title: Validated method for quantitation of biomarkers for benzene and its alkylated analogues in urine.
abstract: A validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method for the analysis of the metabolites of benzene and its alkylated analogues in urine is reported. A number of metabolites, as required by authorities for biomonitoring of industrial exposure to aromatic vapour, were analysed simultaneously with preservation of quantitative information concerning positional isomers. The use of this method replaces a combination of analytical methods required for the analysis of all these metabolites. Urine samples were subjected to acidic deconjugation followed by a derivatization step. Phenol, ortho-, meta-, para-cresol, mandelic acid, and ortho-, meta-, para-methylhippuric acid were analysed as their corresponding ethoxycarbonyl derivatives, with single ion monitoring. The mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of the ions used for quantitation by single ion monitoring of the metabolites were: phenol, 94 m/z; cresols, 108 m/z; mandelic acid, 206 m/z; hippuric acid, 105 m/z; methylhippuric acids, 119 m/z. The mass-to-charge ratios for the internal standards were: [(2)H(6)]phenol, 99 m/z; p-chlorophenol, 128 m/z and 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, 214 m/z. The limits of detection for phenol and the cresols were below 0.4 micromol/l and below 0.05 micromol/l for mandelic acid and the hippuric acids. Within-run precision for mandelic acid was 6.2%, for hippuric acid was 7.32% and was below 5% for the rest of the analytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. jlaurens@medic.up.ac.za
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Laurens
authors.forename: X Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Mbianda
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Spies
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ubbink
authors.forename: W J H
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Vermaak
mesh_terms: D000478:Alkylation; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002138:Calibration; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D015415:Biomarkers