Vasculogenic mimicry and pseudo-comedo formation in breast cancer.
Tumors require a blood supply for growth and hematogenous metastases. Until recently, most research in this area has focused on the role of angiogenesis, the recruitment of new vessels into a tumor from preexisting vessels. Previously, in a study of breast cancer (IBC), in which we used established inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) xenografts (WIBC-9) originating from a patient with IBC (Shirakawa et al., Cancer Res 2001:61:445-451), we reported observing vasculogenic mimicry (VM), a condition in which bloodstreams within cancer tissue are not accompanied by a lining of endothelial cells (ECs) (Shirakawa et al., Cancer Res 2002:62:560-566). In the present study, we examined 331 surgically resected breast cancer specimens for evidence of VM, using immunohistochemistry and laser-captured microdissection (LCM) followed by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Surprisingly, 7.9% (26 specimens) of the 331 specimens exhibited evidence of VM. Of these 26 VM specimens, 84.6% (22 specimens) exhibited pseudo-comedo formation. RT-PCR analysis of 8 microdissected typical VM specimens revealed expression of Tie-2, Flt-1, thrombin receptor and CD31 in 63, 50, 0 and 0% of specimens, respectively. In contrast, results of RT-PCR analysis of 8 specimens from non-VM tumors were negative for expression of these genes. The 26 VM cases tended to have a higher percentage of hematogenous recurrence (p = 0.059) and a lower percentage of 5-year survival (p = 0.071) than the 305 non-VM cases. However, there were no significant differences in tumor size, lymph node metastasis, estrogen receptors or progesterone receptors between the 2 groups (p > 0.1). Our results suggest that the existence of VM increases the likelihood of hematogenous metastases and is in inverse proportion to prognosis.
Department of Surgery, Omiya Medical Center, Jichi Medical School, Saitama, Japan.
Kazuo
K
Shirakawa
Hiro
H
Wakasugi
Yuji
Y
Heike
Ichiro
I
Watanabe
Shigeki
S
Yamada
Ken
K
Saito
Fumio
F
Konishi
D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000378:metabolism; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1
D015703:Antigens, CD; D017931:DNA Primers; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin; C501162:FLT1 protein, human; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1