The natural course of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children.
BACKGROUND
The consequences of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) starting in childhood have not been widely studied. Our aim was to evaluate the usefulness of endoscopy in the primary diagnosis of GERD and to investigate the long-term course of this disease in children.


METHODS
Between 1989 and 1999, 136 children had been endoscoped because of persisting symptoms of GER. After exclusions (neurological impairment, infant GER), 96 subjects were included, and files from 76 were available for the final evaluation. Twenty-four hour pH-monitoring had been performed primarily on 67 children and at follow-up on 28, and endoscopy to 69 subjects and at follow-up to 33, respectively. Medical therapy as well as symptoms prior to the therapy were registered. Clinical outcome was assessed at the end of the follow-up period.


RESULTS
Presenting symptoms were recurrent abdominal pain, heartburn, regurgitation and vomiting. Twenty-two patients had respiratory symptoms in addition to the gastrointestinal complaints. PH-recording was normal in 17/67 subjects, slightly pathological in 33 and severe reflux was diagnosed in 13 patients. Histologically, minimal changes associated with GER were diagnosed in 22 and mild esophagitis in 7. Thirty-six patients had been treated with prokinetic drugs. H2-blockers had been used in 24 children and proton-pump inhibitors in 4. After a mean follow-up period of 28 months, only 24% of patients had become symptom-free. Control endoscopy showed no progression of the esophageal inflammation in any of the subjects.


CONCLUSIONS
Pathological reflux in children is associated with no or mild esophageal inflammation, which is unlikely to deteriorate. Therefore endoscopic control could be limited to cases with severe esophagitis.
Dept of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Tampere, School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Finland. lomeas@uta.fi
M
M
Ashorn
T
T
Ruuska
R
R
Karikoski
P
P
Laippala
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000379:methods*; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005745:Gastric Acidity Determination; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005773:Gastroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index