title: Incipient angiogenesis in Barrett's epithelium and lymphangiogenesis in Barrett's adenocarcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Barrett's esophagus (BE), a precancerous condition for Barrett's adenocarcinoma, is classically characterized by flames of salmon-colored mucosa extending into normal pale esophageal mucosa. This flaming is thought to be a consequence of continuous erosis of mucosa caused by chronic reflux. Another characteristic feature of Barrett's adenocarcinoma patients is the frequent development of lymph node metastases. We addressed whether onset of angiogenesis occurs in BE and if the lymphatic system might provide a route for Barrett's adenocarcinoma cells to infiltrate regular lymph nodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen surgically resected Barrett's dysplasia or adenocarcinoma patients were included. Immunohistochemistry and a modified whole mount analysis were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incipient angiogenesis originates from the pre-existing vascular network in the lamina propria and infiltrates Barrett's epithelium, giving its ominous salmon-red color. Barrett's epithelium-specific goblet cells express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. The immature blood vessels show a relative absence of smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive mural cells and express VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 on their exterior. Coexpression of VEGF-C and its receptor VEGFR-3 on lymphatic vessels is demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BE is strongly neovascularized not eroded. This novel concept of a molecular mechanism of the origin of BE might emphasize why precancerous BE can give rise to the more cancerous dysplasia and Barrett's adenocarcinoma stages. In addition, adenocarcinoma cells induce lymphangiogenesis. The new lymphangiogenic vessels might provide a systemic route for adenocarcinoma cells to invade circulation and induce lymph node metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Cellular Signalling Group, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, Viikki BioCenter, University of Helsinki, Finland. merja.auvinen@astrazeneca.com
authors.forename: Merja I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Auvinen
authors.forename: Eero I T
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Sihvo
authors.forename: Terhi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ruohtula
authors.forename: Jukka T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koivistoinen
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Siivola
authors.forename: Ragna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rönnholm
authors.forename: Juhani O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Rämö
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: Jarmo A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Salo
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000473:pathology*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9