title: The epidemiology of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in Alberta, Canada, 1989-1998: identification of high risk groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To date, there have been no comprehensive epidemiological studies in Canada of the incidence rates of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons. Accurate rate estimates are needed to develop cost-effective strategies for the prevention, control, and ultimate elimination of tuberculosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Most new immigrants to Canada settle in one of four provinces: Ontario, British Columbia, Quebec and Alberta. Data from the provincial reporting system for tuberculosis, from Statistics Canada censuses and population estimates of Treaty Status Indians provided by the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, were used to estimate the rate of tuberculosis in Alberta's Canadian-born and foreign-born population between 1989 and 1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age-adjusted tuberculosis case rates per 100,000 person-years were 19.4 and 61.9 in the foreign-born and Canadian-born Treaty Indians-approximately 10 times and 30 times, respectively, higher than the rate in the remainder of the Canadian-born population (2.1/100,000 person-years). Age-specific rates in male and female foreign-born persons were highest at ages 15-34 and > or = 65 years, whereas rates in Canadian-born non-Treaty and Treaty males and females increased incrementally, with a single peak at > or = 65 years. Tuberculosis case rates in the foreign-born varied significantly according to World Bank region and country of birth. By far the highest rates were seen in immigrants to Canada from Asia, in particular Vietnam, the Philippines, China, Hong Kong and India. Most (90%) tuberculosis patients from these countries had not been identified as requiring medical surveillance in Canada after arrival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immigrants to Alberta from Asia and Treaty Status Indians are at high risk for tuberculosis. Physicians in Alberta who care for foreign-born persons should be aware that their patients are at increased risk for tuberculosis, even if they have been medically cleared during the legal immigration process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. richard.long@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kunimoto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cowie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manfreda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000208:ethnology*