title: Use of ultrasound to place central lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Placement of central venous catheters (CVCs) is an integral part of care for the critically ill patient but is associated with significant morbidity when using the traditional landmark method. The use of real-time ultrasound to guide line placement has been developed in hopes of avoiding this morbidity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this article are 2-fold. The first is to determine the relative effectiveness of the use of real-time ultrasound to place CVCs compared with the use of landmarks alone. The second is to discuss the merits of future study to increase the use of this technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline from 1966 to 2001, personal files, 2 prior systematic reviews, and reference lists of selected articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were included if: (1) study design was a controlled trial, (2) patients required placement of a CVC, (3) the interventions were real-time ultrasound versus standard landmark-guided line placement, and (4) outcomes included at least 1 of failure to place catheter, success of first attempt, number of attempts, time to catheter placement, or complication rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen trials were identified. Pooled results showed a significant reduction in failure rate (risk difference, -.12, 95% confidence interval [CI], -.18 to -.06), number of attempts (risk reduction, 1.41, 95% CI, 1.15-1.67), and arterial puncture rate (risk difference, -.07, 95% CI, -.10 to -.03). The number of successful venous cannulations on first attempt were higher using ultrasound (risk difference,.24, 95% CI,.08-.39). No difference was found in time to insertion. Significant heterogeneity of study results was found for most analyses. Subgroup analyses suggested that ultrasound improved outcomes most convincingly using external probes, for internal jugular vein cannulation, and when used by clinicians less experienced at line placement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adoption of real-time ultrasound to guide CVC placement has the potential to improve successful line placement and minimized complications. It can improve patient safety. However, there are significant cost concerns and the reported adverse events are generally minor and easy to treat. Before creating study protocols to increase usage of this technology, both current usage and cost effectiveness should be determined.
authors.affiliation: New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada. Sean_Keenan@telus.net
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Keenan
mesh_terms: D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014481:United States