title: A single daily dose of soybean phytosterols in ground beef decreases serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in young, mildly hypercholesterolemic men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Consumption of phytosterol-supplemented margarine lowers total plasma cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in older middle-aged hypercholesterolemic individuals. The effects of incorporating phytosterols into lower-fat foods on the plasma lipids of young men at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease have not been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that a single daily dose of soybean phytosterols added to ground beef will lower plasma TC and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in mildly hypercholesterolemic young men.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a triple-blind, 4-wk study, 34 male college students with elevated plasma TC (5.85 +/- 0.70 mmol/L), LDL cholesterol (4.02 +/- 0.60 mmol/L), and TC:HDL cholesterol (5.5 +/- 1.2) were randomly assigned to the control (ground beef alone) or treatment (ground beef with 2.7 g of phytosterols) group. The phytosterol mixture was two-thirds esterified and one-third nonesterified and consisted of beta-sitosterol (48%), campesterol (27%), and stigmasterol (21%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consumption of phytosterol-supplemented ground beef lowered plasma TC and LDL-cholesterol concentrations and TC:HDL cholesterol from baseline by 9.3%, 14.6%, and 9.1%, respectively (P < 0.001). The LDL particle size did not change, suggesting that the decrease was primarily of particle number. The decreases were similar in subjects with (n = 8) and without (n = 9) a family history of premature cardiovascular disease. No significant changes were found in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phytosterol-supplemented ground beef effectively lowers plasma TC and LDL cholesterol and has the potential to become a functional food to help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Human Metabolic Unit, Iowa State University, Ames, USA.
authors.forename: Oksana A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Matvienko
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arndt
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rainwater
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: D Lee
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Alekel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000145:classification*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008461:Meat Products; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000097:blood; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry*; D013265:Stigmasterol / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D010840:Phytosterols; D012855:Sitosterols; C025473:gamma-sitosterol; D002784:Cholesterol; D013265:Stigmasterol