Effect of pitch type, pitch count, and pitching mechanics on risk of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers.
BACKGROUND
Joint pain is thought to be an early sign of injury to a pitcher.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between pitch counts, pitch types, and pitching mechanics and shoulder and elbow pain in young pitchers.


METHODS
Prospective cohort study.


METHODS
Four hundred and seventy-six young (ages 9 to 14 years) baseball pitchers were followed for one season. Data were collected from pre- and postseason questionnaires, injury and performance interviews after each game, pitch count logs, and video analysis of pitching mechanics. Generalized estimating equations and logistic regression analysis were used.


RESULTS
Half of the subjects experienced elbow or shoulder pain during the season. The curveball was associated with a 52% increased risk of shoulder pain and the slider was associated with an 86% increased risk of elbow pain. There was a significant association between the number of pitches thrown in a game and during the season and the rate of elbow pain and shoulder pain.


CONCLUSIONS
Pitchers in this age group should be cautioned about throwing breaking pitches (curveballs and sliders) because of the increased risk of elbow and shoulder pain. Limitations on pitches thrown in a game and in a season can also reduce the risk of pain. Further evaluation of pain and pitching mechanics is necessary.
Lyman
Stephen
S
American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama. American Baseball Foundation, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, USA.
Fleisig
Glenn S
GS
Andrews
James R
JR
Osinski
E David
ED
D000293:Adolescent; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D020069:Shoulder Pain; D000092464:Elbow Injuries