title: 'Diagnostic orphans' among young adult cannabis users: persons who report dependence symptoms but do not meet diagnostic criteria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the characteristics of 'diagnostic orphans' among cannabis users-those who report one or two symptoms of DSM-IV dependence but do not meet diagnostic criteria for DSM-IV abuse or dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from a representative population cohort of 1601 young adults aged 20-21 years. Those who reported that they had used cannabis at least weekly at some point within the past year were assessed for symptoms of DSM-IV cannabis abuse and dependence using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 2.8% of the cohort could be classified as diagnostic orphans, with another 3.0 and 7.5% meeting criteria for abuse and dependence, respectively. Diagnostic orphans were: similar to those who met criteria for cannabis abuse or dependence in terms of demographic characteristics; similar to those who met criteria for cannabis abuse in terms of cannabis use patterns; and similar to those who met criteria for abuse and dependence in their rates of heavy alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol dependence. However, they did not appear to have elevated rates of illicit drug use or mental health problems compared to non users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnostic orphans reported using cannabis in a manner similar to persons meeting criteria for cannabis abuse, and had similar rates of alcohol dependence and other illicit drug use. Strict adherence to DSM-IV diagnoses of abuse and dependence may overlook a substantial proportion of young persons who experience cannabis-related problems. There is a need to consider (a) subthreshold levels of cannabis-related problems among those seeking treatment for other problems; and (b) interventions for this group to prevent escalation of such problems.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Sydney, Australia. l.degenhardt@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Louisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Degenhardt
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lynskey
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Patton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales