title: Dynamics of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase in the contractile vacuole complex and the endosomal pathway of Dictyostelium cells.
abstract: The vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multi-subunit enzyme that plays important roles in eukaryotic cells. In Dictyostelium, it is found primarily in membranes of the contractile vacuole complex, where it energizes fluid accumulation by this osmoregulatory organelle and also in membranes of endolysosomes, where it serves to acidify the endosomal lumen. In the present study, a fusion was created between vatM, the gene encoding the 100 kDa transmembrane subunit of the V-ATPase, and the gene encoding Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). When expressed in Dictyostelium cells, this fusion protein, VatM-GFP, was correctly targeted to contractile vacuole and endolysosomal membranes and was competent to direct assembly of the V-ATPase enzyme complex. Protease treatment of isolated endosomes indicated that the GFP moiety, located on the C-terminus of VatM, was exposed to the cytoplasmic side of the endosomal membrane rather than to the lumenal side. VatM-GFP labeling of the contractile vacuole complex revealed clearly the dynamics of this pleiomorphic vesiculotubular organelle. VatM-GFP labeling of endosomes allowed direct visualization of the trafficking of vacuolar proton pumps in this pathway, which appeared to be entirely independent from the contractile vacuole membrane system. In cells whose endosomes were pre-labeled with TRITC-dextran and then fed yeast particles, VatM-GFP was delivered to newly formed yeast phagosomes with the same time course as TRITC-dextran, consistent with transfer via a direct fusion of endosomes with phagosomes. Several minutes were required before the intensity of the VatM-GFP labeling of new phagosomes reached the level observed in older phagosomes, suggesting that this fusion process was progressive and continuous. VatM-GFP was retrieved from the phagosome membrane prior to exocytosis of the indigestible remnants of the yeast particle. These data suggest that vacuolar proton pumps are recycled by fusion of advanced with newly formed endosomes.
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, USA. clarkem@omrf.ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: Quyen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Arana
authors.forename: Tongyao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heuser
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerisch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002451:Cell Compartmentation / Q000502:physiology; D004023:Dictyostelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D011992:Endosomes / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000502:physiology; D010588:Phagosomes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000502:physiology; D017494:Proton Pumps / Q000378:metabolism*; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D022161:Transport Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D017494:Proton Pumps; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases