Imaging guided interventional procedures in paediatric uroradiology--a case based overview.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the potential and application of interventional image guided procedures in the paediatric urinary tract.


METHODS
The different techniques are illustrated using case reports. The examples comprise established indications such as percutaneous nephrostomy for compromised kidneys in obstructive uropathy and infection, sonographic guided renal biopsy including monitoring or treatment of complications after biopsy, and evaluation and balloon dilatation of childhood renal artery stenosis. There are new applications such as treatment of stenosis in cutaneous ureterostomy or sonographically guided catheterism for deployment of therapeutic agents.


RESULTS
Generally, the procedures are safe and successful. However, complications may occur, and peri-/post-interventional monitoring is mandatory to insure early detection and adequate management. Sometimes additional treatment such as percutaneous embolisation of a symptomatic post biopsy arterio-venous fistula, or a second biopsy for recurrent disease may become necessary.


CONCLUSIONS
Imaging guided interventional procedures are performed successfully in a variety of diseases of the paediatric urinary tract. They can be considered a valuable additional modality throughout infancy and childhood.
Riccabona
M
M
Department of Radiology, Division of Paediatric Radiology, LKH Graz, University Hospital, Auenbruggenplatz, A-8036, Graz, Austria. michael.riccabona@kfunigraz.ac.at
Sorantin
E
E
Hausegger
K
K
D000038:Abscess / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D000293:Adolescent; D001706:Biopsy; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007322:Instillation, Drug; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000150:complications; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000628:therapy; D015607:Stents; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000628:therapy