Lipopeptide vaccines--yesterday, today, and tomorrow.
Peptide-based vaccines offer several potential advantages over the conventional whole proteins (or whole gene, in the case of genetic immunisation) in terms of purity and a high specificity in eliciting immune responses. However, concerns about toxic adjuvants, which are critical for immunogenicity of synthetic peptides, still remain. Lipopeptides, a form of peptide vaccine, discovered more then a decade ago, are currently under intensive investigation because they can generate comprehensive immune responses, without the use of adjuvants. In this review, we address the past of lipopeptide vaccines, highlight the progress made toward their optimisation, and stress future challenges and issues related to their synthesis, formulation, and delivery. In particular, the recent development of mucosal application of lipopeptide vaccines may present an ideal strategy against many pathogens that infect mucosal surfaces.
Ophthalmology Research Laboratories, Burns & Allen Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. benmohamedl@cshs.org
Lbachir
L
BenMohamed
Steven L
SL
Wechsler
Anthony B
AB
Nesburn
D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000592:standards; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000009:adverse effects; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D022482:Cytomegalovirus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000592:standards; D000939:Epitopes; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000592:standards; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000276:immunology; D022283:Herpesvirus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000639:trends; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000276:immunology*; D017780:Malaria Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000592:standards; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000276:immunology* / Q000592:standards
D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D022482:Cytomegalovirus Vaccines; D000939:Epitopes; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D022283:Herpesvirus Vaccines; D008074:Lipoproteins; D017780:Malaria Vaccines; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit