title: Analysis of transtracheal aspirates and pleural fluid from clinically healthy llamas (Llama glama).
abstract: Seventeen clinically healthy adult llamas were used to study the characteristics of transtracheal aspirates (TTA) and pleural fluid samples. Results of complete blood counts, fibrinogen determination and thoracic radiographs were within normal limits prior to sampling. Cytologic evaluation of TTA revealed the majority of cells were vacuolated macrophages (60-100%), with 0-40% neutrophils, and fewer lymphocytes (0-1%), eosinophils (0-3%), and ciliated respiratory epithelial cells (0-10%). In TTA from 10 of 17 llamas, neither aerobic nor anaerobic bacteria were isolated. Bacteria isolated in pure culture from TTA were similar to isolates found in clinically healthy animals of other species, and included Acinetobacter sp., Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. Results (mean +/- SD) of pleural fluid analyses were: total nucleated cell count 576 +/- 361/microliter; specific gravity 1.0133 +/- 0.002; glucose concentration 135.1 +/- 9.02 mg/dL; and lactate concentration 2.95 +/- 1.34 mg/dL. Pleural fluid total protein concentrations determined by refractometry ranged from < 2.5 to 3.5 g/dL. The refractive index ranged from 1.3396 to 0.0013. In pleural fluid, small lymphocytes were the predominant cell type.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. gerrost@ccmail.orst.edu
authors.forename: Terry C.
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Gerros
authors.forename: Claire B.
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Andreasen