title: How underlying patient beliefs can affect physician-patient communication about prostate-specific antigen testing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Routine cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is controversial, and practice guidelines recommend that men be counseled about its risks and benefits.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the process of decision making as men react to and use information after PSA counseling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Written surveys and semistructured qualitative interviews before and after a neutral PSA counseling intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men 40 to 65 years of age in southeastern Michigan were recruited until thematic saturation--that is, the point at which no new themes emerged in interviews (n = 40).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a paper survey, 37 of 40 participants (93%) said that they interpreted the counseled information as unfavorable toward PSA. However, 30 participants (75%) said after the intervention that they intended to be tested in the future, including 29 of 30 men (97%) with prior PSA testing. In the interview, many participants cited underlying beliefs as a reason to dismiss the counseled information. Qualitative analysis found the seven most common beliefs cited were fear of cancer, relevance of salient anecdotes and analogies, distrust of statistics, enthusiasm for "prevention," protection from "bad luck," faith in science, and valuing PSA as knowledge for its own sake. Although some beliefs could be interpreted as judgment errors, most were credible on a personal level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most men who underwent PSA counseling cited underlying beliefs rather than the content of counseled information as the basis for their decisions regarding future PSA screening. If widespread, such beliefs may render clinician counseling and decision support methods less effective. Eliciting patient beliefs prior to counseling may improve the shared decision-making process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn 06520-8033, USA. Michael.Farrell@Yale.edu
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: Margaret Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Carl E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003657:Decision Making; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D010358:Patient Participation; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D036301:Qualitative Research
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen