title: Do cardiac glycosides affect platelet function? A flow cytometric study in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiac glycosides exert their inotropic effect by increasing intracellular calcium. Increased intracellular calcium is a key event in platelet aggregation. In aggregometer studies, digitalis has been found to augment platelet agonist responses. A prothrombotic effect of digitalis might be concealed since heart failure and atrial fibrillation per se predispose to thromboembolism. The present study investigates the effects of digitoxin on platelet function in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy, non-smoking volunteers were randomised to receive digitoxin ( n = 10, 0.6 mg day 1, 0.4 mg day 2, then 0.1 mg daily) or placebo ( n = 10) for 10 days. Platelet function was then analysed ex vivo using three-colour whole-blood-flow cytometry, both in non-stimulated mode and after agonist stimulation with 0.1 micromol/l adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 10 micromol/l ADP and 5.0 micromol/l epinephrine (final concentrations). Expression of activated fibrinogen receptor, von Willebrand's factor receptor and P-selectin, formation of platelet-platelet and platelet-leukocyte aggregates and particle size were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference between the placebo and the digitoxin group (digitoxin levels 17-42 nmol/l) was found, neither on a global level nor for any isolated parameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Theory and in vitro data suggest that digitoxin treatment could activate platelets. No evidence for this was found in healthy volunteers. This observation is strengthened by the unequivocal results for all parameters measured. However, thrombosis-prone patients with heart failure and/or atrial fibrillation may respond differently to digitalis therapy.
authors.affiliation: Heart and Lung Center, Ullevål Unviversity Hospital, 02266 Oslo, Norway. eirikpettersen@sensewave.com
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pettersen
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Hagberg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lyberg
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gjesdal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002301:Cardiac Glycosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004074:Digitoxin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002301:Cardiac Glycosides; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004074:Digitoxin