title: Comparison of two dosages of azithromycin for three days versus penicillin V for ten days in acute group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three-day, 10 mg/kg/day azithromycin (AZM) studies in pediatric acute group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis have shown contradictory bacteriologic results. This study investigates the efficacy and tolerability of two dosages of 3-day azithromycin (20 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day) compared with 10-day penicillin V.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, comparative, randomized, multicenter trial. Children were scheduled to return for visits at 14 days (main end point) and 1 month after the onset of treatment for clinical and bacteriologic assessment. Molecular tools were used to compare pre- and posttreatment group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS) isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between November, 1997, and July, 1998, 501 patients (169 AZM 10 mg, 165 AZM 20 mg, 167 penicillin V) between 2 and 12 years old were enrolled; 500 were assessable for safety, 469 for intent to treat analysis and 420 for efficacy in the per protocol analysis. Before treatment 25 (7.9%) of 315 GABHS stains isolated from patients receiving AZM were resistant to this compound. On Day 14 pretreatment GABHS were eradicated from 78 (57.8%) of the 135 children receiving the AZM 10 mg regimen, 131 (94.2%) of the 139 receiving AZM 20 mg and 123 (84.2%) of the 146 taking penicillin. One month after the outset of treatment, bacteriologic relapses were observed in 40.5% (n = 30) of the children receiving AZM 10 mg, 14.8% (n = 18) of children taking AZM 20 mg and 13.2% (n = 15) of those treated with penicillin V. AZM 20 mg/kg/day was statistically superior to AZM 10 mg/kg/day microbiologically on Day 14 (P = 0.0001) and Day 30 (P = 0.0001) and clinically on Day 14 (P = 0.0035). AZM 20 mg/kg/day was statistically equivalent both microbiologically and clinically to standard therapy with penicillin V at all endpoints. The incidence of treatment-related adverse events was similar in the two azithromycin groups [AZM 10 mg, 31 of 169 (18.3%); AZM 20 mg, 37 of 164 (23%)] but significantly higher than those observed in the penicillin V group [5 of 166 (3%); P < 0.0001]. Most treatment-related adverse events were gastrointestinal and of mild-to-moderate severity. Fourteen patients withdrew from the trial because of adverse events (1 in the penicillin V group, 7 in the AZM 10 mg group and 6 in the AZM 20 mg group).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to demonstrate a daily dose-dependent difference in microbiologic efficacy of a regimen; 3-day AZM 20 mg/kg/day is a more effective regimen than 3-day AZM 10 mg/kg/day for pediatric GABHS tonsillopharyngitis.
authors.affiliation: Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne, Paris, France. cohen@wanadoo.fr
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reinert
authors.forename: France
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De La Rocque
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boucherat
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navel
authors.forename: Naima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brahimi
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deforche
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Palestro
authors.forename: Edouard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bingen
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010404:Penicillin V / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010406:Penicillins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014069:Tonsillitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010406:Penicillins; D017963:Azithromycin; D010404:Penicillin V