title: Estimating the cost of unmet HIV-prevention needs in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although new HIV infection cases have dropped from over 160,000 per year in the mid-1980s to 40,000 per year in the 1990s, HIV incidence has been relatively unchanged for a decade. This number of annual incident infections suggests that substantial, unmet HIV-prevention needs continue to fuel the HIV epidemic in the United States.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study estimates the cost of addressing the unmet HIV-prevention needs in the United States and establishes a performance standard by estimating the number of HIV infections that would have to be prevented in order for these programs to be considered cost saving to society.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard methods of cost and threshold analysis were employed in this study. Interventions needed to address unmet behavioral risks include services to reduce sexual risk of HIV infection, services to provide access to sterile syringes for people who cannot stop injecting drugs, HIV counseling and testing, and intensive preventive services to help HIV-seropositive people avoid transmitting the virus to others.
  
  
  RESULTS
  If brief interventions are utilized to address sexual behavior risk, the total program cost (over and above current resource levels) is just over $817 million; and if more expensive multisession, small-group interventions are used, the costs increase to over $1.85 billion. However, even the higher-cost program has a threshold of only 12,000 infections that must be prevented in order for the program to be considered a cost saving to society.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addressing the remaining unmet HIV-preventive needs in the United States will require a substantial commitment of resources. However, even a greatly expanded HIV-preventive program in the United States could pay for itself through savings in averted medical care costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. dholtgr@sph.emory.edu
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Holtgrave
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Pinkerton
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merson
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003376:Counseling / Q000191:economics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs / Q000191:economics; D012309:Risk-Taking; D014481:United States