title: Alcohol intake, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, leptin and craving: factors of a possibly vicious circle?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since the appetite-regulating peptide leptin was recently found to be highly correlated with both craving for alcohol and lifetime ethanol intake, the aim of our study was to test the hypothesis whether tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) might be the factor that links alcohol intake with elevated leptin levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  TNF-alpha, leptin, and alcohol craving were assessed in male alcohol addicts at the onset of alcohol withdrawal and in matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased leptin plasma levels in alcohol addicts correlated significantly with an enhanced secretion of TNF-alpha, which was itself related to the duration of alcohol misuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since leptin was shown to be associated with alcohol craving, a possible vicious circle is suggested, including the components: alcohol intake, increase of TNF-alpha, enhanced leptin secretion, enhanced alcohol craving, and consecutively increased alcohol intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kiefer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jahn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schick
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wiedemann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000097:blood; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000431:Ethanol; D006854:Hydrocortisone