title: HIV-1 Vpr induces apoptosis through caspase 9 in T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1), vpr gene encodes a 14-kDa virion-associated protein, which exhibits significant effects on human cells. One important property of Vpr is its ability to induce apoptosis during infection. Apoptotic induction is likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of AIDS. However, the pathway of apoptosis is not clearly defined. In this report we investigate the mechanism of apoptosis induced by HIV-1 Vpr using a Vpr pseudotype viral infection system or adeno delivery of Vpr in primary human lymphoid cells and T-cells. With either vector, HIV-1 Vpr induced cell cycle arrest at the G(2)/M phase and apoptosis in lymphoid target cells. Furthermore, we observed that with both vectors, caspase 9, but not caspase 8, was activated following infection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell with either Vpr-positive HIV virions or adeno-delivered Vpr. Activation of the caspase 9 pathway resulted in caspase 3 activation and apoptosis in human primary cells. These effects were coincident with the disruption of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and induction of cytochrome c release by Vpr. The Vpr-induced signaling pathway did not induce CD95 or CD95L expression. Bcl-2 overexpressing cells succumb to Vpr-induced apoptosis. These studies illustrate that Vpr induces a mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway that is distinct from apoptosis driven by the Fas-FasL pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Karuppiah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muthumani
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Brijal M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Donghui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Nathanael
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dayes
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Weiner
mesh_terms: D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D016336:Gene Products, vpr / Q000502:physiology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D014771:Virion / Q000502:physiology; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D016336:Gene Products, vpr; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases