Intermediates of the S(3) state of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II.
The S(3) state of the water-oxidizing complex (WOC) of photosystem II (PSII) is the last state that can be trapped before oxygen evolution occurs at the transient S(4) state. A number of EPR-detectable intermediates are associated with this critical state. The preceding paper examined mainly the decay of S(3) at cryogenic temperatures leading to the formation of a proton-deficient configuration of S(2) termed S(2)'. This second paper examines all intermediates formed by the near-IR light (NIR) excitation of the S(3) state and compares these with the light-excitation products of the S(2)' state. The rather complex set of observations is organized in a comprehensive flowchart, the central part of which is the S(3)...Q(A)(-) state. This state can be converted to various intermediates via two main pathways: (A) Excitation of S(3) by NIR light at temperatures below 77 K results presumably in the formation of an excited S(3) state, S(3), which decays via either of two pathways. Slowly at liquid helium temperatures but much faster at 77 K, S(3) decays to an EPR-silent state, denoted S(3)' ', which by raising the temperature to ca. 190 K converts to a spin configuration of the Mn cluster, characterized by g = 21, 3.7 in perpendicular and g = 23 in parallel mode EPR, denoted S(3)'. Upon further warming to 220 K, S(3)' relaxes to the untreated S(3) state. Below about 77 K and more favorably at liquid helium temperatures, an alternative pathway of S(3) decay via the metallo-radical intermediate S(2)'Z*...Q(A)(-) can be traced. This leads to the metastable state S(2)'Z...Q(A) via charge recombination. S(2)'Z* is characterized by a split-radical signal at g = 2, while all S(2)' transients are characterized by the same g = 5/2.9 (S = (7)/(2)) configuration of the Mn cluster with small modifications, reflecting an influence of the tyr Z oxidation state on the crystal-field symmetry at the Mn cluster. (B) S(2)'...Q(A) can be reached alternatively by the slow charge recombination of S(3) and Q(A)(-) at 77 K. White-light illumination of S(2)'.Q(A) below about 20 K results in charge separation, reforming the intermediate S(2)'Z*...Q(A)(-). Thermally activated branches to the main pathways are also described, e.g., at elevated temperatures tyr Z* reoxidizes S(2)' to the S(3) state. The above observations are discussed in terms of a molecular model of the S(3) state of the OEC. Main aspects of the model are the following. Intermediates, isoelectronic to S(3), are attributed to the NIR-induced translocation of the positive hole to different Mn ligands, or to tyr Z. On the basis of a comparison of the electron-donating efficiency of tyr Z and tyr D at cryogenic temperatures, it is inferred that the Mn cluster acts as the main proton acceptor from tyr Z. Water associated with the Mn cluster is assumed to be in hydrogen-bonding equilibrium with tyr Z, and an array comprising this water and adjacent water (or OH or O) ligands to Mn followed by a sequence of proton acceptors is proposed to act as an efficient proton translocation pathway. Oxidation of the tyrosine by P(680)(+) repels protons to and out from the Mn cluster. This proposed role of tyr Z in the water-splitting process is described as a proton repeller/electron abstractor.
Ioannidis
Nikolaos
N
Institute of Materials Science, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece. nioannid@ims.demokritos.gr
Nugent
Jonathan H A
JH
Petrouleas
Vasili
V
D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D045322:Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D018724:Spinacia oleracea; D013696:Temperature
D045322:Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D010100:Oxygen