Cation dysfunction associated with cerebral ischemia followed by reperfusion: a comparison of microdialysis and ion-selective electrode methods.
OBJECTIVE
Disruption of ionic homeostasis during ischemia is a well-characterized event and is identified by a rise in the concentration of extracellular potassium [K+]e, with a concomitant reduction in the concentration of extracellular sodium [Na+]e. Results of clinical studies in which microdialysis has been used, however, have shown only modest changes in the levels of extracellular ions. The object of this study was to measure [K+]e and [Na+]e by using ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and to compare these measurements with those obtained using the well-established method of microdialysis.


METHODS
Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into three groups. Five animals were subjected to a 15-minute period of ischemia, and another five animals to a 60-minute period of ischemia; animals in both of these groups received K+-free microdialysis perfusate. The third group of five rats underwent a 60-minute period of ischemia and received a reduced-Na+ microdialysis perfusate. Transient forebrain ischemia was produced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion combined with hypotension. A custom-fabricated glass Na+ electrode and a flexible plastic K+ and reference electrodes were used to monitor extracellular ion transients. Microdialysis samples were obtained with the aid of a 2-mm microdialysis probe that was perfused with K+-free mock cerebrospinal fluid at a rate of 2 microl/minute. Baseline measurements of [K+]e and [Na+]e, obtained using ISEs, were 3.41 +/- 0.09 mM and 145 +/- 7.75 mM. respectively. Ischemia resulted in a rapid accumulation of [K+]e (in animals subjected to 15 minutes of ischemia, the concentration was 41.9 +/- 13.7 mM; and in animals subjected to 60 minutes of ischemia, the concentration was 66.9 +/- 11.5 mM), with a concomitant decrease in [Na+]e (in animals subjected to 15 minutes of ischemia, the concentration was 71.7 +/- 2.9 mM; and in animals subjected to 60 minutes of ischemia, the concentration was 74.7 +/- 1.9 mM). A comparison of microdialysis and ISE methods revealed that microdialysis underestimated the [K+]e changes and was insensitive to concomitant [Na+]e alterations that occur during ischemia.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate that the flexible ISE is a reliable and accurate tool for monitoring ionic dysfunction that accompanies brain injury.
Stiefel
Michael F
MF
Division of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.
Marmarou
Anthony
A
D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D002412:Cations / Q000378:metabolism; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D017736:Ion-Selective Electrodes; D017551:Microdialysis; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism
D002412:Cations; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium