title: The emergency department care of hemodialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the emergency department (ED) presentation, evaluation and disposition of maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of adult HD patients seen 1/1-12/31/97. The following was collected: demographics, mode of arrival, chief complaint, etiology of renal failure, evaluation, treatment, disposition, length of stay and facility charges. During the study period, this tertiary care ED had an annual adult census of 45,000. No clinical pathways were in place.
  
  
  RESULTS
  143 patients made 355 visits: 351 charts were available. Mean patient age was 51 (range 20-86), 62% were male, 51% were white. 70% presented from home, 26% from dialysis. EMS transported 32%. Medicare insured 78%. Etiologies of renal failure included hypertension (33%), diabetes (27%), HIV (7%) and glomerulonephritis (8%). Complaints were related to infection (18%), dyspnea (17%), vascular access (16%). chest pain or dysrhythmia (15%) and gastrointestinal complaints (12%). ED evaluation included CBC (79%), electrolytes (75%), CXR (57%) and EKG (48%). Antibiotics were administered to 21%. HD was performed earlier than scheduled in 14%. Two hundred and eighteen patients (62%) were admitted (ICU 11%, telemetry 22%), 19 (5%) refused admission and 2 expired in the ED. The average hospital length of stay was 7.8 days (range 1-59), with 29% hospitalized more than 1 week, compared to 6.54 days for non-HD patients. The mean facility charge for admitted subjects was $14,758, while the average cost for non-HD admissions was $7,152. Of the 133 patients (38%) who were discharged directly from the ED, the mean length stay was 223 minutes (range 30 to 750) and the mean charge was $658. The mean length of stay for non-HD patients was 124 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ED evaluation of adult HD patients involves multiple diagnostic modalities, and patients are usually admitted. The admit rate, ED length of stay for discharged patients and hospital charges for care were substantially higher in the HD patients than in the general population. Further research in the ED care of these complex patients should be undertaken.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Albany Medical College, NY 12208, USA. loranm@mail.amc.edu
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Loran
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McErlean
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eisele
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raccio-Robak
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Verdile
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies