title: Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laboratory findings have suggested that oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Therefore, the risk of Alzheimer disease might be reduced by intake of antioxidants that counteract the detrimental effects of oxidative stress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether dietary intake of antioxidants is related to risk of Alzheimer disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Rotterdam Study, a population-based, prospective cohort study conducted in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 5395 participants who, at baseline (1990-1993), were aged at least 55 years, free of dementia, and noninstitutionalized and had reliable dietary assessment. Participants were reexamined in 1993-1994 and 1997-1999 and were continuously monitored for incident dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of Alzheimer disease, based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition (DSM-III-R) criteria and National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria, associated with dietary intake of beta carotene, flavonoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a mean follow-up of 6 years, 197 participants developed dementia, of whom 146 had Alzheimer disease. When adjustments were made for age, sex, baseline Mini-Mental State Examination score, alcohol intake, education, smoking habits, pack-years of smoking, body mass index, total energy intake, presence of carotid plaques, and use of antioxidative supplements, high intake of vitamin C and vitamin E was associated with lower risk of Alzheimer disease (rate ratios [RRs] per 1-SD increase in intake were 0.82 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68-0.99] and 0.82 [95% CI, 0.66-1.00], respectively). Among current smokers, this relationship was most pronounced (RRs, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.37-1.14] and 0.58 [95% CI, 0.30-1.12], respectively) and also was present for intake of beta carotene (RR, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.27-0.92]) and flavonoids (RR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.31-0.96]). The associations did not vary by education or apolipoprotein E genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High dietary intake of vitamin C and vitamin E may lower the risk of Alzheimer disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marianne J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Engelhart
authors.forename: Mirjam I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Geerlings
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruitenberg
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: van Swieten
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Jacqueline C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Witteman
authors.forename: Monique M B
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Breteler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E; D001205:Ascorbic Acid