The effects of diffuse and distinct affect.
In a series of suboptimal priming studies, it was shown that both affective and nonaffective reactions to a stimulus may occur without awareness. Moreover, it was demonstrated that affective information is detected earlier than nonaffective information. Therefore, early reactions to an affect-laden stimulus (e.g., a smiling man) are cognitively unappraised and thus diffuse (e.g., "positive"), whereas later affective reactions can be more specific and distinct (e.g., "a smiling man"). Through variations of prime exposure (extremely short, moderately short) the impact of early diffuse and late distinct affect on judgment was investigated. Findings show that distinctness (and prime-target similarity) is an essential determinant of whether the effect of affect is null, assimilation, or contrast. Furthermore, whether affect priming activates diffuse or distinct reactions is a matter of a fraction of seconds.
Stapel
Diederik A
DA
Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. d.a.stapel@ppsw.rug.nl
Koomen
Willem
W
Ruys
Kirsten I
KI
D000339:Affect; D001364:Awareness; D003071:Cognition; D005149:Facial Expression; D006801:Humans; D011897:Random Allocation; D014796:Visual Perception