title: Cricothyroid approximation to elevate vocal pitch in male-to-female transsexuals: results of surgery.
abstract: Functional changes in voice production, including pitch elevation, may help male-to-female transsexuals assume a new gender identity. To date, there has been a paucity of objective data on the effectiveness of pitch-raising methods. Acoustic data were gathered with regard to preoperative and postoperative changes in pitch, pitch range, and perturbation in 20 patients after cricothyroid approximation. Subjective data were gathered by means of a mailed questionnaire. The mean follow-up time was 22 months. The speaking fundamental frequency was raised by half an octave without any significant changes in perturbation. The lower and upper limits of pitch range both increased by an average of 4 semitones. There was some decline over time of the lower pitch range toward preoperative levels, but the upper pitch range remained elevated. The majority of the patients were satisfied with the results of surgery and felt their voices to be more feminine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland 97201-3098, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Karen Drake
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Toby R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Meltzer
authors.forename: James I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003413:Cricoid Cartilage / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010898:Pitch Perception; D013957:Thyroid Cartilage / Q000601:surgery*; D014189:Transsexualism / Q000601:surgery*; D014833:Voice Quality