title: The 2001 Canadian recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part one--Assessment for diagnosis, cardiovascular risk, causes and lifestyle modification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide updated, evidence-based recommendations for the assessment of the diagnosis, cardiovascular risk, identifiable causes and lifestyle modifications for adults with high blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  For persons in whom a high blood pressure value is recorded, hypertension is diagnosed based on the appropriate measurement of blood pressure, the level of the blood pressure elevation and the duration of follow-up. In addition, the presence of concomitant vascular risk factors, target organ damage and established atherosclerotic diseases must be assessed to determine the urgency, intensity and type of treatment. For persons receiving a diagnosis of hypertension, defining the overall risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes requires an assessment of concomitant vascular risk factors, including laboratory testing, a search for target organ damage and an assessment for modifiable causes of hypertension. Home and ambulatory blood pressure assessment and echocardiography are options for selected patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The outcomes were: the identification of persons at increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes; the quantification of overall cardiovascular risk; and the identification of persons with potentially modifiable causes of hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline searches were conducted from one year before the period of the last revision of the Canadian recommendations for the management of hypertension (May 1999 to May 2001). Reference lists were scanned, experts were polled, and the personal files of the subgroup members and authors were used to identify other studies. Identified articles were reviewed and appraised, using prespecified levels of evidence, by content experts and methodological experts. In addition to an update of the previous year's review, new sections on assessing overall cardiovascular risk and endocrine causes are provided.
  
  
  METHODS
  A high value was placed on the identification of persons at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and of persons with identifiable causes of hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The identification of persons at higher risk of cardiovascular disease will permit counseling for lifestyle manoeuvres and introduction of antihypertensive drugs to reduce blood pressure for patients with sustained hypertension. The identification of specific causes of hypertension may permit the use of cause-specific interventions. In certain subgroups of patients, and for specific classes of drugs, blood pressure lowering has been associated with reduced cardiovascular morbidity or mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present document contains recommendations for the assessment of the diagnosis, cardiovascular risk, identifiable causes and lifestyle modifications for adults with high blood pressure. These include the accurate measurement of blood pressure, criteria for the diagnosis of hypertension and recommendations for follow-up, assessment of overall cardiovascular risk, routine and optional laboratory testing, assessment for renovascular and endocrine causes, home and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, the role of echocardiography and lifestyle modifications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All recommendations were graded according to the strength of the evidence and voted on by the Canadian Hypertension Recommendations Working Group. Only those recommendations achieving high levels of consensus are reported. These guidelines will be updated annually.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  These guidelines are endorsed by the Canadian Hypertension Society, The Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, The College of Family Physicians of Canada, The Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, The Adult Disease Division and Bureau of Cardio-Respiratory Diseases and Diabetes at the Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Health Canada.
authors.affiliation: London Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital Campus, London, Canada.
authors.forename: Kelly B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Zarnke
authors.forename: Finlay A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: McAlister
authors.forename: Norman R C
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Ernesto L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Schiffrin
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: Donald W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Simon W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Rabkin
authors.forename: Ross D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bolli
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Honos
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lebel
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tobe
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petrella
authors.forename: Rhian M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Touyz
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000592:standards; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000592:standards; D002170:Canada; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D008019:Life Style; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents