title: The incidence of congenital heart disease.
abstract: This study was designed to determine the reasons for the variability of the incidence of congenital heart disease (CHD), estimate its true value and provide data about the incidence of specific major forms of CHD. The incidence of CHD in different studies varies from about 4/1,000 to 50/1,000 live births. The relative frequency of different major forms of CHD also differs greatly from study to study. In addition, another 20/1,000 live births have bicuspid aortic valves, isolated anomalous lobar pulmonary veins or a silent patent ductus arteriosus. The incidences reported in 62 studies published after 1955 were examined. Attention was paid to the ways in which the studies were conducted, with special reference to the increased use of echocardiography in the neonatal nursery. The total incidence of CHD was related to the relative frequency of ventricular septal defects (VSDs), the most common type of CHD. The incidences of individual major forms of CHD were determined from 44 studies. The incidence of CHD depends primarily on the number of small VSDs included in the series, and this number in turn depends upon how early the diagnosis is made. If major forms of CHD are stratified into trivial, moderate and severe categories, the variation in incidence depends mainly on the number of trivial lesions included. The incidence of moderate and severe forms of CHD is about 6/1,000 live births (19/1,000 live births if the potentially serious bicuspid aortic valve is included), and of all forms increases to 75/1,000 live births if tiny muscular VSDs present at birth and other trivial lesions are included. Given the causes of variation, there is no evidence for differences in incidence in different countries or times.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA. jhoffman@pedcard.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Julien I E
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000453:epidemiology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000453:epidemiology; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence