title: Electronic analysis of intrinsic laryngeal muscles in canine sound production.
abstract: This study explores the relationship between voice production and intrinsic laryngeal muscle (ILM) activities as expressed by orderly recruitment of their specific motor units. In 5 dogs, both the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) were stimulated via tripolar electrodes with stimulating frequencies (Fs) of 10 to 60 Hz and 0 to 7 mA during application of symmetric 600 Hz, 7 to 0 mA blocking currents. The fundamental frequency (Fo) and the intensity (I) of sounds generated by tracheal insufflation of humidified air were recorded while electromyograms of the cricothyroideus (CT), thyroarytenoideus (TA), and posterior cricoarytenoideus (PCA) were obtained via surface electrodes. Contractions of the CT were concurrently induced by stimulating the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). The recruitment rates were highly specific and were affected by which nerve was stimulated. For the RLN, PCA ramping was lowest for Fs of < or =50 Hz. For Fs of 10 to 30 Hz, the recruitment rate of the TA was significantly steeper than that for the other ILMs, and the CT had the highest rate for Fs of 40 to 50 Hz. Conversely, for the vagus nerve, PCA recruitment was highest for Fs of > or =30 Hz. The average Fo was significantly higher with the RLN than with the vagus nerve. When the TA recruited faster than the CT (ie, via the RLN, but not the vagus nerve), the Fo was higher. While only CT ramping was significantly related to changes in sound intensity, there was a trend toward a decrease when PCA ramping was higher than CT ramping, as occurred when only the vagus nerve was stimulated. Stimulation of the SLN always increased Fo and loudness. We conclude that changes in Fo occur mainly through RLN-mediated CT and TA contraction. Loudness is controlled by the CT. The PCA exerts reciprocal coupling on both functions via the vagus nerve, and they are boosted across the board by the SLN. These findings may allow artificial manipulation of voice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Disorders, The Cleveland Clinic Health Sciences Center of the Ohio State University, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broniatowski
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grundfest-Broniatowski
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dessoffy
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Marshall
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strome
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D012009:Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000502:physiology*