title: Diabetes disease management in a community-based setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The medical cost of diabetes in the United States in 1997 was at least $98 billion. This study illustrates the behavioral change and medical-care utilization impact that occurs in a community-based setting of a diabetes disease-management program that is applied to program participants in a health insurance plan's health maintenance organization and preferred provider organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  A historical control comparison of diabetes-management participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-seven identified diabetes patients are followed from baseline through 1 year. Differences in behavior are compared at program intake and at a 6-month reassessment. Differences in medical-service utilization are compared in the baseline year and the year subsequent to program enrollment. Poisson multivariate-regression models are estimated for counts of inpatient, emergency department, physician evaluation and management, and facility visits, while also controlling for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behaviors improved between program intake and the 6-month reassessment. From patient reports, the number of participants having a hemoglobin A1c test increased by 44.9 percent (p < .001), and there was a 53.2-percent decrease in symptoms of hyperglycemia (p = .002). From medical claims after program enrollment, a drop occurred during the program year in every dimension of medical-service utilization. Regression results show that in-patient admissions decreased by 391 (p < .001) per 1,000 for each group, while controlling for age, length of membership, and the number of comorbid claims for congestive heart failure. In the analysis of costs that were pre- and post-enrollment, which included disease-management program costs, a 4.34:1 return on investment was calculated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diabetes program provides patients with comprehensive information and counseling relative to practicing self-management of diabetes through a number of integrated program components. This study strongly suggests that the implementation of such a program is associated with positive behavioral change and, thus, with substantial reduction in medical-service utilization. In addition, the intervention resulted in a net decrease in direct medical costs.
authors.affiliation: McKesson Corp., 335 Interlocken Parkway, Broomfield, CO 80021, USA. Greg.Berg@McKesson.com
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wadhwa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003376:Counseling; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000191:economics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011243:Preferred Provider Organizations / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012648:Self Care; D014481:United States