title: Role of specialized microvilli and the fertilization envelope in the spatial positioning of blastomeres in early development of embryos of the starfish Astropecten scoparius.
abstract: In the eggs of a wide range of animal species, various factors that determine the blastomeres' presumptive fate are known to locate unevenly within the egg. In the embryos of these animals, cleavage occurs not just to increase cell numbers, but also to distribute the factors to the respective blastomeres, resulting in cell specialization at the later stages. In the early cleavage stages, before the establishment of a device such as desmosomes to directly join the blastomeres, some other means is needed to keep the blastomeres together and maintain the relative positions among them. In this study, we found that the embryos of the starfish Astropecten scoparius lack the hyaline layer seen in sea urchin embryos and that blastomeres adhere to the fertilization envelope (FE) via filamentous cellular projections (fixing processes). Electron microscopy revealed the fixing processes to be specialized microvilli formed, after the elevation of the FE, by the elongation of short microvilli that pre-exist in unfertilized eggs. After the first cleavage, the two blastomeres separate from each other and finally attach to the FE. In the subsequent cleavages, the blastomeres undergo repeated cell division without separating from the FE. Between the blastomeres and the FE, only shortened fixing processes were observed. Destruction of the fixing processes caused release of the blastomeres from the FE and disturbance of the relative positions of the blastomeres, resulting in abnormal development of the embryos. These observations suggest that the fixing process is a device to keep the egg placed centrally in the FE up to the first cleavage, and after the first cleavage and beyond to anchor the blastomeres to the FE so that the FE can be used as a scaffold for morphogenesis. Electron microscopy also suggests that the inner layer of the FE, which is derived from the contents of cortical granules, reinforces the adhesion of the fixing processes to the FE. Immuno-electron microscopy, using an antibody against sea urchin hyaline layer, showed that the inner layer of the FE of starfish eggs and the hyaline layer of sea urchin eggs, which are both derived from cortical granules, contain some common elements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.forename: Miwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nemoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000502:physiology*; D002970:Cleavage Stage, Ovum / Q000502:physiology; D005306:Fertilization; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron / Q000379:methods; D008871:Microvilli; D009024:Morphogenesis; D013215:Starfish / Q000196:embryology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016707:Tissue Fixation; D015053:Zygote / Q000502:physiology