Ethanol-derived microbial production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde in achlorhydric atrophic gastritis.
BACKGROUND
Acetaldehyde is a local carcinogen in the digestive tract in humans. Atrophic gastritis leads to microbial colonization of the stomach, which could enhance microbial production of acetaldehyde from ethanol. The aim of the study was to study microbial ethanol metabolism and acetaldehyde production in the stomach of achlorhydric atrophic gastritis patients.


METHODS
For the in vivo study, glucose or ethanol was infused via a nasogastric tube to the stomach of seven achlorhydric atrophic gastritis patients and five healthy controls. Gastric juice samples for ethanol and acetaldehyde determinations and microbial analysis were obtained at 30 and 60 min after the infusions. For the in vitro study, gastric juice samples from 14 atrophic gastritis patients and 16 controls were obtained during gastroscopy, whereafter the samples were incubated for 2 h with 1% ethanol at 37 degrees C and acetaldehyde was determined.


RESULTS
Minor endogenous ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations were detected after glucose infusion in the gastric juice of four atrophic gastritis patients. After ethanol infusion, the mean intragastric acetaldehyde level of the atrophic gastritis patients was 4.5-fold at 30 min and 6.5-fold at 60 min compared to controls. In vitro, the difference between the study groups was even higher, 7.6-fold. A vast selection of oral bacterial species and some Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts were presented in the gastric juice of atrophic gastritis patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Microbial ethanol metabolism leads to high intragastric acetaldehyde levels after ethanol drinking in achlorhydric atrophic gastritis patients. This could be one of the factors responsible for enhanced gastric cancer risk among atrophic gastritis patients.
Väkeväinen
S
S
Research Unit of Substance Abuse Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Mentula
S
S
Nuutinen
H
H
Salmela
K S
KS
Jousimies-Somer
H
H
Färkkilä
M
M
Salaspuro
M
M
D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism*; D000126:Achlorhydria / Q000382:microbiology*; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000378:metabolism; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D005757:Gastritis, Atrophic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
D000431:Ethanol; D000079:Acetaldehyde; D005947:Glucose