title: Joint effects of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on atherogenic lipid and lipoprotein profiles: results from a study of Chinese male population in Taiwan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study examines the effect of joint exposure to cigarette smoking and alcohol intake on serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) among Chinese male adults in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 3311 men aged 20-59 years who reported having stable smoking and drinking behaviors during the period between January 1995 and December 1996 was selected from a periodic health checkup population. Serum lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions were measured on fasting blood samples taken from participants. Statistical methods of analysis of variance and analysis of covariance were conducted to examine the associations of different smoking-drinking behavioral patterns with lipid and lipoprotein levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the observed population, the percentages of men who had stable cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption behaviors were 39.5% (1,307/3,311) and 27.0% (895/3,311), respectively. Mean values of TC and TG increased significantly and monotonically with increasing levels of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. In addition, alcohol intake was significantly associated with increased HDL-C and reduced LDL-C levels in a dose-dependent manner. More interestingly, the effect of alcohol consumption on LDL-C (negative) and TG (positive) levels was substantially greater for heavy smoker (>20 cigarettes/day) than for light smokers (< or = 20 cigarettes/day) and non-smokers, while alcohol intake exerted a strong positive influence on HDL-C concentration regardless of levels of cigarette smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this Chinese male population, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were confirmed to have similar effects on lipid and lipoprotein levels as in Caucasians. More interestingly, a significance of joint exposure to smoking and drinking in predicting lipid and lipoprotein levels was evident. These data indicate the importance of multifactorial interventions to obtain more favorable lipid and lipoprotein levels in the population.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D002784:Cholesterol