title: Differential expression of chemokines in inflammatory myopathies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemokines represent a family of small-molecular-weight cytokines that recruit and activate inflammatory cells in response to inflammation. Invasion of cytotoxic memory T cells and macrophages in nonnecrotic muscle fibers characterizes polymyositis and sporadic inclusion body myositis. Dermatomyositis is a complement-mediated endotheliopathy. Elucidation of the mechanisms guiding lymphocyte diapedesis and trafficking could lead to selective therapeutic interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunoblots and multistep immunofluorescence studies with non-cross-reactive antibodies recognizing interleukin-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), MCP-3, TARC (thymus and activation regulated cytokine), and RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), using appropriate positive and negative controls. In situ hybridization was used to localize MCP-1 mRNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MCP-1 protein was strongly expressed on T cells and a subset of macrophages actively invading a proportion of the nonnecrotic muscle fibers in polymyositis and inclusion body myositis alike. Capillaries and arterioles in the vicinity of endomysial inflammatory foci were immunoreactive for MCP-1, with faint or no expression in unaffected parts of the tissue. By contrast, widespread and strong endothelial MCP-1 expression occurred on perifascicular and perimysial endothelia in dermatomyositis, also at sites remote from inflammatory infiltrates. In some control specimens, a subset of capillaries also expressed MCP-1, possibly reflecting a role of this chemokine in normal immune surveillance. MCP-1 mRNA was detected in scattered macrophages in each inflammatory myopathy. All other chemokines were absent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemokines are differentially expressed in the symptomatic stage of inflammatory myopathies. MCP-1 plays a major role in the myocytotoxicity in polymyositis and inclusion body myositis. MCP-1 may be induced by membranolytic attack complex binding to endothelial cells in dermatomyositis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium. jan.debleecker@rug.ac.be
authors.forename: Jan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: De Bleecker
authors.forename: Boel
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Paepe
authors.forename: Iris E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Vanwalleghem
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schröder
mesh_terms: D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004727:Endothelium / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009220:Myositis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018925:Chemokines