title: Body composition and hormonal responses to a carbohydrate-restricted diet.
abstract: The few studies that have examined body composition after a carbohydrate-restricted diet have reported enhanced fat loss and preservation of lean body mass in obese individuals. The role of hormones in mediating this response is unclear. We examined the effects of a 6-week carbohydrate-restricted diet on total and regional body composition and the relationships with fasting hormone concentrations. Twelve healthy normal-weight men switched from their habitual diet (48% carbohydrate) to a carbohydrate-restricted diet (8% carbohydrate) for 6 weeks and 8 men served as controls, consuming their normal diet. Subjects were encouraged to consume adequate dietary energy to maintain body mass during the intervention. Total and regional body composition and fasting blood samples were assessed at weeks 0, 3, and 6 of the experimental period. Fat mass was significantly (P <or=.05) decreased (-3.4 kg) and lean body mass significantly increased (+1.1 kg) at week 6. There was a significant decrease in serum insulin (-34%), and an increase in total thyroxine (T(4)) (+11%) and the free T(4) index (+13%). Approximately 70% of the variability in fat loss on the carbohydrate-restricted diet was accounted for by the decrease in serum insulin concentrations. There were no significant changes in glucagon, total or free testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), cortisol, or triiodothyronine (T(3)) uptake, nor were there significant changes in body composition or hormones in the control group. Thus, we conclude that a carbohydrate-restricted diet resulted in a significant reduction in fat mass and a concomitant increase in lean body mass in normal-weight men, which may be partially mediated by the reduction in circulating insulin concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1110, USA.
authors.forename: Jeff S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Volek
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sharman
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: Neva G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.forename: Ana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: Timothy P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Scheett
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kraemer
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000032:analysis; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood*; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D013739:Testosterone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D005934:Glucagon; D013974:Thyroxine; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; D006854:Hydrocortisone