title: Role of cyclic guanosine monophosphate in late preconditioning in conscious rabbits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although NO has been shown to serve both as the trigger and the mediator of the late phase of ischemic preconditioning (PC), it is unknown whether NO acts via activation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). The objective of this study was to investigate the role of sGC in late PC in conscious rabbits using the selective sGC inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 172 conscious rabbits were used. When nonpreconditioned rabbits were subjected to a sequence of 4-minute coronary occlusion/4-minute reperfusion cycles, myocardial cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels increased significantly at the end of the third and sixth occlusions. In rabbits preconditioned 24 hours earlier (on day 1) with six occlusion/reperfusion cycles, myocardial cGMP levels on day 2 were significantly higher than in nonpreconditioned rabbits even before ischemia but did not increase further during a second sequence of 4-minute occlusion/reperfusion cycles. Administration of ODQ before the six occlusion/reperfusion cycles on day 1 did not prevent the development of late PC against either stunning or infarction on day 2. In contrast, administration of ODQ on day 2 completely ablated the late PC effect against both stunning and infarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that enhanced synthesis of cGMP by sGC is not necessary for ischemia to trigger a late PC effect but is required for the protection to become manifest 24 hours later. This implies that NO participates in late PC via two distinct mechanisms; ie, it triggers late PC on day 1 via a cGMP-independent mechanism and it mediates late PC on day 2 via a cGMP-dependent mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville and the Jewish Heart and Lung Institute, Louisville, Ky 40292, USA.
authors.forename: Eitaro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kodani
authors.forename: Yu-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Xuan
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinmura
authors.forename: Xian-Liang
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bolli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003243:Consciousness; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017682:Myocardial Stunning / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: C095284:1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010069:Oxadiazoles; D011810:Quinoxalines; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D006152:Cyclic GMP