title: Influence of the nitric oxide donor glyceryl trinitrate on apoptotic pathways in human colon cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have previously reported the role of nitric oxide in colon tumor regression in vivo. The present study was designed to explore the influence of an endogenous nitric oxide donor, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), on cell death pathways in colon cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human colon cancer cell lines were treated with the NO donor GTN. Apoptosis was identified by morphological criteria and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine (TUNEL) method. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential was studied by flow cytometry, cytochrome c release by Western blot, and caspase activation by combining fluorogenic peptide substrates, peptide inhibitors, and immunoblotting. Expression of death receptors was studied by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GTN induces a dose- and time-dependent cell death by apoptosis in colon cancer cells. This cell death pathway involves the mitochondria and caspases, mainly caspase-1 and caspase-10. In contrast, caspase-3 activation is a late and limited event. Death receptors are not involved in GTN-mediated cell death, while GTN sensitizes tumor cells to Fas-ligand-induced apoptosis. This permissive effect correlates with an increased expression of Fas receptor and a decreased expression of several endogenous inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that GTN (1) activates an unusual caspase cascade to induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells and (2) sensitizes these cells to Fas-mediated cell death by increasing the expression of Fas and decreasing the expression of several IAPs.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory of the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, INSERM U-517, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, and CHU Le Bocage, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Millet
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bettaieb
authors.forename: Flore
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Renaud
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Prevotat
authors.forename: Arlette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hammann
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Solary
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mignotte
authors.forename: Jean-Francois
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Jeannin
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D053455:Caspase 10; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011940:Receptor Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein; C506386:CFLAR protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D019014:fas Receptor; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053455:Caspase 10; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; C506438:CASP10 protein, human; D005996:Nitroglycerin