title: Harnessing microbially generated power on the seafloor.
abstract: In many marine environments, a voltage gradient exists across the water sediment interface resulting from sedimentary microbial activity. Here we show that a fuel cell consisting of an anode embedded in marine sediment and a cathode in overlying seawater can use this voltage gradient to generate electrical power in situ. Fuel cells of this design generated sustained power in a boat basin carved into a salt marsh near Tuckerton, New Jersey, and in the Yaquina Bay Estuary near Newport, Oregon. Retrieval and analysis of the Tuckerton fuel cell indicates that power generation results from at least two anode reactions: oxidation of sediment sulfide (a by-product of microbial oxidation of sedimentary organic carbon) and oxidation of sedimentary organic carbon catalyzed by microorganisms colonizing the anode. These results demonstrate in real marine environments a new form of power generation that uses an immense, renewable energy reservoir (sedimentary organic carbon) and has near-immediate application.
authors.affiliation: Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA. lmt@cbmse.nrl.navy.mil
authors.forename: Leonard M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tender
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Reimers
authors.forename: Hilmar A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Stecher
authors.forename: Dawn E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lowy
authors.forename: Kanoelani
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pilobello
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Fertig
authors.forename: Derek R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lovley
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources / Q000382:microbiology*; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D003246:Conservation of Energy Resources / Q000379:methods; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D004560:Electricity; D004566:Electrodes; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009515:New Jersey; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D009922:Oregon; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D013440:Sulfides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D013440:Sulfides; D002244:Carbon