title: Monitoring of cellular resistance to cancer chemotherapy.
abstract: Cellular resistance to a broad spectrum of natural products used as antitumor drugs is believed to be a major cause for the failure of chemotherapy. Flow cytometry has been used for monitoring the expression of drug resistance markers, determining accumulation of fluorescent drugs, and for screening of drugs that enhance chemosensitivity by blocking efflux and enhancing drug retention. This article reviews recent developments in our understanding of the multiple drug resistance phenotype and the use of flow cytometry for the study of drug efflux and its modulation in human tumor cells.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Department, University of Miami Medical School, Division of Experimental Therapeutics (R-71), P.O. Box 01690, Miami, FL 33101, USA. akrishan@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Awtar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishan
authors.forename: Poonam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arya
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003524:Cyclosporins / Q000494:pharmacology; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D020394:Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles / Q000502:physiology; D000099187:Major Vault Protein
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003524:Cyclosporins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D020394:Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles; D000099187:Major Vault Protein; C116614:ABCG2 protein, human; C070272:valspodar; C421109:multidrug resistance-associated protein 1