title: Outcomes of minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) for high-grade dysplasia of the esophagus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The management of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) of the esophagus is controversial with some clinicians advocating non-operative ablation or surveillance. Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) allows re-section of the esophagus and may minimize morbidity. This report summarizes our experience with MIE for HGD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 28 patients who underwent MIE for a pre-operative diagnosis of HGD. MIE initially involved a laparoscopic transhiatal approach (n=1), but subsequently evolved to laparoscopy with VATS mobilization (n=27) of the esophagus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From August 1996 to March 2001, 28 patients underwent MIE. There were 23 males and five females; median age was 61 (40-78) years. Median hospital stay was 5 (3-20) days and ICU stay was 1 (1-20) day. One patient required conversion to laparotomy because of dense adhesions. There were ten other patients who had successful MIE despite prior laparotomy. Median operating time was 8 (5.8-13) h. One death occurred from sepsis, pneumonia and multi-system organ failure. Complications occurred in 15 patients. In addition to the patient who died, five re-operations were required for: small bowel perforation (n=1), jejunostomy leak (n=1), pyloric dilation for gastric outlet obstruction (n=1), cholecystectomy (n=1), incision and drainage of an abdominal abscess (n=1). Final pathologies were HGD (n=17), in situ cancer (n=6) and invasive cancer (n=5). At a median follow-up of 13 (2-41) months all hospital survivors are alive and free of disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report confirms the risk of occult cancer in patients with HGD (39% in this series) supporting the recommendation for esophagectomy. MIE can be performed with acceptable results and may minimize morbidity compared to previous reports of open esophagectomy for HGD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery and the Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System, UPMC Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. fernandohc@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Luketich
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Buenaventura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Christie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000601:surgery; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome