Insulin resistance and associated metabolic abnormalities in muscle: effects of exercise.
Skeletal muscle is a major site of insulin resistance. In addition to glucose transport, oxidative disposal and storage defects, insulin resistant muscle exhibit many other metabolic abnormalities. After a brief review of insulin resistance determinants, we will focus on muscular abnormalities in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Glucose and lipid metabolism defects will be analysed and their interactions discussed. Exercise can improve many of these muscular abnormalities and the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced benefits have been clarified during the past decades. Therefore, exercise training has proved to be useful in the management of insulin resistant states, i.e. mainly obesity, especially in its truncal distribution, and type 2 diabetes. However, exercise prescription remains poorly codified, and results on glycaemic control are sometimes conflicting. In the last part of this review, we will emphasize the pathophysiological basis for an individualized exercise prescription in insulin resistant subjects.
Pérez-Martin
A
A
Service Central de Physiologie Clinique, Unité CERAMM (Centre d'Exploration et de Réadaptation des Anomalies Métaboliques et Musculaires), CHU Lapeyronie 34295 Montpellier, France. a-perez_martin@chu-montpellier.fr
Raynaud
E
E
Mercier
J
J
D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*
D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids