AMPA receptor-mediated toxicity in oligodendrocyte progenitors involves free radical generation and activation of JNK, calpain and caspase 3.
The molecular mechanisms underlying AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor-mediated excitotoxicity were characterized in rat oligodendrocyte progenitor cultures. Activation of AMPA receptors, in the presence of cyclothiazide to selectively block desensitization, produced a massive Ca(2+) influx and cytotoxicity which were blocked by the antagonists CNQX and GYKI 52466. A role for free radical generation in oligodendrocyte progenitor cell death was deduced from three observations: (i) treatment with AMPA agonists decreased intracellular glutathione; (ii) depletion of intracellular glutathione with buthionine sulfoximine potentiated cell death; and (iii) the antioxidant N -acetylcysteine replenished intracellular glutathione and protected cultures from AMPA receptor-mediated toxicity. Cell death displayed some characteristics of apoptosis, including DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation and activation of caspase-3 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). A substrate of calpain and caspase-3, alpha-spectrin, was cleaved into characteristic products following treatment with AMPA agonists. In contrast, inhibition of either caspase-3 by DEVD-CHO or calpain by PD 150606 protected cells from excitotoxicity. Our results indicate that overactivation of AMPA receptors causes apoptosis in oligodendrocyte progenitors through mechanisms involving Ca(2+) influx, depletion of glutathione, and activation of JNK, calpain, and caspase-3.
Liu
Hsueh-Ning
HN
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Giasson
Benoit I
BI
Mushynski
Walter E
WE
Almazan
Guillermina
G
D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002154:Calpain / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D053148:Caspase 3; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000633:toxicity; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013049:Spectrin / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
D000975:Antioxidants; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D005609:Free Radicals; D009498:Neurotoxins; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D013049:Spectrin; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D002154:Calpain; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D005978:Glutathione; D002118:Calcium; D000111:Acetylcysteine