title: The systematic development of nursing interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To propose guidelines for systematic and progressive testing of nursing interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The National Institutes of Health has indicated four phases of clinical trials to guide research on treatments and interventions in the health sciences. Several important issues specific to nursing interventions need further clarification to enhance the interpretation of nursing clinical trials: (a) linking problem identification and nursing interventions, (b) articulating the content of interventions, (c) determining the strength and timing of interventions, (d) differentiating between efficacy and effectiveness research, and (e) incorporating multiple perspectives in intervention development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic and progressive nursing intervention programs of research are needed to address these issues and to enhance the science and practice of nursing.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Nursing, 100 Church Street South, PO Box 9740, New Haven, CT 06536-0740, USA. robin.whittemore@yale.edu
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whittemore
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grey
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D015399:Nursing Research; D009739:Nursing Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D014481:United States