Prevention of childbirth injuries to the pelvic floor.
The majority of childbirth injuries to the pelvic floor occur after the first vaginal delivery. Cesarean sections performed after the onset of labor may not protect the pelvic floor. Elective cesarean section is the only true primary prevention strategy for childbirth injuries to the pelvic floor. Alternative primary prevention strategies include elective cesarean section for women with nonmodifiable risks for childbirth injuries to the pelvic floor, antepartum pelvic floor exercises, or intrapartum pudendal nerve monitoring. Secondary prevention strategies must focus on modifying obstetric practices that predispose women to pelvic floor injury. These factors are best delineated for anal incontinence and include restrictive use of episiotomy, mediolateral episiotomy when necessary, spontaneous over forceps-assisted vaginal delivery, vacuum extraction over forceps delivery, and antepartum perineal massage. Finally, tertiary prevention strategies should address the mode of delivery made for women with childbirth injuries to the pelvic floor who desire future fertility.
Heit
M
M
University of Louisville Health Science Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, M-18, 315 East Broadway, Suite 4002, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. mheit@louisville.edu
Mudd
K
K
Culligan
P
P
D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000379:methods; D015897:Comorbidity; D004841:Episiotomy / Q000379:methods; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000293:injuries*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*