title: Increasing rural-urban gradients in US suicide mortality, 1970-1997.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined rural-urban gradients in US suicide mortality and the extent to which such gradients varied across time, sex, and age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a 10-category rural-urban continuum measure and 1970-1997 county mortality data, we estimated rural-urban differentials in suicide mortality over time by multiple regression and Poisson regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant rural-urban gradients in age-adjusted male suicide mortality were found in each time period, indicating rising suicide rates with increasing levels of rurality. The gradient increased consistently, suggesting widening rural-urban differentials in male suicides over time. When controlled for geographic variation in divorce rate and ethnic composition, rural men, in each age cohort, had about twice the suicide rate of their most urban counterparts. Observed rural-urban differentials for women diminished over time. In 1995 to 1997, the adjusted suicide rates for young and working-age women were 85% and 22% higher, respectively, in rural than in the most urban areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The slope of the relationship between rural-urban continuum and suicide mortality varied substantially by time, sex, and age. Widening rural-urban disparities in suicide may reflect differential changes over time in key social integration indicators.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8316, USA. gopal_singh@nih.gov
authors.forename: Gopal K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siahpush
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015991:Epidemiologic Measurements; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012922:Social Change; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends