title: Cognitive engineering of film library transition from film medium to digital environment in a Texas teaching hospital.
abstract: Digital imaging technology promises efficient, economical, and fast service for patient care, but the challenges are great in the transition from film to a filmless (digital) environment. This change has a significant impact on the film library's personnel (film librarians) who play a leading roles in storage, classification, and retrieval of images. The objectives of this project were to study film library errors and the usability of a physical computerized system that could not be changed, while developing an intervention to reduce errors and test the usability of the intervention. Cognitive and human factors analysis were used to evaluate human-computer interaction. A workflow analysis was performed to understand the film and digital imaging processes. User and task analyses were applied to account for all behaviors involved in interaction with the system. A heuristic evaluation was used to probe the usability issues in the picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) modules. Simplified paper-based instructions were designed to familiarize the film librarians with the digital system. A usability survey evaluated the effectiveness of the instruction. The user and task analyses indicated that different users faced challenges based on their computer literacy, education, roles, and frequency of use of diagnostic imaging. The workflow analysis showed that the approaches to using the digital library differ among the various departments. The heuristic evaluation of the PACS modules showed the human-computer interface to have usability issues that prevented easy operation. Simplified instructions were designed for operation of the modules. Usability surveys conducted before and after revision of the instructions showed that performance improved. Cognitive and human factor analysis can help film librarians and other users adapt to the filmless system. Use of cognitive science tools will aid in successful transition of the film library from a film environment to a digital environment.
authors.affiliation: Edward B. Singleton Diagnostic Imaging Services, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030-2399, USA. A.Koperwhats@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Martha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Koperwhats
authors.forename: Wei-Chih
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D019336:Cognitive Science; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D011872:Radiology Department, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration; D011873:Radiology Information Systems / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens