Does tobacco marketing undermine the influence of recommended parenting in discouraging adolescents from smoking?
OBJECTIVE
The tobacco industry contends that parenting practices, not marketing practices, are critical to youth smoking. Our objective was to examine whether tobacco-industry marketing practices undermine the protective effect of recommended authoritative parenting against adolescent smoking.


METHODS
Receptivity to tobacco advertising and promotions was assessed in 1996 from a representative sample of California adolescent never-smokers aged 12 to 14 years. A follow-up survey of 1641 of these adolescents was conducted in 1999 that included measures of the key components of authoritative parenting: parental responsiveness, monitoring, and limit setting.


METHODS
Smoking initiation in adolescents.


RESULTS
Adolescents in families with more-authoritative parents were half as likely to smoke by follow-up as adolescents in families with less-authoritative parents (20% vs 41%, p <0.0001). In families with more-authoritative parents, adolescents who were highly receptive to tobacco-industry advertising and promotions were significantly more likely to smoke (odds ratio=3.52, 95% confidence interval =1.10-11.23), compared to those who were minimally receptive. This effect was not significant in adolescents in families with less-authoritative parents. The overall attributable risk (adjusted for exposure to peer smokers) of smoking from tobacco-industry advertising and promotions was 25%. However, an estimated 40% of adolescent smoking in families with more-authoritative parents was attributable to tobacco-industry advertising and promotions; this was five times the attributable risk seen in families with less-authoritative parents (8%).


CONCLUSIONS
The promotion of smoking by the tobacco industry appears to undermine the capability of authoritative parenting to prevent adolescents from starting to smoke.
Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego (Pierce, Distefan, White, Gilpin), San Diego, California 92093-0645, USA. jppierce@ucsd.edu
John P
JP
Pierce
Janet M
JM
Distefan
Christine
C
Jackson
Martha M
MM
White
Elizabeth A
EA
Gilpin
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000329:Advertising; D001318:Authoritarianism; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D019460:Tobacco Industry