[Evolutionary aspects of a stress reaction].
Interconnections between the integrative systems, such as nervous, endocrine, and immune ones, are clearly seen during a stress response. The sources of such a cooperation should be sought at the earliest stages of evolution of multicellular organisms. The paper deals with the main points of the formation of a stress response and the development of the systems involved in this process. Based on the data available in the literature and their own findings, the authors conclude that just primitive multicellular organisms, such as coelenterates, have hemolymph cells (chemocytes) that combines the properties of all regulatory systems of more highly organized species. However, the need for such cells no longer arises afterwards. Glucocorticoids, one of the major stress hormones, show up during the development of a stress response relatively late--in fish. While in fish, the production of ACTH and glucocorticoids in the pituitary cells is under urotensin control, this function belongs to corticotropin-releasing hormone of pituitary origin in more advanced animals. The predominant value of corticotropin-releasing hormone simultaneously occurs with the development of the pituitary portal vascular system. Such transformations lead to the formation of the hierarchically arranged neuroendocrine axes that are responsible for showing a stress response, on the one hand, and to the development of qualitatively new interactions between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, on the other.
I G
IG
Akmaev
O V
OV
Volkova
V V
VV
Grinevich
A B
AB
Resnenko
D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003063:Cnidaria / Q000502:physiology*; D008322:Mammals / Q000502:physiology*; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*