title: Risk factors for diabetic choroidopathy in patients with diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors for diabetic choroidopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five consecutive patients with diabetic retinopathy underwent simultaneous indocyanine green angiography (ICG) and fluorescein angiography using a double detector and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in both eyes. Choroidal vascular abnormalities were evaluated by comparing the angiographic findings derived from the two methods. We analyzed the association between the presence of abnormal choroidal lesions evident on ICG angiography and several risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Choroidal abnormalities evident on ICG angiography but not on fluorescein angiography included hypofluorescent spots in 72 eyes (80%) of 40 patients (89%), small hyperfluorescent spots in 61 eyes (68%) of 35 patients (78%), and large hyperfluorescent spots in 32 eyes (36%) of 21 patients (47%). The severity of diabetic retinopathy was significantly associated with the presence of hypofluorescent spots ( P=0.002, Cochran-Armitage test) in both eyes and with the small hyperfluorescent spots in the right eyes ( P=0.047, Cochran-Armitage test). Glycosylated hemoglobin levels were significantly associated with the large hyperfluorescent spots in the right eyes ( P=0.003, Fisher's exact probability test), and the treatment regimen was significantly associated with the small hyperfluorescent spots in the left eyes ( P=0.048, chi-square test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that risk factors influencing the prevalence of diabetic choroidopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus may include severity of diabetic retinopathy, degree of diabetic control and treatment regimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
authors.forename: Chieko
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shiragami
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shiraga
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Yozo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuchida
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohtsuki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply; D015862:Choroid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004054:Diethylstilbestrol; D007208:Indocyanine Green