title: Health-related quality of life for nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with cancer-free survival after treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) patients with cancer-free survival after treatment and to investigate the factors correlated with their HR-QOL.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-two NPC patients with cancer-free survival of more than 2 years after treatment were enrolled in the study. Data from the same number of people without a history of cancer, who had come to the hospital for health checkups, were also collected for comparison. The Chinese SF-36 questionnaire and nine items about head-and-neck functional impairments (HNFI) were self-reported by all participants at the clinics. Data relating to sociodemographic factors, cancer stage, and treatment of NPC survivors were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Psychometric tests revealed the excellent internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha: 0.87-0.96) and discriminative validity of the Chinese SF-36 used in Taiwan. Most functional domains of the Chinese SF-36 and all nine HNFI items were significantly worse in NPC survivors than in control subjects. No cancer or treatment-related variables significantly correlated with any functional domains of SF-36 or any items of HNFI for NPC survivors. Economic status, educational level, occupational status, and the number of comorbidities were the variables that significantly correlated with most functional domains of SF-36 for NPC survivors. Patients with more sufficient economic status, higher educational levels, with employment, or without comorbidity tended to enjoy better HR-QOL as detected by the SF-36. Salivation, hearing, and swallowing dysfunctions were the top three HNFI that disturbed NPC survivors. Economic status remained the most significant variable correlated with HNFI, including salivation, swallowing, neck stiffness, taste, and phonation. Survivors with better economic status reported less severe HNFI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NPC survivors had worse HR-QOL than healthy control subjects in the study. Socioeconomic status was the most significant variable that correlated with the HR-QOL of NPC survivors. This result might indicate that patients' superior individual characteristics and financial resources are important variables determining their ability to cope with cancer and treatment complications affecting their HR-QOL.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. a7323630@ms14.hinet.net
authors.forename: Fu-Min
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Herng-Chia
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Wen-Rei
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Chong-Jong
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Hui-Chun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Li-Min
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Hsuan-Chih
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hsu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000523:psychology*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome