Children's competence and value beliefs from childhood through adolescence: growth trajectories in two male-sex-typed domains.
The purpose of this study was to document gender differences in children's competence and value beliefs (N =514) from the 1st through 12th grades and to investigate the relation of these trends to initial differences in parents' perceptions of children's ability. Six separate growth models were tested: math competence, math interest, math importance, sports competence, sports interest, and sports importance. Across all 6 models, children's self-perceptions declined from 1st grade to 12th grade. Gender differences in competence and value beliefs were found. The gap between boys' and girls' competence beliefs decreased over time. In addition, parents' initial ratings of children's ability helped to explain mean level differences and variations in the rate of change in children's beliefs over time, with the effect being strongest in the sports models.
Fredricks
Jennifer A
JA
Department of Human Development, Connecticut College, New London 06320, USA. jfred@conncoll.edu
Eccles
Jacquelynne S
JS
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010290:Parents; D012737:Sex Factors; D012945:Social Values