title: CpG DNA: recognition by and activation of monocytes.
abstract: Unmethylated CpG motifs present in bacterial DNA rapidly trigger an innate immune response characterized by the activation of Ig- and cytokine-secreting cells. Synthetic oligonucleotides (ODNs) containing CpG motifs mimic this activity, triggering monocytes to proliferate, secrete and/or differentiate. Analysis of hundreds of novel ODNs led to the identification of two structurally distinct classes of CpG motif that differentially activate human monocytes. ODNs of the "K"-type interact with Toll-like receptor 9 and induce monocytes to proliferate and secrete IL-6. In contrast, "D"-type ODNs trigger monocytes to differentiate into mature dendritic cells.
authors.affiliation: Retroviral Immunology Section, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bldg 29A Rm 3 D 10, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. klinman@cber.fda.gov
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Klinman
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.forename: Ihsan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gursel
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leifer
authors.forename: Ken J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verthelyi
authors.forename: Mayda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gursel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000276:immunology*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D007114:Immunization; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000276:immunology; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495371:TLR9 protein, human; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors