Usefulness of three-dimensional non-fluoroscopic mapping in the ablation of typical atrial flutter.
BACKGROUND
Catheter ablation of the cavo-tricuspid isthmus is rapidly becoming the first line of treatment in the management of atrial flutter. The standard procedure is usually performed under fluoroscopy guidance and relays on multisite endocardial recordings to assess the completeness of the isthmus conduction block. Despite the high rate of success there is, at follow-up, a considerable number of recurrences which could reflect the limitations of conventional assessment of conduction block across the isthmus. This new non-fluoroscopic mapping system allowing high density mapping along the entire length of the ablation line, could provide a more accurate way of verifying complete conduction block. The aim of the present study was to describe our overall results and long-term follow-up using a three-dimensional mapping system to guide radiofrequency ablation of typical atrial flutter.


METHODS
A multipoint three-dimensional map of the cavo-tricuspid isthmus, septal and lateral atrial wall was performed in 87 patients prior to and following ablation for typical atrial flutter. Evidence of persisting gaps in the line of block was identified by visual inspection of the color-coded activation maps and these sites were re-ablated. The conduction sequence was also assessed with conventional bidirectional pacing and recording. The assess the reduction in fluoroscopy time, two groups of patients were compared: group A (14 patients) in whom the entire mapping-ablation procedure was guided by the three-dimensional system (Carto, Biosense-Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA) and group B (32 patients) in whom the same protocol was used but the procedure was guided by standard fluoroscopic imaging.


RESULTS
Acute success was achieved in every patient. During bilateral isthmus pacing, the mean local activation time increased from 20.3 +/- 13.3 ms pre-ablation to 148.3 +/- 53.2 ms (p < 0.01) post-ablation with a mean difference of 120 +/- 31 ms. In 11 patients (9.2%) there was evidence of persisting conduction across the line of block despite evidence of reverse activation of the cavo-tricuspid isthmus by conventional pacing. A gap in the ablation line was identified and re-ablated. At a mean follow-up of 16.3 +/- 2.2 months, there were 5 (4.2%) recurrences of atrial flutter and 12 (10%) recurrences of isolated atrial fibrillation. Four of the 5 recurrences occurred in patients in whom ablation was guided by conventional fluoroscopy (group B). The fluoroscopy time was 4.2 +/- 1.5 min in group A and 27.2 +/- 8.2 min in group B (p < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Multipoint mapping of the ablation line following radiofrequency ablation of typical atrial flutter performed using the Carto system allows a more accurate assessment of the isthmus conduction block. This has the potential to reduce the recurrence rate to the level observed for other supraventricular tachycardias.
Leonelli
Fabio M
FM
Cardiology Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. leonfa@worldnet.att.net
Tomassoni
Gery
G
Richey
Mark
M
Natale
Andrea
A
D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000628:therapy*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric