Facial approximation: globe projection guideline falsified by exophthalmometry literature.
The projection of the cornea from the bony orbit has been determined, in facial approximation, by centrally locating the eyeball in the orbit and positioning the cornea so that its most anterior point falls in line with a tangent dropped from the mid-superior to the mid-inferior orbital rim. However, there appears to be no scientific evidence to justify this guideline; yet, there have been numerous studies that measure globe projection in living subjects, from the lateral orbit using an exophthalmometer. The aim of this study was to determine if the traditional facial approximation guideline is consistent with the exophthalmometry literature. MRI research shows that corneal projection is underestimated using the traditional facial approximation guideline. An underestimation is also strongly supported by statistical comparisons of globe projection measures taken using more traditional instruments (e.g., Hertel's exophthalmometer) to skull morphology (p < 0.006). It is suggested that the traditional facial approximation guideline not be used in future facial approximations since it appears to under-predict anterior globe projection by 4 mm on average. It is also suggested that average exophthalmometer values be used until more accurate and precise ways of determining globe projection have been determined.
Department of Anatomical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia. carl.stephan@adeliade.edu.au
Carl N
CN
Stephan
D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D003315:Cornea / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000639:trends; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology