title: Volatilization of trifluralin, atrazine, metolachlor, chlorpyrifos, alpha-endosulfan, and beta-endosulfan from freshly tilled soil.
abstract: The volatile and soil loss profiles of six agricultural pesticides were measured for 20 days following treatment to freshly tilled soil at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. The volatile fluxes were determined using the Theoretical Profile Shape (TPS) method. Polyurethane foam plugs were used to collect the gas-phase levels of the pesticides at the TPS-defined critical height above a treated field. Surface-soil (0-8 cm) samples were collected on each day of air sampling. The order of the volatile flux losses was trifluralin > alpha-endosulfan > chlorpyrifos > metolachlor > atrazine > beta-endosulfan. The magnitude of the losses ranged from 14.1% of nominal applied amounts of trifluralin to 2.5% of beta-endosulfan. The daily loss profiles were typical of those observed by others for volatile flux of pesticides from moist soil. Even though heavy rains occurred from the first to third day after treatment, the majority of the losses took place within 4 days of treatment, that is, 59% of the total applied atrazine and metolachlor and >78% of the other pesticides. Soil losses generally followed pseudo-first-order kinetics; however, leaching due to heavy rainfall caused significant errors in these results. The portion of soil losses that were accounted for by the volatile fluxes was ordered as follows: alpha-endosulfan, 34.5%; trifluralin, 26.5%; chlorpyrifos, 23.3%; beta-endosulfan, 14.5%; metolachlor, 12.4%; and atrazine, 7.5%.
authors.affiliation: Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA. ricec@ba.ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Clifford P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Cristina B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Nochetto
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zara
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000737:chemistry; D016573:Agrochemicals / Q000737:chemistry*; D001280:Atrazine / Q000737:chemistry; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000737:chemistry; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000737:chemistry; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D014274:Trifluralin / Q000737:chemistry; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D016573:Agrochemicals; D006540:Herbicides; D007306:Insecticides; D012987:Soil; D014274:Trifluralin; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D004726:Endosulfan; D001280:Atrazine; C051786:metolachlor