title: Prior iontophoresis of saline enhances vasoconstriction to phenylephrine and clonidine in the skin of the human forearm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether postjunctional alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoceptors mediate vasoconstrictor responses in the cutaneous vasculature of the human forearm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drugs were administered transdermally by iontophoresis in the forearm of 20 healthy participants. Phenylephrine and clonidine were administered at sites pretreated with the relevant antagonist (terazosin and rauwolscine), and at additional untreated sites and sites pretreated with saline. To enhance the contrast between sites, the forearm was heated to 42 degrees C before flow was measured with the laser Doppler technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the iontophoresis of phenylephrine, blood flow at the site pretreated with terazosin was 24+/-37% (+/-95% confidence interval) greater than flow at the reference site, whereas flow was 53+/-24% lower than reference flow at the previously untreated site and 77+/-10% lower than reference flow at the site pretreated with saline (P<0.001). After the iontophoresis of clonidine, blood flow at the site pretreated with rauwolscine was 25+/-21% greater than flow at the reference site, whereas flow was 56+/-15% lower than reference flow at the previously untreated site and 72+/-8% lower than reference flow at the site pretreated with saline (P<0.001). The saline pretreatment enhanced vasoconstriction to phenylephrine (P<0.05) and clonidine (P=0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-treatment with the appropriate antagonist blocked vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine and clonidine, consistent with the presence of both alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes in cutaneous vessels of the human forearm. In addition, iontophoretic pretreatment with saline facilitated vasoconstrictor responses, suggesting that a nonspecific effect of iontophoresis may enhance drug penetration through the stratum corneum.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia. drummond@central.murdoch.edu.au
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Drummond
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000293:Adolescent; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011224:Prazosin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects*; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D010656:Phenylephrine; D015016:Yohimbine; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C041226:Terazosin; D003000:Clonidine; D011224:Prazosin