title: Antiretroviral treatment for adult HIV infection in 2002: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  New information warrants updated recommendations for the 4 central issues in antiretroviral therapy: when to start, what drugs to start with, when to change, and what to change to. These updated recommendations are intended to guide practicing physicians actively involved in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related care.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1995, physicians with specific expertise in HIV-related basic science and clinical research, antiretroviral therapy, and HIV patient care were invited by the International AIDS Society-USA to serve on a volunteer panel. In 1999, others were invited to broaden international representation. The 17-member panel met regularly in closed meetings between its last report in 2000 and April 2002 to review current data. The effort was sponsored and funded by the International AIDS Society-USA, a not-for-profit physician education organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  The full panel was convened in late 2000 and assigned 7 section committees. A section writer and 3 to 5 section committee members (each panel member served on numerous sections) identified relevant evidence and prepared draft recommendations. Basic science, clinical research, and epidemiologic data from the published literature and abstracts from recent (within 2 years) scientific conferences were considered by strength of evidence. Extrapolations from basic science data and expert opinion of the panel members were included as evidence. Draft sections were combined and circulated to the entire panel and discussed in a series of full-panel conference calls until consensus was reached. Final recommendations represent full consensus agreement of the panel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of increased awareness of the activity and toxicity of current drugs, the threshold for initiation of therapy has shifted to a later time in the course of HIV disease. However, the optimal time to initiate therapy remains imprecisely defined. Availability of new drugs has broadened options for therapy initiation and management of treatment failure, which remains a difficult challenge.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Department of Infectious Diseases, 46 Rue Henri-Huchard, Paris, Cedex 18 France 75877. patrick.yeni@bch.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Yeni
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: Charles C J
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fischl
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gatell
authors.forename: Brian G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Gazzard
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Katzenstein
authors.forename: Julio S G
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Montaner
authors.forename: Douglas D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Richman
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Saag
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schechter
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Schooley
authors.forename: Melanie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vella
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Volberding
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000592:standards*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017211:Treatment Failure; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors