title: Depression as a predictor of mortality and hospitalization among hemodialysis patients in the United States and Europe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is not uncommon among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) being treated by hemodialysis. We investigated whether risk of mortality and rate of hospitalization may be predicted from physician-diagnosed depression and patients' self-reports of depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) for randomly selected ESRD patients being treated by hemodialysis in the United States (142 facilities, 2855 patients) and five European countries (101 facilities, 2401 patients). The diagnosis of depression during the past year was abstracted from the medical records. In addition, the patients were asked to indicate how much of their time over the previous four weeks they had felt (1) "so down in the dumps that nothing could cheer you up" and (2) "downhearted and blue." A response of "a good bit,""most," or "all" of the time were classified as depressed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of depression was nearly 20%. The relative risks of mortality and hospitalization among depressed (vs. non-depressed), adjusted for time on dialysis, age, race, socioeconomic status, comorbid indicators and country were, respectively: 1.23 and 1.11 for physician-diagnosed depression, 1.48 and 1.15 for the "so down in the dumps" question, and 1.35 and 1.11 for the "downhearted and blue" question (P < 0.05 for all six relative risks). These associations were not significantly different between US and European patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-reported depression by two simple questions was associated with increased risks of mortality and hospitalization for hemodialysis patients. Future research needs to assess whether early identification and treatment of depression may help to improve quality of life and survival in hemodialysis patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil. aaslopes@ufba.br
authors.forename: Antonio Alberto
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bragg
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goodkin
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mapes
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Combe
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piera
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Held
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: Friedrich K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Port
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States