title: First confirmation of human diarrhoeic poisonings by okadaic acid esters after ingestion of razor clams (Solen marginatus) and green crabs (Carcinus maenas) in Aveiro lagoon, Portugal and detection of okadaic acid esters in phytoplankton.
abstract: A new outbreak of human diarrhoeic poisonings (DSP) with esters of okadaic acid (OA) was confirmed after ingestion of razor clams (Solen marginatus) harvested at Aveiro lagoon (NW Portugal) in the summer of 2001. Accumulation of marine toxins in second order consumers was investigated in the edible parts of a shellfish predator abundant at Aveiro lagoon, the green crab Carcinus maenas. Okadaic acid was found, also in a predominant esterified form. Levels in edible parts (comprising mainly viscera) surpassed 16microg/100g. We suggest that one patient may have developed profuse diarrhoea after ingestion of a large number of green crabs contaminated with okadaic acid esters. At least 32microg OA/100g were found in a remaining sample of its meal. Domoic acid was also found but under the allowable level in force in USA of 30microg/g crab viscera. In cooked crabs, significant losses of domoic acid were found and it is not suspected to have contributed to the poisoning event, although being a vector for this toxin. The low percentage of free okadaic acid found is in accordance with a predation predominantly on benthonic shellfish (razor clams, clams and common cockle) rather than on rock mussels. These last ones present usually higher percentages of free okadaic acid. Okadaic acid was confirmed with full-scan mass spectra either in plankton and mussel extracts. Okadaic acid esters were also found in plankton extracts. Percentages between 40-60% of esterified OA were found in samples freshly extracted. Ester's percentage diminished drastically if after sonication the extract was kept at room temperature. The major part of the esters was water-soluble.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal. pvale@ipimar.pt
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.forename: Maria Antónia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: de M Sampayo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D003386:Brachyura / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000506:poisoning; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004952:Esters; D005260:Female; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000506:poisoning; D008875:Middle Aged; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000506:poisoning*; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011174:Portugal; D012623:Seawater; D057096:Shellfish Poisoning
chemical_list: D004768:Enterotoxins; D004952:Esters; D008387:Marine Toxins; D019319:Okadaic Acid