title: Economic transition should come with a health warning: the case of Vietnam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  s: To assess the affordability of health care to poor rural households in Vietnam under conditions of transition from a planned to a market economy and, in light of other transitional experience, inform policy on increasing access of the poor to affordable care of acceptable quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study by cross sectional socioeconomic survey, longitudinal healthcare seeking survey, and qualitative semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions; qualitative follow up over six years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four rural communes in north of Vietnam between 1992 and 1998. SURVEY PARTICIPANTS: 656 households (2995 people) selected by systematic random sampling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with non-poor households, poor households had significantly lower average per capita rates of healthcare consultation and expenditure (p<0.01 in both cases). Poor households delayed and minimised healthcare seeking, especially of expensive hospital services. Two thirds of average healthcare spending by poor households was on relatively inexpensive but frequent acts of local ambulatory care. The poor restrained their healthcare seeking but not in proportion to income: for households reporting illness, the average proportion of income devoted to health care was 21.9% for the poor compared with 8.2% for the non-poor (p<0.01). To meet healthcare costs, many poor households reduced essential consumption, sold assets and incurred debt, threatening their future livelihood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the short-term the poor need exemption from public sector user fees in both primary and hospital care. In the longer run the government budget and prepayment schemes should replace direct user charges in healthcare finance. Transitional economies like Vietnam should preserve the public health services built up under the planned economy. Market reforms that stimulate growth in the economy appear inappropriate to reform of social sectors.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Development Studies, Sussex, UK. segalm@health.gov.za
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Segall
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tipping
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Dung
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: D X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Vinh
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Huong
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000191:economics; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006291:Health Policy; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics; D006304:Health Status; D019456:Health Transition; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011203:Poverty; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors; D014744:Vietnam