Detachment of glycolytic enzymes from cytoskeleton of Lewis lung carcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma cells induced by clotrimazole and its correlation to cell viability and morphology.
Cancer cells are characterized by a high rate of glycolysis, which is their primary energy source. Glycolysis is known to be controlled by allosteric regulators, as well as by reversible binding of glycolytic enzymes to cytoskeleton. We report here that clotrimazole (l-(alpha-2-chlorotrityl)imidazole), the antifungal azole derivative, which was recently recognized as calmodulin antagonist, induced a dose-dependent detachment of the glycolytic enzymes, phosphofructokinase (ATP: D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11) and aldolase (D-fructose-l,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase, EC 4.1.2.13), from cytoskeleton of LL/2 Lewis lung carcinoma cells and CT-26 colon adenocarcinoma cells. The detachment of glycolytic enzymes from cytoskeleton would reduce the provision of local ATP, in the vicinity of the cytoskeleton membrane, and would also affect cytoskeleton structure and cell shape. We show here that clotrimazole decreased the viability of LL/2 Lewis lung carcinoma cells and CT-26 colon adenocarcinoma cells. After 3h of incubation with clotrimazole, complete cell destruction was detected. Ultrastructural cell damage was manifested by disintegration of the outer membrane by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The detachment of glycolytic enzymes from cytoskeleton, induced by clotrimazole, preceded the decrease in cell viability, which indicates that this is an early effect and not a result of cell death. Since the cytoskeleton is being recognized as an important modulator of cell function, proliferation, differentiation, and neoplasia, detachment of the glycolytic enzymes from cytoskeleton induced by clotrimazole, as well as its reported inhibitory action on cell proliferation, makes this drug the most promising agent in the treatment of cancer.
Penso
Julia
J
Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.
Beitner
Rivka
R
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000818:Animals; D018827:Carcinoma, Lewis Lung / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D003022:Clotrimazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000201:enzymology*; D005634:Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006019:Glycolysis; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D025221:Phosphofructokinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
D025221:Phosphofructokinases; D005634:Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; D003022:Clotrimazole