title: [Comparison of clinical arterial pressure, home-arterial pressure measurement, and ambulatory arterial pressure monitoring in patients with type II diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertension is common in type 2 diabetes with diabetic nephropathy, and increases the risk of cardiovascular complications and renal chronic insufficiency. The aim of our evaluation in these patients was: a) to study the correlation between office blood pressure (BP), self-monitored (SMBP) and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). b) To study the correlation between these methods and cardiovascular and renal complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 60 patients (mean age 66.7 +/- 9 years, mean duration of diabetes 11.3 +/- 7 years) with arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Macroangiopathy and echocardiography were recorded. We measured, SMBP and ABPM without modifying the antihypertensive treatment. The white coat phenomenon (WCP) was determined and patients were classified as dippers or non dippers according to their blood pressure diurnal rhythm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean glycated haemoglobin was 7.8% and mean serum creatinine 1.2 +/- 0.5 mg/dl, 30% of patients had proteinuria and 70% microalbuminuria The mean number of antihypertensive drugs was 2.2 +/- 1. The mean BP was: Office BP: 158.2 +/- 24/85.3 +/- 9 mmHg, pulse pressure (PP) 72.9 +/- 21 mmHg; SMBP: 145.4 +/- 18/77.5 +/- 7 mmHg, PP 67.9 +/- 18 mmHg and BP in the early morning 150.2 +/- 20/79.9 +/- 9 mmHg; ABPM: diurnal mean 138.9 +/- 15/74.1 +/- 6 mmHg, PP 64.8 +/- 15 mmHg and BP in the early morning 146.5 +/- 16/78.5 +/- 7 mmHg. The three techniques showed a good correlation and WCP was detected in 46.7% of patients with SMBP and in 56.7% with ABPM. We found no correlation between BP and macroangiopathy, but an increase of systolic BP in SMBP and ABPM in proteinuric patients were found and correlation between mass left ventricular index (MLVI) and PP in office and systolic BP and PP in SMBP and ABPM was significant. 70% of patients were non dippers, with a higher MLVI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreases in BP in type 2 diabetes with diabetic nephropathy are difficult of maintain despite combinations of different antihypertensive drugs. These patients present an important WCP and worse prognosis data, such as elevation of systolic BP, increased PP, poor night BP fall and a BP rise in the early morning. Also, we can't reduced the BP during 24 hours in an important number of patients. These characteristics can be detected by combining the office BP measurement, SMBP and ABPM. The alternative possibility would be lifestyle modification, appropriate drug combinations and to start treatment at lower levels than those currently used as thresholds (the guidelines for antihypertensive treatment have been drastically shifted in this direction over the past years).
authors.affiliation: Servicios de Nefrología, Hospital de Alcañiz, Teruel. llon@halc.insalud.es
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gimeno
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gómez Sánchez
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Labrador
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beguer
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boned
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aguilar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006701:Home Nursing; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000209:etiology; D012648:Self Care; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D003404:Creatinine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents