title: Periodontal assessment of patients undergoing angioplasty for treatment of coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess the periodontal condition of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) in order to verify the association between CAD and certain periodontal parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients (48 males and 32 females) were recruited from the Cleveland University Hospitals, Division of Cardiology (aged 23 to 83, median age 54 years). Upon cardiac catheterization, 50 were diagnosed with severe CAD (experimental group) and 30 with no angiographic evidence of CAD (control group). Patients with CAD were divided into 3 subgroups according to the clinical diagnosis of acute infarction (Al) (n = 20), stable angina (SA) (n = 20), and unstable angina (UA) (n = 10). The following dental, medical, and social histories were recorded: number of dental visits/year, frequency of brushing/day and flossing/week, tobacco use, presence/absence of hypertension, diabetes, total cholesterol level, and the highest level of education completed. The following periodontal parameters were also assessed for each subject: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and number of missing teeth. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether there was a significant correlation between these periodontal parameters and CAD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The significant confounding factors for the present study were found to be age and gender. The periodontal condition of the 80 subjects was clinically diagnosed as gingivitis and/or mild periodontitis. Analysis of the data after adjusting for age and gender demonstrated a statistically significant association between BOP and GI and CAD in patients with Al; and facial/lingual CAL in patients with UA. No significant associations were found between PD, interproximal CAL, number of missing teeth, or dental/medical histories and CAD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results of this study, gingival inflammation may be considered a more significant risk factor for CAD than previously reported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4905, USA.
authors.forename: Anca
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bazile
authors.forename: Nabil F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Bissada
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Burton P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Siegel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000150:complications; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012307:Risk Factors