title: High frame rate myocardial integrated backscatter. Does this change our understanding of this acoustic parameter?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Integrated backscatter (IB) and its cyclic variation (CV) derived from radio-frequency (RF) data have been used as parameters to attempt myocardial tissue characterization. Prior imaging systems used to measure IB and its CV typically acquired data at frame rates of 20-30 Hz and at a resolution of 6-8 bits. If changes in IB levels are in part related to specific short-lived events, occurring within the cardiac cycle, this frame rate and resolution could have been too low to resolve adequately what might be a more complex data set.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To investigate this possibility, we acquired real time two-dimensional (2D) myocardial IQ data (the 'in-phase quadrature' sampled RF data) at high frame rate (> 100 Hz), high dynamic resolution (theoretical 19-bit) and a sector angle of 20 degrees. Several consecutive heart cycles of myocardial data were acquired from individual cardiac walls in five closed chest dogs and 10 healthy, young volunteers at normal heart rates. On the reconstructed RF data regions of interest were indicated, and IB and its CV were calculated. The extracted high frame rate curves showed that the CV of IB is not a smooth sinusoidal-like curve, but is made up of multiple reproducible peaks and troughs with local minima and maxima which are temporally related to active or passive mechanical events, i.e. systolic contraction, early ventricular relaxation and ventricular filling due to atrial contraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that increasing the rate of real-time RF data acquisition results in a more complex, reproducible IB curve. The resolved maxima and minima in IB levels are related to specific phases of the myocardial contraction. Furthermore, spectral analysis showed that IB curves acquired at normal heart rates contain information up to 40 Hz. Hence, cardiac imaging data sets used to analyse regional myocardial function obtained at frequencies lower than 80 frames per second can contain aliased information.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, K.U. Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: D'hooge
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bijnens
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jamal
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pislaru
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pislaru
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thoen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suetens
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van de Werf
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Angermann
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Rademakers
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Herregods
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sutherland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014463:Ultrasonography