title: Association of kidney function with anemia: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kidney failure is known to cause anemia, which is associated with a higher risk of cardiac failure and mortality. The impact of milder decreases in kidney function on hemoglobin levels and anemia in the US population, however, is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed a population-based sample of 15419 participants 20 years and older in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 1988 to 1994.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower kidney function was associated with a lower hemoglobin level and a higher prevalence and severity of anemia below, but not above, an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2). Adjusted to the age of 60 years, the predicted median hemoglobin level among men (women) decreased from 14.9 (13.5) g/dL at an estimated GFR of 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) to 13.8 (12.2) g/dL at an estimated GFR of 30 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) and to 12.0 (10.3) g/dL at an estimated GFR of 15 mL/min per 1.73 m(2). The prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin level <12 g/dL in men and <11 g/dL in women) increased from 1% (95% confidence interval, 0.7%-2%) at an estimated GFR of 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) to 9% (95% confidence interval, 4%-19%) at an estimated GFR of 30 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) and to 33% (95% confidence interval, 11%-67%) at an estimated GFR of 15 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) among men and to 67% (95% confidence interval, 30%-90%) at an estimated GFR of 15 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) among women. An estimated GFR of 15 to 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) was present in 4% of the entire population and in 17% of the individuals with anemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Below an estimated GFR of 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2), lower kidney function is strongly associated with a higher prevalence of anemia among the US adult population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. bastor@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Brad C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Astor
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muntner
authors.forename: Adeera
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eustace
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coresh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000747:Anemia, Hypochromic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D007501:Iron