title: Pyrazole urea-based inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase: from lead compound to clinical candidate.
abstract: We report on a series of N-pyrazole, N'-aryl ureas and their mode of binding to p38 mitogen activated protein kinase. Importantly, a key binding domain that is distinct from the adenosine 5'-triphoshate (ATP) binding site is exposed when the conserved activation loop, consisting in part of Asp168-Phe169-Gly170, adopts a conformation permitting lipophilic and hydrogen bonding interactions between this class of inhibitors and the protein. We describe the correlation of the structure-activity relationships and crystallographic structures of these inhibitors with p38. In addition, we incorporated another binding pharmacophore that forms a hydrogen bond at the ATP binding site. This modification affords significant improvements in binding, cellular, and in vivo potencies resulting in the selection of 45 (BIRB 796) as a clinical candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA. jregan@rdg.boehringer-ingelheim.com
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Regan
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Breitfelder
authors.forename: Pier
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cirillo
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gilmore
authors.forename: Anne G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klaus
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Madwed
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moriak
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pargellis
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pav
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Proto
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swinamer
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torcellini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D002460:Cell Line; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011485:Protein Binding; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D009281:Naphthalenes; D011720:Pyrazoles; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014508:Urea; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C452139:doramapimod; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds