title: Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic studies report inconsistent findings on the association of fruit and vegetable intake with the risk of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to examine the relation between fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 9608 adults aged 25-74 y participating in the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study and free of cardiovascular disease at the time of their baseline examination between 1971 and 1975. Fruit and vegetable intake at baseline was measured with a food-frequency questionnaire. The incidence of and mortality from cardiovascular disease were obtained from medical records and death certificates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over an average of 19 y, 888 strokes (218 fatal), 1786 ischemic heart disease events (639 fatal), 1145 cardiovascular disease deaths, and 2530 all-cause deaths were documented. Consuming fruit and vegetables > or = 3 times/d compared with <1 time/d was associated with a 27% lower stroke incidence [relative risk (RR): 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.95; P for trend = 0.01), a 42% lower stroke mortality (0.58; 0.33, 1.02; P for trend = 0.05), a 24% lower ischemic heart disease mortality (0.76; 0.56, 1.03; P for trend = 0.07), a 27% lower cardiovascular disease mortality (0.73; 0.58, 0.92; P for trend = 0.008), and a 15% lower all-cause mortality (0.85; 0.72, 1.00; P for trend = 0.02) after adjustment for established cardiovascular disease risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed an inverse association of fruit and vegetable intake with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in the general US population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Lydia A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bazzano
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Lorraine G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Ogden
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Loria
authors.forename: Suma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vupputuri
authors.forename: Leann
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Whelton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014675:Vegetables