title: Gender differences in depression risk and coping factors in a clinical sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine gender differences in depression risk and coping factors in a clinical sample of patients with a diagnosis of DSM-IV major depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were assessed for substance use and abuse, family history of psychiatric disorder, interpersonal depressogenic factors and lifetime history of anxiety disorders. Trait anxiety, coping styles when depressed, parental bonding, marital features and personality style were also measured. Patients were reassessed at 12-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were few gender differences in experience of depression (either in duration, type or severity prior to treatment) in a group with established episodes of major depression but women reported more emotional arousability when depressed. Women reported higher rates of dysfunctional parenting and childhood sexual abuse, and rated their partners as less caring and as more likely to be a depressogenic stressor. Men were more likely to have a generalized anxiety disorder at assessment, to use recreational drugs prior to presentation. Men were rated as having a more rigid personality style and 'Cluster A' personality traits both at assessment and follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were few gender differences in severity or course of established episodes of major depression. Gender differences were related to levels of arousal, anxiety disorders, and repertoires for dealing with depression, rather than depressive symptoms per se.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brownhill
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016487:Parenting; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors