title: Bleeding esophagogastric varices from extrahepatic portal hypertension: 40 years' experience with portal-systemic shunt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This article discusses the largest and longest experience reported to date of the use of portal-systemic shunt (PSS) to treat recurrent bleeding from esophagogastric varices caused by extrahepatic portal hypertension associated with portal vein thrombosis (PVT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred consecutive children and adults with extrahepatic portal hypertension caused by PVT who were referred between 1958 and 1998 after recovering from at least two episodes of bleeding esophagogastric varices requiring blood transfusions were managed according to a well-defined and uniformly applied protocol. All but 14 of the 200 patients were eligible for and received 5 or more years of regular followup (93%); 166 were eligible for and received 10 or more years of regular followup (83%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The etiology of PVT was unknown in 65% of patients. Identifiable causes of PVT were neonatal omphalitis in 30 patients (15%), umbilical vein catheterization in 14 patients (7%), and peritonitis in 14 patients (7%). The mean number of bleeding episodes before PSS was 5.4 (range 2 to 18). Liver biopsies showed normal morphology in all patients. The site of PVT was the portal vein alone in 134 patients (76%), the portal vein and adjacent superior mesenteric vein in 10 patients (5%), and the portal and splenic veins in 56 patients (28%). Postoperative survival to leave the hospital was 100%. Actuarial 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year survival rates were 99%, 97%, and 95%, respectively. Five patients (2.5%), all with central end-to-side splenorenal shunts, developed thrombosis of the PSS, and these were the only patients who had recurrent variceal bleeding. During 10 or more years of followup, 97% of the eligible patients were shown to have a patent shunt and were free of bleeding. No patient developed portal-systemic encephalopathy, liver function tests remained normal, liver biopsies in 100 patients showed normal architecture, hypersplenism was corrected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PSS is the only consistently effective therapy for bleeding esophagogastric varices from PVT and extrahepatic portal hypertension, resulting in many years of survival, freedom from recurrent bleeding, normal liver function, and no encephalopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, Medical Center, 92103-8999, USA.
authors.forename: Marshall J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Orloff
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Orloff
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Orloff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011169:Portal Vein; D011170:Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000150:complications*