Novel furano analogues of duocarmycin C1 and C2: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of seco-iso-cyclopropylfurano[2,3-e]indoline (seco-iso-CFI) and seco-cyclopropyltetrahydrofurano[2,3-f]quinoline (seco-CFQ) analogues.
The design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel seco-iso-cyclopropylfurano[2,3-e]indoline (seco-iso-CFI) and the seco-cyclopropyltetrahydrofurano[2,3-f]quinoline (seco-CFQ) analogues of the duocarmycins are described. These novel analogues (4-7) were designed on the premise that the lone pair of electrons on the furano-oxygen atom could enter into conjugation with the isocyclopropylfurano[e]indolone (iso-CFI) alkylating moiety, formed from the loss of HCl in compounds 4-7. The seco-iso-CFI DNA alkylating pharmacophore was synthesized through a well precedented approach of 5-exo-trig aryl radical cyclization with a vinyl chloride. In our studies, in addition to the formation of the seco-iso-CFI product, an equal amount of an unexpected seco-CFQ product was also generated during the radical cyclization reaction. Like CC-1065 and adozelesin, using Taq DNA polymerase stop and thermal cleavage assays, the seco-iso-CFI compounds (4 and 6) and the seco-CFQ compounds (5 and 7) were shown to preferentially alkylate the adenine-N3 position within the minor groove of long stretches of A residues. A MM2 energy optimized molecular model of a 1:1 complex of compound 6 with DNA reveals that the iso-CFI compound fits snugly within the minor groove. Using a MTT based experiment, the cytotoxicity of compounds 4-7 were determined against the growth of murine leukemia (L1210), mastocytoma (P815) and melanoma (B16) cell lines. The concentrations of compounds required to inhibit the growth of these tumor cells by 50% is in the range of 10(-8)M. These compounds were also tested against a panel of human cancer cells by the National Cancer Institute, demonstrating that the compounds exhibited a high level of activity against selected solid tumors. At a concentration of 0.0084 microM (based on the IC(50) of compound 17 (seco-CBI-TMI) against the growth L1210 cells), while compounds 4 and 17 were toxic against murine bone marrow cells as judged by a colony forming study of freshly isolated murine progenitor hematopoeitic cells, compound 5, a seco-CFQ compound, was significantly less toxic. Flow cytometric analysis of P815 cells that had been incubated for 24h with compounds 4 and 5 at their cytotoxic IC(50) concentrations indicated the induction of apoptosis in a large percentage of cells, thereby suggesting that this might be the mechanism by which the iso-CFI compounds kill cells.
Howard
Tiffany T
TT
Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
Lingerfelt
Brian M
BM
Purnell
Bethany L
BL
Scott
Adrienne E
AE
Price
Carly A
CA
Townes
Heather M
HM
McNulty
LuAnne
L
Handl
Heather L
HL
Summerville
Kaitlin
K
Hudson
Stephen J
SJ
Bowen
J Phillip
JP
Kiakos
Konstantinos
K
Hartley
John A
JA
Lee
Moses
M
D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D001665:Binding Sites; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D015195:Drug Design; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D000080890:Duocarmycins; D005663:Furans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D007211:Indoles; D051379:Mice; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D011804:Quinolines; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D018736:DNA Adducts; D000080890:Duocarmycins; D005663:Furans; D007211:Indoles; D011758:Pyrroles; D011804:Quinolines; C057901:pyrindamycin B; C057900:pyrindamycin A; C057812:indoline; D004247:DNA