title: Bacterial microleakage and pulp inflammation associated with various restorative materials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many restorative materials are claimed to be successful in preventing bacterial microleakage and minimizing pulp inflammation. However, information regarding the in vivo performance of materials in comparison with each other is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the pulp response of nine restorative materials when placed in non-exposed monkey cavities.
  
  
  METHODS
  279 standardized non-exposed Class V cavities, were prepared into buccal dentin. Cavities were restored with a number of materials in the following categories: Zinc oxide eugenol (ZnOE), Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)(2)], zinc phosphate (ZP), Resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), Composite resin (CR), Bonded amalgam (BA), Gutta-percha (GP), Compomer and Silicate. Pulp tissues were collected and evaluated at short, intermediate and long-term intervals according to ISO guidelines; employing histomorphometric analysis, Spearman's rho and ANOVA statistics. Pulp responses were categorized according to FDI, ISO and ADA standards. Bacteria were detected using McKay stains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulp inflammation was found to be correlated to bacterial microleakage around the restoration (p < or =0.0001). The frequency of bacterial microleakage was found to vary between restorative materials (p < or =0.0001). In rank order of preventing bacterial microleakage from best to the worst; RMGI (100%), BA (88%), ZnOE (86%), CR (80%), GP (64%), Ca(OH)(2) (58%), compomer (42%), silicate (36%) and ZP (0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most effective restorative materials to prevent bacterial microleakage and pulp injury from inflammatory activity were RMGI, BA, ZnOE and CR restorations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, The University of Birmingham, School of Dentistry, St Chad's Queensway, UK. p.e.murray@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Abeer A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hafez
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D004396:Coloring Agents; D020770:Compomers / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000737:chemistry; D003737:Dental Cavity Preparation / Q000145:classification; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000145:classification; D003804:Dentin / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D003809:Dentin, Secondary / Q000473:pathology; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D006171:Gutta-Percha / Q000737:chemistry; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D011671:Pulpitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement / Q000737:chemistry; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D020770:Compomers; D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D019279:Resin Cements; D017640:Silicates; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide