title: Fungal fragments as indoor air biocontaminants.
abstract: The aerosolization process of fungal propagules of three species (Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium melinii, and Cladosporium cladosporioides) was studied by using a newly designed and constructed aerosolization chamber. We discovered that fungal fragments are aerosolized simultaneously with spores from contaminated agar and ceiling tile surfaces. Concentration measurements with an optical particle counter showed that the fragments are released in higher numbers (up to 320 times) than the spores. The release of fungal propagules varied depending on the fungal species, the air velocity above the contaminated surface, and the texture and vibration of the contaminated material. In contrast to spores, the release of fragments from smooth surfaces was not affected by air velocity, indicating a different release mechanism. Correlation analysis showed that the number of released fragments cannot be predicted on the basis of the number of spores. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with monoclonal antibodies produced against Aspergillus and Penicillium fungal species showed that fragments and spores share common antigens, which not only confirmed the fungal origin of the fragments but also established their potential biological relevance. The considerable immunological reactivity, the high number, and the small particle size of the fungal fragments may contribute to human health effects that have been detected in buildings with mold problems but had no scientific explanation until now. This study suggests that future fungal spore investigations in buildings with mold problems should include the quantitation of fungal fragments.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health-Related Aerosol Studies, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA.
authors.forename: Rafał L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Górny
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reponen
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Willeke
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schmechel
authors.forename: Enric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robine
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boissier
authors.forename: Sergey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Grinshpun
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000502:physiology; D007109:Immunity; D010316:Particle Size; D010407:Penicillium / Q000502:physiology; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000276:immunology*