title: The effect of robotic assistance on learning curves for basic laparoscopic skills.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We hypothesized that laparoscopic tasks performed with ZEUS robotic assistance would be done with greater precision and with a different learning curve than when performed in a standard laparoscopic trainer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were divided into the surgically experienced (n = 11) and the surgically naive (n = 17). Two laparoscopic tasks (bead transfer and rope pass) were repeated for five repetitions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all drills and participants, completion time and error rate decreased across the five repetitions for each platform. Precision averaged 97% for both platforms over all drills. For both groups, completion time for tasks was shorter on the laparoscopic platform. ZEUS allowed for greater consistency in performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with performance on a standard laparoscopic trainer, robotic assistance allows for increasing speed and consistency while maintaining precision over multiple repetitions. Understanding how robotics affects learning curves will allow for modifications in the training experience with this new technology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8109, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Sunil M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Hersh S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Maniar
authors.forename: Nathaniel J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Soper
authors.forename: Ralph J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Damiano
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Klingensmith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004501:Education, Medical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D011361:Professional Competence; D012371:Robotics; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors