title: Novel aspects of resistance to drugs targeted to dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase.
abstract: Drug resistance is often a limiting factor in successful chemotherapy. Our laboratory has been interested in studying mechanisms of resistance to drugs that are targeted to the thymidylate biosynthesis pathway especially those that target thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). We have used leukemia as a model system to study resistance to methotrexate (MTX) and colorectal cancer as the model system to study 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance. In leukemias, we and others have shown that transport, efflux, polyglutamylation and hydrolase activities are major determinants of MTX resistance. We have further reported that some leukemic cells have an increase in DHFR gene copy number possibly contributing to the resistant phenotype. Recently, we have begun to study in detail the molecular mechanisms that govern translational regulation of DHFR in response to MTX as an additional resistance mechanism. Studies thus far involving colorectal tumors obtained from patients have focused predominantly on the predictive value of levels of TS expression and p53 mutations in determining response to 5-FU. Although the predictive value of these two measures appears to be significant, given the variety of resistance to 5-FU observed in cell lines, it is not likely that these are the only measures predictive of response or responsible for acquired resistance to this drug. The enzyme uridine-cytidine monophosphate kinase (UMPK) is an essential and rate-limiting enzyme in 5-FU activation while dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is a catabolic enzyme that inactivates 5-FU. Alterations in UMPK and DPD may therefore explain failure of 5-FU response in the absence of alterations in TS or p53. Transcription factors that regulate TS may also influence drug sensitivity. We have found that mRNA levels of the E2F family of transcription factors correlates with TS message levels and are higher in lung metastases than in liver metastases of colorectal cancers. Moreover, gene copy number of the E2F-1 gene appears to be increased in a significant number of samples obtained from metastases of colorectal cancer. We have also generated mutants of both DHFR and TS that confer resistance to MTX as well as 5-FU by random as well as site-directed mutagenesis. These mutants used alone or as fusion cDNAs of the mutants have proven to be useful in transplant studies where transfer of these mutant cDNAs to bone marrow cells have been shown to confer drug resistance to recipients. The fusion cDNAs of DHFR such as the DHFR-herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSVTK) are also useful for regulation of gene expression in vivo using MTX as the small molecule regulator that can be monitored by positron emission tomography (PET) scanning or by optical imaging using a fusion construct such as DHFR-EGFP.
authors.affiliation: Program of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. banerjed@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Debabrata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mayer-Kuckuk
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Capiaux
authors.forename: Tulin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Budak-Alpdogan
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gorlick
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bertino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000494:pharmacology; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000494:pharmacology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009703:Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D013939:Thymidine Phosphorylase / Q000378:metabolism; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists; D014157:Transcription Factors; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; D013939:Thymidine Phosphorylase; C023276:uridine monophosphate kinase; D009703:Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase; D005472:Fluorouracil; D008727:Methotrexate