Long-term prognosis after recovery from primary intracerebral hemorrhage.
BACKGROUND
Little is known about the long-term outcome for patients who recover from a primary intracerebral hemorrhage. The authors examined the rate of recurrence, vascular events, and death in survivors of a primary intracerebral hemorrhage and the factors related to the long-term prognosis.


METHODS
All 243 patients admitted to one of three hospitals with a primary intracerebral hemorrhage who regained independence were interviewed about vascular events after the index hemorrhage. The authors used the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate the event-free survival and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to identify predictors of recurrence, any vascular event, or death.


RESULTS
During a mean follow-up of 5.5 years, the annual rates of recurrent primary intracerebral hemorrhage, vascular events, and vascular death were 2.1% (95% CI, 1.4 to 3.3%), 5.9% (95% CI, 4.5 to 7.7%), and 3.2% (95% CI, 2.2 to 4.5%). Age of 65 years or older was the only predictor of a recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3 to 6.1) and vascular death (HR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.0 to 7.0). In addition to age, male sex predicted the occurrence of vascular events (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.0). Use of anticoagulation after the index bleeding tripled the risk of hemorrhagic events (HR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.3 to 7.2).


CONCLUSIONS
Patients who recovered from a primary intracerebral hemorrhage had a 2.1% to 5.9% annual rate of recurrence, vascular death, or vascular events. Age of 65 years or older more than doubled the risk of recurrence, vascular event, or death. The risk of vascular events in men was increased twofold.
Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Vermeer@epib.fgg.eur.nl
S E
SE
Vermeer
A
A
Algra
C L
CL
Franke
P J
PJ
Koudstaal
G J E
GJ
Rinkel
D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology
D000925:Anticoagulants