title: Is Tourette's syndrome an autoimmune disease?
abstract: We provide a review of recent research findings which support the involvement of autoimmunity in childhood-onset tic disorders, in particular the presence of antineuronal autoantibodies, D8/17 B lymphocyte overexpression, a marker of chorea associated with streptococcal infection, and possible beneficial effects of immunomodulatory intervention. One of the most controversial areas in this field is the validity of the proposed PANDAS concept. Some researchers have delineated a putatively unique subgroup of patients, from the spectrum of illness encompassing Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), whose tics and obsessive-compulsive symptoms are shown to arise in response to beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections. They designated it by the term pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). Herein we additionally present pros and cons concerning the concept of PANDAS. Finally, recommendations for future research directions are given.
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Center, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands. pieter.hoekstra@kjpnn.nl
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: C G M
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kallenberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Korf
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Minderaa
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000145:classification*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000145:classification* / Q000276:immunology*; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D014364:Tryptophan