Neurogenic heterotopic ossification in spinal cord injury.
Neurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO) is a frequent complication in spinal cord injury (SCI) that is often difficult to treat. This review emphasizes the incidence, risk factors and clinical signs of NHO in SCI patients. Although the exact pathophysiology underlying NHO in neurologic patients is not yet understood, different pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed in the literature. A selection of the most important theories will be given and discussed. Moreover the different diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive methods currently used in NHO management after SCI will be reviewed.
van Kuijk
A A
AA
University Medical Centre St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Geurts
A C H
AC
van Kuppevelt
H J M
HJ
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D012968:Etidronic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014859:Warfarin; D002116:Calcitonin; D012968:Etidronic Acid