Suspensions and detentions in an urban, low-income school: punishment or reward?
Disciplinary records for 3rd through 8th grade students (n = 314) in an inner-city, public school were examined for one school year to assess students' variation in response to discipline. Rates of disciplinary referrals were compared for students who received no detentions or suspensions throughout the year ("never group" n = 117), students who received one or more detention or suspension in the fall but not in the spring ("fall group" n = 62), and students who received one or more detention or suspension in the fall and one or more detention or suspension in the spring ("fall + spring group" n = 75). Results indicated that during the fall, the "fall group" had nearly equivalent rates of referrals to the "fall + spring group"; however, the "fall group" exhibited significantly lower rates of referrals during winter and spring that were nearly equivalent to the "never group," as would be expected for a punishment procedure. In contrast, the "fall + spring group" evidenced increases in referrals across the year, suggesting the possibility that detentions and suspensions were functioning as rewards for this group. The "fall + spring group" was rated by teachers and peers at mid-year as highly aggressive, lacking social skills, and high on hyperactivity, whereas the "fall group" and the "never group" were statistically equivalent on teacher and peer ratings. Implications for mental health programs for urban schools are discussed, especially the need for alternatives to detention and suspension for the subset of students who account for the majority of school discipline.
Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612-7347, USA. matkins@psych.uic.edu
Marc S
MS
Atkins
Mary M
MM
McKay
Stacy L
SL
Frazier
Lara J
LJ
Jakobsons
Patrice
P
Arvanitis
Tim
T
Cunningham
Catherine
C
Brown
Linda
L
Lambrecht
D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011678:Punishment; D012963:Sociometric Techniques; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data