title: Transoesophageal echocardiography in selecting patients for anticoagulation after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate prospectively the role of transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in selecting patients for anticoagulation in an unselected stroke population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and TEE were done in all clinically suitable hospitalised patients (n = 457) with transient ischaemic attack or ischaemic stroke in the acute phase during a two year period in Turku University Hospital. 441 patients were successfully evaluated for cardiac sources of embolism using TEE within 31 days of the event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A major risk factor for a cardiac source of embolism excluding atrial fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction, and prosthetic valve was detected in 10% of patients and a minor risk factor for a cardiac source of embolism in 46%. When a major risk factor of a cardiac source of embolism was detected using TTE or TEE and no contraindications were present, the patient was given anticoagulation drugs. If a minor risk factor for a cardiac source of embolism was detected, anticoagulation treatment was started after clinical assessment, if no contraindications were present. In 62 (14%) cases, the patient was given oral anticoagulation drugs or the necessity of ongoing anticoagulation treatment was confirmed on the basis of TEE. When these anticoagulation treated patients were evaluated using logistic regression analysis, they were found to have significantly more atrial fibrillation and histories of myocardial infarctions. Moreover, the patients were mainly men. When patients in sinus rhythm and without any history of cardiac disease were analysed, 8% of patients were found to have been given anticoagulation drugs on the basis of TEE data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that TEE should be used in patients with stroke even without any clinical evidence of cardiac disease when the patients are candidates for anticoagulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. marjatta.strandberg@phks.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strandberg
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Marttila
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Helenius
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hartiala
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants