Toxins of filamentous fungi.
Mycotoxins are low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites of fungi. The most significant mycotoxins are contaminants of agricultural commodities, foods and feeds. Fungi that produce these toxins do so both prior to harvest and during storage. Although contamination of commodities by toxigenic fungi occurs frequently in areas with a hot and humid climate (i.e. conditions favorable for fungal growth), they can also be found in temperate conditions. Production of mycotoxins is dependent upon the type of producing fungus and environmental conditions such as the substrate, water activity (moisture and relative humidity), duration of exposure to stress conditions and microbial, insect or other animal interactions. Although outbreaks of mycotoxicoses in humans have been documented, several of these have not been well characterized, neither has a direct correlation between the mycotoxin and resulting toxic effect been well established in vivo. Even though the specific modes of action of most of the toxins are not well established, acute and chronic effects in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, including humans have been reported. The toxicity of the mycotoxins varies considerably with the toxin, the animal species exposed to it, and the extent of exposure, age and nutritional status. Most of the toxic effects of mycotoxins are limited to specific organs, but several mycotoxins affect many organs. Induction of cancer by some mycotoxins is a major concern as a chronic effect of these toxins. It is nearly impossible to eliminate mycotoxins from the foods and feed in spite of the regulatory efforts at the national and international levels to remove the contaminated commodities. This is because mycotoxins are highly stable compounds, the producing fungi are ubiquitous, and food contamination can occur both before and after harvest. Nevertheless, good farm management practices and adequate storage facilities minimize the toxin contamination problems. Current research is designed to develop natural biocontrol competitive fungi and to enhance host resistance against fungal growth or toxin production. These efforts could prevent toxin formation entirely. Rigorous programs for reducing the risk of human and animal exposure to contaminated foods and feed also include economically feasible and safe detoxification processes and dietary modifications. Although risk assessment has been made for some mycotoxins, additional, systematic epidemological data for human exposure is needed for establishing toxicological parameters for mycotoxins and the safe dose for humans. It is unreasonable to expect complete elimination of the mycotoxin problem. But multiple approaches will be needed to minimize the economic impact of the toxins on the entire agriculture industry and their harmfulness to human and animal health.
Bhatnagar
Deepak
D
US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, La., USA. dbhatnag@srrc.ars.usda.gov
Yu
Jiujiang
J
Ehrlich
Kenneth C
KC
D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D004876:Ergot Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D005506:Food Contamination; D005658:Fungi / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D015651:Mycotoxicosis / Q000209:etiology; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity
D000348:Aflatoxins; D004876:Ergot Alkaloids; D009183:Mycotoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes