A study of Swedish midwives' encounters with infibulated African women in Sweden.
OBJECTIVE
to investigate Swedish midwives' perceptions and attitudes towards infibulation and infibulated women, midwives' experiences of providing care for them and the training the midwives describe having received to enable them to care for and deliver infibulated women.


METHODS
a multi-stage sampling procedure was used. Open-ended questionnaires were distributed to midwives in labour wards with the purpose of identifying midwives to contact for interviews and focus group discussions.


METHODS
twenty-six midwives from three labour wards and two antenatal clinics situated in two towns in central Sweden participated in eight focus group discussions and three individual interviews.


RESULTS
there were three major themes: (a) emotions and communicational challenges entailed in the care of infibulated women, (b) knowledge and skills needed for caring and (c) the midwives' reliance on the Swedish law when dealing with the dilemmas they face in their interactions with the women and their families. The data indicate communication problems on different levels between midwives and the women and their families. There appear to be few or no guidelines in the units on how to provide good care for infibulated women and little or no co-ordination between antenatal care and the maternity wards.


CONCLUSIONS
the care of infibulated women during pregnancy and childbirth seems to be a marginalised issue in the areas where this study was performed. Early acknowledgement of female genital mutilation during pregnancy as well as improved communication between health care units may help professionals to offer culturally sensitive professional care to the women and their families.
Department of Nursing and Public Health Services, Division of International Health/IHCAR, 286, Karolinkska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Caterina.Widmark@phs.ki.se
Catarina
C
Widmark
Carol
C
Tishelman
Beth Maina
BM
Ahlberg
D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D000739:Anecdotes as Topic; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology; D019093:Circumcision, Female / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008880:Midwifery / Q000592:standards*; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000451:nursing*; D012494:Sampling Studies; D013548:Sweden