Interventions for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdoses.
BACKGROUND
Self-poisoning with paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a common cause of hepatotoxicity in the Western World. Interventions for paracetamol poisoning encompass inhibition of absorption, removal from the vascular system, antidotes, and liver transplantation.


OBJECTIVE
The objective was to assess the beneficial and harmful effects of interventions or combination of interventions for paracetamol overdose.


METHODS
The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and text searches were combined (until July 2001).


METHODS
Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies as well as human volunteer randomised trials were included. The studies could be unpublished or published as an article, an abstract, or a letter and no language limitations were applied.


METHODS
All the analyses were performed according to the intention to treat. The methodological quality of the included trials was evaluated by components of methodological quality.


RESULTS
Nine RCTs (all small and of low methodological quality), one quasi-randomised trials, 37 observational studies, and nine randomised trials including human volunteers were identified. It was impossible to perform meta-analyses including more than two RCTs. Activated charcoal, gastric lavage, and ipecacuanha are able to reduce the absorption of paracetamol but the clinical benefit is unclear. Of these, activated charcoal seems to have the best risk-benefit ratio. N-acetylcysteine seems preferable to placebo/supportive treatment (relative risk of mortality in patients with fulminant hepatic failure = 0.65; 95% confidence interval 0.43 to 0.99), dimercaprol, and cysteamine, but N-acetylcysteine's superiority to methionine is unproven. It is not clear which N-acetylcysteine treatment protocol offers the best efficacy. No evidence supports haemoperfusion or cimetidine for paracetamol overdose. Liver transplantation has the potential to be life saving in fulminant hepatic failure, but further refinement of selection criteria for liver transplantation and evaluation of the long-term outcome are required.


CONCLUSIONS
This systematic Review has highlighted a paucity of RCTs on interventions for paracetamol overdose. Activated charcoal seems the best choice to reduce paracetamol absorption. N-acetylcysteine should be given to patients with paracetamol overdose. No N-acetylcysteine regime has been shown to be more effective than any other. It is a delicate balance when to proceed to liver transplantation, which may be life saving in patients with a poor prognosis. Interventions for paracetamol overdose need assessment in high-quality, multi-centre RCTs.
Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Department 71-02, H:S Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark, DK 2100. jesperb@mdb.ku.dk
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J
Brok
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N
Buckley
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C
Gluud
D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000506:poisoning*; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans
D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000082:Acetaminophen