Assessment of endothelial function using peripheral waveform analysis: a clinical application.
OBJECTIVE
The study was done to determine whether radial artery applanation tonometry can be used as a noninvasive method of assessing global endothelial function. BACKGROUND; It is known that beta(2)-receptor stimulation results in endothelial release of nitric oxide. Furthermore, for over a century glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) has been known to markedly affect the arterial pressure waveform, even in the absence of significant blood pressure (BP) changes. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the change in the peripheral pressure waveform, as measured using tonometry and quantified using the augmentation index (AIx) and in response to Salbutamol (Salb), would allow assessment of global endothelial function.


METHODS
The study contained three parts. In the first study, Salb (400 microg) was administered to 11 healthy subjects via inhalation after either intravenous N-omega-nitro-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) (3 mg/kg over 5 min) or control solution (normal saline) in the supine, rested, fasted condition. The BP, heart rate and waveform responses were recorded each 5 min following Salb for 20 min. Next, GTN was given and responses recorded 5 min later. In the second study, both the reproducibility of Salb and the GTN responses were assessed in 9 subjects studied twice on separate days. In the third study, the Salb and GTN responses of 12 subjects with angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD) were compared with 10 age-matched control subjects with no atherosclerotic risk factors.


RESULTS
After control infusion, AIx decreased following Salb, from 50.8 +/- 4.3% to 44.8 +/- 4.2%, a change of -11.8 +/- 3.7%, p < 0.01. After L-NMMA, AIx did not significantly change following Salb (54.2 +/- 5.1% vs. 52.9 +/- 5.3%, -2.0 +/- 3.1%). The GTN-induced decreases in AIx were similar after either infusion (35.1 +/- 3.3% vs. 36.5 +/- 3.3%). Reproducibility of Salb-induced changes in AIx between studies performed on separate days was good (r = 0.80, p < 0.01). Salb-induced changes in AIx in CAD patients were significantly less compared to control subjects (-2.4 +/- 1.9% vs. -13.2 +/- 2.4%, respectively, p < 0.002). The GTN-induced changes were not significantly different (-27.6 +/- 4.2 vs. -38.9 +/- 4.4%, p = 0.07).


CONCLUSIONS
The peripheral arterial pressure waveform is sensitive to beta(2)-stimulation. Changes are related to nitric oxide release, are reproducible and can distinguish between clinical subject groups. Arterial waveform changes following Salb may thus provide a noninvasive method of measuring "global" arterial endothelial function.
Hayward
Christopher S
CS
Cardiology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. chayward@stvincents.com.au
Kraidly
Mustafa
M
Webb
Carolyn M
CM
Collins
Peter
P
D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000420:Albuterol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry / Q000379:methods; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017534:Radial Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D000420:Albuterol