title: A post-marketing observational study to assess the safety of mibefradil in the community in England.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a post-marketing observational cohort study to assess the safety of mibefradil in the community, using Prescription-Event Monitoring (PEM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected and analyzed on patients prescribed mibefradil by 1,996 General Practitioners (GPs) throughout England. Incidence densities were calculated for all reported events and selected events were followed-up by means of further questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study was terminated early due to the voluntary withdrawal of mibefradil from the market because of potential drug interactions. A cohort of 3,085 patients was recruited, with a mean age of 64.5 years. The major indication for use was hypertension (55% of the cohort), the indication was not specified in 33% of patients. 80% of GPs expressing an opinion rated mibefradil as effective. The major reason for stopping was withdrawal from the market (2,342 patients). The commonest reported adverse events and reasons for stopping were malaise/lassitude, dizziness, edema and headache. Seven clinically serious reports of bradycardia/collapse were considered to be possible adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to mibefradil. All were in the elderly (> 65 years), 6 were considered to be a result of possible drug interactions. In total, 11 possible drug interactions occurred. Nine (8 reports of bradycardia and 1 of syncope) involved beta-blockers. Another, a report of collapse and severe bradycardia, occurred in a patient who had started a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker within 24 hours of stopping mibefradil and the other was a report of palpitations and dyspnea in a patient on concomitant digoxin and sotalol. None of the 53 deaths occurring during the study was attributed to mibefradil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mibefradil was only available on the UK market for 6 months before it was withdrawn from the market because of potential drug interactions. With respect to the reasons leading to its withdrawal, in this cohort of 3,085 patients, 11 possible drug interactions were detected (6 clinically significant) involving beta-blockers, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker and digoxin and/or sotalol. PEM can contribute to the understanding of ADRs caused by drug interactions occurring in real-life settings.
authors.affiliation: Drug Safety Research Unit, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Wilton
authors.forename: S A W
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shakir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000188:drug therapy; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004244:Dizziness / Q000139:chemically induced; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced; D004739:England; D005221:Fatigue / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D020748:Mibefradil / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020748:Mibefradil