title: Vaginal reconstruction for ambiguous genitalia and congenital absence of the vagina: a 27-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gender assignment to a neonate with ambiguous genitalia is crucial. Patients with an absent vagina require the construction of an artificial vagina. In an effort to improve care, the authors have categorized their experience with this group of children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1974, we cared for 114 patients with anomalies of the genitalia. There were 53 genotypic girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 16 genotypic boys with testicular feminization syndrome (TFS), 13 with mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD), 9 with Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome, and 4 true hermaphrodites. The remaining 19 had other genital abnormalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 1980, patients with CAH underwent clitoral recession and vaginoplasty. All patients with TFS were raised as girls and underwent orchidectomy. Eleven of the MGD patients were given a female sex assignment and underwent gonadectomy. Twenty-eight patients underwent intestinal vaginoplasty including 8 of the TFS patients, 9 with Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome, 8 patients with cloacal anomalies, 2 patients for rhabdomyosarcoma, and 1 of the MGD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) This review emphasizes the range of diagnoses the surgeon must be prepared to address in patients with ambiguous genitalia. (2) Colovaginoplasty is an excellent procedure for replacement of a completely absent vagina. (3) Continued evaluation of this group will delineate appropriate timing and choice of procedure.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, the C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graziano
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Teitelbaum
authors.forename: Ronald B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hirschl
authors.forename: Arnold G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Coran
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006059:Gonadal Dysgenesis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D014621:Vagina / Q000601:surgery*