title: Direct photolithographic deforming of organomodified siloxane films for micro-optics fabrication.
abstract: Direct photolithographic deforming of hybrid glass films is used to fabricate optical structures. The structure is fabricated in polyethylene-oxide-acrylate modified hybrid glass films with (1) binary and gray-scale photomasks using a mercury UV-lamp exposure and (2) maskless UV-laser patterning. Fabrication of isolated lenslets, lens arrays, and gratings is presented, including the associated exposure patterns. The hybrid glass material yields light-induced deformation peak-to-valley (p.v.) heights up to 12.8 microm with mercury UV-lamp exposure and p.v. deformation heights up to 6.8 microm with 365-nm UV-laser exposure. The fabricated lenslets' surface data are presented as Zernike-polynomial fit coefficients. Material synthesis and processing-related aspects are examined to understand and control the material's deformation under exposure. The hybrid glass material exhibits a maximum spectral extinction coefficient of 1.6 x 10(-3) microm(-1) at wavelengths ranging from 450 to 2,200 nm and has a refractive index of 1.52 at 632.8 nm. The fabricated structures exhibit rms surface roughness between 1 and 5 nm.
authors.affiliation: VTT Electronics, Oulu, Finland. Ari.Karkkainen@vtt.fi
authors.forename: Ari H O
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kärkkäinen
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tamkin
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: Osmo E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Hormi
authors.forename: Ghassan E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Jabbour
authors.forename: Juha T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rantala
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Descour