title: Simple behavioural and physical interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) is a socially disruptive and stressful condition which affects around 15-20% of five year olds, and up to 2% of young adults. Although there is a high rate of spontaneous remission, the social, emotional and psychological costs can be great. Simple behavioural methods of treating bedwetting include reward systems such as star charts given for dry nights, lifting or waking the children at night to urinate, retention control training to enlarge bladder capacity (bladder training) and fluid restriction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of simple behavioural interventions on nocturnal enuresis in children, and to compare these with other interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group trials register. The reference list of a previous version of this review was also searched. Date of the most recent search: December 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised or quasi-randomised trials of simple behavioural interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children up to the age of 16. Trials focused solely on daytime wetting were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a previous version of this review, trials up to 1997 were independently assessed by two reviewers. Previous trials were re-assessed, and further trials were assessed for quality, and data were extracted by another reviewer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve reliable trials met the inclusion criteria, involving 748 children of whom 365 received a simple behavioural intervention. However, within each comparison each outcome was addressed by single trials only, precluding meta-analysis. In single small trials, reward systems (e.g. star charts), lifting and waking were each associated with significantly fewer wet nights, higher cure rates and lower relapse rates compared to controls. There was not enough evidence to evaluate retention control training (bladder training), whether compared with controls or dry bed training, or used as a supplement to alarms, or versus desmopressin. Cognitive therapy may have lower failure and relapse rates than star charts, but this finding was based on one small trial only. One small trial of poor quality suggested that star charts were initially less successful than amitriptyline but this difference did not persist after the treatments stopped.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simple behavioural methods may be effective for some children, but further trials are needed, in particular in comparison with treatments known to be effective, such as desmopressin, tricyclic drugs and alarms. However, simple methods could be tried as first line therapy before considering alarms or drugs, because these alternative treatments may be more demanding and may have adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Unit (Foresterhill Lea), University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK, AB25 2ZD. c.glazener@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Glazener
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004775:Enuresis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012076:Renal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012201:Reward
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D012076:Renal Agents; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin