title: Expression of G(alpha)(s) proteins and TSH receptor signalling in hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules with TSH receptor mutations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Constitutively activating mutations of the thyrotrophin receptor (TSHR) are the main molecular cause of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules (HTNs). The G protein coupling is an important and critical step in the TSHR signalling which mainly includes G(alpha)(s), G(alpha)(i) and G(alpha)(q)/11 proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the in vitro consequences of overexpressing G(alpha) proteins on signalling of the wild-type (WT) or mutated TSHR. Moreover, we investigated whether changes in G(alpha) protein expression are pathophysiologically relevant in HTNs or cold thyroid nodules (CTNs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Wild-type TSH receptor and mutated TSH receptors were coexpressed with G(alpha)(s), G(alpha)(i) or G(alpha)(q)/11, and cAMP and inositol phosphate (IP) production was measured after stimulation with TSH. The expression of G(alpha)(s), G(alpha)(i) and G(alpha)(q)/11 proteins was examined by Western blotting in 28 HTNs and 14 CTNs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coexpression of G(alpha)(s) with the WT TSH receptor in COS 7 cells significantly increased the basal and TSH-stimulated cAMP accumulation while coexpression of the G(alpha)(q) or G(alpha)11 protein significantly increased the production of cAMP and inositol triphosphate (IP(3)). The coexpression of the TSH receptor mutants (I486F, DEL613-621), known to couple constitutively to G(alpha)(s) and G(alpha)(q) with G(alpha)(s) and G(alpha)(q)/11, significantly increased the basal and stimulated cAMP and IP(3) accumulation. Coexpression of the TSH receptor mutant V556F with G(alpha)(s) only increased the basal and stimulated cAMP production while its coexpression with G(alpha)(q)/11 increased the basal and stimulated IP(3) signalling. The expression of G(alpha)(s) protein subunits determined by Western blotting was significantly decreased in 14 HTNs with a constitutively activating TSH receptor mutation in comparison with the corresponding surrounding tissue, while in 14 HTNs without TSH receptor or G(alpha)(s) protein mutation and in 14 CTNs the expression of G(alpha)(s) protein was not different compared with the surrounding tissue. The expression of G(alpha)(i) and G(alpha)(q)/11 proteins in HTNs or CTNs was not significantly different compared with the surrounding tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduced expression of G(alpha)(s) protein subunits in HTNs with TSHR mutations could act as a feedback mechanism to desensitise the chronically stimulated cAMP cascade. As G(alpha) protein expression was not significantly increased in the majority of CTNs and HTNs an influence of G(alpha) overexpression on TSH signalling could be excluded in these nodules.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department III, University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Holzapfel
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bergner
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wonerow
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paschke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007295:Inositol Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007295:Inositol Phosphates; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs