title: Hemorrhagic shock from a ruptured ectopic pregnancy in a patient with a negative urine pregnancy test result.
abstract: Ectopic pregnancy has been increasing in frequency over the past 2 decades. The sudden rupture of a fallopian tube caused by ectopic pregnancy can lead to hemorrhagic shock and death if not diagnosed and treated in a timely fashion. The emergency physician is often the health professional that is called on to make the diagnosis and coordinate timely and effective intervention. The first step in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is demonstration of pregnancy by means of a rapidly performed and sensitive qualitative urine test for the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG). A negative urine pregnancy test result will generally be used to exclude ectopic pregnancy from further consideration. The following is a report of a patient presenting to an emergency department with hypovolemic shock in conjunction with 2 negative urine beta-hCG analysis results and a quantitative serum beta-hCG level of 7 mIU/mL, a value less than the lower limit of detection for the highly sensitive qualitative urine and serum tests. This case report demonstrates the importance of further consideration of the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in the setting of a negative urine pregnancy test result.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California-San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA. michkruege@aol.com
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kalinski
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Guss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000097:blood; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011258:Pregnancy Tests / Q000379:methods*; D011274:Pregnancy, Tubal / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous / Q000150:complications; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000209:etiology*; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human