Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: long-term appraisal with evolving technical solutions.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate late outcome of non-isomeric total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) repair, controlling for anatomic subtypes and surgical technique.


METHODS
Between 1983 and 2001, 89 patients (median age 54 days) underwent repair for supracardiac (38), cardiac (26), infracardiac (16) or mixed (nine) TAPVC. Ten patients (11.2%) presented associated anomalies other than PDA. Twenty-eight patients (31.5%) were emergencies, due to obstructed drainage. Supracardiac and infracardiac TAPVC repair included the double-patch technique with left atrial enlargement in 29 patients and side-to-side anastomosis between the pulmonary venous (PV) confluence and the left atrium in 29 patients. Coronary sinus unroofing was preferred for cardiac TAPVC repair. Total follow-up was 727.16 patient-years (mean 8.55 years, 98.8% complete).


RESULTS
Early mortality was 7.86% (7/89). Ten patients (11.2%) underwent reintervention, including reoperation (eight), balloon dilation (one) and intraoperative stents placement (one), for anastomotic (four) or diffuse PV stenosis (six), with four late deaths. Kaplan-Meier survival is 87.3+/-0.036 SE% at 18.07 years with no difference according to anatomic type or surgical technique. Freedom from PV reintervention for operative survivors is 86.7+/-0.052 SE% at 18.07 years. Cox proportional hazard indicates associated anomalies (P=0.008) and reoperation for intrinsic PV stenosis (P=0.034) as independent predictors of mortality. According to logistic analysis, preoperative obstruction predicts higher risk of reintervention for intrinsic PV stenosis (P=0.022), while the double-patch technique increased the risk of late arrhythmias (P=0.005).


CONCLUSIONS
Side-to-side anastomosis provides excellent results for TAPVC repair while left atrial enlargement procedures appear to be associated with higher risk of late arrhythmias. Although early and aggressive reintervention for recurrent PV obstruction is mandatory, intrinsic PV stenosis remains a predictor of adverse outcome.
Michielon
Guido
G
Dipartimento Medico Chirurgico di Cardiologia Pediatrica, DMCCP, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, P.zza S.Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy. guido.michielon@tin.it
Di Donato
Roberto M
RM
Pasquini
Luciano
L
Giannico
Salvatore
S
Brancaccio
Gianluca
G
Mazzera
Ennio
E
Squitieri
Cosimo
C
Catena
Glauco
G
D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation; D016896:Treatment Outcome