title: Phenotype prediction by DNA-based typing of clinically significant blood group systems in Jordanian blood donors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the past 10 years several DNA-typing methods have been developed to complement routine serological typing for determination of polymorphisms in the ABO, RH, KEL, JK and FY blood group genes. However, the molecular basis of blood groups can differ widely between ethnic groups. The purpose of this study was to evaluate selected DNA-based methods for phenotype prediction in a population not previously investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples from a random sample of Jordanian blood donors were collected and red cells isolated from these blood samples were phenotyped for common ABO (n = 150) and KEL/FY/JK (n = 90) antigens. RHD-negative and -positive donors were selected for RH typing (n = 120 and 30, respectively). DNA was prepared and blood group genotyping performed according to selected methods in current use. Discordant samples required further investigation by extended serology and DNA sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The degree of concordance between phenotype and genotype was high, but some exceptions were noted. Two of 14 A2/A2B samples lacked all mutations associated with known A2 alleles of the ABO system. RH typing revealed four samples with the c(cyt48) marker, causing false-positive RHC typing. A single D-negative sample was positive for D-specific exon 10 markers. The RHD pseudogene was not found in the 150 donors tested. Nine samples revealed discrepancies that were associated with unknown silent or weakly expressing Fyb-like alleles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the exception of the FY system, we conclude that the molecular background of the clinically important blood group antigens studied here is similar to that reported for Caucasoids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Irshaid
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramadan
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Wester
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Olausson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hellberg
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Merza
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Olsson
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001782:Blood Donors; D001789:Blood Group Antigens / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D017931:DNA Primers; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007597:Jordan; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D001789:Blood Group Antigens; D017931:DNA Primers