title: Task-specific ionic liquids incorporating novel cations for the coordination and extraction of Hg2+ and Cd2+: synthesis, characterization, and extraction studies.
abstract: A series of hydrophobic task-specific ionic liquids designed to extract Hg2+ and Cd2+ from water were prepared by appending urea-, thiourea-, and thioether-substituted alkyl groups to imidazoles and combining the resulting cationic species with PF6-. The new ionic liquids were characterized and investigated for their metal ion extraction capabilities. When used in liquid/liquid extraction of Hg2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous solutions, the metal ion distribution ratios increased several orders of magnitude, regardless of whether the ionic liquids were used as the sole extracting phase or doped into a series of [1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium][PF6] (alkyl = n-C4-C8) ionic liquids to form a 1:1 solution. In the 1:1 mixtures, as the length of the alkyl chain increased from butyl to hexyl to octyl, the metal ion distribution ratios increased. Increasing the ratio TSIL/[C4mim][PF6] resulted in higher distribution ratios for both Hg2+ and Cd2+. Overall, the thiourea- and urea-derivatized cations yielded the highest distribution ratios, and those for Hg2+ were higher than those for Cd2+; however, a change in aqueous-phase pH does not promote the stripping of metal ions from the extracting phase. The combination of these imidazolium cations and PF6- produced ionic liquids with decreased thermal stability in comparison to [C(n)mim]-[PF6]. Gaussian98 restricted Hartree-Fock geometry optimizations for one of the thiourea-appended cations shows the charge delocalization around the ring and suggests that the thiourea group may aid in deprotonating the imidazolium ring and may be responsible for the lowered thermal stability of these cations.
authors.affiliation: Center for Green Manufacturing and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa 35487, USA.
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Swatloski
authors.forename: W Matthew
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mayton
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sheff
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wierzbicki
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Robin D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D007477:Ions; D008628:Mercury / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013696:Temperature; D013890:Thiourea / Q000737:chemistry; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007477:Ions; D002104:Cadmium; D014508:Urea; D008628:Mercury; D013890:Thiourea