title: An analysis of human pathogens found in horse/mule manure along the John Muir Trail in Kings Canyon and Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of microorganisms that are potentially pathogenic for humans in horse/mule manure along the John Muir Trail (JMT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Random samples of horse/mule manure were collected along sections of the JMT in Yosemite, Kings Canyon, and Sequoia national parks (NP), as well as in portions of the Pacific Crest Trail (PCT) and selected JMT/PCT access trails. Convenience samples of wild animal scat found within I mile of trails were also collected. The fresh specimens were individually preserved both in 0.9% saline and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-containing tubes and stored at 4 degrees C until time of analysis. Bacteriological analysis was performed using standard microbiology laboratory procedures. PVA samples were stained with trichrome and were then examined by a parasitologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Collection: A total of 186 trail miles were sampled, including 113 on the JMT (Yosemite 37, Kings 53, and Sequoia 23). The PCT samplings included 24 miles, and NP and wilderness area access trails added an additional 49 miles. A total of 102 samples were collected, which included 81 samples from pack animals and 21 identified as having come from wild animals. Pack Animal Bacteria: All plated specimens grew large numbers of commensal gut flora. Potential pathogenic bacteria were found in only 12 samples and included Hafnia alvei (4), Serratia odorifera (1), Citrobacter freundii (1), Escherichia vulneris (1), Clostridium clostridioforme (1), Yersinia enterocolitica (1), Sherwinella putraformus (1), and Enterobacter spp (4). No Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, or Aeromonas were found. Microscopic examination for protozoal organisms revealed occasional commensal ciliates and I Giardia. Wild Animal Pathogens: One specimen grew Y enterocolitica, and another grew Enterobacter amnigenus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a low prevalence of human pathogens in pack animal manure on the JMT.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento 95817, USA. rwderlet@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Robert Wayne
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Derlet
authors.forename: James Reynolds
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Carlson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016798:Ciliophora / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D018397:Equidae; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011998:Recreation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014959:Wyoming
chemical_list: D008372:Manure