title: Economic evaluation of the randomized aldactone evaluation study (RALES): treatment of patients with severe heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use data from the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES) to compare clinical outcomes and costs as part of the assessment of the economic implications of spironolactone treatment of advanced heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  RALES was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial that enrolled participants who had severe heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction of no more than 35% and who were receiving standard therapy, including an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, a loop diuretic, and, in some cases, digoxin. We used a decision analytic model that incorporated data from participants in RALES as well as cost data from five countries that participated in the study. Costs were calculated for nonfatal hospitalizations, ambulatory care, spironolactone therapy, and death. The primary health outcome was quality-adjusted life-years saved (QALYS). Outcomes were evaluated for the first 35 months of observation in RALES.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spironolactone therapy during the first 35 months of follow-up in RALES increased quality-adjusted survival time (0.13 QALYS, 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.18) without increasing costs ($713 savings, 95% CI, $2,123 savings to $783 in costs). Spironolactone therapy either dominated placebo or had a ratio of cost per QALYS that was unlikely to exceed $20,300. These results were robust in both one-way and multiway sensitivity analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even after implementation of current clinical guidelines, addition of spironolactone therapy provides an opportunity to further reduce the large clinical and economic burden of patients with heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine and the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA. hlthsvrs@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Henry A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Glick
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Orzol
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Tooley
authors.forename: Willem J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Remme
authors.forename: Shigetake
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasayama
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pitt
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D013148:Spironolactone