Bioavailability and toxicokinetics of (14)C-lindane (gamma-HCH) in the enchytraeid Enchytraeus albidus in two soil types: the aging effect.
Enchytraeids are important members of the soil fauna living in the true soil layer instead of the humus like most earthworms, resulting in a different interaction with chemicals in soil. It is well known that the detectable concentration of contaminants in the soil cannot fully predict a biological effect; therefore bioaccumulation studies are of great importance. In this study the bioaccumulation pattern of the pesticide lindane ([(14)C]gamma-HCH) in Enchytraeus albidus was analyzed in two different soil types, an artificial Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) soil and a natural agricultural soil. The effect of aging on bioaccumulation and bioavailability was also analyzed. Aging experiments consisted of having the same procedures at different times after soil contamination: Immediately after contamination and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 months after that. Major differences occurred within the first month. Considering the overall data (10 months), it is possible to observe that in OECD soil there is a correlation between concentration in soil and in the organisms, but that was not observed for the natural soil. The decrease patterns for concentration in soil and in watery soil extracts were different: monophasic behavior occurred in OECD soil, and a biphasic pattern was measured in natural soil. It was observed that the bioavailable ( i.e., water-extractable) fraction of lindane in the natural soil decreased faster than the total soil concentration. In natural soil the decrease of concentration appeared faster than in OECD soil; this may be related to the lower amount of organic matter content.
Amorim
M J
MJ
Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. mjamorim@bio.ua.pt
Sousa
J P
JP
Nogueira
A J A
AJ
Soares
A M V M
AM
D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D007700:Kinetics; D009835:Oligochaeta; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors
D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D007306:Insecticides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane