title: Temporomandibular disorders in 19-year-old Korean men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and the nature of the relationships between 3 temporomandibular joint disease (TMD) symptoms and symptoms of associated structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was designed to rule out the effect from the uneven composition of the samples on TMD symptoms. The samples were collected from subjects who were of the same age, gender, district, and race. Nineteen-year old men (n = 27,978) were selected and investigated by means of questionnaires and clinical examinations. The prevalence of each symptom was studied and tried to determine the effects of the TMD-associated signs on the TMD signs. The indices allocated to reflect the TMD signs and symptoms and the others were dichotomized for bivariate analysis. The predictor variables were headache, neck pain, referred pain, stress, past trauma history in the TMJ, past TMJ dislocation, bruxism, and clenching. The outcome variables were mouth opening limitation, TMJ pain on rest, and TMJ pain during function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of masticatory muscle stiffness was 17.8%; TMJ sounds, 14.3%; headache, 7.2%; neck pain, 13.5%; bruxism, 8.4%; and clenching, 9.9%. Stress occurred in 12.8%, past trauma history in 11%, and previous joint dislocation in 2.5%. The experience of dislocation in the TMJ was found to be the most important risk factor in terms of mouth opening limitation (odds ratio, 4.08, P <.0001), joint pain during function (odds ratio, 5.50, P <.0001), and joint pain in the rest state (odds ratio, 4.63, P <.0001). Referred pain and the experience of trauma in TMJ were the secondary risk factors in terms of joint pain and referred pain and the stress in terms of mouth opening limitation. Considering referred pain can be induced by TMD, stress may be more related to mouth opening limitation (odds ratio, 2.18, P <.0001), and the experience of trauma in TMJ may be more related to pain in the rest state (odds ratio, 2.56, P <.0001) and during function (odds ratio, 2.47, P <.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of TMD signs and symptoms as determined by this examination was in accord with the findings in women or mixed samples of other workers. Prior experience of a dislocated disc was found to be the most risky factor in TMD. Stress was related to limitations of mouth opening, and the experience of trauma in the TMJ was found to be related to pain in the joint region. Bruxism may not be a direct risk factor in TMD, and the clenching habit found to be more harmful than bruxism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Inje University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: You-Sung
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Pill-Hoon
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Choung
authors.forename: Hyock-Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Seong-Gon
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002012:Bruxism / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000453:epidemiology; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010808:Physical Examination; D015995:Prevalence; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013016:Sound; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000293:injuries; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*