title: Two-dose intrapartum/newborn nevirapine and standard antiretroviral therapy to reduce perinatal HIV transmission: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A 2-dose intrapartum/newborn nevirapine regimen reduced perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission in Ugandan women not receiving antenatal antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, it is unknown whether the addition of the 2-dose nevirapine regimen to standard ART would further reduce perinatal HIV transmission.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a 2-dose nevirapine regimen can decrease perinatal transmission of HIV in nonbreastfeeding women receiving standard ART.
  
  
  METHODS
  International, blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial enrolling women between May 1997 and June 2000 at clinical sites providing care for HIV infection throughout the United States, Europe, Brazil, and the Bahamas.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1270 women received nevirapine (n = 642) or placebo (n = 628). Infants were followed up for 6 months to determine HIV-infection status, which was available for 1248 deliveries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 200-mg dose of oral nevirapine to women after onset of labor and a 2-mg/kg dose of oral nevirapine to newborns between 48 and 72 hours after birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detection of HIV infection in infants and grade 3 and 4 toxic effects in women and newborns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After review by the data and safety monitoring board, the trial was stopped early because the overall transmission rates were significantly lower than assumed for the study design. Antenatal ART included zidovudine alone in 23%; combinations without protease inhibitors in 36%; and combinations with protease inhibitors in 41%. Thirty-four percent of women had elective cesarean delivery. No significant safety concerns were identified for women or infants. Detection of HIV infection occurred in 9 (1.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6%-2.7%) of 631 nevirapine group deliveries and 10 (1.6%; 95% CI, 0.8%-2.9%) of 617 placebo group deliveries. The 95% CI for the difference in transmission rate (-0.2) between the 2 study arms ranged from -1.5% in favor of nevirapine to 1.2% in favor of placebo (P =.82, Fisher exact test). The transmission rate was higher in women with lower baseline CD4 cell counts and higher delivery HIV RNA levels, but there was no significant difference between treatment arms in any subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk of perinatal HIV transmission was low and no benefit from additional intrapartum/newborn nevirapine was demonstrated when women received prenatal care and antenatal ART, and elective cesarean section was made available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dorenbaum
authors.forename: Coleen K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gelber
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Culnane
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mofenson
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Britto
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rekacewicz
authors.forename: Marie-Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: Jean Francois
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Delfraissy
authors.forename: Bethann
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cunningham-Schrader
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mirochnick
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019829:Nevirapine