title: Safety of benzodiazepines in newborns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Benzodiazepines are being used in neonatal intensive care units for sedation and control of seizures. However, anecdotal reports suggest that their use in infants may be associated with serious adverse effects (AEs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of AEs from benzodiazepine use in preterm and full-term infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of 63 infants who received benzodiazepines as a sedative or anticonvulsant over a 16-month period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean +/- SD gestational age of the infants was 33.1 +/- 6.2 weeks, and birth weight was 2.3 +/- 1.2 kg. Median (range) postnatal age at commencement of drug administration was 19 (5-54) days. Forty-one infants received lorazepam, 8 received midazolam, and 14 received both. Ten (16%) of the infants had 14 documented adverse events: seizures (n = 6), hypotension (n = 5), and respiratory depression (n = 3). Using a validated adverse drug reaction probability scale, a probable association with benzodiazepine use was demonstrated in 12 of the AEs. Due to the retrospective nature of the data, a score for definite association was not attainable. Anticonvulsant administration was required for 4 of 6 infants and, in all cases of respiratory depression, ventilatory support was initiated or increased. Two cases of significant hypotension were treated with inotropes. There was no statistically significant correlation between AEs and benzodiazepine dose or concomitant use of inotropes or analgesics (morphine), although most infants had underlying medical conditions or received multiple drugs that may have predisposed them to experience AEs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of benzodiazepines was frequently associated with AEs in full-term and preterm infants. It is possible that underlying illnesses and concomitant drug use predisposed these effects. Until the benefit-to-risk ratio is determined by further studies, judicious use of benzodiazepines is recommended in this vulnerable population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Newborn and Developmental Paediatrics, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. eugene.ng@swchcs.on.ca
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klinger
authors.forename: Vibhuti
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taddio
mesh_terms: D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines; D008140:Lorazepam; D008874:Midazolam