title: Isolation of two highly potent and non-toxic inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase from Salvia miltiorrhiza.
abstract: Water soluble extracts of the herbal plant, Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) exhibited potent effect against HIV-1 integrase activity in vitro and viral replication in vivo. We have developed an extensive purification scheme to isolate effective, non-toxic inhibitors against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) using the 3'-processing activity of integrase as a purification guide and assay. Two water soluble compounds, M(5)22 and M(5)32, have been discovered by isolating them from S. miltiorrhiza roots in purities of >99.5% as shown by NMR spectral analysis with yields of 0.018 and 0.038%, respectively. Structural determination revealed that M(5)22 is lithospermic acid and M(5)32 is lithospermic acid B. These two structurally related compounds are potent anti-HIV inhibitors and showed no cytotoxicity to H9 cells at high concentrations (CC(100)>297 microM for M(5)22 and >223 microM for M(5)32). The IC50 for inhibition of 3'-processing by HIV-1 integrase was found to be 0.83 microM for M(5)22 and 0.48 microM for M(5)32. In addition, M(5)22 and M(5)32 inhibited HIV-1 integrase catalytic activities of 3'-joining to the target DNA with IC50 of 0.48 microM for M(5)22 and 0.37 microM for M(5)32. Furthermore, kinetic and mechanistic studies suggested that drug binding to HIV-1 integrase and inhibition of enzymatic activity occur at a fast rate. Both M(5)22 and M(5)32 do not prevent HIV entry in H9 cells. They also show no inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity in infected cells. The levels of intracellular strong stop and full-length viral DNA remained unchanged following drug treatment. However, both inhibitors strongly suppressed the acute HIV-1 infection of H9 cells with IC50 values of 2 and 6.9 microM for M(5)22 and M(5)32, respectively. Thus these two selective integrase inhibitors hold promise as a novel class of therapeutic drugs for AIDS based on their high potencies and absence of cytotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Ibrahim S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Abd-Elazem
authors.forename: Hong S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Ru Chih C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D001572:Benzofurans / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053630:Depsides; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019427:HIV Integrase / Q000187:drug effects*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018517:Plant Roots; D027561:Salvia miltiorrhiza / Q000737:chemistry; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D004279:DNA, Viral; D053630:Depsides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; C046833:lithospermic acid; C076944:salvianolic acid B; D019427:HIV Integrase