title: Clinical applications of three-dimensional photography in breast surgery.
abstract: Three-dimensional imaging in breast surgery has several uses clinically. The most practical applications are for the evaluation of breast asymmetries, both congenital and acquired, and for the evaluation of factors affecting breast shape in augmentation mammaplasty. Other uses of three-dimensional imaging that we have found clinically helpful are for evaluation of patients desiring reduction mammaplasty and for evaluation of patients undergoing unilateral breast reconstruction to determine the expander and permanent implant size that gives the best symmetry with the contralateral breast. We present five cases in which we investigate the use of three-dimensional imaging clinically by using the images to determine quantitative information about the breast, such as volume or projection. Overall, three-dimensional imaging is very helpful in providing objective information about the breast for use in preoperative planning. In addition, by analyzing clinical cases, it can provide objective data about the breast and surgical mammaplasty (especially augmentation mammaplasty) that may help surgeons better understand those factors that contribute to breast shape and influence surgical outcomes. There are currently some limitations of this system, influenced by patients with significant ptosis or obesity, which may introduce errors into the three-dimensional data, making them unreliable. However, we believe three-dimensional imaging has great clinical potential in surgical mammaplasty.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA. gmgaldino@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Greg M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Galdino
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nahabedian
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiaramonte
authors.forename: Jason Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klatsky
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001940:Breast / Q000002:abnormalities; D018427:Breast Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D016462:Mammaplasty; D015413:Mastectomy, Simple; D010781:Photography; D012086:Reoperation; D016896:Treatment Outcome