Destabilization of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase dimer upon interaction with N-acyl hydrazone inhibitors.
N-(4-tert-butylbenzoyl)-2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde hydrazone (BBNH) inhibits both the DNA polymerase and ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. In this study, we show that BBNH binding impacts on the stability of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) heterodimer. The Gibbs free energy of dimer dissociation of HIV-1 RT is decreased in the presence of increasing concentrations of BBNH, resulting in a loss in stability of 3.8 kcal mol(-1). To evaluate whether this observed phenomenon was mediated by BBNH binding to one or more sites in RT, we synthesized a variety of BBNH analogs and identified (4-t-butylbenzoyl)-2-hydroxy-1-salicylyl hydrazone (BBSH) and (4,N,N-dimethylaminobenzoyl)-2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl hydrazone as specific inhibitors of RT DNA polymerase or RT RNase H activity, respectively. Interestingly, only BBSH provided significant destabilization of the HIV-1 RT dimer. The identification of these specific inhibitors, in combination with other biochemical data, suggests a model in which two molecules of BBNH bind per RT heterodimer. In this regard, only the binding of hydrazone molecules in the DNA polymerase domain activity elicits the observed destabilization of the HIV-1 RT heterodimer.
Sluis-Cremer
Nicolas
N
The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
Arion
Dominique
D
Parniak
Michael A
MA
D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000378:metabolism; D019281:Dimerization; D004795:Enzyme Stability / Q000187:drug effects; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006835:Hydrazones / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry
D006835:Hydrazones; C461489:N-(4-tert-butylbenzoyl)-2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde hydrazone; D009281:Naphthalenes; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D014508:Urea; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase