title: Embryonic stem cells and mice expressing different GFP variants for multiple non-invasive reporter usage within a single animal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-invasive autofluorescent reporters have revolutionized lineage labeling in an array of different organisms. In recent years green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequoria Victoria has gained popularity in mouse transgenic and gene targeting regimes 1. It offers several advantages over conventional gene-based reporters, such as lacZ and alkaline phosphatase, in that its visualization does not require a chromogenic substrate and can be realized in vivo. We have previously demonstrated the utility and developmental neutrality of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in embryonic stem (ES) cells and mice 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we have used embryonic stem (ES) cell-mediated transgenesis to test the enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) and enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP), two mutant and spectrally distinct color variants of wild type (wt) GFP. We have also tested DsRed1, the novel red fluorescent protein reporter recently cloned from the Discostoma coral by virtue of its homology to GFP. To this end, we have established lines of ES cells together with viable and fertile mice having widespread expression of either the ECFP or EYFP GFP-variant reporters. However, we were unable to generate equivalent DsRed1 lines, suggesting that DsRed1 is not developmentally neutral or that transgene expression cannot be sustained constitutively. Balanced (diploid <-> diploid) and polarized (tetraploid <-> diploid) chimeras comprising combinations of the ECFP and EYFP ES cells and/or embryos, demonstrate that populations of cells expressing each individual reporter can be distinguished within a single animal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GFP variant reporters are unique in allowing non-invasive multi-spectral visualization in live samples. The ECFP and EYFP-expressing transgenic ES cells and mice that we have generated provide sources of cells and tissues for combinatorial, double-tagged recombination experiments, chimeras or transplantations.
authors.affiliation: Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada. akh39@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Anna-Katerina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hadjantonakis
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Macmaster
authors.forename: Andras
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002678:Chimera; D018274:Electroporation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic / Q000235:genetics*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins