title: Interactions of cytokines, growth factors, and the extracellular matrix in the cellular biology of uterine leiomyomata.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the available information regarding the role of cytokines, growth factors, and the extracellular matrix in the pathophysiology of uterine leiomyomata and to integrate this information in a suggested model of disease at the cellular level.
  
  
  METHODS
  A thorough literature and MEDLINE search was conducted to identify the relevant studies in the English literature published between January, 1966 and October, 2001. A model of disease at the cellular level was developed using the most likely cytokines to be involved in the pathogenesis of leiomyomata as determined by our assessment of the available literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A number of cytokines and growth factors, including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), epidermal growth factor, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2, prolactin, parathyroid-hormone-related peptide, basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, interleukin-8, and endothelin, have been investigated in myometrium and leiomyoma. Among these cytokines, TGF-beta appears to be the only growth factor that has been shown to be overexpressed in leiomyoma vs. myometrium, be hormonally-regulated both in vivo and in vitro, and be both mitogenic and fibrogenic in these tissues. In addition to the cytokines, extracellular matrix components such as collagen, fibronectin, proteoglycans, matrix metalloproteinases, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases seem to play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of leiomyomata.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that, given the extent and depth of the current research on the cellular biology of leiomyomata, the cellular mechanisms responsible in the pathogenesis of leiomyomata will be identified clearly within the foreseeable future. This will enable researchers to develop therapy directed against the molecules and mechanisms at the cellular level.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8063, USA.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sozen
authors.forename: Aydin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arici
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018231:Leiomyomatosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006133:Growth Substances