title: Postoperative nausea and vomiting after total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil or alfentanil: how important is the opioid?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the frequency and duration of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) following total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and either remifentanil or alfentanil in outpatients undergoing arthroscopic surgery of the extremities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, third-party blinded study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  100 ASA physical status I and II patients scheduled for arthroscopic surgery of the knee or shoulder.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anesthesia regimen consisted of a bolus followed by continuous infusion of propofol (2 mg/kg followed by 120 microg/kg/min) and the opioid (remifentanil 0.5 microg/kg followed by 0.1 microg/kg/min or alfentanil 10 microg/kg followed by 0.25 microg/kg/min). Patients breathed 100% oxygen spontaneously through a Laryngeal Mask Airway (or an endotracheal tube when medically indicated). Opioids were titrated to maintain blood pressure and heart rate within 20% of baseline and a respiratory rate of 10 to 16 breaths/min. Propofol was titrated downward as low as possible without permitting patient movement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nausea was determined by an 11-point categorical scale and was recorded before surgery and multiple time points thereafter. The times of emetic episodes were recorded. Treatment of PONV was at the discretion of the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) nurses who were blinded to the identity of the opioid used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nausea scores were 0 at all time points in over 70% of the patients in each group. None of the 100 patients vomited while in the hospital, and only one patient required antiemetic therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When propofol-based TIVA is used for arthroscopic surgery, short-acting opioids do not significantly affect the risk of PONV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. mark.dershwitz@umassmed.edu
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dershwitz
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Michałowski
authors.forename: YuChiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Carl E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Rosow
authors.forename: Lydia A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Conlay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015760:Alfentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001182:Arthroscopy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000628:therapy; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D015760:Alfentanil; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol