The human false vocal folds -- an analysis of antimicrobial defense mechanisms.
Inflammatory processes often lead to pathologic changes in the area of the larynx. A moistening function of the false vocal folds has been described frequently. Up to now we have little knowledge of the role of the false vocal folds in protection against pathogenic agents. The present study analyzes the structures of the false vocal folds in their relations to antimicrobial defense mechanisms. Investigations were performed on false vocal folds of larynges from 34 cadavers using histologic, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Seromucous glands, together with epithelial and goblet cells of the folds, synthesize a complex mucus layer. In all of the investigated samples this layer contains carbohydrates including N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-galactosamine, galactose, mannose, fucose, and sialic acids. Furthermore, antimicrobial peptides like lactoferrin, lysozyme, alpha and beta defensins are also found in these structures. IgA, produced by plasma cells in the false vocal folds, is frequently integrated in the secretory product. Synthesized mucins, antimicrobial peptides and immunoglobulins form a specialized protective substance that is secreted mainly at the true vocal folds. Here the layer functions to lubricate the true vocal folds, resulting in positive functional consequences during vocal production. Moreover, together with immunocompetent cells, the protective layer seems to play a major role in antigen defense and prevents invasion of pathogenic agents.
Kutta
Hannes
H
Institute of Anatomy, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
Steven
Philipp
P
Kohla
Guido
G
Tillmann
Bernhard
B
Paulsen
Friedrich
F
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005088:Exocrine Glands / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007830:Larynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D037102:Lectins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009077:Mucins / Q000378:metabolism; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009113:Muramidase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D023084:alpha-Defensins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002241:Carbohydrates; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D037102:Lectins; D009077:Mucins; D023084:alpha-Defensins; D023083:beta-Defensins; D009113:Muramidase; D007781:Lactoferrin