title: Transient dystonias revisited: a comparative study of preterm and term children at 2 1/2 years of age.
abstract: Minor neurological dysfunctions (MND) have frequently been reported as an outcome of preterm birth. Behavioural and learning difficulties are a known feature, but coordination problems are especially described in preterm infants at later ages. All preterm infants in our study were born with a gestational age of <32 weeks and a birthweight of <1500 g. The aim of the study was to determine if in a normal clinical situation, children at risk for developing coordination problems could be detected by focusing particularly on their spontaneous, although elicited, motor performance. Forty-two children of 2 years 6 months of age were studied of whom 25 were 'low-risk' preterm and 17 were born at term. All children had been followed up since birth. In a structured, free-field situation the quality of body rotation, spontaneous reaching-out, and manipulation during parts of the Bayley Developmental Test were observed and videotaped. Body rotations were scored on a 2-point scale, and arm and hand functions on a 3-point scale. Most preterm infants showed non-optimal body rotations and borderline or non-optimal arm and hand functions in contrast to most term children. A clear connection was found between less optimal body rotations and poor arm and hand functions. Retrospectively, poor arm and hand functions at 2 years 6 months seemed to be related to those at 39 weeks. At the age of 39 weeks a clear relation had been found between poor postural control (many preterm infants could not sit independently) and earlier hyperextension of the trunk at 18 weeks and quality of arm-hand functions. In the present study at 2 years 6 months a correlation with the former hyperextension could no longer be found, but there was a significant relation between poor trunk rotation and arm and hand function and the earlier arm and hand functions at 39 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alies M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Laila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Groot
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D004421:Dystonia / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011187:Posture; D012307:Risk Factors