title: Gamma irradiation effects and EPR investigation on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres containing bupivacaine.
abstract: The effects of gamma radiation on the stability of microspheres made of a polylactide-co-glycolide 50:50 copolymer (PLGA) and loaded with 40% bupivacaine (BU) were studied. The radiolysis mechanisms of BU and BU-loaded microspheres were investigated by using electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis. Microspheres were prepared by means of a spray drying method. Gamma Irradiation was carried out in the open, at the dose of 25 kGy, by using a 60Co source. The stability of BU-loaded microspheres was evaluated over a 1-year period on the basis of drug content and dissolution profile. Non-irradiated microspheres were stable over the whole period under consideration. Immediately after irradiation the amount of BU released after 24 h from irradiated microspheres increased from 17 to 25%; in the following 3 months of storage it increased to about 35%, and then it kept constant for 1 year. Radicals generated by BU irradiation were identified by EPR analysis; the sensitivity to gamma radiation of BU was about four times lower than that of PLGA. Furthermore, the EPR spectra of loaded microspheres showed that the relative abundance of BU radicals plus PLGA radicals was proportionate to the electronic fractions of the components; this implies that no spin transfer BU/PLGA had occurred during gamma irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. luisa.montanari@unimi.it
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Montanari
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cilurzo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Genta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Groppo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valvo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faucitano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buttafava
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000737:chemistry; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000528:radiation effects; D004355:Drug Stability; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005720:Gamma Rays; D007700:Kinetics; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008863:Microspheres; D010100:Oxygen; D010316:Particle Size; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012015:Reference Standards; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014618:Vacuum
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D005609:Free Radicals; D010851:Picrates; D011108:Polymers; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D000409:Alanine; D010100:Oxygen; D002045:Bupivacaine