title: Urinary Bladder Catheterization of Female Mice and Rats.
abstract: Catheterization of the urinary bladder of rats and mice is necessary for a variety of clinical and experimental reasons. The anatomy of the female mouse and rat is unique in that the urinary orifice is external and just anterior to the vaginal opening. This characteristic makes the bladder of these species easier to catheterize than that of other species. Methods cited in the literature do not adequately describe techniques that facilitate ease of urinary bladder catheterization (1). We describe a simple technique for urinary catheterization in adult female mice and rats.
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Care Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: Mark B.
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: St Clair
authors.forename: Anastasia L.
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sowers
authors.forename: Judith A.
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Lowrey L.
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Rhodes