title: Shedding and intracage transmission of Sin Nombre hantavirus in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) model.
abstract: The mechanism(s) by which Sin Nombre (SN) hantavirus is maintained in deer mouse populations is unclear. Field studies indicate that transmission occurs primarily if not exclusively via a horizontal mechanism. Using an experimental deer mouse infection model in an outdoor laboratory, we tested whether infected rodents shed SN virus in urine, feces, and saliva, whether infected mice transmit infection to naïve cage mates, and whether infected dams are able to vertically transmit virus or antibody to offspring. Using pooled samples of urine, feces, and saliva collected from mice infected 8 to 120 days postinoculation (p.i.), we found that a subset of saliva samples, collected between 15 and 90 days p.i., contained viral RNA. Parallel studies conducted on wild-caught, naturally infected deer mice showed a similar pattern of intermittent positivity, also only in saliva samples. Attempts to isolate virus through inoculation of cells or naïve deer mice with the secreta or excreta of infected mice were uniformly negative. Of 54 attempts to transmit infection by cohousing infected deer mice with seronegative cage mates, we observed only a single case of transmission, which occurred between 29 and 42 days p.i. Dams passively transferred antibodies to neonatal pups via milk, and those antibodies persisted for at least 2 months after weaning, but none transmitted infection to their pups. Compared to other hantavirus models, SN virus is shed less efficiently and transmits inefficiently among cage mates. Transmission of SN virus among reservoir rodents may require factors that are not required for other hantaviruses.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases and Inflammation Program and Departments of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Botten
authors.forename: Katy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mirowsky
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saavedra
authors.forename: Liana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ponce
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hjelle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D018804:Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D007112:Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D010542:Peromyscus; D011247:Pregnancy; D012463:Saliva / Q000821:virology; D029261:Sin Nombre virus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D014556:Urine / Q000821:virology; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral