title: Effects of mother-son incest and positive perceptions of sexual abuse experiences on the psychosocial adjustment of clinic-referred men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective was to examine the long-term impact of mother-son incest and positive initial perceptions of sexual abuse experiences on adult male psychosocial functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven clinic-referred men with a history of sexual abuse participated. The participants completed self-report measures regarding their current psychosocial functioning and described the nature of their sexual and physical abuse experiences during childhood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen men reported mother-son incest, and these men endorsed more trauma symptoms than did other sexually abused men, even after controlling for a history of multiple perpetrators and physical abuse. Mother-son incest was likely to be subtle, involving behaviors that may be difficult to distinguish from normal caregiving (e.g., genital touching), despite the potentially serious long-term consequences. Twenty-seven men recalled positive or mixed initial perceptions of the abuse, including about half of the men who had been abused by their mothers. These men reported more adjustment problems than did men who recalled purely negative initial perceptions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mother-son incest and positive initial perceptions of sexual abuse experiences both appear to be risk factors for more severe psychosocial adjustment problems among clinic-referred men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Lauren S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waterman
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007179:Incest / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012938:Social Perception; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D013995:Time