title: Interferon regulatory factor-1, interferon-beta, and reovirus-induced myocarditis.
abstract: Viral myocarditis is an important human disease, and reovirus-induced myocarditis in mice provides an excellent model to study direct viral damage to the heart. Previously, we showed that reovirus induction of and sensitivity to interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is an important determinant of viral pathogenicity in the heart and that the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) is required for reovirus induction of IFN-beta in primary cardiac myocyte cultures. Given several lines of evidence suggesting a possible distinctive environment for IRFs in the heart, we have now focused on IRF-1. Previous studies demonstrated that viruses, double-stranded-RNA (dsRNA), and IFN-alpha/beta can each induce IRF-1 and that IRF-1 plays a role in dsRNA, but perhaps not viral, induction of IFN-alpha/beta. Importantly, none of these studies used a virus with a dsRNA genome (such as reovirus), none of them used a highly differentiated nonlymphoid cell type, and none of them addressed whether viral induction of IRF-1 is direct or is mediated through viral induction of IFN-beta. Indeed, as recently as this year it has been assumed that viral induction of IRF-1 is direct. Here, we found that reovirus induced IRF-1 in primary cardiac myocyte cultures, but that IRF-1 was not required for reovirus induction of IFN-beta. Surprisingly, we found that reovirus failed to induce IRF-1 in the absence of the IFN-alpha/beta response. This provides the first evidence that viruses may not induce IRF-1 directly. Finally, nonmyocarditic reovirus strains induced more cardiac lesions in mice deficient for IRF-1 than they did in wildtype mice, directly demonstrating a protective role for IRF-1. Together, the results indicate that while IRF-1 is downstream of the IFN-beta response, it plays an important protective role against viral myocarditis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carloina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Azzam-Smoak
authors.forename: Diana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Noah
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sherry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000821:virology*; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D012087:Reoviridae / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; C494258:Irf1 protein, mouse; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D016899:Interferon-beta