title: Rapid down-regulation of thyroid hormones in acute myocardial infarction: is it cardioprotective in patients with angina?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In severe illness of any cause, down-regulation of the thyroid hormone system may occur. How this affects patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is largely unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate changes in serum levels of the thyroid hormones during AMI and their association with cardiac function and outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven consecutive euthyroid patients with AMI were studied prospectively during the first 5 days and again 6 and 12 weeks later. Time from pain onset was used in all analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The thyroid hormone system was rapidly down-regulated with maximal changes 24 to 36 hours after onset of symptoms. The mean level of the hormone total triiodothyronine (T3) decreased 19% (P =.02), the inactive metabolite reverse T3 (rT3) levels increased 22% (P =.01), and thyrotropin levels declined 51% (P<.001) between the first 6-hour and the 24- to 36-hour period. The prohormone free thyroxine was largely unchanged. Patients with poor heart function or more intense inflammatory reaction showed more pronounced down-regulation of the thyroid system. No correlation was found with cardiac enzymes. Patients with prior angina pectoris had lower T(3) levels in early samples, smaller infarctions, and higher levels of C-reactive protein and the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 on admittance. Peak levels of interleukin 6 correlated negatively with T3 (P =.005) and positively with rT3 (P<.05), suggesting that down-regulation before AMI may be cardioprotective. However, mortality was high among patients with the most pronounced thyroid level depression, indicating that down-regulation after AMI may be maladaptive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The thyroid hormone system is rapidly down-regulated in AMI. This may be beneficial during acute ischemia. Patients with angina had higher levels of interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein and more depressed thyroid hormone system in early samples. Thyroid level depression in patients with angina may possibly have been present before the infarction process started. This novel finding needs further evaluation in large studies to sort out cause-and-effect relationships.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institute at Huddinge University Hospital, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Friberg
authors.forename: Sigbritt
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Gösta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eggertsen
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahnve
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood; D014285:Triiodothyronine, Reverse / Q000097:blood; D016276:Ventricular Function
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D014285:Triiodothyronine, Reverse; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine