title: Late lower arch crowding: the aetiology reviewed.
abstract: This article reviews the causes of the crowding that commonly occurs, particularly in the lower arch, after eruption of the second permanent molars. Factors discussed include mesially directed forces, in treated and untreated subjects, distally directed forces, occlusal changes, direction of eruption, tooth morphology, periodontal forces, and degenerative connective tissue changes.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Department, School of Clinical Dentistry, Belfast.
authors.forename: Margaret E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000150:complications; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000473:pathology; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D005881:Gingiva / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000209:etiology*; D008334:Mandible / Q000254:growth & development; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D008875:Middle Aged; D014078:Tooth Eruption; D014085:Tooth Migration / Q000150:complications; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects