Enhancement of cocaine-seeking behavior by repeated nicotine exposure in rats.
BACKGROUND
Drugs with addictive liability have a high probability of co-abuse in many addicts. For example, cocaine users are several times more likely to smoke cigarettes than non-cocaine users, and smoking increases during cocaine use. Previous work has provided evidence that nicotine and cocaine have interactive neurochemical effects, particularly with regard to dopamine (DA) transmission.


OBJECTIVE
The present study examined the impact of nicotine treatment on the reinforcement efficacy of self-administered cocaine and non-reinforced responding for cocaine in rats.


METHODS
Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (i.v.) on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. Self-administration training continued until stable responding was obtained. Acute nicotine pretreatment consisted of a subcutaneous injection (0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg) 3 min prior to cocaine access. In the repeated treatment condition, a separate group of animals was given nicotine (0.6 mg/kg, s.c.) 3 min prior to cocaine access for 14 consecutive days. During extinction trials, these animals were injected with nicotine (0.6 mg/kg, s.c.) after 45 min of non-reinforced responding.


RESULTS
Acute nicotine treatment produced an inverted U-shaped dose-response function with lower doses increasing and the highest dose decreasing the number of cocaine infusions obtained during a session. Animals treated repeatedly with the highest dose of nicotine showed a significant increase in the number of cocaine infusions by day 8 of nicotine treatment. During extinction sessions when cocaine was not available, injections of nicotine in these animals caused a reinstatement of the previously rewarded lever-press behavior.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings indicate that nicotine can facilitate cocaine reinforcement, may contribute to the transition from moderate drug-taking to an escalation of drug intake which is characteristic of addiction, and may trigger relapse.
Bechtholt
Anita J
AJ
Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201-3098, USA.
Mark
Gregory P
GP
D000818:Animals; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012646:Self Administration; D013997:Time Factors
D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D009538:Nicotine; D003042:Cocaine