title: [Basic structure of respiratory and peripheral muscles in the beagle dog].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The dog is one of the most widely used animals in studies of respiratory physiopathology, mainly because of its physiological characteristics. However, ethical and legal constraints are placed on the use of some species in our context.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied the underlying structural features of respiratory and peripheral muscles in the beagle dog in order to suggest reference values for future studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen young beagles were selected. Samples were taken from the costal diaphragm (DFG), external intercostal (EI) and vastus medialis (VM) muscles. We analyzed fiber percentages and sizes (immunohistochemistry, using myosin heavy chain [MyHC (monoclonal antibodies), percentages and absolute number of MyHC isoforms (electrophoresis and ELISA), and level of membrane damage (immunohistochemistry, using anti-fibronectin monoclonal antibodies).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the EI muscle, type I fibers were larger (by 20%) than type II fibers. Fibers resistant to fatigue (type I) predominated greatly over fast contraction fibers (type II) in all three muscles analyzed (DFG 57% 11% vs. 45% 12%; EI 58% 5% vs. 43% 5%; and VM 70% 8% vs. 34% 7 %). Few hybrid fibers (co-expression of fast and slow MyHC) were found and their percentages were similar in all three muscles. The absolute expression of MyHC was greater in the VM than in the respiratory muscles, with a relative predominance of the MyHC I isoform in the DFG and VM muscles and a similar tendency in the EI muscle. Membrane damage was very slight in all three muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phenotype characteristics of respiratory and peripheral muscles in the beagle correspond to what we would expect functionally for a breed initially selected for hunting, with minimal lesions under normal circumstances, a predominance of fibers and proteins that are resistant to fatigue, and larger fibers in the EI, a muscle that plays a role in respiration in dogs.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neumología. Hospital de Cruces. Universidad del País Vasco. Bilbao. Spain.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Gáldiz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palacio
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mariñán
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D012016:Reference Values; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology