title: Response to intra-arterial and combined intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy in patients with distal internal carotid artery occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the clinical features, angiographic findings, and response to treatment with thrombolytic therapy in patients with ischemic stroke caused by acute occlusion of the distal internal carotid artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective case series from a prospectively collected stroke database for patients with acute internal carotid occlusion presenting within 6 hours of stroke onset to evaluate safety, feasibility, and response to thrombolytic therapy. The University Hospital-based brain attack database was reviewed over a 5-year period. Demographics, clinical features, stroke mechanisms, severity, imaging findings, type of thrombolysis, treatment responses, mortality, and long-term outcome using modified Rankin Scale and Barthel Index were determined. The short-term outcome was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Acute thrombolytic therapy was administered using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator or urokinase given intra-arterially or in combination with intravenous (IV) routes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred seven patients treated with thrombolysis between 1995 and 2000 were reviewed, and of these, 101 were studied with cerebral angiography. Eighteen patients were identified with acute ischemic stroke and ipsilateral occlusion of the distal internal carotid artery. Time to treatment was the most powerful predictor of response to thrombolytic therapy (P<0.001). The response to therapy also correlated well with the severity of the initial clinical deficit as judged by the NIHSS (P<0.001). There was no difference in recanalization rate, symptomatic hemorrhage, and NIHSS for IV/intra-arterial (IA) versus IA alone (P=NS). Complete angiographic recanalization was accomplished in 80% of those who received combined IV/IA thrombolysis and in 62% of those who received IA therapy (P=NS). Those with distal occlusions extending to the middle and anterior cerebral arteries were the least likely to respond to thrombolysis. Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in 20% of the patients receiving IV/IA therapy, and in 15% of the IA only (P=NS). At 24 hours, the NIHSS dropped by 3 points in the IA group and 4 points in the IV/IA group (P=NS). Mild disability with independence was found in 77% of the survivors at 3-month follow-up. The mortality rate was 50% in this group despite thrombolysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thrombolytic therapy using a combination of IV and IA routes and using the IA-only route may be effective in improving outcome for the patients suffering from occlusion of the distal internal carotid artery. Shorter intervals between onset and treatment seem to be correlated with higher rate of recanalization and improved outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA. ooz@po.cwru.edu
authors.forename: Osama O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Zaidat
authors.forename: Jose I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Suarez
authors.forename: Concepcion
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santillan
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sunshine
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Tarr
authors.forename: Vanessa H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Paras
authors.forename: Warren R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Selman
authors.forename: Dennis M D
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Landis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002341:Carotid Artery Thrombosis / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D015996:Survival Rate; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator