Dose-intensive therapy for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer and extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma: long-term outcome.
Treatment for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES SCLC) or extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSC) is typically palliative. We set out to determine progression-free survival (PFS) and overall long-term survival of ES SCLC and EPSC patients, physiologically aged < or = 60 years, responding to first-line chemotherapy followed by high-dose combination alkylating agents with hematologic stem cell support. Patients in first-line chemotherapy response underwent stem cell collection (marrow, peripheral blood progenitor cells, or both) followed by high-dose therapy with 1 of 2 regimens: CBP (cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and carmustine) or ICE (ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide) with or without etanidazole. Involved-field radiotherapy was given to selected patients with oligometastatic disease distributed in sites allowing for reasonable radiation ports, and prophylactic cranial radiotherapy was given upon recovery to patients in complete response (CR) or near-CR. A total of 36 patients were treated. Of 29 patients with ES SCLC, 6 (21%) had achieved CR, 18 near-CR, and 5 partial response prior to high-dose therapy. Of 7 patients with EPSC, 3 (43%) had achieved CR, 3 had achieved near-CR, and 1 had progression of disease prior to high-dose therapy. Thirteen ES SCLC patients received high-dose CBP. Of the remaining 23 patients with SCLC or EPSC, 17 were treated with ICE and 6 with ICE plus etanidazole, a hypoxic cell sensitizer. Treatment-related mortality was 11% (4 of 36 patients). For all patients, the median event-free survival (EFS) was 5 months. The 2- and 5-year survivals after intensification were 12% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5%-31%) and 9% (95% CI, 3%-27%), respectively. Of the 30 patients in or near CR prior to high-dose therapy, 5 remain continuously progression-free (2 ES SCLC, 3 EPSC) for a median of 55 months (range, 1-96 months) after high-dose therapy. By multivariate analysis, factors associated with more favorable EFS were the use of a more aggressive induction regimen (ICE), and the EPSC histology. These factors were also associated with more favorable overall survival. Other factors associated with more favorable overall survival were the use of short induction therapy (< or = 4 cycles) and younger age (<50 years). Except for high-dose ICE with etanidazole, the use of high-dose systemic therapy in ES SCLC and EPSC was associated with low treatment-related morbidity and mortality over the past 5 years. Late complications were infrequent, and most patients returned to full-time work and activity, barring disease recurrence. Nonetheless, few patients with ES SCLC have progression-free long-term survival. We conclude that high-dose therapy is not indicated as an approach for ES SCLC, except as part of an investigative trial. Conversely, 3 of the 7 patients with EPSC remain relapse-free (range, 1-96 months), warranting further phase II evaluation of this approach in this population.
Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Anthony D
AD
Elias
Arthur T
AT
Skarin
Paul
P
Richardson
Joseph
J
Ibrahim
Mary
M
McCauley
Emil
E
Frei
D000328:Adult; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012074:Remission Induction / Q000379:methods; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating