title: Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral lichen planus, and normal oral mucosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with both malignant and benign diseases in the head and neck region. In several studies it has also been associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a disease with unknown origin, and viral antigens have been proposed as etiologic agents. Smoking and alcohol habits are known risk factors for oral cancer development. In this study, the prevalence of EBV in OSCC and OLP was investigated, along with the effect of smoking, alcohol use, and age on EBV prevalence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 29 patients with OSCC, 23 with OLP, and 67 with clinically healthy oral mucosa. For EBV DNA analysis, a nested polymerase chain reaction method was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall EBV prevalence in patients with oral disease was 32.1%. Of the OSCC patients, 37.9% were EBV positive; and of the OLP patients, 26.1% were EBV positive. Both percentages were statistically significant compared with that of control patients (7.3%). The difference in EBV prevalence between the smoking control group and the nonsmoking control group was insignificant. Increased age did not enhance EBV prevalence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation shows that EBV is present in oral diseases such as OSCC and OLP. Smoking, alcohol use, or age does not seem to be a risk factor for EBV infection. The etiologic role of EBV in OSCC and OLP needs to be examined in a prospective follow-up study.
authors.affiliation: Göteborg University, Angelholm Hospital, Göteborg, Angelholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars Peter
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Sand
authors.forename: Jamshid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jalouli
authors.forename: Per-Anders
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Jan-Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hirsch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000821:virology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D017676:Lichen Planus, Oral / Q000821:virology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000821:virology*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000821:virology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral