Temporal and distinct TGFbeta ligand requirements during mouse and avian endocardial cushion morphogenesis.
The formation of endocardial cushions in the atrioventricular (AV) canal of the rudimentary heart requires epithelial-to-mesenchymal cell transformation (EMT). This is a complex developmental process regulated by multiple extracellular signals and transduction pathways. A collagen gel assay, long used to examine endocardial cushion development in avian models, is now being employed to investigate genetically engineered mouse models with abnormal heart morphogenesis. In this study, we determine interspecies variations for avian and mouse cultured endocardial cushion explants. Considering these observed morphologic differences, we also define the temporal requirements for TGFbeta2 and TGFbeta3 during mouse endocardial cushion morphogenesis. TGFbeta2 and TGFbeta3 blocking antibodies inhibit endothelial cell activation and transformation, respectively, in avian explants. In contrast, neutralizing TGFbeta2 inhibits cell transformation in the mouse, while TGFbeta3 antibodies have no effect on activation or transformation events. This functional requirement for TGFbeta2 is concomitant with expression of TGFbeta2, but not TGFbeta3, within mouse endocardial cushions at a time coincident with transformation. Thus, both TGFbeta2 and TGFbeta3 appear necessary for the full morphogenetic program of EMT in the chick, but only TGFbeta2 is expressed and obligatory for mammalian endocardial cushion cell transformation.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA. Camenisch.todd@mayo.edu
Todd D
TD
Camenisch
Daniël G M
DG
Molin
Anthony
A
Person
Raymond B
RB
Runyan
Adriana C
AC
Gittenberger-de Groot
John A
JA
McDonald
Scott E
SE
Klewer
D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002642:Chick Embryo; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004699:Endocardium / Q000196:embryology*; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000196:embryology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3
D000199:Actins; D008024:Ligands; C509045:Tgfb3 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3; D003094:Collagen