title: Pancreas and islet cell transplantation.
abstract: Currently, for the patient with type 1 diabetes, a definitive treatment without resorting to the use of exogenous insulin can be achieved only with pancreas or islet cell transplantation. These means of restoring beta-cell mass can completely maintain essentially normal long-term glucose homeostasis, although the need for powerful immunosuppressive regimens limits their application to only a subgroup of adult patients. Apart from the shortage of donors that has limited all kinds of transplantation, however, the widespread use of beta-cell replacement has been precluded until recently by the drawbacks associated with both organ and islet cell transplantation. Although the study of recurrence of diabetes has generated attention, the fundamental obstacle to pancreas and islet transplantation has been, and remains, the alloimmune response. With a better elucidation of the mechanisms of alloengraftment achieved during the last 3 years, the stage has been set for further advances.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunogenetics, Diabetes Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bottino
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trucco
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Balamurugan
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Starzl
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation