Tentative guidelines and practical suggestions to avoid venous thromboembolism during oral contraceptive therapy.
Oral contraceptive therapy (OCT) is widely used in the world. It is usually safe and effective but side effects are occasionally seen. Venous thromboembolism is one of the most feared side effects. To avoid this complication adequate guidelines are needed. These have to take into account family history, personal history, and suitable laboratory investigations. The presence of an idiopathic venous thrombosis in the family or in the personal history is of paramount importance. However it is often difficult to ascertain whether a venous thrombosis is idiopathic or not. Even when there is doubt, a coagulation study should be carried out. An adequate coagulation study in this case should include at least an evaluation of antithrombin, protein C, and protein S. A search for homozygosity of factor V Leiden appears advisable. These defects represent absolute contraindications to the use of OCT. Relative contraindications may be represented by other minor coagulation disorders such as heterozygous factor V Leiden, fibrinolysis defects, and a G-to-A 20210 prothrombin abnormality. Other noncoagulation-related conditions such as hypertension, liver damage, and obesity may represent absolute or relative contraindications to the use of OCT.
University of Padua Medical School, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Second Chair of Medicine, Italy. antonio.girolami@unipd.it
A
A
Girolami
L
L
Spiezia
B
B
Girolami
F
F
Vianello
D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D000075202:Contraindications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*
D003276:Contraceptives, Oral