Laser-tattoo removal--a study of the mechanism and the optimal treatment strategy via computer simulations.
OBJECTIVE
The physical mechanisms for laser-tattoo interactions and the tattoo particle breakup process are not well understood. This study investigates whether the mechanism of the breakup process can be identified via computer simulations and proposes a treatment strategy that can potentially minimize the collateral damage to the surrounding tissues. Note that the "removal" of tattoo particles is defined here as breakup of particles into smaller ones with sizes approaching or smaller than the visible wavelength of light so that they become less visible.


METHODS
The radiation-hydrodynamics code LATIS is used for the modeling. We first identify the magnitude of the tensile stress generated inside graphite tattoo particles as functions of laser pulse length and particle size. We then calculate the relationship between the surface laser fluence (defined as the time integrated energy flux) and the tensile strength of the tattoo particle at a given depth.


RESULTS
If the laser pulse length is sufficiently short, strong acoustic waves with tensile strengths exceeding the fracture thresholds for graphite are generated. The strength of the wave decreases with particle size and increases as the laser pulse length decreases. Simulation results are in general agreement with clinical studies. Although temperatures of the tattoo particles never reach the melting point, a cavitation bubble around the particle can be formed. The steam generated can get into the cracked particles and induce steam-carbon reactions. Laser energy density decreases rapidly with the skin depth. Therefore, the minimum surface laser fluence, for a given pulse length, required for breaking up tattoo particles at a given skin depth, increases with particle depth.


CONCLUSIONS
Computer simulations confirm that the breakup of tattoo particles is photoacoustic. For the same amount of laser energy, a shorter pulse is more efficient. The optimal pulse length is approximately 10-100 picosecond to minimize the laser fluence and the collateral damage. It is more difficult to break up the smallest tattoo particles that have diameters smaller than 10 nm; however, smaller particles are less important because they are less visible. Tissue surrounding the tattoo particles can be damaged by cavitation bubbles. These bubbles could be the cause of the empty vacuoles in the ash-white lesions throughout the dermis seen after treatment. Steam-carbon reactions can be induced. Particles then become grossly transparent because of this reaction. Different laser intensity should be used for pigments at different depths in order to minimize the collateral damage to the dermis.
Ho
Darwin D-M
DD
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA. ho1@llnl.gov
London
Richard
R
Zimmerman
George B
GB
Young
David A
DA
D003198:Computer Simulation; D006108:Graphite / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D010859:Pigmentation Disorders / Q000601:surgery*; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000528:radiation effects; D013653:Tattooing; D013718:Tensile Strength
D010860:Pigments, Biological; D006108:Graphite