title: Sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine: an appropriate first-line alternative for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ghanaian children under 5 years of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether chloroquine (CQ) still is an appropriate first-line drug for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ghana and whether sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) could be a good alternative.
  
  
  METHODS
  The parasitological, clinical and haematological responses to CQ and SP were studied in children < 5 years of age according to a modified WHO 28-day in vivo protocol. A total of 142 children attending the outpatients department meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to the CQ (n=72) or SP (n=70) group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the CQ group, 15 children (20.8%) exhibited early clinical failure (within 3 days) compared with only 1 (1.4%) in the SP group (P < 0.01). The clinical failure rate before day 14 (early treatment failure plus late treatment failure before day 14) also showed a marked advantage in favour of the SP group (1.4 against 29.2%). The median time to clinical failure was 11.5 days in the CQ group and 26 days in the SP group (P < 0.01). Of the 72 children treated with CQ, 9 (12.5%) had RIII resistance and 19 (26.4%) had RII resistance. A total of 36 (50.0%) were sensitive to CQ. From the 70 children treated with SP, none had RIII or RII resistance. There was no difference in haematological response between the two treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is little concordance on when to change treatment policy, the high resistance to CQ in this study supports the change to another first-line drug for children under 5 years of age. SP seems to be a good alternative, although a high RII and RIII resistance against this drug has already been reported in the coastal zones of Ghana.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus Medical Centre, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. gja.driessen@planet.nl
authors.forename: G J A
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Driessen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Kerkhoven
authors.forename: B J J W
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Schouwenberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonsu
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Verhave
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004338:Drug Combinations; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D002738:Chloroquine; D011739:Pyrimethamine