER-alpha within individual cell types is also reviewed. Moreover, the potential role of phosphorylation, ubiquitination and acetylation in the function and dynamic turnover of ER-alpha is presented.
Reid
G
G
European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany.
Denger
S
S
Kos
M
M
Gannon
F
F
D000107:Acetylation; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010766:Phosphorylation; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen