title: Assessment of dental material degradation product toxicity using a bioluminescent bacterial assay.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined dental material degradation product toxicity using the Microtox bacterial bioluminescence assay as well as the effects on toxicity of selective leaching, chelation with protein, the physical form of the products, and synergistic/antagonistic interactions among released ions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polarization was used to produce ionically dissolved (ID) and precipitated corrosion products from Litecast B alloy specimens, which were then chemically analyzed to determine their composition and to identify metal valence states. Corrosion product toxicity, as well as that of the individual alloying elements, alone and in the presence of mucin, was analyzed using Microtox. A mathematical approach identified synergistic/antagonistic interactions and determined element contribution to product toxicity. The mechanism by which the Microtox test bacterium interacts with solid products was explored. The toxicity of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer was also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Precipitated corrosion products were found to be more toxic than ID products. The metals in the precipitate have been shown to be available to the test bacterium. Be and Ni were the most toxic elements in the products and contributed significantly to their toxicity. Synergistic and slightly antagonistic interactions were observed in the ID and precipitated products, respectively. Mucin decreased toxicity of all elements except Be. MMA monomer toxicity was found to be low compared to metal toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microtox is useful for evaluating dental degradation product biocompatibility and has significant promise for use in other types of studies, such as determining the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Bioenvironmental Research, Suite 500 Lindy Boggs Building, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Shettlemore
authors.forename: Kirk J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Bundy
mesh_terms: D001608:Beryllium / Q000633:toxicity; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity; D002858:Chromium Alloys / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D003343:Corrosion; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D003734:Dental Casting Investment / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004563:Electrochemistry; D006801:Humans; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D020366:Methylmethacrylate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D009077:Mucins / Q000737:chemistry; D009532:Nickel / Q000633:toxicity; D012995:Solubility; D014733:Vibrio / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003734:Dental Casting Investment; D009077:Mucins; D002857:Chromium; D020366:Methylmethacrylate; D009532:Nickel; D001608:Beryllium