title: Indirect modulation of dopamine D2 receptors as potential pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia: III. Retinoids.
abstract: Present antipsychotic drugs, whose clinical activity correlates with direct binding to dopamine D2 or other receptors, alleviate some of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but not all and not completely in many patients. In continuation of our overview of potential novel antipsychotic pharmacotherapy that would be based upon indirect modulation of dopamine or other neurotransmitter functioning, we focus in this article on the postulated use of retinoid analogs as novel antipsychotic agents. Several lines of evidence can be viewed as implicating retinoid dysregulation in schizophrenia, either as a causative or contributory factor. It has been proposed that using retinoid analogs to alter the downstream expression of dopamine D2 receptors might represent a novel approach to the treatment of the disease or amelioration of symptoms when used either as monotherapy or as adjunct pharmacotherapy to dopamine D2 receptor antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Anne Schock
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Citver
authors.forename: Anastasia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ciaccia
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schulingkamp
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Raffa
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012176:Retinoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D012176:Retinoids