title: Synergistic activation of human platelets by lysophosphatidic acid and adrenaline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Platelet reactivity is regulated by various important bioactive and physiologic substances. The objective of this study was to characterize lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-triggered responses in human platelets. In addition, the effect of LPA was compared with that of other activators and possible synergistic interactions were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  LPA-triggered cytosolic Ca(2+) responses were measured using fura-2-loaded platelets in a spectrofluorometer. Furthermore, platelet aggregation and secretion were analyzed in a lumi-aggregometer and protein tyrosine phosphorylation was detected with the Western blot technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPA dose-dependently increased cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in platelets. This response involved both influx of extracellular Ca(2+) and release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. However, in comparison with other platelet agonists, i.e. thrombin and adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), LPA was a very weak Ca(2+)-elevating agent. Furthermore, we observed that the LPA-induced rise in [Ca(2+)](i) was markedly suppressed by cyclic nucleotide-elevating agents. In functional studies, LPA failed to stimulate platelet aggregation and secretion. However, in combination with adrenaline, another weak platelet agonist, LPA could induce an irreversible and complete aggregatory response. There was an individual variation in aggregatory response and tyrosine phosphorylation when LPA and adrenaline were combined. These agents induced a powerful response on platelets from some individuals, but had a weak or no effect on others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows, for the first time, that isolated platelets from some healthy blood donors respond synergistically to a combination of LPA and adrenaline. Platelet activation is a key step in distinguishing normal hemostasis from pathologic hemostasis. Increased knowledge about this mechanism might help to predict individual responses and provide new insights into molecular mechanisms responsible for pathologic thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköpings Universitet, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden. ulrika.nilsson@far.liu.se
authors.forename: Ulrika  K
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Samuel P S
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grenegård
mesh_terms: D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D008246:Lysophospholipids; D002118:Calcium; D004837:Epinephrine