title: Predictors of developmental disabilities after open heart surgery in young children with congenital heart defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of persistent developmental impairments in children with congenital heart defects and to identify factors that enhance risk for an adverse outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible infants (n = 131) <2 years of age requiring open heart surgery were recruited prospectively. Subjects were assessed during surgery and again 12 to 18 months later with standardized developmental assessments and formal neurologic examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age at follow-up testing was 19.1 +/- 6.6 months. Assessments indicated that 41% had abnormal neurologic examinations. Gross and/or fine motor delays were documented in 42%, and 23% demonstrated global developmental delay. Univariate and multiple regression models identified the following factors increasing the risk for persistent developmental deficits: preoperative and acute postoperative neurodevelopmental status and microcephaly, type of heart lesion, length of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, age at surgery, and days in the intensive care unit (P <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with congenital heart defects commonly have ongoing neurologic, motor, and developmental deficits well after surgical correction. The cause is multifactorial and includes brain injury before, during, and after heart surgery.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Limperopoulos
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majnemer
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Shevell
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rohlicek
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosenblatt
authors.forename: Christo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tchervenkov
authors.forename: H Z
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Darwish
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008831:Microcephaly; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012306:Risk