title: In vivo determination of subject-specific musculotendon parameters: applications to the prime elbow flexors in normal and hemiparetic subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at estimating the musculotendon parameters of the prime elbow flexors in vivo for both normal and hemiparetic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A neuromusculoskeletal model of the elbow joint was developed incorporating detailed musculotendon modeling and geometrical modeling.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Neuromusculoskeletal modeling is a valuable tool in orthopedic biomechanics and motor control research. However, its reliability depends on reasonable estimation of the musculotendon parameters. Parameter estimation is one of the most challenging aspects of neuromusculoskeletal modeling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five normal and five hemiparetic subjects performed maximum isometric voluntary flexion at nine elbow positions (0 degrees -120 degrees of flexion with an increment of 15 degrees ). Maximum flexion torques were measured at each position. Computational optimization was used to search for the musculotendon parameters of four prime elbow flexors by minimizing the root mean square difference between the predicted and the experimentally measured torque-angle curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The normal group seemed to have larger maximum muscle stress values as compared to the hemiparetic group. Although the functional ranges of each selected muscle were different, they were all located at the ascending limb of the force-length relationship. The muscle optimal lengths and tendon slack lengths found in this study were comparable to other cadaver studies reported in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subject-specific musculotendon parameters could be properly estimated in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estimation of subject-specific musculotendon parameters for both normal and hemiparetic subjects would help clinicians better understand some of the effects of this pathological condition on the musculoskeletal system.
authors.affiliation: Jockey Club Rehabilitation Engineering Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, China.
authors.forename: Terry K K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: Arthur F T
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Hung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000502:physiology; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000503:physiopathology; D010291:Paresis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology*