title: Development of a sensitive ELISA for the determination of microcystins in algae.
abstract: Polyclonal antibodies for microcystin-leucine-arginine (MCYST-LR) were generated from rabbits after immunizing the animals with MCYST-LR conjugated with gamma-globulin. A competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cdELISA) and a competitive indirect ELISA (ciELISA) were used for the characterization of the antibodies and for analysis of the toxin in algal cultures and dietary supplements. The concentrations causing 50% inhibition (IC(50)) of binding of MCYST-horseradish peroxidase (MCYST-HRP) to the solid-phase antibodies by MCYST-LR, MCYST-arginine-arginine variant (MCYST-RR), MCYST-tyrosine-arginine variant (MCYST-YR), and nodularin (NODLN) in the cdELISA were found to be 0.10, 0.12, 0.14, and 0.20 ng/mL, respectively. In the presence of algae matrix, the detection limit is less than 10 ppb. The overall analytical recovery of MCYST-LR (25 to 500 ng/g) added to the algal dietary supplements and then extracted with 0.1 M ammonium bicarbonate in the cdELISA was found to be 83.7%. Analysis of MCYSTs in algal cultures and dietary supplements showed that six of eleven cultures produce MCYSTs, and five of the algal cultures were not MCYST producers. Eight of eleven tested commercial algal dietary supplements contained MCYSTs at a level lower than 100 ppb. The presence of MCYST-LR in the Microcystis aeruginosa culture was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Chien Kuo N. Road, Taichung, Taiwan. fengyu@csmu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Feng-Yih
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Biing-Hui
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hong-Nong
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Fun Sun
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006433:Hemocyanins / Q000276:immunology; D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D011817:Rabbits; D005719:gamma-Globulins / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D005719:gamma-Globulins; C078588:microcystin; D006433:Hemocyanins; C049865:cyanoginosin-LA; C032808:keyhole-limpet hemocyanin