title: Mechanical properties and radiopacity of experimental glass-silica-metal hybrid composites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experimental glass-silica-metal hybrid composites (polycomposites) were developed and tested mechanically and radiographically in this fundamental pilot study. To determine whether mechanical properties of a glass-silica filled two-paste dental composite based on a Bis-GMA/polyglycol dimethacrylate blend could be improved through the incorporation of titanium (Ti) particles (particle size ranging from 1 to 3 microm) or silver-tin-copper (Ag-Sn-Cu) particles (particle size ranging from 1 to 50 microm) we measured the diametral tensile strength, fracture toughness and radiopacity of five composites.
  
  
  METHODS
  The five materials were: I, the original unmodified composite (control group); II, as group I but containing 5% (wt/wt) of Ti particles; III, as group II but with Ti particles treated with 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) to promote Ti-resin bonding; IV, as group I but containing 5% (wt/wt) of Ag-Sn-Cu particles; and V, as group IV but with the metal particles treated with 4-META. Ten specimens of each group were tested in a standard diametral tensile strength test and a fracture toughness test using a single-edge notched sample design and five specimens of each group were tested using a radiopacity test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diametral tensile strength increased statistically significantly after incorporation of Ti treated with 4-META, as tested by ANOVA (P=0.004) and Fisher's LSD test. A statistically significant increase of fracture toughness was observed between the control group and groups II, III and V as tested by ANOVA (P=0.003) and Fisher's LSD test. All other groups showed no statistically significant increase in diametral tensile strength and fracture toughness respectively when compared to their control groups. No statistically significant increase in radiopacity was found between the control group and the Ti filled composite, whereas a statistically significant increase in radiopacity was found between the control group and the Ag-Sn-Cu filled composite as tested by ANOVA (P=0.000) and Fisher's LSD procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of titanium and silver-tin-copper fillers has potential as added components in composites to provide increased mechanical strength and radiopacity, for example for use in core materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Dental Science, Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials Science Section, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, UK. k.jandt@bris.ac.uk
authors.forename: Klaus D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Jandt
authors.forename: Abdullah M O
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Jasser
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-Ateeq
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Vowles
authors.forename: Geoff C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D016722:Cermet Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003287:Contrast Media; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011102:Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014001:Tin / Q000737:chemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D016722:Cermet Cements; D003188:Composite Resins; D003287:Contrast Media; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008689:Methacrylates; D019279:Resin Cements; D011102:Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate; D012834:Silver; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; C034139:4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride; D014001:Tin; D003300:Copper; D014025:Titanium