title: The retina of Spalax ehrenbergi: novel histologic features supportive of a modified photosensory role.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The retina of the blind mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi was compared with other vertebrate photosensitive organs in an attempt to correlate its histologic organization with a presumptive nonvisual photoreceptor role.
  
  
  METHODS
  The eyes of eight adult animals were analyzed by light and electron microscopy, using conventional staining and immunolabeling with antibodies against phototransduction proteins and calretinin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rods accounted for most of the photoreceptor cells in the Spalax retina, although their morphology is dissimilar to that of sighted mammals, in that they contained only rudimentary outer segments. The latter showed strong rod-opsin and transducin immunoreactions. The phagosomes in the retinal pigmentary epithelium were also rod-opsin positive. Synapses were evident at the photoreceptor cells pedicles. Occasionally, several synaptic active sites were present, suggesting cone cell origin; however, cone-opsin was not immunodetected in the study samples. Synaptic ribbon fields, sometimes distant to the active sites, resembled those found in the vertebrate pineal. The other retinal layers were somewhat less organized than in sighted mammals. Some cells were displaced and the calretinin-positive inner plexiform layer had no sublayers. Calretinin immunolabeling was found in horizontal, amacrine, and ganglion cells. Folding of the retina produced rosette-like images similar to those reported before in the retina of nocturnal mammals and in the avian pineal gland.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the retina of the mole rat has undergone evolutionary restructuring to a photoreceptive pineal-like organization. This supports the thesis that the photoreceptor cells of this unique organ have been reprogrammed during the subterranean adaptation of Spalax, from their original visual function to mediating photoperiodic regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain. rcemuda@correo.uniovi.es
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cernuda-Cernuda
authors.forename: Willem J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: DeGrip
authors.forename: Howard M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Eviatar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nevo
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: García-Fernández
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D064032:Calbindin 2; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D019577:Mole Rats / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D017299:Rod Opsins / Q000502:physiology; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / Q000378:metabolism; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology; D015293:Transducin / Q000378:metabolism; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C576512:Calb2 protein, rat; D064032:Calbindin 2; D017299:Rod Opsins; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G; D015293:Transducin