title: Induction of endothelial cell apoptosis by the antivascular agent 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid.
abstract: 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid, synthesised in this laboratory, reduces tumour blood flow, both in mice and in patients on Phase I trial. We used TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling) assays to investigate whether apoptosis induction was involved in its antivascular effect. 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid induced dose-dependent apoptosis in vitro in HECPP murine endothelial cells in the absence of up-regulation of mRNA for tumour necrosis factor. Selective apoptosis of endothelial cells was detected in vivo in sections of Colon 38 tumours in mice within 30 min of administration of 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (25 mg x kg(-1)). TUNEL staining intensified with time and after 3 h, necrosis of adjacent tumour tissue was observed. Apoptosis of central vessels in splenic white pulp was also detected in tumour-bearing mice but not in mice without tumours. Apoptosis was not observed in liver tissue. No apoptosis was observed with the inactive analogue 8-methylxanthenone-4-acetic acid. Positive TUNEL staining of tumour vascular endothelium was evident in one patient in a Phase I clinical trial, from a breast tumour biopsy taken 3 and 24 h after infusion of 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (3.1 mg x m(-2)). Tumour necrosis and the production of tumour tumour necrosis factor were not observed. No apoptotic staining was seen in tumour biopsies taken from two other patients (doses of 3.7 and 4.9 mg x m(-2)). We conclude that 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid can induce vascular endothelial cell apoptosis in some murine and human tumours. The action is rapid and appears to be independent of tumour necrosis factor induction.
authors.affiliation: Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland School of Medicine, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. l.ching@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: L-M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kieda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zwain
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Jameson
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Baguley
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000378:metabolism; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007372:Interferons / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014966:Xanthenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044004:Xanthones
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014966:Xanthenes; D044004:Xanthones; C066668:vadimezan; D007372:Interferons