title: Clinical outcome of diabetes patients hospitalized with foot ulcers, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence rate, clinical features, risk factors, and clinical outcome of foot ulcers in diabetes patients admitted to Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study of newly hospitalized, adult diabetes patients with foot ulcers was conducted during January 1997 to December 1998 (study period). Detailed clinical and epidemiological data were recorded for each patient, followed by a comprehensive physical examination. Clinical outcome was documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 627 diabetes patients evaluated during the study period, 92 (15%) had foot ulcers. Of these 92 patients, 30 (33%) were selected for surgery (minor and major amputations); the rest were managed conservatively. Patients who underwent surgery were more likely than those who did not to have gangrene (P < 0.001) or neuropathy (P < 0.01). On stratification by severity of ulcers, patients with Wagner score > or = 4 were significantly more likely than those < 4 to have neuroischaemic foot lesions (P < 0.001) or delayed presentation to hospital (P < 0.001). The overall mortality rates for amputees and non-amputees were similar (29%); the highest in-patient mortality rate (54%) was observed among patients with severe (Wagner grade > or = 4) ulcers who did not undergo surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetic foot ulcers are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in Tanzania. Mortality rates among patients with severe ulcers remain high despite surgery. Thus, surgery undertaken during the less severe stages of ulcers may improve patient outcome. Education of patients should underscore the importance of foot care and consulting a doctor during the early stages of foot ulcer disease.
authors.affiliation: Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Germany. zabbas@muchs.ac.tz
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gulam-Abbas
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lutale
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morbach
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Archibald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000401:mortality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome