title: Turbidimetric determination of chloride in different types of water using a single sequential injection analysis system.
abstract: A sequential injection analysis system for the turbidimetric determination of chloride in different types of water is proposed. The determination is based on the reaction of chloride with silver ions and the subsequent measurement of the turbidity caused by silver chloride precipitation. In this method, the use of toxic reagents, such as mercury thiocyanate, commonly employed in most spectrophotometric techniques for chloride determination, is avoided. The main feature of the developed system is the use of a single configuration to carry out the determination over a wide concentration range (2-400 mg L(-1)) by changing only the aspirated sample volume. This characteristic allows the determination of chloride in ground, surface and wastewaters using the same manifold. In addition, a considerable saving of precipitating reagent is achieved due to non-continuous consumption. The results obtained with the developed system were statistically indistinguishable from those of the potentiometric titration reference method. Relative standard deviations for ten consecutive injections were lower than 3.7%, with a sampling frequency of between 55 and 57 determinations per hour.
authors.affiliation: Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto.
authors.forename: Raquel B R
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Mesquita
authors.forename: Sílvia M V
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: António O S S
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Rangel
mesh_terms: D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D010316:Particle Size; D012016:Reference Values; D018030:Silver Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D018030:Silver Compounds; D014873:Water Pollutants; C037548:silver chloride