title: Elevated spinal cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin release during hyperalgesia in diabetic rats.
abstract: Diabetic rats display exaggerated hyperalgesic behavior in response to noxious stimuli that may model aspects of painful diabetic neuropathy. This study examined the contribution of spinal prostaglandin production to this exaggerated hyperalgesic behavior. Rats were implanted with spinal dialysis probes and received noxious stimulation to the hind paw by subcutaneous injection of 0.5% formalin solution. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) was measured in dialysates of lumbar spinal cerebrospinal fluid concurrent with behavioral responses to formalin injection. In separate experiments, formalin-evoked behavioral responses were measured after intrathecal delivery of either a cyclooxygenase inhibitor or an EP(1) receptor antagonist, and cyclooxygenase protein was measured in spinal cord homogenates. Diabetic rats exhibited exaggerated behavioral responses to paw formalin injection and a concurrent prolongation of formalin-evoked PGE(2) release. Formalin-evoked behavioral responses were dose-dependently reduced in diabetic rats by spinal delivery of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor or an EP(1) receptor antagonist. Protein levels of cyclooxygenase-2 were elevated in the spinal cord of diabetic rats, whereas cyclooxygenase-1 protein was reduced. Hyperalgesic behavior in diabetic rats is associated with both increased cyclooxygenase-2 protein and cyclooxygenase-mediated PGE(2) release. Spinal delivery of selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 or antagonists of prostaglandin receptors may have therapeutic potential for treating painful diabetic neuropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0612, USA.
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Freshwater
authors.forename: Camilla I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Annika B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Malmberg
authors.forename: Nigel A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Calcutt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D005260:Female; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A; D012016:Reference Values; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001786:Blood Glucose; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A; D005557:Formaldehyde; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496513:Ptgs1 protein, rat; D015232:Dinoprostone; D007213:Indomethacin